flepeBü ^OTeH^Ma^bHbIx MMpüB

Muxaun Ee3nuH
Setting out from the fundamental works of V. N. Toporov on the structure of the mythopoetic thought, the author of the paper focuses on texts where the World Tree represents a "moment" of the cosmogony process, preceding and preparing the apparition of the world in its actual form. To define its cosmogonic function, the author introduces the concept "Tree of Potential Worlds", for it contains the potential elements realized by a demiurgic intervention. An analogous funct ion to that of the "pre-existent body" containing the potential elements, have the "Cosmic Egg" and the "World Mountain". his primary cosmogonic function of the World Tree explains, according to the author, its cosmologic function as the structural principle of the world.
KocMonoraa gepeBa
MupoBoe gepeBo go cux nop paccMaTpuBanocb rnaBHbiM 06pa30M b kocmoho-rMHecKOM nnaHe KaK «o6pa3, Bonnom;arom;uM yHuBepcanbHyro KOH^e^^uK> Mupa»1. 3HaHMTenbHo MeHee pacKpbiTon ocraeTca KOcMO^OHu^ecKaH $yHKu;uH MupoBoro ge-peBa. M b caMoM gene, ero BepTuKanbHaa cTpyKTypa, oTMenaa nocnegoBaTenbHocTb MMpoBHX ypoBHeM - HM^HMM, CpegHMM u BepXHMM -, yKa3bIBaeT Ha oCHoBHbe Mo-MeHTb K0CM0^0Hu^ecK0^0 npo^cca, ugym;ero ot HananbHon CKpumocmu (KopHu) k MaKCMManbHon omKpumocmu (manKa BeTBen)2.
CornacHo Teo^oHuu recuoga, b Hanane 6bin Xaoc, a 3a hum aBunacb rea-3eMnfl, poguBmaa ypaHa-He6o (h. 116-117, 126-127). B pe3ynbTaTe KocMoroHuu Xaoc KaK 6b pacnagaeTcfl, nneHUTca, cTaHoBuca ^neMeHTOM 6onee mupoKon cucTeMbi, KoTopyro mo^ho 6bino 6b onpegenuTb KaK cucmeMy depeBa. B ganbHenmeM o Xaoce He roBopuT-ca, a TonbKo o TapTape u BenuKon 6e3gHe (chasma meg'. h. 740). Oco6o 3HanuTeneH o6-pa3 3anerarom;ux Hag TapTapoM KopHen 3eMnu u Mopa (ges rhizai ... kai ... thalasses. h. 728)3. 3gecb hbho coxpaHaeTca ocTaTOHHbifi ^neMeHT 6onee mupoKoro npegcraBneHua
TonopoB 1987, c. 398.
BapuaHTbi MupoBoro gepeBa, b kotopom Bepxy cooTBeTcTByroT KopHu, cnegyeT, gyMaeTca, OTHOcMTb k «60-rocnoBCKMM». Apxau^Haa xTOHu^ecKaa KocMoroHua 3gecb nepeBopa^uBaeTca, gepeBO cTaHOBuTca cumbo-iom u Bonno^eHueM a6co7iK>THoro 6o®ecTBeHHoro Havana: «HaBepxy (ee) KopeHb, BHM3y - BeTBu, ^T0 Be^-Haa CM0K0BHM^a. ^T0 MMCToe, ^T0 EpaxMaH, ^T0 30BeTca 6eccMepTHbiM. B ^T0M yTBep^geHuu Bce Mupbi, hmkto He BbixoguT 3a ero npegenbi. noucTMHe, ^T0 - To» (KaTxa ynaHumaga I, 3, 1; ^MT. no: ynaHumagbi 1991).
B n0cneg0BaTenbH0CTM po^geHMM TapTap cnegyeT HenocpegcTBeHHO 3a XaocoM u reeM. M xoTa o TapTape roBopuTca KaK o 3apoguBmuMca b nedpax (mucho) 3eMnu, Ha ^T0M Ha^anbHOM CTaguu KOCMoroHM^ecKoro npo^cca oh BnoiHe cnuBaeTca c nepBo6e3gHoM u TOibKO b «nocTKocMoroHmecKuM nepuog» npuo6peTaeT
225
flepeBO ^0TeH^ManbHbIX MupoB
o nepBodepeBe, npopocTarom;eM Hepe3 Tpu KocMunecKue c^epbi. «KopHM» KaK 6m no-BMcaroT Had (huperthen) 6e3gH0M-TapTap0M. ^TOT o6pa3 nogBoguT HenocpegcTBeHHO k Kpunamomy depeBy ^epeKuga u3 Cupoca4. Oho, KaK u KopHu b Teo^oHuu recuoga, noBucaeT Hag 6e3gH0M, npegBapaeT u nogroTaBnuBaeT co3gaHue BceneHHOM, aBnaeTca MaTepuanoM, u3 KOToporo co3garoTca KOcMunecKue o6^eKTb5. MupoBoe gepeBO, TaKuM o6pa3OM, cogep^uT b ce6e nomeH^anbHue ^neMeHmu, K0T0pbie npu cBoeM ocbo6o^-geHuu (npu nocpegcTBe cpy6aHua unu pacm;enneHua) opraHu3yroTca 6oraMu KaK Bem;-HO-npocTpaHcTBeHHHM KOcMOc.
B ^TMX u gpyrux TeKcTax, o kotophx 6ygeT ugTu penb Hu«e, MupoBoe gepeBO BbcTynaeT KaK MOMeHm b KocMoroHunecKOM npon;ecce. Mo^ho ga^e cKa3aTb, hto He gepeBO ecTb pe3ynbTaT KocMoroHuu, a KocMoroHua - pe3ynbTaT pocTa gepeBa, t. e. gepeBO He npocTO pacTeT BMecTe c MupoM, a pa3pacmaemcx go Mupa, cTaHOBuTca MupoM6, u ^0^T0My oho ecTb ogHOBpeMeHHO ero ^Hmp u onopa.
^OTeH^Ma^bHMe MMpw
B Cmaprneu ^^^e HacToam;ee MupoBoe cocToaHue onpegenaeTca no 0TH0me-Huro k gepeBy: Niu man ek heima, / niu ividjur, // mjotvid mxran, / fyr mold nedan (Voluspa B 02)7. fleBaTb KopHen o6o3HanaroT ^oKocMo^oHu^ecKoe cocmoHHue, 0gHaK0 ocTaeTca 6e3 pa3^acHeHua, b KaKOM OTHomeHuu ohu HaxogaTca c geBaTbro MupaMu. B Ka66anucTuHecK0M KocMoroHuu "the ten Sefiroth constitute the mystical Tree of God or tree of divine power each representing a branch whose common root is unknowable. But En-Sof is not only the hidden Root of all Roots, it is also the sap of the tree; every branch representing an attribute, exists not by itself but by virtue of En-Sof, the hidden God. And this tree of God is also, as it were, the skeleton of the universe; it grows throughout the whole of creation and spreads its branches through all its ramifications. All
c^e^M^MMecKyro ^yH^uro Mecma 3aKmoueHua XTOHmecKux TuTaHOB (Hes. h. 716-725) u, KaK mo«ho npegnono^uTb, gpyrux onacHbix qygoBu^, c KOTopbiMu 6opaTca onuMnuncKue 6oru u repou. no stom npuTOHe, Hago gyMaTb, TapTap OKpy^aeTca MedHou cmeHou (h. 726), Bbigenaacb TaKuM 06pa30M u3 BenuKOM 6e3gHM, c KOTopoM nepBOHa^anbHO cnuBaeTca.
4	OepeKug u3 Cupoca - gpeBHerpe^ecKun 4>unoco^>, ^uBmui b cepeguHe 6 b. go h. a.. Oh 6bm nepBMM, KaK nepegaeT fluoreH HaapTcKuM, kto nucan o npupoge u 6orax (I, 11). CBugeTenbcTBa o ®u3Hu u y^e-Huu OepeKuga co6paHM b: Schibli 1990.
5	TonopoB 1971, c. 31. 3gecb ^MTMpyeTca TeKcT u3 P^Bedu, b kotopom gepeBO aBnaeTca MamepuanoM, u3 ko-Toporo 6oru cTpoaT BceneHHyro: «mto 3to 3a gepeBO (MaTepuan), mto sto 3a gepeBO (pacTeHue); u3 KOToporo ohu BMTecanu He6o u 3eMnro?» (X, 31, 7). flepeBO cTaHOBuTca 06pa30M brahman a, ho c nonHbiM ocHOBa-HueM, cnegya 3a B. H. TonopoBbiM, mo«ho npegnono^uTb, mto Mematfiopu3au,uH gepeBa ecTb pe3ynbTaT puTyanbHOM o6pa6oTKu npegmecTByro^ux TpagM^MM, b KOTopbix gepeBO BbicTynano b cBoeM nonHOM o6i-eMe u peanbHocTu.
6	Cp. o KocMu^ecKOM noToce KaK BapuaHTe MupoBoro gepeBa: «no Mepe pocTa Tbica^enenecTKOBoro noToca pacTeT BceneHHaa; nenecTKu garoT Ha^ano ropaM, xonMaM, peKaM, gonuHaM» (TonopoB 1988, c. 71).
7	flocnoBHbiM nepeBog: «geBaTb noMHro a MupoB, / geBaTb KopHeM, // Mepbi gpeBO 3HaMeHuToe / nog 3eMnen BHu3y». Cp. TaK^e ynoMuHaHue geBaTu MupoB b BudeHuu BonbBu: «A BenuKaHmy Xenb OguH Hu3Bepr b Hu^nbxeMM u nocTaBun ee BnageTb geBaTbro MupaMu (niu heimum), ga6bi OHa gaBana npuroT y ce6a BceM, kto k Hen nocnaH, a sto nrogu yMepmue ot 6one3HeM unu ot cTapocTu» (Mnagmaa 3gga 1970, c. 31). «fleBaTb MupoB» HaxogaTca 3gecb b gByx pa3nmHbix KOHTeKcTax: b g0K0cM0r0HmecK0M (b npopuu,aHuu BenbBu) u nocTKocMoroHu^ecKOM (b BudeHuu BonbBu). B stom nocnegHeM cny^ae niu heimum cnegoBano 6m nepeBO-guTb He KaK «geBaTb MupoB», a KaK «geBaTb noceneHun», mto BnonHe cornacoBMBanocb 6m c apxamecKuMu npegcTaBneHuaMu o CTpaHe cMepTu, rge Ka^goMy onpegeneHHOM Knaccy MepTBe^0B cooTBeTcTByeT onpe-geneHHaa o6nacTb unu noceneHue. Cp., HanpuMep, onucaHue CTpaHM cMepTu y Beprunua (Aen. VI).
226
Muxaun Ee3nuH
mundane and created things exist only because something of the power of the Sefiroth lives and acts in them"8.
Sefiroth MoryT paccMaTpuBaTbca KaK Mupu, KOTOpbie 6o:mecTBeHHoe gepeBO op-raHM3yeT b eduHyw KocMocucmeMy. Mupbi, KOTOpbie cym;ecTByroT do depeBa, He cocTaB-naroT cucTeMbi, b cuny Hero ohm aBnaroTca He geMcTBMTenbHbiMM, a nomeHU,uanbHUMu MupaMu. Ho hto npegcraBnaroT M3 ce6a ^TM «^OTeH^ManbHbIe Mupbi»?
Po^geHMe aM^a
B 3aK0Hax MaHy goKocMoroHMHecKoe cocToaHue npegcTaBnaeTca cnegyrom;uM O6pa3OM: <^tot [Mup] HeBegoMbiM, HeonpegenuMbiM, HegocTynHbiM gna pa3yMa, Heno-3HaBaeMHM, KaK 6bi cOBepmeHHO norpymeHHHM b coh, 6bin TbMOM. TOrga 6o:mecTBeH-HbiM CaMocym;uM HeBuguMHM [ho] genarom;MM [Bce] ^TO - BenuKue ^neMeHTbI u npoHee -BuguMbiMM, npoflBnaro^MM ^Hepmro, noaBunca, pacceuBaa TbMy [...] Bo3HaMepuB-mucb npou3BecTM M3 cBoero Tena pa3nuHHbie cym;ecTBa, oh BHanane coTBopun Bogbi u b hmx ucnycTun cBoe ceMH. Oho cTano 3onoTbiM HM^OM, no 6necKy paBHHM conH^y; b HeM oh caM pogunca [KaK] EpaxMa, npapoguTenb Bcero Mupa» (I, 5-9)9.
Bogbi 3gecb ^yH^MOHupyroT KaK noHo, b kotopom co3peBaeT ceMa 6ora. Cym;e-cTBeHHO, hto co3peBaeT oho KaK hu^o, cogep:mam;ee b ce6e 6ora-geMuypra10. B koc-MoroHuu ^epeKuga M3 Cupoca «3ac (Zanta) 6bin Bcerga, a TaKme XpoHoc u Xtohmh (Chronon kai Chthonian) - nepBbie Tpu Havana [...] XpoHoc cgenan M3 cBoero ceMeHM (gonoy) oroHb, BO3gyx u Bogy (pyr kai pneyma kai hydor), TpoMHyro npupogy (triplen ... fysin) [...] M3 kotophx nocne Toro, KaK ohm 6binu pa3Mem;eHbi b naTM BnaguHax (mychois)11, npou3omno gpyroe MHoroHucneHHoe noKoneHue (genean) 6oroB, Ha3HBa-eMoe [noKoneHueM] naTM BnaguH (pentemychon) unu naTM MupoB (pentekosmon)»12. Mychoi, b kotophx pomgaroTca 6oru, TunonoruHecKM cooTBeTcTByro 3onomoMy hu^, b kotopom pomgaeTca 6or-geMuypr EpaxMa13. n0Ka3aTenbH0 OTomgecTBneHue naTM muchoi c naTbro MupaMM, hto no3BonaeT paccMaTpuBaTb nocnegHue KaK cBoero poga «nycTOTH», 06pa30BaBmueca b 6ecnpocrpaHcTBeHHoM cnnomHocTM.
8	Scholem 1977, p. 214-215.
9	3aKOHbi MaHy 1992.
10	O KocMMMecKOM a^e cm.: TonopoB 1981.
11	B eg. m. mychos, Taräoe MecTO, TaMHMK, gHO, rny6uHa, noHO, Hegpa.
12	Schibli 1990, fr. 60.
13	3onomoMy xüu,y, M3 KOToporo po^gaeTca 6or-geMuypr EpaxMa, cooTBeTCTByeT BbipacTaro^MM M3 Tena Bum-Hy 3onomoü nomoc, BHyTpu KOToporo BOccegaeT 6o^-TBope^ EpaxMa (TonopoB 1988, c. 71). HoToc 3gecb co-BMe^aeT b ce6e ^yH^uu a^a u gepeBa. PacKanbiBaa a^o, EpaxMa M3 gByx ero nonoBMHOK co3gaeT «He6o u 3eMnro, Me^gy hmmm aTMoc^epy, BoceMb cTpaH cBeTa u BeMHoe MecTonpe6biBaHue Bog» (3aKOHU MaHy I, 13). Arnnora^HbiM o6pa3OM nenecTKu noToca reHepupyroT ^neMeHTbI Mupo3gaHua: ropbi, peKu, gonuHbi. ^^o m gepeBO-noToc nogroTaBnuBaroT kocmotohmki stricto sensu. ^TO apxeTunu^ecKoe OTHomeHue Me^gy a^OM m gepeBOM 3aMeMaTenbHO unnrocTpupyeT ^opMa noToca (Nelumbo nucifera) b nepuog co3peBaHua nnoga. flnuHHHM tohkmm cTe6enb («gepeBO») yBeHMMBaeTca nnogoM («a^OM»), uMern^uM ^opMy nony-c^epbi (4>ur. 1), nnocKMM cpe3 KOTopoÄ y TbiKaH KpyrnbiMu ManeHbKMMM BnaguHaMu, cogep^a^MMM b ce6e no 3epHy. ^Ta c^epu^ecKaa nnocKocTb c pa3Me^eHHbiMu b reoMeTpu^ecKOM nopagKe HumaMu Bbi3biBaeT b naMATu TaK^e mychoi OepeKuga. flyMaeTca, mto MMeHHO ^Ta c^epu^ecKaa «reoMeTpua» nnoga noToca gon^Ha 6bina oco6eHHO nopa3MTb MM^o^o^TMMecKoe co3HaHue, b kotopom ^TOT ecTecTBeHHMM ^BeTOK Bbipoc go pa3MepoB KocMMMecKoro cuMBona.
227
flepeBO ^0TeH^ManbHbIX MupoB
Our. 1. nnog noToca (Nelumbo nucifera)
06pa3OBaHMe nycToro npocTpaHCTBa, TaKMM 06pa30M, aBnaeTca ycnoBueM gna Havana reHepaTMBHoro npon;ecca Ha Bcex ero ypoBHax - ot 6oroB go ^neMeHTapHbiX opraHU3MOB. «nycTOTb» o6pa3yroTcH b 6ecnpocmpaHcmBeHHom, no OTHomeHuro k ko-TopoMy ohm aBnaroTca npoTMBopenueM, u ^0^T0My HOBbie npocTpaHcTBeHHbie 06-pa3OBaHua 3aKnroHaroTcfl b huu,o.
np0CTpaHCTB0 aM^a
PaccMOTpeHue naTM «nycTOT-BnaguH» (mychoi) KaK cBoero poga nuu,eeux npo-cmpaHcmB no3BonaeT yTOHHMTb noHHTue «noTeHn;uanbHoro Mupa». B MM^e ocrpo-Ba Nauru (ocTpoBa Gilbert)14 nycToe npocTpaHcTBO cogep^MTca b paKOBMHe-HMn;e. KocMMHecKoe npocTpaHcTBO co BceM cbomm cogep:«MMbiM co3gaeTca BHyTpu paKO-bmhh. 3acny^MBaeT oco6oro BHMMaHua cnegyrom;ee o6cToaTenbcTBo: b KOHn;e cBoen geMuypruHecKOM geaTenbHocTM nepB060^ecTB0 Apeon^Han ca^aeT «gepeBO, koto-poe npoM3Beno MHoro nnogoB u ot KOToporo npoucxogaT TaK^e nTun;bi»15, M3 Hero mo^ho 3aKnroHMTb, hto gepeBO aBnaeTca 0cm0B0M, Ha KOTopoM yKpennaeTca cotbo-peHHHM Mup u 6narogapa KOTopoMy oh nonynaeT BHyTpeHHroro ycT0MHMB0cTb.
CooTBeTcTBue KopHen Mrrgpacuna b npopuu,aHuu BentBU MupaM no3BonaeT, no HameMy MHeHuro, OTO^gecTBMTb KopeHb c noTeHnuanbHbiM MupoM, a npopocTaHMe KopHH paccMaTpuBaTb KaK npopocTaHMe Mupa, nepexogam;ero M3 noTeHn;uanbHoro coctohhmh b aKTyanbHoe. BenbBa noMHum noTeHn;uanbHbie Mupbi, t. e. goKocMoroHM-HecKoe cocTOHHue, b KOTopoM MMpb (unu 3aKnroneHHHe b HMn;eBbix nycTOTax-Bnagu-Hax cogep^aHua) 3pernm KaK ceMeHa16. OHa noMHMT He nycTbie 6e3gBM^HHe Hegpa, a umo-mo, u ^T0 hto-to HanonHeHO rpo3HbiM 6po3^eHueM, pe3ynbTaTOM KOToporo gon^Ha cTaTb gpaMa po^geHMH Mupa.
14	Pettazzoni 1990, p. 156.
15	Ibid., p. 158.
16	Cp. a^o, KOTopoe nopo^gaeT 3MeM b op^MHecKOM KocMoroHMM, c Haxoga^MMca b HeM «MHO^ecTBOM ce-mhh BcHKoro poga (pantoion spermaton to plethos)» u 6oroM-geMuyproM (Colli 1990, p. 280).
228
Muxaun Ee3nuH
ConHe^Hoe gepeBo
B KMTancKOM Mu^onoruu cym;ecTByeT npegaHue o TyTOBOM gepeBe (fiycan (Fu Sang), Ha kotopom noKoaTca gecaTb conH^7. flepeBo (fiycan HaxoguTca Ha B0CT0Ke, t. e. npegcTaBnaeT HaHanbHbin nyHKT, oTKyga conH^ noonepegHo oTnpaBnaroTca b nyTb no He6ocKnoHy. OKaHMMBaa cbom nyTb Ha 3anage, «ge®:ypHoe» conH^ caguTca Ha gepeBo pyo (Ruo), oTKyga no nog3eMHoMy BogHoMy nyTM (^enTOMy mctomhu-Ky, oTo®:gecTBnaeMOMy c MupoM cMepTu) oho nepenpaBnaeTca o6paTHo Ha boctok18. npeÓHBaHMe gecaTu conH^ Ha gepeBe npegcTaBnaeT napagoKc. Bo-nepBbix, noneMy gecaTb? Bo-BTopbix, noneMy Ha gepeBe? AHanoruHHbm Bonpoc mo^ho 3agaTb b ot-HomeHMM nucna 12: noneMy 12 Meca^B acco^MMpyroTca c 12 cy^baMU gepeBa unu 12 rae3gaMM Ha HeM? Mo^ho npegnono^MTb, mto HeKOTopbie nucna, KaK, HanpuMep, 9, 10 unu 12, MMeroT 6onbmyro cKnoHHocTb k ^opMupoBaHuro onpegeneHHoro apxemu-nunecKo¿o o6pa3a, b gaHHoM cnynae, gepeBa unu cBa3aHHbix c hum o6,beKTOB19. flpyru-mm cnoBaMM, nucno-apxemun Bbi6upaeT gna cBoero Bonnom;eHua cooTBeTcTByrom^n o6pa3, KOTopbin mo«ho onpegenuTb KaK apxemununecKuü b Ton Mepe, b KaKon oh peanu3yeT 6e3Ó6pa3Hbin u cBepxBpeMeHHHM apxeTun. Hucna 9 u 10, peanu3yacb b o6-pa3e-cuMBone gepeBa b ^ggMHecKOM u Ka66anucTMHecKOH KocMoroHuax20, npegcTaB-naroT, no HameMy MHeHuro, cucTeMy ^OTeH^ManbHbIx MupoB, rge gepeBo ecTb cnoco6 op^aHU3a^uu ^TMx MupoB KaK eguHon u ^yH^uoHanbHon cucTeMbi.
OcTaBnaa b cTopoHe BcaKoro poga «ecTecTBeHHbie» (a noceMy gocTaTOMHo co-MHMTenbHbe) o6^acHeHua «^eHOMeHa» gecaTu conH^ («nTM^i-conH^»),noKoam;Mxca Ha gepeBe, mo®ho npegnono^MTb, mto m b KMTancKOM Mu^e mm MMeeM geno c depeeou nomeHnuanbHux uupoe, KoTopoe KaK 6m pa3gBauBaeTca Ha gBa gepeBa - ifiycaH u py-o21. ^OTeH^ManbHHM xapaKTep «Mupa gepeBa» mo®ho ycMoTpeTb TaK®e b gepeBe, Ha KoTopoM npe6bBaroT gymu b o^MgaHMM 3eMHoro po:*:geHMa22. flepeBo KaK pe3epByap 6o®ecTBeHHHx ^Hep^MM npegcTaBneHo b gpeBHeeruneTcKUx M3o6pa®eHMax cuKoMopa, b BeTBax KoToporo HaxoguTca 6oruHa, garom;aa MenoBeKy num;y 6eccMepTua23. CnegyeT npegnono^UTb, mto mctohhmkom 6eccMepTHbix ^Hep^MM gepeBo aBnaeTca b cuny cBoen coeguHeHHocTM c ^OTeH^ManbHbIMM MupaMM. M b caMoM gene, ^TM Mupbi - ero KopHU, KOTopbie ero nuTaroT.
17	Mctomhuku Mu^a cm. b: Allan 1991, pp. 27-39; TaK^e: Pm^tmh 1987, cc. 653-654.
18	Allan 1991, p. 39.
19	O Mucnax b apxamHbix KynbTypax cm.: TonopoB 1980, cc. 3-58.
20	B KaóóanucTuqecKOM KocMoroHMM BecKOHe^Hbin Bor (En-Sof) SMaHupyeT 10 ce^upoT, KOTopbie o6pa3yroT Ero MucTM^ecKoe Teno-gepeBo (Scholem 1977, pp. 212-214).
21	O^eBugHa geMuypra^ecKaa ocHOBa MM^a o gecaTu con^ax: "once in the time of Yao the ten suns came out together, their great heat threatening to destroy the World until Yao ordered Archer Yi to shoot nine of them" (Allan 1991, p.36). C6uBaHue conH^ MMeeT 3gecb 3HaMeHue ycTpaHeHua u36umoHHux 3nemeH-moe, KOTopMe npenaTcTByroT co3gaHuro eguHOM KocMocucTeMbi. B gpyrux TpagM^Max sto - qygoBM^e, c KOTopbiM 6opeTca repon. HygoBM^e 3aKpbiBaeT unu norno^aeT Bogbi ®m3hm. ÁHanormHbiM pe3ynbTaT MMeeT ogHOBpeMeHHoe npucyTcTBue gecaTu conH^ b cuny Mero cóuBaHue «numHux» conH^ cTaHOBMTca geMuyprmecKMM aKTOM, b pe3ynbTaTe KoToporo co3gaeTca HacToa^un Mup. Ka^goe conH^ npegcTaB-naeT omdenbHuü (^OTeH^ManbHMM) Mup, u noaTOMy «c6uBaHue» mo«ho MHTepnpeTupoBaTb TaK^e KaK cnumue gecaTu conH^MupoB b ogHo Mupo-conH^. ^TO nocnegHee npegnono^eHue He npoTMBopeMUT nepBOMy: u b tom m gpyroM cny^ae peMb ugeT o pa36noKupoeaHuu co3gaBmenca KpanHe onacHon cuTya-^MM, u noaTOMy Tpe6yeTca SKcTpeManbHoe BMemaTenbcTBo 6ora-geMuypra unu ero alter ego - repoa.
22	Eliade 1991, pp. 294-295.
23	Cook 1974, fig. 11.
229
flepeBO ^0TeH^ManbHbIX MupoB
B 6H6neMCKOM KOCMoroHMM nepBOHaHanbHoe cocToaHue 3eMnu onpegenaeTca KaK tohu va-vohu («6e3BugHa u nycTa». Bht 1, 2). Cn0B0 tohu ^TMMono^MHecKM cBa3a-Ho co cn0B0M t'hom («6e3gHa»). nepBonpocTpaHCTBO unu npocTpaHCTBO, b kotopom aKTyanu3yroTca KocMoroHMHecKue npon;eccbi, Ka66anucTbi onpegenaroT KaK Olam Ha-Tohu («Mup xaoca»)24. B KocMoroHMM recuoga 3eMna npuHMMaeT cBoro HacToam;yro ^opMy He cpa3y nocne Bbixoga M3 Xaoca, a nocne Toro, KaK OHa po^gaeT He6o, ropbi u Mope (h. 126-132) u o6pa3yeTca 0TKpbiT0e KocMMHecKoe npocTpaHcTBO b pe3ynb-TaTe OTgeneHua 3eMnu ot He6a25. AHanoruHHaa cuTyan;MM npucyTcTByeT u b 6u6nen-ckom KocMoroHuu: HaHanbHbin xaoTMHecKun xapaKTep 3eMnu mo^ho MHTepnpeTupo-BaTb KaK cnegcTBue ee npe6biBaHua b xaoTMHecKOM (He3am;um;eHHOM) nepB06biTH0M npocTpaHcTBe unu KaK yKa3aHue Ha noTeHD;uanbHbm xapaKTep 3eMnu, KOTopbin OHa uMena e Hanane, t. e. go KocMoroHMHecKon opraHM3an;MM pacceaHHbix no nepBo6biT-HOMy xaocy noTeHUManbHbix MupoB. C ^T0M tohkm 3peHua mecTb gHen TBopeHua mo-ryT paccMaTpuBaTbca KaK co3gaHue noTeHn;uanbHbix MupoB, KOTopbie coeguHaroTca b eguHbin Mup cegbMoro gHa, b KOTopbin Bor «noHMn ot Bcex gen Cboux» (Bht. 2, 3). «OTgbix Bora» mo»ho uHTepnpeTupoBaTb KaK yKa3aHue Ha coBepmuBmeeca - xoTa u b ugeanbHOM nnaHe - cnuaHue MupoB. B nnaHe peanbHOM - KaK y recuoga unu b KMTancKOM Mu^e o gecaTu conHn;ax - BO3HuKaeT npennmcmeue, KOTopoe repon-ge-Muypr gon^eH ycTpaHuTb, c6uBaa numHue conHn;a unu BcTynaa b 6opb6y co 3MeeM.
MMpw-ny3wpM
B noTeHn;uanbHbix Mupax 3peroT ceMeHa^neMeHTbi 6ygym;ero Mupa. OgHaKO caMu no ce6e ohu He b cocToaHuu nepenTM u3 noTeHnuanbHoro cocToaHua b aKTyanbHoe u 06pa30BaTb eguHyro KocMocucreMy, b cuny Hero ohu aBnaroTca KpanHe HeycTonHMBbi-mu. BumHy roBopuT MHgpe: «Hto KacaeTca MupoB, KOTopbie bo BcaKun MOMeHT cy-m;ecTByroT oguH nogne gpyroro, Ka^gbin u3 hux cogep^uT ogHoro BpaxMy u ogHoro MHgpy. Kto cMor 6h cocHuTaTb ux? [...] HanonHaa BHemHee npocTpaHcTBO, 6e3 KOHn;a noaBnaroTca u ucHe3aroT Mupbi. nogo6HO xpynKuM Kopa6nuKaM, nnaBaroT ohu no hm-cthm u 6e3goHHHM BogaM, cocTaBnarom;MM Teno BumHy. M3 Bcex nop ^T0^0 Tena bh-xoguT, KaK ny3bipeK, Mup u cpa3y ^e ucHe3aeT»26.
CxogHon MeTa^opon nonb3yroTca Ka66anucTH, cpaBHuBaa MupH c ucKpaMu, ko-Topbie BHceKaeT Kyro^un ^ene3O Ky3Hen;27. CpaBHeHue MupoB c ny3bipaMM unu ucKpaMu nogHepKuBaeT HeycroHHMBocTb BO3HMKarom;Mx MupoB, ux u3onupoBaHHocTb, ot-cyTcTBue KaKon-nu6o cucTeMaTMHecKon cBa3u Me^gy humu. flyMaeTca, hto peHb 3gecb ugeT He o gencTBMTenbHbix Mupax, a o nomeH^antHux, KOTopbie, Bbinga bo «BHemHee npocTpaHcTBO», He cyMenu co3gaTb eguHon MupocucTeMbi, u ^0^T0My, nogo6HO ny3H-paM unu ucKpaM, ucHe3nu, egBa noaBuBmucb.
24	Scholem 1977, p. 266.
25	OrgeneHue 3eMnu or He6a coBepmaerca b ^opMe Kacrpa^MM ypaHa. Cp. aHanoraHHbin xyppurcKMn mm^ o 6ore He6a AHy. KyMap6u, cpa^aacb c AHy, orKycbiBaer eMy My^cKyro cuny, nocne Hero AHy B3MHBaer b BHcoKoe He6o m genaerca HeBuguMHM, r. e. craHOBurca He6oM, orgeneHHHM or 3eMnu (HyHa, ynaBmaa c He6a 1977, cc. 115-116).
26	Zimmer 1993, p. 16.
27	Scholem 1989, p. 122.
230
Muxaun Ee3nuH
3HaMeHaTenbH0, hto ^0TeH^uanbHbIe MMpbi-ny3bipM BbixogaT U3 mena Eo^a. Mygpe^ MapKaHgea, 0Ka3biBmucb b Tene BumHy, CTpaHCTByeT no ugeanbHoMy yTpo6H0My Mupy, K0T0pbiM Bor cogep»:uT b ce6e KaK apxeTun BpeMeHHbix MupoB. noHHTMfl «BHyTpeHHero npocTpaHCTBa», t. e. npocTpaHCTBa b Tene Bora, u «BHemHero npocTpaHCTBa», t. e. npocTpaHCTBa BHe Tena Bora, no3BonaK>T paccMaTpuBaTb «Teno» u «gepeBo» KaK gBa Tuna op^aHU3a^uu ^0TeH^uanbHbIx MupoB. Bo BHyTpeHHeM npo-CTpaHCTBe Mupbi opraHU3yroTCH KaK «Teno», ABnaroTca ero «KneTKaMu». Bo BHemHeM npocTpaHCTBe Mupbi opraHU3yroTca KaK «gepeBo». B pe3ynbTaTe KocMoroHuHecKoro «cgBura» Teno KaK 6b eueopanueaemcn, Bbigenaa u3 ce6a Mupbi-KneTKu, u TpaHc^op-MupyeTca b gepeBo, KoTopoe ygep^uBaeT b ce6e ^Tu Mupbi, He no3Bonafl um pa3on-Tucb b pacKpbiBmeMCH Xaoce.
nepBHM KocMororoHunecKun aKT, TaKuM o6pa3oM, coctout b npeo6pa3oBaHuu BHyTpeHHero npocTpaHcTBa bo BHemHee, KoTopoe He ecTb em;e npocTpaHcTBo stricto sensu, a «pa3ynnoTHeHHbiM» Xaoc28, 3anonHflrom;uMcfl ucxogam;uMu u3 Tena Bora MupaMu-ny3bipaMu. ^Tu nocnegHue b cuny cBoen xpynKocTu u Hacbim;eHHocTu xaoTuHecKoro nepBonpocTpaHcTBa onacHbiMu ^neMeHTaMu «nonaroTca». B tot MoMeHT, Korga KaKoMy-to KonunecTBy MupoB ygaeTca co3gaTb 06m; yro cucTeMy ^Hep^o^upKynupoBaHUfl, MupH npuo6peTaroT oTHocuTenbHyro ycTonnuBocTb. Bo3mo»:ho cym;ecTB0Banu KaKue-To gpy-rue ^opMbi op^aHU3a^uu ^0TeH^uanbHHX MupoB, ho Bce ohu, 3a ucKnroneHueM «gepe-Ba», oKa3anucb HeycTornuBbiMu, u ^0^T0My noru6nu b MeTa^u3unecKux KaTacTpo^ax, o KoTopbix coxpaHaeTca apxemununecKan naunmb b npegcTaBneHuax o nepuogune-ckom ru6enu MupoB.
KpwnaToe gepeBo
06pa3 KpbinaToro gepeBa (hypópteros drys) y ^epeKuga, no yTBep^geHuro fflu6nu, He uMeeT napannenu «ga^e b 6oraToñ Mu^onorunecKon Tpagu^uu Bnu^He-ro BocToKa u BocToKa»29. ^T0 yTBep^geHue He coBceM KoppeKTHo. 06pa3 KpbinaToro gepeBa uMeeTca, no KpanHen Mepe, b ogHon Mu^0^0^TUHecK0M Tpagu^uu - ocTpoBa 3bh, u npuT0M He b KaHecTBe «penuKTa», a Tpagu^u0HH0^0 MoTuBa. PeHb ugeT 06 aKceccyape TeaTpa TeHen no Ha3BaHuro kekayon («gepeBo») unu gunungan («ropa»)30. nogBemeHHbiM Ha tohkom mecTe, kekayon noMem;aeTca b ^HTpe ^KpaHa, Ha K0T0pbm ^poe^upyroTCfl TeHu KyKon. CuMBonuHecKoe cogep^aHue kekayon'a ^KC^nu^upyeTCfl u3o6pa^eHHMM Ha HeM KpunamuM öepeeoM. Oco6bin uHTepec npegcTaBnaeT Bapu-aHT KpbinaToro gepeBa c »uböthhmh (^ur. 2).
Ha Hu»HeM ypoBHe HaxogaTca cTunu30BaHHbie nog BeTBu «ubothhc. Ha BeT-Bax TpeTbero u HeTBepToro ypoBHen cugaT o6e3bAHbi. nog hhähhmh BeTBaMu cTBon KaK 6h B3gyBaeTca, u ot ^T0M B3gyTon HacTu oTxoguT BeepoM gB0MH0M pag Kpbi-nbeB. 3a ypoBHeM KpbinbeB cnegyeT ypoBeHb KopHa, no o6euM cTopoHaM KoToporo pacnonararoTca «hbothhc. Boo6m;e Bce gepeBo npou3BoguT BnenaTneHue KaKon-To HygecHon nTu^i, BeTBu KoToporo - Kpbinba, a KopHu - xboct.
28	O Xaoce KaK nepBmHon yTpo6e cm.: MuxannoB 1989, cc. 75-80.
29	Schibli 1990, p. 73.
30	O aBaHcKoM TeaTpe TeHen cm.: Indonesia 1988, pp. 485-487. Kekayon u gunungan Bocnpou3BogaTca b: Cook 1974, fig. 21, 129.
231
flepeBo ^0TeH^Ma^bHbIx MupoB
Our. 2. Kekayon c «mbothhmm b KopHax
^HTpanbHbiM ^neMeHT0M gpyroro BapuaHTa (^ur. 3) aBnaroTca gBepu, ot koto-pbix oTxoguT AB0MH0M pag KpbinbeB. no o6euM cTopoHaM gBepu, ynepmucb K0neH0M b BepxHroro cTyneHbKy, ctoht gBa HygoBum;Hbix cTpa^a c rpoMagHbiMU KpuBbiMu Me-HaMU. Ha BeTBax, no o6e cTopoHbi ot ronoBbi HygoBum;a c KAHKaMu b n;eHTpe cTBona, cugaT gBe o6e3bHHH, noxo^ue Ha neMypoB, hto em;e 6onee nognepKUBaeT hohhom m xT0HUHecKUM xapaKTep gepeBa. 3aKpyneHHbie BeTBu 0KaHHUBaroTca nnogaMM, b n;eH-Tpe K0T0pHx cnoBHo 6h cBeTUTca oroHeK. ^T0T BapuaHT «gepeBa c gBepbMM» mo^ho onpegenuTb KaK xpaMOBUü, t. e. u3o6pa^aro^uM xpaM-gepeBo, Ha hto gononHMTenb-Ho yKa3biBaroT TponHon pag cTyneHen, Begym;ux k gBepu, u cTpa^u c MeHaMU no o6euM ot Hee cTopoHaM31. KpbinaTbie gBepu xapaKTepu3yroT xpaM Sendangdunur Ha .fee32. Kpbinba 3gecb aBnaroTca npuHagne^HocTbro He gBepu, a depeBa, K0Topoe xpaM cuMBonu3upyeT33. Bxoga Hepe3 KpbinaTyro gBepb b xpaM, HenoBeK Bxoôun b depeBO. Ho hto 3HaHUT Boûmu b depeBO? M b KaKoe gepeBo oh Bxogun? B TeaTpe TeHen b Hakane npegcTaBneHua npou3Hocunucb 3aKnuHaHua u KyKnbi ucnonHanu TaHen; gepeBa «U3-hm, UMeBmun cBoen TeMon TBopeHue Mupa, My:«HMHbi u «ch^mhh, b K0T0pbix Bor BgHxaeT ^U3Hb34, t. e. depeBO-kekayon npegcTaBnano ^oh gna pa3BopaHUBaBmenca nepeg 3puTeneM MupoBon gpaMbi.
CxogHoe 3HaHeHue, KaK mo^ho npegnono^UTb, KpbinaToe gepeBo UMeno y Oepe-Kuga, npegcTaBnaa KOCMO^OHU^ecKyw cmpyKmypy, Ha 0cH0BaHUu K0Topon co3gaeTca HacToam;aa MupocucTeMa. Hau6onee npuMenaTenbHbiM ^neMeHT0M ^T0M cTpyKTypbi
31	Cp. KaMeHHHe cKynbnTypbi xpaM0Bbix cTpa^en Ha ocTpoBe ^Ba (Boisselier 1986, pp. 256, 271).
32	Cook 1974, fig. 128.
33	Cp. MHguMcKUM xpaM b cTBone ruraHTcKoro gepeBa nyagrodha (Cook 1974, fig. 64, 93).
34	Indonesia 1988, p. 485.
232
Muxaun Ee3nuH
Our. 3. Kekayon C gBepbMu
HBnHroTCH Kpuntn. no MHeHuro fflu6nu, «KpbinbH HBnHroTCH CpegCTBoM, C noMoqb» KoToporo 3eMnH-gepeBo noggepmuBaeT Ce6a b npoCTpaHCTBe»35. «npoCTpaHCTBo» b gaHHoM Cnynae He CaMbiM KoppeKTHbm TepMUH, ho BCe me nynme, neM «nyCToTa» unu «Bo3gyx». flepeBo KaK ^opMa opraHU3a^uu BCeneHHon gonmHo uMeTb npoCTpaHCTBo b Ce6e, a He BHe Ce6a. KaK u BHyTpeHHee npoCTpaHCTBo «H^a», oho uMeeT ^0TeH^u-anbHHM xapaKTep, peanu3yHCb KaK oTKpbiToe KoCMuneCKoe npoCTpaHCTBo no Mepe CBoero paCnpoCTpaHeHUH bo BHemHee «npoCTpaHCTBo» XaoCa, Ha hto yKa3biBaeT CBH3b gepeBa He TonbKo C KpbinbHMu, ho TaKme C noKpueanoM.
O gepeBe C noKpbiBanoM roBopuTCH b gByx ^pameHTax OepeKuga: "[...] ton Zena kai ten Chthoníen kai ton en toytois Eröta, kai ten Ophionéôs génesin kai ten theön machen kai to déndron kai ton péplon" («[...] 3eBC u Xtohmh, u ^poT Memgy HUMU, pomgeHue O^uoHea, 6uTBa 6oroB, gepeBo u nennoC»); "[...] hypópteros drys kai to ep' ayte pepoikilménon faros" («[...] KpbinaToe gepeBo u Ha HeM BHmuToe no-KpbiBano»)36. Bo BTopoM ^parneHTe KpbinbH u noKpbiBano HBnHroTCH gByeguHbiMu ^neMeHTaMu gepeBa, hto no3BonaeT CgenaTb npegnonomeHue o gononHUTenbHoCTu KpHHbeB u noKpbiBana. MomHo TaKme npegnonomuTb, hto ^Mnupu^ecKUM oCHoBa-HueM gna CoeguHeHUH gepeBa u KpbinbeB HBnaeTCH ment, 3am;um;arom;aH ot «paC-KaneHHoro» BHemHero npoCTpaHCTBa. B gaHHoM Cnynae penb ugeT o nepBo6biraoM xaoTuneCKoM npoCTpaHCTBe, ogHaKo apxemununecKan no¿uKa o6pa3a oCTaeTCH Heu3-MeHHoM b tom CMbiCne, hto ^M^upuHecKoe oCTaeTCH BTopuHHHM no oTHomeHUro K MeTa^u3uneCKoMy. nepBo6biraoe npoCTpaHCTBo eCTb onacHoe b Cuny CBoen HaCbi-
35	Schibli 1990, p. 73. AHanora^Horo MHeHUH npugepmuBaeTCH BeCT: «KpbinbH npegnonararoT, mto gepeBo-BCeneHHaH CaMo CeÓH noggepmuBaeT b npoCTpaHCTBe» (West 1993, p. 96).
36	Schibli 1990, fr. 73, 76.
233
flepeBO ^0TeH^ManbHbIX MupoB
^eHHOCTM HenpocTpaHCTBeHHHMM ^neMeHTaMu, yceaHHocTu «HepHbiMu gbipaMu», b KOTopbix Mcne3aeT bchkmm npocTpaHcTBeHHbiñ oó^eKT. M ^0^T0My nro6aa npocTpaH-cTBeHHaa CTpyKTypa, co3gaBaeMaa b ^T0M nepBo6biraoM npocTpaHCTBe, Hy»:gaeTca b 3a^MTHOM cucTeMe, KOTopaa no3Bonuna 6bi en BHgep^aTb Hanop HenpocrpaHcTBeH-Hbx «npoBanoB». ^Toñ 3am;uTHoñ cucreMoñ cTaHOBaTca Kpuntn u noKpuBano37.
KocMoroHMa OepeKMga
CoxpaHMBmMe ^pameHTbi no3BonaroT HaMeTUTb cnegyromyro cxeMy Koc-MoroHMM ^epeKuga. B Hakane (BepHee, go BcaKoro Habana) Be^HO npe6biBaroT Tpu 6o^ecTBa: 3ac, XpoHOc u XTOHua. KocMoroHunecKuñ npon;ecc HanuHaeTca c Toro MOMeHTa, Korga XpoHoc genuT cBoe ceMa Ha Tpu ^neMeHTa - oroHb, BO3gyx u Bogy, KOTopbie noMe^aeT b naTu «BnaguHax» (mychoí). OTO^ecTBneHue naTu BnaguH c na-Tbro MupaMu no3BonaeT cgenaTb npegnono^eHue, hto «gpyroñ MHoroqucneHHbiñ pog 6oroB» (pollen állen genean theön)38 nepcoHu^un;upyeT apxemununecKue ^neMeHmu 6ygym;eñ BceneHHoñ, KOTopbie «co3peBaroT» b naTu Mupax-BnaguHax no pody ux39. flanbHeñmuñ npon;ecc gon^eH 6bin 3aBepmuTbca co6upaHueM OTgeneHHbix gpyr ot gpyra noTeHn;uanbHbix MupoB b eduHyw cucmeMy, hto ocym;ecTBnaeTca b ^opMe Kpbi-naToro gepeBa. KocMoroHunecKuñ 6paK 3aca u Xtohuu, b cBoro onepegb, gon^eH 6bin npeo6pa3OBaTb ^Ty cucTeMy noTeHn;uanbHbix MupoB b caMogocTaTOHHbiñ u caMopa3-BuBarom;uñca kocmoc: "eis Eröta metabeblesthai ton Día méllonta demioyrgeín, hóti de ton kósmon ek tön enantiön synistas eis homologían kai filian egage kai taytóteta päsin enéspeire kai hén0sin ten di' holön diekoysan" («b ^poca npeBpaTunca 3eBc, co6paB-mucb TBopuTb, n0T0My hto, coeguHaa, kocmoc ot npoTuBonono^HocTen k cornacuro u gpy«6e npuBoguT, bo BceM nonaraa nogo6ue u eguHcTBO»)40.
Co3gaHHbie XpoHocoM ^neMeHTH 3eBc-3ac aKTyanu3yeT npu nocpegcTBe Koc-MoroHunecKoro 6paKa c XTOHueñ. Brnmuioe noKpbiBano MO^eT paccMaTpuBaTbca KaK o6pa3 geMuyprunecKOM geaTenbHocTu 3aca. B ^T0M KocMoroHunecKOM KOHTeKcTe no-nynaeT cBoe o6ocHOBaHue npegnonaraeMoe BecTOM TO^gecTBO cBage6Horo noKpbiBa-na u noKpbiBana Ha KpbinaTOM gepeBe41. 3gecb bö3mo«ho npegnono^uTb cnegyromyro nocnegoBaTenbHocTb: 3aBepmarom;uM MOMeHTOM geMuyprunecKoñ geaTenbHocTu 3aca cTaHOBuTca cBam;eHHbiñ 6paK c XTOHueñ, b pe3yTbTaTe KOToporo co3gaeTca mu-poBoe noKpuBano, t. e. Mup b cBoeñ HacToam;eñ («BbimuToñ») ^opMe42. B ^T0M cnynae ecTecTBeHHbM 06pa30M pemaeTca Bonpoc o npucyTcTBuu BbimuToro noKpbiBana Ha KpbinaTOM gepeBe. OTHomeHue KpbinaToro gepeBa c noKpbiBanoM mö«ho npegcra-BuTb KaK OTHomeHue gByx MupoBbix cocToaHuñ, rge nocnegHee npegcTaBnaeT co-
37	Cp. 3a^uTHyro ^yH^uro KpbinbeB Bora b Bu6nuu: «nepbaMu cboumu oceHuT Te6a, u nog KpbinbaMu Ero 6ygemb 6e3onaceH» (ncan. 90, 4).
38	Schibli 1990, fr. 60.
39	B KocMoroHuu 3iikouob Many 6or-geMuypr BpaxMa co3gaeT u3 gByx nonoBuHOK 3onoToro a^a, b koto-poM oh pogunca, He6o u 3eMnro, a u3 cBoero Tena Bce cy^ecTBa (I, 8-16). Pe^b 3gecb, gyMaeTca, ugeT He o co3gaHuu MaTepuanbHoro KocMoca, a apxemunuMecKux 3neMenmoB, KOTopbie cTaHOBaTca ero ugeanbHbiM ocHOBaHueM, nogoÓHO Sefiroth b Ka66ane. 3Ta ®e TeMa gBonHoro TBopeHua - apxemunu^ecKo^o u Mame-puanbHo^o - npucyTcTByeT b KocMoroHuu gaaKOB M^Horo BopHeo (cm. Hu^e).
40	Schibli 1990, fr. 72.
41	West 1993, p. 59.
42	Cp. KocMmecKun nna^ Mcugbi y Anynea (Met. XI, 3-4).
234
Muxaun Ee3nuH
BepmuBmeeca cnuaHue nomeH^anbHux MupoB gepeBa b peanbHuü Mup noKpbiBana. BrnmuTHe Ha noKpbiBane u3o6pameHua 3eMnu, OreHoca u »unu^ OreHoca mo^ho uHTepnpeTupoBaTb KaK o6o3HaHeHua cpegHero Mupa (3eMnu) u pa3nuHHbix ypoBHeM Hu»Hero Mupa43. OTcyTcTBue BepxHero (He6ecHoro) Mupa Mo»eT oó^acHaraca co-óbiTuaMu, KoTopHe cnegyroT 3a KocMoroHUHecKUM 6paKoM 3aca u Xtohuu: "ton Zena kai ten Chthoníen kai ton en toytois Ërôta, kai ten Ophionéôs génesin kai ten theön machen kai to déndron kai ton péplon" («3ac u XToHua u ^poc Me»gy humu, u po»ge-Hue O^uoHea u 6uTBa 6oroB, u gepeBo u noKpHBano»)44. OHeBugHa cBa3b Ophioneus c ophis45. Po»geHue O^uoHea cnegyeT 3a coo6m;eHueM o nroÓBu 3aca u Xtohuu, hto no3BonaeT npegnono»uTb, hto oh 6bin ux coBMecTHHM nopo»geHueM46.
3MeM cuMBonu3upyeT cuny conpomueneHun KocMoroHUHecKoMy npo^ccy47. KocMoroHUHecKUM 6paK 3aca u Xtohuu gon»eH 6bin 6h uMeTb cboum kohêhhhm pe3ynbTaToM o6pa3oBaHue eguHoM kocmocuctcmm. BbimuToe noKpHBano cumbo-nu3upyeT coBepmuBmueca cnuaHue b eguHyro cucTeMy ^GTeH^uanbHHx MupoB gepeBa. CoeguHeHue noKpbiBana c gepeBoM mo»ho pacccMaTpuBaTb KaK yKa3aHue Ha npennmcmeue, KoTopoe BcTpeHaeT npo^cc cnuaHua ^GTeH^uanbHHx MupoB. Cneg-cTBueM u ogHoBpeMeHHo npuHUHoM ^TG^G npenaTcTBua cTaHoBUTca po»geHue 3Mea-O^uoHea, paBHo3HaHHoe b gaHHoM cnyHae npeBpam;eHuro gepeBa b 3Mea48.
43	O6 Ogenós KaK apxauHecKoM unu 33oTepuHecKoM ^opMe Okeanós cm.: Schibli 1990, p. 14, n. 2. CBoe TeHe-Hue OKeaH HaHUHaeT b Hu»HeM Mupe u «TeHeT Hepe3 HepHyro HoHb» (h. 788). Mo»ho npegnono»uTb, hto «»unu^a OreHoca» o6o3HaHaroT ypoeHu, Hepe3 KoTopHe npoxoguT OKeaH go cBoero Bbixoga b ot-KpHToe MupoBoe npocTpaHcTBo.
44	Schibli 1990, fr. 73.
45	O6 O^uoHee KaK 6ore-3Mee cm.: Schibli 1990, pp. 93-103.
46	«Mm He 3HaeM, kto 6binu poguTenu O^uoHea. Bbino 6h, KoHeHHo, pucKoBaHHo 3aKnroHUTb, hto umu 6binu 3ac u XToHua Ha tom ocHoBaHuu, hto MaKcuM roBopuT o ero po»geHuu nocne ucTopuu ux nro6-Bu. TeM He MeHee, rea He 6bina 6h Henogxoga^eÄ MaTepbro gna 6ora-3Mea, po»geHHoro c yHacTueM unu 6e3 yHacTua My»cKoro 6o»ecTBa» (West 1993, p. 53). B nonb3y npegnono»eHua BecTa mo»ho 6bino 6h npuBecTu gaHHbie U3 pa3nuHHbix Mu^onoaTUHecKux Tpagu^UM o nopo»geHuu KocMoroHUHecKu-Mu 6o»ecTBaMu KaK HeóecHbix 6oroB, TaK u xToHUHecKMx HygoBu^. B Teo^oHuu Tecuoga rea po»gaeT SpuHHUM u ruraHToB (185); ot coeguHeHua reu co cboum chhom noHToM po»garoTca OopKUM u KeTo (237-238), ot KoTopbix po»garoTca rpau, DoproHH, ExMgHa, cTpamHHM 3MeM. Ba»Ho oTMeTUTb, hto Bce 3TU HygoBu^HHe nopo»geHua uMeroT MecTo nocne KacTpa^uu ypaHa, t. e. nocne Toro, KaK HaHanbHHM KocMoroHUHecKUM npo^cc nepenaMHBaeTca, nonyHaa uydoeuttHoe HanpaeneHue, KynbMUHa^U0HHHM nyHKToM KoToporo cTaHoBUTca TUTaHoMaxua. no aHanoruHHoM cxeMe cTpouTca aKKagcKaa KocMoro-HUHecKaa noaMa CàHyMa 3num. npapoguTenbHu^ 6oroB TuaMaT nocne yóuncTBa 6ora nepBoóbiTHbix Bog Ancy cTaHoBUTca poguTenbHu^M cTpamHHx HygoBu^, c KoTopHMu BcTynaroT b 6opb6y ee npaMbie noToMKu, 6oru-ycTpouTenu BceneHHoM.
47	KëMnep 1986, cc. 29-30.
48	CBa3b gepeBa co 3MeeM nonyHaeT cBoe nonHoe 3HaHeHue b KoHTeKcTe «ocHoBHoro Mu^a». PeKoHcTpy^uro Mu^a cm. b: MBaHoB, TonopoB 1974. Oco6o noKa3aTeneH BapuaHT, b KoTopoMT 3MeM npaHeTca nog gepeBoM, nocne Hero 6or rpo3H ygapaeT MonHueM no gepeBy, c»uraa ero. 3MeM 3gecb KaK 6h cnuBaeTca c gepeBoM. Pa3pymeHue gepeBa cTaHoBUTca paBHo3HaHHHM yóuncTBy 3Mea, uMea cboum pe3ynbTaToM ocBo6o»geHue 3aKnroHeHHHx b gepeBe Bog. B Mu^e uHgen^B KyHa Ha BepxymKe conaHoro gepeBa HaxogaTca Boga, pbi6bi, »uBoTHHe, nra^i u pacTeHua. 3aMeHaTenbHo, hto gepeBo oTgenaeTca ot oônaKoB, t. e oho pacTeT cBepxy u ero KopHu coBnagaroT c manKoM. nocne nageHua gepeBa b pe3ynbTaTe oTgeneHua ero BeTBeM ot oônaKoB o6pa3yroTca Mopa u nrogu co6uparoT paHee HegocTynHHe gna hux nnogb (Pettazzoni 1991, pp. 133-134). 3tot mu^ Mo»eT paccMaTpuBaTbca KaK ogHa U3 peanu3a^UM apxeTuna «oTgeneHua 3eMnu ot He6a», a gepeBo - KaK tßannoc. Cpe3aHue gepeBa, KaK u yóuncTBo 3Mea, npupaBHUBaeTca 3gecb k geMuypruHe-cKoMy aKTy, BHaBnaa ogHoBpeMeHHo ^0TeH^uanbHHM xapaKTep nepBogepeBa. O To»gecTBe gepeBa u HygoBu^a, oxpaHaro^ero gepeBo, cm.: Yevzlin 1999, pp. 113-138.
235
flepeBO ^OTeH^Ma^bHbIX MupoB
fflanKa MaxaTanw
B KanecTBe BapuaHTa depeBa nomeHU,uanbHux MupoB (a TaK^e Kpunamo^o de-peBa) mo^ho paccMaTpMBaTb depeBO MU3HU b Mu^onoruu gaaKOB ro^Horo BopHeo. CornacHO KOMMeHTaTopy, «gepeBO ^m3hm npegcTaBnaeT óo^ecTBO b ero nonHOTe. Ero nnogbi u KopHu ABn^roTca gapaMu óo^ecTBa nrogaM. flepeBO ^m3hm B0cnp0u3B0-guTca b o6pagax npu noMoqn yKpameHHoro TKaHbro mecTa, KOTopbm yKa3biBaeT Ha HeóecHbiM u My^cKOM acneKT óo^ecTBa, a TKaHb - Ha hm^hmm u ^eHCKMM»49. CnegyeT OTMeTUTb npegcTaBneHue o gepeBe KaK o ^opMe aBneHua óo^ecTBa unu mene 6o^a. B ^T0M 0TH0meHuu gepeBO ^u3Hu gaaKOB apxemununecKu coBnagaeT c Ka66anucTu-necKUM gepeBOM Sefiroth, b ^opMe KOToporo 6ecK0HeHHbm Bor (En-Sof) aBnaeT Ce6a Mupy, cTaHOBacb ero ugeanbHbiM 0cH0BaHueM.
OTHomeHue «Tena» u «Mupa» nonynaeT nonHOTy cBoero cogep^aHua b Ka66anu-cTunecKOM npegcTaBneHuu o TeoroHunecKOM u KocMoroHunecKOM npo^ccax KaK ÓByx ypOBHHx eguHoro npo^cca caMonpoaBneHua Bora50. B pe3ynbTaTe TeoroHunecKoro npo^cca co3gaeTca «Teno», KOTopoe 3aTeM pacHneHfleTca u opraHu3yeTca KaK «gepe-bo». OTHomeHua «Tena u gepeBa», TaKuM 06pa30M, mo»ho npegcTaBuTb KaK 0TH0me-hhh «cMemeHHocTu u pa3geneHHocTu». BbiBegeHHbie u3 «cMemaHHoro» Tena ^neMeHTbi opraHu3yroTca KaK depeBO, ocym;ecTBnafl TaKuM 06pa30M nepexog ot eguHcTBa Tena k KOcMu^ecKOM MHO^ecTBeHHOcTu51.
B Mu^onoruu gaaKOB KocMoroHunecKaa ^yH^ua gepeBa BbicTynaeT Ha nepBbm nnaH. flepeBO 3gecb coBnagaeT c TenoM, co6uparom;uM b ce6e ^0TeH^uanbHbIe ^neMeHTbI KocMoca. floKocMoroHunecKoe cocToaHue onucbiBaeTca KaK npe6biBaHue bcakom Bem;u b rpoMagHOM nacTu BogHoro 3Mea52. CornacHO KOMMeHTaTopy, «3Men ecTb o6pa3 nepBO-6biTHoro OKeaHa, u b cBoro onepegb, Mu^unecKun o6pa3 BenuKoro 6ora-TBop^ Ma-xaTanbi»53. KocMoroHunecKun npo^cc pa3BopaquBaeTca KaK BUBedeHue ^neMeHT0B u3 BHyTpeHHero npocTpaHcTBa («nacTu») 3Mea bo BHemHee KocMoroHunecKoe npocTpaH-ctbo. B pe3ynbTaTe cronKHOBeHufl Me^gy gByMA ropaMu, nogHHBmuMuca u3 nacTu 3Mea, o6pa3yroTca He6o, ropbi, nyHa u conH^54, t. e. 0cH0BHbie KocMunecKue o6^eKTH, K0T0pbie, 0gHaK0, He cocTaBnaroT eguHOM KocMocucTeMbi, a cym;ecTByroT KaK OTgenb-Hbie «Mupbi^neMeHTbi». npegnono^eHue o HananbHbix ^Ta^ax KocMoroHunecKoro npo-
49	Pettazzoni 1990, p. 130, n. 4. ^TOT yKpameHHbiM TKaHbro mecT cooTBeTCTByeT gepeBy c noKpbmanoM y OepeKuga, a TaK^e kekayon'y b aBaHcKoM TeaTpe TeHeM. B cny^ae kekayona u mecTa c TKaHbro mo^ho roBopuTb o BapuaHTHocTu gByx ^TMx npegMeToB, yKa3biBaro^eM Ha Ha^anbHbiM puTyanbHMM xapaKTep TaK^e u kekayona.
50	Scholem 1977, p. 222.
51	Cp.: "the stream of divine life takes its course and flows through all the Sefiroth and through all hidden reality, until at last it falls into the 'great sea' of Shekhinah, in which God unfolds His totality" (Scholem 1977, p. 216). npu nocpegcTBe gepeBa Sefiroth peanu3yeTca nepexog ot goKocMoroHu^ecKoro En-Sof k TBapHoMy Mupy. B Sefiroth BecKoHe^HbiM Bor KaK 6m pac^neHaeT caMoro ceöa Ha oTgenbHMe «aTpuöyTbi», KoTopMe cTaHoBaTca ugeanbHMMu apxemunmecKuuu sneueHmauu gna Hu^HeM MaTepuanbHoM c^epM. AHano-ruMHHM o6pa3oM b uHguMcKux KocMoroHuax nepexog ot 6ecTenecHoro goKocMoroHu^ecKoro 6o®ecTBa k TBapHoMy MHo^ecTBeHHoMy KocMocy ocy^ecTBnaeTca npu nocpegcTBe mena, t. e. Teno KaK u gepeBo ^yHK^MOHMpyroT KaK npomexymoHHuU 3nemeHm, KoTopMM no Mepe pa3BMTMa KocMoroHu^ecKoro npo-^ecca npeo6pa3yeTca b apxemunuuecKym cmpyKmypy Mupo3gaHua.
52	Pettazzoni 1990, p. 128.
53	Ibid., p. 128, n. 2.
54	Ibid., p. 129.
236
Muxaun Ee3nuH
^cca KaK npo^cca 06pa30BaHua ^0TeH^uanbHHx unu apxeTunuHecKux ^neMeHT0B Ha-xoguT, KaK HaM Ka^eTca, nogTBep^geHue b gB0nH0M unu ga^e tpomhom coTBopeHuu kocmuhcckux o6^cktob.
1)	TopM, nyHa u conH^ o6pa3yroTca u3 ucKp-MonHun, BHmegmux u3 cTonKHyB-muxca rop.
2)	3eMna u xoämh o6pa3yroTca u3 ceper 6oruHu fl:*:aTH, BHmegmeñ u3 nepBo6HTHoro oKeaHa. CornacHo KoMMeHTaTopy, «He roBopuTca acHo, KaKuM 06-pa3oM 6binu co3gaHH conH^, nyHa, ogHaKo aBcTByeT, hto u3 ocTaBmuxca HacTen MaTepuu, u3 K0Topon 6binu coTBopeHH conH^ u nyHa, 6binu 06pa30BaHH gpyrue ^^eMeHTH»55, T. e. 3eMna u xonMH. M b caMoM gene, 6onee HeM noruHHo 6bino 6h npegnono^uTb, hto u3 caM0^eT0B-ceper, KoTopHe 6oruHa fl:*:aTa KugaeT KBepxy, Bo3HuKaroT nyHa u conH^, a u3 ocTaTKoB - 3eMna u xonMH56. TaKuM o6pa3oM, b nepBHM pa3 3eMna, ropH, nyHa u conH^ B03HuKaroT u3 ucKp, a bo BTopon pa3 - u3 caM0^eT0B 6oruHu fl^aTH57.
3)	BepxoBHHM 6or MaxaTana BMecre c KuKup neTaK co3gaeT 3eMnro58. Cym;e-cTBeHHH HeK0T0pHe «cTpaHHocTu» ^T0^0 BToporo coTBopeHua 3eMnu (unu ga^e Tpe-Tbero, ecnu 06pa30BaHue «ropHHx BepmuH 3eMnu» b pe3ynbTaTe cT0nKH0BeHua Me^gy gByMa ropaMu, nogHaBmuMuca u3 nacTu BogHoro 3Mea, paccMaTpuBaTb KaK nepBoe). ^enaa co3gaTb 3eMnro, MaxaTana BHaHane HanonHaeT nnog gepeBa samatuan 3eMnen, a n0T0M co3gaeT 0cTp0B0K 6e3 KaKon-nu6o BuguMon cBa3u co cboumu npegbigym;uMu gencTBuaMu. Hago gyMaTb, hto BHaHane MaxaTana co3gaeT nomeuu,uanbHuû ^neMeHm, K0T0pHM b ganbHenmeM geMuyprunecK0M npo^cce peanu3yeTca KaK 3eMna b ee Ha-cToam;en peantHoû ^opMe.
Co3gaHue HacToam;en KocMocucTeMH npegBapaeTca KocMoroHunecKuM 6paK0M MaxaTanH u 6o^ecTBeHHon geBH fl^aTH, nogHaBmenca u3 nepBo6HTHHx Bog HH^He-ro Mupa. BMecTe ohu co3garoT npegK0B HenoBeHecKoro poga, a TaK^e p0g0HananbHuK0B nrogen59. ^T0 nocnegHee o6cToaTenbcTBo no3BonaeT npegnono^uTb, hto b pe3ynbTaTe KocMoroHuHecKoro 6paKa MaxaTanH u fl^aTH co3garoTca He KocMunecKue o6^eKTH unu peanbHHe nrogu, a nomeuu,uanbHue ^mM£Hmu-apxemunu, KoTopHe 3aTeM peanu-3yroTca npu nocpegcTBe gepeBa, Ha hto yKa3HBaeT cnegyrom;ee geMuyprunecKoe gen-cTBue MaxaTanH: oh nogHuMaeT cBoro manKy, K0T0paa npeBpam;aeTca b gepeBo ^u3Hu. noKa3aTenbHo, hto TpaHc^opMa^ua manKu npoucxoguT Ha MocTy60. flepeBo KaK 6h noBucaeT Hag nepBo6HTHHMu BogaMu, t. e. aBnaeTca KpunamuM, noggep^uBaa ce6a c noMoqbB KpHnbeB, KaK u gepeBo y ^epeKuga, b nepB06HTH0M npocTpaHcTBe.
55	Ibid., 129, n. 4.
56	Cp.: «Ohu [caM0^BeTH fl^aTbi] npeBpaTunucb b 3eMnro, K0T0paa ecTb u3numeK nyHH, u xonMH, KoTopHe ecTb ocTaToK conHeHHoro gucKa» (Pettazzoni 1990, p. 129).
57	BoruHa fl^aTa Mo^eT ÓHTb conocTaBneHa c cynpyron BumHy óoruHen fflpu, K0T0paa noaBunacb npu naxTaHuu oKeaHa (Maxa6papaTa I, 16, 32-40). BepxoBHHM 6or MaxaTana uMeeT TaK^e Bce HepTH cxog-cTBa c BumHy. MHguncKue BnuaHua Ha kocmotohuki gaaK0B oHeBugHH, ho KaK u Bce 3auMcTB0BaHua, ohu npeTepneBaroT TpaHc^opMa^uro b ^py^0m Mu^0n03TuHecK0M KoHTeKcTe.
58	Pettazzoni 1990, p. 133.
59	Ibid., 130.
60	«Bo^ecTBeHHaa fl^aTa nogHanacb u3 nepBoÓHTHbix Bog Hu^Hero Mupa, npomna no MocTy, yceaHH0My ^eMHy^uHaMu, u nomna HaBcTpeHy MaxaTane» (Pettazzoni 1990, p. 130). fleMuypruHecKue gencTBua co-BepmaroTca Ha MocTy, noBucmuM Hag nepBoÓHTHHM 0KeaH0M. Cp. aHanoruHHoe TBopeHue «Ha MocTy» b an0HcK0M K0cM0r0HuHecK0M MK^e: «ToTHac cTynunu gBa 6ora-ycTpouTena Ha HeóecHbin nnaByHun moct u cTanu norpy^aTb cBoe gparo^HHoe Konbe b xna6b nog moctom u KpyroBpa^aTb ero, BH3HBaa 6ypneHue»
237
flepeBo ^0TeH^ManbHbIx MupoB
M3 ucKp, npoM3BegeHHbix CTonKHOBeHMeM gByx rop, KpoMe 3eMnu u rop, 06-pa3yroTca coKpoBum;a MaxaTanbi, KoTopbie npuHuMaroT ^opMy 3onoTon manKM He-6ecHoro 6ora, yKpameHHon conHn;eM61. ConHe^Haa cuMBonuKa no3BonaeT paccMa-TpuBaTb manKy MaxaTanbi KaK nepByro ^opMy op^aHM3a^MM noTeHn;uanbHbix MupoB («BTopoe» conHn;e o6pa3yeTca u3 ceper 6omHbi fl^aTH nočne ee Bbixoga u3 nepBo-6bTHoro oKeaHa). npeBpam;eHue manKM b gepeBo oTMenaeT coBepmuBmeeca kocmo-roHMHecKoe coeguHeHue My^čKoro u ^eHčKoro 6o^ecTB, yKa3biBaa TaK^e Ha nepe-xog k ^py^ou ^opMe opraHM3an;uM MupoB, KoHeHHHM pe3ynbTaT0M KoTopon gon:«Ho 6bino cTaTb o6pa3oBaHue HacToam;en KocMocucTeMbi. Ho MMeHHo b ^T0M nyHKTe npo-n;ecc 6noKupyemcn, b pe3ynbTaTe nero gepeBo pa3pymaeTca gByMa nTun^Mu-Hocopo-raMM, b K0T0pbix npeBpam;aro>Ta 6oru-geMuypru62. B gencTBMTenbHocTM npoucxoguT He pa3pymeHue gepeBa, a ero pacw,enneHue c n;enbro ocBo6o^geHMH 3aKnroHeHHbix b HeM ^neMeHT0B, KoTopbie npuHuMaroT ^opMy My^HMHH u «ch^mhh, Mopa, peKM, pogoHananbHMKoB nneMeHHbix rpynn u ux ^eH63. Pa3yMeeTca, pe^b ugeT He o peanb-hhx ^^eMeHTax 3eMnu, KoTopon em;e HeT, a o noTeHn;uanbHbix. Bce ^TM ^neMeHTbi y^e noaBnanucb ogHa^gH b pe3ynbTaTe cT0nKH0BeHua rop, KocMoroHunecKoro 6paKa MaxaTanbi u fl^aTH, a 3aTeM KaK 6bi cKpbinucb b gepeBe u Tenepb gna čBoero ocbo-6o^geHua Hy^garoTca b cnen;uanbH0M BMemaTenbčTBe 6oroB-geMuyproB, ho y^e He b ux nepBoHananbHon ^opMe, a b tfiopme nmu^ b K0T0pbix ohu npeBpam;aroTca. TaKuM o6pa3oM, noTeHn;uanbHbie ^neMeHTbI BceneHHon co3garoTca HenocpegcTBeHHo 6oraMu-geMuypraMu, ho aKTyanu3upyroTca ^py^uMU 6o^ecTBeHHHMu cym;ecTBaMu, b gaHHoM cnynae, nTun^Mu, KoTopbie nepeBogaT KocMoroHunecKun npon;ecc Ha aH-TponoroHuHecKuM ypoBeHb64.
M3 y3noB gepeBa, KoTopbie ygaparoT KnroBoM nTun;bi-Hocopom, noaBnaroTca My^nuHa u ^eH^uHa u nnbiByT - Ka^gMM b čBoen nogKe, ^enTon u nepHon, 06-pa30BaHHbx ot m;enoK gepeBa, - no nepBo6biraomy 0KeaHy. ^TM nogKu mo^ho pac-čMaTpuBaTb KaK BapuaHT ann;a, 3aKnronarom;ero b ce6e noTeHn;uanbHbie ^neMeHTH. «$opMa nogKu», noaBuBmenca nocne pa3pymeHua «^opMbi gepeBa», cTaHoBuTca ^opMoH, HenocpegcTBeHHo npegmecTByrom;en co3gaHuro HacToam;en KocMocucTeMb. B tot MoMeHT, Korga nogKu nocne 6ecK0HeHH0ro nnaBaHua no nepB06biTH0My 0KeaHy npucTaroT k 3eMne, cogep^am^eca b Hen noTeHn;uanbHbie ^neMeHTH, 6narogapa coe-
(Kog3uKu 1974, cc. 418-419). B pe3ynbTaTe KpyroBpa^eHua o6pa3yeTca ocTpoB, Ha KoTopoM, cxoga c MocTa, ^eHcKoe u My®cKoe 6o®ecTBa B03gBuraroT cTonn u BcTynaroT b cBa^eHHbin 6paK nocne Toro, KaK o6xogaT ero. CTonn Mo^eT paccMaTpuBaTbca KaK BapuaHT gepeBa, npou3pacTaHue KoToporo ot-Me^aeT MoMeHTbi geMuypraqecKoro npo^cca, yBeH^uBaro^ero cBa^eHHMM 6paK0M KocMoroHmecKux 6o®ecTB. flepeBo-cTonn, nogroTaBnuBaa KocMoroHrnecKuM 6paK, cTaHoBuTca TaK^e cuMBonoM ero pe-anM3a^MM. y gepeBa coBepmaeTca coeguHeHue AgaMa u EBa, npegcTaBneHHoe KaK noegaHue 3anpeTHoro nnoga. B HeM aBHo npornagbiBaeT cxeMa KocMoroHu^ecKoro 6paKa, noKonbKy uMeeT cboum cnegcTBueM HoBoe MupoBoe cocToaHue, xoTa u o^HuBaeTca HeraTuBHo.
61	Pettazzoni 1990, p. 129.
62	C caMoro Ha^ana MaxaTana npegcTaBnaeTca b ^opMe ^TM^H-H0copo^a (Pettazzoni 1990, p. 130), KoTopaa b gaHHoM K0cM0r0Hu^ecK0M KoHTeKcTe Mo^eT paccMaTpuBaTbca KaK geMuypruqecKaa ^opMa BepxoB-Horo 6ora. O ^TM^ax-geMMyp^ax cm.: MBaHoB, TonopoB 1988, cc. 346-347. 3aTeM coo6^aroTca gBe Bepcuu npoucxo®geHua ^TM^H-H0copo^a - u3 MonHun u u3 KuH^ana MaxaTanM (Pettazzoni 1990, p. 131). B 3tom nocnegHeM cny^ae yTo^HaeTca, mto KuH^an npeBpaTunca b ^TM^y-H0copo^a caMU,a, t. e. oh ecTb alter ego MaxaTanM. AHanoru^Hoe npegnono^eHue mo^ho cgenaTb u b oTHomeHuu ^TM^H-H0copo^a caMKu KaK alter ego 6oruHu fl^aTM.
63	Pettazzoni 1990, p. 132.
64	O ^TM^ax KaK nepBonpegKax nrogen cm.: MBaHoB, TonopoB 1988, c. 347.
238
Muxaun Ee3nuH
guHeHuro My»:cKoro Havana c »xhckum, aKTyanu3upyKTca KaK peanbHbie peKu, ropbi, pacTeHua, ^MBOTHHe u nrogu. B ^TOM oTHomeHMM nogKa gaaKoB coBnagaeT no cBoeM KocMoroHuHecKoM ^yH^uu c KoBHeroM, b KOTopoM MaHy nocne ru6enu BceneHHoM nepeBO3MT Hepe3 MupoBbie Bogbi «cym;HocTu u ceMa Bcex ^mbhx cym;ecTB»65. B tot MoMeHT, Korga «KoBHer MupoB» npucTaeT k 3eMne, nogHaBmeMca nocpegu nepBo6biT-hhx Bog, nepeBo3HUK cTaHoBuTca geMuyproM, ycTpauBarom;uM Ha ^T0M 3h6kom ocho-Be BceneHHyro, nodeuMnyw u nenodeuMnyw.
flepeBO KaK apxeTun
BcenpucyTcTBue MupoBoro gepeBa ga^e b TeKcTax, KoTopbie k HeMy no Bugu-moctu He uMeKT HenocpegcTBeHHoro oTHomeHua, no3BonaeT roBopuTb o gepeBe KaK o KnwueeoM apxemunuuecKOM ^neMeHme Mu^0^0^TUHecK0M cucTeMbi. B 6u6neMcKoM KocMoroHuu npou3pacTaHue gepeBa ^u3Hu oTMeHaeT 3aBepmarom;uM geMuypruHe-ckum aKT Bora-TBop^. HenocpegcTBeHHo MupoBoe gepeBo npucyTcTByeT TonbKo bo BTopoM Bepcuu coTBopeHua Mupa (Bht. 2) u oTcyTcTByeT 3puTenbHo b nepBoM (Bht. 1). B nepBoM Bepcuu oho npegcTaBnaeT ugeanbHyro guaxpoHunecKyro cTpyKTypy tbo-peHua, bo BTopoM cTaHoBuTca cBoero poga «y3noM», b KoTopoM co6upaKTca u yKpe-nnaKTca hutu Mupo3gaHua. flepeBo 3gecb y^e He ^ubotbophhm ^HTp TBopeHua, a ToHKa, b KoTopoM npoucxoguT xmoHma^n coTBopeHHoro Mupa, o HeM cBugeTenb-cTByeT npucyTcTBue 3Mea.
B paccMoTpeHHHx BHme TeKcTax gepeBo npegcTaBnaeTca KaK ogHa u3 ^opM bo-nnom;eHua goKocMoroHuHecKoro 6o^ecTBa. flepeBo u ropa, coBnagaa ^yH^uoHanbHo b KocMonoruHecKoM nnaHe, b KocMoroHuHecKux TeKcTax npegcTaBnaKT gBa nocnegoBa-TenbHbix MoMeHTa geMuypruHecKoro npo^cca. B uHguMcKoM KocMoroHuHecKoM Mu^e 6oru u acypbi npucnoca6nuBaKT ropy MaHgapy gna naxTaHua nepBo6biTHoro oKeaHa. Bpam;eHue ropbi Bbi3biBaeT BocnnaMeHeHue gepeBbeB, pacTym;ux Ha ero BepmuHe, nocne Hero «b Bogbi oKeaHa noTeKnu pa3HopogHbie BbigeneHua u3 MoryHux gepeBbeB, a TaK^e MHo^ecTBo cokob TpaB. MMeHHo ot nuTba Tex cokob, HageneHHHx 6eccMepTHoM cunoM, a TaK^e ot ucTeHeHua 3onoTa 6oru gocTurnu 6eccMepTua»66. B ^T0M TeKcTe, no HameMy MHeHuK, ^uKcupyeTca MoMeHT TpaHc^opMa^uu ropH b gepeBo67, KoTopoe HaHuHaeT ucToHaTb 6eccMepTHHe coku, cTaHoBacb uctohhukom KocMuHecKux ^Hep^uM. M geM-cTBuTenbHo, nocne Toro, KaK ropa gocTuraeT MaKcuManbHoro nyHKTa cBoero Bpam;eHua u HaHuHaeT BbigenaTb coku, npoucxoguT TpaHc^opMa^ua Bogbi oKeaHa (oHa nocnego-BaTenbHo npeBpam;aeTca b MonoKo, a noToM b c6uToe Macno), u3 KoTopbix BbixogaT Meca^ u gpyrue 6oru, cuMBonu3upyrom;ue KocMuHecKue HaHana.
CxogHaa cuTya^ua npucyTcTByeT b KocMoroHuHecKoM Mu^e gaaKoB. BHaHane nogHMaeTca Hag BogaMu nepBo6biraoro oKeaHa 3onoTaa ropa c Boccegarom;uM Ha ee BepmuHe 6oroM-geMuyproM MaxaTanoM b ^opMe nTu^i-Hocopora. 3aTeM ero manKa npeBpa^aeTca b gepeBo ^u3Hu, t. e. u 3gecb mo^ho npegnono^uTb TpaHc^opMa^uro
65	O'Flaherty 1975, p. 184. Cp. TaK^e KoBHer Hoa, b KoTopoM nepeBo3aTca u3 ogHoro aoHa b gpyroM Bce ®u-BHe cy^ecTBa. Mo^ho npegnono^uTb, hto Hom b KaHecTBe cBoero npoToTuna uMen geMuypra, KoTopHM npu BHxoge u3 aM^a-K0BHe^a nepeBogun cogep^aBmueca b HeM ^0TeH^uanbHHe aneMeHTbi b peanbHbie KocMuHecKue o6T.eKTbi u cy^ecTBa.
66	Maxa6xapaTa 1992, c. 79.
67	O cBa3u KaMHa c gepeBoM cm.: MBaHoB, TonopoB 1974, cc. 80-81.
239
flepeBo ^OTeH^uanbHbIx MupoB
ropbi b gepeBo, u3 KOToporo 3aTeM BbiBogaTca KocMunecKue o6^eKTH. ^TO BbBege-Hue npuHUMaeT ^opMy pa3pyrneHUH depeBa, b pe3ynbTaTe KOToporo BO3HUKaeT Bce-neHHaa b CBoeM HacToam;eM Buge. Mup co3gaeTca Ha MecTe, rge cToano gepeBo, gna KOToporo oho cny^uT MaTepuanoM. flepeBa 6onbme HeT. EcTb no BuguMocTu TonbKo Mup, 6e3 gepeBa, 6e3 n;eHTpa, 6e3 cBoero Co3gaTena. M TeM He MeHee, coxpaHaeTca BocnoMUHaHue o tom BpeMeHu, Korga 6bino TonbKo flepeBo, b BeTBax KOToporo boc-cegan Bor-geMuypr, Bgpyr nogHaBmunca u BocnapuBmun Hag nu^M 6e3dHU.
HMTepaTypa
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Muxaun Ee3nuH
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flepeBO ^OTeH^Ma^bHbIX MupoB
Drevo potencialnih svetov
Mihail Jevzlin
Izhajajoč iz temeljnih del V. N. Toporova, ki obravnavajo strukturo mitopoetske misli, članek obravnava tekste, v katerih Svetovno drevo prestavlja določen "trenutek" v kozmogonskem procesu. Ta trenutek se odvija pred stvarjenjem sveta v njegovi sedanji obliki in pripravlja okoliščine za to stvarjenje. Da bi definiral njegovo kozmogonsko funkcijo, avtor predlaga koncept "drevesa potencialnih svetov". Drevo potencialnih svetov namreč vsebuje tiste potencialne prvine, ki so potrebne za stvariteljsko intervencijo.Podob-no funkcijo "predobstojne" snovi, ki vsebuje iste potencialne elemente, imata Kozmično jajce in Svetovna gora. Avtor je mnenja, da ta osnovna kozmogonska funkcija svetovnega drevesa pojasnjuje njegovo kozmološko funkcijo strukturalnega temelja sveta.
242