Acrocephalus 24 (117): 49, 2003 Merila Criteria Je `e tako, da smo ljudje po naravi zelo zagledani vase in samozavestni. Nekateri strokovnjaki bi temu rekli egocentri~nost, drugi subjektivnost. Kar se nam zdi lepo, kar se nam zdi dobro, smo pripravljeni zagovarjati prek vseh meja, saj smo prepri~ani, da je tako najbolj prav. V svetu, ki nekaj da na strokovne argumente, so to `e davno ugotovili, pa tudi to, da so odlo~itve posameznikov prav zaradi te pretirane samozavesti pogosto napa~ne. Zato so pri odlo~anju o pomembnih stvareh uvedli merila. To so posebna pravila, ki `e vnaprej, {e preden se utegnemo o stvari opredeliti po svoji pameti, postavijo ugotovitvam natan~no dolo~ene in predvsem za vse enake meje: do sem je dobro, prek te meje pa ne ve~. V naravovarstvu ima ~edalje ve~ na{ih odlo~itev pomembne posledice v naravi, zato je modro, da se tudi tu uvedejo merila. Znanost je na tem podro~ju v zadnjih nekaj deset letih `e toliko napredovala, da je postavljanje pravi~nih meril postalo mogo~e. V svetu, ki ga oblikuje kapital, ugotavljamo, da so merila v resnici tudi zelo uporabna – sredstva namre~ niso neomejena. Tako na podlagi meril naravovarstveniki `e uvr{~ajo vrste v kategorije ogro`enosti, v kategorije pomembnosti, na podlagi meril odlo~ajo o ukrepih ipd. Pa vendar nam primerjava na{ih zaklju~kov s tistimi, ki jih predpisujejo merila, pogosto ni pogodu. Temu botrujeta dva vzroka. Ali smo merila postavili slabo, kar zna biti nevarna past postopka, ali pa nas, kar se dogaja najpogosteje, pri tem zbode prav na{a samozagledanost in samozavest, zaradi katere smo merila v prvi vrsti uvedli. V prvem primeru, jasno, moramo merila ~im prej spremeniti, v drugem pa sebe. Priznam, te`ko je popustiti in svoje prepri~anje podrediti merilom, a drugega izhoda ni. Strokovna in odgovorna merila so oblikovana po objektivnih izsledkih, so neodvisna od subjektivnih dejavnikov, ki smo jih mi prepolni in so zato povsem vredna zaupanja. ^e nam je ptica {e tako v{e~, varovanje ni smiselno, ~e na podlagi postavljenih meril ugotovimo, da njeno varovanje ne bo obrodilo sadov oziroma da bo cena ohranjanja vrste pri `ivljenju previsoka. ^e nam merilo zagotavlja, da vrsta v resnici ni tako ogro`ena, kot smo sami prepri~ani, jo pa~ uvrstimo v ni`jo kategorijo ogro`enosti. Najslab{e, kar lahko storimo, ko se z ugotovitvami meril ne strinjamo, pa je, da dolo~imo izjeme, ki se jih merila ne ti~ejo. Iz zgodovine ~love{tva pa tudi naravovarstva poznamo {tevilne `alostne, tudi krute zgodbe prav zaradi postavljanja tak{nih izjem. Nenazadnje pa izbiranje izjem tudi ni naravno. Vrsta, ki po merilih na{ega planeta ni sposobna pre`iveti, izumre, vsaka, brez izjeme. Davorin Tome 49 ACROCEPHALUS 24 (117): JI — 59, 2OO3 Recent observations on the Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus in the Paklenica National Park (Croatia) Nedavna opazovanja beloglavih jastrebov Gyps fulvus v Narodnem parku Paklenica (Hrva{ka) Gordan Luka~1, Mauricio Stip~evi}2 & Rainer Haupt3 1 National Park Paklenica, HR-23244 Starigrad-Paklenica, Croatia, e-mail: sluzba-zastite@paklenica.hr 2 Josipa Relje Vladovi}a 29, HR-23000 Zadar, Croatia 3 Strausbergerstr. 1/10, 16227 Eberswalde, Germany The Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus colony was monitored between 1984 and 2002 in two gorges of the Paklenica National Park (Velika and Mala Paklenica) on the western slopes of Velebit mountain at the east Adriatic coast of Croatia. Nest-site location, ecological features of nesting cliffs, some aspects of breeding phenology and departure flights from colony to foraging grounds were investigated. In November 1997, 12 – 14 individuals (6 – 7 breeding pairs) vanished from the gorge Mala Paklenica. In the Velika Paklenica gorge only one pair was breeding in 1998. In the following year three pairs nested in Velika Paklenica gorge. From 2000 onwards the Griffon Vultures have not bred in Paklenica National Park. More than 60 Griffon Vultures were probably poisoned from 1997 to 2001 in Croatia, most probably including the birds which disappeared from gorges of Paklenica. An alarming and unprecedented decline of three Gyps vulture species in Southeast Asia suggests infectious disease. Key words: Gyps fulvus, Griffon Vulture, National Park Paklenica, Croatia, nest-site, habitat, breeding phenology, declining number, poisoning, disturbance Klju~ne besede: Gyps fulvus, beloglavi jastreb, Narodni park Paklenica, Hrva{ka, gnezdi{~e, habitat, gnezditvena fenologija, upad {tevil~nosti, zastrupljanje, vznemirjanje 1. Introduction About 16,000 – 17,000 pairs of Griffon Vultures Gyps fulvus have recently been estimated to breed in the western Palearctic (Snow & Perrins 1998). Approximately 9,300 – 11,000 pairs breed in southwestern and south-eastern Europe in countries bordering the Mediterranean (Tucker & Heath 1994). The European stronghold of Spain holds an estimated 8,074 pairs (Tucker & Heath 1994), over three-quarters of the total numbers in Europe. The high mortality and reduced breeding success of three Gyps vulture species in Southeast Asia suggests several possible explanations, including food shortage, persecution, contaminants and infectious disease (Pain et al. 2003). In Croatia, the Griffon Vultures were distributed even over flat interior lowlands (Slavonia) and throughout the whole Dalmatia (Figure 1) but, by the mid 20 century, were extinct in these areas (Kralj 1997, Luka~ 1998). Their recent distribution in Croatia covered several islands in the Kvarner Gulf, the island of Pag and two gorges of the Paklenica National Park at south Velebit Mountain, where this endangered vulture became extinct in the year 2000 (Perco et al. 1983, Su{i} 1994 & 2000, Luka~ & Stip~evi} 1997, Stip~evi} 2002). The bulk of the Croatian population is now 95 – 100 pairs on four islands in the Kvarner Gulf (Cres, Krk, Prvi}, Plavnik) while the whole population is estimated at 110 – 150 pairs (Su{i} 1994) or 50 – 100 pairs (Tucker & Heath 1994). The number of breeding pairs in the JI G. Luka~ et al.: Recent observations on the Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus in the Paklenica National Park (Croatia) Paklenica National Park was overestimated at 20 pairs by Grimmett & Jones (1989), since serious counts of nests or breeding pairs had not been conducted by Croatian compilers. The main aims of this study were to assess the size of this small colony, the ecological features of last known nesting sites and habitat, breeding phenology, daily movements from the colony and possible reasons for extinction. This paper presents a clear insight into colony fluctuations prior to extinction and into the last parts of the gorges used for nesting, which are important for future conservation management of Griffon Vultures in the National Park Paklenica. Figure 1: Recent breeding area of Griffon Vultures Gyps fulvus in Croatia - Kvarner Gulf Islands: 1 Cres, 2 Krk, 3 Plavnik, 4 Prvi}, Sv. Grgur, Goli; 5 Rab; 6 Lo{inj; 7 Pag. Velebit Mountain: 8 Paklenica (Perco et al. 1983, Su{i} 1994 & 2000, Luka~ & Stip~evi} 1997, Stip~evi} 2002) Slika 1: Nedavno gnezditveno obmo~je beloglavih jastrebov Gyps fulvus na Hrva{kem – otoki Kvarnerskega zaliva: 1 Cres; 2 Krk; 3 Plavnik; 4 Prvi}, Sv. Grgur, Goli; 5 Rab; 6 Lo{inj; 7 Pag. Velebit: 8 Paklenica (Perco et al. 1983, Su{i} 1994 & 2000, Luka~ & Stip~evi} 1997, Stip~evi} 2002) 2. Study area and Methods 2.1. Study area The Paklenica National Park (NP in the following text) covers 9600 ha area in the southern part of Velebit Mountain, which is the northern termination of the Dinaric Alps. Formed mostly of limestone and dolomite, Velebit emerges steeply 145 km along the east Adriatic coast as a 10 – 30 km wide natural barrier to the continental interior, with the highest peak, Vaganski vrh, 1757 m a.s.l. The western, sea side rocky slopes are influenced by the Mediterranean climate while montane climate prevails on the highest peaks of the eastern continental woody slopes. Confined between the Adriatic Sea coast and the central ridge of the mountain chain, NP comprises two gorges and surrounding southern karst foothills with native pinewoods. The southern arid slopes and gorges are rugged karst of bare rocks, crags, ravines, and scree, covered mainly by Mediterranean scrub, garigues, maquis and submediterranean woodlands. Half of the surface of NP is covered, mainly in the higher area and interior, by forests of Beech Fagus sylvatica (72%), Black Pine Pinus nigra (18%), Downy Oak Quercus pubescens (3%), Eastern Hornbeam Carpinus orientalis (1%) and Hop Hornbeam Ostrya carpinifolia (6%). The upper tree-limit of the mountain is bordered by a belt of Mountain Pine Pinus mugo. The upland landscape around the high boundaries of NP includes grassland and rocky ground interspersed with cliffs and stones. The coastal landscape around NP is a mosaic of typical Mediterranean woodland and scrub with small cultivated fields around villages and a rocky seacoast. The main feature of NP is the two gorges (Velika Paklenica and Mala Paklenica) 3 km apart with steep cliffs, up to 400 m high, and with relict forests of Black Pine. The two gorges penetrate, as rows of steep cliffs, about 6 km into the southern slopes of Mountain Velebit, directly from the sea coast to the deep interior in the foothills of the mountain ridge. (Luka~ & Stip~evi} 1997) 2.2. Methods The Griffon Vulture of the NP was investigated from 1984 to 2002 in the two main gorges (Velika and Mala Paklenica). In 1993 observations were not made due to war activity in the area. A complete census was made in the period 1996 – 2002. All cliffs in both gorges were scanned with telescopes and binoculars from the bottom of the gorges and also from the top 52 AcROCEPHALUS 24 (1I7): 51 — 59, 2OO3 Table 1: Number of Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus breeding pairs in gorges Mala Paklenica (MP) and Velika Paklenica (VP) (* indicates estimate based on number of pairs present at nesting cliffs in the breeding season together with nests found. A precise number of counted nests with young or egg is given for the period 1996 – 2002.) Tabela 1: [tevilo gnezde~ih parov beloglavih jastrebov Gyps fulvus v soteskah Male (MP) in Velike Paklenice (VP) (* ocena narejena na osnovi {tevila parov, zabele`enih na gnezditvenih policah v gnezditvenem obdobju v kombinaciji z najdenimi gnezdi. Natan~no {tevilo gnezd z jajci ali mladi~i je podano za obdobje 1996 – 2002.) Gorge/ 1985* 1986*–89 1990* 1991–92* 1994–95* 1996 1997 soteska I998 I999 2000 200I 2002 MP VP J—IO 3-5 6—10 o 2-4 1—2 2-4 1—2 2-4 1—2 edges of the gorges. The nests are most easily viewed and checked from the top edge of gorges, as a side view from above or level with nests is the best option when counting cliff-nesting colonies (e.g. Bibby et al. 1992). Following the top edge sides of gorges, it is possible to survey in detail all the cliffs in both gorges. Special attention was paid to the previously known nesting ledges, but all cliffs suitable for nesting were also checked several times in the breeding season (from December to June). We measured some physical features of nesting cliffs and nests: altitude, aspect, nest background colour, and shape of nesting ledge. Nest sites found in 1996 and 1997 were plotted on the figures of cliffs. Daily flights from the nesting cliffs in the colony were observed throughout the year. Flights from the colony were observed from the vantage point most appropriate for visual tracking of Griffon Vultures when they took-off from the gorges. 3. Results 3.1. Size of colony and fluctuation of breeding pairs The size of the Griffon Vulture colony in NP (Table 1) was estimated for years 1985, 1986 – 89, 1990 on the basis of discovered nests together with counts of adult birds repeatedly flying to and from nesting cliffs in the breeding period, adult birds carrying nesting material in the direction of nesting cliffs and adult pairs engaged in synchronized display flight close to nesting cliffs above gorges in the pre-breeding period. The estimate of breeding pairs for both gorges in 1985 Table 2: Features of Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus nest sites in the Velika Paklenica (VP) and Mala Paklenica (MP) gorges (* – same ledge was used as nest site in both breeding seasons 1996 and 1997; A – flat ledge; B – hole; C – concave ledge) Tabela 2: Zna~ilnosti gnezdi{~ beloglavih jastrebov Gyps fulvus v soteskah Velike (VP) in Male Paklenice (MP) (* – ista polica je bila kot gnezdi{~e uporabljena v letih 1996 in 1997; A – ravna polica, B – luknja, C – vdolbljena polica) Gorge/ Year/ No. of nests/ Ledge type/ Exposition/ Background colour/ Altitude/ Cliff height/ soteska leto {t. gnezd tip police ekspozicija barva stene nadmorska vi{ina (m) nadmorska vi{ina stene (m) VP 1996/97 1* C SW Red 450 500 VP 1996 2 C SW Red 500 600 VP 1997 3 AS Red 490 600 MP 1997 1 AS Red 350 400 MP 1997 2 C NW Red 380 500 MP 1997 3 B NW Red 400 500 MP 1997 4 A NW Red 390 500 MP 1997 5 C NW Red 380 500 MP 1997 6 CN Red 380 500 53 G. Luka~ et al.: Recent observations on the Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus in the Paklenica National Park (Croatia) Figure 2: Horizontal distribution of Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus nest sites in gorges Velika Paklenica (VP) and Mala Paklenica (MP) indicated by black patches. Arrows indicate main direction of uplifting and thermal ’catching’ over nesting sites. The rectangle indicates the area of most intensive climbing activity in Velika Paklenica. Highest points above nesting cliffs, in Velika Paklenica: VG Visoka Glava (718 m a.s.l.), AK Ani}a Kuk (712 m a.s.l.), JG Jurasova Glavica (754 m a.s.l.) and in Mala Paklenica: DG Debela Glava (640 m a.s.l.), KD Kuk od Dubrave (733 m a.s.l.), U Umac (873 m a.s.l.). Slika 2: Horizontalna raz{irjenost gnezdi{~ beloglavih jastrebov Gyps fulvus v soteskah Velike Paklenice (VP) in Male Paklenice (MP) ozna~enih s ~rnimi lisami. Pravokotnik ozna~uje obmo~je intenzivnih plezalnih aktivnosti v soteski Velike Paklenice. Pu{~ice ozna~ujejo glavne smeri dviganja in termi~nega vzgornika nad gnezdi{~i v soteskah. Najvi{je to~ke nad gnezdilnimi pe~inami v soteski Velike Paklenice so: VG Visoka Glava (718 m n.v.), AK Ani}a Kuk (712 m n.v.), JG Jurasova Glavica (754 m n.v.), v soteski Male Paklenice pa: DG Debela Glava (640 m n.v.), KD Kuk od Dubrave (733 m n.v.), U Umac (873 m n.v.). ranged from 8 (minimum estimate) to 15 pairs (maximum estimate), of which only five nests were found with egg or young. In 1986, 6 (minimum estimate) to 10 breeding pairs (maximum estimate) were established in the Mala Paklenica gorge alone. In 1990 the estimate of breeding pairs for both gorges ranged from 3 (minimum estimate) to 6 pairs (maximum estimate), but no nests with egg or young were found. Afterwards, in the period 1996 – 2002, a complete census of all cliffs was made. In this period all the nests with egg or young were found, and we were able to get a precise number of breeding pairs (Table 1). The number of breeding pairs suddenly dropped in autumn 1997, and, in 1998, only one pair was found, breeding in Velika Paklenica. The last three pairs bred in Velika Paklenica in 1999. 3.2. Some features of the breeding cliffs in the gorges The nesting sites in Velika Paklenica have been found between 3 and 5 km from the seacoast end of the gorge (Figures 2 & 3). The wall on which nests were situated has an amphitheatre-like shape with different aspects. Nests are situated in a background of red and reddish coloured rock on the right (west) gorge wall, and are exposed mainly to the south (Table 2). Mala Paklenica, by contrast, is much more inaccessible and less visited by humans. Smaller numbers of visitors pass through the gorge, and climbing activity is completely forbidden. The vulture nests are somewhat lower in altitude than those in Velika Paklenica (Figures 2 & 3). Nests are situated 54 ACROCEPHALUS 24 (117): 51 — 59, 2OO3 between 3 and 4 km from the seacoast end (Figures 2 & 3). The main aggregation of Griffon Vultures’ nests in 1996 and 1997 was found in the interior of the gorge on the most prominent Umac cliffs, exposed to the NNW with the highest peak at 600 m a.s.l. Most nests (5) were found on the highest and most precipitous cliff on the left (east) gorge wall. All nests had a red background, four on sheltered ledges and one in a hole. All nests were exposed directly to the north. One isolated nest at the gorge entrance was, on the contrary, exposed to the south. Horizontal air streaming (wind) and vertically rising thermals have a major role in uplifting these heavy vultures when they leave the gorges in search of carrion. The presence of scree and inclined or flat bare karst sloping from edges and sides of gorges are important for vultures gaining height, especially in days with no wind. In sunny daylight bare stones and rocks are heated and the consequent air thermals make uplifts for Griffons to ascend from 800 to 1500 m (Figure 2). Usually the vultures use the same area at the edges of gorges for uplifting, if no wind occurs. In Velika Paklenica, the left (east) gorge edge was used for take-off and for uplifts in thermals. Uplift rising of vultures occurred mostly in the mornings between 9.00 and 10.00 h. 3.3. Daily movements from colony and flight direction Griffon Vultures frequently overfly from one gorge to another at the time of display flights in October and Velika Paklenica Mala Paklenica 800 600 400 200 0 12 3 4 Length / dol`ina (km) 800 400 1 2 3 Length / dol`ina (km) 800 600 400 2 3 4 Length / dol`ina (km) 800 400 1 2 3 Length / dol`ina (km) Figure 3: Vertical distribution of Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus nests (dots or black patch) on longitudinal and transverse profiles of gorges Velika Paklenica and Mala Paklenica. Broken line indicates hypothetical nest sites before 1938, and nonebroken line after 1938, when climbing sport developed rapidly in NP Paklenica. Slika 3: Vertikalna distribucija gnezd beloglavih jastrebov Gyps fulvus (pike ali ~rna lisa) na vzdol`nem in pre~nem profilu soteske Velike Paklenice in Male Paklenice. Prekinjena ~rta ponazarja hipoteti~ni polo`aj gnezdi{~ pred letom 1938 in neprekinjena po njem, ko se je v NP za~elo razvijati {portno plezanje. 55 G. Luka~ et al.: Recent observations on the Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus in the Paklenica National Park (Croatia) Figure 4: Flight trajectories of Griffon Vultures Gyps fulvus observed over several years of tracking departure flight directions from Mala Paklenica and Velika Paklenica gorges. Arrows indicate the main direction of departure flights from nesting cliffs, dots indicate repeated observation of Griffon Vultures traced after departure from Paklenica gorges (grey area indicates sea). Slika 4: Smeri poletov beloglavih jastrebov Gyps fulvus, dobljene na osnovi ve~letnih spremljanj njihovih poletov iz sotesk Male in Velike Paklenice. Pu{~ice ozna~ujejo glavne smeri poletov iz gnezditvenih sten, pike pa ve~kratna opa`anja jastrebov, spremljanih po njihovem odhodu iz pakleni{kih sotesk (siva barva ponazarja morje). November and also during ledge selection for nest building in December, January and February. Flights from both gorges for food searching over a wider area around the National Park departed in all directions (Figure 4). Usually, birds overfly a narrow sea strip in Velebit Channel in a southerly direction towards the village Vinjerac (hill Prkos), where they ascend again in thermal lifts, gaining some height and continuing forward overflying the hilly NE edge of north Dalmatia, eastwards toward Bukovica (river Zrmanja) or westwards toward the island of Pag. Some birds fly directly from the gorges along the western coastal slope of Velebit Mountain, without crossing Velebit Channel in the direction NW or SE. This trajectory leads towards the best areas for carrion available to Griffon Vultures, on the Mediterranean slope of Velebit Mountain and on Pag. Sometimes vultures were observed above the eastern Velebit slope and inland above Lika region. 3.4. Display flights and nest building Synchronized display flights commenced early at the end of September (e.g. 26 Sep 1998), but were most 56 intensive in October. Display flights continued in November and December. Mating was recorded in November, January and February. Nest building commenced at the end of December and was most intensive in the second half of January (17 Jan 1997), continuing up to mid February. Very active nest building was recorded on 30 and 31 Jan 1997 and 2 Feb 1997. In Velika Paklenica, Griffon Vultures overfly the gorge from the right (west) nesting gorge wall to left (east) gorge wall on the most prominent cliff Ani}a Kuk, to collect material for nest building (grass tufts, twigs). The earliest laid egg was found at the end of December and the latest in the second half of February (18 Feb 1997) when the last nest building was recorded. Nests are made on ledges of appropriate size for vultures. Three shape types of nesting ledge were used for nest construction: flat ledge (33%), hole (11%) and concave ledge (56%; n = 9 nests). 3.5. Climbers, mountaineers and other visitors to the Paklenica National Park The number of visitors to each gorge has been increasing steadily from 1998 onwards (Table 3). The record number of visitors exceeded 100,000 in 2002. Table 3: Monthly number of visitors in the Paklenica National Park from 1998 to 200 Tabela 3: Mese~no {tevilo obiskovalcev Narodnega parka Paklenica med letoma 1998 in 2002 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 January 401 564 575 337 491 February 453 280 600 372 334 March 1000 617 863 1251 2934 April 3595 3058 8158 7746 6220 May 4974 4831 5659 8021 14853 June 4377 4198 7944 11779 12096 July 6267 7376 14014 17621 21461 August 12126 10812 18833 20671 25811 September 5219 5063 7688 11456 12099 October 2646 3762 4679 5117 5960 November 558 962 866 2114 1775 December 383 328 484 252 383 Total / skupaj 41999 41581 70363 86737 105017 ACROCEPHALUS 24 (117): JI — 59, 2OO3 4. Discussion Some features of Velika Paklenica gorge have an advantage for Griffon Vultures over Mala Paklenica. Velika Paklenica is much longer and has many more cliffs with available ledges, also the gorge is much wider between the walls so there are more thermals developing over the inclined bare karst (scree) at the base of cliffs. Vultures mostly ascend to heights of 800 – 1000 m and overfly Velebit Channel in the direction of Pag, NE Dalmatia and the western slope of Velebit mountain. The Griffon Vultures in Paklenica gorges commenced egg-laying from the end of December to the mid February, and young left the nests in mid to the end of July. Several immature birds (2 – 4 individuals) were present in the gorges throughout the year. The nests were scattered at heights from 350 – 500 m a.s.l. (Figure 3), mainly in the zone of Mediterranean vegetation (Phillyrea latifolia, Flowering Ash Fraxinus ornus, and Terebinth Pistache Pistacia terebinthus). Breeding altitudes are much higher than those on the Kvarner islands (Perco et al. 1983). Nest sites in Velika Paklenica were located on cliffs exposed southerly or south-westerly, being protected from direct wind. Nests were built on ledges with red coloured background. Such red coloured niches on open cliffs are the main situations selected for nesting sites by petrophylic birds, e.g. Rock Nuthatch Sitta neumayer (Luka~ et al. 1992). Red colour in dominantly grey limestone rocky karst exists permanently only at particular sites sheltered from wind and not washed by rain (caves, halfcaves, overhangs, deep ledges, holes) or on recently broken rock surfaces. In Mala Paklenica, the main part of the colony was situated on cliff Umac exposed to the north, but some parts are protected microclimatically (e.g. caves, halfcaves, deep ledges). In 1997, all five nests were found on well-sheltered ledges with elevated outer ledge edges and in a red background. The cliff is mostly in shade, only in the afternoon being exposed to the sun. Griffon Vultures uplifted on the right (west) gorge wall, and also on left (east) gorge wall above cliff Umac which has scree at the base. In the past, Griffon Vultures were much more widespread (Glutz von Blotzheim et al. 1989, Cramp & Simmons 1994). The striking decline in number in NP Paklenica has been obvious in the period from 1985 to 1990 (Luka~ & Stip~evi} 1997). Decline occurred at the end of 1997 after the poisoning campaign against Golden Jackals Canis aureus and Red Foxes Vulpes vulpes conducted widely in 1997 and 1998 in the area from Pag to NE Dalmatia. The last instance was the extermination of the whole Griffon Vulture colony on the island of Krk. During 1997 – 2001, about 60 Griffon Vultures were poisoned illegally in Croatia, including birds from the Kvarner island of Krk and from the gorges of Paklenica. Widespread poisoning alone has caused serious decline, as shown from the coincidence between the periods of poisoning and decline (Newton 1979, Luka~ 2000). All kinds of poisoning are strictly prohibited by nature protection laws in Croatia (Narodne Novine 2003). Today relict populations of three Gyps vulture species have started to decline at an alarming and unprecedented rate in Southeast Asia. Current information suggests infectious disease, possibly a genus-specific virus (Pain et al. 2003). The Kvarner islands and the western Mediterranean slope of Velebit Mountain are regular foraging areas for Griffon Vultures. Sheep are the main food source available over the region. The semi-desert bare landscapes of the Kvarner islands and the western slope of Velebit mountain in the NE Adriatic are together suitable for foraging Griffon Vultures, due to the very strong seasonal north wind and thermals which develop strongly on open rocky karst exposed to the south. The distance which Griffon Vultures cover from the Kvarner islands and Paklenica gorges in search of carcasses is not known, but it is known that they can fly daily about 60 – 80 km (Glutz von Blotzheim et al. 1989, Cramp & Simmons 1994, Del Hoyo et al. 1994). Vultures from Paklenica leave mainly NW (Pag, Kvarner and the NW slope of mountain Velebit) and SE (SE slope of Mt. Velebit, Bukovica). In these areas, domestic animals, reared semi-wild in a karst landscape, are most abundant. Although the precise foraging grounds of vultures from Paklenica and Kvarner islands are not defined, they overlap, at least partly. Griffon Vultures from Paklenica could easily be poisoned on island Pag and on southern Velebit, or on some other Kvarner islands on a long foraging trip. Other factors influencing Griffon Vultures in Paklenica gorges can be disturbance by visitors (mountaineers and walkers), and especially climbers. The steep cliffs in Velika Paklenica are popular destinations for climbers throughout the year, mainly from March to October (Table 4). The number of climbers doubled in short period from 1998 to 2002 (Table 3). About 500 climbing routes have been set up over the cliffs in Velika Paklenica (^uji} 2001). Permitted routes pass over all the cliff walls and at all levels from the entrance to the interior of the gorges (^uji} 1997 & 2001), where all the cliffs suitable for 57 G. Luka~ et al.: Recent observations on the Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus in the Paklenica National Park (Croatia) breeding Griffon Vultures are available. Climbing routes are set officially at both sides of gorge and over all great cliffs in the gorge. Although levels of disturbance have not been measured, vultures on the nesting ledges are disturbed by the presence of large numbers of climbers (in tens or hundreds) in close proximity to nests, on the opposite gorge wall, on the base of breeding cliffs and on the tops of breeding cliffs. Disturbance is possible, since the gorge is narrow and the walls close together, so that climbers on one wall would disturb vultures on the opposite wall of the gorge. Climbing activities are concentrated from the entrance to the interior of the gorge, where all the Griffon Vultures’ nests have been found. Also, climbing is not restricted temporally and climbers occupy the cliffs at all seasons. Climbers are most active in spring months (Table 4), the most sensitive period for breeding Griffon Vultures. All the nests were found only on cliffs over which minimal climbing activities took place (the amphitheatre Klanci in Velika Paklenica) or on cliffs distant enough from climbing activities (cliff Umac in Mala Paklenica). In 1998, climbing was forbidden on 13 routes between 1 Jan and 1 Jun and in 1999, 9 routes over 200 m a.s.l. on the right site of gorge, during the whole year. It is difficult to distinguish between the effects of poisoning and disturbance by climbers and other visitors to the gorge. Disturbance by visitors and climbers is unlikely to be the sole factor responsible for the loss of Griffon Vultures from NP Paklenica. One possible explanation for the rapid decline of Vultures in NP is the shortage of accessible food over the whole Velebit Mountain area. Vultures bred successfully in Velika Paklenica in a period of increasing activity and huge disturbance pressure by climbers in 1998 and 1999, while breeding in the undisturbed gorge Mala Paklenica did not take place in the same period. Mala Paklenica, in which climbing is completely forbidden, is much more inaccessible and less visited than Velika Paklenica. In the years of precise count of all nests (1996 – 2002), numbers of breeding pairs and their distribution in the two gorges varied strongly (Table 1). Displacement of breeding pairs from one gorge to another may be the result of instability due to colony size, or due to decreasing number of breeding pairs, greater disturbance or unbalanced age ratio in the colony, leading to a mortality rate greater than recruitment of new members in colony. Acknowledgements: Staff of the Paklenica National Park in Starigrad helped us in many situations. The 58 authors are indebted for valuable logistics help during fieldwork to Mr. Valter Morovi}, chairman of the mountaineering society ’Paklenica’, also to Mr. Branimir [alov-Matadi and Ton}i Mate{i}. We are thankful to Mrs. Natalina Peri~i}-Kajmak from Zadar, for patient review and correction of the English version of manuscript. 5. Povzetek Kolonija beloglavih jastrebov Gyps fulvus v Narodnem parku Paklenica na ju`ni strani Velebita na Hrva{kemu je bila spremljana od leta 1984 do leta 2002. Gnezdi{~a jastrebov so bila odkrita v pe~inah sotesk Velike in Male Paklenice. [tevilo gnezde~ih parov za obe soteski je bilo za leto 1985 ocenjeno na 8 – 15 parov, leta 1986 na 6 – 10 parov in 1990 na 3 – 6 parov. Po natan~nem {tetju gnezd je v letu 1996 gnezdilo 7 parov, v 1997 8 parov, v 1998 1 par in v 1999 3 pari. [tetje je razkrilo naglo upadanje {tevila te majhne izolirane kolonije na celinskem delu Hrva{ke. Od leta 2000 beloglavi jastrebi ne gnezdijo ve~ v pakleni{kih soteskah, od leta 2002 pa ni bilo zabele`eno niti zadr`evanje teh ptic na obmo~ju Narodnega parka. Svatbeni leti beloglavih jastrebov iz Paklenice so se za~eli konec septembra, najintenzivnej{i so bili oktobra, zabele`eni pa so bili tudi novembra in decembra. Parjenje je bilo zabele`eno v novembru, januarju in februarju. Gnezda so za~eli graditi konec decembra, najintenzivneje v drugi polovici januarja, in vse do sredine februarja. Najzgodnej{e jajce je bilo najdeno konec decembra, najpoznej{e pa v drugi polovici februarja. Mladi poletenci so zapu{~ali gnezda sredi ali konec julija. Zadnja gnezda beloglavih jastrebov so bila najdena v stenah, prek katerih potekajo redko uporabljane plezalne smeri (v Veliki Paklenici izpostavljene proti jugu), ali v pe~inah, v katerih je plezanje prepovedano (v Mali Paklenici izpostavljene proti severu). Sicer pa so bila vsa gnezda zgrajena v dobro za{~itenih vdolbinah ali na policah z rde~kasto obarvanim ozadjem. Jastrebi so iz pakleni{kih sotesk poletavali proti golim kamnitim krajem z drobnico, tradicionalno gojeno na odprtih prostorih (otok Pag, zahodni del Velebita, Bukovica, severovzhodna Dalmacija). [tevilo gnezde~ih parov, tako kot tudi njihova raz{irjenost v soteskah Velike in Male Paklenice, se je v obdobju 1996 – 1999 zelo spreminjalo. Po letu 1999 beloglavi jastrebi na obmo~ju Narodnega parka Paklenica niso gnezdili ve~. Naglo upadanje {tevil~nosti in izginjanje beloglavih jastrebov iz pakleni{kih sotesk se ~asovno ujema z intenzivno ilegalno kampanjo zastrupljanja ACROCEPHALUS 24 (117): JI — 59, 2OO4 lisic Vulpes vulpes in {akalov Canis aureus na obmo~ju Dalmacije, Hrva{kega primorja in Kvarnerskih otokov. V zadnjih dvajsetih letih je bilo opaziti tudi upadanje {tevila drobnice in vse slab{o dostopnost hrane za beloglave jastrebe na celotnem Velebitu. Posredno bi na izginjanje jastrebov lahko vplivalo tudi naglo nara{~anje {tevila plezalcev v Narodnem parku v istem obdobju. Uradna uredba, kar zadeva plezanje v soteski Velike Paklenice, ni zadostna za uspe{no za{~ito jastrebov v narodnem parku. Za tako nagli upad {tevil~nosti in izumiranje pakleni{kih jastrebov pa ne bi mogli izklju~iti niti mo`nosti {irjenja infekcijskih bolezni, kar je glede na zadnje ugotovitve glavni razlog za hitri upad {tevil~nosti jasterbov v jugovzhodni Aziji. 6. References Bibby, C.J., Burges, N.D. & Hill, D.A. (1992): Bird Census Techniques. – RSPB Academic Press, London. Cramp, S. & Simmons, K.E.L. (1994): The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Vol. 2. – Oxford University Press, Oxford. ^uji}, B. (1997): Paklenica, plezalni vodnik. – Sidarta, Ljubljana. ^uji}, B. (2001): Paklenica, penja~ki vodi~. – Astroida d.o.o., Zagreb. Glutz von Blotzheim, U.N., Bauer, K.M. & Bezzel, E. (1989): Handbuch der Vögel Mitteleuropas Bd.4, 2 Auflage. – AULA Verlag, Wiesbaden. Grimmett, R.F.A. & Jones, T.A. (1989): Important Bird Areas in Europe. – ICBP Technical Publication No. 9, Cambridge. Del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J., eds. (1994): Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2. – Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Kralj, J. (1997): Croatian Ornithofauna in the Last 200 Years. – Larus 46: 1-112. Luka~, G. (1998): List of Croatian Birds. Spatial and temporal distribution. – Nat. Croat.Vl. 7, Suppl. 3, 1-160. Luka~, G. (2000): Bjeloglavi sup. – Hrvatski Zemljopis 46: 26-36. Luka~, G. & Stip~evi}, M. (1997): Birds of National Park Paklenica, Croatia. – Nat. Croat. 6: 11-60. Luka~, G., Stip~evi}, M., Crnkovi}, R. & Bem, D. (1992): Characteristics of habitat and distribution of Sitta neumayer Mich. (Aves). – Nat. Croat. 1: 81-91. Narodne Novine (2003): Zakon o za{titi prirode. Nr. 162: 7092-7143. Newton, I. (1979): Population Ecology of Raptors. – T & AD Poyser, London. Pain, D.J., Cunningham, A.A. , Donald, P.F., Duckworth, J.W., Houston, D.C., Katzner, T., Parry-Jones, J., Poole, C., Prakash, V., Round, P. & Timmins, R. (2003): Causes and Effects of Temporospatial Declines of Gyps Vultures in Asia. – Conservation Biology 17 (3): 661-669. Perco, F. , Toso, S., Su{i}, G. & Apollonio, M. (1983): Initial data for a study on the status,distribution and ecology of the Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus fulvus Hablizl 1783) in the Kvarner Archipelago. – Larus 33-35: 99-134. Snow, D.W. & Perrins, C.M. (1998): The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Concise edition. Vol. I. Non-Passerines. – Oxford University Press, Oxford. Stip~evi}, M. (2002): Solitary breeding of Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus on the island of Pag (Croatia) in 1997. – Acrocephalus 23 (112): 87-90. Su{i}, G. (1994): Wing-marking of Eurasian Griffons Gyps fulvus in Croatia - Evaluation and Initial Results. pp. 373-380 In: Meyburg, B.U. & Chancellor, R.D. (eds.): Raptor Conservation Today. – WGBP, Pica Press, Berlin, London & Paris. Su{i}, G. (2000): Regular Long-distance Migration of Eurasian Griffon Gyps fulvus. pp. 225-230 In: Chancellor, R.D. & Meyburg, B.U. (eds.): Raptors at Risk. – WWGBP, Hancock House, Midrand, South Africa. Tucker, G.M. & Heath, M.F. (1994): Birds in Europe: their conservation status. – BirdLife Conservation Series no. 3, BirdLife International, Cambridge. Arrived / Prispelo: 12.5.2003 Accepted / Sprejeto: 16.12.2003 59 ACROCEPHALUS 24 (117): 6l — 66, 2OO3 Velikost legla, velikost jajc in fenologija prihoda na gnezdi{~e pri navadni ~igri Sterna hirundo v SV Sloveniji Common Tern’s Sterna hirundo clutch size, egg dimensions and phenology of its arrival to the breeding site in NE Slovenia Franc Jan`ekovi~1, Borut [tumberger2 & Damijan Denac3 1 Vurberk 104h, SI-2241 Sp. Duplek, Slovenija, e-mail: franc.janzekovic@guest.arnes.si 2 Cirkulane 41, SI-2282 Cirkulane, Slovenija, e-mail: stumberger@siol.net 3 Gorki~eva 14, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija, e-mail: damijan.denac@dopps-drustvo.si Common Terns Sterna hirundo began to return to their breeding sites on the Drava river in early April. The article presents the measurement of 471 Common Terns’ eggs from 184 nests. Average clutch size was 2.55 (median = 3, min = 1, max = 4) eggs per nest, with an average egg size of 41.1 x 30.3 mm. There was no characteristic difference in the average egg length between the two-, three- and four-egg clutches. Concerning the average breadth of eggs, characteristic differences were noted particularly in four-egg clutches. Correlation between egg length and breadth was very loose (r = 0.25, p < 0.0001). Egg length was more variable (CV%EL = 4.33) than egg breadth (CV%EB = 2.96). Size patterns in Common Terns’ clutches were not quite consistent with the brood-reduction hypothesis, according to which every egg laid in a single nest is smaller than the previous one. Key words: first spring arrival, clutch size, eggs size, brood-reduction hypothesis, Common Tern, Sterna hirundo, NE Slovenia Klju~ne besede: prvi pomladanski prihod, velikost legla, velikost jajc, hipoteza manj{anja legla, navadna ~igra, Sterna hirundo, SV Slovenija 1. Uvod 89%. Prej izvaljena jajca so ponavadi {ir{a od tistih, ki so izvaljena kasneje, podobne razlike so tudi v Navadna ~igra Sterna hirundo je kolonijska vrsta s volumnu in masi. V dol`ini se jajca iz istega legla holarkti~no gnezditveno raz{irjenostjo. Je selivka. V razlikujejo le neznatno (Nisbet 2002). Manj{anje jajc srednji Evropi za~ne gnezditi v mesecu maju (Glutz v istem leglu bi naj glede na zaporedje njihovega von blotzheim & Bauer 1982). V leglu ima izleganja imelo vlogo zmanj{evanja intervala najpogosteje 2 – 3 jajca, redkeje 1 ali 4. Jajca iz istega izvaljevanja mladi~ev, o ~emer govori hipoteza o legla se v velikosti med seboj lahko razlikujejo. manj{anju legla – brood-reduction hypothesis Navadna ~igra le`e jajca v razmiku 1,5 – 1,9 dneva in (Bollinger 1994). O gnezditveni biologiji navadne jih vali neredno, dokler leglo ni popolno. Inkubacijska ~igre v Sloveniji so bili doslej objavljeni kraj{i zapisi o doba prej izvaljenih jajc je dalj{a od tistih, ki so posameznih gnezditvah (npr. Vogrin 1991, [alamun izvaljena kasneje, in za prvo jajce zna{a v povpre~ju 2001) in rezultati ve~letnega {tevil~nega spremljanja 23,1 dneva, za drugo jajce 22,3 dneva in za tretje jajce kolonije v Se~oveljskih solinah (Makovec et al. 1998) 21,7 dneva. Drugi mladi~ se izvali dan kasneje kot ter bazenih za odpadne vode Tovarne sladkorja d.d. prvi, tretji pa dan in pol za drugim (Nisbet 2002). V pri Ormo`u (v nadaljevanju TSO; Denac 2002). primeru pomanjkanja hrane po Cramp-u (1994) v Biometri~ne podatke velikosti legel in jajc navadne leglih s tremi mladi~i pre`ivi le okrog 22% ~igre v Sloveniji podaja Vogrin (1998). tretjeizvaljenih mladi~ev, prvoizvaljenih pa okrog Namen prispevka je: (1) ugotoviti, kdaj se navadne 6l F. Jan`ekovi~ et al.: Velikost legla, velikost jajc in fenologija prihoda na gnezdi{~e pri navadni ~igri Sterna hirundo v SV Sloveniji ~igre vrnejo na gnezdi{~a v SV Sloveniji (registracija prvih spomladanskih prihodov v bli`ino gnezdi{~), (2) ugotoviti velikosti legel in jajc iz kolonij na otoku Ptujskega jezera in v bazenih TSO, (3) testiranje razlik v velikosti jajc med razli~no velikimi legli in (4) testiranje, ali je velikostni vzorec jajc v leglu skladen s hipotezo manj{anja legla. 2. Metode Prve pomladanske podatke o pojavljanju navadne ~igre smo zbrali med pre{tevanjem vodnih ptic na obmo~ju reke Drave med Mariborom in Ormo`em in na Perni{kem jezeru. V obdobju med letoma 1981 in 1996 nismo zbrali podatkov le za leti 1983 in 1995. Pre{tevanje legel in meritve jajc smo opravili v koloniji navadnih ~iger v bazenih TSO leta 1981 in na otoku Ptujskega jezera leta 1982 in 1986. Leta 1981 smo legla {teli 20.5., 22.5. in 3.6., leta 1982 2.5. in 4.6. ter leta 1986 16.5. Jajca smo izmerili pri zadnjem obisku. Obravnavani koloniji sta bili formirani leta 1980 na Ptujskem jezeru (Jan`ekovi~ & [tumberger 1984) oziroma leta 1982 v bazenih TSO ([tumberger 1982). Pri obisku kolonije smo v vsakem gnezdu pre{teli {tevilo jajc – velikost legla (CS – clutch size) in izmerili dol`ino (EL – eggs length) in {irino jajc (EB – eggs breadth). Jajca smo merili s kljunastim merilom: leta 1981 in 1982 z natan~nostjo 0,25 mm, leta 1986 z natan~nostjo 0,1 mm. Pre{teto {tevilo jajc v posameznem leglu smo jemali za kon~no {tevilo jajc v leglu, pri ~emer lahko junijske podatke z ve~jo natan~nostjo {tejemo za kon~ne velikosti legel kot majske. Statisti~no zna~ilnost razlik med aritmeti~nimi sredinami dol`in in {irin jajc v razli~no velikih leglih smo preizku{ali z enosmerno analizo variance (ANOVA) pri stopnji tveganja p < 0,05. Za ugotavljanje variabilnosti dol`ine in {irine jajc smo uporabili koeficient variabilnosti (CV% = SD x 100 / AS; SD – standardni odklon, AS – aritmeti~na sredina). Povezanost variabilnosti med dol`ino in {irino jajc smo ugotavljali s Pearsonovim korelacijskim koeficientom. 3. Rezultati in diskusija 3.1. Pomladanski prihod navadnih ~iger, velikost legla in velikost jajc V 14 letih, za katera imamo podatke, so bile navadne ~igre na {ir{em obmo~ju gnezdi{~a prvi~ opazovane med 30.3. in 18.4. (tabela 1). 62 Tabela 1: Prva pomladanska opazovanja navadnih ~iger Sterna hirundo na reki Dravi med Mariborom in Ormo`em ter na Perni{kem jezeru (B[ – Borut [tumberger, FB – Franc Bra~ko, FJ – Franc Jan`ekovi~). Table 1: First spring observations of Common Terns Sterna hirundo on the Drava river between Maribor and Ormo`, and at Perni{ko jezero (B[ – Borut [tumberger, FB – Franc Bra~ko, FJ – Franc Jan`ekovi~). Leto Datum Kraj Število Vir 1981 u.4- Markovci - Ptujsko jezero 3 BŠ 1982 8.4. Ormo` - Ormo{ko jezero 3 BŠ 1984 6.4. Bukovci - Drava - FJ 1985 io .4. Duplek - Drava - FB 12.4. Bukovci - Drava 2 FJ 13.4. Ptuj - Ptujsko jezero 2 BS 1986 31.3. Pernica - ribnik i FB 4.4. Bukovci - Drava 6 FJ 1987 3.4. Ptuj - Ptujsko jezero i FJ 5.4. Ptuj - Ptujsko jezero 1 BS 5.4. Pernica - ribnik 2 FB 1988 15.4. Ptuj - Ptujsko jezero 16 BS 17.4. Ptuj - Ptujsko jezero 100 FJ 1989 9.4. Ptuj - Ptujsko jezero 3 BS 199° 8.4. Duplek - Drava 3 FB 1991 10.4. Ptuj - Ptujsko jezero 4 FB i992 10.4. Ptuj - Ptujsko jezero 1 BS 1993 18.4. Pernica - ribnik 4 FJ 1994 10.4. Pernica - ribnik 2 FB 1996 30.3. Pernica - ribnik 1 FB V treh popisanih kolonijah (Ptuj 1982 in 1986, Ormo` 1981) so prevladovala legla s tremi jajci (tabela 2), kar je sicer obi~ajno (Cramp 1994, Nisbet 2002). Najmanj{i odstotek trojaj~nih legel je bil ugotovljen v koloniji pri Ormo`u (44%), tam je bil tudi visok odstotek enojaj~nih legel (14,8%). Po podatkih v Cramp-u (1994) je v kolonijah ~iger 4 – 5 % enojaj~nih legel in 59 – 77% trojaj~nih legel. V koloniji pri Ormo`u ~igre verjetno {e niso imele dokon~anih legel, ta sklep pa podpira opazovanje mladi~ev v tej koloniji 28.6., ko so bili stari le nekaj dni. To pomeni, da so nekatere ~igre za~ele valiti {ele v za~etku junija, ko smo zadnji~ pre{teli jajca v gnezdih. [e vi{ji dele` enojaj~nih legel (15,7%) smo ugotovili v koloniji na Ptujskem jezeru leta 1982. Tudi ta podatek izkazuje verjetnost, da enojaj~na legla ACROCEPHALUS 24 (117): 6l — 66, 2OO3 Tabela 2: Razdelitev legel v razrede glede na {tevilo jajc in opisna statistika dol`ine (EL) in {irine jajc (EB) pri navadni ~igri Sterna hirundo Ptuj 1982, pov. {t. jajc / leglo = 2,55, mediana = 3 (Ar.s. – aritmeti~na sredina, CV% – koeficient variabilnosti) Table 2: Clutch classification in view of the number of eggs, and descriptive characteristics of egg lengths (EL) and breadths (EB) in Common Tern Sterna hirundo, Ptuj 1982, avg. no. eggs / clutch = 2.55, median = 3 (Ar.s. – arithmetic mean. CV% – variability coefficient) [t. jajc v leglu/ [t. legel z jajci/ [t. jajc/ EL (mm) EB (mm) No. eggs in clutch No. clutches with eggs No . eggs N % N % min-max Ar.s. CV% min-max Ar.s. CV% I 14 15,7 14 6,2 39,0-44,0 41,1 3,17 29,0-31,0 29,9 2,29 2 14 15,7 28 12,3 40,0-44,5 42,0 3,19 29,0-32,0 30,6 2,86 3 59 66,3 I77 78,0 37*5-46,0 4i»4 4,12 28,0-32,5 30,4 3,01 4 2 2,2 8 3,5 40,0-42,0 40,9 1,90 29,0-31,0 2.9,7 2,98 Skupaj / Total 89 IOO,0 227 100,0 37*5-46,0 41,5 3>92 28,0-32,5 30,3 3,01 Tabela 3: Razdelitev legel v razrede glede na {tevilo jajc in opisna statistika dol`ine (EL) in {irine jajc (EB) pri navadni ~igri Sterna hirundo Ptuj 1986, pov. {t. jajc / leglo = 2,66, mediana = 3 (Ar.s. – aritmeti~na sredina, CV% – koeficient variabilnosti) Table 3: Clutch classification in view of the number of eggs, and descriptive characteristics of egg lengths (EL) and breadths (EB) in Common Tern Sterna hirundo, Ptuj 1986, avg. no. eggs / clutch = 2.66, median = 3 (Ar.s. – arithmetic mean. CV% – variability coefficient) [t. jajc v leglu/ [t. legel z jajci/ [t. jajc/ EL (mm) EB (mm) No. eggs in clutch No. clutches with eggs No . eggs N % N % min-max Ar.s. CV% min-max Ar.s. CV% 1 2 2.,9 2 i>i 41,0-44,5 42,9 29,5-31,5 30,4 2 20 29,4 40 22,1 37,0-42,2 40,3 3,59 27,2-31,0 29,9 2,85 3 45 66,2 135 74>2. 36,4-45,8 40,6 4,45 28,0-32,2 30,4 3>°3 4 1 1,5 4 2,2 41,2-42,0 4i»7 31,2-32,1 31,8 Skupaj / Total 68 100,0 182 100,0 36,4-45,8 40,6 4>3° 28,0-32,2 30,3 3*48 Tabela 4: Razdelitev legel v razrede glede na {tevilo jajc in opisna statistika dol`ine (EL) in {irine jajc (EB) pri navadni ~igri Sterna hirundo, Ormo` 1981, pov. {t. jajc / leglo = 2,30, mediana = 2 (Ar.s. – aritmeti~na sredina, CV% – koeficient variabilnosti) Table 4: Clutch classification in view of the number of eggs, and descriptive characteristics of egg lengths (EL) and breadths (EB) in Common Tern Sterna hirundo, Ormo` 1981, avg. no. eggs / clutch = 2.30, median = 2 (Ar.s. – arithmetic mean. CV% – variability coefficient) [t. jajc v leglu/ [t. legel z jajci/ [t. jajc/ EL (mm) EB (mm) No. eggs in clutch No. clutches with eggs No . eggs N % N % min-max Ar.s. CV% min-max Ar.s. CV% 1 4 14,8 4 6,5 41,0-46,0 42,5 5,60 29,0-32,0 30,0 4,51 2 n 40,7 22 35,5 38,5-46,5 41,6 4 »44 29,0-31,0 30,2 2,16 3 12 44>4 36 58,0 37,0-46,5 41,3 5,16 29,5-31,5 30,5 1,90 4 ° 0 Skupaj / Total 27 100,0 62 100,0 37,0-46,5 41,5 4» 91 29,0-32,0 30,4 2,22 63 F. Jan`ekovi~ et al.: Velikost legla, velikost jajc in fenologija prihoda na gnezdi{~e pri navadni ~igri Sterna hirundo v SV Sloveniji Tabela 5: Razdelitev legel v razrede glede na {tevilo jajc in opisna statistika dol`ine (EL) in {irine jajc (EB) pri navadni ~igri Sterna hirundo, vsi podatki, pov. {t. jajc / leglo = 2,55, mediana = 3 (Ar.s. – aritmeti~na sredina, CV% – koeficient variabilnosti) Table 5: Clutch classification in view of the number of eggs, and descriptive characteristics of egg lengths (EL) and breadths (EB) in Common Tern Sterna hirundo, all data, avg. no. eggs / clutch = 2.55, median = 3 (Ar.s. – arithmetic mean. CV% – variability coefficient) [t. jajc v leglu/ [t. legel z jajci/ [t. jajc/ No. eggs in clutch No. clutches with eggs No. eggs EL (mm) EB (mm) N % N % min-max Ar.s. CV% min-max Ar.s. CV% I 20 10,9 20 4,2 39,0-46,0 41,6 4,07 29,0-32,0 29,8 2,89 2 44 2.3,9 88 18,7 37,0-46,5 41,1 4,19 27,2-32,0 30,2 2,87 3 117 63,6 351 74,5 36,4-46,5 41,1 4,45 28,0-32,5 30,4 2,93 4 3 2,2 12 2.,5 40,0-42,0 41,2 1,81 29,0-32,1 30,4 4,16 Skupaj / Total 184 IOO,0 471 100,0 36,4-46,5 41,1 4,33 27,2-32,5 30,3 2,96 {e niso bila dokon~ana. Vogrin (1998) je v gramoznici v Ho~ah v koloniji med 90 gnezdi ugotovil 11,1% enojaj~nih legel, 34,4% dvojaj~nih, 53,3% trojaj~nih in 1,1% {tirijaj~nih. Ugotovljeno povpre~no {tevilo jajc v leglu (2,55) je med vrednostjo 2,48 in 2,90, ki sta dolgoletni povpre~ji velike kolonije v ZDA (Nisbet 2002). Najmanj{e povpre~no {tevilo jajc v leglu (2,30), ugotovljeno v Ormo`u, pa je primerljivo s povpre~jem »poznih« legel (2,26), ugotovljenih na gnezditvenih splavih v Nem~iji (Sudmann 1998). Za ~igre, ki za~no gnezditi kasno (po 1. juniju), je zna~ilno, da imajo v povpre~ju manj{a legla (Sudmann 1998). Jajca so v povpre~ju merila 41,1 x 30,3 mm (tabela 5), meritve pa so podobne vrednostim, kot jih navajajo Glutz von Blotzheim & Bauer (1982), Nisbet (2002) in Vogrin (1998). 3.2. Razlike med jajci glede na velikost legla Povpre~ne mere jajc v leglu (EL, EB) so obravnavane lo~eno za vsako lokaliteto in leto posebej (tabele 2, 3 & 4). Z enosmerno analizo variance smo preizku{ali, ali obstajajo zna~ilne razlike v dol`ini in {irini jajc glede na njihovo {tevilo v gnezdu. Rezultati testiranj na otoku Ptujskega jezera so v obeh letih izkazovali enake zna~ilnosti. V letih 1982 in 1986 razlike v dol`ini jajc glede na {tevilo jajc v gnezdu niso bile zna~ilne. V letu 1982 je bila vrednost F3, 223 = 1,57, p = 0,198 in v letu 1986 F3, 178 = 2,43, p = 0,066. [irine jajc so bile v obeh letih zna~ilno razli~ne. V letu 1982 so se zna~ilno razlikovale aritmeti~ne sredine med dvo-, tro-in {tirijaj~nimi legli (F3, 223 = 3,46, p = 0,017). V letu 1986 so se zna~ilno razlikovale aritmeti~ne sredine {tirijaj~nih legel od dvo- in 64 trojaj~nih (F3, 177 = 6,60, p = 0,0003), med dvo- in trojaj~nimi legli pa razlika ni bila zna~ilna. V bazenih TSO v letu 1981 ni bilo zna~ilnih razlik v dol`ini oziroma {irini jajc glede na {tevilo jajc v gnezdu. Vzrok za nezna~ilno razliko testiranih spremenljivk v ormo{ki koloniji je lahko v nedokon~anem formiranju legel. 3.3. Skladnost vzorca velikostne variabilnosti jajc s hipotezo manj{anja legla Velikost jajca navadno upada glede na zaporedje le`enja (Glutz von Blotzheim & Bauer 1982, Cramp 1994). Po hipotezi manj{anja legla je vsako izle`eno jajce manj{e od predhodnega (Bollinger 1994). Cramp (1994) navaja, da je v dvojaj~nem leglu drugo jajce manj{e od prvega, v trojaj~nem pa tretje manj{e od prvih dveh. Ali so bili velikostni odnosi med obravnavanimi jajci s ptujskega otoka in bazenov TSO v skladu z zgoraj postavljenimi trditvami, smo ugotavljali lo~eno za dvo- in trojaj~na legla. Dve ali ve~ jajc smo prepoznali kot enako velika, ~e so se izmerjene vrednosti razlikovale za 0,5 mm ali manj. Dvojaj~na legla smo razdelili v dva razreda: v 1. razredu ni bilo razlik v dol`ini oz. {irini jajc, takih legel je bilo med 20 in 29%; v 2. razredu so bila legla z jajci razli~nih dol`in oz. {irin, teh je bilo 71 do 80%. Od predstavljenega vzorca so se nekoliko razlikovala jajca iz bazenov TSO, razlagamo jih kot posledico nedokon~ano oblikovanih legel (tabela 6). Trojaj~na legla smo razvrstili v {tiri razrede: (1) legla z jajci sukcesivne dol`ine oziroma {irine, (2) legla z jajci iste dol`ine oziroma {irine, (3) legla z enim ve~jim in dvema manj{ima jajcema iste dol`ine oziroma {irine in (4) legla z dvema jajcema iste dol`ine oziroma {irine in enim kraj{im oziroma o`jim jajcem (tabela 7). ACROCEPHALUS 24 (117): 6l — 66, 2OO3 Tabela 6: Dele` dvojaj~nih legel navadne ~igre Sterna hirundo glede na velikostne odnose med dol`inami in {irinami (vrednosti v oklepajih) jajc (184 legel, 471 jajc) Table 6: Proportion of two-egg clutches of Common tern Sterna hirundo according to egg lengths and breadths relations (with values in brackets; 184 clutches, 471 eggs) Ptuj '82 (%) Ptuj '86 (%) Ormož 81 (%) Iste velikosti/ Same sizes 28,6 (26,7) 25,0 (26,3) 20,0 (72,7) Razli~ne velikosti/ 71,4 (73,3) 75,0 (73,7) 80,0 (27,3) Different sizes Prevladovala so legla s sukcesivno velikostjo jajc. V dol`ini jajc je tak vzorec imelo 42 – 61% legel, v {irini jajc pa je bil ta dele` ni`ji in se je gibal okoli 32%, ponovno z izjemo ormo{kega vzorca. Za legla s sukcesivno velikostjo jajc sklepamo, da je najve~je jajce izle`eno prvo, najmanj{e pa zadnje, v tem primeru se vzorec ujema s hipotezo manj{anja legla. Glede na predstavljene rezultate lahko povzamemo, da so bili velikostni vzorci jajc v leglih navadnih ~iger v bazenih TSO in na Ptujskem jezeru kompleksni (ali naklju~ni) in se niso ujemali z enostavnimi napovedmi Cramp-a (1994). Na{i rezultati so bli`je Bollinger-jevim (1994) ugotovitvam, da velikostna variabilnost jajc pri navadni ~igri slabo podpira hipotezo manj{anja legla. 3.4. Korelacija med dol`ino in {irino jajca V vseh analizah sta bili dol`ina in {irina jajc obravnavani kot neodvisni spremenljivki. Med dol`ino in {irino smo namre~ ugotovili statisti~no zna~ilno, vendar zelo ohlapno korelacijo (r = 0,25, p < 0,0001). Dol`ina jajca je bila variabilnej{a spremenljivka (CV%EL = 4,33) od {irine jajca, pri kateri je bil koeficient variabilnosti ni`ji (CV%EB = 2,96; tabela 5). Podobno je ugotovil tudi Vogrin (1998). Da je {irina manj variabilna od dol`ine jajc, si morda lahko razlagamo z omejitvami pelvisa ali kloake, vendar mora obstajati mehanizem, da lahko posamezna ptica v istem leglu zle`e o`ja kasnej{a jajca. Zahvala: Za pomo~ pri merjenju jajc se zahvaljujemo Iztoku Geistru in Vekoslavu La{i~u, za podatke o spomladanskih opazovanjih Francu Bra~ku, Olgi Zorman Rojs pa za pomo~ pri spremljanju kolonij. 4. Povzetek Navadne ~igre Sterna hirundo so se v gnezdilni okoli{ na obmo~ju Drave vra~ale v za~etku aprila. V ~lanku predstavljamo meritve 471 jajc iz 184 gnezd navadne ~igre. Povpre~na velikost legla je bila 2,55 (mediana = 3, min = 1, max = 4) jajc na gnezdo, povpre~na velikost jajc je bila 41,1 x 30,3 mm. Med dvo-, tro- in {tirijaj~nimi legli ni bilo zna~ilne razlike v povpre~ni dol`ini jajc, v povpre~ni {irini jajc pa so se zna~ilno razlikovala predvsem legla s {tirimi jajci. Korelacija med dol`ino in {irino jajc je bila zelo ohlapna (r = 0,25, p < 0,0001). Dol`ina jajc je bila variabilnej{a spremenljivka (CV%EL = 4,33) od {irine (CV%EB = 2,96). Velikostni vzorci jajc v leglih navadnih ~iger se ravno ne ujemajo s hipotezo manj{anja legla (brood-reduction hypothesis), po kateri je vsako izle`eno jajce znotraj enega gnezda manj{e od predhodnega. Tabela 7: Velikostni odnosi med dol`inami in {irinami (vrednosti v oklepajih) jajc v trojaj~nih leglih navadne ~igre Sterna hirundo (184 legel, 471 jajc) Table 7: Egg lengths and breadths relations (values in brackets) in three-egg clutches of Common Tern Sterna hirundo (184 clutches, 471 eggs) Ptuj '82 (%) Ptuj '86 (%) Ormož '8i (%) Jajca sukcesivne velikosti/ Eggs of successive sizes 60,6 (32,2) Jajca iste velikosti/ Same sized eggs 3,3 (11,9) Eno jajce ve~je, dve manj{i enako veliki/ 18,3 (33,9) One large, two smaller same sized eggs Dve jajci enako veliki, eno manj{e/ Tw o same sized eggs, one smaller 18,3 (22,0) 54,4 (32,6) 41,7 (41,7) 2,2 (17,4) 0,0 (16,7) 21,7 (I9>^) 16,7 (25,0) 21,7 (30,4) 41,7 (16,7) 65 F. Jan`ekovi~ et al.: Velikost legla, velikost jajc in fenologija prihoda na gnezdi{~e pri navadni ~igri Sterna hirundo v SV Sloveniji 5. Literatura Bollinger, P.B. (1994): Relative effects of hatching order, egg-size variation, and parental quality on chick survival in Common terns. – Auk 111: 263-273. Cramp, S., ed. (1994): Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Vol. IV, Terns to Woodpeckers. – Oxford Univesity Press, Oxford. Denac, D. (2002): Common Tern Sterna hirundo breeding population: developement and nature conservation management results at the Ormo` wastewater basins between 1992 and 2002 (NE Slovenia). – Acrocephalus 23 (115): 163-168. Glutz von Blotzheim, U.N. & Bauer, K.M. (1982): Handbuch der Vögel Mitteleuropas. Band 8/II, Charadriiformes. – Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Wiesbaden. Jan`ekovi~, F. & [tumberger, B. (1984): Otoka na Ptujskem jezeru za{~itena. – Acrocephalus 5 (22): 54-56. Makovec, T. , [kornik, I. & Lipej, L. (1998): Ekolo{ko ovrednotenje in varovanje pomembnih ptic Se~oveljskih solin. – Falco 12 (13-14): 5-48. Nisbet, I.C.T. (2002): Common Tern (Sterna hirundo). pp. 1-40. In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.): The Birds of North America, No. 618. – The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia. Sudmann, S.R. (1998): Wie dicht können Flußseeschwalben Sterna hirundo brüten? Extremsituationen auf Brutfloßen. – Vogelwelt 119 (3-5): 181-192. [alamun, @. (2001): Nova gnezditvena kolonija navadne ~igre Sterna hirundo v Pomurju. – Acrocephalus 22 (104-105): 51-52. [tumberger, B. (1982): Gnezditev male ~igre Sterna albifrons ugotovljena tudi v Sloveniji. – Acrocephalus 3 (11-12): 13-14. Vogrin, M. (1991): Nova kolonija re~nega galeba Larus ridibundus in navadne ~igre Sterna hirundo v Ho~ah pri Mariboru. – Acrocephalus 12 (49): 121-122. Vogrin, M. (1998): Egg size of the Common Tern Sterna hirundo in Slovenia. – Ornis Svecica 8: 87-90. Prispelo / Arrived: 1.4.2003 Sprejeto / Accepted: 16.12.2003 66 ACROCEPHALUS 24 (117): 6j — JI, 2OO3 Slovensko poimenovanje tipov pti~jih mladi~ev Slovenian terminology of bird nestling types Ljubljana, Slovenija, e-mail: al.vrezec@nib.si Al Vrezec Nacionalni in{titut za biologijo, Ve~na pot 111, SI-1001 1. Uvod Osnova znanstvenega in strokovnega dela je urejeno izrazoslovje. To je predpogoj za uspe{no znanstveno komuniciranje in podajanje rezultatov {ir{i strokovni in tudi lai~ni javnosti. Pri izrazoslovju pa je nujno poenotenje, pri ~emer je treba natan~no definirati izraze in odpraviti sinonimiko, ki bi lahko motila jasnost znanstvenega izra`anja. Izrazi se kalijo v ~lankih, pregledna dela pa potem vse skupaj povzamejo in poenotijo. Slovensko ekolo{ko terminologijo je poenotil Tarman (1992), {e vedno pa so ostali nere{eni nekateri izrazi specialnih ved, denimo ornitologije. Osnovna potreba za nedvoumno komunikacijo raziskovalcev znotraj specialnih ved za dolo~eno `ivalsko ali rastlinsko skupino je imenik vrst. Ta je bil v sloven{~ini poenoten za ptice zahodne Palearktike (Jan~ar et al. 1999). Znanstveno vrstno poimenovanje je s pravili zelo jasno definirano (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1995), medtem ko so pravila poimenovanja na nacionalnem nivoju manj jasna (npr. Geister 1991, Gregori 1991, Jan~ar 1999). [e manj jasnosti je pri drugem izrazoslovju, nujno potrebnem pri raziskovalnem ornitolo{kem delu. Ti izrazi so se z ve~jimi ali manj{imi razlikami uporabljali v razli~nih slovenskih ornitolo{kih delih in prevodih (npr. Gilliard 1968, Geister 1980, 1995 & 1998, Bo`i~ 1983, Sovinc 1994, Gooders 1998) in, ne nazadnje, v slovenskih strokovnih in poljudnih revijah, kakr{ne so Acrocephalus, Annales, Falco, Biota, Svet ptic, Proteus, Gea, Lovec, Varstvo narave itd. Kljub temu pravega poenotenja na podro~ju splo{nega slovenskega ornitolo{kega izrazoslovja {e vedno nimamo. [e ve~, nekateri pojavi v sloven{~ini sploh {e niso bili poimenovani, preprosto zato, ker se z njimi pri nas strokovno {e nih~e ni ukvarjal. Ta k primer so tipi pti~jih mladi~ev, ki so bili v sloven{~ini poimenovani le v grobem (npr. Gilliard 1968, Geister 1980, Bo`i~ 1983), medtem ko so nekatere bolj specifi~ne skupine tipov pti~jih mladi~ev, ki se uporabljajo v sodobni ornitolo{ki znanosti (npr. Gill 1995), {e vedno brez ustreznega slovenskega izrazo- slovja. Namen pri~ujo~ega prispevka je poimenovati in strokovno obrazlo`iti izraze za tipe pti~jih mladi~ev, ki se sicer uporabljajo v svetovni ornitolo{ki literaturi. 2. Pristop k poimenovanju Pri poimenovanju sem se osredoto~il na problem razvitosti in mobilnosti mladi~ev takoj po izvalitvi, kar je bila tudi sicer osnova pri klasifikaciji tipov pti~jih mladi~ev (Gill 1995; glej tabelo 1). Pri tem sem izhajal iz posebnih zna~ilnosti, ki izbrani tip kar najbolj lo~ijo od drugih tipov. Izbrana imena sem ustrezno oblikoval in uskladil z besedotvornimi pravili (Topori{i~ 2001) in se posku{al v ~im ve~ji meri izogniti sinonimiki z dosedanjim bolj splo{nim poimenovanjem pti~jih mladi~ev v sloven{~ini (Erjavec 1870, Gilliard 1968, Geister 1980, Bo`i~ 1983, Tome 2003), ~eprav sem iskal mo`nost navezave na `e uveljavljena imena. Pri izboru izrazov sem preverjal sopomene, navedene v Slovarju slovenskega knji`nega jezika, SSKJ (Bajec et al. 1994), saj je za strokovni jezik nujna natan~na definiranost izrazov po mo`nosti brez sopomenov, ki bi ovirali natan~nost izra`anja. Pri poimenovanju so aktivno sodelovali Henrik Cigli~, dr. Davorin Tome, dr. Tomi Trilar in Tatjana @ener. 3. Pregled dosedanjega slovenskega poimenovanja V slovenskem poimenovanju tipov pti~jih mladi~ev sta bili doslej v rabi dve terminologiji, vsaka osnovana na svojih imenotvornih temeljih, vendar obe nana{ajo~i se le na dve skupini. Prvo starej{e poimenovanje je delitev po videzu oziroma pora{~enosti pti~jih mladi~ev na puhovce oziroma mahovce in goli~e (Erjavec 1870, Gilliard 1968, Bo`i~ 1983), drugo pa se ozira na njihovo mobilnost in jih deli na begavce in gnezdomce (Geister 1980). Obe poimenovanji pa se prepletata, kar je pokazal `e Janez Gregori s prevodom knjige Gooders (1998). Pravzaprav so vsi goli~i tudi gnezdomci, medtem ko najdemo med puhovci tako gnezdomce kot begavce (Tome 2003). 67 A. Vrezec: Slovensko poimenovanje tipov pti~jih mladi~ev 3.1. Puhovec (mahovec) in goli~ Eden prvih je pti~je mladi~e v sloven{~ini poimenoval Fran Erjavec, ki jih je po rasti in na~inu `ivljenja razdelil na dve skupini (Erjavec 1870, Schödler 1875). K prvi skupini je pri{teval tiste, ki se izvalijo goli in slepi in jih star{i {e dolgo pitajo. Imenoval jih je goli~i ali kilavci. Sem je uvrstil mladi~e pevcev Passeriformes, vpijatov Coraciiformes, plezalcev Piciformes, ujed Falconiformes in golobov Columbi-formes. Druga skupina, imenoval jo je mahovci ali keb~ki, so mladi~i, ki imajo ob izvalitvi `e odprte o~i, so pokriti z mahom oziroma puhom in takoj tekajo naokoli. Mednje je uvrstil kure Galliformes, pobre`nike Charadriiformes, mo~virnike Ciconiiformes in plojkokljune Anseriformes. Zmago Bufon je s prevodom knjige Gilliard (1968) lo~il pti~je mladi~e na mahovce in goli~e. ^eprav je poimenovanje morfolo{ko osnovano, se Bufon opira tudi na dejstvo, da mahovci kar hitro za~no slediti star{em, medtem ko goli~i ostanejo v gnezdu in jih star{i {e dolgo po izvalitvi pitajo. Pri razlagi se je torej opiral tudi na razvitost in mobilnost mladi~ev. Ob tem je opozoril, da so s puhom oziroma mahom lahko pora{~eni tudi mladi~i, ki bi jih po mobilnosti sicer pri{tevali h goli~em. Bo`i~ (1983) uporablja podobno delitev, kjer pravi mobilnej{im in dobro razvitim mladi~em puhovci (»pi{~anci«), ob rojstvu nebogljenim mladi-~em pa goli~i. Ob tem navaja {e tretjo vmesno obliko mladi~ev pri galebih Laridae, ~igrah Sternidae, njorkah Alcidae, strmoglavcih Sulidae, ujedah in sovah Strigiformes, kjer so mladi~i puhovci, ki pa imajo {e tako slabo razvita ~utila, da ostanejo v gnezdu ve~ tednov po izvalitvi. 3.2. Begavec in gnezdomec Geister (1980) je opozoril, da je zgoraj opisana delitev na goli~e in puhovce za potrebe opazovanja neuporabna. Zato je vpeljal nova izraza, ki sta se nana{ala predvsem na razvitost in mobilnost mladi~ev ob izvalitvi. Za mladi~a, ki ostane v gnezdu, nidikolni mladi~, je vpeljal izraz gnezdomec, za mladi~a, ki kmalu po izvalitvi gnezdo zapusti, nidifugni mladi~, pa begavec. Pravzaprav se izraza tudi dobro ujemata z angle{ko terminologijo, kjer bi lahko izrazu altricial (lat. altrix-icis = rednica, dojilja) pripisali gnezdomca, izrazu precocial (lat. praecox-cocis = prezgodnji, prezgodaj zrel) pa begavca. 68 4. Predlog novega slovenskega poimenovanja tipov pti~jih mladi~ev V sodobni ornitolo{ki znanosti se vse bolj uporabljajo podrobnej{e delitve tipov pti~jih mladi~ev z jasno definiranimi zna~ilnostmi, tako na morfolo{ki, mobilnostni kot vedenjski ravni (Gill 1995). Temu je s svojim pristopom zelo dobro sledil Geister (1980), vendar je ostal le pri dveh ve~jih skupinah. Zaradi la`je predstavljivosti in razumevanja je bilo treba re{itev novega slovenskega poimenovanja iskati v konceptu `e uveljavljenih Geistrovih begavcev in gnezdomcev. Kljub temu pa mora imeti novo poimenovanje zaradi samostojne rabe imen tudi mo`nosti uporabe izrazov v bolj specifi~ne namene. Predlog za novo slovensko poimenovanje je zato osnovan kot kombinacija imen {ir{ega pomena (Geister 1980) in imen o`jega pomena (tabela 1): Begavec fr~alec (angl. superprecocial) je v pti~jem svetu zelo redek tip mladi~a, poznan le pri dru`ini velenogih kur Megapodidae. Mladi~, ki se izvali v velikem pe{~enem gnezdu, je ob rojstvu razvit `e do te mere, da je ne le sposoben skrbeti sam zase, pa~ pa je zaradi razvitih peresnih nastavkov `e sposoben za kak kraj{i let (Raethel 1988). Ta svojevrstna lastnost je bila zato uporabljena v imenu begavca fr~alca – mladi~ tipa begavec, ki je `e sposoben leteti oziroma fr~ati. Begavec sledilec (angl. precocial) je tip, ki bi ga dobro opisali `e z Geistrovim begavcem, vendar bi tak{no poimenovanje vneslo sinonimijo, ki je v strokovnem jeziku nedopustna. Begavec je zato ohranjen za {ir{o skupino tipov pti~jih mladi~ev, sledilec pa za konkreten tip, ki ga najdemo denimo pri kurah, plojkokljunih ipd. (tabela 1). Mladi~ je takoj po izvalitvi `e sposoben sam skrbeti zase, vendar ga star{i {e varujejo in u~ijo iskati hrano, ~eprav jo pobira sam. Mladi~ zato star{em sledi. Begavec vodenec (angl. subprecocial) se pojavlja pri ponirkih Podicipediformes, tukalicah Rallidae ipd. (tabela 1). Mladi~ je begavec, saj je `e ob izvalitvi dokaj mobilen, vendar {e ni sposoben sam pobirati hrane. Star{i ga zato hranijo, celo preva`ajo naokoli, kot na primer pri ponirkih, in ga vodijo skozi prve korake `ivljenja. Begavec uhajalec (angl. semiprecocial) je tip mladi~a pri galebih Laridae, ~igrah Sternidae ipd. (tabela 1). Mobilnost tega mladi~a je precej manj{a kot pri predhodnih tipih, a je kljub temu ob~asno sposoben zapustiti gnezdo, denimo v primeru nevarnosti. Lahko Tabela 1: Pregled angleškega in slovenskega poimenovanja tipov ptičjih mladičev ter njihove razvojne značilnosti ob izvalitvi s primeri skupin (razdelitev povzeta po Gill 1995). Z mastnim tiskom je označen predlog novega slovenskega poimenovanja, ki je sestavljen iz širšega (Geister 1980) in ožjega slovenskega poimenovanja. Table 1: Overview of English and Slovenian terminology of bird nestling types and development characteristics of baby birds after hatching with examples from avian system (classification after Gill 1995). New prepositions for Slovenian terminology are marked in bold, and are a combination of terminology in a broader (Geister 1980) and narrower sense. Angleško / English Slovensko / Slovenian Razvojne značilnosti / Development characteristics Primeri / Examples Širše 1 / in Širše 2 / in Ožje / in Poraščenost/ Oči/ Mobilnost/ Starši hranijo/ Navzočnost broader sense 1 broader sense 2 narrower sense Down Sight Mobility Parental staršev/ nourishment Parental attendance Superprecocial puhovec begavec frčalec puh / down odprte / open da / yes ne /no ne / no (mahovec, kebček) Precocial puhovec begavec sledilec puh / down odprte / open da / yes ne /no da / yes (mahovec, kebček) Subprecocial puhovec begavec (mahovec, kebček) Semiprecocial puhovec begavec (mahovec, kebček) Semialtricial I. puhovec gnezdomec (mahovec, kebček) Semialtricial II. puhovec gnezdomec (mahovec, kebček) Altricial puhovec gnezdomec (mahovec, kebček) in golič (kilavec) vodenec puh / down odprte / open da / yes delno / partly da / yes uhajalec puh / do odprte / open delno / partly da / yes dremavec puh / down odprte / open ne /no da / yes (1. reda) da/ da/ yes yes dremavec puh / down zaprte / closed ne /no da / yes da / yes (2. reda) valjenec gol / nacked zaprte / closed ne /no da / yes da / yes velenoge kure Megapodidae plojkokljuni Anseriformes, deževniki Charadriidae, kljunači Scolopacidae, koconoge kure Tetraonidae, poljske kure Phasianidae slapniki Gaviiformes, ponirki Podicipediformes, tukalice Rallidae, žerjavi Gruidae pingvini Sphenisciformes, cevonosci Procellariiformes, galebi Laridae, čigre Sternidae, njorke Alcidae močvirniki Ciconiiformes, ujede Falconiformes sove Strigiformes golobi Columbiformes, papige Psittaciformes, plezalci Piciformes, pevci Passeriformes A. Vrezec: Slovensko poimenovanje tipov pti~jih mladi~ev bi rekli, da iz gnezda uide in se nato spet vrne. Uhajalec je torej tip begavca, ki ob~asno uide iz gnezda, ne more pa skrbeti sam zase in tudi ne slediti star{em. Gnezdomec dremavec (angl. semialtricial) je tip mladi~a pri mo~virnikih, ujedah in sovah (tabela 1). Pri poimenovanju tega tipa je bila pri predhodnih slovenskih poimenovanjih narejena najve~ja zmeda, saj so jih po eni strani uvr{~ali med puhovce, bolje razvite mladi~e (Bo`i~ 1983), po drugi pa med gnezdomce, manj razvite mladi~e (Geister 1980). Gregori je zagato re{il s puhastim gnezdomcem (Gooders 1998), pravzaprav pa gre pri vsem tem za poseben tip, ki ustreza `e kategoriji gnezdomca (Gill 1995). Mladi~i tega tipa so ob izvalitvi nemobilni, nekateri celo slepi, vendar `e vsaj malo pora{~eni s puhom (tabela 1). So povsem odvisni od star{ev in ostanejo v gnezdu {e dolgo po izvalitvi. Pri tem se dokaj kmalu postavijo na noge in tako napol v snu, dreme`u, ~akajo na star{e s hrano. Med gnezdomci dremavci so ugotovili ve~je razlike v razvitosti ob izvalitvi, saj se denimo mo~virniki in ujede izvalijo z `e odprtimi o~mi, sove pa so ob izvalitvi {e slepe. V angle{kem poimenovanju so to re{ili kar s {tevilkami (Gill 1995), v slovenskem poimenovanju pa lahko to re{imo s pripisom reda, torej gnezdomci dremavci 1. reda za mo~virnike in ujede ter gnezdomci dremavci 2. reda za sove. Gnezdomec valjenec (angl. altricial) je tip mladi~a pri pevcih, sicer pa ga najdemo {e pri papigah Psittaciformes in plezalcih (tabela 1). Gre za tip gnezdomca, ki je ob izvalitvi {e povsem nebogljen, ve~inoma gol (obstajajo tudi izjeme!) in nesposoben lastne termoregulacije {e dolgo po izvalitvi. Star{i so zato primorani tudi po izvalitvi sedeti na mladi~ih in jih greti, kot da bi {e vedno valili jajca. 5. Priporo~ila za uporabo Predlog novega poimenovanja tipov pti~jih mladi~ev pravzaprav `e uveljavljenemu {ir{emu poimenovanju in delitvi pti~jih mladi~ev na begavce in gnezdomce dodaja imena o`jega pomena za podrobnej{e tipe. Dvoimensko ime, kjer ima ime o`jega pomena vlogo desnega prilastka, pa je mogo~e v uporabi tudi raz~leniti. ^e je denimo {ir{e poimenovanje bilo uporabljeno oziroma obrazlo`eno `e v predhodnem besedilu, lahko uporabimo v nadaljnjem pisanju le izraz o`jega poimenovanja. Tako lahko na primer zapi{emo: »Mladi~i divjega petelina so begavci sledilci.« Ali pa: »Begavci divjega petelina so sledilci.« Izra`anje je tako bolj dinami~no in ni v nasprotju z 70 jasnostjo strokovnega izra`anja. Imena vrst so na primer glede rabe bolj toga, vendar se celo tu dopu{~a uporaba v deljenem zapisu. Zahvala: Za zelo tehtne pripombe in smernice pri oblikovanju kon~ne podobe ~lanka in predlogov novih slovenskih imen za tipe pti~jih mladi~ev se zahvaljujem trem recenzentom: Janezu Gregoriju, Toma`u Jan~arju in prof. dr. Kazimirju Tarmanu. Povzetek V prispevku je predstavljen predlog novega slovenskega strokovnega poimenovanja tipov pti~jih mladi~ev, ki je v skladu z mednarodno uveljavljeno klasifikacijo. V slovenskem strokovnem jeziku sta bili do sedaj v rabi dve poimenovanji, ki pa sta se nana{ali le na grobe {ir{e skupine: (1) morfolo{ka delitev na puhovce (mahovce, keb~ke) in goli~e (kilavce) in (2) vedenjska ter mobilnostna delitev na begavce in gnezdomce. Z mednarodno klasifikacijo, ki pozna {est tipov, se ujema zadnja delitev, ki dobro razvrsti vseh {est tipov v dve skupini. Tako sodijo med begavce (angl. precocial) begavec fr~alec (angl. superprecocial), begavec sledilec (angl. precocial), begavec vodenec (angl. subprecocial) in begavec uhajalec (angl. semiprecocial), med gnezdomce (angl. altricial) pa gnezdomec dremavec (angl. semialtricial), v dveh podtipih, imenovanih redi, in gnezdomec valjenec (angl. altricial). Summary A proposal for a new Slovenian terminology of bird nestling types, defined according to the international classification system, is presented. In Slovenian specialist language, two terminologies have been used so far, which separate nestling types into only two larger groups: (1) partition according to the morphology of nestlings, and (2) partition according to the behavioural and mobility characteristics of nestlings. Only the last partition can be connected with the international classification system that identified six types. In the group of precocial nestlings (Slov. begavci), the following types can thus be included: superprecocial (Slov. begavec fr~alec), precocial (Slov. begavec sledilec), subprecocial (Slov. begavec vodenec), and semiprecocial (Slov. begavec uhajalec). In the group of altricial nestlings (Slov. gnezdomci), two types are included: semialtricial (Slov. gnezdomec dremavec), separated in two subtypes, and altricial (Slov. gnezdomec valjenec). ACROCEPHALUS 24 (117): 6j — JI, 2OO3 Literatura Bajec, A., Juran~i~, J., Klop~i~, M., Legi{a, L., Suhadolnik, S., Tom{i~, F. , ^op, B., Rigler, J., ^erneli~, I., Hajn{ek-Holz, M., Jakopin, F. , Leder-Mancini, Z., Logar, T. , Müller, J., Humar, M., [ircelj-@nidar{i~, I. & Nartnik, V., eds. (1994): Slovar slovenskega knji`nega jezika. – Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti in Znanstveno raziskovalni center SAZU, In{titut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramov{a, DZS, Ljubljana. Bo`i~, I. (1983): Pti~i Slovenije. – Lovska zveza Slovenije, Ljubljana. Erjavec, F. (1870): Doma~e in tuje `ivali v podobah, III. Ptice. – ponatis: Mladinska knjiga (1995), Ljubljana. Geister, I. (1980): Slovenske ptice. – Mladinska knjiga, Ljubljana. Geister, I. (1991): Vsaki ptici svoje ime. – Acrocephalus 12 (48): 98-104. Geister, I. (1995): Ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. – DZS, Ljubljana. Geister, I. (1998): Ali ptice res izginjajo? – Tehni{ka zalo`ba Slovenije, Ljubljana. Gill, F.B. (1995): Ornithology. 2nd Edition. – W.H. Freeman and Company, New York. Gilliard, E.T. (1968): Pti~i (prevod Z. Bufon). – Mladinska knjiga, Ljubljana. Gooders, J. (1998): Pti~i Slovenije in Evrope (prevod J. Gregori). – Mladinska knjiga, Ljubljana. Gregori, J. (1991): Vpra{anja strokovnih in slovenskih pti~jih imen. – Acrocephalus 12 (47): 36-40. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1995): International Code Of Zoological Nomenclature. – American Association for Zoological Nomenclature, Washington. Jan~ar, T. (1999): Prispevek k slovenskem ornitolo{kem imenoslovju in imenotvorju. – Acrocephalus 20 (94-96): 87-96. Jan~ar, T. , Bra~ko, F. , Gro{elj, P. , Miheli~, T., Tome, D., Trilar, T. & Vrezec, A. (1999): Imenik ptic zahodne Palearktike. – Acrocephalus 20 (94-96): 97-162. Raethel, H.S. (1988): Hünervögel der Welt. – Neumann-Neudamm, Melsungen. Schödler (1875): Knjiga prirode, I V. del. Botanika (prevod J. Tu{ek), Zoologija (prevod: F. Erjavec). – Matica Slovenska, Ljubljana. Sovinc, A. (1994): Zimski ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. – Tehni{ka zalo`ba Slovenije, Ljubljana. Tarman, K. (1992): Osnove ekologije in ekologija `ivali. – DZS, Ljubljana. Tome, D. (2003): Goli~i in puhovci. – Svet ptic 9 (2): 28-29. Topori{i~, J., ed. (2001): Slovenski pravopis. – Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti in Znanstveno raziskovalni center SAZU, In{titut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramov{a, Zalo`ba ZRC, ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana. Prispelo / Arrived: 11.11.2003 Sprejeto / Accepted: 16.12.2003 71 ACROCEPHALUS 24 (117): 73 — 82, 2OO3 Iz ORNITOLOŠKE BELEŽNICE From the ornithological notebook Slovenija / Slovenia Bobnarica Botaurus stellaris Great Bittern – observation of 1 individual on 24 Mar 2003 at Hra{ke mlake (UTM VM51, central Slovenia) Na son~no popoldne 24.3.2003 sem se odpravila na Hra{ki mlaki. Najprej sem pre{tela ptice na obeh vodnih povr{inah, nato pa sem jih ob zahodni mlaki {e nekaj ~asa opazovala. Nedale~ od mene se je ogla{alo {est samcev reglje Anas querquedula, mali ponirki Tachybaptus ruficollis so svatovali in pla{ica Remiz pendulinus je obirala puhaste cigare rogoza Typha sp. Po cesti, ki lo~uje mlaki, je pripeljal traktor in iz rogoza ob cesti je zletela bobnarica. Z nizkim in prikritim letom je kmalu pristala v trsti~ju, ki pora{~a le del zahodne mlake. Doslej je bila na Hra{kih mlakah `e opa`ena [Cigli~, H. & Trebar, T., (1998): Prispevek k poznavanju ptic Hra{kih mlak. – Acrocephalus 19 (98): 8-13], njen status na tem obmo~ju pa {e ni poznan. Katarina Ale{, Spodnje Pirni~e 24c, SI-1215 Medvode, Slovenija, e-mail: ninaales@yahoo.com Kvaka~ Nycticorax nycticorax Night Heron – four observations from Vipavska dolina (SW Slovenia): (1) 1 juvenile on 9 Jul 2001 at Bajer near Zalo{~e (UTM VL08), (2) 1 adult on 24 Apr 2002 at the same locality, (3) 1 individual on 29 Apr 2002 on the impounding reservoir of Keramix factory, (4) two calling individuals flying across Dornberk near the Vipava river (UTM VL08) S to redko vrsto v Sloveniji sem se v Vipavski dolini prvi~ sre~al 9.7.2001, ko sva z Erikom [inigojem opazovala mladostnega kvaka~a pri Bajerju v bli`ini Zalo{~. Le-ta se je tu zadr`eval {e dober mesec. Dne 18.7. mu je dru`bo delala {e rjava ~aplja Ardea purpurea. Dne 24.4.2002 sva pri Bajerju opazovala odraslega kvaka~a. Ob zadr`evalniku pri tovarni Keramix pa sva ga opazovala 29.4.2002. Dne 27.5.2003 zve~er sem v Dornberku blizu reke Vipave sli{al in tudi videl {e dva kvaka~a, ki sta letela proti reki. Toma` Berce, Pre{ernova 9, SI-5294 Dornberk, Slovenija Bela {torklja Ciconia ciconia White Stork – an adult bringing water to the nest with two nestlings on hot (28oC) 2 Jul 2003 at 16.00 hrs in the village of ^re{njevec near Gornja Radgona (UTM WM76, NE Slovenia) Dne 2.7.2003 smo popisovali zasedenost gnezd in gnezditveno uspe{nost bele {torklje na Apa{kem in Murskem polju. Na{ popis je bil del rednega letnega spremljanja populacije te vrste, ki se v Sloveniji opravlja `e od leta 1999 [Denac, D. (2001): Gnezditvena biologija, fenologija in raz{irjenost bele {torklje Ciconia ciconia v Sloveniji. – Acrocephalus 22 (106-107): 89-103]. V kraju ^re{njevci pri Gornji Radgoni smo bili pri~a zanimivemu dogodku. Tu smo na drogu elektri~ne napeljave opazovali zasedeno gnezdo bele {torklje z dvema dobrih {tirinajst dni starima mladi~ema. Doma~ina z bli`nje hi{e sta nam povedala, da sta star{a prvi~ za kratek ~as pustila mladi~a sama {ele pred dvema ali tremi dnevi. Medtem ko smo se pogovarjali, je priletela odrasla {torklja z vodo v kljunu in jo zlila na mladi~a, ki sta se z odprtimi kljuni stegovala proti njej. Glede na to, da je bil vro~ dan, s temperaturo okoli 28°C, opisano opazovanje, ki smo ga zabele`ili okoli 16:00 ure, niti ni presenetljivo. Maja Slak, Trnovski pristan 10, SI-1115 Ljubljana, Slovenija Bela {torklja Ciconia ciconia White Stork – wintering of two individuals in Vipavska dolina (W Slovenia): (1) one observed on 23 Jan 2002 in the fields along the village of Orehovlje near Mirn (UTM UL98), where it remained for at least three weeks, and (2) one observed on 25 Jan 2002 in the village of Budanje near Ajdov{~ina (UTM VL18) Dne 23.1.2002 sem na polju pri Orehovljah pri Mirnu opazoval belo {torkljo. Doma~ini so povedali, da se {torklja zadr`uje v bli`ini vasi `e pribli`no dva tedna. Le dva dni kasneje, 25.1.2002, sem belo {torkljo spet videl v bli`ini Budanj pri Ajdov{~ini. Tako sem jo opazoval {e pribli`no teden dni, vsak dan. @e sem sklepal, da gre mogo~e za isti osebek, ko mi je Erik [inigoj sporo~il, da je {torkljo opazoval v Orehovljah le nekaj minut zatem, ko sem jo sam videl na travniku blizu Ajdov{~ine. To je pomenilo, da sta dve beli {torklji na prezimovanju, ena na vzhodnem in ena na zahodnem delu Vipavske doline. Gre za prvi primer prezimovanja belih {torkelj v Vipavski dolini [Sovinc, A. (1994): Zimski ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. – Tehni{ka zalo`ba Slovenija, Ljubljana]. Toma` Berce, Pre{ernova 9, SI-5294 Dornberk, Slovenija ^rna {torklja Ciconia nigra Black Stork – first observations from Slovenske gorice (NE Slovenia) in the breeding season: 1 adult on 30 Jun 2003, and a pair on 1 Jul 2003 in the Velka valley (UTM WM66) 73 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook Dne 30.6.2003 smo se s prijatelji z mladinskega ornitolo{kega tabora v Trnovski vasi odpravili na opazovanje gnezde~ega para zlatovrank Coracias garrulus v dolini Velke severozahodno od Lenarta. Med opazovanjem zlatovranke, ki je sedela na `ici elektri~ne napeljave in lovila plen, sem nenadoma zagledal veliko ptico, ki je zletela iz bli`njega potoka. Bila je odrasla ~rna {torklja. [e nekaj minut je kro`ila nad nami, nato pa je odletela po dolini navzgor. @e naslednji dan je isto obmo~je obiskala {e ena skupina ornitologov. Pribli`no dva kilometra od kraja zgoraj omenjenega opazovanja nas je presenetil par ~rnih {torkelj. Glede na to, da smo opazovali odrasle ptice v gnezditvenem obdobju, lahko upravi~eno domnevamo, da na {ir{em obmo~ju severozahodnega dela Slovenskih goric ~rna {torklja gnezdi. Ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije [Geister, I. (1995): Ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. – DZS, Ljubljana] ~rne {torklje za to obmo~je ne navaja. Primo` Sedminek, Podlog 33a, SI-3311 [empeter, Slovenija Rok Tu{, Hektorovi~eva 10, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenija Labod pevec Cygnus cygnus Whooper Swan – a group of 4 – 6 adults at Ptujsko jezero between 27 Jan and 16 Mar 2003 (river Drava, NE Slovenija, UTM WM63) Med obema otokoma ob desni strani Ptujskega otoka sva dne 27.1.2003 opazovala skupinico {tirih (4) odraslih labodov pevcev. Ptice so se prehranjevale in po~ivale. Tu so se zadr`evale tudi 7.2., dne 17.2. jih je bilo pet (5), 24.2. pa spet {tiri (4). Zve~er dne 2.3. ob 18.05 sva {tiri (4) labode pevce opazovala med vra~anjem s prehranjevanja na bli`njem polju. Z zna~ilnim trobentanjem so se spustili naravnost med skupino 18 tatarskih `vi`gavk Netta rufina (10 samcev, 8 samic). Dne 16.3.2003 se je {est (6) odraslih labodov pevcev prehranjevalo na njivi z ozimno p{enico v bli`ini gradu Turni{~e, okoli 800 metrov od desnega nasipa Ptujskega jezera. Pozornost so, poleg zna~ilno obarvanih kljunov, zbujale {e oran`no-rjavo poprhane glave opazovanih labodov. Po letu 1950 je v Sloveniji znanih samo sedem opazovanj labodov pevcev [Bo`i~, L. (2001): Seznam ugotovljenih vrst ptic Slovenije s pregledom redkih vrst. – Acrocephalus 22 (106-107): 115-120]. Nacionalna komisija za redkosti je kot enoten podatek potrdila vsa predstavljena opazovanja. Borut [tumberger, SI-2282 Cirkulane 41, Slovenija, e-mail: stumberger@siol.net Luka Bo`i~, Pintarjeva 16, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenija, e-mail: luka.bozic@dopps-drustvo.si Duplinska kozarka Tadorna tadorna Common Shelduck – on 21 Dec 2002, 2 Common Shelducks, 465 Mallards Anas platyrhynchos and 9 Common Teals Anas crecca observed on Po`eg reservoir in Ra~e Landscape Park (UTM WM54, NE Slovenia) 74 Dne 21.12.2002 sem se med sprehodom po Krajinskem parku Ra~e namenil {e na akumulacijo Po`eg. Ta je sicer bila zaledenela, vendar sta bili dve zaplati odprte vode {e nezaledeneli, na katerih je bilo vse polno rac. Med njimi sem na{tel 465 mlakaric Anas platyrhynchos in devet (9) kreheljcev Anas crecca. Med vsem tem sta plavali tudi dve duplinski kozarki. Opazovanje se mi zdi zanimivo, saj v tem delu dr`ave ni veliko opazovanj te vrste. Zimski ornitolo{ki atlas [Sovinc, A. (1994): Zimski ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. – DZS Ljubljana] jih za zimo omenja samo za obalo. Prav tako je bila na {tetju za IWC 2001 opazovana le na obali [[tumberger, B. (2001): Rezultati {tetja vodnih ptic v januarju 2001 v Sloveniji. – Acrocephalus 22 (108): 171-174]. Predvidevam, da sta se kozarki zadr`evali v notranjosti zaradi relativno toplih temperatur in majhne koli~ine snega v decembru 2002. Dejan Bordjan, ul. 8. februarja 50, SI-2204 Miklav` na Dravskem polju, Slovenija, e-mail: dejanonih@email.si Nevestica Aix sponsa Wood Duck – some observations of Aix ducks in Slovenia: (1) on 27 Oct 2001 a female Wood Duck at Hotinjska agrarna vas (UTM WM54, NE Slovenia), (2) on 13 Nov 2001 a male Wood Duck and a male Mandarine Duck Aix galericulata on the Ljubljanica river in Ljubljana (UTM VL69, central Slovenia) Dne 27.10.2001 sem na ribniku v Hotinjski agrarni vasi pri Hotinji vasi opazil nenavadno raco. Bila je tujerodna, in sicer samica nevestice. Dne 13.11.2001 pa sem imel prilo`nost opazovati samca nevestice, in sicer v dru`bi samca mandarinke Aix galericulata na razcepu Gruberjevega kanala in Ljubljanice v Ljubljani. Obe pri nas tujerodni vrsti rac veljata v Sloveniji za redki [Bo`i~, L. (2001): Seznam ugotovljenih ptic Slovenije s pregledom redkih vrst. – Acrocephalus 22 (106-107):115-120]. Opazovanja je potrdila Nacionalna komisija za redkosti. Dejan Bordjan, ul. 8. februarja 50, SI-2204 Miklav` na Dravskem polju, Slovenija, e-mail: dejanonih@email.si Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos Planinski orel – vsaj dva osebka sta 7.5.2003 preletavala obmo~je okoli Le`e{kega Gabrka pri Diva~i (UTM VL25, JZ Slovenija). Enega od njiju je obletavalo ve~ ujed: kanja Buteo buteo, sr{enar Pernis apivorus in par sokolov selcev Falco peregrinus. Na obmo~ju je avtor dvakrat opazoval ka~arja Circaetus gallicus in dve obmo~ni smrdokavri Upupa epops. On 7 May 2003, Eva Vukeli~, Viljana [i{kovi~ and I were counting birds for the new ornithological atlas around the Le`e{ki Gabrk airport near Diva~a. While doing so, a Golden Eagle was observed three times in the area. For the first time we saw it at the foothill of Mt. Vrem{~ica. The ACROCEPHALUS 24 (117): 73 — 82, 2OO3 bird was pale above, had a dark band on the tail and small white patches on the underwing. Some of its feathers were also missing. For the second time we encountered it while walking back to the car, coming from the north of the airport, chased by a Common Buzzard Buteo buteo and a Honey Buzzard Pernis apivorus. Later a nervous pair of Peregrine Falcons Falco peregrinus joined the group attacking the Golden Eagle. In the thermal updraught the group circled up, until we could not see them anymore. The Golden Eagle was pale on the back. The third observation was made at the car itself. In this case the Golden Eagle flew in from the same direction as the bird observed for the second time. This bird, too, was chased by a Common Buzzard, but abandoned its chase as soon as the eagle flew away. The latter had large, long white patches on the underwing and with no missing primary and secondary feathers. We assumed that the first and the third bird were not the same, for it looked that they were of different age. Due to the blinding light, we did not have a good view of the second bird’s underwings, but I believe that we were dealing with the same eagle as during the first observation. Apart from these sightings, we had two observations of a Short-toed Eagle Circaetus gallicus, in both cases with a pale snake in its claws, and two territorial Hoopoes Upupa epops. Maarten de Groot, Droevendaalsesteeg 61, 6708 PN Wageningen, The Netherlands, e-mail: M.deGroot@rocketmail.com Ka~ar Circaetus gallicus Short-toed Eagle – two observations near Dornberk in Vipavska dolina (UTM VL08, SW Slovenia): (1) a pair on 3 Aug 2002, (2) one individual with a snake on 17 Sep 2002 Dne 3.8.2002 sem nad Dornberkom opazoval par ka~arjev, ki sta letela na medsebojni razdalji pribli`no 50 m. Priletela sta iz jugovzhoda, usmerjena pa sta bilo proti severozahodu in se po~asi spu{~ala. V tem letnem ~asu je to prvo opazovanje v okolici Dornberka. Kolega Erik [inigoj mi je povedal, da je tudi sam opazoval par ka~arjev dva dni kasneje le nekaj kilometrov stran od Dornberka. [e enkrat pa sem tega orla opazoval 17.9.2002, ko je kro`il s ka~o v kljunu, prav tako nad Dornberkom. Opazoval sem ga pribli`no deset minut, nato pa se je spustil v bli`nji gozd. Toma` Berce, Pre{ernova 9, SI-5294 Dornberk, Slovenija Kanja Buteo buteo Common Buzzard – on 22 Dec 2002, five Common Buzzards and one Hooded Crow Corvus corone cornix were feeding on carcasses of at least two pigs and one goat at Medvedce reservoir SE of Pragersko (UTM WM53, NE Slovenia). About 100 meters away, another Common Buzzard was seen feeding on a bird cadaver caught in the ice. Common Buzzards were quite numerous on that day, for altogether 75 individuals were counted between Maribor, Po`eg and Medvedce reservoir. Dne 22.12.2002 sem obiskal zadr`evalnik Medvedce. Tam sem skoraj na koncu obhoda ob Polskavi videl vzleteti kanjo, kmalu nato pa {e dve. Pribli`al sem se in opazil, da se je pet kanj skupaj s sivo vrano Corvus corone cornix prerivalo na kadavrih vsaj dveh svinj in koze. Kasneje sem na zadr`evalniku opazil {e eno kanjo na tleh. Kanja se je hranila s kadavrom v led ukle{~ene ptice. Tega dne so bile kanje nasploh povsod {tevilne, saj sem jih denimo v trikotniku Maribor – akumulacija Po`eg – zadr`evalnik Medvedce na{tel kar 60, na samem zadr`evalniku pa {e dodatnih 15. Dejan Bordjan, ul. 8. februarja 50, SI-2204 Miklav` na Dravskem polju, Slovenija, e-mail: dejanonih@email.si @erjav Grus grus Common Crane – a flock of 26 birds observed on 7 Apr 2002 near Pragersko (UTM WM53, NE Slovenia). 5 birds landed and began to forage in the fields. V Sloveniji se `erjavi v zadnjih letih pojavljajo dokaj redno, zlasti je opa`ena mo~nej{a selitev spomladi. Iz doslej znanih podatkov je razvidno, da se pojavljajo posamezno ali po ve~ deset ali sto osebkov hkrati. Doslej najve~jo jato sem imel prilo`nost opazovati 7.4.2002 pri Pragerskem, ko je 26 `erjavov v zna~ilnem klinu nizko preletelo ribnike. Bilo je kristalno jasno jutro po prehodu hladne fronte in mo~nej{o ohladitvijo. Kmalu zatem ko so preleteli ribnike, se je skupina petih osebkov lo~ila od jate in se previdno spustila na zorano polje in se potem tam skoraj pol ure prehranjevala. Nato je tudi teh pet zamudnikov odletelo za mati~no jato v smeri Ptuja, pri ~emer so uporabili termiko in se z jadranjem v krogih povzpeli zelo visoko na nebo. Omeniti velja tudi naslednji prav neljubi dogodek. Ko so `erjavi preleteli ribnike in tamkaj{nje {portno streli{~e, so se za trenutek razpr{ili na vse strani ob nenehnem pokanju pu{k. Ker je Pragersko oziroma celotna kotlina nekak{no ozko grlo pred {irokim Dravskim in Ptujskim poljem, opa`amo na tem prostoru mo~no selitev ptic, posebno ujed, razli~nih pobre`nikov in {tevilnih pevk. Postavitev {portnega streli{~a neposredno ob ribnikih, ki so `e tako mo~no degradirani zaradi {portnih ribi~ev, je povsem nesprejemljiva za prostor izjemne selitvene pomembnosti. Tudi ta primer kot mnogo drugih ka`e, kako v Sloveniji razumemo in uresni~ujemo varstvo prosto`ive~ih `ivalskih vrst in narave v celoti. Franc Bra~ko, Gregor~i~eva 27, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenija 75 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook Belo~eli de`evnik Charadrius alexandrinus Kentish Plover – 1 male at the Ormo` wastewater basins (UTM WM93, NE Slovenia) on 5 May 2003; a rare species in the mainland of Slovenia. Also a large flock of 28 Temminck’s Stints Calidris temminckii and 2 Squacco Herons Ardeola ralloides, also quite rare species in this part of Slovenia. Dne 5.5.2003 sem bil z M. Ker~kom na rednem tedenskem obisku ormo{kih bazenov za odpadne vode, kjer je v ~asu selitve vselej kaj videti. Kmalu po za~etku {tetja pobre`nikov, ki so se zadr`evali na plitvinah v zgornjem delu prvega vodnega bazena, sem na enem izmed bolj suhih polojev v ozadju zagledal samca belo~elega de`evnika. Belo~eli de`evnik je v notranjosti Slovenije redek naklju~ni gost, saj je znanih le nekaj podatkov iz SV Slovenije. Opisano opazovanje je {ele tretji zanesljivi podatek z obmo~ja reke Drave v obdobju 25-ih let (neobjavljeni podatki). Tega dne sva z Matja`em opazovala tudi 28 Temminckovih prodnikov Calidris temminckii, ki so se raztreseno prehranjevali na plitvinah omenjenega bazena. To je doslej najvi{je {tevilo osebkov te vrste, opazovanih na eni lokaliteti v enem dnevu na obmo~ju reke Drave, saj smo navadno opazovali posamezne osebke oziroma skupine do {est ptic. Temminckov prodnik je tukaj sicer reden malo{tevilen preletnik, tako na spomladanski kot jesenski selitvi (neobjavljeni podatki). Zares zanimiv terenski dan sta dopolnili {e dve ~opasti ~aplji Ardeola ralloides, ki sta po~ivali ob enem izmed vodnih bazenov. Tudi ta vrsta se, morda nekoliko presenetljivo, ob reki Dravi zelo redko pojavlja. Luka Bo`i~, Pintarjeva 16, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenija, e-mail: luka.bozic@siol.net Priba Vanellus vanellus Northern Lapwing – first breeding record on Lake Komarnik (UTM WM65, NE Slovenia). On 28 Jun 2003, 13 adults and 4 nonflying nestlings were observed. Dne 28.6.2003 smo se v okviru ornitolo{kega tabora v Trnovski vasi, Damijan Denac, Tadej Pipan, Petra Radoli~ in jaz odpravili na jezero Komarnik. Nekateri obi~ajni gnezdilci so `e imeli mladi~e. Med njimi ~opasti ponirki Podiceps cristatus s 15 in 164 lisk Fulica atra z 9 mladi~i. Komarnik je dokaj plitvo jezero, v katerega potok Partin{~ak prina{a velike koli~ine mulja. Tega `e nekaj let, kar je bilo prej sicer obi~ajno, niso o~istili iz ribnika, to pa je v povezavi s su{o povzro~ilo zmanj{anje vodne povr{ine in nastanek obse`nih suhih polojev. Na njih smo opazovali 13 odraslih prib, med njimi tudi 4 mladi~e, ki {e niso leteli. Gre za prvo potrjeno gnezdenje te vrste na Komarniku. Zelo verjetno je tam gnezdil tudi mali de`evnik Charadrius dubius, vendar so vsi osebki, ki smo jih videli, `e leteli, tako da gnezdenja ne moremo potrditi. Del ribnika, ki ni bil izsu{en, je bil tako 76 plitev, da se je tam sprehajalo 21 mo~virskih martincev Tringa glareola, na lokvanjih pa smo opazovali {e rumeno pastirico Motacilla flava flava. Ale{ Toma`i~, Cesta ob lipi 1, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenija Jezerski martinec Tringa stagnatilis Marsh Sandpiper – an early record for Slovenia; on 24 Mar 2003, 1 individual was observed in a flock of 194 Ruffs Philomachus pugnax, 5 Spotted Redshanks Tringa erythropus, 2 Greenshanks T. nebularia, 2 Common Redshanks T. totanus, 5 Common Snipes Gallinago gallinago, and 5 Great Ringed Plovers Charadrius hiaticula on Medvedce reservoir near Pragersko (UTM WM53, NE Slovenia) Dne 24.3.2003 sem ob koncu {tetja na zadr`evalniku Medvedce JV od Pragerskega pregledal {e plitvine, ki so nastale zaradi nizke vode na vzhodnem delu zadr`evalnika. Med 194 togotniki Philomachus pugnax, petimi ~rnimi martinci Tringa erythropus in po dvema zelenonogima Tringa nebularia in rde~enogima martincema Tringa totanus se je motalo {e pet kozic Gallinago gallinago in pet komatnih de`evnikov Charadrius hiaticula. Ko sem nehal {teti, sem opazil, da se med njimi prehranjuje {e en martinec. Ob podrobnej{em pogledu mi je skrivnostni martinec izdal, da je jezerski. Opisano opazovanje je najzgodnej{e v celinski Sloveniji, saj naj bi se tod jezerski martinci pojavljali {ele v aprilu, ko je bilo zabele`nih tudi najve~ opazovanj [[tumberger, B. (1991): Pojavljanje jezerskega martinca Tringa stagnatilis v Sloveniji. – Acrocephalus 12 (48): 75-80]. Zgodnej{e je edinole zimsko opazovanje z obale [Sackl, P. (2000): Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis. – Acrocephalus 21 (102-103): 279]. Dejan Bordjan, ul. 8. februarja 50, SI-2204 Milklav`, Slovenija, e-mail: dejanonih@email.si Navadna ~igra Sterna hirundo Common Tern – renewed breeding in Tr`ec gravel-pit near Ptuj (UTM WM63, NE Slovenia). On 28 May 1998, 20 pairs with chicks were counted. The problem lies in unsuitable regulation of the water level, for during high waters the breeding islets are submerged, which is the reason why no Common Terns bred there during the 1999-2002 period. Gramoznica Tr`ec pri vasi Videm pri Ptuju je omenjena kot eno redkih gnezdi{~ navadne ~igre v Sloveniji `e v Ornitolo{kem atlasu Slovenije [Geister, I. (1995): Ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. – DZS, Ljubljana]. Podoba gramoznice pa se je od omenjene gnezditve v Atlasu leta 1993 pa do danes bistveno spremenila. Gramoznico so za~eli intenzivno upravljati ribi~i, obse`ni sestoj rogoza so pokosili, dvignili nivo vode in zalili naravne gnezditvene ACROCEPHALUS 24 (117): 73 — 82, 2OO3 oto~ke. Nivo vode je bil leta 1998 presenetljivo nizek, zato so vnovi~ nastali gnezditveni oto~ki. Dne 28.5.1998 sem na pribli`no 7 metrov dolgem in 3 metre {irokem gramoznem oto~ku opazoval kolonijo 20 parov navadnih ~iger, ki so `e imele mladi~e. Takoj{nje gnezdenje na novo nastalih povr{inah je pozitiven znak za prihodnje varstvene ukrepe za navadno ~igro, usmerjene v ureditev primernih gnezditvenih habitatov. Pomanjkanje slednjih je namre~ brez dvoma glavni vzrok za ogro`enost vrste pri nas. V prihodnjih letih (1999, 2000, 2001 in 2002) ~igre v gramoznici niso ve~ gnezdile, plitvine in z njimi ~igre pa se bodo v gramoznico nemara vrnile {ele tedaj, ko bo urejeno njeno naravovarstveno upravljanje. Damijan Denac, Gorki~eva 14, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija, e-mail: damijan.denac@dopps-drustvo.si Velika uharica Bubo bubo Eagle Owl – feather found on Jelovica plateau (1550 m a.s.l., UTM VM22, NW Slovenia) on 7 Sep 2003 V nedeljo 7.9.2003 sem, kot imam `e navado v septembru, popisoval gozdne jerebe na jelov{ki strani Ratitovca. Na prehodu med dvema to~kama sem na ~istini, na nadmorski vi{ini 1550 m, na{el ve~je pero. Bilo je sovje, saj se je kljub slabi ohranjenosti lepo videla »odlakana« kosma~a. @e velikost peresa je ovrgla ve~ino slovenskih sov, tako da sta ostali mo`ni samo {e koza~a in velika uharica. Da je bilo pero uhari~ino, je naknadno s primerjavo peresa in preparatov obeh vrst ugotovil Al Vrezec. Pisnih podatkov, ki bi govorili o pojavljanju velike uharice na tem obmo~ju, ni. V prihodnosti bo vsekakor smiselno ugotoviti status te vrste znotraj obmo~ja, saj vrsta v Alpah lahko gnezdi kar visoko. V [vici je bilo najvi{je gnezdo najdeno na nadmorski vi{ini okrog 2200 m [Mosimann P. & Haller, H. (1998): Uhu. In: Schmid H., Luder, R., Naef-Daenzer, B., Graf, R. & Zbiner, N. (eds.): Schweizer Brutvogelatlas. Verbreitung der Brutvogel in der Schweiz und im Furstentum Liechtenstein 1993-1996. – Schweizerische Vogelwarte, Sempach]. Toma` Miheli~, [t. Jurij 125, SI-1290 Grosuplje, Slovenija, e-mail: tomaz.mihelic@dopps-drustvo.si Koza~a Strix uralensis Ural Owl – second winter record for NE Slovenia in the winter 2002/03. On 21 Dec 2002, one individual was observed in a lowland forest in Ra~e Landscape Park (UTM WM54). The last observation of Ural Owl in this area dates back to the year 1847, when a pair was shot during copulation. Dne 21.12.2002 sem se odpravil v Krajinski park Ra~e. Ni`inski poplavni gozd v parku daje vtis dobro ohranjenega gozda, ~eprav so ponekod vidni sledovi gospodarjenja, kot so {tori, osu{evalni kanali in sestoji alohtonih dreves, na primer zelenega bora Pinus strobus in robinije Robinia pseudacacia. Ko sem se tega dne bli`al robu gozda in postal ob enem izmed tamkaj{njih poto~kov, sem nedale~ stran opazil lete~o »kanjo« in ji s pogledom sledil toliko ~asa, dokler se ni usedla na drevesno vejo. Ob tem nisem sli{al nikakr{nega prhutanja ali ogla{anja, poleg tega pa je bila ptica nekoliko preve~ sivkasta in z zaobljenimi perutmi. Tako sem se prvi~ sre~al s koza~o v naravi. Pribli`al sem se ji na vsega 10 m. S te razdalje sem si jo tudi dobro ogledal. To opazovanje ni zanimivo samo z vidika mojega prvega sre~anja, pa~ pa tudi zato, ker koza~a kot gnezdilka v SV Sloveniji ni poznana [Miheli~, T., Vrezec, A., Peru{ek, M. & Svetli~i~, J. (2000): Koza~a Strix uralensis v Sloveniji. – Acrocephalus 21 (98-99): 9-22]. To je morda prva koza~a v Ra~ah po letu 1847, ko je bil ustreljen par med kopulacijo [Reiser, O. (1925): Die Vögel von Marburg an der Drau. – Naturwiessenschaftlichen Verein in Steiermark, Graz]. Zanimivo bi bilo vedeti, od kod se je ta osebek vzel, saj je za Pohorje v novej{em ~asu poznan le en nezanesljiv podatek [Bo`i~, L. & Vrezec, A. (2000): Sove Pohorja. – Acrocephalus 21 (98-99): 47-53], medtem ko so za Bo~ znane zgolj nepotrjene trditve lovcev o koza~inem pojavljanju (Miheli~ et al. 2000). Kakorkoli `e, omenjeno opazovanje je `e drugi zimski podatek o pojavljanju koza~e v zimi 2002/03 iz SV Slovenije [[tumberger, B. (2002): Koza~a Strix uralensis. – Acrocephalus 23 (115): 196-197] Dejan Bordjan, ul. 8. februarja 50, SI-2204 Milklav`, Slovenija, e-mail: dejanonih@email.si Mali skovik Glaucidium passerinum Pigmy Owl – a singing male and later a female observed between 12 and 13 Jul 2002 at Dole near Idrija (UTM VL39, W Slovenia) V Doleh nad Idrijo sem 12.7.2002 ob 6:45 zjutraj poslu{al petje samca malega skovika. To monotono petje je trajalo pribli`no 45 minut. Naslednjega dne pa sem ob 23:50 poslu{al {e ogla{anje samice malega skovika. S tega konca Slovenije mali skovik {e ni bil poznan [Geister, I. (1995): Ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. – DZS, Ljubljana]. Toma` Berce, Pre{ernova 9, SI-5294 Dornberk, Slovenija Mali detel Dendrocopos minor Lesser Spotted Woodpecker – relatively high density with 10 individuals recorded in the area of 4 km2 between 28 and 30 Jun 2003 in [turmovci poplar woodland along the Drava river (UTM WM73, NE Slovenia) Med popisovanjem rjavega srakoperja Lanius collurio v [turmovcih med 28. in 30.6.2003 v okviru ornitolo{kega raziskovalnega tabora smo bele`ili tudi druge vrste ptic. Tako smo med popisom opazili 3 sr{enarje Pernis apivorus, vse nad polodprto loko topolovih poplavnih gozdov, ki so 77 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook sicer sr{enarjeva gnezdi{~a. Skupaj smo na obmo~ju, velikem pribli`no 4 km2, opazili ali sli{ali 10 malih detlov, kar je veliko, saj velja mali detel na obmo~ju Drave za ne prav {tevilno vrsto, ki tod gnezdi v nizkih gostotah [Bra~ko, F. (1997): Ornitolo{ki atlas Drave od Maribora do Ptuja (1989-1992). – Acrocephalus 18 (82): 57-97]. V vzhodnem delu [turmovcev ob stari strugi reke Drave do soto~ja z reko Dravinjo smo zabele`ili tudi severne kova~ke Phylloscopus trochilus, bilo jih je 12, ve~inoma v vrbovju. Drugod jih ni bilo. Obdobje sicer za kvantitativno popisovanje drugih ptic zaradi kasnega datuma ni bilo najbolj primerno, vendar menimo, da so vse omenjene vrste na tem obmo~ju gnezdile. Tadej Pipan, O{lje 2, SI-5290 [empeter pri Gorici, Slovenija Pegam Bombycilla garrulus Bohemian Waxwing – a rare record from W Slovenia. 7 individuals observed on 30 Apr 2003 on the Reber hill near the village of Dragovica (UTM UL99). Dne 30.4.2003 sva z Andrejem Figljem popisovala ptice na Banj{icah. V zgodnjih jutranjih urah so naju takoj presenetili trije (3) pari rde~enogih postovk Falco vespertinus. Med popisovanjem sva zabele`ila ve~ mo~virskih lunjev Circus pygargus, prepelico Coturnix coturnix, postovko Falco tinnunculus, rjave penice Sylvia communis, ~opaste sinice Parus cristatus in {e mnogo drugih pti~ev. Po kon~ani prvi tetradi sva se zapeljala do druge tetrade. Med potjo sva v vaseh popisovala pogorel~ke Phoenicurus phoenicurus, ki sva jih na{la v skoraj vseh vaseh. Med tem delom sva se zna{la tudi v vasici z imenom Dragovica in se povzpela na bli`nji gri~, imenovan Reber. Tam sva na dokaj strmem pobo~ju zagledala sedem pegamov, ki so skoraj nepremi~no po~ivali na grmovju. Pribli`ala sva se jim na razdaljo treh metrov. Nenadoma so postali nemirni in po~asi odleteli stran. Pegami so v zahodni Sloveniji sicer dokaj redki gostje [Sovinc, A. (1994): Zimski ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. – Tehni{ka zalo`ba Slovenije, Ljubljana]. Toma` Berce, Pre{ernova 9, SI-5294 Dornberk, Slovenija Hribska listnica Phylloscopus bonelli Western Bonelli’s Warbler – several singing individuals at Planja near @aga (UTM UM73, NW Slovenia) on 30 Jun 2002 V okviru ornitolo{kega tabora Dornberk 2002 smo se 30.6.2002 Luka Bo`i~, Jo`e Berce in pisec prispevka odpravili na visokogorske travnike Planje nad @ago (UTM UM73). Kmalu smo sli{ali petje kar lepega {tevila hribskih listnic. Kot je razbrati iz Ornitolo{kega atlasa Slovenije [Geister, I. (1995): Ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. – DZS, Ljubljana], v tem kvadratu hribska listnica {e ni bila poznana. Ko smo se povzpeli malce vi{e, so nas po 78 tamkaj{njih travnikih spremljali pari repalj{~ic Saxicola rubetra. Pred odhodom v dolino smo opazovali {e jato kakih 30 planinskih kavk Pyrrhocorax graculus. Toma` Berce, Pre{ernova 9, SI-5294 Dornberk, Slovenija Kavka Corvus monedula Eurasian Jackdaw – two forest colonies in Beech trees Fagus sylvatica in 1998 in Gori~ko area (NE Slovenia): 5 pairs at Dolenci (UTM WM98) and 5 – 7 pairs at Adrianci (UTM WM98) S Francem Bra~kom sva 27.4.1986 ob Ledavskem jezeru opazovala {est (6) kavk, ki so priletavale iz bli`njega gozdnega roba, a kolonije nisva na{la. Pasle so se na travi{~ih SV roba akumulacije. Med kartiranjem ptic odprte kulturne krajine na SV Gori~kem v letih 1997 in 1998 sem naposled le na{el gozdno kolonijo kavk v majhnem bukovem gozdi~ku pri kraju Dolenci. Nepri~akovano je bilo to, da so kavke krmile mladi~e {e ob koncu junija (zadnji datum 30.6.1998). V razgovoru z gospodom Ernestom Ker~marjem iz Adrijancev pa je postalo jasno, da je kolonija zasedena `e ve~ let in da v njej gnezdi okoli 5 parov teh ptic. [e hitreje se je izkazalo, da kolonija za »Kefa{em« prek Gambe ni edina gozdna kolonija kavk na Gori~kem. 5 – 7 parov, tudi v bukovem gozdu, imenovanem »Log«, namre~ redno gnezdi tudi pri Adriancih. Med kartiranjem ptic za Ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije gozdne kolonije niso bile popisane [Geister, I. (1995): Ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. – DZS, Ljubljana]. Ker v ravninskem delu Prekmurja poznam {e tri kolonije, ki gnezdijo v duplih parkovnih dreves, lahko re~emo, da so bile spregledane. Na sosednjem avstrijskem [tajerskem gnezdi v drevesih 26% populacije kavk. Medtem ko so gnezdilke stavb porazdeljene enakomerno, so gnezdilke dreves zgo{~ene na JV [Sackl, P. & Samwald, O. (1997): Atlas der Brutvögel der Steiermark. – BirdLife Österreich – Landesgruppe Steiermark & Steiermärkisches Landesmuseum Joanneum, Graz], torej ob Gori~kem. Borut [tumberger, SI-2282 Cirkulane 41, Slovenija, e-mail: stumberger@siol.net Doma~i vrabec Passer domesticus House Sparrow – 1 albino female observed in the village of Van~e in the Prekmurje region on 1 Jul 2003 (UTM WM86, NE Slovenia) Dne 1.7.2003 smo udele`enci ene izmed delovnih skupin na ornitolo{kem taboru Trnovska vas 2003 popisovali zasedenost gnezd in gnezditveno uspe{nost bele {torklje v Prekmurju. V naselju Van~a vas smo ob cesti na ograji opazili jato doma~ih vrabcev. Med njimi je bil tudi en albinisti~en osebek, in sicer samica, ki je gnezdila na tramu pod streho dru`inske hi{e. Njen samec je bil normalno obarvan. Ves ~as opazovanja je vztrajno preganjala druge navadno obarvane samice v bli`ini gnezda. Albinisti~na ACROCEPHALUS 24 (117): 73 — 82, 2OO3 samica je bila v celoti zelo svetlo, rumenkasto belo obarvana, le v perutih in na hrbtu je imela nekaj temnej{ih peres. Ivan Kljun, Prva~ina 121, SI-5297 Prva~ina, Slovenija Vrtni strnad Emberiza hortulana Ortolan Bunting – a rare observation in NE Slovenia. On 12 Apr 2003, one individual was heard and observed at Medvedce reservoir south-east of Pragersko (UTM WM53) De`evnega in hladnega dne 12.4.2003 sem obiskal zadr`evalnik Medvedce JV od Pragerskega. Obhodil sem ga in medtem ves ~as poslu{al neznano ogla{anje. Ker je bilo to precej vztrajno, sem si vzel ~as in posku{al ugotoviti, katera ptica se tako ogla{a. Na moje popolno presene~enje sem na vrhu ene izmed vrb opazil ptico z oran`nim oprsjem, sivkasto glavo in rumenim podbradkom. Ker je bila povrhu {e strnadje oblike, mi ni bilo te`ko dolo~iti vrtnega strnada, ki je za te kraje vsekakor nenavadna ptica. Dejan Bordjan, ul. 8. februarja 50, SI-2204 Milklav`, Slovenija, e-mail: dejanonih@email.si Hrva{ka / Croatia Polarni slapnik Gavia arctica Black-throated Diver – several observations on the island Bra~ (central Dalmatia) in 2003 between Sutivan and Supetar (UTM XJ20): (1) on 20 April one individual in winter plumage, (2) on 21 April two individuals, one in winter and one in summer plumage, (3) on 22 April one in summer plumage, (4) on 23 April five individuals in summer plumage Na biolo{kem taboru na Bra~u sem se zjutraj 20.4.2003 odpravil na jutranji sprehod ob morju. Iz Sutivana sem zavil na obalno cesto proti Supetarju. Po kak{nih dveh kilometrih sem na morju opazil polarnega slapnika v zimskem perju. Naslednjega dne, 21.4., sem med vra~anjem iz Supetarja prek Mirce v Sutivan opazoval kar dva polarna slapnika. Eden je bil v zimskem, drugi pa v poletnem perju. Slapnik v poletni obleki je bil tu ponovno, zadnji~, 22.4. Pa vendar je imela Ana Vidmar 23.4. prilo`nost na istem mestu opazovati kar pet polarnih slapnikov v poletnem perju. Polarni slapnik je sicer reden prezimovalec na hrva{ki obali, vendar je pogostej{i na severnem delu obale [Rucner, D. (1998): Ptice hrvatske obale Jadrana. – Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej, Ministarstvo razvitka i obnove, Zagreb]. Posamezni osebki ostajajo tudi aprila in maja, redkej{e pa so skupine z ve~ kot tremi osebki. Dejan Bordjan, ul. 8. februarja 50, SI-2204 Milklav`, Slovenija, e-mail: dejanonih@email.si ^rnovrati ponirek Podiceps nigricollis & kostanjevka Aythya nyroca Black-necked Grebe & Ferruginous Duck – on 19 Sep 2003, a large flock of ducks and grebes was observed at the point where the Krka river gushes out of the canyon and forms Prokljansko lake (UTM WJ75, N Dalmatia). There were 25 Black-necked Grebes and 19 Ferruginous Ducks between them. Med dopustovanjem v severni Dalmaciji sem se 19.9.2003 mudil ob reki Krki na mestu, kjer reka privre iz kanjona in se spremeni v ogromno Prokljansko jezero. Tam me je sprva presenetilo kar 25 ~rnovratih ponirkov, nato pa sem se osredoto~il na race, med katerimi je bilo kar 19 kostanjevk. Obe vrsti sta na Hrva{kem ogro`eni, nobena pa ne gnezdi ve~ na obmorskih mokri{~ih [Radovi}, D., Kralj, J., Tuti{, V. & ]ikovi}, D. (2003): Crvena knjiga ugro`enih ptica Hrvatske. – Ministarstvo za{tite okoli{a i prostornog ure|enja, Zagreb]. Tudi opazovani osebki so bili verjetno zgolj na selitvi skupaj s sivkami Aythya ferina, ~opastimi ~rnicami Aythya fuligula, mlakaricami Anas platyrhynchos, kreheljci Anas crecca, pritlikavimi kormorani Phalacrocorax pygmeus in ~opastimi ponirki Podiceps cristatus. Dejan Bordjan, ul. 8. februarja 50, SI-2204 Milklav`, Slovenija, e-mail: dejanonih@email.si ^rni {karnik Milvus migrans Black Kite – two observations from the island of Dugi otok (N Dalmatia): (1) 1 individual at Grba{~ak (UTM VJ98) on 23 Apr 2002, (2) 2 individuals at Kru{evo polje rubbish dump near the town of Sali (UTM WJ17) on 25 Apr 2002 Med biolo{kim taborom v Prirodnem parku Tela{~ica na Dugem otoku smo se dne 23.4.2002 peljali po cesti proti severu mimo Grba{~aka, na katerem stoji svetilnik in kjer smo nekaj dni prej opazovali ka~arja Circaetus gallicus. Tega dne smo imeli sre~o z drugo ujedo. Tokrat je bil ~rni {karnik. Dva dni zatem, torej 25.4.2002, sva se z Evo Vukeli~ na teren odpravila s kolesom. Ko sva prisopihala do smeti{~a na Kru{evem polju blizu mesta Sali, sta ~ez smeti{~e zaporedoma priletela kar dva ~rna {karnika in za~ela kro`iti. Podatek je zanimiv, saj je ~rni {karnik redek obiskovalec Dalmacije [Rucner, D. (1998): Ptice hrvatske obale Jadrana. – Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej, Ministrstvo razvitka i obnove, Zagreb]. Dejan Bordjan, ul. 8. februarja 50, SI-2204 Milklav`, Slovenija, e-mail: dejanonih@email.si 79 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook Great Snipe Gallinago media Coketa – osebek opazovan 1.5.2000 ob mlaki blizu ceste proti Rudinam na otoku Krku (UTM VL60, Hrva{ka) On 1 May 2000, Eva Vukeli~ and I were searching for birds in the surroundings of Rudine on the island of Krk. In a pond along the road to Rudine, overgrown with Bulrush Schoenoplectus sp., we found a Little Bittern Ixobrychus minutus, Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus, Moorhen Gallinula chloropus, Wood Sandpiper Tringa gareola, Whinchat Saxicola rubetra, Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus, Great Reed Warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus, and a Common Whitethroat Sylvia communis. In a certain moment, a brown and heavy snipelike bird flew up from the wet shore. The tail was spread and showed some whiteness on the sides. The bird then landed on the other side of the pond. We reached a conclusion that we were dealing with a Great Snipe. This bird is a rare and not regular migrant in the period from March to April, and more common in the eastern parts of Croatia [Kralj, J. (1997) Croatian ornithofauna in the last 200 years. – Larus 46: 1-112]. In the same period, another observation was reported by Slavko Polak at another locality on Krk. However, the rare observations can also be due to the few observers, to the bird’s inconspicuous behaviour and to the difficulties in distinguishing it from the Common Snipe [Harris, A., Shirihai, H. & Christie, D. (1996): The Macmillan birder’s guide to European and Middle Eastern Birds. – Macmillan, London]. Maarten de Groot, Droevendaalse steeg 61, 6708 PN Wageningen, The Netherlands, e-mail: m.degroot@rocketmail.com Podhujka Cäprimulgus europaeus European Nightjar – between 24 and 26 Apr 2002, European Nightjars census was conducted in the southern part of Dugi otok island, around the town of Sali (UTM WJ17, N Dalmatia). On the 12.1 km long transect from lake Mir past Sali to the Dragoraj, 11 calling males were counted. Med popisom sov na Dugem otoku med 24.4. in 26.4.2002 v okviru dalmatinskega biolo{kega tabora, kjer sem popisoval veliko uharico [Bordjan, D. (2002): Gostota pojo~ih samcev velike uharice Bubo bubo na Dugem otoku (S Dalmacija, Hrva{ka). – Acrocephalus 23 (115): 189-191], sem popisoval tudi podhujko na transektu od jezera Mir na enem polotoku mimo mesta Sali do Dragoraja na drugem polotoku na ju`ni strani Dugega otoka. Popisoval sem z metodo izzivanja s pomo~jo kasetnika kak{no uro po son~nem zahodu in kon~al nekje po polno~i. Na transektu, dolgem 12,1 km, sem popisal 11 pojo~ih samcev. Podhujke sem na{el v treh jasno lo~enih skupinah. Ena je bila na in v okolici Gmajnega polja s petimi pojo~imi osebki, druga v dolini Magrovica s tremi in tretja s tremi samci med gri~em 8c Stra`ica in Dragoraj. Prva skupina je bila opazovana na travnikih v bli`ini borovih gozdi~kov, druga v bli`ini olj~nega nasada s travniki v njegovem zaledju. Tretja skupina je zasedala obmo~je posesti, razmejenih s kamnitimi zidovi. Na teh posestih so bili pa{niki, nasadi breskev in oljk ter vinogradi, med njimi pa posamezni borovi gozdi~ki. Tudi Rucner [Rucner, D. (1998): Ptice hrvatske obale Jadrana. – Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej, Ministarstvo razvitka i obnove, Zagreb] omenja podhujko kot pogosto gnezdilko mediteranske in submediteranske Hrva{ke. Omenja jo tudi kot pogosto na Dugem otoku, kar lahko potrdim tudi s svojimi podatki. Dejan Bordjan, ul. 8. februarja 50, SI-2204 Milklav`, Slovenija, e-mail: dejanonih@email.si Srbija (Srbija in ^rna Gora)/ Serbia (Serbia & Montenegro) Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus Pritlikavi kormoran – {tiri opazovanja na krapovskem ribniku v Ba~u (UTM CR62, JZ Ba~ka, Vojvodina), ki ka`ejo na mo`nost gnezdenja vrste v bli`ini: (1) 1.8.2001 en osebek, (2) 24.8.2001 skupina 9 osebkov, (3) 28.10.2001 en osebek, (4) 25.11.2001 velika skupina 45 osebkov According to the results of the last countrywide census of heron and cormorant colonies in Serbia, carried out in 1998, there are no breeding pairs of Pygmy Cormorant in southwestern Ba~ka, Vojvodina [Puzovi}, S., Gergelj, J. & Luka~, [. (1999): Heron and Cormorant colonies in Serbia. – Ciconia 8: 11-114]. However, the area is very rich with stagnant euthrophic waterbodies, suitable for feeding by this species, and a number of still suitable niches for its breeding, particularly in the Danube floodplain between Mladenovo and Plavna. Unfortunately, it can be stated that the entire area has been still poorly studied from the ornithological point of view. However, I made several excursions to the largest waterbody in the area, carp fishpond situated near Ba~ (UTM CR62). It is a 581 ha large system of six big and several very small ponds managed semiextensively. This means that all of the ponds are belted with spacious belts of emergent vegetation, and most of the surface of two the biggest ponds is covered by flotant vegetation. In one of the ponds, numerous islets covered with reed can also be found. Pigmy Cormorant is a regular summer and autumn visitor to the fishponds. On 1 Aug 2001 I saw one bird overflying, while on 24 Aug 2001 a group of nine individuals was observed. In this group, I determined eight adults and a single juvenile. One bird was also observed on 28 Oct 2001. The greatest flock was seen on 25 Nov 2001 in the very wide channel used as a collecting depression for the neighbouring ponds during fish harvest. The flock of 45 individuals was resting on the reed and reedmace stand very Acrocephalus 24 (117): 73 – 82, 2003 near to the water edge. Bearing in mind the two summer data, I assume that a breeding colony of Pigmy Cormorants in the wider area is possible. The species is known to start its autumn migration from August onwards [Cramp, S. & Simmons, K.E.L., eds. (1977): The birds of the Western Palearctic. Vol. 1. – Oxford University Press, Oxford, London, New York], but it is very indicative that the August Pigmy Cormorant records from Lake Vrana in Croatia [Vogrin, M. (1998): Do Pygmy Cormorants Phalacrocorax pygmeus breed in Dalmatia (Croatia)? – Cormorant Research Group Bulletin No. 3: 28-29] preceded the confirmation of its breeding on this largest Croatian natural lake [Luka~, G. (1998): List of Croatian Birds. – Nat. Croat. 7 suppl. 3: 1-160]. Marko Tucakov, Marka Ore{kovi}a 9, 25275 Ba~ki Breg, Serbia and Montenegro, e-mail: tucakovm@yahoo.com Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus Labod pevec – nereden zimski in preletni gost v Ba~ki; dne 7.3.2003 je avtor opazoval 5 osebkov na jezercu Mezgarica pri Kru{evlju (UTM CR59, SZ Ba~ka) During spring migration, small natron Mezgarica lake, situated in the Northern Mostonga basin near Kru{evlje (UTM CR59, NW Ba~ka), becomes an important stopping station for numerous waterbirds. Namely, after the summer and autumn dryness, the water level in the lake rises very fast due to the high underground water level, spring rains and snow thawing. A similar process takes place in the surrounding spacious saline meadows, which therefore become very wet and attractive for the passing migrants. On 7 Mar 2003 I observed five adult Whooper Swans on the lake. This species is an irregular winter guest and spring migrant in the Ba~ka region [Obradovi}, R. (1994): Katalog ptica Ba~ke. – Ekolo{ko dru{tvo gimnazije »Nikola Tesla«, Apatin]. Apart from observing Whooper Swans for the first time on the lake and in the immediate surrounding, I recorded 20 White-fronted Geese Anser albifrons, 60 Garganeys Anas querquedula, 39 Eurasian Wigeons Anas penelope, 40 Northern Shovellers Anas clypeata, 26 Common Cranes Grus grus, about 200 Northern Lapwings Vanellus vanellus and about 2000 Common Redshanks Tringa totanus. Indeed amazing site that deserves further ornithological investigations, especially for its presumed extraordinary importance for waterbird spring migration! Dejan \api}, Vuka Karad`i}a 134, 25284 Stani{i}, Serbia and Montenegro, e-mail: eko-farm@eunet.yu Montagu’s Harrier Circus pygargus Mo~virski lunj – opazovanje dveh mladostnih osebkov 18.7.2003 med naseljema Nauzina in Jarkovac (UTM DR81, srednji Banat) in osebka nad polji med Ba~kim Bregom in Gakovim (UTM CR48, SZ Ba~ka) dne 1.8.1998 During my excursion to the fishpond near Banatska Dubica on 18 Jul 2003 I observed, near the local road between the villages of Neuzina and Jarkovac (UTM DR81, central Banat), two juvenile Montagu’s Harriers, foraging above the spacious saline meadows and pastures. This is one of the very rare observations of this species in Vojvodina. Having in mind the fact that, up to now, breeding of this species has been confirmed or suspected only on several localities (»Great Bustard pastures« nature reserve - extensive steppe area situated between Jazovo and Mokrin, vicinity of ^oka, Suboti~ka Forest and Szeleveny puszta), situated in the very northern part of Vojvodina [Ham, I. & Ra{ajski, J. (2000): Montagu’s Harrier Circus pygargus (Linnaeus, 1758). pp. 81-86. In: Puzovi}, S. (ed.): Atlas of birds of prey of Serbia – their breeding distribution and abundance, 1977-1996. – Institute for the protection of nature of Serbia, Belgrade], the wider area of my observation could be a new breeding locality. However, during the last decade, I observed just one more Montague’s Harrier in the summer period. It was also a juvenile, overflying agricultural fields situated between Ba~ki Breg and Gakovo (UTM CR48, NW Ba~ka) on 1 Aug 1998. Marko Tucakov, Marka Ore{kovi}a 9, 25275 Ba~ki Breg, Serbia and Montenegro, e-mail: tucakovm@yahoo.com Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus Mo~virska uharica – dnevno zimsko drevesno po~ivali{~e na cedri Cedrus deodara v naselju Stani{i} (UTM CR58, Vojvodina). Sove so bile opazovane med 17.3. (4 osebki) in 7.4.2003 (1 osebek). To je najkasnej{i znani podatek prezimujo~ih mo~virskih uharic v Vojvodini, saj so bile doslej zabele`ene najkasneje sredi marca. During the last several years of my intensive bird surveys carried out in Northern Mostonga basin I concluded that the area is important wintering and passage locality for Short-eared Owls. Only in the 2002-2003 winter season, 15 – 20 individuals were wintering in Ri|ica saline meadows between Stani{i} and Ri|ica. It is not a rare case in Vojvodina, where most important wintering sites are probably situated in the saline meadows themselves [Lakato{, J. (1979): Ptice Apatina. – NIIU »Glas Komune«, Apatin]. I paid special attention to the local Short-eared Owl daily roosting site, which I found by chance in mid March 2003. It was situated near the centre of the village of Stani{i} (UTM CR58), on Cedar Cedrus deodara trees, planted in front of the building. I spotted 4 individuals firstly on 17 Mar 2003. On the next day, probably the same 4 birds were present there again. The same number was registered on 21 Mar. After that day, the number of observed birds decreased: two birds on 26 Mar, and just one on 29 Mar, 30 Mar, and 7 Apr 2003. That was the last date of my observation of this species on the roosting site. In the same time, birds also vanished from their foraging sites, 81 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook situated approximately 200 meters from the roosting site. Up to now, the longest period of Short-eared Owl wintering in Vojvodina has never exceeded mid March. Still, we miss more precise data on local wintering habits of this species, and, particularly, on the characteristics of their roosting sites. Only occasionally has it been documented, in North America and in Scotland, that Short-eared Owls can choose their roosting sites in coniferous trees, especially when snow cover is thick [Mikkola, H. (1983): Owls of Europe. – T & AD Poyser, Calton; Bosakowski, T. (1986): Short-eared Owl winter roosting strategies. – American Birds 40 (2): 237-240]. Dejan \api}, Vuka Karad`i}a 134, 25284 Stani{i}, Serbia and Montenegro, e-mail: eko-farm@eunet.yu Coal Tit Parus ater Meni{~ek – prva potrjena gnezditev meni{~ka v Novem Sadu (UTM DR11), sicer redke vrste v Vojvodini. Dne 16.5.2001 je avtor pred zgradbo Banovina opazoval rjavega srakoperja Lanius collurio, ki je uplenil komaj speljanega meni{~kovega mladi~a. Pri tem sta se star{a glasno razburjala. Avtor domneva, da meni{~ek gnezdi tudi na drugih parkovnih povr{inah z iglavci v Vojvodini. Coal Tit is only sporadic breeder in Vojvodina [Ham, I. (1977): Avifaunal Dynamism in Vojvodina. – Arhiv biolo{kih nauka 29 (1-2): 83-87]. Just a few breeding sites are known to be regular: Subotica forests in the Subotica – Horgo{ sandy area [Hardi, B. & Sekere{, O. (1998): Breeding of Coal Tit (Parus ater) in Suboti~ka forest. – Ciconia 7: 118-119], Mt. Fru{ka Gora [[oti, J. (1985): Ornitofauna Fru{ke Gore. – I Kongres Biosistemati~ara Jugoslavije, Popova [apka, Plenarni referati i rezimei: 121-122] and Deliblato sandy area [Pelle, I., Ham, I., Ra{ajski, J. & Gavrilov, T. (1977): Pregled gnezdarica Vojvodine. – Larus 29-30: 171-197]. Breeding niches at all of those localities are situated in planted conifer stands, as there are no indigenous conifer and mixed forests in this part of the Pannonian Plain. However, Coal Tit can also inhabit very small groups of planted conifers, usually situated in city parks. This is the case with Dunavski park, the most popular park in Novi Sad (UTM DR11), situated very near to the centre of the largest town of Vojvodina. On 18 Apr 2001 I observed an adult bird feeding in a Black Pine Pinus nigra situated in one of the two very small groups of planted conifers in the park. On 16 May 2001, a very exciting event was waiting for me, at 7.45 hrs, in front of the Governmental Building of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (also called Banovina buildings). On the very old Thuja sp. bush, an adult Red-backed Shirke Lanius collurio male was eating a very small bird that I could not determine at that moment. When the shrike tore off the prey’s head, the rest of the body felt to the ground. All this time, two adult Coal Tits were hopping from one branch to another very close to the shrike, emitting very noisy alarming calls. It seemed, however, that the shrike did not react at all. After the shrike flew away, together with the adult tits, I picked up the headless body. It was a juvenile Coal Tit, which had flown out from its nest just a couple of days ago (according to the still undeveloped flying feathers). As the Banovina buildings are situated just opposite to the Dunavski park, I assume that the Red-backed Shirke (probably still on migration) caught its prey there. Having all that in mind, I considered this observation as a proof of the Coal Tit breeding in Novi Sad. The same opinion is shared by Slobodan Puzovi} (pers. comm.), who observed one or two birds in Dunavski Park during the 2001 and 2002 breeding seasons. In a similar habitat, Coal Tit breeding has been confirmed in Belgrade as well [Vasi}, V. (1980): Jelova senica (Parus ater L.), nova gnezdarica Beograda. – Larus 31-32: 445]. Therefore, it can be expected that breeding of this tit will also be confirmed in other localities comprising planted stands or just small groups of conifers in Vojvodina. Marko Tucakov, Marka Ore{kovi}a 9, 25275 Ba~ki Breg, Serbia and Montenegro, e-mail: tucakovm@yahoo.com 82 Acrocephalus 24 (117): 83, 2003 Nove knjige New books Pelz, P. , Mikusek, R. & Gwózdz, R. (2003): Owls of Europe. Audio CD and accompanying booklet. – Influence, Dabrowa Górnícza. Buying: www.influence.pl, Price: 10,00 EUR Following Roché’s comprehensive CDs [Roché, J.C. (1990): All the bird songs of Britain and Europe. 4 Audio CDs. – Sittelle, Mens], where vocalisations of all European owls were presented, a new CD on European owl voices has been published. All 13 breeding owl species in Europe are presented on the CD with several different calls. The approach taken by the authors – Pavel Pelz selected the recordings he had made and Romuald Mikusek and Radoslaw Gwózdz wrote the very informative texts for each species in the accompanying booklet – was completely scientific. Different calls of each species are presented separately and explained in detail and, for male songs or hootings, sonograms are also presented. In this way the listener/reader can quite easily understand and follow the recordings and gain a picture of the richness of vocalization for each species. König et al. [König, C., Weick, F. & Becking, J.H. (1999): Owls, A Guide to the Owls of the World. – Pica Press, Sussex] have already pointed out that owl calls are so species specific that they can be used as a taxonomic characteristic. In the field of research on owls, owl voices are nowadays the most important element in their observation and study. To identify an owl by its voice is, in many cases, even more important than to identify it by its morphology. Even so, modern playback owl census techniques need good recordings and those on this new CD are well suited to this purpose. For specific studies on territorial behaviour, communication, activity, etc., it is very important to define and name types of owl calls exactly. One approach is to present sonograms, as for example used by W. Scherzinger in his comparative study of Tawny and Ural Owl behaviour and breeding biology [Scherzinger, W. (1980): Zur Ethologie der Fortpflanzung und Jugendentwicklung des Habichtkauzes (Strix uralensis) mit vergleichen zum Waldkauz (Strix aluco). – Bonner Zoologische Monographien, Nr. 15. Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig, Berlin]. The other way is to present them by the actual sound, which is at least more accessible and useable for owl fieldworkers. In the accompanying booklet Pelz et al. explain the function of each call, making a useful guide to identifying owl behaviour in the field. This can be used when searching the nest, especially when considering more problematic species, for example the Ural Owl, or when explaining the type of response of the owl to the recording. For each species the authors provide information as to where the recordings were taken. This can be useful for someone dealing with local dialects, or with differences between subspecies. Bioacoustics studies are one of the hot themes in avian science, and a CD such as this can provide a very useful basis for further work. It once again opens up the proposition that bird and owl guides should be acoustic as well as visual, and the combination of the two can constitute a very valuable tool for owl researchers and lovers. In my opinion, this CD combines both these observational features and, for that reason, I strongly recommend it to all that are interested in the secret life of owls. Al Vrezec 83 Zelo Ljubko. Zelo Mobi. MobiLiska LS. Prikupen in diskreten, zmogljiv in zapeljiv. Panasonic G50 nudi vse, kar pričakujete od sodobnega mobija: barvni zaslon in pollfonicno zvonjenje, Igrice in EMS-e, slikovni telefonski imenik, kalkulator, budilko... Z vklopom MobiGPRS-a pa nudi še bistveno hitrejše brskanje po Planetu, kjer vas čaka obilica zabave: melodije, ozadja, fotogalerije, glasbene novice, kino napovednik, klepetalnice, horoskop,... •JHI| MobiGPRS Panasonic G50 Informacijo na brezplačnih številkah: naročniki Mobitel GSM/UMTS: 031/041/051700 700, MobiuporabnikI: 031/041/051121, ostall: OSO 70 70, 24.900 SIT mobi ZA VSAK ŽEP WWW.MDBITE