Anali za istrske in mediteranske študije Annali di Studi istriani e mediterranei Annals for Istrian and Mediterranean Studies Series Historia et Sociologia, 30, 2020, 1 UDK 009 Annales, Ser. hist. sociol., 30, 2020, 1, pp. 1-176, Koper 2020 ISSN 1408-5348 KOPER 2020 Anali za istrske in mediteranske študije Annali di Studi istriani e mediterranei Annals for Istrian and Mediterranean Studies Series Historia et Sociologia, 30, 2020, 1 UDK 009 ISSN 1408-5348 (Print) ISSN 2591-1775 (Online) ANNALES · Ser. hist. sociol. · 30 · 2020 · 1 ISSN 1408-5348 (Tiskana izd.) UDK 009 Letnik 30, leto 2020, številka 1 ISSN 2591-1775 (Spletna izd.) 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ANNALES · Ser. hist. sociol. · 30 · 2020 · 1 Jožica Čeh Steger: Ljudska pesem Lepa Vida v kontekstu sredozemskih sorodnic in ljudskih pesmi o Kraljeviču Marku ............................ 1 Ballata popolare 'Bella Vida' nel contesto delle parenti mediterranee e canzoni popolari su Principe Marko The Folk Song ‘Fair Vida’ in the Context of its Mediterranean Relatives and the Folk Songs about Prince Marko Michelle Gadpaille & Simon Zupan: Interpreting and Translating Shakespeare’s Heraldic Terminology: 1 Henry IV and 2 Henry VI in Slovene ............................................ 13 Interpretazione e traduzione della terminologia eraldica di Shakespeare: 1 Henry IV e 2 Henry VI nella lingua slovena Tolmačenje in prevajanje Shakespearove heraldične terminologije: 1 Henrik IV in 2 Henrik VI v slovenščini Janko Trupej: Ideological Influences on the Reception of Karl May in Slovenia .................... 35 Influenze ideologiche sulla ricezione di Karl May in Slovenia Ideološki vplivi na recepcijo Karla Maya v Sloveniji Maruša Mugerli Lavrenčič: Trieste as Literary Space: The City and its Surroundings in Works by Anna Hilaria Von Eckhel (Zwischen Wellen und Steinen), Marica Nadlišek (Na obali), and Scipio Slataper (Il mio Carso) .......................... 51 Trieste come luogo letterario: la città e il suo entroterra nelle opere di Anna Hilaria von Eckhel (Zwischen Wellen und Steinen), Marica Nadlišek (Na obali) e Scipio Slataper (Il mio Carso) Trst kot literarni prostor: mesto in njegovo zaledje v delih Anne Hilarie von Eckhel (Zwischen Wellen und Steinen), Marice Nadlišek (Na obali) in Scipia Slataperja (Il mio Carso) Jelena Mrkaić: Reconstructing Culture through Linguistically Coded Gender Stereotypes – the Case of Petar II Petrović Njegoš Phraseology ................................ 65 Ricostruendo la cultura attraverso stereotipi di genere linguisticamente codificati ‒ il caso della fraseologia di Petar II Petrović Njegoš Rekonstrukcija kulture skozi jezikovno kodirane spolne stereotipe – primer frazeologije Petra II. Petrovića Njegoša Andriela Vitić – Ćetković, Ivona Jovanović & Jasna Potočnik Topler: Literary Tourism: the Role of Russian 19th Century Travel Literature in the Positioning of the Smallest European Royal Capital – Cetinje ............. 81 Turismo letterario: il ruolo della letteratura di viaggio Russa del secolo XIX nel posizionamento della più piccola capitale reale Europea – Cettigne Literarni turizem: vloga ruske potopisne književnosti 19. stoletja v umeščanju najmanjše evropske kraljeve prestolnice – Cetinje Giancarlo Bagnod, Gianmarco Chenal, Alessandro Corsi, Marilisa Letey & Simonetta Mazzarino: The "Pergola Valdostana" and Heroic Viticulture in Aosta Valley (Italy): A Case Study on a Traditional Wine-Growing System ....................... 99 La pergola Valdostana e la viticoltura eroica in Valle d’Aosta (Italia): caso di studio relativo a un sistema tradizionale di allevamento della vite Pergola Valdostana in herojsko vinogradništvo v dolini Aoste (Italija): študija primera o tradicionalnem sistemu gojenja vinske trte Anali za istrske in mediteranske študije - Annali di Studi istriani e mediterranei - Annals for Istrian and Mediterranean Studies VSEBINA / INDICE GENERALE / CONTENTS UDK 009 Volume 30, Koper 2020, issue 1 ISSN 1408-5348 (Print) ISSN 2591-1775 (Online) ANNALES · Ser. hist. sociol. · 30 · 2020 · 1 Anali za istrske in mediteranske študije - Annali di Studi istriani e mediterranei - Annals for Istrian and Mediterranean Studies Jure Vuga: Poskus rekonstrukcije »ciborija Svetega Nazarija« v srednjeveški stolnici Marijinega vnebovzetja v Kopru ................................................................. 113 An attempt of Reconstruction of the Ciborium of Saint Nazarius in the Medieval Cathedral of the Assumption in Koper Tentativo di ricostruzione del »ciborio di San Nazzario« nel duomo medievale dell'assunta di Capodistria Maja Vehar: Vzgoja za starševstvo na Slovenskem v obdobju 1945–1955 .................. 133 L'educazione alla genitorialità in Slovenia nel periodo 1945–1955 Parenthood Education in Slovenia in the period 1945–1955 Aleš Gabrič: Gradin med pripadnostjo Sloveniji in Hrvaški .............................................. 147 Gradena: contesa tra Slovenia e Croazia Gradin between Slovenia and Croatia POLEMIKA / POLEMICA / POLEMIC Opazke k članku Boža Repeta “Vloga Milana Kučana v slovenski zunanji politiki” (Dimitrij Rupel) ...................................... 167 OCENE / RECENSIONI / REVIEWS Alenka Divjak: Sustainable Tourism between Esperanto and English (Jasna Potočnik Topler) ......................................... 169 Vili Ravnjak (ur.): 100 let Slovenskega narodnega gledališča v Mariboru: drama, opera, balet (Franc Križnar) ..................................................... 170 Duška Žitko: El Tartini in piassa / Tartini na trgu (Franc Križnar) ..................................................... 172 Ivo Goldstein: Jasenovac (Federico Tenca Montini) ...................................... 173 Kazalo k slikam na ovitku ..................................... 176 Indice delle foto di copertina ................................. 176 Index to images on the cover ................................. 176 ANNALES · Ser. hist. sociol. · 30 · 2020 · 1 35 received: 2019-10-10 DOI 10.19233/ASHS.2020.03 IDEOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ON THE RECEPTION OF KARL MAY IN SLOVENIA Janko TRUPEJ Laška vas 21, SI-3273 Jurklošter, Slovenia e-mail: janko.trupej@gmail.com ABSTRACT The article discusses the extent to which ideological factors affected Karl May’s reception among Slovenians. The analysis encompassed writings about May in Slovenian serial publications from the beginning of the 20 th century until the present. The results showed that May’s reception during a particular historical period was influenced by both the ideological orientation of the serial publication in which the writer was discussed, which is especially characteristic of the Habsburg era, and the contemporary socio-political situation in the country of which the Slovenian territory formed part at a particular time, which is most true for the socialist era. Keywords: Karl May, reception, ideology, German literature, popular fiction INFLUENZE IDEOLOGICHE SULLA RICEZIONE DI KARL MAY IN SLOVENIA SINTESI Nell’articolo si discute la misura in cui i fattori ideologici hanno influenzato la ricezione slovena di Karl May. L’analisi si basa su scritti su May pubblicati nei periodici sloveni dall’inizio del novecento fino ad oggi. I risultati hanno mostrato che la ricezione di May in un particolare periodo storico è stata condizionata sia da influenze legate all’orientamento ideologico del periodico in cui si è discusso dello scrittore, il che è particolarmente caratteristico del periodo asburgico, sia da quelle legate alla contemporanea situazione socio-politica dello Stato di cui il territorio sloveno faceva parte in un determinato periodo, e si sono manifestate specialmente nell’era socialista. Parole chiave: Karl May, ricezione, ideologia, letteratura tedesca, narrativa di genere ANNALES · Ser. hist. sociol. · 30 · 2020 · 1 36 Janko TRUPEJ: IDEOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ON THE RECEPTION OF KARL MAY IN SLOVENIA, 35–50 INTRODUCTION Karl May (1842–1912) is the most commercially su- ccessful German writer of all time, with estimated sales of more than 200 million copies worldwide (Kimmel- man, 2007; Connolly, 2012; Fleischhauer, 2012). While the phrase nemo propheta in patria may hold true for many literary figures, May is not among them: although virtually unknown in the Anglo-Saxon cultural sphere (Ferens, 2008, 90; Reagin, 2016, 554; cf. Berman, 2002, 283–84), he has remained popular in Germany throug- hout the various social, political and economic changes the country has experienced (Berman, 2002, 301). He has also achieved prominence in many other European countries; for instance, Heribert Frhr. v. Feilitzsch even claimed that »Karl May’s travel narrations of the 1880s are main sources about the American Southwest for German speaking Europeans« (Feilitzsch, 1993, 173). Jan Makarovič made a similar statement about May perhaps being Europeans’ main source of information about the Balkans (qtd. in Šabec, 2004, 54; see also Kappus, 1935; Kurent, 1982, 353), while Nina Berman noted that because May was so widely read, he had a profound influence on shaping people’s views of the nations he wrote about (Berman, 1998, 53, 67; see also Ferens, 2008, 108). Kate Connolly gave the following explanation for his enduring popularity across Europe: At the time of the Kaiser, May provided Germans with a fantasy world to inhabit when ordinary people didn’t travel. Later, when communism gripped large parts of Europe, his novels gave a sense of the world that was out of bounds to his captive audience, who hung on his words in a similar fashion to how downtrodden readers of another era must have lapped up their Dickens (Connolly, 2012; cf. Morton, 1987; Berman, 2002, 287–288; Fleischhauer, 2012). Miha Mazzini even went as far as to state that, considering May’s popularity in Central Europe, the region could be referred to as ‘Karl May’s Europe’ (cf. Morton, 1987). 1 This includes the Slovenian nation, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire during 1 Delo, 24. 3. 1998: Slovenski knjižni zid Karla Maya, 21. 2 Among May’s early readership were some Slovenians who would go on to become prominent representatives of the intelligentsia, includ- ing the nation’s most canonized prose writer, Ivan Cankar (1876–1918) (Löffler & Slodnjak, 1976, 471), and the well-known Slovenian- American author, Louis Adamič (1898–1951) (Kurent, 1982, 353). May himself had some ties to the Slovenian nation: he and his wife spent time at the spa in Dobrna in 1907 (Šepetavc, 1988, 185) and were pen-friends with a Slovenian family—despite never having met them in person, May even agreed to be the godfather to one of their daughters (Lajovic, 1964; 1965). 3 In the first half of the 1980s, re-translations of some of May’s novels were printed in more than 10,000 copies, which was an imposing number back then, and even more so nowadays, when printings of works of fiction rarely exceed a thousand copies. The most recent book publications of May’s works appeared in the mid-1990s: new editions of some pre-World War II translations were published (see the Appendix for the bibliography of all the Slovenian translations of May’s novels). To put May’s popularity in the 21 st century into perspective: in 2007, the ratio between the number of individual copies of May’s works and individual copies of J. K. Rowling’s or Dan Brown’s works borrowed from Slovenian libraries was approximately 1 to 4 (see Trupej, 2017, 124). 4 For the purpose of this article, ‘Slovenia’ denotes the Slovenian ethnic territory, i.e. the area that now constitutes the Republic of Slovenia, as well as border regions with a Slovenian minority. the time that May was writing, and since German was the lingua franca in the country, Slovenians came in contact with May’s works quite early (Hladnik, 1993; Steinmetz, 1994, 313, 320–328). 2 He remained popular among Slovenian readers until almost the end of the 20 th century, and while in recent decades May has not been nearly as widely read in Slovenia as he once was, he is far from forgotten (Pokorn, 2012, 83). 3 By means of a comprehensive textual analysis, this article will address how May’s reception changed in Slovenia 4 through successive historical periods; as repre- sentatives of reception aesthetics and reader-response theory assert, readers’ changing perception of literary works over time deserves just as much attention as inter- pretation of the texts themselves (Pezdirc Bartol, 2000, 195). Research has shown that ideological interventions were made in Slovenian translations of May’s works: occasionally this occurred in pre-World War II transla- tions, but it is more characteristic of the translations pu- blished during the socialist era, when the important role of both the Christian religion and German nationality in May’s stories was toned down (Pokorn, 2012, 84–92), along with parts of the texts that could be perceived as racist (Trupej, 2017). These and other potential interven- tions may have influenced the interpretive possibilities of particular works, and thus their reception. The research was conducted with the help of the Digital Library of Slovenia. The analysed corpus encom- passed around 2000 individual issues of serial publica- tions in which Karl May is mentioned. The focus of the discussion will be on articles expressing explicit value judgements about May’s persona and/or his works, sin- ce this approach will most clearly show how ideology influenced reception. KARL MAY’S RECEPTION IN THE SOURCE CULTURE Karl May was born into poverty and in his youth entered upon a life of petty crime, because of which he had spent around 8 years behind bars by his early thirties. After he was released, May began to publish the serialized stories that would soon make him famous. Proceeds from the sales of the book versions of these sto- ries enabled him to acquire many artefacts supposedly ANNALES · Ser. hist. sociol. · 30 · 2020 · 1 37 Janko TRUPEJ: IDEOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ON THE RECEPTION OF KARL MAY IN SLOVENIA, 35–50 substantiating his claim to having visited the lands he wrote about and having performed the deeds he related as the first-person narrator of his stories—a German deus ex machina going by the name Old Shatterhand in the novels set in the Old West, and Kara Ben Nemsi in those set in the ‘Orient’. In the late 1890s, May’s fabrications of the accounts of his travels, his false claim of having been awarded an honorary doctorate and his criminal past began to be exposed, which led to a series of libel suits and countersuits; however, all the controversy did not substantially affect his popularity (Fleischhauer, 2012; see also Morton, 1987; Kimmelman, 2007; Rea- gin, 2016, 557). 5 In 1923, Aloys Fischer speculated that May’s enduring appeal stemmed from the substantial differences between the civilized, practically organized world, and the world of the ‘Indians’, in which the cha- racters are still allowed to act in accordance with their primal instincts (qtd. in Kordigel, 1990, 15). 6 May’s opus became somewhat problematic in Nazi Germany, since some of his most beloved characters were non-Aryans, and his pacifist views were not in accordance with Nazi militarism (Heermann, 1995, 143–145; Reagin, 2016, 562). During the time that the Nazi Party was in power, some of May’s more pacifist works were thus out of print (Reagin, 2016, 562–563; cf. Lutz, 2002, 178); however, certain of his characters and plots were even employed to endorse Nazi values (Lutz, 2002, 178; see also Feest, 2002, 26; Fleischhauer, 2012; Reagin, 2016, 565). As Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers puts it, »Karl May’s stereotypes anticipated a rhetoric of nature and Heimat, racial purity, anti-Semitism and heroic Übermenschentum« (Schwandner-Sievers, 2008, 57; emphasis in the original). In the divided post-War Germany, there were different attitudes towards May. By the 1960s, he was no longer politically problematic in West Germany (Reagin, 2016, 570), 7 while in East Germany—altho- ugh not officially banned—May was considered persona non grata by the government: his works were not published, were removed from libraries and confiscated by customs officers and schoolteachers, etc. (Heermann, 1995, 147). 8 Among the reasons for 5 Even in Slovenian serial publications there were reports about May’s contemporary status in German-speaking countries. For instance, Slovenski učitelj reports how, at a meeting of Catholic educators in Vienna, one of the speakers stated that May’s books were not suitable to be read by young people, since literature for youth should be »Catholic, morally pure, patriotic and artistically-aesthetic« (N.N., 1905, 48; see also Glonar, 1910, 319–320). Despite attempts to limit May’s popularity, his readers included figures as influential as Kaiser Wilhelm II and Karl Liebknecht, as well as representatives of the intellectual crème de la crème, for instance Albert Schweitzer, Hermann Hesse, Albert Einstein, Franz Kafka, Ernst Bloch and Martin Walser (Morton, 1987; Kimmelman, 2007; Fleischhauer, 2012). 6 The German nation has traditionally shown a strong affinity for Native Americans, as is evidenced by the fact that during the time May wrote most of his works, approximately one thousand other titles of ‘Indian fiction’ were published; these had a substantial impact on the German perception of Native Americans (Feest, 2002, 37–38; cf. Reagin, 2016, 554–555, 558). Shortly after May’s death, a culture of ‘Indian’ hobbyists re-enacting his stories began to develop, and this practice remains strong today (Reagin, 2016; cf. Feest, 2002, 31–32). 7 May’s popularity surged again after his works entered the public domain 50 years after his death, and many films based on May’s plots began to be produced. Most enjoyed commercial success and are still shown on TV today, although they are not considered to be of major artistic value (Schmiedt, 2006). 8 No new editions of May’s works were published in the German Democratic Republic until the 1980s (Reagin, 2016, 565–566; see also Morton, 1987; Kimmelman, 2007; Fleischhauer, 2012). 9 Hans Christoph Buch used the term ‘philistine imperialism’ to describe May’s writing (Buch, 1965, 1296). May’s unacceptability to the socialist regime were that he was known to have been Hitler’s favourite author and a champion of Christianity (Kimmelman, 2007), as well as that some of his works were perceived as racist and as not affirming the values of the working classes (Heermann, 1995, 166). Furthermore, many of May’s novels were set in the USA—the ideological antagonist of the Eastern Bloc; these works were thus de facto perceived as belonging to an ‘imperialist’ American genre (Reagin, 2016, 565). 9 Image 1: Karl May in 1907 (Wikimedia Commons). ANNALES · Ser. hist. sociol. · 30 · 2020 · 1 38 Janko TRUPEJ: IDEOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ON THE RECEPTION OF KARL MAY IN SLOVENIA, 35–50 Some of May’s most popular novels are indeed set in the United States during and after the Civil War, but most of the protagonists are Germans or at least have German ancestry (Kriegleder, 2011, 16). 10 Klaus Zelewitz states that, for May’s works, it is partly true that Native Americans direct the plot (Zelewitz, 1992, 106); however, it is implied that Winnetou, the most famous Native American character in May’s œuvre, owes his considerable nobility to his Christian up- bringing by a German mentor (Berman, 2002, 290; see also Feest, 2002, 33; Lutz, 2002, 176). Similarly, Dominika Ferens observes that in Winnetou, the title character’s adoption of Christianity and German valu- es are foregrounded (Ferens, 2008, 92; cf. Feilitzsch, 1993, 173). Religion and ethnicity also play important roles in May’s novels set in Africa, the Middle East and the Balkans. Ferens notes that anti-colonialist messages can be found in May’s works (Ferens, 2008, 91, 96; cf. Berman, 2002, 300); however, she further observes that although May propagated good re- lations between Caucasians and other ethnicities, he presented the former as clearly superior (Ferens, 2008, 91, 98). Berman states that after May undertook a journey to the ‘Orient’ in 1899, he began to write works of a pacifist and anti-colonial nature (Berman, 1998, 66–67; see also Morton, 1987); however, she also claims that in the series of novels collectively referred to as the Orientzyklus (written before May ever set foot in the ‘Orient’), the development of the German protagonist »teaches the reader how to think and act like a colonizer, a Eurocentrist, and a racist« (Berman, 1998, 56; cf. Heermann, 1995, 146). Kara Ben Nemsi’s Bedouin sidekick Hadschi Halef Omar is described as physically unimposing and somewhat ignorant; the dynamic between the two characters can be seen as a representation of the relationship between Europe and the Middle East (Berman, 1998, 59). Berman further asserts that May’s literary alter ego often displays a patronizing attitude towards other ‘Oriental’ interlocutors (Berman, 1998, 60–62; cf. Ferens, 2008, 91) and »is a self-appointed master and judge, who derives his legitimacy from belonging to Western culture« (Berman, 1998, 62). Such attitudes may be perceived as problematic by many readers in the post-colonial era. 10 May’s works about the Old West were so influential that even in the 1960s, employees of the American State Department were reportedly encouraged to read May in order to better understand the German perception of the USA (Cracroft; qtd. in Ferens, 2008, 92; see also Feest, 2002, 25–26). 11 Dom in svet, 1907, 20, 1: Karl May, 527–528. 12 Straža, 4. 10. 1909: Karl May, 3. 13 Edinost, 15. 4. 1910: Karel [sic] May – razkrinkan kakor slepar, tat in ropar, 2; Učiteljski tovariš, 29. 4. 1910: Karel [sic] May – razkrinkan kakor slepar, tat in ropar, 6. 14 Narodni dnevnik, 12. 7. 1910: Indijanci proti Mayu, 4. All quotations not originally in English were translated by the author of the article. 15 Jutro, 21. 7. 1910: Kupčija je kupčija, 2. 16 Slovenski narod, 9. 8. 1910: Razkrinkan mladinski pisatelj Karel [sic] May, 1. KARL MAY’S SLOVENIAN RECEPTION Until the end of World War I Karl May was sporadically mentioned in Slovenian serial publications in the late 19 th century, but it is only towards the end of his life—when his persona was also frequently scrutinized in his home country—that value judgements about his works and/or him as a public fi- gure begin to be expressed. For instance, a report in the Catholic literary magazine Dom in svet about a court case May brought against a publishing house states that one should not believe the famous writer actually performed the unsurpassably heroic deeds he descri- bes, and that he is not too particular as far as his rich imagination is concerned, but that his writing is always morally decent. 11 Similarly, in an article published in the conservative newspaper Straža about the events that led to May divorcing his first wife, his works are described as interesting, but perhaps too fantastical; the anonymous author of the article claims that in ill-treating his ex-wife, May showed his true colours. 12 Several noteworthy articles about May were publi- shed in 1910. An article appearing in both Edinost and Učiteljski tovariš reports that May—an ardent suppor- ter of the Church and a moralist—has been exposed as a common ne’er-do-well, who in his youth spent years in prison for fraud and theft. Furthermore, the article states that in a libel case, it was proven that May had never travelled outside Germany and that his travelogues were thus fake and plagiarized. 13 In a report about May allegedly being ill-informed about the customs of Native Americans, the daily Narodni dnevnik describes him as »a disreputable writer of Catholic-themed stories and unnatural novels«. 14 The liberal daily Jutro reproaches the conservative daily Slovenec with hypocrisy for having previously reported on May’s criminal past and his works being forbidden in school libraries, but nevertheless recommending this writer of ‘trashy’ literature to their readers after his latest book was made available for purchase in a local Catholic bookshop. 15 Slovenski narod, another influential liberal daily, reported on the details of May’s criminal past; 16 a few days later, Slovenec published an article on the libel suit brought by the writer against those claiming to have knowledge of his ANNALES · Ser. hist. sociol. · 30 · 2020 · 1 39 Janko TRUPEJ: IDEOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ON THE RECEPTION OF KARL MAY IN SLOVENIA, 35–50 wrongdoings, 17 while the following month, Slovenski narod reported on a countersuit against May and one of the witnesses (accused of perjury) in the previous libel case. In the latter article, May is referred to as a »propagator of Catholic ideas«. 18 Much of this negative information about May’s life is included in an article published in Jutro, which adds that, for various reasons, May’s works were a bad influence on youth but were nevertheless recommen- ded by Catholic educators, as well as that May falsely claimed to have a Ph.D. 19 Narodni dnevnik reported that May had been in court for perjury and that his falsified doctoral diploma had been confiscated. 20 In the literary magazine Ljubljanski zvon, Joža Glonar published a lengthy and extremely damning article on May. Glonar begins by relating the writer’s criminal activities, which May allegedly pursued until he wrote a few stories for a Catholic serial publication and re- alized that by writing Catholic-themed moral stories, he could make more money than by committing petty crimes—despite not having had a Catholic christening himself. The author of the article continues by stating that May wrote first person accounts of lands he never visited, declared that he translated from languages he barely knew by name and falsely claimed to have been awarded an honorary doctorate. Glonar concludes by asserting that such a person should not have as great an influence on the youth as is unfortunately the case, and therefore discourages Slovenian translation of May’s works (Glonar, 1910, 319–320). After May’s death, the daily Dan published a rather negative obituary, which includes a detailed descrip- tion of May’s life of crime. The article further states that, after May was released from prison, he wrote first person accounts of countries he never visited and heroic feats he never accomplished, as well as that he falsely claimed to have a doctoral degree; neverthe- less, his works were extremely successful and were recommended for young people, especially by Catho- lic serial publications. Despite claiming that reading May could be harmful to young people because it could make them lose their taste for belles-lettres and could potentially inspire them to imitate what they read, the anonymous author of the obituary concludes that May’s works do have some positive qualities and will therefore probably continue to be read. 21 May’s troubled past is illuminated once again in Slovenski 17 Slovenec, 11. 8. 1910: Karl May, 4. 18 Slovenski narod, 1. 9. 1910: Zopet Karel [sic] May, 4. 19 Jutro, 24. 10. 1910: Karl May in Lebins [sic], 2. 20 Narodni dnevnik, 5. 12. 1910: „Doktorska diploma« Karla Maya, 4. 21 Dan, 3. 4. 1912: Karl May, 2. 22 Slovenski narod, 22. 7. 1912: Spomini pokojnega Karla Maya, 5. 23 Mentor, 1927, 14, 7–8: Karl May, 178–179. 24 Slovenski narod, 21. 1. 1928: Indijanci na grobu Karla Maya, 6. 25 Slovenec, 21. 6. 1929: Indijanci na grobu Karla Maya, 6. 26 Svoboda, 1929, 1, 4–5: Karl May: Križem po Jutrovem, 130. narod, which reports that in his posthumously publi- shed memoirs, May wrote about his felonies, but that his widow edited many parts referring to his court cases. 22 Until the end of World War II In the years immediately following the end of the Great War and the dissolution of the Habsburg Empire, May was not as present in Slovenian serial publicati- ons as had been the case in the years preceding his death. A rare exception is an article in the intellectual magazine Čas, in which Janez Filipič mentions May among literature written for the sole purpose of making money and thus not suitable to be read by young pe- ople (Filipič, 1919, 236). In the late 1920s, May again begins to be discussed more frequently; for instance, an anonymous author in the magazine Mentor offers the following assessment of his œuvre: Few writers are as prolific as May was. [...] His writing is not artistic, but his stories are pleasant to read. His language flows smoothly and his style is refined. Let him be read by young people, as he has been up to now—he will stir up their imagination, and perhaps he will even offer them something more. 23 Slovenski narod reports on a delegation of Native Americans visiting May’s grave to pay their respects; their chief reportedly stated that May had done con- siderable good for Native Americans and devoted his whole life to them. 24 Slovenec also states that May wrote many positive things about the ‘Indians’ and reports that a Native American chief and his wife recently visited May’s grave. 25 When announcing a translation of one of May’s works, the leftist magazine Svoboda claims that other novels would have been more deserving of translation. The article further states that May never visited the lands nor accomplished the deeds he claimed, but nevertheless remains popular with young readers, since there seems to be something appealing about his imagination. 26 In parallel with the publication of many transla- tions of May’s works in the 1930s, there is a surge of articles about him. In Jutro, Anton Debeljak’s translation of Old Surehand is described as better ANNALES · Ser. hist. sociol. · 30 · 2020 · 1 40 Janko TRUPEJ: IDEOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ON THE RECEPTION OF KARL MAY IN SLOVENIA, 35–50 than the original because it omits the long-winded, preachy passages. 27 This sentiment is echoed in an anonymous review published in Slovenski narod, Jugoslovan, Mariborski večernik »Jutra« and Nova doba; the translator of this novel, which is described as colourful and exciting, is praised for having shor - tened the philosophical deliberations. 28 When giving an account of May’s life in the weekly publication Tedenske slike, an anonymous author mentions the felonies May committed in his youth, but expresses no value judgement about his moral character. 29 In the Catholic magazine Društvenik, May’s stories are described as lacking in artistic value, but the anonymous author of the article asserts that they are exciting, interesting and even educational, because through them, readers get to know foreign nations. 30 In the literary and cultural magazine Od- mevi, popular writer Josip Vandot states that May’s stories do have some ethical value (Vandot, 1933, 68). Slovenski narod reports on a polemic about the suitability of May as reading for young people, which appeared in the German newspaper Kölnische Zeitung, and which concluded with May being bran- ded a Marxist and a pacifist; May’s lack of objection to inter-racial marriage was reportedly also singled out as problematic. 31 In the magazine Življenje in svet, Anton Kappus relates how he once heard his German teacher state that May was a shame to the German nation and a bad influence on young people, because his works made them want to seek out adventures instead of studying; the author of the article concurs with this opinion (Kappus, 1935, 159). The right-wing daily Slovenski dom refers to May’s criminal past, which came to light towards the end of his life and allegedly affected him so much that shortly afterwards he died. 32 In Jutro, Boris Rih- teršič responds to a previously published article in Slovenec by Tine Debeljak, whom he reproaches for championing Catholic writers, including May. 33 An anonymous article published in the Catholic weekly Mi mladi borci proclaims May as one of the best popular writers, an educator and an expert in the Christian conception of the world; examples from May’s works are provided to substantiate the latter claim. The article also quotes a passage in which May expresses a negative opinion about Islam. 34 27 Jutro, 30. 11. 1930: Tri nova knjižna darila za našo mladino, 4. 28 Slovenski narod, 28. 11. 1930: Karel [sic] May: Old Surehand, 3; Jugoslovan, 30. 11. 1930: Karel [sic] May: Old Surehand, 10; Maribor- ski večernik »Jutra«, 4. 12. 1930: Karel [sic] May: Old Surehand, 2; Nova doba, 5. 12. 1930, Karel [sic] May: Old Surehand, 4. 29 Tedenske slike, 3. 3. 1932: 90 letnica [sic] rojstva Karla Maya, 2. 30 Društvenik, 1933, 3, 6; Nove knjige, 47–48. 31 Slovenski narod, 31. 12. 1934: Karel [sic] May marxist, 10. 32 Slovenski narod, 18. 2. 1936: V imenu dobrodelnosti, 4. 33 Jutro, 13. 1. 1936: O slovenskih prevodih v lanskem letu, 2. 34 Mi mladi borci, 1939, 3, 41: Karl May, 164. 35 Jutro, 14. 2. 1942: Stoletnica Karla Maya, 5. 36 Slovenec, 21. 11. 1943: Karel [sic] May naj bi bil svoja potovanja doživljal le za pisalnikom?, 5. Only a few notable articles on May were publis- hed during the time that the Slovenian territory was occupied by the Axis powers from 1941 to 1945. To commemorate the 100 th anniversary of his birth, Jutro published a lengthy article on May, who is described as a popular and widely-read writer, despite his works’ lack of artistic or moral value. The anonymous author of the article speculates that May’s writing, which is full of naive fantasy and describes lands and nations the author never encountered, was well-suited for an era with no world-shattering events—it allowed the petit bourgeoisie to read about exciting events inste- ad of actually experiencing them. The author of the article predicts that in the present and future young people might not be as drawn to May’s works because they would be living in more dramatic times. 35 An anonymous author in Slovenec published a revisionist article, claiming that although many people think of May as having composed his stories sitting at his desk, recently uncovered evidence showed that in his youth he had visited the lands he wrote about. The article asserts that May spoke English fluently, that since his youth he had owned the famous guns featured so prominently in his novels, and that when he visited the United States later in life with his wife, he encountered many people he knew from his previ- ous travels there. The article further claims that May spoke Arabic excellently, that his servant Halef from the novels set in the ‘Orient’ was a real person, and that May’s detailed knowledge of the lands he wrote about and all the mementos he brought back from his travels are further proof that his travelogues were not merely a product of his imagination. 36 Despite the Slovenian territory being occupied by Germany at the time, not all mentions of May are as positive as the previous one—in Dom in svet, Ksaver Meško (1944, 41) states that he never much cared for May’s writing, firstly because his stories did not seem believable, and secondly because May seemed not merely pious, but a bigot. The Socialist period Soon after a socialist regime was established in Slovenia, May’s works were branded as problema- tic. For instance, Ljudska pravica laments the lack ANNALES · Ser. hist. sociol. · 30 · 2020 · 1 41 Janko TRUPEJ: IDEOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ON THE RECEPTION OF KARL MAY IN SLOVENIA, 35–50 of quality books for young people, whose preferred reading reportedly remains May and similar adventure fiction deemed tasteless and of little value. 37 Slovenski poročevalec reports that the Centralna knjižnica libra- ry in Ljubljana has removed literature that, from an educational standpoint, allegedly had a negative effect on the young—including all of May’s works. 38 In Novi svet, Bogo Pregelj states that, considering the lack of suitable children’s and young adult literature, it is no wonder that some libraries do not want to remove May from their shelves, since otherwise they would not have enough books to offer to their younger readers (Pregelj, 1948, 787). A few years after the first post-War translations of May’s works were published, an author with the initials ‘S. Z.’ in Zasavski tednik advocates limiting young people’s reading of May, since some of his sto- ries supposedly exert a bad influence. 39 In an article published in Ljudska pravica and later also in Ptujski tednik, an author with the initials ‘V. Š.’ claims that reading May’s works has both positive and negative effects on children: they gain knowledge of foreign continents and nations, but their imagination may take an unhealthy direction, because they read about killing, foolhardiness, etc. 40 An anonymous author in Tribuna had the following to say about the quality of May’s writing: One may safely say that May’s works are taste- less, unnatural trash from a moral and emotional standpoint; nevertheless, every youngster—I too was among the most ardent admirers—has to read them, if he is not a bore as far as his imagination and emotions are concerned. But later, when his taste and emotions become more refined, May’s works become really boring. 41 In the concluding paragraph of an article recoun- ting May’s life story, an anonymous author in Tovariš claims that during the last decades of the 19 th century, May’s stories were popular not only because of the well-rounded characters and exciting plots, but also because at that point in time the German nation de- manded colonies, and May reminded them that there were vast lands out there just waiting to be conque- red. 42 In Knjižnica, a review of a book by Franček Bohanec about children’s literature states that May’s works have no artistic value, which may cause chil- 37 Ljudska pravica, 27. 10. 1946: V. Kaverin: Dva kapitana, 5; Ljudska pravica, 18. 8. 1947: Sindikalne knjižnice naj postanejo močno sredstvo za idejni in strokovni dvig delovnega ljudstva, 3. 38 Slovenski poročevalec, 14. 8. 1947: V ponedeljek je pričela spet poslovati preurejena Centralna knjižnica Ljubljana, 5. 39 Zasavski tednik, 21. 1. 1956: Knjiga uči in vzgaja, 5. 40 Ljudska pravica, 29. 7. 1956: Zdravo branje – koristna šola, 7; Ptujski tednik, 15. 7. 1960: Dobro čtivo – koristna šola, 4. 41 Tribuna, 1956, 4, 9: Dve mladinski knjigi, 6. 42 Tovariš, 1959, 15, 3: Winnetou se je rodil v zaporu, 90–91. 43 Novi list, 14. 6. 1962: Karl May – prijatelj mladine, 6. 44 Tednik, 31. 10. 1963: Ljnbitelji [sic] knjig Karla Maya, 4. dren to lose the taste for more sophisticated literature (A. R., 1959, 93). To commemorate the 50 th anniversary of May’s death, the Catholic newspaper Novi list, published by the Slovenian minority in the Italian city of Trieste (Trst), devoted almost a whole page to him. The article begins by claiming that prior to World War II, many primary school students considered May the greatest writer in the world. The anonymous author of the article declares that May’s works have a strong ethical foundation, since they teach young people to be brave and upright and show them that noble people can be found among all ethnicities. Furthermore, his books are deemed to be educational, since they introduce readers to foreign lands, cultures and religions. Beca- use of all the above, May’s works were again being published in Slovenian and widely read in Germany and many other countries. The author of the article claims that—despite many ‘serious’ writers and literary historians disregarding him—some of May’s best works can be considered classics of juvenile literature. 43 An author with the initial ‘K.’ in Tednik claims that reading May’s books has a negative effect on children, because it may inspire them to play dangerous games. He or she concludes by giving the following negative assessment of the writer’s body of work—quoted in extenso: May’s books are exciting, adventurous, and are very much liked by our youngsters, who yearn for adventures and heroism. To such readers we recommend that while reading they think for themselves and recognize the books’ shortco- mings. Karl May’s stories are fictitious and far from real life. They are all more or less the same: the protagonist (more often than not Karl May, i.e., a German) goes scot-free through every possible and impossible danger, because he is the most clever and cunning person, has the fastest and most intelligent horse and the best weapons, which he knows best how to wield. In short: there is an ever-present self-praising of German intelligence, cunning, heroism. Events tend to repeat themselves and too many various crimes are committed. Readers carefully reading these books and using their own reasoning will find all of these and other shortcomings. 44 ANNALES · Ser. hist. sociol. · 30 · 2020 · 1 42 Janko TRUPEJ: IDEOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ON THE RECEPTION OF KARL MAY IN SLOVENIA, 35–50 The right-wing Novi list gives a rather different assessment of May’s work: It is known that immediately after World War II, Karl May was being removed from libraries in Slovenia, but nowadays his books are being reprinted or translated anew. Educators have become convinced that his works represent har- mless and even useful reading for young people, because they teach them to be noble-minded, as well as that it is necessary to help the weak and to be courageous. Furthermore, May’s works de- velop young people’s imagination and dissuade them from more dangerous ‘amusements’. 45 In Teorija in praksa, prominent politician Mitja Ribičič 46 brands May’s writing as »tearfully romantic and primitivistic« (Ribičič, 1965, 710). In Delo, Milan Šuštar claims that May’s works do not merely enter- tain, but are educational, since they contain factual geographical and historical information; they therefore broaden young people’s horizon and may be consi- dered part of one’s general education. 47 In Primorski dnevnik, Slavko Rupel states that while May’s works may not have much artistic value, they are exciting, interesting and have a certain moral nucleus; thus, they affect young people in a more or less positive way, not merely entertain them. 48 Similarly, when announcing a series of new translations of May’s works by the biggest Slovenian publishing house, Mladinska knjiga, an anonymous author in Delo states the following: »It cannot be denied that May’s stories have a good edu- cational core, since they glorify humanity, heroism and honesty«. 49 In Ljubljanski dnevnik, Dušan Željeznov notes that May has a special place in literary history; scholars barely acknowledge him, but millions read him. Željeznov states that he is so popular because his rich imagination in combination with knowledge of geographical and historical facts enabled him to write compelling stories, in which his protagonists always fight for a just cause. 50 In an article published in the same newspaper—and anonymously under a different title also in the literary magazine Knjiga 51 —Branko Man also expresses a positive opinion about May: his works supposedly help young people to develop a reading habit and enrich their imagination, while giving them a sense of what is right. 52 45 Novi list, 22. 10. 1964: »Nevarni« Karl May, 6. 46 At the time that the article was published, Ribičič was a member of the Executive Central Committee of the League of Communists of Slovenia, and shortly after he became a member of the Executive Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia. 47 Delo – Knjige za vas, 1. 6. 1967: Pomenimo se!, 3. 48 Primorski dnevnik, 15. 7. 1967: Karl May za današnji čas, 2. 49 Delo, 21. 7. 1967: Pet knjig spisov Karla Maya, 23. 50 Ljubljanski dnevnik, 15. 8. 1968: Dobri stari Karl May, 8. 51 Knjiga, 1969, 17, 9: Karl May na knjižnem trgu, 395–396. 52 Ljubljanski dnevnik, 19. 10. 1969: Knjige, ki jih ne bero samo otroci. Od Karla Maya do – Tolstoja, 10. 53 Katoliški glas, 17. 7. 1980: Ideološka ozkost in prezir do božjega, 2. In the 1970s, only a few noteworthy articles discus- sing May were published; these focused on his works’ alleged unsuitability for a socialist society. When discussing children’s and young adult literature in Otrok in knjiga, Milan Divjak mentions that writer and educator Jan Baukart did not consider May’s works to be suitable reading for young people, since the books are not in accordance with socialist ideology (Div- jak, 1972, 16). In Knjižnica, Bruno Hartman reports that German researchers in Göttingen discussed the ‘German bourgeois ideology’ present in May’s wri- ting (Hartman, 1976, 162). In a highly ideologically charged research article published in the academic journal Časopis za kritiko znanosti, domišljijo in novo antropolgijo, Bojan Pucelj uses several examples from May’s works to criticize the writer’s perceived Eurocentrism, nationalism and avarice, along with his religious views and the lack of recognition of the class struggle (Pucelj, 1976). Opinions expressed about May in the decade be- fore Slovenia declared independence from Yugoslavia were quite diverse and somewhat more positive. An anonymous author in the Catholic newspaper Katoliški glas, published by the Slovenian minority in the Italian city of Gorizia (Gorica), notes that religious elements were censored in the translations of May’s works pu- blished under the socialist regime. 53 When discussing Gert Ueding’s views of the German writer, Miran Hla- dnik states in Slavistična revija that May did not write about a self-affirming bourgeois society but about a world of freedom and adventure (Hladnik, 1981, 106). In an article with a rather different sentiment, publi- shed in Mentor, Jaro Dolar discusses the prominent role of religion in May’s works and the censorship that these religious elements underwent in Slovenian tran- slation (Dolar, 1981, 11–12). He further speculates that both young and adult Germans were drawn to May’s works because the German first-person protagonist is initially perceived as weak but soon shows that he is superior to everyone else; Dolar even goes as far as to claim that May’s works contributed to the emergence of fascism (Dolar, 1981, 13–14). Both issues were also brought up in a roundtable discussion later published in Otrok in knjiga. Ivan Minatti, who served as editor of some of May’s works translated during the socialist period, noted that in the stories there is an abundance of sentimental Catholicism and glorification of the ANNALES · Ser. hist. sociol. · 30 · 2020 · 1 43 Janko TRUPEJ: IDEOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ON THE RECEPTION OF KARL MAY IN SLOVENIA, 35–50 German nation; translators were therefore advised either to tone down such passages or to omit them altogether. Minatti further stated that such adaptations did not diminish the quality of May’s work (Minatti, 1984, 69). Majda Stanovnik concurred and added that without such interventions, the novels could not have been published at that point in time (Stanovnik, 1984, 70). In Dialogi, Janko Pleterski asserts that May had a respectful and non-racist attitude towards Native Ame- ricans (Pleterski, 1985, 111), while in Celjski zbornik, Anton Šepetavc observes that May’s writing is repetiti- ve and that his typical characters are one-dimensional, but that nevertheless there is something positive about his works: In the spirit of pacifism and humanism, May takes the side of the Indians and other non-Aryans who are dying out (although he is at the same time glorifying the exceptional virtues of the Germans—he was very popular in the Third Reich). The educational function of his works is thus evident: to spread friendship, courage and understanding of the small and the weak (Šepe- tavc, 1988, 184). In Otrok in knjiga, Metka Kordigel states that by reading May and similar adventure stories, young re- aders become acquainted with the characteristics and structure of works of fiction; they have to remember multiple characters and follow the plot, which later helps them to move on to more demanding literary works. Therefore, she is of the opinion that there is no harm in children reading May—if this is not the only literature they read (Kordigel, 1990, 15–16). After Slovenia’s independence In the Catholic academic journal Bogoslovni vestnik, Marijan Smolik claims that Slovenians have always liked May’s writing because it contains many educational and Christian passages, and speculates that this is why in the 1930s Catholic priest Anton Jehart translated Winnetou. Smolik further notes that when Jehart’s translation was adapted in the 1950s by Oskar Hudales, it was ‘cleansed’ of everything Christi- an; therefore, the foundation of the positive characters’ humanity was not clear (Smolik, 1995, 383). 54 In Otrok in knjiga, Polonca Kovač gives a rather critical assessment of May’s literary output: The most prominent writer of adventure stories was certainly Karl May. As trivial as his stories may be, literary history cannot ignore him, because for a good hundred years young readers were ent- 54 Later the same year, Smolik discussed the censored passages in a series of articles published in the Catholic weekly Družina (issues 29 to 42). 55 Primorski dnevnik, 5. 6. 2012: Winnetoujeve generacije, 18. husiastic about his books. [...] He was a prolific writer, all of his stories are easy to read and buz- zing with excitement. They are heart-stirring and contain a lot of humour. [...] When reading May’s works, kindness, joyfulness and inquisitiveness are virtues that one acquires in passing. [...] There is nothing strange about him being one of the most popular writers among those in their early teens. But when re-reading these books from an adult perspective, one is astonished. How could one have been charmed by this shallow compla- cency, this lofty attitude towards others, the petty bickering? (Kovač, 2001, 65–66). In Laški bilten, linguist Tomo Korošec (2010, 31) claims that in the decades after World War II, reading May was not explicitly forbidden by the authorities but was discouraged because his works glorified the German nation and often invoked the will of God. When reminiscing about the literature that shaped him in his youth in another article in the same publication, Korošec stated the following about May: [H]e uses good language and it is indisputable that his descriptions of nature are impeccable— this I can assure you as a stylist, a language tea- cher. Completely impeccable, and you would be hard-pressed to find a living author who describes landscape with more clarity. He has profoundly influenced me (qtd. in Košak, 2014, 7). In the last decade, a few notable articles on May were published in Primorski dnevnik. In a letter to the editors, Aldo Rupel asserted that in post-World War II Slovenia, reading May’s novels set in the Old West substantially affected the way people perceived Native Americans. 55 To commemorate the 100 th anniversary of the writer’s death, the same daily newspaper published a full-page article by May enthusiast Bruno Križman, recounting the events in May’s life, as well as discus- sing the background of some of his novels and his reputation in Germany and other countries, including Slovenia. The author of the article notes that May was a champion of Christianity, which is evident in the no- vels set in the ‘Orient’ and perhaps most prominently in May’s magnum opus, the Winnetou series, where the pagan titular character eventually converts to Christia- nity. Križman also mentions that religious references were censored in the first Slovenian translation publi- shed under the socialist regime. Furthermore, he notes that anti-Semitism can be found in the novel Satan und Ischariot, that May was one of Hitler’s favourite writers because he glorified the German nation and that, owing to May’s nationalism and egocentrism, the ANNALES · Ser. hist. sociol. · 30 · 2020 · 1 44 Janko TRUPEJ: IDEOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ON THE RECEPTION OF KARL MAY IN SLOVENIA, 35–50 socialist regime in East Germany tried to suppress his works. 56 Both Primorski dnevnik and Novi glas reported on a later lecture by Križman, in which he discussed many of the topics mentioned in the previous article; in the latter report, it is noted that in his novels, May expressed positive attitudes towards Native Americans, i.e. championed their rights. 57 In Delo, renowned editor and translator Aleš Ber- ger reminisces about reading the pre-War translations of May’s works in his early teenage years. He states that they helped form his sense of exciting and colo- urful language, and that they were educational, both because they described foreign lands and nations and because of their ethical dimensions: during a time when American westerns were trying to justify white settlers’ actions by portraying Native Americans as primitive scoundrels, in May’s novels the latter were portrayed as noble. Berger relates an anecdote about prominent literary theorist Dušan Pirjevec being an avid reader of May, 58 and in the last part of the article briefly discusses the ideological interventions concer- ning Christian elements in the translations published during the socialist era. 59 Religion is also mentioned in an article published in Novi tednik: Božo Mulej de- scribes May as a writer who addressed the fate of some nations, which—from a Christian standpoint—were being oppressed. 60 CONCLUSION During Karl May’s lifetime, both conservative and liberal Slovenian serial publications sporadically published articles about him but focused on his per - sona and the lawsuits he faced rather than his literary output. May as a public figure was more present in liberal publications, where negative opinions about him were often expressed, and Catholic publications were at times reproached for their support of May, de- spite his works being perceived as having little quality and his alleged lack of personal integrity. The fact that May was German seemed not to have been an issue, although during the time the articles about May were written, the Slovenian nation was struggling for more rights in a state where German-speaking Austrians were the dominant nation. During the inter-war period, May was still regarded as an author of little artistic value, but articles about him were considerably less hostile than in the previous period; even facts about his felonies and false claims were for the most part related sine īr ā et studiō. He was also less often used as a pawn in the ideological 56 Primorski dnevnik, 3. 6. 2012: Winnetou ... Kdo danes ve zanj?, 17. 57 Primorski dnevnik, 28. 5. 2014: Bruno Križman o Karlu Mayu in o njegovih pustolovskih romanih, 8; Novi glas, 12. 6. 2014: Kako vz- bujati željo po potovanju, 10. 58 Polonca Kovač also mentions that Dušan Pirjevec reportedly had a positive attitude towards young people reading May (Kovač, 2001, 66). 59 Delo, 24. 3. 2015: Pisec, ki je obsedal dedka in vnuka, 15. 60 Novi tednik, 3. 8. 2017: Knjige, ki jih morate prebrati to poletje, 10. struggle between right-wing and left-wing publica- tions. A prominent exception is an article published when much of the Slovenian territory was occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II: with false cla- ims, it attempted to sway readers’ opinions about the authenticity of May’s travel accounts and his personal integrity—a testament to the amount of manipulation present in the media during the occupation. At the beginning of the socialist period, there were attempts to quell May’s popularity, but after only a few years, there was a reversion to the status quo ante: reading May was again tolerated, although ideolo- gically ‘purified’ translations began to be published with the intention to replace older ones. Although the adapted Slovenian versions of May’s texts, i.e. those censoring German superiority, the importance of Chri- stianity, and certain racist elements, seemed to have been acceptable and in certain respects even useful to socialist ideology, the quality of May’s work was nevertheless quite frequently attacked in the press. While the socialist regime never fully embraced May, in Slovenian newspapers published in Italy, the attitu- de towards him was markedly more positive. In the period after Slovenia declared independen- ce, May is less present in serial publications; most of the noteworthy articles about him are marked by a certain nostalgia, and he is seldom attacked, which may be because he is no longer widely read by the young people, and thus the ideas in his works that could be perceived as problematic are less likely to be a bad influence on multiple young minds. The analysis thus showed that the reception of May’s works in Slovenia was indeed influenced by the socio-po- litical situation during a particular period, and especially in the translations published during the socialist period, by additional ideological interventions in the texts—since elements of Christianity and German superiority were censored, these aspects of May’s works were seldom singled out as problematic by Slovenian reviewers. Further analyses of the translations from that era could show whether reception was affected by censorship of other elements. For instance, while May undoubtedly had a sympathetic attitude towards Native Americans, in the original works there are passages describing them as inferior to Germans / Caucasians—if such sentiments were censored or somewhat toned down in the socialist period, they could not then have been pointed out as pro- blematic by reviewers. Considering that Yugoslavia was part of the Non-aligned Movement alongside many of the nations that May wrote about, the same may be true with regard to the translation strategies for passages in which ANNALES · Ser. hist. sociol. · 30 · 2020 · 1 45 Janko TRUPEJ: IDEOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ON THE RECEPTION OF KARL MAY IN SLOVENIA, 35–50 May describes ethnicities from the ‘Orient’. This article can thus serve as an incentive for further examinations of May’s Slovenian translations from a post-colonial / post-socialist perspective. APPENDIX Bibliography of the Slovenian translations of Karl May’s novels The works are listed in the chronological order in which the Slovenian translations were first published; all editions of a particular translation are listed. The year next to the title of the German original refers to the publication in Karl May’s Collected Works by the publishing house Karl-May-Verlag after the author’s death. For the novels that were first translated before May’s death, the year of the first publication in book form is listed. Some of the novels that form a series (Waldröschen oder Die Rächerjagd rund um die Erde; Der Orientzyklus; Satan und Ischariot; Im Lande des Mahdi) were first published under a single title, while later individual novels were published; this is reflected the bibliography. Der Waldläufer (1879) 1) 1898: Gozdovnik: povest iz ameriškega življenja. Translated by Hrizogon Majar. Ljubljana, A. Turk. 1918: Gozdovnik: povest iz ameriškega življenja. Translated by Hrizogon Majar. Ljubljana, A. Turk. 1921: Gozdovnik: povest iz ameriškega življenja. Translated by Hrizogon Majar. Ljubljana, A. Turk. 2) 1968: Stezosledec: zgodba z divjega zahoda po romanu Gabriela Ferryja. Translated by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. Waldröschen oder Die Rächerjagd rund um die Erde (1882–1884) 1) 1901: Beračeve skrivnosti ali Preganjanje okoli sve- ta: velik roman, poln razkritja skrivnostij človeške družbe. Translated by N.N. Vienna, J. Rubinstein. 2) Schloss Rodriganda [Waldröschen I] (1924) 1968: Grad Rodriganda. Translated by Mimi Malenšek. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. Die Pyramide des Sonnengottes [Waldröschen II] (1924) 1968: Piramida boga sonca. Translated by Tanja Premk. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. Benito Juarez [Waldröschen III] (1924) 1968: Benito Juarez. Translated by Rozi Kukar. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. Trapper Geierschnabel [Waldröschen IV] (1925) 1968: Lovec Jastrebji kljun. Translated by Branimir Kozinc. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. Der sterbende Kaiser [Waldröschen V] (1925) 1968: Smrt cesarja Maksimilijana. Translated by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. Die Rache des Ehri (1894) 1901: Eri. Translated by Janko Pretnar. Ljubljana, J. Giontini. Der Orientzyklus (1892) 1) 1910: V padišahovej senci: potni roman. Translated by Bert P. Lakner. New York, Slovenic Publishing Co. 2) 1928–1930: Križem po Jutrovem: potopisi in pove- sti s slikami. Translated by N.N. Maribor, Tiskarna sv. Cirila. 1995: Križem po Jutrovem. Translated by N.N. Ljubljana, Littera. 3) Durchs wilde Kurdistan (1913) 1. 1930: Po divjem Kurdistanu. Translated by Anton Jehart. Maribor, Tiskarna sv. Cirila. 2. 1970: Po divjem Kurdistanu. Translated by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. Von Bagdad nach Stambul (1913) 1. 1930–1931: Iz Bagdâda v Stambûl. Translated by N.N. Maribor, Tiskarna sv. Cirila. • 1995: Iz Bagdâda v Stanbul. Translated by N.N. Ljubljana, Littera. 2. 1971: Iz Bagdada v Istambul. Translated by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. In den Schluchten des Balkan (1913) 1. 1931–1932: V gorah Balkana. Translated by Anton Jehart. Maribor, Tiskarna sv. Cirila. • 1995: V gorah Balkana. Translated by Anton Jehart. Ljubljana, Littera. 2. 1971: V gorah Balkana. Translated by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. Durch das Land der Skipetaren (1913) 1. 1932: Po deželi Škipetarjev. Translated by N.N. Maribor, Tiskarna sv. Cirila. • 1996: Po deželi Škipetarjev. Translated by N.N. Ljubljana, Littera. 2. 1971: Po deželi Škipetarjev. Translated by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. Der Schut (1913) 1. 1932: Žuti. Translated by Anton Jehart. Maribor, Tiskarna sv. Cirila. 2. 1971: Žuti. Translated by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. Durch die Wüste [1913] 1. 1970: Po puščavi. Translated by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. Unter Geiern [Der Sohn des Bärenjägers] (1914) 1) 1924: Sin medvedjega lovca: potopisni roman. Translated by Silvester Košutnik. Ljubljana, A. Turk. • 2018: Sin medvedjega lovca. Translated by Silve- ster Košutnik. Ljubljana, Genija. 2) 1968: Med jastrebi: zgodbe z divjega zahoda. Translated by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. ANNALES · Ser. hist. sociol. · 30 · 2020 · 1 46 Janko TRUPEJ: IDEOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ON THE RECEPTION OF KARL MAY IN SLOVENIA, 35–50 Old Surehand (1913) 1) 1930: Old Surehand: potopisna povest. Translated by Anton Debeljak. Ljubljana, Tiskovna zadruga. 2) 1965–1966: Old Surehand. Translated by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. • 1967–1968: Old Surehand. Translated by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. 3) 1983: Old Surehand. Translated by Mimi Malenšek. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. Winnetou (1913) 1) 1931: Winnetou. Translated by Anton Jehart. Mari- bor, Tiskarna sv. Cirila. • 1952–1953: Winnetou. Translated by Anton Jehart. Adapted by: Oskar Hudales. Maribor, Obzorja. 2) 1962: Vinetou: gentleman rdečega rodu. Transla- ted by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. • 1967: Vinetou: gentleman rdečega rodu. Transla- ted by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. • 1968: Vinetou: gentleman rdečega rodu. Transla- ted by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. • 1975: Vinetou: gentleman rdečega rodu. Transla- ted by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. • 1978: Vinetou: gentleman rdečega rodu. Transla- ted by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. • 1982: Vinetou: gentleman rdečega rodu. Transla- ted by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. 3) 1983: Vinetou. Translated by Jože Dolenc. Ljubl- jana, Mladinska knjiga. Satan und Ischariot (1913) 1) 1932–1933: Satan in Iškariot. Translated by Anton Jehart. Maribor, Tiskarna sv. Cirila. 2) 1955: Lov za milijoni (Satan in Iškarijot). Translated by Oskar Hudales. Maribor, Obzorja. 3) Die Felsenburg [Satan und Ischariot I] (1913) • 1972: Grad na pečini. Translated by Jože Stabej. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. • Krüger-bei [Satan und Ischariot II] (1913) • 1972: Krüger-bej. Translated by Jože Stabej. Ljubl- jana, Mladinska knjiga. • Satan und Ischariot [Satan und Ischariot III] (1913) • 1972: Satan in Iškarijot. Translated by Jože Stabej. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. Im Lande des Mahdi (1913) 1) 1934: Sužnji. Translated by Anton Jehart. Maribor, Tiskarna sv. Cirila. 2) 1954: Sužnji. Translated by N.N. Maribor: Obzorja. 3) Menschenjäger [Im Lande des Mahdi I] (1913) • 1971: Lovci na sužnje. Translated by Jože Stabej. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. • Der Mahdi [Im Lande des Mahdi II] (1913) • 1971: Mahdi. Translated by Jože Stabej. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. Im Sudan [Im Lande des Mahdi III] (1913) • 1971: V Sudanu. Translated by Jože Stabej. Lju- bljana, Mladinska knjiga. • Unidentified original • 1935: Bela reka. Translated by Anton Jehart. Mari- bor, Tiskarna sv. Cirila. In den Cordilleren (1913) 1) 1935: V Cordillerah. Translated by Anton Jehart. Maribor, Tiskarna sv. Cirila. 2) 1967: V Kordiljerah: popotne zgodbe. Translated by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. • 1968: V Kordiljerah: popotne zgodbe. Translated by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. 3) 1983: V Kordiljerah. Translated by Meta Sever. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. Der Schatz im Silbersee (1913) 1) 1935: Zaklad v Srebrnem jezeru. Translated by N.N. Maribor, Tiskarna sv. Cirila. 2) 1964: Zaklad v Srebrnem jezeru. Translated by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. • 1967: Zaklad v Srebrnem jezeru. Translated by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. • 1968: Zaklad v Srebrnem jezeru. Translated by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. 3) 1983: Zaklad v Srebrnem jezeru. Translated by Justi Cesar. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. Im Tal des Todes (1934) 1) 1936: Dolina smrti. Translated by Anton Jehart. Maribor, Tiskarna sv. Cirila. 2) 1970: V dolini smrti. Translated by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. • 1972: V dolini smrti. Translated by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. Zobeljäger und Kosak (1934) 1) 1936–1937: Soboljar in kozak. Translated by An- ton Jehart. Maribor, Tiskarna sv. Cirila. 2) 1970: Soboljar in kozak. Translated by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. • 1972: Soboljar in kozak. Translated by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. Winnetous Erben (1913) • 1963: Vinetoujevi dediči. Translated by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. • 1967: Vinetoujevi dediči. Translated by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. • 1968: Vinetoujevi dediči. Translated by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. Am Rio de la Plata (1913) 1) 1967: Na Rio de La Plati: popotne zgodbe. Translat- ed by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. ANNALES · Ser. hist. sociol. · 30 · 2020 · 1 47 Janko TRUPEJ: IDEOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ON THE RECEPTION OF KARL MAY IN SLOVENIA, 35–50 2) 1968: Na Rio de La Plati: popotne zgodbe. Translat- ed by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. 2) 1983: Ob Rio de La Plati. Translated by Meta Sever. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. Der Ölprinz (1915) 1967: Petrolejski kralj. Translated by Jože Koželj. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. 1968: Petrolejski kralj. Translated by Jože Koželj. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. Das Vermächtnis des Inka (1913) 1968: Inkova oporoka: zgodba iz Južne Amerike. Translated by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. Die Sklavenkarawane: Erzählung aus dem Sudan (1915) 1968: Karavana sužnjev: povest iz starega Sudana. Translated by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. Der schwarze Mustang [Halbblut] (1917) 1968: Mešanec. Translated by Lojze Maruško. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. Der Waldschwarze (1921) 1969: Črni mož iz gozda. Translated by Tanja Premk. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. 1972: Črni mož iz gozda. Translated by Tanja Premk. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. Das Buschgespenst (1935) 1969: Gozdni strah. Translated by Vital Klabus. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. 1972: Gozdni strah. Translated by Vital Klabus. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. Kapitän Kaiman (1913) 1969: Kapitan Kajman. Translated by Jože Stabej. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. 1972: Kapitan Kajman. Translated by Jože Stabej. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. Auf fremden Pfaden (1913) 1969: Na tujih stezah. Translated by Mimi Malenšek. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. 1972: Na tujih stezah. Translated by Mimi Malenšek. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. Der Fremde aus Indien (1939) 1969: Tujec iz Indije. Translated by Frane Jerman. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. 1972: Tujec iz Indije. Translated by Frane Jerman. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. Der Derwisch (1933) 1970: Derviš. Translated by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljublja- na, Mladinska knjiga. 1972: Derviš. Translated by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubl- jana, Mladinska knjiga. Zepter und Hammer (1926) 1970: Gospod in kovač. Translated by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. 1972: Gospod in kovač. Translated by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. Die Juweleninsel (1926) 1970: Otok draguljev. Translated by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. 1972: Otok draguljev. Translated by Ludvik Mrzel. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. Bei den Trümmern von Babylon (1913) 1970: Pri babilonskih razvalinah. Translated by Stanko Janež. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. Im Reiche des Silbernen Löwen (1913) 1970: V kraljestvu Srebrnega leva. Translated by Bert Savodnik. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. In Mekka (1923) 1970: V Meki. Translated by Branimir Kozinc. Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga. ANNALES · Ser. hist. sociol. · 30 · 2020 · 1 48 Janko TRUPEJ: IDEOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ON THE RECEPTION OF KARL MAY IN SLOVENIA, 35–50 IDEOLOŠKI VPLIVI NA RECEPCIJO KARLA MAYA V SLOVENIJI Janko TRUPEJ Laška vas 21, SI-3273 Jurklošter, Slovenija e-mail: janko.trupej@gmail.com POVZETEK Analiza zapisov o Karlu Mayu v približno 2.000 številkah slovenskih periodičnih publikacij iz različnih obdobij je pokazala številne skupne značilnosti, pa tudi nekatere razlike pri recepciji tega priljubljenega nem- škega pisatelja. O Mayu se je začelo podrobneje poročati proti koncu njegovega življenja, vendar v središču zanimanja ni bilo njegovo literarno ustvarjanje, temveč njegova osebnost in sodne bitke. O njem so občutno bolj pogosto pisale liberalne publikacije, v katerih zasledimo tudi več negativnih zapisov; med drugim katoli- škim publikacijam očitajo, da Maya priporočajo svojim bralcem, četudi gre za avtorja vprašljive kakovosti in s pomanjkljivo osebno integriteto. Čeprav si je slovenski narod v obdobju, ko so bili zadevni zapisi objavljeni, prizadeval za več pravic v državi, kjer so bili hegemoni nemško govoreči Avstrijci, pa Mayevo poreklo ni bilo izpostavljeno kot problematično. Tudi v obdobju med obema vojnama Mayu ne pripisujejo velike umetniške vrednosti, vendar so zapisi o njem manj negativno nastrojeni kot v predhodnem obdobju; celo poročanje o njegovih mladostniških kaznivih dejanjih in lažnih trditvah večinoma ni tendenčno. May je tudi manj pogosto uporabljen kot sredstvo v ideolo- škem boju med desno in levo usmerjenimi publikacijami. Izjema je zapis iz časa, ko je bil med drugo svetovno vojno precejšen del slovenskega ozemlja pod nemško okupacijo, in ki priča o obsegu tedanje manipulacije v medijih: članek bralce in bralke namreč poskuša prepričati, da je May dejansko prepotoval kraje in izvršil junaška dejanja, ki jih je opisal kot prvoosebni pripovedovalec. Na začetku socialističnega obdobja je iz nekaterih člankov v periodičnih publikacijah razvidno, da si je oblast prizadevala zmanjšati Mayevo priljubljenost med mladino, vendar je že v 50. letih 20. stoletja branje ideološko ‚prečiščenih‘ prevodov zopet postalo sprejemljivo. Čeprav je iz nekaterih zapisov razvidno, da naj bi bilo branje Mayevih del celo poučno oz. vzgojno, so napadi nanj še vedno razmeroma pogosti; med drugim so mu očitali pomanjkanje kakovosti, poveličevanje nemškega naroda in krščanstva ter splošno neskladje s socialistično ideologijo. Medtem ko socialistični režim Maya nikdar ni povsem sprejel, pa so mu bili v istem obdobju veliko bolj naklonjeni zapisi v časopisih zamejskih Slovencev v Italiji. V obdobju po slovenski osamosvojitvi je May v periodičnih publikacijah prisoten precej manj kot v prete- klosti; pri večini omembe vrednih člankov gre za nostalgične zapise, napadi nanj pa so redki. 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