ACTA HISTRIAE 31, 2023, 1 UDK/UDC 94(05) ISSN 1318-0185ACTA HISTRIAE 31, 2023, 1, pp. 1-182 UDK/UDC 94(05) Zgodovinsko društvo za južno Primorsko - Koper Società storica del Litorale - Capodistria ACTA HISTRIAE 31, 2023, 1 KOPER 2023 ISSN 1318-0185 e-ISSN 2591-1767 ACTA HISTRIAE • 31 • 2023 • 1 ISSN 1318-0185 UDK/UDC 94(05) Letnik 31, leto 2023, številka 1 e-ISSN 2591-1767 Darko Darovec Gorazd Bajc, Furio Bianco (IT), Stuart Carroll (UK), Angel Casals Martinez (ES), Alessandro Casellato (IT), Flavij Bonin, Dragica Čeč, Lovorka Čoralić (HR), Darko Darovec, Lucien Faggion (FR), Marco Fincardi (IT), Darko Friš, Aleš Maver, Borut Klabjan, John Martin (USA), Robert Matijašić (HR), Darja Mihelič, Edward Muir (USA), Žiga Oman, Jože Pirjevec, Egon Pelikan, Luciano Pezzolo (IT), Claudio Povolo (IT), Marijan Premović (MNE), Luca Rossetto (IT), Vida Rožac Darovec, Andrej Studen, Marta Verginella, Salvator Žitko Urška Lampe, Gorazd Bajc, Lara Petra Skela, Marjan Horvat, Žiga Oman Gorazd Bajc (it.), Lara Petra Skela (angl.) Urška Lampe (angl., slo.), Gorazd Bajc (it.), Lara Petra Skela (angl.) Zgodovinsko društvo za južno Primorsko - Koper / Società storica del Litorale - Capodistria© / Inštitut IRRIS za raziskave, razvoj in strategije družbe, kulture in okolja / Institute IRRIS for Research, Development and Strategies of Society, Culture and Environment / Istituto IRRIS di ricerca, sviluppo e strategie della società, cultura e ambiente© Zgodovinsko društvo za južno Primorsko, SI-6000, Koper-Capodistria, Garibaldijeva 18 / Via Garibaldi 18, e-mail: actahistriae@gmail.com; https://zdjp.si/ Založništvo PADRE d.o.o. 300 izvodov/copie/copies Javna agencija za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije / Slovenian Research Agency, Mestna občina Koper Dunajski parlament okoli leta 1900, izrez / Parlamento di Vienna intorno al 1900, ritaglio / Vienna Parliament around 1900, cutout (Wikimedia Commons) Redakcija te številke je bila zaključena 31. marca 2023. Odgovorni urednik/ Direttore responsabile/ Editor in Chief: Uredniški odbor/ Comitato di redazione/ Board of Editors: Uredniki/Redattori/ Editors: Prevodi/Traduzioni/ Translations: Lektorji/Supervisione/ Language Editors: Izdajatelja/Editori/ Published by: Sedež/Sede/Address: Tisk/Stampa/Print: Naklada/Tiratura/Copies: Finančna podpora/ Supporto finanziario/ Financially supported by: Slika na naslovnici/ Foto di copertina/ Picture on the cover: Revija Acta Histriae je vključena v naslednje podatkovne baze / Gli articoli pubblicati in questa rivista sono inclusi nei seguenti indici di citazione / Articles appearing in this journal are abstracted and indexed in: CLARIVATE ANALYTICS (USA): Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), Social Scisearch, Arts and Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI), Journal Citation Reports / Social Sciences Edition (USA); IBZ, Internationale Bibliographie der Zeitschriftenliteratur (GER); International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS) (UK); Referativnyi Zhurnal Viniti (RUS); European Reference Index for the Humanities and Social Sciences (ERIH PLUS); Elsevier B. V.: SCOPUS (NL); DOAJ. To delo je objavljeno pod licenco / Quest'opera è distribuita con Licenza / This work is licensed under a Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0. Navodila avtorjem in vsi članki v barvni verziji so prosto dostopni na spletni strani: https://zdjp.si. Le norme redazionali e tutti gli articoli nella versione a colori sono disponibili gratuitamente sul sito: https://zdjp.si/it/. The submission guidelines and all articles are freely available in color via website http: https://zdjp.si/en/. ACTA HISTRIAE • 31 • 2023 • 1 Volume 31, Koper 2023, issue 1 VSEBINA / INDICE GENERALE / CONTENTS Andriy Klish, Yuriy Drevnitskyi & Stepan Pryidun: Cooperation of Ukrainian and Slovenian Deputies in the Vienna Parliament in the Late 19th Century .................. Cooperazione dei deputati ucraini e sloveni nel parlamento di Vienna alla fine del XIX secolo Sodelovanje ukrajinskih in slovenskih poslancev v dunajskem parlamentu konec 19. stoletja Michał Dworski: The Balkans as a Gateway to Polish Independence. The Face of the Balkan Policy of the Hôtel Lambert towards National Movements Forming within the Borders of the Ottoman Empire ................................ I Balcani come porta dell’indipendenza polacca. Le caratteristiche della politica balcanica dell’Hôtel Lambert nei confronti dei movimenti nazionali formatisi entro i confini dell’Impero ottomano Balkan kot pot do poljske neodvisnosti. Obraz balkanske politike Hotela Lambert v odnosu do nacionalnih gibanj, ki so se oblikovala znotraj meja Osmanskega cesarstva Ivan Bogavčić & Iva Salopek Bogavčić: The First Croatian Series of Postcards of Rijeka and Surroundings Issued between 1889 and 1891 ....................... La prima serie di cartoline croate di Fiume e dintorni pubblicata tra il 1889 e il 1891 Prve hrvaške razglednice Reke in okolice, izdane med letoma 1889 in 1891 Raisa Jafarova: Women from Shusha Who Were Exposed to Repression during the “Great Terror”: In the Archival Documents of the State Security Service of the Republic of Azerbaijan .......................................................... Le donne di Shusha esposte alla repressione durante il «grande terrore»: nei documenti d’archivio del Servizio di sicurezza di stato della Repubblica dell’Azerbaigian Ženske iz Šuše, ki so bile izpostavljene represiji med »velikim terorjem«: v arhivskih dokumentih Službe državne varnosti Republike Azerbajdžana 1 17 UDK/UDC 94(05) ISSN 1318-0185 e-ISSN 2591-1767 65 39 ACTA HISTRIAE • 31 • 2023 • 1 Mehmet Salih Erkek: The Assassination of General Ismail Mahir Pasha in Istanbul (1908) .................................................................................... L’assassinio del generale Ismail Mahir Pasha a Istanbul (1908) Atentat na generala Ismaila Mahirja Pasho v Istanbulu (1908) Goran Marković: Relationship between Legislative and Executive Powers in the Yugoslav Socialist Constitutions .......................................................... Relazione tra il potere legislativo e quello esecutivo nelle costituzioni jugoslave socialiste Odnos med zakonodajno in izvršno oblastjo v jugoslovanskih socialističnih ustavah Dragutin Papovıć: Cold War Diplomacy and US-Socialist Yugoslavia Fruitful Relations: An Examination of the Establishment of US-Montenegro Cooperation in 1980 ............................................... La diplomazia della Guerra fredda e le relazioni proficue tra gli Stati Uniti e la Jugoslavia socialista: un’analisi sull’instaurazione della cooperazione tra gli Stati Uniti e il Montenegro nel 1980 Diplomacija hladne vojne in plodni odnosi med ZDA in socialistično Jugoslavijo: Preučitev vzpostavitve sodelovanja med ZDA in Črno goro leta 1980 Marta Verginella: Boris Pahor – testimone della distruzione del corpo nei lager nazisti ........................................................... Boris Pahor – Witness of the Destruction of the Body in the Nazi Camps Boris Pahor – pričevalec uničenja telesa v nacističnih taboriščih 163 139 113 83 ACTA HISTRIAE • 31 • 2023 • 1 65 Raisa JAFAROVA: WOMEN FROM SHUSHA WHO WERE EXPOSED TO REPRESSION ..., 65–82 WOMEN FROM SHUSHA WHO WERE EXPOSED TO REPRESSION DURING THE “GREAT TERROR”: IN THE ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS OF THE STATE SECURITY SERVICE OF THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN Raisa JAFAROVA National Academy of Sciences, A.A.Bakikhanov Instute of History of Azerbaijan, AZ1143, 115, Avenue H.Javid, Baku, Azerbaijan e-mail: r.jafarova@history.science.az ABSTRACT During the research, we tried to find answers to the following questions. First of all, was the Soviet government innately ruthless only against its enemies? Secondly, after years, what was the evidence of the acquittals (verdict of “not guilty”) given to those people? It should be noted that not all of the results obtained through the study of the documents of the women from Shusha and their family members available in our state archives and informa- tion collected about them from other sources are scientific novelty. This work nevertheless provides valuable material and insights, because we essentially used the archive documents of the State Security Service of the Republic of Azerbaijan. By the way, we used documents of the Archive of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan, too. These sources gave us very detailed information about this issue. Another advantage of that, they help us to explain the meaning of the “Great terror”. Because great terror was “great” not only in terms of the numbers of its victims, but also in its great quantity of perpetrators, and that it was the regime’s combining of “democracy campaigns” with the hunt for “enemies” that blurred the difference between hunter and hunted. Overall, this article is a unique investigation (only the families of the women from Shusha were studied) which confirms the results of the various studies on repression conducted earlier. This work is a valuable addition to the picture of the terror in Shusha, in the historical city of Azerbaijan. Keywords: Shusha, political repression, totalitarian, exile, “the great terror” LE DONNE DI SHUSHA ESPOSTE ALLA REPRESSIONE DURANTE IL «GRANDE TERRORE»: NEI DOCUMENTI D’ARCHIVIO DEL SERVIZIO DI SICUREZZA DI STATO DELLA REPUBBLICA DELL’AZERBAIGIAN SINTESI Durante la ricerca abbiamo cercato di trovare risposte alle seguenti domande. In- nanzitutto, il governo sovietico era intrinsecamente spietato solo contro i suoi nemici? In secondo luogo, a distanza di anni, quali erano le prove delle assoluzioni (i verdetti Received: 2023-01-04 DOI 10.19233/AH.2023.4 ACTA HISTRIAE • 31 • 2023 • 1 66 Raisa JAFAROVA: WOMEN FROM SHUSHA WHO WERE EXPOSED TO REPRESSION ..., 65–82 di «non colpevolezza») date a queste persone? Va notato che non tutti i risultati ottenuti attraverso lo studio dei documenti delle donne di Shusha e dei loro familiari disponi- bili nei nostri archivi di Stato e le informazioni raccolte su di loro da altre fonti sono una novità scientifica. Comunque riteniamo che il nostro lavoro fornisce materiale e spunti preziosi. Essenzialmente abbiamo utilizzato i documenti d'archivio del Servizio di sicurezza di Stato della Repubblica dell’Azerbaigian e, inoltre, abbiamo utilizzato anche i documenti dell'Archivio del Ministero degli Affari Interni della Repubblica dell'Azerbaigian. Queste fonti ci hanno fornito informazioni molto dettagliate sulla questione. Un altro vantaggio è che ci aiutano a spiegare il significato del «Grande terrore». Difatti, il grande terrore era «grande» non solo in termini numerici delle sue vittime, ma anche per la grande quantità di carnefici, e che fu il regime a combinare le «campagne per la democrazia» con la caccia ai «nemici» per confondere la differenza tra cacciatori e prede. Nell’insieme, l’articolo è una indagine unica nel suo genere (sono state studiate solo le famiglie delle donne di Shusha) che conferma i risultati dei vari studi sulla repressione condotti in precedenza. Si tratta du una preziosa integrazi- one al quadro del terrore a Shusha, nella storica città dell'Azerbaigian. Parole chiave: Shusha, repressione politica, totalitario, esilio, «il grande terrore» INTRODUCTION The choice of name for the waves of Stalinist repression in 1937 and 1938 is crucial to any analysis of the period. Following Robert Conquest’s terminol- ogy, many Western historians refer to the period as the “Great Terror” (Conquest, 1990). In Russian the period is often called the “Ezhovshchina,” or the “era of Ezhov.” At the beginning of July in 1937, Joseph Stalin abruptly decided to launch a mass purge of Soviet society that extended far beyond the purges of state and Communist Party elites already under way. Stalin and his political police chief, Nikolai Ezhov, ordered local party bosses and police chiefs to prepare for mass arrests of “criminals” and “former kulaks”-the latter term referring to those peasants who were exiled from their homes during the collectivization of Soviet agriculture in the early 1930s and had been kept under surveillance by the local police ever since. At the end of the month, Stalin and Ezhov provided local police chiefs with arrest and execution quotas for every administrative region of the USSR and instructed them to begin what were termed “mass operations of repres- sion of kulaks, criminals, and other anti-Soviet elements.” These operations were to begin on August 5, 10, or 15, depending on the region of the country. The initial waves of arrests in the fall of 1937 were expansive enough, but as the weeks of mass operations turned into months, local police made use of whatever means ACTA HISTRIAE • 31 • 2023 • 1 67 Raisa JAFAROVA: WOMEN FROM SHUSHA WHO WERE EXPOSED TO REPRESSION ..., 65–82 they could to fulfill the demands emanating from Moscow for continued arrests of “anti-Soviet elements.” After local police administrations exhausted readily avail- able categories of suspects, they swept up individuals in raids of public squares or open air markets and arrested them for lack of proper identification, or they arrested individuals known to them as petty criminals, vagrants, or individuals otherwise on the margins of Soviet society. The mass operations were nothing like the well-known purges of Communist Party and state elites-the Moscow “show trials” of top party leaders, the purge of the party at large, and the devastating purge of the Red Army-which wracked the Soviet Union at the same time and which, for fifty years after they occurred, were synonymous with Stalin’s “Great Terror.” Stalin and Ezhov maintained tight control over these operations, but they approved continual expansions of arrests and executions throughout 1937 and 1938. By the time Stalin called off the mass operations in late November 1938, the NKVD had sentenced some 1.15 million people. Roughly 683,000 were shot, representing the vast majority of the individuals executed by the regime in these two appalling years of Stalinist terror (Hagenloh, 2009, 1–2). In the paper we have aimed to bring the results obtained through the collection, systematization and analysis of existing materials, especially archival documents in the state archives of the Republic of Azerbaijan, in the press and other sources about repressed women from Shusha into scientific circulation. When we get acquainted with those women’s documents involved in the research, it becomes clear that the main point of the articles they were accused in the court are identical to each other (articles: 63, 69, 70, 72, 73, 75, 130), and one point is the same. That is, the main reason they were considered “guilty” was that they were “family members of traitors”. Women, whose husbands were executed by shoot- ing as “traitors of the country”, “anti-revolutionaries”, “musavatists” and so on, (cf. Table 2) were not only sentenced to life in prison and exile, but also had their tender age children taken from them. Even pregnant women were not spared. During the research, we tried to find answers to the following questions. Was the Soviet government innately ruthless only against its enemies? What was the evidence of the rehabilitations given to those people years later? WAS THE SOVIET GOVERNMENT INNATELY RUTHLESS ONLY AGAINST ITS ENEMIES? Beginning from April 28, 1920, as a result of the arbitrariness and violence committed on the basis of laws against human rights by the totalitarian state regime hundreds of thousands of innocent people were repressed for their political beliefs, activities, thinking differently and other reasons in the territory of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan, 1996). Although the peak of the state terror and repression against its citizens was considered to be 1937–1938 years, in fact, during the Soviet regime, repressions were almost always carried out. This was due to the essence and ideology of this regime. The regime, ACTA HISTRIAE • 31 • 2023 • 1 68 Raisa JAFAROVA: WOMEN FROM SHUSHA WHO WERE EXPOSED TO REPRESSION ..., 65–82 which was constantly looking for class enemies, anti-Soviet elements, “traitors of the motherland”, organized these repressions and terror purposefully. Anyone could be its target. Those, arrested during the harsher repressions in the 1930s, were subjected to severe torture, and laws were not observed in the process of court. As a result of the 10–15 minute court, dozens of people were sentenced to the most severe punishment. Due to the large number of prisoners, such courts were conducted by “troikas” (a group consisting of three men) made up of senior officials. Not only the person de- clared an “enemy of the people”, instituted criminal proceedings against his relatives and friends and they were subjected to severe punishments. These punitive measures left a heavy mark on the fate of many people - women, children, and the elderly. The years of repression are called the period of “great terror” not without reason (Ismailov, 2015). If we pay attention to the archival documents, we will see that dur- ing this terror only on July 30, 1937, in the operating order No. 00447 of the ECPD of the USSR, they were branded as Ittihadists, Musavatists and counter-revolutionaries, and from August 5, 5.250 people in Azerbaijan were ordered to be repressed (Luby- anka, 2004, 273–275). The city of Shusha of Azerbaijan was also involved into this historical process; not only individuals of Shusha who were branded as anti-Soviet, anti-Bolshevik, counter-revolutionary were shot, mass deportation of Azerbaijanis was organized in the mountainous part of Karabakh as a whole (Mammadov, 2008, 71). Against the background of all these events, the women of Shusha, which we studied in the article, became victims of this “great terror” as well. Although the number of women involved in the investigation was 19, this meant the repression of 19 families and all their close relatives, but not 19 people. It is supposed that the re- pressed women from Shusha were more than 19. However, as a result of the research conducted in the Archives of the State Security Service of the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Archives of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan, we could investigate the documents of 19 Shusha women and their husbands and some family members. As these studies are continued in the future, it is very likely that new persons and facts will be revealed. Based on the documents collected from the archives, some statistical analyses were conducted and the following results were obtained: 1. The archival documents of 7 out of 19 repressed families contain information about their children (names and dates of birth). These 7 families had 22 chil- dren. 17 of the children were of tender age when their parents were arrested. (Among them even 1 child was 2 months old, 1 child was 11 months old.) 2. At the time of arrest, 7 out of 19 women from Shusha were between 20–25 years old, 10 were between 26–40 years old, 1 was 42, and 1 was 60 years old. (Table 1) 3. Among the women, 8 had higher education, 2 – secondary education, 1 – primary education and 8 had no education. 4. Among the women, 15 had no party affiliation, 2 were members of Azerbai- jan K (b) P, and no exact information about party affiliation of the 2. ACTA HISTRIAE • 31 • 2023 • 1 69 Raisa JAFAROVA: WOMEN FROM SHUSHA WHO WERE EXPOSED TO REPRESSION ..., 65–82 5. Among the arrested men, 1 was 25 years old, 16 were between 26–50 years old, and 2 were over 60. (Table 2) 6. Among the men, 7 had higher education, 1 – secondary education, and 1 – primary education. There is no information about the education of 1 person. (Table 2) 7. Among the men, 9 had no party affiliation, 7 were members of Azerbaijan K (b) P, 2 were claimed to be members of the Musavat Party, and 1 to be a member of the Ittihad Party. (Table 2) Despite the fact that some of the collected materials about women from Shusha are systematized and given in the table below (cf. Table 1), we need to present the information of several families in more detail in order to get the answer to the question “Was the Soviet government merciless only against its enemies?”. This will allow us to understand better what was happened. One of the victims of repression is Hajiyev Khanlar Abdul Huseyn oglu, who was born in 1901 in the city of Shusha, the husband of Hajiyeva Gulustan Bahlul gizi. He had only primary education. Khanlar Hajiyev served in the army from the age of 16 and even became an officer. He was a member of the All-Union Communist (b) Party since 1925. In the last years of his life, he worked as a captain in the Goychay District Military Commissariat, and was the chief of the 77th Azerbaijan Artillery Regiment in charge of supplies. He was convicted in court under category I for alleged counter- revolutionary activity. Those convicted under this category were shot. During his trial, he was accused of being a member of a Trotskyist-Zinovyev counter-revolutionary or- ganization and a terrorist center in Azerbaijan. Allegedly, in the Azerbaijani divisional formations he tried to overthrow the Soviet government by armed means and create a bourgeois-nationalist state. First, he was charged with articles 72, then 64, 70 and 73 of the Criminal Code of the Azerbaijan SSR and was shot on January 3, 1938 with his property confiscated. He was acquitted on July 30, 1957, as the accusations were proved to be groundless (ASSSRA-AWR, 13896, 1–12). His wife Hajiyeva Gulustan Bahlul gizi was born in 1910 in the city of Shusha. She was also able to study only at the primary level. On October 27, 1937, she was accused and arrested under Articles 72–73 of the Criminal Code of the Azerbaijan SSR. When she was sentenced, her daughter Turan was a one-month-old baby. Although her husband was rehabilitated in 1957, the acquittal of Gulistan was delayed until July 2, 1997. Gulistan died in 1983 (ASSSRA-AWR, 8829, 1–3). Askerov Baba Abi oglu, the husband of Khalifazadeh Surayya from Shusha, was born in 1902 in Guba district. He was a member of All-Union C (b) P since 1922. In 1930, he graduated from the Azerbaijan State University, and in 1932, he was admitted to the post-graduate course of the Azerbaijan State Scientific Research Institute. He was first accused of allegedly spreading Trotskyism among students, and later was ar- rested on May 21, 1937, as a member of a terrorist insurgent organization that actively participated in the preparation of a terrorist act against Mir Jafar Bagirov, according to articles 64, 70, 73 of the CC of the Azerbaijan SSR. He was shot on October 12, 1937. He was acquitted on May 12, 1956, as the accusations were false and the claims had no ACTA HISTRIAE • 31 • 2023 • 1 70 Raisa JAFAROVA: WOMEN FROM SHUSHA WHO WERE EXPOSED TO REPRESSION ..., 65–82 basis (OPENLIST, 2022a). His wife, Khalifazadeh Surayya Suleyman gizi was born in 1906 in Shusha, grew up there. In 1924, she was among the first 17 women graduates of the Higher Pedagogical Institute. From October 14, 1937, until her arrest, she worked as a teacher at secondary school number 13 in Baku. From February 2, 1938 to October 15, 1945, she was imprisoned in the “Akmolinsk Camp of Wives of Traitors to the Motherland” (ALZhIR) in harsh conditions (ALZhIR). Fatma and Anvar Tutayug sisters, like Surayya Khalifazadeh, were among the first women educators with higher education. In 1922, Fatma Tutayug Khaspolad giri was sent to study at the newly opened Azerbaijan Higher Pedagogical Girls’ Institute in Baku by the educational department of Shusha district and successfully completed her studies (Khalilzadeh, 2014, 10). Fatma and Anvar Tutayugs have always attracted attention as the most active Komsomol members from the years of their education. They remained loyal to the communist ideology almost until the end of their lives. However, after their husbands’ cooperation with the secretly operat- ing Karabakh Provincial Committee of the Musavat party was discovered they both were also subjected to repression (According to the criminal case against Hashim Feyzullayev, the husband of Fatma Tutayug, he was allegedly elected a member of the Karabakh Provincial Committee of the Musavat Party, which operated secretly in 1926) (Guliyev, 2011a, 6–7). Anvar Khaspolad gizi Tutayug divorced from her first husband Ayyub Hajiyev and married a certain Yusif Jabrailov. Despite this, in 1937, when Ayyub Hajiyev was arrested, Anvar Tutayug was also accused (Guliyev, 2011b, 6–7). In the year of her arrest, Anvar Tutayug was admitted to the Medical Institute. On April 9, 1938, she was sent to Bail prison. Anvar Tutayug was sentenced for 8 years and sent to the Temnikov city corrective labor camp in the Mordva ASSR. In May 1938, Anvar, pregnant when she was imprisoned, had to give birth to her son in prison camp No. 15 in Yavash settlement, Potma district of Moscow province. A two-month-old baby named Khaspolad was taken from her and sent to an orphanage, and she herself was sent to exile. On September 9, 1938, at the age of 28 Anwar died of a heart attack (Guliyev, 2011b, 6–7). Mammadov Ali Samad oglu, the husband of another woman from Shusha, Mehmandarova Surayya Alinagi gizi, was elected as a representative to the 1st Con- gress of the Communists of Azerbaijan in Lankaran district in 1919. He graduated from the Y.M.Sverdlov Communist University in Moscow. In different years, he was the head of the Military Revolutionary Committee of the Lankaran district, the instructor of the Central Committee of the Azerbaijan C (b)P, secretary of the Party Committee of the Lankaran district, head of the Executive Committee of the Ganja district, the People’s Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Azerbaijan SSR, head of the Executive Committee of Aghdam district, People’s Finance Commissar of the Azerbaijan SSR, head of the Executive Committee of Gutgashen (Gabala) District, Commissioner of the Azerbaijan Office of the Grain Supply Department, member of C(b) CC of Azerbaijan, CEC of Azerbaijan, CEC, USSR CEC of Transcaucasia and UC (b)P of Transcaucasian Country Committee Inspection Commission. However, ACTA HISTRIAE • 31 • 2023 • 1 71 Raisa JAFAROVA: WOMEN FROM SHUSHA WHO WERE EXPOSED TO REPRESSION ..., 65–82 he was arrested on false charges and shot on January 7, 1938. He was acquitted on September 29, 1956, considering that the charges were groundless. (It should be noted that in his young years, he was also a member of the “Yeni Javanlar” musavat youth organization in Lankaran since 1916) (Guliyev, 2019, 334–335). Mehmandarova Surayya Alinagi gizi was one of the intelligent women of the fa- mous Mehmandarov kin. She was arrested on July 15, 1938 and sent to a corrective labor camp for 5 years, and was released from prison in 1943. On December 7, 1948, she was under judicial investigation for contacting “family members of enemies of the people”, and on January 14, 1949, she was again imprisoned for 5 years. She was rehabilated on September 29, 1956 (Guliyev, 2019, 333–340). One of the victims of repression was Hajiyeva Rafiga Hassan gizi, who was born in Shusha in 1922. She was charged with Article 63–3 of the Criminal Code of the Azerbaijan SSR and arrested on January 20, 1949. Rafiga Hajiyeva, who was rehabilated on March 14, 1956, had no party affiliation. In her personal file, information is also given about her sister Hajiyeva Sanubar Hassan gizi. It turns out that her sister’s husband was Hassanov Garyagdi Ziyad oglu, who worked at the USSR embassy to Turkey. Hassanov Garyagdi refuses to return to the USSR in 1947. As Hajiyeva Sanubar Hassan gizi moved to her husband in 1946, both were accused of treason. Although the Soviet government could not punish them, it took revenge on Hajiyeva Rafiga Hassan gizi and her husband Zamanov Abbas Fattah oglu. It is true that in the documents it was mentioned that this point was not taken into account in the repression of Rafiga and her husband (ASSSRA-AWR, 542, 1–8). One of the highly educated women from Shusha was Hajiyeva Faguma Hassan gizi. She graduated from the Faculty of Oriental Studies of the Azerbaijan State University and became a member of the trade union of employees of higher schools and scientific institutions. She was charged with Article 63-3 of the Criminal Code of the Azerbaijan SSR and arrested on January 20, 1949, and on March 9, 1956, she was acquitted as the allegations were proved to be groundless (ASSSRA-AWR, 542, 1–6). These facts suggest that among the repressed persons, not only members of the Communist Party, but also persons who had been actively participating in this party for many years and who rose to important positions, were easily slandered and sentenced to be shot on false charges. So, even those who loyally served the regime, their lives could end tragically at any moment due to some slander. If one closely looks through the documents stored in the archives, especially the interroga- tion reports, expert documents created to prove the “guilt” of the defendant, in the vast majority of them you can see the signatures of people of Armenian, Russian and Jewish origin. If it were reasonable that those defendants were guilty, then the vast majority of them could not be acquitted later, even if it was late. If Surayya Mehmandarova, Fatma and Anvar Tutayugs, Geisu Sadikhova and other well-known women from Shusha were educated and intelligent women of Azerbaijan, and they unjustifiably considered them dangerous and sentenced them to life in exile un- der the name of “family members of traitors”, the situation of Mehtiyeva Ziba Abdulazim gizi, Alasgarova Khatun Azim gizi and Hajiyeva Gulustan Bahlul gizi and others was ACTA HISTRIAE • 31 • 2023 • 1 72 Raisa JAFAROVA: WOMEN FROM SHUSHA WHO WERE EXPOSED TO REPRESSION ..., 65–82 completely different. So, when getting acquainted with their documents, it is known that some of them did not even complete their secondary education. This meant that the Soviet regime invented various pretexts to repress people from all strata of society. One of the most terrible moments in the implementation of repressions was that it was determined by a special plan and set a quota. In the Soviet government, planning was the main goal in politics, as in economics (They claimed that it was possible to keep all the processes under complete control with this method). So, how many people should be exiled and to which areas they should be exiled was determined in advance. However, in many cases, as they themselves admitted, they exceeded the “quota”. WHAT IS ACQUITTALS EVINDENCE OF? March 5, 1953 entered history as the end of the life of I.V.Stalin, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the USSR, and the end of mass repressions in the USSR. Since 1954, acquittals have been given to the persons subjected to repression. Although some of the victims of repression were exonerated in 1956 and others in 1960, there were families whose exoneration was delayed until the 1990s. Despite of their acquittal, both they and their children suffered from various diseases and lived in need until the end of their lives. Even the change of power in the same political system uncovers and exposes the crime committed by the previous government, if it acquits the people who were shot years ago and their family members who were sentenced to exile it proves that the system is imperfect, authoritarian and totalitarian. In other words, the persons sentenced to be shot and their family members who were sentenced to live in exile (as can be seen from the table, many of them died tragically in exile – cf.: Table 1), if the family members were a “serious danger” for the Soviet society, as claimed in the indictment documents and “proved” in the examination documents, then why did that system and its new laws acquit them?! It is true that these acquittals not only failed to restore their lost lives and rights, but also did not even make the difficult life of the majority of the surviving family members easy, because these acquittals were not intended to restore justice and human rights. The main purpose of taking such a step was to replace the members of the old team with new ones, as in authoritarian and totalitarian regimes. Such acquittals provided them with the opportunity to have a better representation in the government and to place their “new staff” in the authorities by simply proving the crimes of the “old”. CONCLUSION It should be noted that not all of the results obtained through the study of the docu- ments of Shusha women and their family members available in our state archives and materials collected about them from other sources are scientific innovations. But it is a unique investigation (only the families of Shusha women were studied) which confirms the results of the various investigations conducted earlier on repression. By its result, this research suggests that if the country’s regime is based on terrorism, anyone, with- out exception can be a victim of this policy. Because among them there are people with ACTA HISTRIAE • 31 • 2023 • 1 73 Raisa JAFAROVA: WOMEN FROM SHUSHA WHO WERE EXPOSED TO REPRESSION ..., 65–82 primary education, who could not write her own name and answer the accusations made in Russian-language court case. There were also women, who were party members, serving the government, as well as quite intelligent and highly educated people. They were simply branded as “traitors” and forced to live in exile. Overall, our research again confirmed that even ordinary women were imprisoned, who posed totally no danger to him or to his regime. Stalin reserved the right to repress those whom he felt might be a threat in the future but even with this version, it is difficult to imagine that many of his victims posed even a future danger. ACTA HISTRIAE • 31 • 2023 • 1 74 Raisa JAFAROVA: WOMEN FROM SHUSHA WHO WERE EXPOSED TO REPRESSION ..., 65–82 N o. N am e, su rn am e an d fa th er ’s n am e da te a nd p la ce of b irt h Ed uc a- tio n th e ar tic le w hi ch sh e w as c ha rg ed w ith da te o f a rr es t da te o f ac qu itt al pa rty a ffi lia tio n a nd w or ki ng p la ce R ef er en ce 1 A la sg ar ov a K ha tu n A zi m g iz i 18 77 , S hu sh a di st ric t, Za ris ly vi lla ge . - A rti cl e 63 -3 of th e A ze rb .S SR C C 21 .1 0. 19 44 - N o pa rty a ffi lia tio n. S he w as a h ou se w ife . A SS SR A -A W R , 48 6, 3 2 H aj iy ev a Fa gu m a H as an g iz i 19 26 , S hu sh a ci ty . hi gh er A rti cl e 63 -3 of th e A ze rb .S SR C C 20 .0 1. 19 49 09 .0 3. 19 56 N o pa rty a ffi lia tio n. S he w as a h ou se w ife . A SS SR A -A W R , 54 2, 1 -6 3 H aj iy ev a G ul us ta n B ah lu l g iz i 19 10 , S hu sh a ci ty Pr im ar y A rti cl e 72 – 7 5 of th e A ze rb .S SR C C 27 .1 0. 19 37 02 .0 7. 19 97 N o pa rty a ffi lia tio n. S he w as a h ou se w ife . A SS SR A -A W R , 88 29 , 1 -3 4 H aj iy ev a M ah ira H as an g iz i 19 18 , S hu sh a di st ric t, - A rti cl e 63 -3 of th e A ze rb .S SR C C 20 .0 1. 19 49 - - A SS SR A -A W R , 54 2, 1 -6 5 H aj iy ev a R afi ga H as an g iz i 19 22 , S hu sh a ci ty . - A rti cl e 63 -3 of th e A ze rb .S SR C C 20 .0 1. 19 49 14 .0 3. 19 56 Sh e w as a m em be r o f A ll- U ni on C (b )P . S he w as a ho us ew ife . A SS SR A -A W R , 54 2, 1 -8 6 K ha lif az ad eh Su ra yy a Su le ym an gi zi 18 .0 3. 19 06 , Sh us ha c ity . H ig he r - 14 .1 0. 19 37 Sh e w as se nt to a fo rc ed la bo r c am p fo r 8 y ea rs. On 0 2. 02 .1 93 8, sh e w as b ro ug ht fro m th e B ak u pr iso n to th e A km ol a Sp ec ial C am p of th e M in ist ry o f In ter na l A ffa irs in K ar ag an da . On 1 5. 10 .1 94 5, sh e w as re lea se d fro m th e c or re cti ve la bo r c am p in Ka ra ga nd a. - N o pa rty a ffi lia tio n. S he w as a te ac he r a t s ch oo l N o. 13 in B ak u. A LZ hI R 7 Is az ad eh S ur a A la sg ar g iz i 19 07 , S hu sh a ci ty Se co n- da ry A rti cl e 72 /7 3 of th e A ze rb .S SR C C 17 .0 1. 19 38 - N o pa rty a ffi lia tio n. S he w as a h ou se w ife . A SS SR A -A W R , 10 77 8, 1 -1 0 8 Is ga nd ar ov a H aj ar A st an g iz i 19 19 , S hu sh a di st ric t, Sh irl an vi l. - A rti cl e 63 -3 of th e A ze rb .S SR C C 23 .0 9. 19 42 05 .0 2. 19 90 N o pa rty a ffi lia tio n. S he w as a c ol le ct iv e fa rm er in th e vi lla ge o f K os al ar , K ha nk en di d is tri ct . A SS SR A -A W R , 4, 3 -6 9 G ul iy ev a M in a H as an g iz i 19 23 , S hu sh a ci ty . - A rti cl e 63 -3 of th e A ze rb .S SR C C 18 .0 3. 19 44 19 .0 2. 19 90 Sh e w as a m em be r o f A ll- U ni on C (b )P . S he w or ke d as a n ac co un ta nt in th e fin an ci al d ep ar tm en t o f B ar da d is tri ct . A SS SR A -A W R , 4 64 , 1- 4, 7 , 1 0 10 G ul iy ev a Va lid a H ila l g iz i 19 14 , S hu sh a ci ty Se co n- da ry Ar tic les 6 9, 7 0 an d 73 of th e A ze rb .S SR C C 09 .0 1. 19 38 12 .0 1. 19 56 N o pa rty a ffi lia tio n. S he w as a h ou se w ife . A SS SR A -A W R , 69 31 , 1 -2 , 5 , 6 Ta bl e 1: T he re pr es se d w om en ACTA HISTRIAE • 31 • 2023 • 1 75 Raisa JAFAROVA: WOMEN FROM SHUSHA WHO WERE EXPOSED TO REPRESSION ..., 65–82 11 M ah m ud be yo va A nt ig a A li gi zi 19 19 , S hu sh a ci ty . H ig he r A rti cl e 63 -3 of th e A ze rb .S SR C C 10 .0 3. 19 43 08 .0 3. 19 56 N o pa rty a ffi lia tio n. Sh e w as a d en tis t i n an ou tp at ie nt c lin ic . A SS SR A -A W R , 2 76 , 1, 2 , 4 -7 , 1 3- 20 12 M eh m an da ro va Su ra yy a A lin ag i gi zi 19 10 , S hu sh a ci ty . hi gh er Sh e w as im pr is on ed fo r 5 y ea rs on 1 5. 08 .1 93 8. O n 14 .0 1. 19 49 , s he w as ag ai n se nt en ce d to 5 y ea rs p ris on , pa rd on ed in 1 95 1. 29 .0 9. 19 56 N o pa rty a ffi lia tio n. S he w as a re si de nt d oc to r a t t he st om at ol og y de pa rtm en t of th e A ze rb ai ja n M ed ic al In st itu te , a nd a sa ni ta ry do ct or a fte r h er re le as e. G ul iy ev , 2 01 9, 33 3- 34 0 13 M us ta fa ye va Fi ru za S al im g iz i 19 05 , S hu sh a ci ty . H ig he r A rti cl es 1 30 , 2 00 o f th e A ze rb .S SR C C 25 .0 7. 19 47 07 .0 4. 19 48 N o pa rty a ffi lia tio n. Sh e w as a d oc to r a t t he C hi ld re n’ s C ol on y Tr us t. A SS SR A -A W R , 1 25 , 5- 8, 1 7, 2 5 14 N aj af ov a G am ar G az i g iz i 19 02 , S hu sh a di st ., Q ai ba ly vi l. - - 05 .1 0. 19 37 (K az ak hs ta n) - - A M IA R A -R F, R -8 14 , s .9 ,1 6, 17 , 2 0 15 R ah im ov a Le ila M ah ar ra m g iz i 19 17 , S hu sh a ci ty - A rti cl e 63 -3 of th e A ze rb .S SR C C 29 .1 2. 19 43 19 .0 2. 19 90 N o pa rty a ffi lia tio n. S he w as a h ou se w ife . A SS SR A -A W R , 4 35 , 1, 2, 4 , 7 16 Sa la ye va Z um ru d M am m ad al i g iz i 19 16 , S hu sh a ci ty hi gh er (s tu - de nt ) A rti cl es 7 2- 73 o f t he A ze rb .S SR C C . 02 .0 8. 19 38 04 .0 5. 19 60 N o pa rty a ffi lia tio n. S he w as a h ou se w ife . A SS SR A -A W R , 89 98 , 1 -6 , 9 1 2- 17 17 Sh ah su va ro va D ilg us ha F iru di n gi zi 19 01 , S hu sh a ci ty - A rti cl es 7 2- 73 o f t he A ze rb .S SR C C . 04 .0 7. 19 34 - 20 .0 3. 19 39 - N o pa rty a ffi lia tio n. S he w as a h ou se w ife . A SS SR A -A W R , 12 49 3, 3 18 Tu tay ug A nv ar Kh as po lad g izi (l ate r sh e w as m ar rie d fo r th e s ec on d tim e w ith Yu sif Ja br ay ilo v) 19 10 , S hu sh a ci ty hi gh er (s tu de nt A rti cl es 7 2- 73 o f t he A ze rb .S SR C C . In A pr il 19 38 , s he w as im pr is on ed fo r 8 y ea rs . - N o pa rty a ffi lia tio n. S he ta ug ht a t “ N ar im an iy a” sc ho ol in S hu sh a. Kh ali lza -d eh , 2 01 4, 1 0; Az ad liq , 2 3. 0 8. 2 01 3, 14 ; G ul iy ev , 2 01 1b , 6 –7 19 Tu ta yu g Fa tm a K ha sp ol ad g iz i 19 06 , S hu sh a ci ty hi gh er A rti cl es 7 2- 73 o f t he A ze rb .S SR C C . Sh e w as a rr es te d in 1 93 1 an d re le as ed a fte r a w hi le . No pa rty affi lia tio n. Sh e w or ke d as th e d ire cto r o f t he ci ty fir st- cla ss sc ho ol in S hu sh a, a tea ch er, a tea ch er at th e c ot to n gr ow in g t ec hn ica l s ch oo l i n Sa ly an , a fte r h er re lea se fr om pr iso n, sh e w or ke d a s a te ac he r of R us sia n l an gu ag e a nd lit er atu re in va rio us se co nd ar y sc ho ol s, an d a s a de pa rtm en t he ad at th e M in ist ry of E du ca ti- on of th e A ze rb . S SR . K ha lil za -d eh , 20 14 , 1 0; A za dl iq , 23 .0 8. 20 13 , 1 4; G ul iy ev , 2 01 1a , 6 –7 ACTA HISTRIAE • 31 • 2023 • 1 76 Raisa JAFAROVA: WOMEN FROM SHUSHA WHO WERE EXPOSED TO REPRESSION ..., 65–82 Ta bl e 2: T he re pr es se d m en No . N am e, su rn am e an d pa tro ny m ic da te a nd pl ac e of b irt h ed u- ca tio n the ar tic le wh ich he w as ch arg ed wi th D at e of a rr es t da te o f ac qu itt al Pa rty a ffi lia tio n an d w or ki ng p la ce R ef er en ce 1 Ja va do v A lij av ad M am m ad al i o gl u (h us ba nd o f M us ta fa ye va F iru za Sa lim g iz i) 18 99 , B ak u ci ty hi g- he r A rti cl e 13 0 of th e A ze rb . SS R C C . H e w as a rr es te d on 24 .0 6. 19 47 . - H e w as a m em be r o f A ll- U ni on C (b )P . H e w as th e he ad o f t he h ea lth d ep ar tm en t o f B ak u ci ty , A zi zb ey ov d is tri ct . A SS SR A - -A W R , 1 25 , 3, 9, 1 5, 16 -2 3 2 A la sg ar ov G af ar H us ey n og lu – (h us - ba nd o f A la sg ar ov a K ha tu n A zi m g iz i) 18 47 , Sh us ha di st ric t, Za ris li vi lla ge . - - 21 .1 0. 19 44 - N o pa rty a ffi lia tio n. H e w as a n or di na ry c ol le ct iv e fa rm er . A SS SR A - -A W R , 4 86 , 1- 3 3 A sk ar ov B ab a A bi o gl u (h us ba nd of K ha lif az ad eh Su ra yy a) 19 02 , G ub a di st ric t. hi g- he r A rti cl es 6 4, 70 , 7 3 of th e A ze rb .S SR C C A rr es te d on 21 .0 5. 19 37 , s ho t o n 12 .1 0. 19 37 . 12 .0 5. 19 56 In 1 93 2, in 1 92 2, h e w as a dm itt ed to th e m em be r- sh ip o f A ll- U ni on C (b )P . H e w as a n em pl oy ee o f th e In st itu te o f P ar ty H is to ry . F ro m 1 92 8 to 1 93 7, he w as a h is to ry te ac he r a nd d ep ut y de an o f t he H is to ry F ac ul ty o f A ze rb ai ja n St at e U ni ve rs ity . O PE N LI ST , 20 22 a 4 Fe yz ul la ye v H as hi m M us ta fa o gl u (h us ba nd o f T ut ay ug Fa tm a K ha sp ol ad gi zi ) 19 02 , B ak u gu be rn ia , A gd er e vi l. - H e w as a rr es te d on 0 2. 02 .1 92 7 an d ex ile d to th e So lo vk i I sl an ds fo r 10 y ea rs . In th e cr im in al c as e, h e w as d es cr ib ed a s a m em be r of th e M us av at o rg an iz at io n. N o pa rty a ffi lia tio n. H e w as a te ac he r a t t he c ot to n gr ow in g te ch ni ca l sc ho ol in S al ya n. K ha lil za - -d eh , 2 01 4, 10 ; A za dl iq , 23 . 0 8. 20 13 , 1 4; G ul iy ev , 20 11 a, 6 –7 5 H aj iy ev A yy ub A hm ad o gl u (h us ba nd . o f T ut ay ug A nv ar K ha sp ol ad gi zi ) D at e of bi rth is u nk no w n, K ar ya gi n di st ric t, Sa ra jik v il. - - H e w as a rr es te d on 04 .0 1. 19 38 . - H e w as a cc us ed o f b ei ng m us av at is t, co un te r-r ev o- lu tio n an d an ti- So vi et p ro pa ga nd a. In th e cr im in al ca se , h e w as d es cr ib ed a s a m em be r o f M us av at si nc e 19 35 . T he w or ki ng p la ce is u nk no w n. K ha lil za - -d eh , 2 01 4, 10 ; A za dl iq , 23 . 0 8. 20 13 , 1 4; G ul iy ev , 20 11 b, 6 –7 ; O PE N LI ST , 20 22 c ACTA HISTRIAE • 31 • 2023 • 1 77 Raisa JAFAROVA: WOMEN FROM SHUSHA WHO WERE EXPOSED TO REPRESSION ..., 65–82 6 H aj iy ev K ha nl ar A bd ul H us se in o gl u (h us ba nd o f H aj iy ev a G ul us ta n B ah lu l g iz i) 19 01 , Sh us ha c ity pr i- m ar y At fi rst A rti cle s 72 -7 3 of th e Az er b. SS R CC , th en A rti cle s 64 , 7 0 an d 73 of th e A ze rb . SS R CC . H e w as a rr es te d on 2 6. 09 .1 93 7 an d sh ot o n 03 .0 1. 19 38 . 19 56 (3 0.0 7.1 95 7) He w as a m em be r o f C (b )P fr om 1 92 5 to 1 4. 10 .1 93 7. Si nc e 1 93 4, h e w as d es cr ib ed as a m em be r o f t he Tr ot sk yi st- Zi no vy ev co un ter -re vo lu tio na ry o rg an iza tio n, ter ro ris t c en ter , a nd n ati on al or ga ni za tio n in A ze rb aij an . Az er ba ija n wa s a cc us ed o f t he o ve rth ro w of th e S ov iet go ve rn m en t b y ar m ed m ea ns an d an at tem pt to cr ea te a bo ur ge oi s-n ati on ali st sta te. H e s er ve d in th e a rm y fro m th e a ge o f 1 6 an d be ca m e a n offi ce r. In th e l as t y ea rs of h is lif e, he w or ke d as a ca pt ain in G oy ch ay D ist ric t M ili tar y Co m m iss ar iat . H e w as th e c hi ef o f t he 7 7t h Az er ba ija n A rti lle ry R eg im en t f or su pp ly w or k. A SS SR A - -A W R , 13 89 6, 1- 12 ; O PE N LI ST , 20 22 d 7 H aj iy ev Is m ay il Is fa nd iy ar o gl u (H aj iy ev S al eh ’s br ot he r) 19 12 , B as ar -k ec he r di st ric t, M az ra v il. - - H e w as sh ot o n 15 .1 2. 19 42 . - N o pa rty a ffi lia tio n. H e w as a h yd ra ul ic te ch ni ci an . A SS SR A - -A W R , 4 64 , 11 -2 0 8 H aj iy ev M am m ad A la kb ar o gl u 19 12 , G an ja c ity A rti cl e 63 -2 of th e A ze rb . SS R C C - N o pa rty a ffi lia tio n. H e w as a te ac he r a t a v ill ag e sc ho ol . A SS SR A - -A W R , 4 64 , 23 9 H aj iy ev S al eh Is fa n- di ya r o gl u (h us ba nd of H aj iy ev a M in a) 19 14 , G an ja c ity se - co n- da ry A rti cl e 63 -3 of th e A ze rb . SS R C C H e w as a rr es te d on 2 7. 02 .1 94 3 an d sh ot o n A ug us t 3 , 19 43 . 14 .0 3. 19 56 H e w as a m em be r o f t he A ll- U ni on C P, a m em be r of th e R ed A rm y in O ct ob er 1 94 1. o f t he 8 03 rd rifl e ba tte ry H e w as a b at te ry c om m an de r a nd a te ac he r. A SS SR A - -A W R , 4 64 , 1- 18 , 2 5 10 Is az ad eh M am m ad Is m ai l o gl u (h us ba nd of Is az ad eh S ur a A la sg ar g iz i) 18 98 , Pl ac e of b irt h is u nk no w n. H e w as a rr es te d on 2 6. 08 .1 93 7 an d sh ot o n 03 .0 1. 19 38 . 05 .1 1. 19 57 N o pa rty a ffi lia tio n. H e w as th e re gi m en t co m m an de r o f t he 2 31 st in fa nt ry re gi m en t a nd th e 77 th A ze rb ai ja ni in fa nt ry d iv is io n. A SS SR A - -A W R , 10 77 8, 4 ; La rk in , 20 16 , 5 9; O PE N LI ST , 20 22 e 11 Is ka nd ar ov M ur sh ud M ut al lim og lu (h us ba nd o f Is ka nd ar ov a H aj ar A st an g iz i) 19 14 , Pl ac e of b irt h is u nk no w n. un e- du ca - te d - H e w as a rr es te d on 10 .0 3. 19 42 . - N o pa rty a ffi lia tio n. H e w as a R ed A rm y m em be r of th e 9t h C om pa ny , 3 rd B at ta lio n an d th e 77 5t h In fa nt ry R eg im en t. A SS SR A - -A W R , 4 , 7- 9 ACTA HISTRIAE • 31 • 2023 • 1 78 Raisa JAFAROVA: WOMEN FROM SHUSHA WHO WERE EXPOSED TO REPRESSION ..., 65–82 12 G ul iy ev A sh ra f G ul u og lu (h us ba nd o f G ul iy ev a Va lid a H ila l g iz i) 19 08 , Sh us ha c ity hi g- he r A rti cl es 6 9, 70 , 7 2- 73 o f th e A ze rb . SS R C C . A rr es te d on 04 .0 8. 19 37 a nd sh ot o n 13 .1 0. 19 37 . - H e w as a m em be r o f t he L en in is t Y ou ng C om m u- ni st L ea gu e of A ze rb ai ja n. In th e cr im in al c as e, he w as d es cr ib ed a s a m em be r o f t he T ro ts ky is t- -Z in ov ye v co un te r-r ev ol ut io na ry o rg an iz at io n in A ze rb ai ja n. H e w as a g en er al h is to ry te ac he r a t th e H ig he r P ed ag og ic al In st itu te a nd A ze rb ai ja n St at e U ni ve rs ity . H e w as th e de an o f t he F ac ul ty of H is to ry o f t he A ze rb ai ja n Pe da go gi ca l I ns tit ut e. H e w as re m ov ed fr om th e hi gh er e du ca tio na l in st itu tio n fo r h is p ub lic a ct iv iti es . ( D ep ut y di re ct or of th e In st itu te o f H is to ry o f A N A S in a no th er do cu m en t - se e: O PE N LI ST , 2 02 2b ) A SS SR A - -A W R , 12 49 3, 1 -5 , 8, 9 , 1 6, 18 , 2 0 13 M ah m ud be yo v Sh ah la r I ba du lla og lu (h us ba nd o f M ah m ud be yo va A nt ig a A li gi zi ) 18 66 , Pl ac e of b irt h is u nk no w n. A rti cl e 63 -3 of th e A ze rb . SS R C C 05 .0 2. 19 43 - A SS SR A - -A W R , 2 76 , 1, 3 , 1 0 14 M am m ad ov A li Sa m ad o gl u (h us ba nd of M eh m an da ro va Su ra yy a) 19 00 , La nk ar an to w n. hi g- he r - H e w as sh ot o n 07 .0 1. 19 38 . 29 .0 9. 19 56 H e w as a m em be r o f t he C C o f A C (b ), C EC o f A ze rb ai ja n, C EC o f T ra ns ca uc as ia , C EC o f t he U SS R a nd A ll- un io n C (b ) P , i ns pe ct io n co m m is - si on o f t he T ra ns ca uc as ia n C ou nt ry C om m itt ee . Si nc e 19 16 , h e ha s b ee n a m em be r o f t he M us av at yo ut h or ga ni za tio n “Y en i J av an la r” in L an ka ra n. H e ac tiv el y pr op ag an di ze d in th e uy ez d. In 1 91 9, w as e le ct ed a re pr es en ta tiv e to th e 1s t C on gr es s of C om m un is ts o f A ze rb ai ja n in L an ka ra n uy ez d. H e w or ke d in th e po si tio ns o f t he h ea d of th e M ili ta ry R ev ol ut io na ry C om m itt ee o f L an ka ra n uy ez d, In st ru ct or o f t he C en tra l C om m itt ee o f C (b ) P of A ze rb ai ja n, S ec re ta ry o f L an ka ra n U ye zd Pa rty C om m itt ee , H ea d of G an ja U ye zd E xe cu tiv e C om m itt ee , P eo pl e’ s C om m is sa r o f I nt er na l A ffa irs of th e A ze rb ai ja n SS R , h ea d of A gh da m D is tri ct Ex ec ut iv e C om m itt ee , P eo pl e’ s F in an ce C om m is - sa r o f t he A ze rb ai ja n SS R , H ea d of th e G ut ga sh en Ex ec ut iv e C om m itt ee , c om m is si on er o f A ze rb ai ja n de pa rtm en t o f t he G ra in S up pl y O ffi ce . G ul iy ev , 20 19 , 33 4- 33 5 ACTA HISTRIAE • 31 • 2023 • 1 79 Raisa JAFAROVA: WOMEN FROM SHUSHA WHO WERE EXPOSED TO REPRESSION ..., 65–82 15 N ov ru zo v H aj i G ar a og lu 19 08 , Sh us ha c ity . un e- du ca - te d - H e w as a rr es te d on 09 .0 3. 19 42 . N o pa rty a ffi lia tio n. H e w as a w or ke r, a m em be r of th e 9t h co m pa ny , 3 rd b at ta lio n, 7 75 th in fa nt ry re gi m en t o f t he R ed A rm y. A SS SR A - -A W R , 4 , 7 , 9- 13 16 R ah im za de h R as ul A bd ul la o gl u (h us - ba nd o f R ah im ov a Le ila M ah ar ra m g iz i) 19 04 , G oy ch ay di st ric t, G ar ab ul ag vi l.. hi g- he r A rti cl e 63 -3 of th e A ze rb . SS R C C H e w as sh ot o n N ov em be r 1 6, 19 42 . - - A SS SR A - -A W R , 1 5, 1- 8 17 Sa la ye v A ga D ad as h og lu (h us ba nd o f Sa la ye va Z um ru d M am m ad al i g iz i) 19 08 , La nk ar an to w n. hi g- he r A rti cl es 21 /6 4, 7 0 an d 73 o f t he A ze rb .S SR C C H e w as a rr es te d on 23 .0 7. 19 37 . H e w as a m em be r o f t he A ll- U ni on C P (s in ce 19 32 ).İ n h is c rim in al c as e he is a cc us ed o f b ei ng a m us av at is t. H e w as th e he ad o f t he D is tri ct D ep ar tm en t f or P ub lic E du ca tio n of S ab ira ba d D is tri ct E xe cu tiv e C om m itt ee . A SS SR A - -A W R , 62 54 , 6 -8 , 10 -1 4 18 Sh ah su va ro v Sa m ad A di lk ha n og lu (h us ba nd o f S ha hs u- va ro va D ilg hu sh a Fi ru di n gi zi ) 18 94 , La ch in di st ric t, M in ke nd v il. hi g- he r A rti cl es 64 -1 8, 7 0, 72 , 7 3 of th e A ze rb .S SR C C H e w as a rr es te d on 09 .0 1. 19 38 . 16 .0 7. 19 57 In h is c rim in al c as e he w as d es cr ib ed a s a m em be r of th e c ou nt er -r ev ol ut io na ry “ Itt ih ad ” or ga ni - za tio n. H e w as a te ac he r a t S hu sh a Pe da go gi ca l Te ch ni ca l s ec on da ry sc ho ol . A SS SR A - -A W R , 12 49 3, 1 -3 , 6, 7 -1 1, 14 , 1 5; O PE N LI ST , 20 22 f ACTA HISTRIAE • 31 • 2023 • 1 80 Raisa JAFAROVA: WOMEN FROM SHUSHA WHO WERE EXPOSED TO REPRESSION ..., 65–82 ŽENSKE IZ ŠUŠE, KI SO BILE IZPOSTAVLJENE REPRESIJI MED “VELIKIM TERORJEM”: V ARHIVSKIH DOKUMENTIH SLUŽBE DRŽAVNE VARNOSTI REPUBLIKE AZERBAJDŽANA Raisa JAFAROVA Nacionalna Akademija Znanosti, A.A.Bakikhanova Inštitut za zgodovino Azerbajdžana, AZ1143, 115, Avenija H.Javid, Baku, Azerbajdžan e-mail: r.jafarova@history.science.az POVZETEK Med raziskavo smo skušali najti odgovore na nekaj ključnih vprašanj. Prvič, ali je bila sovjetska vlada »po naravi« neusmiljena le do svojih sovražnikov? Drugič, kakšni so bili po dolgih letih dokazi o oprostilnih sodbah (razsodba »nedolžen«), ki so bile izrečene tem ljudem? Poudariti je treba, da vsi rezultati, pridobljeni s preučevanjem dokumentov žensk iz Šuše in njihovih družinskih članov, ki so na voljo v naših državnih arhivih, ter gradiva, zbranega o njih iz drugih virov, niso znanstvena novost. Kljub temu pričujoče delo prinaša dra- goceno gradivo in spoznanja, ker smo v glavnem uporabili arhivske dokumente Službe državne varnosti Azerbajdžanske republike. Mimogrede, uporabili smo tudi dokumente arhiva Ministrstva za notranje zadeve Republike Azerbajdžan. Ti viri so nam dali zelo podrobne informacije o tem vprašanju. Njihova dodatna prednost je, da nam pomagajo pojasniti pomen »velikega terorja«. Veliki teror namreč ni bil »velik« le po številu žrtev, temveč tudi po veliki količini storilcev, in po tem, da je režim z združevanjem »kampanj za demokracijo« z lovom na »sovražnike« zabrisal razliko med lovcem in tistim, ki ga lovijo. Na splošno je ta članek edinstvena raziskava (preučevane so bile le družine žensk iz Šuše), ki potrjuje rezultate različnih prej opravljenih raziskav o represiji. To delo je dragocen dodatek k sliki terorja v Šuši, v zgodovinskem mestu Azerbajdžana. Ključne besede: Šuša, politična represija, totalitarizem, izgnanstvo, »veliki teror« ACTA HISTRIAE • 31 • 2023 • 1 81 Raisa JAFAROVA: WOMEN FROM SHUSHA WHO WERE EXPOSED TO REPRESSION ..., 65–82 SOURCES AND LITERATURE: ALZhIR – Current archival documents of the museum »ALZhIR« lo- cated in the Akmolinsky region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. https:// museum-alzhir.kz/ru/8-o-muzee-kategoriya/36-azerbajdzhanki (last ac- cess: 2023-01-10). AMIARA-RF – Archive of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Re- public of Azerbaijan (AMIARA). Najafov, Gamar Gazi gizi. Repression fund (RF). ASSSRA-AWR – Archive of the State Security Service of the Republic of Azerbaijan (ASSSRA). Mahmudbayova, Antiga Ali gizi. 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