UDK 81:81'22
HuHa E. McHKoecKaM, ExamepuHa A. repacuMoeuH Be^opyccKHH rocygapcTBeHHHH yHHBepcHTeT, MHHCK
KOMMyHHKATHBHME nAPTHH nEPCOHA^EH B CTPyKTyPE XygO^ECTBEHHOH nPO3M (CEMHOTH^ECKHE ACnEKTM)
KoMMyHHKaxHBHaa napxHa nepconaxa o6pa3yeTca npegcTaBnennoH b npoH3BegeHHH b npaMOH peHH repoa ^e^0HK0H (nocnegoBaTentHOcTtro) peneB^ix aKTOB, pa3nHHH^ix no cbohm HHTeH^HaM (HnnnoKyuHSM) - TaKUM, KaK HH^opMHpoBaHHe, no6yxgeHHe, BHpaxeHHe ^MO-UHOHantH^ix 0^eH0K nnn ^MO^HOHantH^ix coctoshhh u T.g. HccnegoBaHue cHHTarMaTHKH u napagHFMaTHKH KOMMyHHKaTHBH^ix napTHH (B3aHM00TH0meHHa npaMOH u aBTopcKoft penn; KOMMyHHKaTHBHaa nonHOTa nnn HenonHOTa guanora u nonunora; pa3H006pa3He BugoB peneB^ix aKTOB u Hx KonHHecTBeHHaa nepapxHa b napTHax pa3H^ix nepcoHaxeft u gp.) ^BpHCTHHHO KaK gna xapaKTeponoruu nepcoHaxeft npoH3BegeHHa u, cnegoBaTentHo, ero nnaHa cogepxaHua, TaK H gna noHUMaHua ceMuoTUHecKHx 3aKoHoMepHocTeH oToöpaxeHua peneBoro oö^eHua B cucTeMe xygoxecTBeHHoft KOMMyHHKa^HH (hto 3HaHHMo TaKxe u gna oHTonoruu peneB^ix aKToB B peantHocTu).
Communicative party of literature character is created in direct speech by succession (chain) of speech acts differentiated by their illocutionary forces - such as intention to inform, to impel to do something, to express feelings and so on. Paradigmatic and syntagmatic investigations of communicative parties (relations between the direct speech and the author's speech; communicative completeness or incompleteness of dialogs and polylogs; the variety of speech acts, their quantitative hierarchy in communicative parties of different literature characters and so on) gives good opportunities to understand as well literature characters as well the reflection speech communication in fiction communication (that is also impotent for the general ontology of speech act in reality).
KaMHeBwe caoBa: MHoroypoBHeBaa ceMUoTHHecKaa cTpyKTypa xygoxecTBeHHoft nuTe-paTypH, KOMMyHHKaTHBHaa napTua nepcoHaxa, KOMMyHUKaTHBHaa napTUTypa nuTepaTypHoro npoH3BegeHHa, npaMaa pent, Teopua peneB^ix aKTOB, nuHrBonparMaTHKa, unnoKyuua, ge^op-MHpoBaHHocTt oTo6paxeHHa KOMMyHHKauHH B ^^HHecKHx H gpaMaTHHecKHx npoH3BegeHHax
Key words: multilevel semiotic structure of belles-lettres, communicative party of literature character, communicative score of literary work, direct speech, speech act theory, linguistic pragmatics, illocution, modified picture of communication in novellas and drams
1 MHoroypoBHCBaH ccMHOTHKa caoBecHoro HCKyccTBa
CcMHOTHHccKaa op^aHH3a^Ha npoHSBegcHua ucKyccTBa cnoBa hmcct ypoBHCByro cTpyKTypy. ypoBHu, T.e. uepapxuHecKH cBa3aHHHe Mexgy coöoft nogcucTCMH, Kaxgaa h3 KOTopHx oönagaeT cBoeft egHHH^eH, pa3nHHaroTca tcm,
KaKUe BO3MOXHOcTH H3O6paxeHHH geftcTBHTCnbHOcTH H acTCTHHCcKOrO
oö^CHHH aBTopa c HHTaTcncM npuHagnexaT TOMy unu uHOMy ypoBHro b BcpöanbHoft u HCBcpöanbHOH (xaHpoBoft, croxeTHoft, KOM^O3H^HOHHOH) op^aHH3a^HH nuTcpaiypHoro npoH3BegeHHa. Co3gaBaa npoH3BegeHHe, aBiop ctoht nepeg BHÖopoM HyxHHx eMy cpegciB H3 KnaccoB (HaöopoB) bo3moxhoctch, npuHagnexa^ux pasHHM ypoBHaM
ceMHOTHKH HCKyccTBa c^OBa. Abtop go^^eH BHÖpaTt pog ^HTepaiypH (öygeT gn oh nHcaTb ntecy, poMaH h^h coHeT), ^anp h Bug (poMaH HCTopHnecKHH, aBaHTMpHHH, ceMeHHHH H^H «npoH3BogcTBeHHHH»; poMaH npo3aHHecKHH h^h b cTuxax; poMaH B nHCbMax H^H poMaH-gHeBHHK, poMaH-nyTemecTBHe, a ec^H He poMaH, to hto? - noBecTb, paccKas, HoBeggy, npuTny h T.g.). Abtop npogyMHBaeT cyTt h ^opMy KoH^^HKra (KoH^gHKT OT^OB H geTeH, HgH rocygapcTBa h negoBeKa, ngn e^e hto-to), xapaKrepH repoeB, cM^erHHe gHHHH, CBa3aHHHe c Ka^gHM hx nepcoHa^en, H r.g. Te marn aBropa, Koropae oöycgoBgeHH oöpa^eHHeM k HHoMy Kgaccy xygo^ecTBeHHHx cpegcrB, o3HaHaror nepexog or ogHoro ceMHornnecKoro ypoBHa k gpyroMy. ^ro KpynHHe xygo^ecrBeHHHe pemeHHa, h Ka^gHH raKon mar 3HaHHM. Baöop runa xygo^ecrBeHHon ^opMH ecrt BMecre c reM BHÖop onpegegeHHoro runa cogep^aHHa u Haoöopor: crpeMact B^ipa3Hrb HeKoropoe cogep^aHue, aBrop oöpa^aerca k reM ugu uhhm xygo^ecrBeHHHM ^opMaM, npu ^roM HepegKo rpanc^opMupyer ux, b pe3ygbrare nero Bo3HuKaror HoBwe $opMH, ^oreH^uagbHO HpeBarae hobhm cogep^aHueM (HogpoÖHo cm. MenKoBcKaa 2004: 375-379).
Hucaregt orHMgt He cBoöogeH b cboux Bwöopax xygo^ecrBeHHHx Bo3Mo®HocreH, noroMy nro oh, KaK cKasag ^o^r, «y BpeMeHu b ngeHy». ÄBrop He Mo^er BHÖpart BeK, B KoropHH oh ^HBer u numer (HanpuMep, b ^^oxy Kgaccu^u3Ma ugu bo BpeMeHa Mogw, gonycruM, Ha «rpa3HHH peagu3M»), ogHaKo b u3BecrHHx npegegax ogHu nucaregu-coBpeMeHHuKu oKa3HBarorca «apxaucraMu», gpyrue - «HoBaropaMu»; uHane roBopa, Bwöop HanpaBgeHua, cMeHa HanpasgeHua b rBopnecrBe KoHKperHwx asropoB B KaKoH-ro Mepe bo3mo®hh (raK HymKHH or poMaHru3Ma ymeg k peagu3My). He Kacaact ^aKropos, onpegegaw^ux ^ror Bwöop, - HanpuMep, noneMy ogHu ^o^rH pyccKoro «cepeöpaHoro seKa» raroregu k cuMBogu3My, gpyrue - k aKMeu3My, rpertu - k $yrypu3My u r.g., nognepKHeM 3HaHuMocrb «Bwöopa» HanpasgeHua gga ^aHposo-cM^erHHx u a3HKoBHx opueHrupos asropos b ux gagtHenmeM Bwöope xygo^ecrseHHHx cpegcrs (Ha gpyrux ceMuorunecKux yposHax nopo^gaw^en cucreMH ucKyccrsa cgosa).
B pasH^ix pogax, 5KaHpax u sugax gnreparypH (KoropHe npasoMepHo paccMarpusarb B Kanecrse orHocuregtHo caMocroaregtHHx ceMuoruK) - b ^^oce, gupuKe, gpaMe; b cruxax u npo3e - Kogunecrso u cocrasH yposHen pasgunHH. HcnucgeHue yposHen, gu$$epeH^upoBaHHoe no pogaM u ^aHpaM, ocraerca orgegtHon sa^Hon u noKa gageKoH or pa3pemeHua npoögeMon ceMuoruKu u gureparyposegeHua (cm. fflMug 2003; HgtuH 2004b).
2 TpH Bepßa^bHMx ypoBHH b ccmhothkc xygo^ecTBCHHOH npojM
B npeggaraeMon paöore nocrygupyerca Hagunue rpex sepöagtHHx yposHen B MHoroypoBHeson ceMuoruKe xygo^ecrseHHon npo3H: 1) yposeHb ^rHUHecK0^0 (Ha^u0HagbH0^0) a3HKa; 2) yposeHb penesHx aKros, npegcrasgeHHHx b npaMon penu nepcoHB^en; 3) yposeHb penesHx ^aHpos, B^ipaöoraHHHx npegcrasgeHHHx b penu nosecrsosarega.
2.1 ypoBeHfc ^THHHecKo^o (Ha^H0Ha^bH0^0) »jMKa, ^<^epB0^^eMeHTa ^HTepaTypw» (MaKCHM ropbKHÖ)
^THHHecKHH a3HK o6pa3yeT MaTepHaflbH0-a3HK0ByM «nnoxb», h^h «xKaHb» npo-H3BegeHHH - to, hto MOXHO BOcnpHHHMaTb rjiasoM h/h^h yxoM, ogHaKO ^T0 He TO^bKO $0pMaflbH0-a3HK0Baa 060J0HKa npoH3BegeHHH. 3gecb ecTb cboh cogepxaTejbHHe ajbTepHaTHBH: BO-nepBHx, b cjynae gBya3^iHHH aBTop BH6HpaeT tot hjh hhoh ^THH-HecKHH a3HK (HanpHMep, yKpaHHcKHH hjh pyccKHH b pasHHx npoH3BegeHHHx Tapaca ffleBHeHKo; pyccKHH hjh aHrjiHÖcKHH y BjaguMupa Ha60K0Ba hjh Hocn^a EpogcKoro
H T.g.); BO-BTopHx, aBTop BH6HpaeT TOT HjH HHOH BapuaHT gaHHoro ^THHHecK0^0 a3^iKa H3 paga ajbTepHaTHBHHx B03M0®H0cTeH: 06^eHa^H0HaJbHHH jiHTepaTypHHH a3HK / perHOHajbHHH jHTepaTypH^iH a3^iK / gnajeKT / jnrepaTypHaa, ogHaKO HeKogH$H^Hpo-BaHHaa pa3roBopHaa penb / cjeHr / apro / npocTopenne / ^a3eTH0-^y6JH^HCTHHecKHH cTHjb u T.n.). Bh6op a3HKa u bh6op BapuaHTa a3HKa jHHrBHcTHHecKH 3HaHHMH: no MeHbmeft Mepe ^T0 ^aKrorpa^HHecKaa 3HaHHMocTb a3HKoBHx 6Horpa$HH peajbHHx jMgeft (aBTopoB) b ycjoBHax KoHKpeTHoft a3HKoBoH CHTya^HH, pa3HopogHoH b ^TH0- h/ HjH C0^H0JHH^BHCTHHecK0M njaHe. B jHTepaTypHoM npoH3BegeHHH bh6op ^THHHec-Koro a3HKa u o6pa^eHHe k TeM hjh hhhm ero BapuaHTaM, KpoMe C0^H0- u ncnxojHH-rBHcTHHecKon 3HaHHMoCTH, Cy^eCTBeHHH B Xygo®eCTBeHHo-H3o6pa3HTejbHoM u ^KC-npeccHBHoM acneKTax. .33HKoBoe CBoeo6pa3He penn noBecTBoBaTeja (HappaTopa, hjh «aBTopa^» KHK noBecTBoBaTejbHoft HHCTaH^HH, ^pHH^H^HaJbH0 He ToxgecTBeHHoft $Hrype peajbHoro nncaTeja), c ogHoft CTopoHH, u penn repoeB, c gpyroft, aBjHMTca cpegcTBoM ^THHHecK0H H C0^HaJbH0-^CHX0J0^HHecK0H HgeHTH$HKa^HH H 6 a 3 o -boh (ochobhoh h nepBHHHoö) xapaKTepucTHKH noBecTBoBaTejH u ero repoeB. Bh-6op ^THHHecK0^0 a3HKa, npuBjeneHue asTopoM MapKupoBaHHoft penn (gnajeKTHoft, npocTopeHHoft, uHTejjHreHTCKoft, xaproHHoft, KaH^eJHpcK0H u t. g.) u, pa3yMeeTca, »ygejbHHft sec« no-pa3HoMy MapKuposaHHHx a3HKoBHx cpegcTB, ux pasMe^eHue b a3HKoBoH tkhhh npoH3BegeHHa - Bce ^T0 BaxHHe xygoxecTseHHo uH^opMaTUBHHe u CMHCjosHe pemeHua asTopa, nocjegcTBua kotophx 6ygyT omyTUMH TaK^e u Ha noc-jegyM^Hx, 6ogee cogepxaTejbH^ix yposHax b op^aHH3a^HH xygo:®ecTBeHHoro TeKCTa.
noMHMo ^THHHeCK0H H C0^HagbH0-^CHX0g0^HHeCK0H 3HaHHMoCTH oT6opa a3HKo-BHx cpegcTB, pa6oTa asTopa Ha yposHe a3HK0BHx »^epB0^geMeHT0B« saxHa TaK:e
KHK HCT0HHHK, KHHHJ H nopoxgaM^HH MexaHH3M HHCT0 a3HK0B0H ^KC^peCCHH B
xyg0:ecTBeHH0M TeKCTe. noucKu Hy:HHx cjosecHMx KpacoK npegcTasjaMT co6oh 6eCHHCgeHHHe HKIH BH6opa T0H HJH hhoh a3HK0B0H $0pMH H3 CepUH CHH0HHMH-HecKHx H napajjejbH^ix cpegcTB, BKjMnaa o6pa3Hoe cgoBoynoTpe6geHHe (HanpuMep, bh6op ogHoro o6o3HaHeHHa h3 TaKoro paga: aMa3a, ana3Ku, zna3eHKu, zna3u^u, ohu, öypKanu, 3eHKu, (papu, ^ejiKu (ana3), zna3a-03epa, znasa-Mopn, ana3a-6ycuHKu, ana3a-eumnu, ^Ja3a-ny^oeu^u, nbRHu^u c aja3aMu KpojUKoe (A. Ejok) h T.g.).
yposeHb a3HK0BHx «^epB0^geMeHT0B» nognuHeH 6ogee cogepxaTejbHHM sep-6agbHHM yposHaM - yposHaM penesHx :aHpoB u penesHx hktob, a TaK:e nocje-g^M^HM, e^e 6ogee cogepxaTejbHHM «HagBep6agbHHM» yposHaM op^aHH3a^HH xygo:ecTBeHHoro npoH3BegeHHa - $a6ygbH0-CM:eTH0My, K0M^03H^H0HH0My, :aH-p0B0My.
2.2 ypoBeHfc peneBHx aKTOB. KoMMyHHKaTHBHwe napTHH geöcTByro^Hx
2.2.1 EMCKajMBaHue KaK CHHTaKCH^ecKaH h ^eKCH^ecKaH oßo^OHKa peneBoro aKTa. PeneBOH aKT (peneBoe gencTBue) npegcTaB^aeT co6oh MHHHMa^bHyM eguHH-^y KOMMyHHKa^HH (peneBoro noBegeHHa). B peneBOM aKTe B^ipa^aeTca Ta h^h HHaa HHTeH^Ha (HflflOKy^Ha) roBopa^ero - HanpuMep, no3gopoBaTbca, no6flarogapHTb H^H H3BHHHTbca; hto-to coo6^HTb agpecaTy (paccKasaTb hobocth, no^a^oBaTbca H^H noxBa^HTb Koro-To, npegynpeguTb o6 onacHocTu h T.g.); no6ygHTb agpecaTa k geHCTBHM H^H K oTKasy ot gencTBHa (npHKa3aTb, nonpocHTb, nocoBeToBaTb cge^aTb, oTcoBeToBaTb ge^aTb, 3anpeTHTb h T.g.), 3agaTb Bonpoc (T.e. no6ygHTb agpecaTa co-o6^HTb KaKyM-To HH$opMa^HM), pasB^eHb agpecaTa, nomyTHTb h pasB^enbca ca-MoMy H T.g.1 B CHHTaKCHHecKoM H ^eKCHHecKoM acneKTax peneBon aKT B^ipa^aeTca b BHCKa3HBaHHH, T.e. B HHgHBHgya^bHo-peHeBoH pea^H3a^HH toh h^h hhoh Moge^H npeg^o^eHHa (KaK egHHH^H CHHTaKcnnecKoro ypoBHa a3HKa). npu ^TOM gocTaTon-ho a6cTpaKTHoe 3HaHeHHe cuHTaKcHnecKon Mogegn (h cBa3aHHoH c Hen HHTOHa^HH) cy^ecTBeHHo (xoTa, KaK npaBHgo, b npegegax a3HKoBoro h penenoBegeHnecKoro y3yca) KoHKpeTH3HpyeTca h ncHxogorH3HpyeTca 6garogapa HHgHBHgyagbHoMy pe-HeBoMy «BKgagy» roBopa^ero - ero BH6opy geKcnnecKoro HanogHeHHa h napagHH-rBHcTHHecKoro BapuaHTa ncnogHeHHa penn. OTgegbHoe BwcKasHBaHHe BwcTynaeT B KanecTBe cuHTaKTHKo-geKcHnecKon $opMH, b kotopoh npegcTaBgeH oguH h^h gBa peneBHx aKTa.
B ceMuoTUHecKon cTpyKType guTepaTypHoro npoH3BegeHHa ypoBeHb peneBHx aKToB HenocpegcTBeHHo npegcTaBgeH b npaMon peHu nepcoHa^en. y Ka^goro nepcoHa^a - cBoa KoMMyHUKaTUBHaa napTua; b coBoKynHocTu ohh o6pa3yMT KoMMyHUKHTUBHyM napTUTypy npoH3BegeHHa. Ee nepTH geTepMUHupoBaHH npe^ge Bcero xygo®ecTBeHHo-B^ipa3HTegbHHMH 3agaHaMH aBTopa; BMecTe c TeM b npaMon peHu nepcoHa^en npegcTaBgeHa xygo:®ecTBeHHo npeo6pa3oBaHHaa KapTUHa o6^eHHa - KoMMyHUKaTUBHoro y3yca, xapaKrepHoro gga BpeMeHu, oTo6pa:aeMoro b npoH3Be-geHuu, h ogHoBpeMeHHo gga BpeMeHu co3gaHHa npoH3BegeHHa (^Ta gBoncTBeHHocTb oco6eHHo cy^ecTBeHHa gga npoH3BegeHHH Ha TeMH ucTopun; b TaKHx coHUHeHuax co3gaHHHe asTopoM khpthhh peneBoro noBegeHua na^e Bcero oKasHBaroTca HeKo-
1 Te MUHUMagtHMC egHHH^M o6^eHHa, KoTopMC ceÖHac Ha3MBaroT peueBUMU aKmaMU, y M.M. EaxTUHa HassaHM peueBUMU xanpauu, cp. ero kohtckct^i: »:aHpM peneBMx BMOTyngeHUH b :h3hh h b ugeogoruHecKoM TBopHecTse«, »^UTencKne :aHpM«, »MageHbKue ^UTencKne :aHpM«; »3aKoHHeHH^iH Bonpoc, BOcKgH^aHHe, npuKaBaHue, npocb6a - bot TunuHHeHmue ^eg^ie :H3HeHHMx BMcKa3MBaHHH.
CaMMH Tun 3aBepmeHHa 3thx MageHbKUx :H3HeHHMx :aHpoB onpegegaeTca TpeHueM cgosa o BHccgoBccHyro cpegy u TpeHueM cgosa o Hy:oe cgoso (gpyrux grogeö) Ka:gaa ycToHHUsaa 6MToBaa cHTya^Ha o6gagaeT onpegegeHHoH opraHH3a^HeH ayguTopun u, cgegosaTegtHo, onpegegeHHMM penepTyapoM MageHbKUx ^UTencKUx :aHpoB« ([EaxTUH], BogomuHos 1930: 98-99). ^TH :aHpbi 6mtoboh peHU EaxTUH Ha3UBag »nepsuHHUMU« u »npocTbMU«, a :aHpu nucbMeHHoro o6^eHHa, b tom Hucge guTepaTypHoro, - »cgo^HUMU«, »BTopuHH^iMU« u »ugeogoruHecKUMU«: »BTopuHHbe (cgo:H^ie) penesbie :aHpu - poMaHM, gpaMM, HayHHbe uccgegoBaHua scaKoro poga, 6ogbmHe ^y6gH^HCTHHecKHe :aHpu u T.n. - Bo3HHKaroT B ycgoBuax 6ogee cgo:Horo u oTHocuTegbHo BucoKopa3BHToro u opraHH3oBaHHoro KygbTypHoro o6^eHHa (npeuMy^ecTseHHo nucbMeHHoro) - xygo:ecTBeHHoro, HayHHoro, o6^ecTBeHHo-noguTUHecKoro u T.n.« (EaxTUH 1979: 239).
TopHM CMemeHHCM KOMMyHHKaxHBHoro y3yca gByx ^^ox - H3o6pa®aeMoro BpcMCHH H BpeMeHH co3gaHHH npoH3BegeHHH).
^To KacaeTca penn «OT asTopa», to OHa, KaK h pent repoa, TaKxe npegcTaB^aeT co6oH noc^egoBaTe^bHocTb peneBHx aKToB, T.e. ^e^b BHcKa3HBaHHH, o6flagaro^Hx toh h^h hhoh HflflOKy^HeH. OTge^bHHe ynacTKH ^TOH o6^eH (coBoKynHoft) ^e^H peneBHx aKToB cocTaB^HMT oTHocHTe^bHo ^eflbHHe $parMeHTH noBecTBoBaHHa, B kotophx npegcTaB^eHH 6oflee KpynHwe (neM peneBue aKTH) KoMMyHHKHTHBHHe egHHH^H - peneBHe xaHpa. tbkobh paccKa3H o co6hthhx (uHorga He-3aBHcHMHx ot repoeB, ho oKasHBaro^Hx Ha hhx to h^h uHoe B^naHue); paccKa3H o nocTynKax nepcoHaxeft, ux mhc^hx h nyBcTBax; xapaKTepucTUKu repoeB; onucaHua MecTa H BpeMeHH geftcTBua; H3goxeHHe cogepxaHua pasroBopoB repoeB; B^ipaxeHua aBTopcKoro oTHomeHua (uHorga ^M0^H0HagbH0-0^eH0HH0^0) k co6HTHaM u grogaM, o K0T0pHx noBecTByeT npoH3BegeHHe: TaK B03HHKaroT «aBTopcKHe» gupuHecKHe ugu gHpo-^y6gH^HCTHHecKHe oTcTyngeHua. TaKUM 06pa30M, MUHUMagbHoft K0HcTpyKTHBH0H egHHH^eH aBTopcKoro n0BecTB0BaHHa aBgaeTca He peneBoft aKT, ho peneBoft xaHp (kotophh b Bep6agbH0H op^aHH3a^HH xygoxecTBeH-Horo TeKcTa npegcTaBgaeT co6oft egHHH^y 6ogee BHcoKoro u 6ogee cogepxaTegbHoro ypoBHa, HeM peneBoft aKT.
2.2.2 Pas^HHHe Me^gy h3HKOBHM H KOMMyHHKaTHBHWM 06pa30M nepeoHa^a.
PeHeBHe aKTH (KoMMyHUKaTUBHHe geftcTBua), npegcTaBgeHHHe b npaMoft peHu repoeB, 3HaHHMH gga co3gaHHa 06pa30B H3o6paxaeMHx grogeft, ogHaKo ^Ta 3HaHHMocTb HHaa, Hexegu pogb cpegcTB ^THHHecK0^0 a3HKa.
^3HK0B0ft o6pa3 nepcoHaxa B^ipucoBHBaeTca h3 c0B0KynH0cTH rpyn-noBHx HepT ero peHu (guageKTHHx, npo^eccuoHagbHHx, co^HagbHHx) u uHguBugy-agbH^ix peHeBHx oco6eHHocTeft (TaKHx, HanpuMep, KaK, KapTaBocTb ugu noBHmeHHaa Ha3agH30BaHH0cTb, ugu menegaBocTb u T.n.; KaK perygapHoe noBropeHue KaKHx-T0 HHguBugyagbHo H3gro6geHHHx cgoBeneK u Kgume, noroBopoK, ^HTaT; Hpe3MepHoe KocHoa3^iHHe ugu, HanporuB, Heo6^iHHaa rgagKocrb u gerKocrb peHu, uHguBugyagb-Haa BHTueBarocTb peHu u r.n.). Mexay reM KoMMyHHKarHBHHft (penenoBegeHHecKHft) o6pa3 nepcoHaxa B^ipacraer h3 ero KoMMyHUKaruBHoft napruu - H3 nocgegoBaregbHocru peneBHx aKroB, npegcraBgeHHHx b npoH3BegeHHH2. no Mepe HreHua npoH3BegeHHa y Hurarega cKgagHBaerca KoMMyHHKarHBHHft o6pa3 nepcoHaxa KaK «BHemHuft» (B03geftcTByro^Hft Ha Hurarega, a He Ha gpyrux nepco-Haxeft) nepgoKyruBHHft ^$$eKT, npoH3BegeHHHft Bceft Maccoft KoMMyHUKaruBHHx geftcrBuft (peHeBHx aKT0B) gaHHoro repoa. B TaK0M HT0r0B0M KoMMyHUKaruBHoM o6pa3e, c$0pMHp0BaHH0M B co3HaHHH pe^HnHeHTa, HMerorca raKxe u npegcraBgeHua 0 T0M, HTO B K0MMyHHKa^HH ^T0^0 HegoBeKa (nepcoHaxa) runuHHo, a hto cgyHaftHo,
2 HpeggaraeMUH repMUH cBa3aH c My3UKagbH^iM 3HaHeHHeM cgoBa napmua: 'Hacrb MHororogocHoro My3UKagbHoro npoH3BegeHHa, ucnogHaeMaa ogHUM gH^0M ugu ogHUM HHcxpyMCHToM'. Xora u y cgoBa ponb HMeerca cooTBercrByro^ee reaTpagbHoe 3HaHeHHe ('c0B0KynH0cTb reKcra ogHoro geftcTByro^ero gH^a B nbece', cp.: AKmepaM cnedyem BuyuuBamb cbou poRU do penemu^uü), repMUH KOMMynuKamuBuaR napmuR 6ogee ygo6eH, nocKogbKy cgoBy ponb b gaHH0M kohtckctc Memagu 6u ero raKue 3HaHeHHa, KaK 'BguaHue; Ha3HaHeHHe, $yHK^Ha'.
HHane roBopa, HMeMTca npegcTaB^eHHa o nacTOTHOH nepapxHH
OCHOBHHX $yHK^HOHaflbHHx BHgoB peHeBHx aKTOB3. OgHH repoH (h^h repoHHa) öoflbme Bcero h oneHt KpacoHHO roBopuT o cbohx nyBCTBax; gpyroH 6e3 KOH^a ^yeTca h ynpeKaeT 6flH®HHx h ga^tHHx; TpeTHH 6oflbme Bcero	npHKa3HBaTb;
HeTBepTHH nocToaHHO myTHT h xoTe^ 6h Bcex CMemuTt h 3a6aBflHTb; naTHH BceM npOTHBOpeHHT H CK^OHeH K a3HKOBOH arpeCCHH; meCTOH MaCTep KOMn^HMeHTOB H KOMnpoMHCCOB; cegbMOH 6e3 KOH^a cn^eTHHnaeT o cocfly®HB^ax, cocegax, coKypc-
HHKax H T.g. Ec^H a3HKoBoH nopTpeT repoa (co3aaBaeMHH cpegcTBaMH ^THHHecK0^0
a3HKa) npoHHTHBaeTca KaK aHKeTa c gaHHHMH o ^TH0a3HK0B0H npHHag^e^HocTH He^oBeKa, ero co^HaflbHOM no^o^eHHH, ypoBHe o6pa3oBaHHa h npo^eccnn, to b KoMMyHHKaTHBHoM noBegeHHH (npegcTaB^eHHoM b coBoKynHocTH peneBwx aKToB, cocTaB^HM^Hx KoMMyHHKaTHBHyM napTHM nepcoHa^a) pacKpwBaeTca xapaKrep He^oBeKa, ero B3aHMooTHomeHHH c ^MgbMH (gpyruMH repoHMu) h ero MecTo b npeg-cTaB^eHHon b npoH3BegeHHH napagurMe xapaKrepoB.
B HepapxHHecKoH op^aHH3a^HH xygo^ecTBeHHoro TeKcTa ypoBeHb peneB^ix aKToB HenocpegcTBeHHo cBH3aH c cncTeMon gencTByM^nx gH^ - c ux xapaKTepaMu, B3aH-MooTHomeHHHMH, cM^eTHHMu u ugeogoruHecKHMu $yHK^uHMu b npou3BegeHuu.
2.3 ypoBeHfc peneBHx ^aHpoB
^^uHecKoe npou3BegeHue npegcTaBgaeT co6oh coeguHeHue (nocgegoBaTegbHocTb, xygo^ecTBeHHHH KoMngeKc) HeKoToporo nucga TeKcToBHx ^parMeHToB (nacca^en, «KycKoB», «K0M^03U^U0HH0-CUHTaKCUHeCKUX $opM»4, «egUHU^ TeKcTa»5), gu$$epeH^upoBaHHHx b 3aBucuMocTu ot cogep^aHua, $yHK^uu b cTpyKType npou3BegeHuH u KoMngeKca h3hkobhx HepT. TaKHe Buga (ugu Kgaccw) TeKcToBHx ^parMeHToB MoryT 6^rTb HasBan^i «peHeB^iMu ^anpaMu» (b cocTase xygo^ecTBeHHoro ^ego^o)6. B TepMuHogoruu B. B. BuHorpagosa noHHTuM «peHesHe ®aHp^i^> (b cocTase guTepaTypHoro npou3BegeHuH), cyga no sceMy, cooTseTcTsyMT «K0M^03u^u0HH0-peHesHe KaTeropuu guTepaTyp^i^> (ugu «K0M^03u^u0HH^Ie $opM^i peHu»), noHuMaeM^ie
3	B ncHxogHHFBHcTHKe e^e b 1950-1970-x rr. 6bigo noKa3aHo, hto b h3ukoboh cnoco6HocTH pagosoro HocHTcga H3UKa HMecTca MexaHH3M, no3BogHro^HH HegoseKy pa3gHHaTb pegKHC h HacTue cgosa (a TaK^e 6yKBu h coHeTaHua 6yKB), npuHeM, hto oco6eHHo Ba®H0, grogn tohko o^y^aroT pa3gHHHH b ynoTpe6HTegbHocTH Me^gy cgosaMu, K0T0pue BxogaT b ogHy h Ty rpynny cgoB, 6gH3KHx no HacT0Te. Cm. ®pyMKHHa 1971; nporH03 1974.
4	TepMHH »K0M^03H^H0HH0-CHHTaKCHHecKue (^opMu« Hcnogb3yeTcH E.A. HBaHHHK0B0H B uccgegoBaHUH tckctob ^octocbckofo, c pasguHCHHCM cgegyro^nx HCT^ipex K0M^03H^H0HH0-CHHTaKCHHecKHX ^opM: n0BecTB0BaHHe, onncaHue, paccy^gcHue, peHb nepcoHa^cH (HsaHHUKoBa 1979).
5	B TepMHHogorHH B. fflMuga (cm. fflMug 2003).
6	B c0BpeMeHH0H guHEBucTHKe TepMHH »peHeB0H ^aHp« o6o3HaHaeT 6ogee KpynHue (hcm pchcboh aKT) THnH3HpoBaHHue ^opMu o6^eHHH, npeuMy^ecTBeHHo ycTHoro. H.g. ApyTMHosa pasgngaeT ^aHpu gnagoruHecKoro o6^eHHH no hx $yHK^HHM, pogesuM cTpyKTypaM, BugaM MogagbHocTen; TaKue ^aHpu o6^eHHH B ^egoM 6gH3KH k peagH3a^HHM h3ukobux h pegesux $yHK^HH (ApyTMHosa [1992] 1998: 649-550). HeK0T0pue HccgegosaTegn b KaHecTBe npuMepos pegesux ®aHpoB HasuBaroT nponosegn, HcnosegH, ccopu, gncKyccHH, KoMnguMeHTu, hhbckthbu, H3BHHeHHH, cnopu, gncKyccHH, H3BHHeHHH h T.n. (cm. geMeHTbeB 1997). O pa3Ho6oe b 1980-1990 rr. b Hcn0gb30BaHHH TepMHH0B »pegeBon ^aHp«, »peHeB0H aKT«, »pegeBaa cTpaTerna«, »pegeBaa TaKTHKa«, »K0MMyHHKaTHBHaa TaKTHKa«, »Tun gnagora« H gp. cm. Hccepc 2006: 80; geMeHTbeB 2006: 234-247.
KaK «ogHopogHHC $opMH cflOBCCHOH K0M^03H^HH», «KOTopHC HaöflMgaMTca B
op^aHH3a^HH ^HTcpaTypHHx npoH3BegeHHH» (BuHorpagoB [1930] 1980: 70).
B xygoxecTBeHHoft npo3e ocHOBHHe peneBue xaHpa TaKOBH: 1) noBecTBOBaHue (paccKas HappaTopa o coöhthhx h geftcTByM^Hx JIH^ax), b tom HHc^e KocBeHHaa pent, T.e. aBTopcKaa nepegana penn repoeB; 2) onncaHHH (nopTpeT, neH3a®, HaTMpMopT, HHTeptep H T.n.); 3) npaMaa pent geftcTByM^Hx JH^; 4) BHyTpeHHuft MOHOJor nepco-Haxa (o^opMjeHHHH khk hh k KoMy He oöpa^eHHaa ero npaMaa pent); b jHTepaType XX B. BHyTpeHHHH MoHojor HHorga nepepacTaeT b hotok co3HaHHa; 5) HecoöcTBeH-Ho-npaMaa pent nepcoHaxa (cBoöogHHH KocBeHHHH gucKypc, aHrj. free indirect discourse): ^TO noBecTBoBaHue o coöhthhx, yBHgeHHHx rjasaMH nepcoHaxa, ogHaKo noBecTBoBaHue HanucaHo He ot 1-ro, ho ot 3-ro, npu ^TOM "nepBojHHHocTt" tohkh 3peHHa u cy6ieKTHBH3M peHH, ee npuHagjexHocTt nepcoHaxy (a He aBTopy) BnojHe o^yTHMH;7 6) Heco6cTBeHHo aBTopcKaa pent noBecTBoBaTeja c «^HTaTaMH»-BCTaB-KaMH cjob u o6opotob, xapaKTepHHx gja yxe «npo3ByHaBmeH» npaMoft penn Toro HJH HHoro nepcoHaxa); 7) jinpunecKue oTcTynjeHua ^KcnJn^nTH0^0 noBecTBoBaTeja «ot 3-ro Iu^a»; 8) ^K3e^eTUHecKne (pa3iacHaM^ue) eguHu^H TeKcTa - «o6iacHe-Hua, ucToiKoBaHua, KoMMeHTapuu, pasMHmieHua uiu MeTaHappaTuBHwe 3aMeHaHua HappaTopa» (fflMug 2001: 35); cm. TaKxe (fflMug 2003: 81); gpyrue, 6oiee pegKue, BugH TeKcToBHx ^paPMeHToB - HanpuMep, Tonorpa^unecKaa cxeMa EopoguHcKoro cpaxeHua b «BoftHe u Mupe» H. ToicToro, reorpa^unecKaa KapTa «TauHcTBeHHoro ocTpoBa» B ogHouMeHHoM poMaHe ^MiH BepHa uiu 3a^ncKa, HanucaHHaa «a36yKoH niamy^ux neioBeHKoB» b paccKase A. KoHaH gonia.
Eciu ypoBeHt peneBHx aKToB cBa3aH c pacKpwTueM xapaKTepoB gencTByM^ux Iu^, To ypoBeHt peneBHx xaHpoB HenocpegcTBeHHo B3anMogeHCTByeT c TaKuMu 6oiee cogepxaTeitH^iMu u uHTerpupyM^uMu ypoBHaMu b apxuTeKroHuKe xygoxecTBeHHoro npou3BegeHua, KaK ero K0Mn03u^u0HHaa u $a6yitHo-cMxeTHaa op^aHU3a^ua.
3 KoMMyHHKaTHBHwe napTHH B acneKTe CHHTarMaTHKH h napagnrMaTHKH
CuHTarMaTuHecKuft aHaiu3 K0MMyHuKaTuBHHx napTun npegnoiaraeT ucciegoBaHue ciegyM^ux acneKroB xygoxecTBeHHoro 0T06paxeHua K^MMyHUKa^uu: 1) B3auMogeHcTBue npaMon penu repoeB u aBTopcKoft penu b ee pa3HHx xaHp0B0-peneBHx $opMax (Happa^ua, onucaHua, lupunecKue 0TcTynieHua), a TaKxe b TaKux ru6pugHHx $opMax penu (coneTaro^ux pent repoeB u pent ot asTopa), KaK KocBeHHaa peHt, cBo6ogHHH KocseHHHH gucKypc, Heco6cTBeHH0 asTopcKaa pent; 2) loruKo-ncuxoiorunecKaa n0iH0Ta guaioros u noiuioros; 3) cTeneHt u a3HK0BHe cpegcTsa cBa3HocTu peniuK repoes, a TaKxe cBa3HocTu ciegyM^ux gpyr 3a gpyroM penesax aKTos B npegeiax 0TgeitHHx peniuK ogHoro nepcoHaxa.
7 B TepMHHoioPHH H.A. EyiaxoBcKoro 3to »cBo6ogHaa KocseHHaa peHt« (EyiaxoBcKHH 1954: 442 H cieg.); b pacnpocxpaHHsmeftca 6oiee no3gHeH TepMHHoioPHH - 3to »cBo6ogHMH kocbchhmh gucKypc«. BnpoHeM, E.B. nagyHesa pasrpaHunusacr xepMuHM »Heco6cTBeHHaa npaMaa peHt« (axo Tun cuHTaKcuHecKoro nocxpoeHua) u »cBo6ogHMH kocbchhmh gucKypc« (axo xun noBecxBoBaHua) (nagyHesa 1996: 337).
napagnrMaTHHecKHH aHaflH3 KOMMyHHKaTHBHHx napTHH coctoht b HCC^egoBaHHH H^^OKyTHBHoro cogep^aHHa npaMOH penn pa3HHx nepcoHa^en, hto npegno^araeT BHaB^eHHe pa3HHx BugoB peneBHx aKTOB h onpege^eHHe OTHOCHTe^bHoro Beca rpynn H^^OKyTHBH^ix HaMepeHHH b KOMMyHHKaTHBHHx napTHax repoeB (cm. pasge^H 8-9).
4 O ^aKTopax Heno^HOTw h ge^opMHpoBaHHOCTH OToßpa^eHUH KOMMyHHKa^HH B xygo^ecTBeHHOH npo3e
B OT^HHHe OT nepBoro (coöcTBeHHO a3HKOBoro) ypoBHa ^HTepaTypHoro npoH3Be-geHHa, cOxpanaM^erO MaTepHM KOHKpeTHOrO ^THHHecK0^0 a3^iKa, KapruHa KOMMyHH-Ka^HH, npegcTaB^eHHaa b npOH3BegeHHH Ha ypOBHe peneBHx aKTOB, Bcerga HenO^Ha nO OTHOmeHHM k OTOÖpa^aeMOMy KOMMyHHKaTHBHOMy y3ycy u b OCOÖeHHOCTH nO
OTHOmeHHM K KOHKpeTHHM cuTya^uaM OÖ^eHua. Bce ^TO caMO co6oh pasyMeeTca, nOCKOgtKy Te3uc o HenogHOTe u M0gu$u^up0BaHH0CTu OTOÖpa^eHua bcskoh pe-agtHOCTu B gMÖOM npou3BegeHuu gMÖoro u3 ucKyccTB gaBHO CTag aKcuoMOH (ecgu He TpMu3M0M) ceMuoTuKu8. OgHaKO KOHKpeTHHe ycgoBua, b KOTopHx npoucxoguT «coKpa^eHue» u BMecTe c TeM «yngoTHeHue», «yKpynHeHue» u «K0H^eHTpa^ua» KOMMyHuKaTuBHOH peagbHOCTu b xygo^ecTBeHHOM OTOÖpa^eHuu, npegcTaBgaMT uHTepec KaK gga ceMuoTuKH ucKyccTBa, TaK u gga Teopuu K0MMyHUKa^uu.
CTeneHb u xapaKTep ge$opMa^uu peneBoro noBegeHua, noKa3aHHoro b xygo^ec-TBeHHOM TeKCTe, onpegegaMTca 6ogee cogep^aTegtHHMu ypoBHaMu, Bxoga^uMu B CTpyKTypy gaHHoro npou3BegeHua. B pagy ^aKTopoB, geTepMuHupyw^ux xygo-^ecTBeHHoe OTOÖpa^eHue K0MMyHUKa^uu, ocoöeHHO BguaTegtHH cgegyw^ue: 1) npuHagge^HOCTb TeKCTa k gpaMaTunecKuM, ^^uHecKUM ugu gupunecKuM npou3-BegeHuaM; 2) npuHagge^HocTt TeKcTa k onpegegeHHOMy HanpaBgeHuw u cTugw (Kgaccu^u3M, p0MaHTu3M, «TeaTp a6cypga^>, mockobckuh K0H^e^Tyagu3M u T.g.); 3) npuHagge^HocTb npou3BegeHua k toh ugu uhoh ^aHpoBOH pa3H0BugH0cTu b cBoeM guTepaTypHOM poge (KOMegua gegt apre, KOMegua omuöoK, KOMegua HpaBOB (ÖHTOBaa KOMegua), KOMegua uHrpuru, KOMegua xapaKrepoB, öypgecKHaa KOMegua, BogeBugt, $apc, 6y$$0Haga, gupunecKaa KOMegua, carupunecKaa KOMegua u r.g.); 4) gga ^^uHec-KOH npo3H cy^ecTBeHHO pasgunarb runH noBecrBOBaHua, nporuBonocraBgeHHHe no pagy npu3HaK0B: a) n o k a 3 (showing) ugu p a c c k a 3 (telling); 6) c ^ e h a (gpaMaTu3up0BaHHHH (u noTOMy HacH^eHHHH guagoraMu) noKas ogHoro coÖHrua) ugu naHopaMa (Korga nocgegoBaregbHO noKasaH pag coöhtuh) u gp. (cm. HgtuH 20046); 5) gga xygo^ecrBeHHon nposH cy^ecrBeH raK^e run noBecrBOBare-ga (Happaropa), hto, BO-nepBHx, onpegegaerca reM, ot KaKoro gu^a — ot 1-ro ugu 3-ro — Begerca noBecrBOBaHue; bo-btophx, b noBecrBOBaHuax ot 3-ro gu^a Ba^HO, aBgaerca gu Happarop ^KC^gu^uTHHM (^epcoHu$u^upoBaHHHM) ugu
8 3gecb sacgy^uBacT BHuMaHua, cKopee, ogHO ucKgroncHue, xora, bo3mo®ho, u HacruHHoe: us Bcex BugoB peagbHocru, oroöpa^aeMOH cpegcrBaMu ucKyccTBa cgoBa, uMeerca peagbHocrb, Koropaa npegcraBgeHa b xygo^ecTBeHHOM tckctc He BupryagbHO u He ycgoBHO, a ^aKrunecKu u MarepuagbHo: 3T0 peagbHocrb 3THuHecKoro asHKa.
HM^nH^HTHHM ( AiapoBa, Hccckhc 1976), (AiapoBa, Hccckhc 1980)9. B noBeciBOBaHHH OT 3-ro nH^a OTHocuienbHHH o6icm npaMoft penu b ^pHH^H^c öontme, hcm b noBeciBOBaHuu oi 1-ro nH^a, nocKontKy ^paHH^H Mecia u bpcmchh b HappaiHBe 3-ro n. mupe u nucno nepcoHaxeft öontme, hcm b nepBonuHHOM hobcct-BOBaHHH, Bcerga nocipoeHHoro «BOKpyr» ogHoro repoa-noBeciBOBaiena. PaccKasHBaa uciopuro OT 3-ro nH^a asiop pexe npuöeraei k kocbchhoh penu (i.e. k nepecKasy unu aBTopcKOMy H3noxeHHro nyxoft penu), hcm b nepBonuHHOM noBeciBOBaHuu. npu ^KC^nH^HTHOM paccKaanuKe (uciopunecKu 6onee paHHuft lun Happa^HH) y Huiaiena ecit nocioaHHoe o^y^eHue ycnoBHociu u cyöieKiHBHocTu («BHMHmneHHociu», «cohhhchhocth» h gaxe «cgenaHHociu») noBeciBOBaHua u ero npuHagnexHociu K Knaccy cnoBecHHx apie^aKioB. npu HM^nH^HTHOM noBeciBOBaiene Happa^Ha cy^eciByei KaK 6h caMa no ce6e; ee co3gaTenb hhkhk ce6a hc oÖHapyxuBaei, hto co3gaeT BneHaineHue o6ieKTHBHocTH noBeciBOBaHua.
OgHaKO noMHMO Ha3BaHHHx o6^hx ^aKiopoB, 3HaHHMHx gna cnoco6oB OTo6pa-xeHua KOMMyHHKa^HH B xygoxeciBeHHOM tckctc, cy^eciByroi paanunHHe u Bnua-lentHHe uHguBugyanbHO-nuHHocTHHe u cuiyaTHBHHe ^aKiopH, noaiOMy b pa3HHx npoH3BegeHHax gaxe ogHoro nucaiena xapaKiep npegciaBneHua npaMoft penu repoeB 6HBaeT ohchb pa3HHM.
5 O pasHoö HacM^eHHocTH noBecTBoBaHH» npsMon pestro repoeB
B cipyKiype xygoxeciBeHHoro leKcia KOMMyHHKa^Ha nepcoHaxeft Moxei 3a-HUMait pa3Hoe mccto KaK b KonuneciBeHHOM, laK u b $yHK^H0HanbH0-CMHcn0B0M nnaHe. B ogHux npoH3BegeHHax noMiu bcc tckctoboc npocipaHciBO 3aHHMaeT noBec-TBOBaHue «OT aBTopa^), KOiopHft cKyn b onucaHuax u Mano Hyxgaeica b npaMoft penu repoeB: ux guanoru 3ByHaT npeuMy^eciBeHHO b noBopoiHHe u KynbMHHa^H0HHHe momchth pa3BHTHa geftciBua (laKOBH HOBennH b «geKaMepoHe» BoKKa^no, «noBec-TH BenKHHa^) nymKUHa, «ffluHent» Forona). C gpyroft ciopoHH, ecit paccKa3H, b KOTopHx pa3roBopH geftciByro^ux nH^ npeo6nagaroT Hag tckctobhmh KOMnoHeHia-MH gpyrux pchcbhx xaHpoB (hckotophc paccKa3H XeMUHryaa u nogpaxaBmux eMy aBTopoB). Ecib paccKa3H (npeuMy^eciBeHHO komhhcckhc), ^enHK0M HanucaHHHe KaK guanor unu KaK ^enoHKa pennuK pa3HHx nH^ (HanpuMep, «®H3Hb b Bonpocax u B0CKnH^aHHax» (1882) ^exoBa) u npu 3tom, b oinuHue oi guanoroB ®BaHe^K0^0, hc npegHa3HaHeHHHe gna ucnonHeHua co c^eHH. B poMaHax XIX u nepBoft nonoBUHH XX B. «pa3roBopH» HepegKO BHcipauBanucb b «c^eHH», hto npH6nHxano anunecKyro npo3y K gpaMaiypruH. B laKoft npo3e guanoru 6HnH gBuraieneM cro-
9 ^T0H 0^^03H^HH B ^enoM co3ByHHo paBnuneHue gByx BugoB noBeciBOBaiena, cnoxuBmeeca b 3anagH0H TpagH^HH: Happaiop guereTHHecKHH (ot rpen. diegesis - 'H3noxeHHe, noBeciBOBaHue, paccKa3') B Toft unu UHoft Mepe ynaciByei b lex co6uTHax, o KOTopux noBeciByei, unu no MeHtmeft Mepe Ha6nrogaeT ux; ero npucyicTBue b noBeciBOBaHue 3aMeTH0 no (^opMaM penu »ot aBTopa« u MeTaa3UK0BUM 3aMeHaHHaM, a HHorga u nupunecKUM oiciynneHHaM. Happaiop 3K3ereTHHecKHH (rpen. exegetikos - '(H3BHe) pa3tacHaro^HH') He Ha6nrogaeT co6uTHa, o KOTopux noBeciByei, laK hto HenoHaiHo, oTKyga »3to Bce« H3BecTH0 (TO, O hcm paccKa3UBaeTca); laKoft Happaiop cMoipui Ha Bce »H3BHe«, npu 3tom oh Moxei »H3BHe« KOMMeHTupoBait H o^eHHBaTb npoucxoga^ee (fflMug 2003: 20, 80-81).
®era: nuraregb y3HaBag o npou3omegmux «HegasHo» (no orHomeHuw ko speMeHu gencrsua) coÖHruax, 3HaHuMHx gga gagbHenmero passurua cw^era, He or aBropa, a u3 guagora repoes. HepegKo coÖHrua pa3BuBagucb «hb rga3ax» nurarega, - kbk pe3ygbrar penesHx gencrsun, npegcrasgeHHHx b 3ByHa^eM guagore.
HanpuMep, b poMBHe gocroescKoro «Hguor» nuraregb y3Haer o roM, nro KHa3b MwmKuH cgegag npeggo^eHue Hacracte ®ugunnoBHe, a raK^e o nogyneHuu KHa3eM KpynHoro Hacgegcrsa He or nosecrsosarega, ho ^eguK0M u3 penguK repoes: nuraregb «Bugur» u «cgHmur», kbk sce npoucxogur10. Hgeogorua gocroescKoro raK^e npeg-crasgeHa npe^ge scero guagorunecKu - b crpacrHHx cnopax repoes. HognepKuBaa caMogosgero^ee 3HaHeHue guagora y gocroescKoro, BaxruH nucag: «Bce b poManax gocroescKoro csogurca k guagory, k guagorunecKoMy nporusocroaHuro kbk k csoeMy ^eHrpy. Bce - cpegcrso, guagor - ^egb» (BaxruH 1963: 339). y «MoHogorunecKux» nucaregen ugeogorua B^ipa^aerca npeuMy^ecrseHHo b aBropcKon penu (b tbkux ee penesHx ^aHpax, kbk nosecrsosaHue, xapaKrepucruKu, onucaHua, gupunecKue/ ^y6gu^ucruHecKue orcryngeHua u gp.).
B nbecax repou HepegKo «BHHy^geHH» npou3Hocurb ^pasH, Koropwe «He Hy®-HH» nepcoHa®aM (n0HarH0, nro ohu u 6e3 ^rux cgos 3Haror ro, mto coo6^aer repon). OgHBKo ^ru ^pasH Hy®HH asropy (u 3puregro) - b Kanecrse ^KC^03u^uu, npegwc-ropuu co6HruH, uH$opMa^uu o roM, nro npou3omgo Me®gy BKraMu, u r.n. ga®e y ^exosa TBKue uh^opmbtubh Hapymawr ecrecrBeHHHÖ crpon ®uboh ycrHon penu". BygraK0B, Hro6H u36e®arb HeopraHuHHHx gga ®uboh penu ^pas (c uH$opMa^ueH o nogo®eHuu b Kuese), HanuHaer nbecy «^hu Typ6uHHx» c roro, nro HuKogKa urpaer Ha rurape u Hanesaer necHW (Koropyw AgeKcen HasHsaer KyxapKUHou, a HuKogKa B03pa®aer: ca^ conuHun) o roM, hto bot «cennac» npoucxogur b Kuese: Xy^e cnyxu Ka^duu nac. / nemnmpa udem Ha Hac! B poMBHe ®e «Begaa rsapgua» Heo6-xoguMaa uH$opMa^ua o npu6gu®eHuu HergropH (a raK®e o npue3ge HapuocuKa) nepegaerca gupunecKuM cBo6ogHHM KocseHHHM gucKypcoM (b KoropoM rogoc aBropa cgusaerca c Mupoo^y^eHueM HuKogKu): Xaoc u mpydHocmu 6^inu eu3eaHu u ea^H^iM nadeHueM c He6a e ^u3Hb TypöuHux 3a^a^o^Ho^o u uHmepecHo^o Hapu-ocuKa, u meM oöcmoMmenbcmeoM, nmo cmpncnocb nydoeu^Hoe u eenunecmeeHHoe coöumue: nemnmpa e3Mn ^opo^.
B cospeMeHHon npo3e (no cpasHeHuw c ^p030H 2-oh nogosuHH XIX u nepsHx gecarugerun XX b.) ygegbH^in sec npaMon penu repoes cy^ecrseHHo cHu3ugca. ^ro cBa3aH0 npe®ge scero c B03aeHcrBueM KuHeMarorpa^a u c 6ogee o6^eH ceMuorunec-koh reHgeH^ueH ko sce 6ogee K0H^eHrpup0BaHH0H nepegane scaKon uH$opMa^uu, b roM Hucge xygo^ecrseHHon. Kuho npuynago k npuopurery Bu3yagbHHx u npu ^roM
10	Cp. : - 0epdu^eHKo, uoxem 6umb, He eosbuem [samyx], Hacmacb^ 0ununnoeHa, % nenoeeK omKpoeeHHUü, - nepeöun 0epda^eHKo, - samo KH%3b eosbuem! Bom eu cudume da nnanemecb, a eu essRRHume-Ka Ha khr3%!^ yx daeHo Haönmöam^ Hacmacb% QununnoeHa cnmöonumcmeou oöepHynacb K KH%3m. -npaeöa? - cnpocuna oHa. - npaeöa, - npomenman KHM.3b. -Bo3bMeme, KaK ecmb, 6e3 Huneso! - Bo3bMy, Hacmacb% QununnoeHa^
11	Cp. penguKu Ogbru b cbmom Manage gpaMH »Tpu cecxpu«: O n b s a. Ome^ yMep poeHo soöa Ha3ad, KaKpa3 e ^mom deHb, nnmosoMa%, e meou uMeHuHU, MpuHa. Ome^ 6un seHepan, KoMaHÖoean öpueaöoü Ome^ nonynun öpueaöy u euexan c HaMu u3 Mockbu o^uHHa^^amb nem Ha3ad
guHaMHHHHx 06pa30B; Korga KHH03pHTejb otkphbhj KHury, oh jerK0 o6xogHjca 6e3 cjosecHHx H3o6pa:eHHH: g0CTaT0HH0 6hjo HaMeKa Ha xapaKrep BHemHocTu repoa, neH3a:a uju uHTepbepa, hto6h «ysugeTb» CHTya^HM. ga:e Korga b KHHeMaTorpa$ npumej 3ByK, penb repoes ocTasajacb nepu^epuHHHM u nogco6HHM K0Mn0HeHT0M ^HjbMa. B xyg0:ecTBeHH0H npo3e ^T0 npusejo k pegyK^HH npaMoft penu nepcoHa-:eH. CuHTaKCHHecKH pa3BepHyTaa, uHTejjeKTyajbHo u ugeojoruHecKH HacH^eH-Haa peHb repoes CTaja socnpuHUMaTbca khk b toh hjh hhoh Mepe ucKyccTseHHaa, HenpaBgonogo6Haa.
PegyK^Ha npaMoft penu CBa3aHa TaK:e u c juTepaTypHHMu noucKaMu «ecTec-TBeHHocTH» H «peajHCTHHH0CTH» H3o6pa:eHHa. E^e B nbecax ^exosa noasujucb «CTpaHHHe» penjHKH - mhjo CBa3aHHHe c TeM, hto npoucxoguT uju rosopuTca Ha c^eHe, - spoge 3HaMeHHToft penjHKH-B3goxa goKTopa AcTposa (A, doj^Ho 6umb, e ^moü cauou A^puKe menepb ^apu^a - cmpamHoe dejo!), uju 6HjbapgHHX Tep-MHH0B Faesa b «BumHesoM cage», uju nojyMe:goMeTHHx penjuK, jeKCunecKH 6e3HCKycHHx, C HeacHHM CMHCJ0M H n0T0My npurogHHx gja pa3HHx bhochmhx aKTepoM aK^eHT0B (khk ^un-^un-^un^ , «tohkhm rojocoM» np0H3H0CHM0e Coje-hhm, HjH 6eccMHCjeHHoe Tapapa... öyMÖuM... cu^y Ha myMÖe, Tuxo HanesaeMoe
^e6yTHKHHHM).
Ejarogapa ^$$eKTy «:H3Henogo6Ha» cthjh nonyjapHH guajoru «nog XeMUH-^y^a» - gjuHHHe ^enoHKn KopoTKnx, HepegKo TasTojoruHHHx penjuK, no jynycTHx B HHTeJJeKTyaJbH0-HH$0pMa^H0HH0M njaHe, 3aT0 C mupoKUMU B03M0:H0CTaMH ncHxojoruHecKoro goMHCJusaHua nogTeKCTa. npaMaa penb «nog XeMHH^y^a» b coneTaHHH c o6^eft TeHgeH^Heft ucKyccTs ko Bce 6ojbmeft KoHgeHCuposaHHocTu xygo:ecTBeHHHx cmhcjob b K0H^e K0H^0B npuseju k geBaJbBa^HH gjuHHHx gua-joroB. B cospeMeHHoft npo3e Bce pe:e BCTpenaMTca 0TH0CHTejbH0 3aK0HHeHHHe «c^eHH» o6^eHHa; guajoru Bce gajbme oTxogaT ot «o 6 m e h a penjuKaMu»; CM:eT006pa3yM^He, nosecTBosaTejbHHe bo3mo:hocth npaMoft penu npaKTunec-KH He Hcnojb3yMTca. Ochobhhm Ha3HaHeHHeM npaMoft penu CTanosuTca khk 6h «goKyMeHTajbHoe» (n0^T0My ^HTaTHoe) CBugeTejbCTso o nepcoHa:e, pejesaHTHoe He gja CM:eTa, a gja xapaKTepucTUKu nepcoHaxa. npu ^T0M guajor HepegKo npegcTasjeH 0TgejbH0ft o g h o ft penjuKoft, Hy:Hoft as-Topy B KanecTBe apKoft ^HTaTH h3 penu repoa, khk ee penpe3eHTaTHBHHft o6pa3e^ HjH ga:e T0JbK0 khk HaMeK Ha penb - HaMeK, b K0T0p0M, ogHaKo, HepegKo gaeTca KBHHT^cceH^Ha penesoro nosegeHua repoa b K0HKpeTH0M ^nH3oge, a uHorga h cyTb ero xapaKTepa.
Bot, HanpuMep, hto ocTajocb ot ceMeftH^ix pa3roBopoB (cynpyros h MaTepu My:a) B CBa3H C KBapTupHHM 06MeH0M: ...A e ^mo epeMM ceeKpoeb Hamna oÖMeH. ^my xopomym, c eucoKUMu nomojKaMu, öonbmoü KyxHeü deyxKoMHamHym Keapmupy, e ko-mopoü ohu u ceüHac ^ueym. MeHbKa [My: repouHu] deMoHcmpamueHo He npuHuMan e ^moM HuKaKoso yHacmun. -MeH^uHU, KaK xomume, - soeopun oh, nod^iManpyKu12. XapaKTepeH HecosepmeHHHft sug rjaroja (eoeopun): ^T0 He penjuKa b K0HKpeTH0M
12 ^ep6aK0Ba F. Fog Ajch^i. V: ^ep6aK0Ba F Koctohkh aB0Kago: noBecTU u paccKa3u. M., 2005. C. 102.
guagore (uHaHe 6Hgo 6h cka3an), ho (b coeguHeHuu c xecroM Ka^HTyga^HH - «nog-HaTHMH pyKHMH») - $opMyga 6ercTBa MyxHUHH or 6htobhx npo6geM (KoropHe oh ocraBgaer cbohm «xeH^uHaM» - xeHe u Marepu). EcrecrBeHHo, hto orBerHHe penguKH xeH^uH 6HgH 6h h36htohhh; Huraregro, reM 6ogee, 3Haro^eMy 6ht poc-cuftcKHx MeranogucoB, - gocraroHHo.
npuMeHuregbHo k o6o3HaHeHHoft asropoM CHTya^HH n0HaTH0, hto ^HTHpoBaHHHe cgoBa ^eHbKH 3ByHaT b o t b e t Ha KaKHe-ro o6pa^eHHHe k HeMy BonpocH u npocb6H, npuHeM Huraregro gerK0 npegcraBurb u guKryM u Mogyc raKHx HHH^H-agbHHx penguK, KaK, BnpoHeM, u ro, KaKue penguKH xeHH u Marepu Morgu 3ByHaTb nocge cgoB ^eHbKH.
B cocraBe raKHx u 3ogHpoBaHHHx (oguHoHHHx) penguK Ha^e Bcero BcrpeHarorca HHH^HagbHHe penguKH. Ohh ocrarorca 6e3 orBera no pa3HHM npuHu-HaM, ogHaKo He noroMy, hto raKoBa «goruKa xh3hh», a rgaBHHM 06pa30M noroMy, hto TaK0B ^pHH^H^ 0T06paxeHHa K0MMyHHKa^HH B coBpeMeHHoft npo3e.
B Her^ipex noBecrax o coBpeMeHHoft ropogcKoft xh3hh, npuBgeHeHHHx gga aHa-gH3a npaKTHHecKH cgyHaftHHM 06pa30M13, ygegbHHft Bec npaMoft peHu He npeBHcug Va o6ieMa npoH3BegeHHa14; ^po^eHT H3ogHpoBaHHHx penguK Koge6agca b mupoKHx npegegax. Cm. Ta6gH^y 1.
Ta6nu^a 1. KonuuecmeeuHue dannue omnocumenbuo snanuMOcmu npRMOüpeuu e coepeMeuuoü npo3e (na Mamepuane deyx noeecmeü na pyccKOM u deyx noeecmeü na HeMe^KOM
	R3uKax)			
noBecTb	06teM	C0B0KynH^iH o6teM	06^ee KogHHecTBo	KogHHecTBo
	npoH3Be-	BuCKa3^IBaHHH npaMoft	penguK nepconaxeft	H30gHp0BaHH^ix
	genna b	peHH (b 3HaKax) h ero	(=100%)	penguK h hx goga
	3HaKax	goga (%) Bo BceM		(%) B o6^eM HHcge
	(=100%)	o6teMe npoH3BegeHHa		penguK
ygH^K	175 820	42 659 (24,3 %)	410	56 (13,6 %)
]ep6	52 564	6 345 (12,1 %)	88	25 (28,4 %)
repM	64 411	14 768 (22,9 %)	82	65 (79,3 %)
Hanre	97 634	13 145 (13,5 %)	105	38 (36,2 %)
^to6h yBugerb ^BpHCTHHecKyro 3HaHHMocTb npuBoguMHx ^H$p, Tpe6yroTca xora 6h MUHUMagbHHe xapaKTepucruKH paccMarpuBaeMHx noBecreft b repMUHax TunogoruH noBecrBoBaregbHHx $opM.
13	Eugu paccMoxpcHU cgegyro^ue npoH3BegeHHa: 1) ygH^Kaa ^rogMuga. Becegue noxopoHH. V: ygH^Kaa Eednue, snue, nmöuMue: noeecmu. PaccKasu. MocKBa 2007. C. 287-382; 2) ^ep6aK0Ba raguHa. KocroHKa aB0Kag0. V: ^ep6aK0Ba F. KocmouKa aeoKado: noeecmu upaccKasu. MocKBa 2005. C. 5-48; 3) Hermann Judith. Ruth (Freundinnen). V: Hermann Ju. Nichts als Gespenster. Frankfurt am Mein 2003. S. 11-60; 4) Lange Harmut. Der Wanderer: Novelle. Zürich 2005. 117 S. gagee npu ^HTHpoBaHHH Ha3BaHHux TeKcroB npuHaTH ux cgegyro^ue ycgoBHHe o6o3HaHeHHa (cooxBexcTBeHHo npegcxaBgeHHoMy nepeHHro): ygH^K, ]^ep6, FepM, .HaHre. EguHcTBeHHHH Kpurepuft oT6opa npoH3BegeHHH 6ug TaKUM: Ha KaxgoM a3UKe b ogHoft noBecru paccKa3 Begerca ot 3-ro gH^a, b gpyroft - ot 1-ro.
14	06teM noBecTeft u npegcTaBgeHHoft b hhx npaMoft peHU H3Mepagca b 3HaKax, nocKogbKy gaHHHH noKa3aTegb aBToMaruHecKU ^UKcupyexca gga gro6oro xeKcxoBoro ^aftga, naxoga^eroca b KoMnbroxepe.
nosecTb n. ygH^KOH «BecegMe noxopoHM» u «CTpaHHUK^» X. HaHre HanucaHM ot 3-ro gH^a, ho npu ^TOM y HaHre npeo6gagaeT cBo6ogHHH KocseHHHH gucKypc (kotopmh cnoco6cTByeT 3aMKHyTocTH noBecTBOsaHua Ha rgasHOM repoe, c tohkh 3peHHa KOToporo segeTca paccKa3). y ygH^KOH cBo6ogHHH KocseHHMH gucKypc Hcnogb3yeTca orpaHUHeHHo; HM^gH^H^H^IH nosecTBOsaTegb OTHMgb He cocpegoTOHeH Ha ogHOM ugu gsyx repoax, a BMcTpauBaeT «naHopaMHMH o63op» cyge6 npuMepHO gecaTu nepcoHa:eH.
noBecTb ro. FepMaH «PyT (nogpyru)» u F. ^ep6aKOBOH «Koctohkh asoKago» HanucaHM ot 1-ro gH^a. y ^ep6aKOBOH nepsoguHHoe noBecTBOsaHue no csoeH cy6ieKTHBHocTH h ropaHHocTu npH6gH:aeTca k cKa3y; k TOMy :e repouHa o6o Bcex (BKgMHaa cbohx geTen u My:a) roBopuT npeuMy^ecTseHHO ^egbeTOHHO-capKacTUHecKu, uHorga - b gyxe HepHoro (ugu HepHOsaToro) MMopa. CyM6yp u npucTpacTHocTb noBecTBOsaTegbHOH peHu repouHu, ee MHeHUH u 0^eH0K noHTu BHTecHaMT h3 TKaHu paccKa3a peagbHMe o6cToaTegbcTBa cM:eTHOH guHuu (b y^ep6 npaBgonogo6HM co6hthh h oco6eHHO xapaKTepos). no o6pHBKaM pa3roBopoB nepcoHa:eH u BHyTpeHHUM MOHogoraM ^epoHHH-paccKa3HH^H, nepe6HBaro^HM gpyr gpyra, ga:e $a6yga co6hthh BoccTaHasgusaeTca HUTaTegeM c ycugueM, T.e. BocnpuaTue peagbHOH KapTUHM c^e^HagbH0 (?) 3aTpygHeHO (b HeM mo:ho BugeTb sapuaHT TexHUKH «ocTpaHeHua», roBopa b TepMUHax «pyccKoro $opMagH3Ma».
H3 HeTMpex npoH3BegeHHH nosecTb HaHre asgaeTca HaH6ogee ayTUHHon; ^T0 MOTUBuposaHO cM:eTOM: ecgu y FepMaH npegcTasgeH cTpaHHOsaTMH u pacnagaro^unca Ha Tpu oguHOHecTsa gM6oBHHH TpeyrogbHUK, to y HaHre noKaaaH pacnag He oco6eHHO npoHHoro 6paKa: ogep:HMHH cTpeMgeHueM pa3o6paTbca b yxoge :eHH, repoH oguHOKHM TypucTOM («cTpaHHUKOM») OTnpasgaeTca b A^puKy, a ero co3HaHHe Bce 6ogee 3anogHaeTca napaHOugagbHMMu BugeHuaMu.
KoMMeHTapuu k Ta6gH^e 1.
I.	B noBecTBOBaHuu ot 3-ro gH^a b ^pHH^H^e ygegbHMH sec npaMOH peHu 6ogbmHH, HeM B noBecTBOBaHuu OT 1-ro gH^a; HeM 6ogbme b npoH3BegeHHH gencTsyro^ux gH^, TeM B 6ogbmeH Mepe ero TeKcT («npu npoHux pasHMx ycgoBuax») HacH^eH npaMOH peHbro. OgHaKO ^TH o6^He 3aKOHOMepHocTH MoryT 6HTb o^yTUMO HapymeHH, ecgu TpeTbeguHHoe noBecTBOsaHue npegcTasgaeT co6oH cBo6ogHHH KocseHHHH gucKypc (hto KHK pa3 h npoucxoguT b nosecTu HaHre, rge ygegbHHH Bec H3ogHpoBaHH^ix penguK BHme, HeM b nepsoguHHOM HappaTuse ^ep6aKOBOH). Cy6ieKTHBHocTb, npucTpacTHocTb, gupuHHocTb noBecTBOsaHua yMeHbmaroT b npoH3BegeHHH ygegbHHH sec npaMOH peHu repoes.
2. HaguHue H3ogHpoBaHHHx penguK cuMnTOMaTUHHO gga cospeMeHHOH npo3H (nocKogbKy OTseHaeT o6^eH TeHgeH^HH ko sce 6ogee gaKOHUHHOMy nucbMy), ogHaKO ygegbHHH sec H3ogHpoBaHHHx penguK no OTHomeHuro k o6^eMy KoguHecTBy penguK Mo:eT 6HTb secbMa pa3gHHHHM. B noBecTBOsaHuu ot 3-ro gH^a H3ogHpoBaHHHx penguK b ^pHH^H^e MeHbme, HeM b nepsoguHHOM noBecTBOsaHuu, ogHaKO cBo6ogHHH KocseHHHH gucKypc Mo:eT pe3KO yseguHUTb Hucgo H3ogHpoBaHHHx penguK. K pacnpocTpaHeHuro H3ogHpoBaHHHx penguK segyT KpoMe Toro TaKue HepTH noBecTBOsaHua, khk ero gupuHHocTb,
nosHmeHHHH ncuxoioru3M, pexpocneKTuBHocxt (uiu mupoKue speMeHHue
paMKK n0BecTB0BaHua).
6 KoHKypeHUHfl pajHMx cnocoßoB npegcTaB^eHHH KOMMyHHKauHH repoeB: npaMa» pent versus HenpaMMe ("KOCBeHHwe") ^opMw ny^oö pe^H
n0BecTB0BaHue u ero cy6ieKr (noBecxBoBaxeit, Happaxop) o6pa3yMT riasHyM opraHu3yM^yM uHCTaH^uM npou3BegeHua'5. Ot xapaKxepa n0BecTB0BaHua 3aBucaT ocxaitHHe penesHe xaHpa xygoxecxseHHoro xeKcxa - no csoeMy xaHp0B0My cocxa-By, no KoiuHecxBy xeKcxosHx eguHu^ (naccaxen) oxgeitHHx penesHx xaHpos, no ux «ygeitH0My secy» b xeKcxosoM o6ieMe npou3BegeHua. Ochobhhm npoxusosecoM aBxopcKoft peHu (b ee pa3iuHHHx Mogu$uKa^uax) aBiaexca pent nepcoHaxen («Hy-xaa» gia noBecxBoBaxeia pent), ho u 0Ha nognuHeHa ero soie. Ox noBecxBoBaxeia 3aBucuT, Bocnpou3BoguTt iu HyxyM peHt goci0BH0 («^uTaTH0») uiu u3I0xnTt ee cB060gH0, nogKiMHus k csoeft penu: xaK B03HuKaeT onno3u^ua npaMon u KocseHHoft peHu, Koxopaa hocut rpagyaitHHft xapaKxep, BHoca b pasHHe npou3BegeHua pa3HHe nponop^uu «csoeft» u «Hyxoft» penu.
BMemaxeitcxso noBecxBoBaxeia b npaMyM pent repoes cocxoux npexge scero B T0M, HT0 nosecTBoBaxeiM 6HBaeT gocxaxoHHo «HaMeKa^> Ha pa3roBop, u oh orpa-HuHusaexca gsyMa-xpeMa pemuKaMu (a uHorga u ogHoft), npeHe6peraa xoxa 6h xeM npaBgonogo6ueM pasrosopa, Koxopoe npuHaxo b ntecax. Pexe nosecTBoBaxeit npa-M0 Bxopraexca b npaMyM pent nepcoHaxa, u xorga 0Ha Moxex cxaxt xaKoft, khk pent goKTopa B nosecxu H. Toicxoro «CMepxt HsaHa Hituna»: ffoKmop ^oeopuß: mo-mo u mo-mo yKa3ueaem, nmo y eac mo-mo u mo-mo; ho ec^u ^mo He nodmeepdumcH no ucc^edoeaHUM^ mo^o-mo u mo^o-mo, mo y eac Hado npedno^o^umb mo-mo u mo-mo. Ecßu ^e npedno^o^umb mo-mo u mo-mo, mo mo^^a u m.d. CuHTaKcuHecKu u nyHKTya^u0HH0 - ^T0 npaMaa pent (hto 6oiee goKyMeHxaitHo nepegaex yneHoe cio-Bo6iygue), ieKcunecKu - ^T0 6eccMHCIu^a, nocKoitKy cocxoux u3 MecxouMeHHHx nycxHmeK (sMecxo 3HaMeHaTeitHHx cios)16.
KocseHHaa pent b xygoxecxseHHoM xeKCxe pegK0 cooxBexcTByex xeM npocxHM npasuiaM npeo6pa30BaHua npaMoft penu b KocseHHyM, KoxopHe ^opMyiupyMx rpaM-MaxuKu. C ogHoft cxopoHH, xusyM ycxHyM pent, Bcerga HacH^eHHyM ^M0^u0HaIt-hhmu u MogaitHHMu 06epT0HaMu, npespaxuTt b rpaMMaxunecKu HopMaxusHyM KocseHHyM peHt 6e3 ceMaHxuHecKux u nparMaxunecKux noxept - HeB03M0xH0. C
15	He ciyHaftHo o6opoT^i noeecmeoeaHue om 1-eo nu^a, noeecmeoeaHue om 3-eo nu^a Hacxo noHuMaroxca KaK 'xygoxecTBCHHoe ^poH3BegeHHe, HanucaHHoe ox 1-ro (HIH ox 3-ro) IH^a'.
16	B noBecxu F. ]^ep6aK0B0H »KocxoHKa aB0Kag0« (2005), HanucaHHoft ox 1-ro IH^a, ^0BecxB0BaxeIbHH^a-repouHa He xoitKo »caMa« yKa3biBaex Ha cBoe »BMemaxeitcxBo« b Hyxyro npaMyro peHt, ho u n^ixaexca ero MoxuBupoBaxt. npuMep: go Huxaxeia u go repoHHH-paccKa3HH^^I cKB03b ee BHyxpeHHMM peHt goHocuxca 06puB0K peHu gpyroft repouHu, ^^eHu: - ...A nmo, eü KCMuamy xanxo? ffa? Ona e deyx^ ^mo Hecmno? A Menn oöseMb? gaiee ugyx cioBa »ox aBxopa«:O63eMb - ona ne soeopuna. ^mo % npuöyMana. nomoMy nmo nonnna: nananacb ucmopun u n e neü yxe cuxy no caMym MaKoeKy (]ep6aK0Ba F. Kocmonxa aeoKaöo: noeecmu upaccKasu. MocKBa 2005. C. 20).
gpyroH cropoHH, raKOH nepeBog u He rpeöyerca aBTopaM. PeHb nepcoHaxen, ecgu OHa BHcrynaer hc b Buge npaMOH penu, a «b nepecKase» noBecrBOBarega, npegcraer KaK cBoero poga peswMe penu, noBHmeHHO MHorosHanuregbHoe (no cpaBHeHuw c omohumuhhoh penguKOH b oö^igeHHOM oö^chuu).
HH$0pMa^u0HH0-g0^uHecKue cogepxaHue penu nepcoHaxa MOxer noHru hc uHTepecoBarb paccKasnuKa - ocoöchho ecgu noBecrBOBanue uger or 1-ro gu^a u nepcoHax-paccKasHuK BcgymuBaerca hc b cgoBa, a bo hto-to gpyroe, MOxer ÖHTb, B uHT0Ha^uM, B «TegecHoe», bo BcaKOM cgynae, b hchto öogee opraHunecKoe, hcm cgoBa. Tcm öogee, ecgu noBecrBOBaregb - ^T0 repouHa paccKasa o gwöoBHOM rpey-rogbHuKe, u OHa caMa hc yBepeHa, BgwögeHa OHa b repoa ugu Her. Torga peHb repoa Moxer ÖHTb nepegaHa raK:
Tenepb Paynb enHe maK, KaK e aKmepcKOM öy^eme, a KaK HopManbHuü nenoeeK, - ucKycHo nonb3oeancM KumaücKUM nanonKaMU, pa3den^n umu oeo^u, puöy, ecmaen^n KaKue-mo pennuKu, o neM-mo paccKa3ueaM, KaK öydmo ece ^mo öuno coeepmeHHo e nopndKe ee^eü, u om ^mo^o y MeHM nepexeamueano duxaHue. u ceünac oh cu-den nepedo mhoü u en Kumaücxym nanmy, epeMM om epeMeHu omnuean anomoK euHa, u ynuöancM MHe, u paccKa3ueaM o nocmaHoeKe no meKcmy My3unM, o Konne^ax, o KoH^nuKmax e meampe. A m nocnymHo Kueana u ^oeopuna: «A^a» u «He Mo^em öumb?» [^] a oh onMmb HeHadomo npucenpMdoM, nmo-mo ^oeopun, a nomoM cKa-3an: «noüdeM cnamb»^^.
^mo-mo ^oeopun u paccKa3ueaM o Konne^ax - ^T0 He KocBeHHaa peHb, a 0606-^eHHO-cBepHyraa nepegana HyxoH penu, BKgMHeHHaa b aBTopcKoe noBecrBOBaHue b KaHecTBe ero KOMnoHeHra, a umchho paccKasa 0 tom, «hto roBopugocb».
HaK0He^, ^guMUHa^ua HyxoH penu - u npaMOH, u kocbchhoh - Moxer ÖHTb Ha-MepeHHHM aBTopcKuM npueMOM noBecTBOBanua - hto6h ycugurb uHrpury u nogor-perb HuraregbcKuH uHrepec. He rogbKO b gereKruBHHx c^eHapuax HaxognuBHH onep sagyMHuBO npousHocur HT0-Hu6ygb Bpoge «Ecrb ogHa MHcgb», Kagp oöpHBaerca, cgegyM^un ^^u3og HanuHaerca c peagu3a^uu «MHcgu»; noxoxue HegoMogBKu ecrb u B ncuxogoruHecKOH npose. B noBecru XapMyra HaHre «Der Wanderer" (,CTpaH-huk') noBecTBOBanue or 3-ro gu^a npegcraBgaer co6oh noHru ^eguK0M cBOÖogHHH kocbchhhh gucKypc, b KoropoM noBecrBOBaregb cguBaerca c repoeM (noxugHM nucaregeM). noBecrBOBaregb Ha Bce cMorpur rgasaMu repoa, ^KC^gu^upya Magen-mue gBuxeHua ero MHcgu, HyBcrB u penu, ho, BnpoHeM, rogbKO „h y x h h e» (gga cwxera u ncuxogoruu) aBTopy gBuxeHua. Baro b KygbMUHa^uoHHHH momcht noBecTBOBaHua, Korga or repoa yxogur xeHa, noBecrBOBaregb «Bgpyr» OKasHBaerca pasgegeHHHM c repoeM okohhhm creKgoM, sagurHM goxgeM, He cgHmur hu cgoBa, HO TogbKO Bugur, KaK repoH nogropa Haca roBopur no rege^OHy c ymegmeH or Hero xeHOH, a noTOM Hagogro sacrHBaer y OKHa. TaK b KaMepHOH ncuxogorunecKon no-Becru BosHuKawT saragKH or HegocKasaHHocru u ycuguBaerca hu-raregbcKoe gwöonHrcrBO. TogbKO, b orgunue or gereKruBOB (rge k K0H^y Bce, hto ÖHgo ckphto, pasiacHaerca), b noBecru .nanre «HeycgHmaHHHe» HuraregeM cgoBa
17 FepMaH rogux. Pyx (nogpyru) / HepeBog c HeMe^K. H. CKaKyH. V: BceMupHaM numepamypa, 2006, ^ 2. C. 23, 24, 25.
TaK u ocTaMTca gga Hero Heu3BecTHMMu. n0T0My hto TaK0B 3aMMceg asTopa: 6e3 cgos «uHTepecHee»: ^T0 co3gaeT aTMoc$epy 3m6koh «Ka^uMocTu», KoTopaa BUTecHaeT peagbHocTb u K0T0pyM repoH nosecTu sce ctpcmhtch nepegaTb cg0B0M u noHMaTb ero B cboh HoyT6yK. He cgygaHHo b tckctc nosecTu HecK0gbK0 pa3 nosTopaTca 3ar0g0B0K ®ypHagbH0H cTaTbu o KHure repoa: «Hhhto hc asgaeTca tcm, hcm Ka^eTca».
7 BjaHMOOTHomeHHfl Me^gy npHMOÖ pestro repoH h eonpoBO^garo^en ee pestro ot aBTopa
Abtopckhc peMapKH, cnoco6HMe npegsapaTb penguKy nepcoHa^a, cgegosaTb 3a hch, o6paMgaTb, npepusaTb penguKy, MoryT BunogHaTb paaguHHue $yHK^uu, npu-gasaa coeguHeHuaM pegesoro gencTBua repoa c asTopcKHM K0MMeHTapueM ^egoc-THocTb u KapTUHHocTb, a ecgu Hago, to u ncuxogoru3M, BKgMHaa K0H$guKr Me^gy uHTeH^ueH pegesoro aKTa u ero ^epgoKy^ueH'8 ugu ga^e nogHoe ge3aByupoBaHue cMucga cgoB, npou3HocuMMx repoeM19. CTporo rosopa, T0gbK0 asTop (gegoseK, koto-poro e^e ^octocbckuh Ha3Bag cy^ecmeoM eceeedy^uM) cnoco6eH b c03gaHH0M um Mupe «npasugbHo u tohho» ^KC^gu^upoBaTb uHTeH^uM pegesoro aKTa - HanpuMep, HTO ctout 3a cgosaMu repoa ckojibko eepeeoHKe hu eumbcn^ - yrpo3a, HacMemKa, yTemeHue, o6e^aHue ugu ^CTeTUHecKoe ygosogbcTBue u gM6oBaHue cKgagHocTbM u 06pa3H0CTbM ^ocgoBu^M20.
HHTepecHo, ogHaKo, ysugeTb tc motubu, no kotopum hckotopuc asTopu otkh-3MBaroTca ot ^T0H ygo6H0H u 6oraT0H CMucgosuMu B03M0®H0CTaMu xygo^Hunec-K0H npuBugeruu - Ha3BaTb nogguHHoe HaMepeHue nepcoHa^a, rosopa^ero CKOJbKo eepeeoHKe hu eumbCH^
To, HacKogbKo gacTo npo3auK conposo^gaeT peHb nepcoHa^a cboumu peMapKa-Mu, bo MHoroM 3aBucuT 0T KoguHecTBa nepcoHa^en; ot xapaKTepa n0BecTB0BaHua u CKg0HH0CTu aBTopa K ncuxogoruHecK0My nucbMy; ot cM^eTa u $a6ygM (ot ctc-neHu ux 3anyTaHH0CTu u guHaMUHHocTu); ot Toro, HacK0gbK0 gga nucaTega bb^hm pa3roBopM ero repoes. B n0BecTB0BaHuu ot 1-ro gu^a b ^egoM 6ogee kbmcphm, b Hux MeHbme nepcoHa^en, hcm b n0BecTB0BaHuu ot 3-ro gu^a. ^0^T0My b nosecTso-bbhuu ot 1-ro gu^a b ^puH^u^e MeHbme n0Tpe6H0CTb b «tcxhuhcckux» $yHK^uax
18	B Tpugoruu MapKa AggaH0Ba »KgMH. EercTBo. ne^epa« (1928-1936) b page ncuxogoruHecKU Hanpa^eHHux c^eH repouHa npou3HocuT (^pa3u, o K0T0pux xyx jKe co^ageex, ynpeKaa ce6a b (^agbmuBocTU u 6ecTaKTHocTU. Cp.: - Bom menepb u numaümecb aKpudaMu, - omeemuja MycR. Eü cauGü ee moH noKasajcR ^JynuM u ^ajbmueuM. Hepe3 HecKogbKo MUHyT Ha Bonpoc TaKego 6ogbHoro 0T^a O ueM mu paccKajueaja? Myca oxBeHaex: - O xajame, o Bume, o MoeM MyxeHbKe. H aBTop xyx Ke b cKo6Kax nepegaex BHyxpeHHMM peHb repouHu: (rocnodu, KaK ^Jyno: «MyxeHbKe», «aKpudu»! ^mo % ce^o^H% ^oeopw?...) (AggaH0B M. Kjrnu. Eeecmeo. ne^.epa (TpuJo^u%). Mockbb 2002. C. 507, 509.
19	Box kbk b poMBHe (ox 1-ro gu^a) nepegaH K0Hxpacx MeKgy 3ByHa^eH penguKon, c0np0B0KgaM^UMU ee gBUKeHuaMU u noxpaceHHocxbM repoa cpa3y nocge coKpymuxegbHoro gga Hero coo6^eHua onnoHeHxa: BujKayxe npaKmuuecKu nadaja u3 mouxpyK, ho % čoeojbHo jobko yöepxaj ee, oömep ^y6u caj^emKoü u eecbMa 6e3pa3juHHUM, KaK MHe noKa3ajocb, moHoM omeemuj: - A pu6a y Hux öeücmeumejbHo eKycHa% (MuHaeB C. MEDIA SAPIENS. noeecmb o mpembeM cpoKe. Mockbb 2007. C. 65).
20	npuMeHUxegbHo k o6uhhoh K0MMyHUKa^uu M.^. rgoBUHCKaa nucaga: »B 0rp0MH0M 6ogbmuHcxBe cgyHaeB ycxaH0BUxb ucxuHHoe uggoKyxuBHoe HaMepeHue He npegcxaBgaexca bo3mokhum« (rgoBUHCKaa 1998: 25).
aBTopcKux peMapoK: hcm MeHtme ynaciHUKOB pa3roBopa, tcm acHee nuiaienro, KaKaa pennuKa kcm npoH3HocHTca (3HaHHT, peMapKu, Ha3HaHeHHe KOiopHx cBoguica k yKa-3aHHro Ha cy6ieKT penu, 3gect hc HyxHH). noBeciBOBaient oi 1-ro nH^a, 0c06eHH0 ecnu OH He ciontKO Ha6nrogaTent, cKontKO aKiuBHHft rnaBHHft repoft, KaK npaBuno, mchcc cKnoHeH Ha3HBaTt ^ent o6pa^eHHoft k HeMy penu, hcm noBeciBOBaient oi 3-ro nH^a (ecnu lontKO HappaiuB oi 3-ro nH^a hc aBnaeica cBo6ogHHM kocbchhhm gucKypcoM, cocpegoioneHHHM BOKpyr ^eHTpantH0^0 nepcoHaxa).
B lex noBeciax ro. FepMaH, KOiopHe HanucaHH oi 1-ro nH^a, aBiopcKue peMapKu K pennuKaM repoeB b nogaBnaro^eM 6ontmHHcTBe cnynaeB oicyiciByroi; H3pegKa 3a pennuKaMH cnegyei caM^ift mupoKuft u 6e3nHKHft rnaron penu, hc HaaHBaro^uft HaMe-peHue roBopa^ero (i.e. hc aBnaro^uftca Ha3BaHHeM PA), - rnaron sagte 'cKa3an(a)'. Bo3moxho, ecit HecKontKO c^e^HantHHx mothbob 0TKa3a FepMaH oi aBiopcKux conpoBoxgeHuft penu repoeB: hto6h H36exaTt 6aHantHocTH b lex o6^ihhhx cnyna-ax, Korga HHTeH^Ha peneBoro aKia gociaiOHHO acHa; b gpyrux cnynaax - hto6h b03-HHKna cMHcnoBaa HeacHocit, gonycKaro^aa HecKontKO o6iacHeHHft (hto o6ora^aeT paccKa3 bo3moxhhmh cMHcnaMu); hto6h npegociasuit Huiaienro 6ontme cBo6ogH B HHTep^peTa^HH npoucxoga^ero; hto6h nuctMO 6Hno 6onee 3kohomhhm, guHa-MHHHHM K0H^eHTpHp0BaHHHM; HT06h BH3BaTt y HUiaienH gOBepue K BUgUMOft o6i-eKTHBHociH ^epoHHH-paccKa3HH^H, goKyMeHiantHociH u hckpchhocth ee paccKa3a. Bo BcaKOM cnynae, oicyiciBHe aBiopcKoft HHTep^peTa^HH pennuK Moxei npuBoguit K Ha3BaHHHM xygoxeciBeHHHM u ncuxonorunecKUM a^^eKiaM.
8 npHHunnM napagHrMaTHHecKoro aHaansa KoMMyHHKaTHBHwx napTun nepcoHa^eö
B acneKie napagurMaiuKu KOMMyHUKaiuBHaa napiua nepcoHaxa - aio bcc peneBHe aKiH, npegciaBneHHHe b npaMoft penu repoa. KoMMyHHKaiuBHHe napiuu, B cpaBHeHHH c aBTopcKHMH «H3noxeHHaMH» H «pe3roMe» penu nepcoHaxeft, o6pa3yroT HaH6onee «goKyMeHiantHHft» (noiOMy hto «^HTaTHHft») u HaH6onee gociynHHft gna HuiaientcKoro Ha6nrogeHHa komhohcht b peneBOM noBegeHua repoa. npu conociaBneHHH napiuft pa3HHx repoeB BaxHO, BO-nepB^ix, HacKontKO pa3H006pa3eH penepiyap peneBHx aKiOB b peneBOM noBegeHuu loro unu uHoro nepcoHaxa; bo-BTopHx, cy^eciBeHHa KonuHeciBeHHaa uepapxua pa3HHx $yHK^H0HantHHx rpynn pchcbhx aKTOB B oigentHHx napiuax.
napagurMaiHHecKuft aHanH3 KOMMyHUKaiuBHHx napiuft npoBoguica Ha ochobc pa3pa6oTaHHoft unu npuHaioft uccnegoBaieneM KnaccH$HKa^HH peneBHx aKiOB. KnaccH$HKa^Ha Moxei 6HTt 6onee unu mchcc pa3BeTBneHHoft, ho, ecieciBeHHo, eguHoft npuMeHHientHO ko bccm H3yHaeMHM leKciaM b paMKax npoBoguMoro uccnegoBaHua.
B nopagKe unnrocTpaunn Meioga Ha30BeM HeKoiopHe pe3yntTaT^i npoBegeHHoro aHanH3a KOMMyHHKaTHBH^ix napTuft nepcoHaxeft, oTHocamueca lontKo k ogHOMy h3 paccMoipeHH^ix npoH3BegeHHH - k noBeciu «BecenHe noxopoH^i» ynnuKoft (cm. Ta6nHuy 2 Ha cip. [Ha cMed cmpaHu^e]). B CHCTeMaTH3a^HH peHeBHx aKioB (ganee PA) m^i onupanu Ha KnaccuHecKyro pa6oTy P.O. ^Ko6coHa o ^yHKunax a3^iKa/peHH (^ko6coh [1960] 1975);
bmcctc c tcm yHMT^iBagnct cxasmue nonygapH^iMU xepMUH^i h ge$HHH^HH g:. Octhhh ([1962] 1986) h g:. Cepga ([1976] 1986). Pa3gHHagHct ccMt ochobh^ix pa3pagoB PA: 1) HH^opMaTMBH; 2) no6y:geHHa (BKgroHaa no6y:geHHa coo6mnTb HH$opMa^Hro (T.e. BonpocH) h 3anpeTH); 3) SKcnpeccuBH (BHpa^cHne ^M0^H0HagtH0^0 cocToaHua ugu ^M0^H0HagtH0H o^eHKH); 5) ^aTUHccKne h sthkcth^ic PA (cp. 6exa6umueu y Cepga: pcHCBHC aKTH, cocguHCHH^ic c noBegeHueM, - npuBeTcTBHa, H3BHHeHHa, 6garogapHocTH, co6oge3HOBaHHa, no3gpaBgeHHa h T.n.); 6) MCTaKOMMyHHKaTHBHHC PA; 7) npoasgeHua sctcthhcckoh $yHK^HH peHH (nepeHocHo-o6pa3Hoe cgoBoynoTpe6geHHe, cthxh, neHHe; a3^iK0Baa urpa, myTKa). 3aTeM m^i nocHHTagu HHTepecHHM (gga ccmhothkh xygo:ecTBeHHOH K0MMyHHKa^HH, ho TaK:e h b acneKTe ncuxogoruH repoes) pa3gHHaTb b Kgacce HH^opMaTHBOB HH$opMa^Hro roBopa^ero «o ce6e» (o 1-om gH^e) h HH$opMa^Hro «He o ce6e» - o gpyrux gH^ax ugn o npegMCTax (b Ta6gH^e 2 cooTBeTcTByromne nogKgaccH npegcTasgeH^i b CTog6^ax 3 («^^o^eHTpHHecKaa HH$opMa^Ha» h «AgtTpyucTHHccKaa HH$opMa^Ha»). Kgacc HMnepaTHBOB 6^ig pa3gegeH Ha gsa nogKgacca: «no6y::geHHa k gencTBHro h 3anpeTH» h «BonpocH». Mo:ho BHgeguTb h gpyrne no-csoeMy HHrepecH^ie 0^^03H^HH (HanpHMep pa3gHHaTb hh^opmhthbh no othccchhocth ko spcMCHu; ugn pa3gnHaTb HMnepaTUBH «^^o^eHTpnHecKne» h «agtTpyHcTHHccKHC» - b 3aBHcHMocTH ot Toro, B Hbux HHTepecax 6ygeT ugn gog:Ho 6HTt to gencTBue, k KOTopoMy no6y::gaeT roBopa^HH - B HHTepecax roBopa^ero ugn b HHTepecax gpyrux gH^). OgHaKo npu «cpegHHx» o6teMax aHagH3HpyeM^ix nosecTen HeKOTopHe nogKnaccH MoryT 0Ka3aTbca cgumKOM MagHMH; Boo6^e, geTagH3a^Ha MemaeT HeTKocTU («B^myKnocTH») nogyHaeM KapTHH B pacnpegegeHHH PA b napTuax pa3H^ix nepcoHa::en.
B ogHOM BHcKa3HBaHHH Mo:eT 6HTb gsa PA. Thk, bo $pa3e spaHa Men^una e nßoxoM cocmoHHUu, eeedume eu mpaHKeußU3amop, nmo ßu, npuHuman eo enuManue^ (ygH^K, 351) cogep:HTca agbTpyucTUHecKHH hh^opmhthb (o :eH^HHe) u uMnepaTUB. B penguKe TumopT CKa^u, AßUK, a maM eu nßoxo ^ußu? (ygH^K, 340) gse ugggoKyTHBHHe cugH: no6y:geHHe u Bonpoc.
9 Pas^uHUH B ceMHOTunecKOH SHanuMOCTu B xygo^ecTBeHHOM TeKCTe
pa3HMX K^aCCOB peneBMX aKTOB
9.1 KOMMyHHKaTHBHMe KOHCTaHTM peHeBOrO OÖ^eHHH B ^H3HH H B HJOÖpa^eHHH KOMMyHHKa^HH B nOBeCTH
B KOMMyHHKaTHBHHx napTuax ochobh^ix nepcoHa:eH KoguHecTseHHaa uepapxua o6gHraTopHHx (a3HK0BHx) $yHK^HH cooTseTcTByeT ux uepapxuu u hhctothocth peagH3a^HH b o6^ihhom o6^eHHH. B napTuax 06ieM0M xoTa 6h 30-40 peHesHx aKTOB caMHe HacTHe PA - ^T0 hh^opmhthbh, 3aTeM ^KC^peccHBH u uMnepaTusH. B paccMOTpeHHHx HeT^ipex nosecTax b napTuax ochobh^ix nepcoHa:eH hh^opmhthbh 3aHHMaroT OKogo 50% (b «BecegHx noxopoHax» - 50,2; b «PyT» - 49,1; npu ^T0M y ygH^K0H B napTuax npasocgasHoro csa^eHHUKa u passuHa - cooTseTcTseHHO 71 u 65,6 %). BMecre c TeM BKgroHeHue b npaMyro peHb Hacru uH^opMaruBOB 06ycg0BgeH0 He crogbKO 3agaHaMH 0T06pa:eHHa K0MMyHHKa^HH repoes, cKogbKO Heo6xogHMocTbro coo6^HTb Huraregro ry ugu uHyro HH$opMa^Hro o repoax. ygegbHHH sec thkhx «cgy:e6HHx» uH^opMaruBOB 3aBHcHT or :aHpoBoro cBoeo6pa3Ha npoH3BegeHHa,
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B nepByro oHepegb or roro, KaKoft o6ieM b HeM saHUMaror «c^eHH» (BsauMogeftcTBue nepcoHaxeft, peagH3yeMoe npexge Bcero Bep6agbH0, hohth KaK b nbece).
B xygoxecTBeHHoft npo3e, KaK u b xh3hh, 6ogbmHHCTB0 ^KC^peccHB0B BHcrynaror B KaHecTBe gonogHuregbHoft HggoKy^HH, conpoBoxgaro^eft uH^opMaruBH u HMneparuBH. ^KC^peccHBH b hhctom Buge KpaftHe pegKH.
B3aTHe BHe KoHreKcra, raKHe BHCKa3HBaHHa He no3BogaroT noHarb, o HeM peHb ugu K HeMy no6yxgaeT roBopa^uft. Cp. cgoBa AguKa: Hem cnoe. npocmo nem cnoe (ygH^K, 321); b KoHreKcre n0HaTH0, hto peHb uger o ero 3ano3gagoM roHopape, nepegaHH0M agB0KaT0M.
9.2	XapaKTepo^orHHecKaH SHa^HMoCTt cooTHomeHHH «^^o^eHTpHHecKHx» H «a^bTpyHCTH^ecKHx» HH^opMaTHBOB, a TaK^e yge^bHoro Beca BonpocoB
B «BecegHx noxopoHax» b KoMMyHUKaruBHHx napruax 0T^a BuKropa, AguKa H Hhhh agbTpyucTHHecKue uH^opMaruBH 3aHHMaroT nepBHe Mecra; y paBBUHa ^^o^eHTpHHecKHe u agbTpyucTHHecKue uH^opMaruBH npegcraBgeHH nopoBHy (pa3gegHa I u II Mecra). ^^o^eHTpHHecKHe uH^opMaruBH nepBeHCTByror b peHu e^e rpex nepcoHaxeft, u rogbKo u b napruu Tumopr (^T0 caMHft Mogogoft u orKpHTHft Mupy nepcoHax) Ha nepB0M Mecre croar BonpocH, hohth b rpu pa3a npeB0cx0ga KoguHecTBo no6yxaeHHft (coorBercTBeHHo 29 u 11,3%). MeHbme Bcex 3agaeT BonpocoB «^egHTegbHH^a^> Mapba HrHarbeBHa. B peHeB^ix napruax 6ogbmHHCTBa nepcoHaxeft HMnepaTHB0B-no6yxgeHHft 3aMeTH0 6ogbme, HeM uMneparuBoB-BonpocoB, HepegKo B pa3H. B noBecTH FepMan Ha^e, HeM gpyrue nepcoHaxu, BonpocH 3agaeT Paygb, y3Haro^Hft o6eHx repouHb no oHepegu.
9.3	O gBOHKOH ^eHHOCTH ^aKy^BTaTHBHHX H^^OKy^HH B npflMOH pe^H nepcoHa^eö
B paccMorpeHHHx noBecrax b npaMoft peHu nepcoHaxeft peHeBHe aKTH, b koto-pHx peagH3yroTca 6ogee pegKHe HggoKy^HH (cBa3aHHHe c npoaBgeHueM ^CTeTHHec-Koft, MeTaa3HK0B0ft ugu ^aruHecKoft $yHK^Hft peHu), noHTu raK xe HeHacTH, KaK u B o6^iHHoft K0MMyHHKa^HH. 0gHaK0 gga xanpoBo-crugucruHecKoft xapaKrepucTHKH npoH3BegeHHft peHeBHe aKTH, CBa3aHHHe c npoaBgenueM Ha3BanHHx $yHK^Hft, aBga-rorca 6ogee 3HaHHMHMH, HeM peagH3a^HH 6a30BHx $yHK^Hft a3HKa (un^opMaruBH, HMneparuBH, ^KcnpeccHBH).
B paccMorpeHHHx HeMe^KHx noBecrax BHCKa3HBanHa c HggoKy^Heft ^CTeTHHec-Koro ornomenua k peHu ne npegcraBgeHH B0Bce, a b gByx noBecrax pyccKoa3^iHHHx aBTopoB B K0MMyHHKaTHBHHx napruax orgegbHHx nepconaxeft ygegbHHft Bec PA c ^CTeTHHecKoft $yHK^Heft, KaK Kaxerca, n p e b h m a e r «o 6 h h n y ro» nacH-^ennocTb peHu raKHMu ^aKraMu2'. Hame npegnogoxenue o tom, hto nac^i^eHnocrb
21 Pa3yMeeTca, »o6HHHaa« gga noBcegneBHoH peHU BCTpeHaeMocTb npoaBgenuH acTCTHHecKoro 0TH0meHHa k a3HKy HeH3BecTHa u Bpag gu noggaexca KoguHecxBeHH^iM o^eHKaM.
nogo6HHMu ^aKraMu K0MMyHuKaruBHHx napruH orgegbHHx repoes M0®er npesH-marb HacH^eHHocrb anagoru^H^iMu ^bkibmu peagbHoro o6^eHua, ochobbho hb tom, nro B penu nepcoHa®a nacro cgusarorca gsa uctohhukb ^creruHecK0^0 orHomeHua k a3HKy: oguH uctohhuk uger or u3o6pa®aeMoro Mupa, r.e. or «®u3hu» repoa (Koropaa xora u npugyMBHa asropoM, ho tbk ugu uHane coorHeceHa aBropoM ®e c peagbHoc-Tbw); BropoH uctohhuk - ^ro cbm aBrop kbk aKrusHaa a3HK0Baa gunHocrb, co cboum uguogeKroM u uHgusugyagbH^iMu a3^iK0BHMu npucrpacruaMu. AgeKcangp CBo6oguH nucag, nro Ocran BeHgep - ^ro «paspocmaaca penpu3a^> (asropos). B cbmom gege, Hgba Hgb$ u EsreHun Herpos orgagu 3ogorHe poccHnu csoux, asropcKux, ocrpor u penesHx HaxogoK seguKoMy K0M6uHaropy, KoropHH, 6garogapa «n0gapeHH0My» eMy a3HK0B0My aprucru3My, crag kbk 6h $egberoHHHM alter ego asropos, ho 3aro He npuxogurca rosopurb o npaBgonogo6uu o6pa3a Ocrana BeHgepa no orHomeHuw K peagbHocru (HanpuMep, k runaM MegKux ogeccKux a^epucros 1930-x rr.).
B "Beceg^ix noxopoHax" ygu^K0H b K0MMyHuKaruBH0H napruu ÄguKa PA c ^creru-necK0H $yHK^ueH cocrasgaror nonru 7%, b ro speMa kbk b penu ner^ipex nepcoHaxen ^ra $yHK^ua He npegcrasgeHa, a y ocragbHHx Koge6gerca or 0,7 go 1,3 % scex PA.
yMuparo^un AguK or Hanaga (or csoeH nepsoH b nosecru penguKu: HuHKa, mu cmana KaK Kop3uHKa. ffnn 3Meü) go K0H^a, BKgwnaa npegcMeprHyw MarHur0$0HHyro 3anucb, myrur, urpaer 3HaneHuaMu, co3aaer H0BHe o6pa3H, nepeuHanusaer mraMnH, rosopur b pu^My, KagaM6ypur u npu ^roM coxpanaer cnoco6Hocrb yg^i6Hyrbca nyxoH myrKe. Ero peneBcn WMop ecrecrseH, ^ro HeorteMgeMaa nepra ero co3HaHua u penu, u AguK cosceM He scerga paccnur^isaer hb noHuMBHue co6ecegHuKa; ^ro kbk 6h cgerKa 03ByneHHHe o6pHBKu ero BHyrpeHHero M0Hogora. XapaKrepeH, b nacrHocru, guagor, KoropHH npoucxogur Mexgy yMuparo^uM AguK0M u ®umoh, goKropoM, KoropHH «3ae3xag KaxgwH geHb, kbk 6ygro Hageacb, nro eMy noBe3er u oh 0Kaxerca AguKy KaK-Hu6ygb noge3HHM. Oh cKgoHugca Hag AguK0M: - KaK dena, cmapuK? - A-a, mu^ PacnucaHue npuee3? - KaKoe pacnucaHue? -ydueuncM 0uMa.-Ha napoM^-cnaöeHbKü ynuÖHyncn AnuK. «ffeno k KOH^y, - nodyMan 0uMa. - Co3HaHue HanuHaem MemambcR» (ygu^K, 279). HognepKHyrHe cgosa - ^ro rpycrHaa myrKa AguKa c cbmum co6oh: AguK gyMaer: goKrop 3Haer, kbk npu6guxaerca cMeprb, - 3Hanur, goKrop 3Haer «pacnucaHue» roro «napoMa^», KoropHH nepeB03ur b ^apcrB0 MeprsHx. Cyga no sceMy, AguK b gaHH0M cgynae He paccnurHsag hb noHuManue; ^ra myrKa (nycrb ropbKaa), kbk u ygH6Ka (nycrb «cga6eHbKaa»), kbk u KygbrypHHH Kpyro3op (b KoropoM o6pa3H gpesHerpenecKon Mu^ogoruu - ecrecrseHHH u scerga pagoM), KBK u caMoupoHua, - o6pa^eHH k ce6e; ^ro o6^inHoe cocroaHue ero co3HaHua. B ^rux penguKax AguKa ecrb sonpoc (uMneparus) u noacHeHue (uH^opMarus), ho gga xapaKrepucruKu K0MMyHuKaruBH0H napruu AguKa 6ogee cy^ecrseHHo, nro b ^rux penguKax 3Bynur myrKa u urpa, r.e. nro 3gecb npegcrasgeHa ^o^runecKaa (urposaa u ^crerunecKaa) uHreH^ua rosopa^ero.
Hau6ogee gageKue AguKy (u aBropy) nepcoHaxu He rogbKo cbmu He myrar, ho u He Moryr noHarb ero WMopa. K0HenH0, AguK orHrogb He o6pa^aerca c myrKBMu k gageKuM eMy gwgaM; myrKy AguKa noBropaer ero xeHa, o6iacHaa ^eguregbHu^e, noneMy AguK He xoner Kpecrurbca. - Hune^ü % He Mü^y cdenamb. He xonem oh. CMeemcR. nycmb, ^üeüpum, meoü Eü^ MeH% 6ecnapmuüHü^ü npuMem. Mapb%
H^HambeeHa eunynunacb: - Hun, mu nmo? Bu 3decb KaK e necy ^ueeme. ffa na nmo ^e rocnody Eo^y napmuünue? - HunKa MaxnynapyKoü <.> (yIu^K, 283).
TaKuM 06pa30M, penesHe aKXH c ^CTeTUHecKoft $yHK^ueft saxHH KaK gia B^iasieHua xapaKxepoioruHecKux pa3iuHuft Mexgy repoaMu, xaK u gia ycuieHua ^CTeTUHecKoft npuBieKaxeitHocxu xeKCxa npou3BegeHua b ^eI0M.
9.4 yc^OBHH noflB^eHHfl B npaMOÖ pe^H repoeB ^aTH^ecKHx K^Hme
ygeitHHft sec PA c ^axunecKoft $yHK^ueft b xygoxecxseHHHx xeKCxax cy^ecTseHHo MeHtme, HeM goia ^axunecKux PA b peaitHoft K0MMyHUKa^uu. ^uxaxeiM BnoiHe noHaxHo, hto b xoft xu3hu, KoxopyM Ha CTpaHu^ax csoeft KHuru 0T06paxaeT asxop, iMgu oxHocuxeitHo peryiapHo 3gopoBaMTca, 6iarogapaT, u3BuHaMTca, npo^aMTca, 3anoiHaMT nay3H gexypHHMu Kiume o caMoHyscxBuu, noroge uiu noiuxuKe u x.n., ogHaKo ^T0 HacxoitKo npegcKa3yeMHe u ma6i0HHHe peHu, noHTu nycTHe b uH$0pMa^u0HH0M u ^M0^u0HaItH0-^KC^peccuBH0M niaHe, hto 6oitmeft HacTtM ohu He nonagarox b KoMMyHuKaxusHHe napxuu repoes. HcKiMHeHua pegKu, u ^T0 scerga uHxepecHHe ciynau, KaK npasuio, c HeKoxopHM oxcxynieHueM ox KoMMyHuKaxusHoro y3yca. Moxho yKa3aTt xpu ochobhhx Moxusa, no KoxopHM ^axunecKue PA sKiMHaMxca b pent nepcoHaxa.
Bo-nepsHx, gia geM0HCTpa^uu nycxonopoxHocxu ^axunecKoro o6^eHua, ero HeopraHuHHocxu uiu xpygHocxu gia KoHKpexHoro repoa. H. Toicxoft, B0cnpou3Boga o6p^iBKu ^axunecKux peniuK (b u3o6paxeHuu puxyaia Bu3uTa b pyccK0M gsopaHCKoM 6HTy HaHaia XIX b.), asxop c6iuxaeT ^axunecKoe o6^eHue c «myM0M niaxtes u npugsuraHueM cxyites»22.
Bo-BTopHx, ^axunecKue peniuKu Moryx nonagaxt b xKaHt npou3BegeHua b tom ciyHae, eciu ohu oKasHsaroxca cMxexHo (^M0^u0HaItH0 u/uiu uH$opMa^uoHHo) HarpyxeHH.
HanpuMep, b «Becei^ix noxopoHax^) 6ecn0M0^H^ift Aiuk Mynaexca ox g0H0ca^eftca c yIu^H HecK0HHaeM0ft iaxuHoaMepuKaHCKoft My3HKu. «yxe BxopyM HegeiM sect KBapxai goHuMaiu mecxepo MxHoaMepuKaHCKux uHgeft^eB, o6iM6oBaBmux ce6e yroi npaM0 nog ux 0KHaMu. - Henb3n nu ux KaK-nuöydb 3amKHymb? - xuxo cnpocui Aiuk. - npo^e me6n 3amKHymb, - 0T03Baiact BaieHxuHa u Hageia Ha Aiukh HaymHuKu.
BaieHxuHa nocxasuia eMy gxaniuH0BCKuft perxaftM». ^T0, geftcxBuxeitHo, 6hi BHxog. H aBxop, hto6h noKasaxt u ycnemHocxt geftcxsua BaieHxuHH, u noiHyM npueMieMocTt gia AiuKa ee rpy60BaT0-myTiuBHx cios (npo^e me6n 3amKHymb), ^uTupyeT ^axunecKyM peniuKy AiuKa, nonyxHo oxMenaa Henp0u3B0itH0e u noxoMy 0C06eHH0 3HaHuMoe MuMunecKoe conposoxgeHue ciosecHoro Kiume: Cnacuöo, 3aüKa, - gporHyi seKaMu Aiuk» (yIU^K, 289).
22 »yx maK daeno... Fpa^unn... Eonbna 6una öeönnxKa... na 6anePasyMoecxux... spa^unnAnpaKcuna ... n maK 6unapada«, - nod^imaiuct oxuBicHH^ie xeHCKue roioca, ^epe6HBaa oguH gpyroro u ciuBaact c myM0M niaxteB u npugBuraHueM cxyiteB. HaHaica xox pa3roBop, Koxopuft 3axeBarox poBHo HacxoitKo, Hxo6u npu nepBoft nay3e Bcxaxt, 3amyMexb niaxtaMu, nporoBopuxt: »Ouenb, ouenb pada .. söopoebe Maua... Fpa^unn AnpaKcuna« -u onaxt, 3amyMeB niaxtaMu, npoftxu b nepegHMM, Hagext my6y uiu nia^ u yexaxt« (»BoftHa u Mup«, x. 1, h. 1, 7).
B-rpexbux, o6hhho ^uTupyMTca HeyMecxHHe, HeygaHHHe penguKu b ^aru-hcckoh $yHK^uu, noTOMy hto KOMMyHuKaruBHaa HegoBKocxb nepcoHaxa gga ero xapaKxepucruKu cy^ecxBeHHa, Mexgy tcm KaK «HopMagbHoe» ^aruHecKoe oö^eHue xpuBuagbHO u BnogHe Moxer oöoHxucb öes aBTopcKoro (u HuraregbcKoro) BHuManua.
B «BecegHx noxopoHax» k yMuparo^eMy AguKy npuBogar «npaBugbHoro» paB-BuHa, c^e^uagucTa no «uygeo-ucgaMcKOH Kygbxype bpcmch xagu^ara», HegaBHO npuexaBmero c geK^uaMu us Hspauga b ÄMepuKy. KaK noKasHBaer aBTop, yHeHocxb paBBuHa, KaK u ero «oprogoKcagbHaa» ceMba (b KoropoH BcKope gogxeH poguxbca gecaxHH peöeHOK), ÖHgu cBoero poga yxogoM or cgumKOM necrporo u HenpegcKa-syeMoro OKpyxaro^ero Mupa. Korga paBBuHa BBegu b KOMHary k AguKy, nepBHMu cgOBaMu paBBuHa ÖHgu: «- Do you speak English, don't you?^^ -1 do, - ygHÖHygca AguK u nogMurHyg Huhc» (ygu^K, 313). Hegenocxb, HeyMHocxb Bonpoca paBBuHa BHsHBawT y AguKa ygHÖKy, a aBxopy ^pasa HyxHa KaK pas gga roro, hto6h Huraregb yBugeg, KaK gageK or gMgen orpaHuHeHHHH cboch yHeHocrbw oprogoKc.
TaKuM oöpasoM, hto6h b KOMMyHuKaruBHOH napxuu nepcoHaxa noaBugucb ^aruHecKue penguKu, HeoöxoguMH c^e^uagbHHe xygoxecxBeHHHe sagaHua, cBasaHHHe npexge Bcero c oroöpaxeHueM xapaKxepoB gMgen u mcx^uhhocthhx OTHOmeHuH.
10 SaK^roneHHe. npHMaa pent ^HTepaTypHwx repoeB KaK ^eHOMeH fljMKa, peneBoro noBegeHHH h c^OBecHoro HCKyccTBa
npaMaa peHb gureparypHHx repoeB npegcraBgaer co6oh cgoxHHH gga aHagusa oöieKx, BosHuKaro^un b pesygbxare nopoxgaro^en gearegbHocru rpex MogegupyM^ux ccmuotuhcckhx cuctcm: ^THUHecK0^0 asHKa, KOMMyHuKaruBHO-noBegeHHecKoro ysyca (onpegegeHHoro co^uyMa) u ccmuotukh xygoxecxBeHHon gureparypH (KaK onpegegeHHoro cpegcxBa oö^eHua, b ee pogoBHx u xaHpoBHx nogcucreMax ccmuotuhcckux bosmoxhoctch). ^BpucTUHecKaa ^eHH0CTb npeggoxeHHoro nogxoga CBasana b nepByw OHepegb c uccgegoBanueM ccmuotuhcckoh npupogH peagbHOH KOMMyHUKaruBHOH npaKxuKu u ccmuotuhcckhx bosmoxhoctch guTeparypHoro oö^eHua (r.e. K0MMyHu^up0BaHUH nucarega u Hurarega). gga reopuu K0MMyHUKa^uu u guHrBucTUHecKOH npaPMaruKH aHagus oö^eHua, npegcraBgeHHoro B npaMOH peHu gureparypHHx nepcoHaxen, cy^ecxBeH tcm, hto nosBogaer yBugexb KOHcraHTH u Bapua^uu b sHaHUMOcru pasHHx KgaccoB pchcbhx aKxoB b pasHHx KOMMyHUKaruBHO-ceMuoTUHecKHx ycgoBuax - b peagbHOH K0MMyHUKa^uu u b ee OTOÖpaxeHuu b npousBegeHuax ucKyccxBa cgoBa. gga ccmuotuku xygoxecxBeHHOH gureparypH uccgegoBaHue KOMMyHUKaruBHOH crpyKxypH npaMOH peHu repoeB uHxepecHO tcm, hto oho noKasHBaer $yHK^u0HagbHyM gBOHCXBeHHOCXb oö^eHua repoeB npousBegeHua: nepcoHaxu roBopar Mexgy co6oh, ho ux pasroBop - ^T0 penguKa nucarega b ero K0MMyHUKa^uu c HuraregeM.
23 no cBoeMy ysyagbHOMy sHaneHuro ^pasa oxBeHaex MexaasHKOBHM HaMepeHuaM, ogHaKO b npuBegeHHOH c^eHe penguKa cgyxux ^axuHecKUM npeggBepueM pasroBopa.
nHTEPATVPA
ApyTK)HOBA, H.^., 1998: PeHenoBegeHHecKue hkth h guajor [1992]. V: ApyiraHOBA, H.fl.
H3UK u Mup HenoeeKa. MocKsa., 643-660. Atapoba, K.H., ^ecckhc r.A., 1976: CeMaHTUKa h cxpyKxypa n0BecTB0BaHHa ot nepsoro
JH^a B xygo:ecTBeHH0H npo3e. V: H3eecmuH AH CCCP. C^H, M 4. 343-356. Atapoba, K.H., ^ecckhc EA., 1980: CeMaHTUKa h cxpyKxypa n0BecTB0BaHHa ot xpextero
JH^a B xygo:ecxBeHH0H npo3e. V: H3eecmuH AH CCCP. C^H, M 1, 33-46. Baxthh, M.M., 1963: npoßneMU nosmuKu ^ocmoeecKoao. MocKsa.
Baxthh, M.M., 1979: npo6jeMa penesHX :aHpoB. V: EaxxuH, M.M. ^cmemuKa cnoeecHoao
meopuecmea. MocKsa. 237-280. [Baxthh, M.M.,] Bojiomnnob, B.H., 1930: MapKcu3M u ^unoco^un H3UKa. OcHoeHue npoöne-
Mu co^uoJo^u^ecKo^o Memoda e HayKe o n3UKe. ^ennnrpag. ByjiAXOBCKHH, ^.A., 1954: PyccKuü numepamypHuü n3UK nepeoü nonoeuHU XIX eeKa: 0oHe-
muKa. Mop^onoaun. VdapeHue. CuHmaKcuc. MocKsa. BHHorPAflOB, B.B., 1980: ^3hk jHxepaxypHo-xygo:ecxBeHHoro npoH3BegeHHa [1930]. V: Bh-HorPAflOB, B.B. K36paHHue mpydu. O n3UKe xyöo^ecmeeHHoü npo3U. MocKsa. 156-175. r^oBHHCKA^, M.^., 1998: TunosHe MexaHH3M^i ncKaxenna cM^icja npu nepegane Hy:oH penn.
V: ^ukm n3UKa. K 45-Jemuw HayuHoü denmenbHocmu E.A. 3eMcKoü. MocKBa.14-30. ^EMEHTbEB, B.B., 1997: H3yHeHHe penes^ix xanpos: 0630p pa6ox b cospeMeHnoft pycucxuKe.
V: Bonpocu n3UKo3HaHun, 1997, M 1. C. 109-121. ^EMEHTbEB, B.B., 2006: HenpnMan KOMMyHUKa^un. MocKsa.
Hbah^hkoba, E.A., 1979: CuHmaKcuc xyöo^ecmeeHHoü npo3U^ocmoeecKoao. MocKsa. HjibHH, H.n., 2004a: Happaxus. V: 3anadHoe numepamypoeedeHue XX eeKa: ^H^UKnone^un. MocKBa. 275-277.
HjibHH, H.n., 20046: HappaxusHaa xunojorua. V: 3anadHoe numepamypoeedeHue XX eeKa:
^H^uKJone^un. MocKsa. 277-280. H^bhh, H.n., 2004b: noBecxBoBaxejLH^ie yposHU. V: 3anadHoe numepamypoeedeHue XX
eeKa: ^H^UKnone^un. MocKsa. 316-317. Hccepc, O.C., 2006: KoMMyHunamueHue cmpameauu u maKmuKupyccKoüpeuu. MocKsa. Me^kobcka^i, H.E., 2007: CeMuomuna: H3uk. npupoda. Kynbmypa. Kypc JeK^uü. MocKsa. Octhh, g:., 1986: Cjobo khk geftcxBue [1962]. V: Hoeoe e 3apy6e^Hoü nuHaeucmune. B^in.
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Povzetek
Komunikacijske vloge literarnih oseb v zgradbi leposlovne proze (semiotični vidiki)
V članku je s semiotičnih vidikov predstavljena leposlovna literatura kot večravninski sistem možnosti komuniciranja avtorja z bralci. Izhaja se iz tega, da semiotično zgradbo leposlovnega dela tvori vrsta nadverbalnih ravnin (glede na vrsto, žanr, zgradbo in tudi glede na druge določitve) in tri verbalne ravnine: 1) ravnina etničnega (nacionalnega) jezika, 2) ravnina govornih aktov v premem govoru literarnih oseb in 3) ravnine govornih žanrov, uresničene v govoru pripovedovalca oz. avtorja.
Zaporednost govornih aktov v premem govoru literarne osebe oblikuje njegovo komunikacijsko (govornovedenjsko) vlogo, ki odraža drugačno umetniško vrednost kot možnosti etničnega jezika (v premem govoru literarne osebe). In če jezikovni portret literarne osebe (zgrajen s sredstvi etničnega jezika) obvešča o njeni etnojezikovni pripadnosti, socialnem položaju in stopnji izobrazbe, se s komunikativnim vedenjem literarne osebe razkriva njen značaj in temperament, soodnos še z drugimi literarnimi osebami in njeno mesto v paradigmi značajev, predstavljeni v umetniškem delu. Sintagmatska analiza komunikacijskih vlog predvideva obravnavo takšnih vidikov umetniške upodobitve komunikacije, kot so soodnos premega govora literarnih oseb in avtorjevega govora; različno količino premega govora v avtorjevi pripovedi; konkurenco različnih vrst predstavitve komunikacije literarnih oseb (premi govor proti nepremim, posrednim oblikam tujega govora); odnosi med premim govorom literarnih oseb in vzporednim avtorjevim govorom; stopnja logiko-psihološke polnosti dialogov in polilogov; stopnja in jezikovna sredstva povezanosti replik literarnih oseb in povezanosti zaporednih govornih dejanj posameznih replik ene literarne osebe.
Paradigmatska analiza komunikacijskih vlog obravnava ilokucijsko vsebino premega govora različnih literarnih oseb, kar zahteva opredelitev funkcionalnosti govornih aktov in teže posameznih ilokucij posameznih komunikativnih vlog.
Kot ponazoritev so predstavljeni rezultati analize komunikacij skih vlog literarnih oseb v dveh ruskih in v dveh nemških povestih. Komunikacijsko invarianto premega govora v obravnavanih umetniških delih kažejo naslednje lastnosti replik: 1) obveznost in prevladovanje informativov, 2) obveznost in razmeroma velik delež ekspresivov, pobud in vprašanj in 3) neobveznost, precejšnje razlike v količini in bolj raznolike umetniške funkcije fatičnih, estetskih in metakomunikativnih ilokucij v replikah različnih literarnih oseb.