DOI: 10.17344/acsi.2015.2109
Acta Chim. Slov. 2016, 63, 165-172
165
Scientific paper
Synthesis, Crystal Structures, Molecular Docking, and Urease Inhibitory Activity of Transition Metal Complexes with 2-[4-(4-Fluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]acetic Acid
Zhi-Jian Chen, Chun-Na Xu, Jin-Long Zhu, Dan-Dan Yang, Shan-Shan Zhao, Ya-Nan Chen and Shao-Song Qian
School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P. R. China
* Corresponding author: E-mail: Shao-Song Qian, E-mail:sdutqss@ 163.com Tel.: 0086-533-2780271; Fax: 0086-533-2781329.
Received: 07-11-2015
Abstract
Two novel mononuclear complexes, [Cu(L)2(H2O)] • 2H2O (1) and [Ni(L)2(H2O)2] (2) (HL = 2-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)pi-perazin-1-yl] acetic acid) were synthesized and structurally determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Their inhibitory activities were tested in vitro against jack bean urease. Molecular docking was investigated to determine the probable binding mode. The experimental values and docking simulation exhibited that complex 1 had better inhibitory activity than the positive reference acetohydroxamic acid (AHA), showing IC50 value of 0.15 ± 0.08 ,uM, while 2 showed no inhibitory activity.
Keywords: Complexes, crystal structure, urease inhibitor, molecular docking
1. Introduction
Urease is a nickel-containing metalloenzyme, which can be widely found in various fungus, germs and plants,1 catalyzing the hydrolysis of urea into ammonia and carba-mate.2,3 Comparing the sequences of jack bean urease and bacteria urease suggests that these two different kinds of urease may have a common evolutionary origin.4 The catalytic sites in jack bean urease and H. pylori urease display highly conserved amino acid residues, indicating the ureases may have the same catalytic mechanism. In addition, it is a major cause of pathologies induced by Helico-bacter pylori (H. pylori) as it allows the bacteria to survive in the extremely acidic environment of stomach during colonization.5-8 Meanwhile, the reaction catalyzed by urease will increase the pH value, which is a virulency factor in pathogens responsible for the development of kidney stones, pyelonephritis, peptic ulcers, and other di-seases.9,10 Therefore, the restriction of the activity of urea-se is an important goal to pursue.
Recently, a compound synthesized by Negar11 containing 3-methoxybenzylpiperazine pendant demonstrated strong urea enzyme inhibitory activity. We are interested in finding metal complexes which possess potential
urease enzyme inhibitory activities. Therefore, 2-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]acetic acid (HL) and two metal complexes bearing L were synthesized. The structures of [Cu(L)2(H2O)] ■ 2H2O (1) and [Ni(L)2(H2O)2] (2) were characterized by X-ray diffraction. The inhibitory activity evaluation of the complexes 1 and 2 was performed against jack bean urease in vitro. Docking simulation was investigated from the docking analysis using the AUTODOCK 4.2 program to determine the probable binding mode.
2. Experimental
2. 1. Materials and Methods
All chemicals and reagents used in the current study were of analytical grade. Urease (from jack beans, type III, activity 34310 units/mg solid), HEPES buffer, and urea were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Cu(NO3)2 ■ 3H2O, Ni(NO3)2 ■ 6H2O, 1-(4-fluorop-henyl)piperazine, DMSO, and bromoacetic acid were purchased from Aladdin Chemistry Co. Ltd (Shanghai) and used without further purification. All other chemicals and solvents were purchased from Aldrich and used as re-
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ceived. Distilled water was used for all procedures. Elemental analyses (C, H, and N) were performed using a Per-kin-Elmer 240 elemental analyzer. IR spectra were recorded on a FT-IR Nicolet 5700 Spectrometer from 4000 to 400 cm-1. The enzyme inhibitory activity was measured on a Bio-Tek Synergy™ HT Microplate reader.
2. 2. General Synthetic Method for the Preparation of the HL
1-(4-Fluorophenyl)piperazine (1.80 g, 0.010 mol) and bromoacetic acid (1.67 g, 0.012 mol) were added into 50 mL ethanol which containing 0.6 mol/L potassium hydroxide. The resulting mixture was refluxed for 14 h at 75 °C and after cooling the solvent was neutralized with hydrochloric acid to form the precipitate, which was isolated by filtration from ethanol to give pure HL. Yield was 88%.
2. 3. General Synthetic Method for the Complexes
HL (0.2 mmol) in methanol solution (5 mL) was added to aqueous solution (5 mL) of the corresponding metal acetate (0.2 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 15 min at room temperature and then filtered. The filtrate was left to stand at room temperature for a few days to give the corresponding block crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystals were isolated, washed three times with methanol and dried in a vacuum desiccator. The elemental analyses and characteristic IR data for the complexes were as follows:
(1)	[Cu(L)2(H2O)] ■ 2H2O Yield: 63%; blue crystal. Calc. for C24H34F2N4O7Cu: C, 47.39; H, 8.29; N, 9.21; Found: C, 477.63; H, 8.25; N, 9.26. Characteristic IR data (KBr, cm-1): 3284, 2926, 2839, 1596, 1511, 1417, 1328,
931,	819, 737.
(2)	[Ni(L)2(H2O)2] Yield: 60%; aquamarine crystal. Calc. for C24H32F2N4O6Ni: C, 49.25; H, 8.27; N, 9.57; Found: C, 49.50; H, 8.23; N, 9.62. Characteristic IR data (KBr, cm-1): 3443, 2829, 1636, 1512, 1456, 1326, 1044,
932,	826, 738.
2. 4. Crystal Structure Determination
Single crystals of complexes 1 and 2 were mounted on a thin glass fiber at room temperature. The reflection data were collected on a Bruker D8 VENTURE PHOTON diffractometer with graphite monochromatic MoKa radiation (X = 0.71073 A) using the generic omega scan technique. The structures were solved by direct methods and refined on F2 by full matrix least-squares with SHELXS-97 program.13,14 All of the non-hydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically. The water H atoms were located in a difference Fourier map and refined freely. The remaining H atoms were placed in idealized
positions and constrained to ride on their parent atoms. Owing to too much water molecules in the asymmetric unit, many numbers of refined parameters may have been limited deliberately leading to the R Flagged non-hydrogen atoms. The crystallographic data are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1 Crystallographic data for complexes 1 and 2.
	1	2
Chemical formula	C24H34F2N4O7Cu	CMH32F2N4O6Ni
Formula Weight	592.10	569.23
Crystal System	Monoclinic	Triclinic
Space group	P21/c	Pî
a (A)	27.5082(16)	6.6508(6)
b (A)	9.2312(5)	7.2655(6)
c (A)	20.6915(12)	15.3900(14)
a(°)	90	95.281(3)
m	92.558(2)	95.647(3)
r(°)	90	115.921(2)
V (A3)	5249.0(5)	657.99(10)
Z	8	1
p (Mo-Ka) (mm-1)	0.897	0.797
RvwR2 [I > 2o(I)]	0.0426, 0.1050	0.0374, 0.0980
Pc (g cm-3)	1.498	1.436
F(000)	2472	298
GOF on F	1.02	1.10
2. 5. Measurement of Jack Bean Urease
Inhibitory Activity
The measurement of urease inhibitory activity was carried out according to the literature reported before.15 The assay mixture consisted of 25 pL of jack bean urease (40 kU/L) (dissolved in distilled water) and 25 pL of the acquired complexes of different concentrations (dissolved in DMSO/H2O mixture (1:1 v/v)) was pre-incubated for 1 h at 37 °C in a 96-well plates. Following, the addition of 200 pL of 100 mM HEPES buffer pH 6.8 containing 500 mM urea and 0.002% phenol red to each well and then incubated at 37 °C.16 Finally, the reaction was measured at 570 nm by a Microplate reader (Bio-Tek Synergy™ HT, Instruments, Inc. USA), which was required to produce enough ammonium carbonate to raise the pH of a HEPES buffer from 6.8 to 7.7.17 The results were analyzed using SPSS 19.0 (International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) program and showed in Table 4.
2. 6. Molecular Docking
Molecular docking of complexes 1 and 2 with the active site of jack bean urease (3LA4) was performed by the AUTODOCK 4.2 program suite. The structures of complexes in docking protocol were used as crystal struc-
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tures. The graphical user interface AutoDockTools was intended to install the enzymes: all hydrogens were added at every inhibitor enzyme interaction, Gasteiger charges were calculated and non-polar hydrogens were merged to carbon atoms. The Ni initial parameters are set as r = 1.170 A, q = +2.0, and Vander Waals well depth of 0.100 kcal/mol. The 3D structures of ligand molecules were saved in Mol2 format with the assistance of the program MERCURY. The partial charges of Mol2 file were further modified by using the ADT package so that the charges of the non-polar hydrogen atoms would be assigned to the atom to which the hydrogen is attached.18 The resulting file was saved as pdbqt file.
The docking input files were generated by AutoDockTools program. A grid box size of 60 x 60 x 60 pointing in x, y and z directions were built. The maps were centered on the Ni842 atom in the catalytic site of the protein in all docking. The binding mode of potential urease inhibitor complex 1 with 3LA4 was displayed in Figure 7 and Figure 8.
3. Results and Discussion
3. 1. Synthesis and Spectroscopic Studies
HL was prepared by electrophilic substitution reaction between 1-(4-fluorophenyl)piperazine and bromoace-tic acid according to the method of Sadashiva with suitable modification (Scheme 1).12 The yield of HL was 88%. The ligand was stable and could dissolve in the polar solvent such as methanol and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). Generally, treatment of the ligand with salts Cu(NO3)2 ■ 3H2O and Ni(NO3)26H2O with 2 : 1 molar ratio at ambient temperature led to the formation of the complexes. Crystal of complexes suitable for X-ray diffraction were isolated after slow evaporation of the solvent over several days.
The IR spectra of these complexes were similar. They all show broad band ranging from 3450 cm1 to 3200 cm1 indicating the O-H stretching of the water molecules. The separation value A v [vas(COO-) - vs(COO-)] of the carboxylic based complex can be used to distin-
Scheme 1. Synthetic routes to 2-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]acetic acid.
Table 2. Important bond distances (Â) and angles (°) for complexes 1 and 2
1
Cu1-O1	1.9260(15)	Cu1-O3	1.9528(15)
Cu1-O6W	2.2336(16)	Cu1-N2	2.0310(17)
Cu1-N3	2.0330(17)	Cu2-O5	1.9410(15)
Cu2-O7	1.9322(16)	Cu2-O5W	2.1974(17)
Cu2-N5	2.0333(19)	Cu2-N7	2.0399(17)
O1-Cu1-O3	164.58(7)	O1-Cu1-O6W	100.43(7)
O1-Cu1-N2	84.21(7)	O1-Cu1-N3	94.59(7)
O3-Cu1-O6W	94.95(7)	O3-Cu1-N2	94.87(6)
O3-Cu1-N3	83.43(6)	O6W-Cu1-N2	97.23(7)
O6W-Cu1-N3	93.53(7)	N2-Cu1-N3	169.22(7)
O5-Cu2-O7	166.71(8)	O5-Cu2-O5W	99.18(7)
O5-Cu2-N5	83.71(7)	O5-Cu2-N7	95.64(7)
O5W-Cu2-O7	94.03(7)	O5W-Cu2-N5	98.90(7)
O5W-Cu2-N7	96.11(7)	O7-Cu2-N5	92.91(7)
O7-Cu2-N7	84.28(7)	N5-Cu2-N7	164.89(7)
2			
Ni1-O1W	2.0639(12)	Ni1-O2	2.002(2)
Ni1-N2	2.2595(19)	Ni1-O1WA	2.0639(12)
Ni1-O2A	2.002(2)	Ni1-N2A	2.2595(19)
O1W-Ni1-O2	87.11(6)	O1W-Ni1-N2	90.54(6)
O1W-Ni1-O1WA	180.00	O1W-Ni1-O2A	92.89(6)
O1W-Ni1-N3	96.27(15)	O1W-Ni1-N2A	89.46(6)
O2-Ni1-N2	80.88(7)	O2-Ni1-N2A	99.12(7)
O2-Ni1-O2A	180.00	N2-Ni1-N2A	180.00
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guish the coordination mode of the carboxyl group. The A v < 200 cm-1 indicates the bidentate mode, whereas A v > 200 cm-1 indicates the monodentate mode. The asymmetric stretching mode vas(COO) is located around 1616 cm-1, while the strong symmetric stretching mode vs(COO-) were clearly visible around 1410 cm-1 for complexes 1 and 2. Therefore, the Av values about 206 cm-1 means that ligands in compounds 1 and 2 have monodentate binding mode.19,20 The C-N stretching vibration was noticed in the region of 1330-1300 cm-1.21
3. 2. X-ray Structure Analysis
The related bond distances and bond angles data was listed in Table 2. The data of hydrogen-bonds was exhibited in Table 3. The ORTEP plots of the compounds were presented in Figure 1 and Figure 2.
which ensures the planarity of equatorial plane. The axial Cu-O average distance (2.197 A) is longer than the equatorial Cu-O average distance (1.938 A) and Cu-N average distance (2.033 A), showing the stretched tetrahedroid surrounding the Cu(II) center. Compared with the other piperazine-Cu(II) complexes, the Cu-O carboxyl bond length (1.938 A) is similar to the Cu-O carbonyl bond length (1.923 A), and Cu-N bond length (2.033 A) in complex 1 is also similar to the other piperazine-Cu(II) complexes. 23
Water is a hydrogen bond donor (and acceptor).26 Complex 1 presents enhanced hydrogen-bonding framework in the solid state (Table 3). Two non-coordinational water molecules (O1W and O3W) are forming a dimer using O1W-H1W1- O3Wiii (symmetry code: (iii) -x + 1, y + 1/2, -z + 3/2). As shown in Figure 2, these dimers are located between the adjacent mononuclear units, and serve
Table 3. Hydrogen-bonds (Â, °) for complexes 1 and 2
Hydrogen bonds		D-H(A)	H-A(A)	D-A(A)	D-H-A(
Complex 1					
O6W-H6W2-	•O1W1	0.820	1.984	2.755	156.39
O6W-H6W1-	•O111	0.827	2.033	2.859	176.46
O1W-H1W1-	•O3Wm	0.846	1.933	2.753	162.92
O3W-H3W2-	•N4lv	0.856	2.161	2.972	158.13
O1W-H1W2-	•O3v	0.847	2.489	3.229	146.41
O1W-H1W2-	•O4v	0.847	2.109	2.900	155.31
O3W-H3W1-	•O2	0.854	2.418	2.909	117.25
Symmetry transformations used to generate equivalent atoms: (i) x, y -				1, z; (11) -x + 1, y - 1/2,	-z + 3/2; (111) -x + 1,
	y + 1/2,	-z + 3/2; (Iv) x,	-y + 1/2, z - 1/2; (v)	-x + 1, -y + 1, -z + 2.	
Complex 2					
O1W-H1W1-	•O1vl	0.820	1.906	2.705	164.63
O1WA-H1W1A-O1Avl		0.820	1.906	2.705	164.63
O1W-H1W2—O1vu		0.836	1.884	2.710	169.92
O1WA-H1W2A—O1Avu		0.836	1.884	2.710	169.92
Symmetry transformations used to generate equivalent atoms: (vi) -x + 2, -y, -z + 1; (vii) x, y + 1, z
3. 2. 1. Crystal Structure of Complex [Cu(L)2(H2O)] • 2H2O (1)
Complex 1 crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21/c. As shown in Figure 1, the asymmetric unit of 1 contains two complex molecules. The coordination geometry around the Cu(II) center is distorted rectangular pyramid (t = 0.08).22 Moreover, L behaves as a bidentate ligand that results in forming a novel distorted five-mem-bered heterocyclic ring around copper ion. These two fi-ve-membered rings were not coplanar, the dihedral angle between these two planes is 3.672(65)°. The equatorial plane is surrounded by two O-atom donors (O1 and O3) and two N-atom donors (N2 and N3) from two L ligands, while the axial positions are occupied by O-atom donors (O6W) from one coordinated water molecule. In addition, the sum of the equatorial angles O1-Cu1-N3, N3-Cu1-O3, O3-Cu1-N2 and N2-Cu1-O1 for complex 1 (= 357.10°) is very close to the ideal value (360.00°),
Fig. 1. Molecular diagram for complex 1 showing the atom-labeling scheme. The free water molecules and hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level.
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as hydrogen bonding donator linking these mononuclear units into infinite single-chain structure along c axis via O1W-H1W2-O3v, O1W-H1W2—O4v (symmetry code: (v) -x + 1, -y + 1, -z + 2), O3W-H3W2-N4iv (symmetry code: (iv) x, -y + 1/2, z - 1/2) and a strong intramolecular hydrogen bond O3W-H3W1—O2. These supramolecular chains stack in a interleaved fashion in bc plane, the hydrogen bonds exist between the carboxyl group of li-gand L and the oxygen atom of coordinated water molecule to form intermolecular O6W-H6W2-O1W1 (symmetry code: (i) x, y - 1, z) and O6W-H6W1-O1" (symmetry code: (ii) -x + 1, y - 1/2, -z + 3/2) hydrogen bonding interaction, leading to the construction of 2D supramolecular sheet in the bc plane (Figure 3).
3. 2. 2. Crystal Structure of Complex [Ni(L)2(H2O)2] (2)
Complex 2 crystallized in the triclinic space group Pi. In the crystal structure of 2, the asymmetric unit contains one molecule. As shown in Figure 4, the central nickel ion is six-coordinate, which lies on the inversion center. It adopts a pseudo-octahedral coordination environ-
ment,25 which defined by two nitrogen donors and two oxygen donors from two ligand molecules in the equatorial planet. The sum of the equatorial angles O2-Ni1-N2, N2-Ni1-O2A, O2A-Ni1-N2A and N2A-Ni1-O2 for complex 2 (= 360.00°) is equal to the ideal value (360.00°), which ensures the planarity of equatorial plane. Unlike complex 1, these two newly formed five-membe-red rings were coplanar, the dihedral angle is 0.00(63)°. The axial positions are occupied by O-atom donors (O1W and O1WA) from two coordinated water molecules. The axial Ni-O average distance (2.064 Á) is shorter than the equatorial Ni-N average distance (2.260 Á), showing the squashed octahedron surrounding the Ni(II) center. The Ni-O and Ni-N distance were all similar to those reported values of Ni(II) complexes.26
Like complex 1, the adjacent molecules are forming infinite one-dimensional catenulate structure through O1W-H1W1- O1vi and O1WA-H1W1A-O1Avi (symmetry code: (vi) -x + 2, -y, -z + 1) intermolecular hydrogen bonds (Figure 5). These contiguous chains stack in a face-to-face fashion in ab plane, the hydrogen bonds exist between the carboxyl group of ligand L and the oxygen atom of coordinated water molecule to form intermolecular
Fig. 2. the hydrogen-bond-driven 1D chain extended in crystallographic c axis of 1. [Symmetry codes: (iii) —x + 1, y + 1/2, —z + 3/2; (iv) x, —y + 1/2, z - 1/2; (v) -x + 1, -y + 1, -z + 2]
Fig. 3. The hydrogen-bond-driven 2D sheet of 1 extended in crystallographic bc plane. [Symmetry codes: (i) x, y — 1, z; (ii) —x + 1, y — 1/2, —z + 3/2]
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Fig. 4. Molecular diagram for complex 2 showing the atom-labeling scheme. The hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level.
O1W-H1W2-O1vii and O1WA-H1W2A-O1Avii (symmetry code: (vii) x, y + 1, z) hydrogen bonding interaction, leading to the construction of 2D supramolecular sheet in the ab plane (Figure 6).
3. 3. Inhibitory Activity Against Jack Bean Urease
The inhibiting urease abilities of the HL and complexes 1 and 2 were studied based on the literature repor-
Fig. 5. The hydrogen-bond-driven 1D chain extended in crystallographic a axis of 2. [Symmetry codes: (vi) —x + 2, —y, —z + 1]
Fig. 6. The hydrogen-bond-driven 2D sheet of 2 extended in crystallographic ab plane. [Symmetry codes: (vii) x, y + 1, z]
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ted phenol red method against jack bean urease. The results are summarized in Table 4. It was found that comparing to the ase reference acetohydroxamic acid (AHA, IC50 = 26.99 ± 1.43 uM), copper ion and nickel ion as salt showed IC50 value of 1.71 ± 0.56 jM and 8.01 ± 1.21jM, while HL and complex 2 exhibited no urease inhibitory activities. Interestingly, compared with recently reported urease inhibition study by others in our group, we found that the urease inhibitory activity of HL was weaker than that of organic compounds synthesized by Sheng and coworkers.27 However, after coordinated with copper ion, the inhibitory activity improved distinctly. In addition, compared with other antiurease research by coordinated Cu(II) ion (0.14 uM by Sheng,28 0.46 jM by Wu29 and 22.40 ± 0.08 uM by You30), complex 1 showed similar or even better activities against urease, which resulted in the improved inhibitory activity. The result indicated that inhibitory activities of metal complexes were influenced by ligand substituents, electronic configurations, and by the nature of metal center.
Table 4. Inhibition of jack bean urease by the tested materials
Tested materials	IC50 (pM)
1	0.15 ± 0.08
2	>100
HL	>100
Cu(NO3)2 • 3H2O	1.71 ± 0.56
Ni(NO3)2 • 6H2O	8.01 ± 1.21
AHA*	26.99 ± 1.43
* Used as a positive control.
3. 4. Molecular Docking
To find out feasible urea enzyme inhibitors, molecular docking of complexes 1 and 2 with 3LA4 was simulated with the AUTODOCK 4.2 program. Additional interactions have been established in a variety of conformations because of the flexibilities of the amino acid residues of jack bean urease. The results indicate that 1 may have interaction with 3LA4 as reflected by the binding energy of the amino acid residues with the corresponding complex 1 showed -2.22 kcal/mol, while complex 2 showed +46.71 kcal/mol. The optimized cluster (50 occurrences) was ranked by energy level in the best conformation of the inhibitor-urease modeled structures, where the lowest intermolecular energy showed -3.15 kcal/mol.
The binding model of complex 1 with urease (3LA4) is presented in Figure 7 and 8. All the amino acid residues which had interacted with complex 1 were showed. In the binding model, the O atom of 1 as acceptor received one strong hydrogen bonding interaction with Gln635. The hydrogen-bonding distance of Gln635 N-H]O8 was 2.618 Á. In addition, Polar interaction exists between the benzene ring of complex 1 and the amino
acid (Arg439 and Arg639). The results of the molecular docking indicated that the complex 1 could be well fitted in the active pocket of jack bean urease.
M M	«	
-IT	^rvS_ ruvr	ft
■ —J	„ *	
/	2618 ' s	■
	\ * N.WÎ \	\ Arg439

Fig. 7. Modeled structures of complex 1 with jack bean urease. Hydrogen bonds are presented as light green dotted lines.
Fig. 8. Binding mode of complex 1 with jack bean urease. The enzyme is shown as Flat Ribbon. The complex is shown as yellow sticks.
4. Conclusion
This paper reports the synthesis, crystal structures, urease inhibitory activities and molecular docking of two transition metal complexes with 1-(4-fluorophenyl) pipe-razine acetic acid ligand. The molecular docking and the urease inhibitory activity studies of the complexes against jack bean urease valuably lead to the development of new urease inhibitors. The inhibitory activity tested in vitro against jack bean urease exhibits that complex 1 displays the best inhibitory activity of IC50 0.15 ± 0.08 uM. Importantly, we only focused on finding more effective and potent urease inhibitors for structure-activity relationship research of the complexes 1 and 2, detailed researches are continuing to explore the toxicity of these complexes of urease inhibitory activity for the environment and humans.
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5. Supplementary Information
CCDC files 1432471 (1) and 1432470 (2) contain the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge from The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre via www.ccdc.cam. ac.uk/ data_request/cif.
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Povzetek
Sintetizirana in strukturno okarakterizirana z rentgensko monokristalno difrakcijo sta dva nova enojedrna kompleksa, [Cu(L)2(H2O)]-2H2O (1) in [Ni(L)2(H2O)2] (2) (HL = 2-[4-(4-fluorofenil)piperazin-1-il]ocetna kislina). Inhibitorna aktivnost teh dveh spojin je bila testirana in vitro na ureazi stročnicoe Canavalia ensiformis. Z molekulskim dockingom so bila raziskani možni vezavni načini. Eksperimentalni podatki in docking simulacije kažejo, da ima kompleks 1 večjo in-hibitorno aktivnost kot pozitivna referenca acetohidroksamska kislina (AHA), saj ima IC50 vrednost 0.15 ± 0.08 ,uM, medtem ko spojina 2 ne izraža nobene inhibitorne aktivnosti.
Chen et al.: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, Molecular Docking, ...