O TOjOpuax, pyca^Kax h nponnx Haeax (MepTBeUM-^eMOHM H "HeHHCTMe" nOKOHHHKH B BeceHHeM Ka.ieHjape c.iaBHHCknx HapOjOB) TambHHa A. AeanxuHa The authoress researched the so-called impure deceased - spirits of the dead, fairies, and the churchyard - within the spring ritual calendar of Slavic nations. ,D,aa TpaflnnHOHHOH Kyabrypbi caaBaH aKTyaabHo pa3aeaeHHe Bcex yMepmnx Ha aBe KaTeropHH: c oaHoft ctopohh, sto npeaKH-noKpoBHTeaH (co6cTBeHHO manes), a c apyroft — noKoiHHKi, yMepmne "HenpaBHabHo": HeecTecTBeHHoft hjh npexaeBpeMeHHoft cMepTbro, paHbme noaoxeHHoro cpoKa, b "naoxoe" h "onacHoe" BpeMa, yMepmne BHe cBoero aoMa h noTOMy ocTaBmHeca 6e3 "npaBHabHoro" norpe6eHHa h noMHHoBeHHa (yMepmne "bo MpaKe"); Te, c KeM nocae cMepTH npoH3omaH KaKHe-Hn6yab HenpHaTHocTH, HanpHMep, iepe3 noKoftHHKa nepecKoiHao xHBoTHoe (ycaoBHMca Ha3HBaTb hx "HenHcTbiMH" noKoftHHKaMH). 9th aBe KaTeropHH yMepmHx (npeaKH h "HenHcTbie" noKoftHHKH) pa3aHnaroTca, cpeaH npoiero, h xapaKTepoM nocBameHHbix hm nocMepTHbix nepeMoHHft. KaK H3BecTHo, "HenHcTHe" noKoftHHKH aHmeHH nepKoBHoro noMHHoBeHHa (hx He oTneBaroT b uepKBH, no hhm He 3BoHaT b KoaoKoaa) hx o6hhho xopoHaT BHe Kaaa6Hma HaH Ha ero nepH^epHH (3a orpaaoft, c Kparo, b yray); hx He noMHHaroT bo BpeMa TpaaHnHoHHbix KaaeHaapHHx noMHHoBeHHft, peryaapHo coBepmaeMHx b nepKBH1. HaKoHen, xopomo H3BecTHo, hto HMeHHo "HeHHcTbie" noKoftHHKH aBaaroTca TeM "pe3epBoM", H3 KoToporo b 3HanHTeabHoft cTeneHH ^opMHpyeTca MHoroaHKHft paa caaBaHcKHx aeMoHoB. C apyroft ctopohh, cpeaH caMoft HeiHcToft cHabi ecTb KaTeropHH aeMoHoB, KoTopbie oTaHnaroTca ot 6oabmHHcTBa apyrHx no KpaftHeft Mepe TeM, hto BpeMa hx npe6biBaHHa Ha 3eMae orpaHHieHo oahhm KaaeHaapHHM nepHoaoM, cBa3aHHHM, KaK npaBHao, c KaKHM-HH6yab npa3aHHKoM HaH nowraeMbiM aHeM. TaKoBH ceBepHopyccKHe myaHKyHH h roxHocaaBaHcKHe KapaKoHaxoabi, noaBaaro^Heca Ha cBaTKax, pycaaKH h ap. (Ha3oBeM hx KaaeHaapHHMH aeMoHaMH). KaK HaM npeacTaBaaeTca, rae-To Ha "nepeceneHHH" aByx sthx KaTeropHft — "HeHHcTHx" noKoftHHKoB H KaaeHaapHHx aeMoHoB — H Bo3HHKaH TaKHe caaBaHcKHe nepcoHaxH, KaK Toaopnbi, pycaaKH h, bo3moxho, "HaBH" (bo BcaKoM cayiae b hx BocTOHHocaaBaHcKHx HnocTacax). B npeaaaraeMHx HHxe 3aMeTKax mh no3BoaHM ce6e b KanecTBe rHnoTe3H BbcKa3aTb HeKoTopbe coo6paxeHHa o cooTHomeHHH MH^oaorHnecKHx h KaaeHaapHHx cocTaBaaro^Hx sthx nepcoHaxeft. 1 EflHHcTBeHHbiM HOKaroieHHeM aBaaeTca noMHHaabHaa cayx6a b MaconycTHyro cy66oTy, Koraa HcnoaHaeTca KaHoH Oeaopa CTyaHTa, b kotopom nepeiHcnarotca Bce yMepmHe, a c oco6oft T^aTeabHocTbro Te, kto yMep "HenpaBHabHoft" cMepTbro. CB. To^op H TO^OPUH no Haönro^eHHHM P. nonoBa, Ha ceBepe BonrapHH cb. To^op npe^cTaBm^cn noKOHHHKOM, nepeBonno^eHHbiM nocne CMepTH B Bo^KonaKa H KapaKoH^xona (eKapaKomen hhh oeaMnupnen hokoühuk). Oh no^B^^cn no HonaM H3 Morra b TeneHHe Bcen To^opoboh (1-h Heuern BernKoro nocTa) Heuern, Kamo manacbM om epoöu^a, h KapTa 1: noMHHKH no «He^HcTbiM» noKoöHHKaM b tpoh^hh nepHo^ y boctohhhix cnaBAH öpo^m no ceny b oö^HKe KapaKoH^xona hhh Bo^KonaKa ^o nepBbix neTyxoB, a 3aTeM BHoBb yxo^H^ b Morray. Oh BepxoM Ha öenoM KoHe h Mor 3aTonTaTb bchkoto, Koro BcTpeTH^ 6bi Ha nyTH; cMepTb oxH^ana h Tex, Koro oh Mor y^apHTb pyKon h^h na^Kon [nonoB 1991, 88-89]. CTo^b xe onacHbiM c^HTancn Tydyp y öonrap b BaHaTe [TenÖH3oBH 1963, 244]. O xToHH^ecKoM, noTycTopoHHeM npoHcxox^eHHH cb. To^opa cBH^eTe^bcTByeT to, hto oh 6bm HeBH^HM nenoBeKa: b oKp. BapHbi paccKa3biBa^H, KaK o^Hax^bi Ha To^opoboh Helene xeH^HHa, BonpeKH cTpoxanmHM 3anpeTaM, paccTe^H^a Ha 3eM^e o^ex^y cyrnKH h HeoxH^aHHo yc^birnana y ceön Ha^ yxoM ronoc: "npHÖepH rH h^h Teö ^e npHÖepa". 3to 6bm cb. To^op [To^opoBa 1990, 212]. BecbMa onpeaeaeHHaa cBa3b c noKonHHKaMH npocaexHBaeTca b noBepbax h pnryaaax, oraoca^Hxca k ToaopnaM — HeBHaHMbiM xpoMHM koh^m HaH BcaaHHKaM (b o6aHKe aroaen, ho c xBocTaMH), KoTopbie 6exaaH no 3eMae Ha ToaopoBon Heaeae HaH nocae Hee; ohh, KaK h cb. Toaop y 6oarap, HanaaaaH Ha npHno3aHHBmnxca nyTHHKoB h HaKa3biBMH aromen, HapymHBmHx onpeaeaeHHbie 6brroBbie h xo3ancTBeHHbie 3anpeTH, KoTopbie caeaoBaao co6aroaaTb b 3to BpeMa (ceB.-BocT. Cep6HH, cep6. EaHaT, BoeBoaHHa). BaamcKoe HaceaeHHe ceBepo-BocronHon Cep6HH (xnreaH ^xepaana, HeroTHHcKon KpaHHH h ap.) BHaeao b Toaopnax — 6eaHx KoHax, npeaBoanreabcTByeMbix BeaHKHM ToaopoM h noaBaaro^Hxca bo btophhk Ha ToaopoBon Heaeae, aymH yMepmHx [3eneBñh 1993, 262] HaH HenHcrax ayxoB [KocthR 1968-1969, 380]. CpeaH xTOHHnecKnx npH3HaKoB, npHcy^Hx "ToaopnaM", HccaeaoBaTeaH Bceraa o6pa^aaH BHHMaHHe Ha hx xpoMoTy, 6eabm nBeT KoHen h naa^en, b KoTopHe 6biaH 3aBepHyTH BcaaHHKH, nepra o6opoTHHnecTBa (KoHb-BcaaHHK), a TaKxe Ha xopomo H3BecTHyro cBa3b KoHa c xroHHnecKHM HanaaoM h norpe6aabHHM KoMnaeKcoM [3eneBñh 1981]. ^o6aBHM k 3ToMy e^e HeKoTopbie aeTaaH. BecbMa BHpa3HTeabHo yKa3aHHe Ha to, hto kohh cb. Toaopa BHcKaKHBaaH npaMo "H3-noa 3eMaH" [Ba6oBñh 1963, 205, CpeM]. KpoMe Toro, Toaopnbi 6e3ycaoBHo npHHaaaexaT TeMHoTe h MpaKy, h cBeT aaa hhx HeBHHocHM h onaceH. noaTOMy b TeneHHe Bcen ToaopoBon HeaeaH aroaH cTpeMHaHcb BepHyTbca aoMon 3acBeTao, hto6h c HacTynaeHHeM TeMHoTH He BcTpeTHTbca c ToaopnaMH [MHayTHHoBHh 1971, 148, BaHar], He xraH oraen hh b aoMe, hh cHapyxn (ceBepo-BocTonHaa Cep6na, rynyabi), a TaKxe paHo aoxHaHcb cnaTb h no3aHo BcTaBaaH, hto6h Ha hhx He HanaaH ToaopoBH kohh (BoeBoaHHa). EcaH 6h ToaopnH 3aMeTHaH cBeT b oKHax, ohh 6h pa3&HaH oKHa KonbrraMH h 3aTonTaaH aoMonaaneB [Bocñh 1996, 221, BoeBoaHHa]. H aaa cb. Toaopa, h aaa "ToaopneB" BaxHeñmHM noKa3aTeaeM hx npHHaaaex-hocth k MepTBenaM-aeMoHaM oKa3biBaeTca BpeMeHHocTb hx npe6biBaHHa b "3tom" MHpe (co BTopHHKa nepBon HeaeaH nocTa ao BTopHHKa BTopon, c neTBepra no cpeay h ap.) — nepTa, 6oaee xapaKTepHaa aaa noKonHHKoB, nepHoaHnecKH HaBe^aro^nx 3tot mhp, neM aaa aeMoHHnecKHx nepcoHaxen KaK TaKoBHx. 3aMeTHM, hto hmh cep6cKnx aeMoHoB TaKxe npeacraBaaeT co6on npoH3BoaHoe ot cooTBeTCTByro^ero xpoHoHHMa (ToaopoBa Heaeaa, ToaopoBa cy66oTa — Toaopnbi). TaKHM o6pa3oM, b Toaopnax h cb. Toaope coneTaroTca nepra, yKa3brnaro^He, Bo-nepBHx, Ha hx npoHcxoxaeHHe H3 "HenHcTHx" noKonHHKoB, h, bo-btophx, Ha orpaHHneHHHñ KaaeHaapHHñ nepHoa hx npe6biBaHHa Ha 3eMae. CBa3b cb. Toaopa h ToaopneB c noKoñHHKaMH noaTBepxaaroT noMHHaabHHe pHTyaaH ToaopoBon HeaeaH. B ceBepHbix o6aacrax BoarapHH 1-a Heaeaa BeaHKoro nocTa 6biaa oaHon H3 raaBHbix aaT paHHeBeceHHHx 3aaymeK (Hapaay c MaconycTHon cy66oTon). y 6oarap b ^o6pyaxe npeaKoB noMHHaaH b naTHHny (mydopoecmma dymHUu,a), a y 6oarapcKHx nepeceaeHneB b MoaaaBHH — b cy66oTy. y pyMbiH, rae nepBaa Heaeaa BeaHKoro nocTa cBa3biBaaacb c npe6biBaHHeM Ha 3eMae noayKoHen-noayaroaen, Ha3HBaeMHx Sín-Toadere, b cy66oTy b KanecTBe noMaHH pa3aaBaaH xae6 h Boay h hx xe oTHocHaH Ha Kaaa6H^e [Ka6aKoBa 1989, 330]. Boaee Toro, 1-a Heaeaa BeaHKoro nocTa b HeKoTopbix perHoHax Ha BocToKe BaaKaH npeaHa3Hanaaacb aaa noMHHoBeHHa oco6hx KaTeropHn yMepmHx. B BeaorpaanHmKo (ceB.-3an. BoarapHa) ToaopoBa cy66oTa cnHTaaacb aHeM, Koraa BcnoMHHaaH o Tex, kto yMep b TeneHHe npomeamero roaa [nonoB 1991, 94], t. e. Tex, kto (KaK h "HenHcTHe" noKonHHKH) He 3aBepmHa nepexoaa Ha "tot cBeT" h He npHcoeaHHHaca noKa k coHMy npe^KoB. TaK xe b BaHaTe h CpeMe b ToAopoBy cyööoTy h naTHHny totobhah koahbo h pa3HocHAH ero HMeHHo b Te AoMa, r^e b TeHeHHe rosa kto-to yMep. 3secb xe totobhah xAeönbi, aHa^orHHHHe noMHHaAbHbiM: npoc^opKH h KoAaHH b ^opMe KpecTa [bochr 1996, 219, 221]. .XHTeAH 3aenapa (ceB.-BocT. CepÖHa) öhah yöexAeHbi b tom, hto ecAH noKoÖHHK yMep bo MpaKe ("Öe3 cBeHH"), h no 3toh npHHHHe coxpaHaAacb onacHocTb ero nocMepTHoro "npeBpa^eHHa", to cnacTH yMepmero ot noAoÖHoH ynacTH moxho MHoro^eTHHM nocToM b ToAopoBy cyööoTy, cHHTaBmyroca 3Aecb npa3AHHKoM MepTBHx [3eneBHh 1978, 385]. B Haobahbckom Kpae MaTepH, y kotophx b ceMbe öhah yMepmHe AeTH (TaKxe npHHHcAaeMbie k "HeHHcTbiM" noKoHHHKaM), coöamasah b naMaTb o hhx cnenHaAbHHe 3anpeTH, b Hacraocm, b TeHeHHe BceH Toaopoboh HeAeAH ohh He mHAH, HTOÖbl He npoAHpaBHTb HrAaMH BblAoAÖAeHHbie AbIHbKH ("KpaTyHKH"), H3 kotophx hx yMepmHe AeTH nHAH BoAy Ha "tom cBeTe" [TpeöeHapoBa 1989, 63]. HenocpeACTBeHHaa cBa3b noMHHaAbHHx pHTyaAoB toaopoboh HeAeAH h noBepHH o TOAopnax h cb. ToAope öoAee Bcero 3aMeTHa b tom, hto HacTb noMHHaAbHHx öama, npHroTOBAaeMbix k 3aAymHHne, cnenHaAbHo "npeAHa3HaHaAacb" toaop^m, a npHroTo-BAeHHHe xAeönH b (^opMe toakob (hah c otthckom noAKoBH cBepxy) HMeAH 3HaHeHHeM yMHAocTHBHTeAbHoro Aapa toaopobhm kohäm [BochR 1996, 219-220]. noMHHaAbHbie HepTH AerKo oÖHapyxHTb h b kohhhx copeBHoBaHHax, KoTopbie b BoArapHH h CepÖHH ycTpaHBaAH b ToAopoBy cyööoTy: HanpHMep, Ha ceBepo-BocToKe BoArapHH nepeA HaHaAoM pHcTaAH^ ero yHacTHHKH oöte3xaAH KnaAÖH^e, htoöh noHTHTb yMepmHx [ToAopoBa 1990, 213, BapHa; floöpyAxa, 323]. C 1-H HeAeAeH BeAHKoro nocTa (a ToHHee c "TpHMep'oM" 'TpexAHeBHHM nocToM b HaHaAe BeAHKoro nocTa') cBa3aHbi h ApyrHe npeAcTaBAeHHa, Kacaro^Heca "nAoxoH" cMepTH. y öoArap, cepöoB h MaKeAoHneB HeAoBeK, He AoxHBmHH ao koh^ "TpHMep'a", cHHTaAca "HeHHcTHM" TOKoHHHKoM H BeAHKHM rpemHHKoM, Ha hto yKa3HBaroT ocoöeHHocTH ero norpeöeHHa. yMepmero bo BpeMa "TpHMep'a" xopohhah He Ha KAaAÖH^e, a b oö^eceAbcKoH MycopHoH KyHe, HaBo3HoH aMe hah b KpaHHeM cAyHae c Kparo KAaAÖH^a [ByKoMaHoBHh 1925, 345; ToAopoBa 1990, 212, BapHa], t. e. nocTynaAH c HHM KaK c caMoyÖHHneH; TaKoro noKoHHHKa He bhochah b nepKoBb, h cba^hhhk He oTneBaA ero, a h3 AoMa ero bhhochah He Hepe3 ABepb, a Hepe3 npoAoM b cTeHe [CTpaHAxa, 294, 296]. "nAoxaa" cMepTb npHBoAHAa k nocMepTHHM npeBpa^eHHaM yMepmero b AeMoHa. CorAacHo noBepbaM, H3BecTHHM TaM xe, b CTpaHAxe, HeAoBeK, yMepmHH bo BpeMa "TpHMep'a", cTaHoBHAca "cyxHM Toaopom", mboaa^hm yxac Ha AMAeH b TeHeHHe Toaopoboh HeAeAH (cyomo Todopne e yMpnno npes TpuMepomo) hah Mor npeBpaTHTbca b BaMnHpa [rpeöeHapoBa 1989, 64; CTpaHAxa, 327]. CraTb nocAe cMepTH KapaKoHAxoAoM MorAH TaKxe amah, 3aHaTHe, poxAeHHbie h yMepmHe Ha Toaopoboh HeAeAH [BM, 165]; bot noHeMy komktokc noMHHaAbHHx pHTyaAoB, HM nocBtf^eHHbix, ÖbIA ao KpaHHocTH peAyaHpoBaH: B HacTHocTH, B naMaTb o hhx, KaK h oö yMepmHx bo BpeMa "TpHMep'a", pa3AaBaAH He koahbo hah noMHHaAbHHe xAeönbi, a ToAbKo cHpoe xhto [CöHy 1900, kh. 16-17, h. 2, c. 21, Thphobo]. HaKoHen, nocAeAHee, Ha hto xoTeAocb öh yKa3aTb: b paHHeBeceHHeM boctohho-öaAKaHcKoM KaAeHAape ToAopoBa HeAeAa cHHTaAacb oahoh h3 caMbix HeÖAaronpHaTHbix: c HeH cBa3aHo HaHÖoAbmee hhcao HeraTHBHo oKpameHHHx xpohohhmob, oraoca^Hxca KaK k oTAeAbHHM ee ahäm ("xpoMHe", "KpHBHe, "cyxHe", "öe3yMHbie" h np.), TaK h k caMoH HeAeAe (amarnn, cmpamHa, Mpvma); k HeH xe npHypoHeHa Macca 3anpeToB, HecoÖAMAeHHe kotophx onacHo AAa HeAoBeKa. C yneTOM Bcero cKa3aHHoro mm pemaeMca npeanonoxHTb, hto b OTaenbHHx BocTOHHOÖanKaHcKHx perHOHax (ceBepo-BocTOK CepÖHH, ceBepHaa BonrapHa, BepoaTHO, CrpaHflxa) ToaopoBa Heaena OKa3anacb BpeMeHeM, Koraa Ha 3eMne noaBnanHcb cb. Toaop h ToaopuH, BonjoqaBmHe Bce HeraTHBHoe, 3aKnroneHHoe b stom onacHOM h HeÖjaronpHATHOM BpeMeHH. BMecTe c TeM, cBoe npoHcxoxaeHHe sth KaneHaapHHe aeMOHH, cyaa no BceMy, BenH ot "HenHcTbix" noKOHHHKOB2, a oöbraaH ToaopoBoH HeaenH cTajH cBOeo6pa3HHMH nOMHHKaMH no HHM H, OTHacTH, no He^aBHO yMepmHM. Mm npeanonaraeM, TaKHM o6pa3OM, hto b cnaBaHcKOM KaneHaape "HenHcTHM" noKOHHHKaM, TaK xe KaK h npeaKaM, öhjh "oTBeaeHH" orpaHHneHHbie nepHoaH, Koraa OHH noaBnanHcb b "stom" MHpe, a b naMaTb o hhx ycTpaHBanHcb cBoeoöpa3HHe noMHHKH h coönroaanHcb MHoroHHcneHHbie ÖHTOBHe h xo3aHcTBeHHbie 3anpeTH. BaxHO noflnepKHyTb, hto ana noMHHOBeHHa "HenHcrax" noKOHHHKOB "OTBeaeHH" HMeHHO Te flHH h HeaenH xpHcTHaHcKoro KaneHaapa, Koraa uepKOBb He coBepmaeT o^HnHanbHoro noMHHOBeHHa yconmHx. B caMoH HapoaHoH TpaaHUHH jhh noMHHOBeHHa "HenHcrax" noKOHHHKOB h npeaKOB TaKxe, KaK npaBHno, He coBnaaaroT apyr c apyroM. TaK, Ha 1-H ceaMHue BenHKoro nocTa, Koraa b "stot" mhp npHxoaaT ToaopuH h cb. Toaop, b npaBocnaBHoH uepKBH naHHxHaH b xpaMe He coBepmaroTca Booôme, a noMHHOBeHHe npoHcxoaHT paHbme, b MaconycTHyro cyööoTy, hjh no3xe — b cyööoTH 2-H, 3-H h 4-H ceaMHu nocTa. B HapoaHoH KynbType noMHHOBeHHe npeaKOB paHHeö BecHOH coBepmaeTca jhöo no KaHOHy npaBocnaBHoH uepKBH (t. e. b MaconycTHyro cyööoTy hjh Ha 2-h Helene BenHKoro nocTa), jhöo xe b MacneHHHHyro cyööoTy, OflHaKO HHKoraa — Ha 1-h (ToaopoBoH) Heaene BenHKoro nocTa. pyca^hh h pyca^kh K roxHocnaBaHcKHM noBepbaM o "Toaopuax" h cb. Toaope KaK "HenHcTbix" noKOHHHKax, noMHHOBeHHro KOTopHx, KaK mm cHHTaeM, nocBa^eHa b 3HanHTenbHOH Mepe ToaopoBa Heaena, öonee Bcero öjh3kh BocroHHocnaBaHcKHe npeacTaBneHHa o pycanKax h, OTnacra, roxHocnaBaHcKHx pycanHax. OTHocHTenbHO nepBHx moxho cwraTb aoKa3aHHHMH no KpaHHeH Mepe tph BemH. nepBoe: pycanKH (aeBymKH, yMepmHe ao öpaKa, yTonneHHHnH, aeTH, yMepmHe ao KpemeHHa, h HeK. ap.) npHHaanexaT k HHcny "HenHcTHx" noKOHHHKOB. BTopoe: BpeMa hx npeÖHBaHHa Ha 3eMne orpaHHneHO, KaK npaBHno, TpoHUKoH (pycanbHoH) HeaeneH, a caMO hx MH^onormecKoe HMa (pyca^KU) ecTb b H3BecTHOH cTeneHH npoH3BoaHoe ot cooTBeTcTByromero xpoHOHHMa (naT. rusalia h np., xoTa öh h nepe3 roxHocnaBaHcKoe h Booöme öanKaHcKoe nocpeacTBo). H, HaKOHeu, TpeTbe: b TeneHHe stoh HeaenH nroaH ocoöhm oöpa3OM noMHHaroT pycanoK, b tom HHcne coönroaaa 3anpeTH (cm. paöoTH K. 3eneHHHa h .H. H. BHHorpaaoBoH). B nonb3y sToro TpeTbero Te3Hca roBopHT npexae Bcero to, hto b TpoHUKyro (pycanbHyro) Heaenro noMHHKH ycTpaHBanH HMeHHO b Tex aoMax, rae öhjh "cboh pycanKH" (yMepmHe MonoaHMH aeBymKH hjh aeTH, BHKHaHmH y xeH^HH, yTonneHHHKH h noa.): hm ocTaBnanH eay, bhhochjh bo aBop oaexay h nonoTHO, npHaepxaHBanHcb HeKOTOpHx OrpaHHHeHHH, cBHaeTenbcTBOBaBmHx O npHcyTcTBHH B aOMe aym, h t. a. [3eneHHH 1995, 234-237; BHHorpaaoBa 1986, 102, 107 h ap.]. noMHHKH no pycanKaM 2 H3 3xoro HH b KoeM cnyqae He cneayex, qxo mm nHxaeMca cBecxH cb. Totopa h xoaopueB HcKnroqHxenbHO k "HeqHcxHM" noKOHHHKaM. Hx oöpa3H — cBoero poaa "cnnaB" MH^onoraqecKHx xapaKxepHcxHK h cbohctb pa3HHx nepcoHaxeH, cpe^H KOxopHx cneayex npexae Bcero Ha3Baxb cb. Totopa KaK noKpoBHxena nomaaeH h BcaaHHKOB, "^paKHHcKoro BcaaHHKa", repMaHcKoro BoxaHa hjjh ^HKoro oxoxHHKa h mh. ap. npoHcxoflHnH HnH b KaHyH PycanbHoH HeflenH, HnH Ha^e b TeneHHe ee caM0H, a ocoöeHHo HHTeHcHBHo — b HeTBepr, Ha3HBaeMHH PycaAKrnoû nacKOû, PycaAKuHbiM BenuKodHeM, KpueuM HnH CyxuM nemeepzoM. Bot xapaKTepHoe onHcaHHe TaKoro noMHHoBeHHa: "[B PycanbHyro Heflenro] 6a6bi nofl xaToro BHBemHBaroT copoHKy, roÖKy, ^apTyK h HaMHTKy... CHHTaroT, hto yxe Kaxflaa fl0HKa [pycanKa] flo cBoeH MaTepH npHfleT, h oHa yxe Bo3bMeT Bce 3to h ofleHeTca. A KoTopaa yxe MaTb He noBecHT, to Ta pycanKa yxe xoflHT HenoBonbHaa h nnaneT" [nA, BpecTcKaa o6n.]3. Hto KacaeTca roxHocnaBaHcKHx h B0cT0HH0ÖanKaHcKHx pycanHH, to xoTa hx npHHacTHocTb k noKoÖHHKaM (b tom HHcne "HeHHCTbiM") h k noMHHanbHoMy nHKny He cTonb oneBHflHa, TeM He MeHee Ha oTnenbHHe ^aKTbi Bce xe ctoht oöpaTHTb BHHMaHHe. CornacHo oTflenbHHM cBHfleTenbcTBaM c ceBepo-BocToKa BonrapHH,pycarnu (pycarnÛKu h np.) — xeHcKHe fleM0HHHecKHe cy^ecTBa, npoHcxofla^He h3 Monoflbix xeH^HH h fleBymeK, noBecHBmHxca HnH yMepmHx bo BpeMa ponoB [BM, 301], HnH xe 3to npocro flymH yMepmHx, K0T0pbie noaBnaroTca b TeneHHe pycanbH0H HenenH BÖnH3H cTaporo KnanÖH^a [BeH0BcKa-Cb6K0Ba 1991, 6]. KanaHnaM H3BecTHo npencTaBneHHe o tom, hto KaxflHH HenoBeK, yMepmHH bo BpeMa pycanbH0H HenenH, 6bin cKnoHeH k nepeBonno^eHHro h nocne cMepTH Mor npeBpaTHTbca b BaMnHpa [KanaHnH, 193]. y MonflaBaH b BeHflepax btophhk nocne Tp0HnK0H HenenH Ha3HBanca CôyneMya mu nempenepepycamnop: b 3tot fleHb xeH^HHbi ycTpaHBanH rynaHHa h npoBoxanH pycanoK b MorHny [Ka6aK0Ba 1989, 348]. y raray3oB MonflaBHH (nepeceneHneB h3 ceBepHHx paH0H0B BonrapHH) b pycanbcKyro cpefly xeHqiHH mnH Ha KnaflÖH^e h oTTyfla "BBoflHnH" b ceno pycanoK (pycanuadpu zemupepnd 'pycanoK BBoflaT'), a b noHeflenbHHK no 3aBepmeHHH pycanbHoH HeflenH "npoBoxanH" hx oöpaTHo [CopoHaHy 1995, 65]. TaKHM 0Öpa30M HeTpyflHo 3aMeTHTb, hto no cBoeMy MH^0n0rHHecK0My cTaTycy pycanKH, pycanHH h T0fl0pnbi HMeroT Mexfly coöoh onpefleneHHoe cxoflcTBo, nexa^ee b oönacTH hx npoHcxoxfleHHa (h3 "HeHHcTbix" tokohhhkob) h nocBa^eHHbix hm tomhhok, K0T0pbie b cBoro oHepeflb npHypoHeHbi He k oö^hm noMHHanbHHM flHaM, a coBceM k flpyrHM flaTaM4. roBopa o Toflopnax, mh ynoMaHynH o tom, hto flna MH^onorHH ToflopoBoH HeflenH aKTyanbHb He TonbKo noaBneHHe T0fl0pneB, ho h b nenoM TeMa "nnoxoH" cMepTH (HanpHMep, "HeHHcTbMH" n0K0HHHKaMH cTaHoBHnHcb nroflH, yMepmHe bo BpeMa "TpHMepa" HnH b TeHeHHe ToflopoBoH HeflenH). TpoHnKHH nepHofl, KaK H3BecTHo, TaKxe 6bin cBa3aH c "HeHHcTbMH" n0K0HHHKaMH Booö^e h c pycanKaMH, b HacTHocTH5. Hpexfle Bcero, BcnoMHHM xoTa öh o CeMHKe (HeTBepre nepefl TpoHneö) — pyccKoM flHe noMHHoBeHHa "HeHHcTbx" tokohhhkob, k KoTopoMy e^e b XXVII b. 6bino npHypoHeHo norpeöeHHe norHÖmHx, Ka3HeHHbix nHÖo yMepmHx ot ronofla h 6one3Heö, b cKyflenbHH-nax, HnH yöorHx floMax. CBefleHHa o pa3H00Öpa3Hbix ^opMax noMHHoBeHHa "HeHHcTbx" tokohhhkob b CeMHK HMeroTca h3 öonbmHHcTBa ceBepHo- h nearpanbHopyccKHx 3 3flecb h flanee xeKcxb h3 HoneccKoro apxHBa npHBoflaxca b nepeBofle Ha pyccKHH a3bK. 4 Ha cBa3b xoflop^B h pycanoK yKa3biBarox h HeKoxopbie flononHHxenbHbie ^aKXbi. y pyMbiH b BaHaxe HpenonoBeHHe HaxHflecaxHHUbi hochïïo Ha3BaHHe Todorusale: cHHxanocb, hxo b 3to BpeMa npoHcxoflHna BcxpeHa h ceKcyanbHbie KoHxaKXb xeHcKHx MH^onorHHecKHx nepcoHaxeH pycanHH h MyxcKHx — K0HeH cb. Oeflopa; a pacxeHHe, Koxopoe pycanHH flapHnH cbohm H36paHHHKaM, Ha3bBanocb Todoruiia [Ka6aK0Ba 1989a, 161]. 5 flaHHbie o n0MHH0BeHHH "HeHHcxbx" n0K0HHHK0B b xpoH^KHH nepHofl y bocxohhhx cnaBaH o6o6^eHb HaMH Ha Kapxe 1. oönacTen [cm.: 3eneHHH 1995, 129-134; Ha 3anane h ocoöeHHo Ha rore Pocchh CeMHK H3BecTeH Mano, hto hbho roBopHT B nonb3y ero ceBepHo-pyccKoro npoHcxoxneHHa]. Ha YKpaHHe h b BenopyccHH o "HeHHcTbix" noKonHHKax BcnoMHHanH name Ha tpoh^oh (pycanbHon) Henene (b PycanbHbin HeTBepr), jihöo HecKonbKo paHbme — b HpenonoBeHHe HaTHnecaTHHnbi h.h Ha Bo3HeceHHe. B 3THorpa^HHecKHx onHcaHHax, oTHocamHxca k TpoHnKoMy nepHony, cpenH "HeHHcTbix" tokoHhhkob HaHÖonee HacTo ^HrypHpyroT nBe KaTeropHH yMepmHx: yTon^eHHHKH h neTH. TaK, Ha ceBepo-BocToKe Pocchh (Batckhh Kpan) cHHTanocb, hto CeMHK ycTaHoB^eH HMeHHo b naMaTb o6 yTonneHHHKax [BOHK, 130]; Ha CMoneHmHHe b CeMHK ot nronen TpeöoBanocb coönroneHHe 3anpeToB, cBa3aHHbix c Bonon: Henb3a öbino HH MHTb, HH cTHpaTb, HH nonocKaTb, HHane b ceMbe HenpeMeHHo KTo-HHÖynb 6h yroHyn [PAM]. Ha CyMmHHe yronneHHHKoB noMHHanH Ha 6-n Henene nocne nacxH (BepoaTHo, b Bo3HeceHHe): "B mecTb Henenb anno KHnaroT Ha Bony, xoTb h He cBaToe. MoxeT, H3 ponHbix mohx KTo-HHÖynb rne-HHÖynb yronanca, TaK oh xneT 3to anno. Torna xonaT Ha KnanÖHme BeHepoM, HaneKyT aHn, Bo3bMyT bo^kh, canyT Ha KaKyro-HHÖynb Morany, Ha cBexyro, h noMHHaroT" [nA]. B yKpaHHcKoM h öenopyccKoM nonecbe b neHb npenonoBeHHa HaTHnecaTHHnbi nronH He KynanHcb, htoöh b ceMbe hhkto He yToHyn; He paöoTanH, htoöh He nonacTb b öypro Ha Bone h htoöh nonKa He nepeBepHynacb bo BpeMa phöhoh .ob.h. HHKorna He KynanHcb b PycanbHbin HeTBepr: cHHTanocb, hto b 3tot neHb pycanKa KynaeT cbohx neTen-"pycaneHaT" h HenpeMeHHo yTamHT c coöon b Bony Koro-HHÖy^b h3 nronen [HA]. B HeKoTopbix perHoHax Honecba yTonneHHHKaM öbina nocBameHa Bca PycanbHaa Henena. TaK, b PoBeHcKon oön. YKpaHHH, "Korna y Koro ecTb yTonneHHHK [b ceMbe], to Ha PycanbHHny He mbroT h He cTHparoT Bcro Henenro — nna yTonneHHHKa. BynTo 6h HHane b pony KTo-HHÖynb eme yTonHTca" [ToncTaa 1995, 261]. 3HaHHTenbHo pexe noMHHoBeHHe "HeHHcTbix" (yTonneHHHKoB, noBecHBmHxca, HeKpemeHHx h MepTBopoxneHHbix neTen) npoHcxonHno BMecTe c noMHHoBeHHeM npenKoB. 9to Morno HMeTb MecTo b cyööoTy HaKaHyHe TpoHnbi, Korna npaBocnaBHaa nepKoBb noMHHaeT yMepmHx [ToncTaa 1986, 103; 3eneHHH 1995, 134, 334], a TaKxe b npyrHe nHH. HanpHMep, y cepöoB b BaHaTe b HeTBepr nepen TpoHnen coBepmanocb usrneawe eode sa ceem Mpmee: cTapbie xeHmHHH mnH Ha peKy h .h.h Bony nna conHna, Mecana, ynaBneHHHKoB h noBemeHHbix, a TaKxe b naMaTb o Bcex cbohx npenKax [BochR 1996, 321]. Hto KacaeTca neTen, yMepmHx no KpemeHHa, to Ha YKpaHHe h b BenopyccHH noMHHKH no HHM ycTpaHBanHcb hx MaTepaMH b PycanbHbin (TpoHnKHn) HeTBepr. Hame Bcero MaTepH npHrnamanH HecKonbKHx ManoneTHHx neTen h yromanH hx Kamen, KaHyHoM h npyron noMHHanbHon nHmen [MHnopanoBHH 1991, 207, HonTaBcKaa ryö.]. B npyrHx cnyHaax MaTepH He TonbKo yromanH neTen, ho h cnenHanbHo noKynanH k 3ToMy nHro KpecTHKH h pa3naBanH hx neTaM. CHHTanocb, hto TaKHM oöpa3oM ohh MoryT oKpecTHTb cbohx yMepmHx neTen h BBecTH hx b napcTBo Boxne [XapbKoBcKHn cöopHHK, 296]. B 3an. MaKenoHHH (CTpymKo) noMHHoBeHHe yMepmHx neTen npoHcxonHno enHHcTBeHHbin pa3 b rony — B ,D,yxoBcKyro cyööoTy, Korna xeHmHHH pa3naBanH rnHHaHHe cocynbi nna Bonn "3a ManH nena", a 3aTeM nonHBanH hx Moranbi Bonon [^enHHHKonoBa 1960, 168]. B CKoncKon KoTnHHe MaTepH, HMeromHe yMepmHx MnaneHneB, naBanH neTaM b ^yxoB neHb yKpameHHHe UBeTaMH cocynbi c Bonon [OanHnoBHh 1939,402]. CBoeoöpa3Hon ^opMon noMHHoBeHHa yMepmHx neTen (ManoneTHHx, ho He oöa3aTenbHo HeKpemeHbix) aBnaeTca 3anpeT ecTb aronbi h npyrHe ce3oHHbie nnonbi no Bo3HeceHHa, TpoHnH, nepBoro ahä neTpoBa nocTa, Bhaobs ahä, AeTHero HBaroBa ahä, neipoBa ahä. MaTepH, y kotophx yMHpaAH AeTH, He eAH ce3oHHHe nAoAH ao oAHoro h3 3thx AHeö, a b caM npa3AHHK pa3ASBaAH nepemHro, BHmHro, ä6aokh h ApyrHe nAoAH no coceAÄM H poAcTBeHHHKaM B naMÄTb o cbohx AeTÄx (BocT.-cAaB., Kix.-cASB., BocT.-noA., BocT.-cAoBan., KapnaT.). CnHTaAocb, nio TeM caMMM MaTb KaK 6h "Aae ïx cboím aîtâm" [ffleöKoBcKHH 1860, 37, noAoAbe]. B BoeBoAHHe, npexAe neM nonpo6oBaib ce3oHHHe haoah, MaiepH Ha Bo3HeceHHe othochah hx Ha MorHAH cbohx yMepmHx Aeien [BocHh 1996, 316]. TaKHM o6pa3oM, noMHMo o^HnHSAbHoro noMHHoBeHHa yMepmHx, coBepmaeMoro npaBocAaBHoö nepKoBbro b cy66oiy HaKaHyHe naTHAecaTHHnH, b hspoahoh TpaAHnHH boctohhhx h, oinacTH, roxHHx casbäh HMeAHcb cnenHaAbHHe ahh (Bo3HeceHHe, CeMHK, npenoAoBeHHe naTHAecaTHHnH, PycaAbHbrn neTBepr), KorAa AroAH (o6hhho poAcTBeHHHKH) ycipaHBaAH cBoeo6pa3HHe noMHHKH no "HenHcTHM" noKoÖHHKaM, npHHaAAexaBmHM k hx ceMbÄM. Ha 3HanHTeAbHoö TeppHTopHH, 3aceAeHHoö BocTonHHMH casbähsmh, rASBHHM o6,beKTOM noMHHoBeHHÄ (Bbipaxaro^eroca b yro^eHHH, oasphbshhh oAexAon h noAoTHoM, a TaKxe MHoronHcAeHHHx 3anpeiax) 6hah pycaAKH — "HenHcTHe" tokohhhkh, KoiopHe nocAe cBoen npexAeBpeMeHHon cMepTH npeBpaTHAHcb b KaAeHAapHHx AeMoHoB. Tsm xe, rAe noBepba o pycaAKax He noAynHAH oco6oro ps3bhthä (Pocchä, ceBep BeAopyccHH h ap.), b tpohukhh nepHoA AroAH noMHHaAH yionAeHHHKoB, HeKpe^eHbix MAaAeHneB h ApyrHx yMepmHx HeeciecTBeHHon cMepibro. B hspoahoh TpaAHnHH oKKa3HoHSAbHoe noMHHoBeHHe "HenHcTHx" tokohhhkob b oahh h3 Ha3BaHHHx BHme AHeö cocy^ecTBoBaAo c MaccoBHM noMHHoBeHHeM Bcero cohms npeAKoB b flyxoBcKyro cy66oiy HaKaHyHe TpoHnH. HaBH BoAee caoxhoh oKa3HBaeica cmyanHÄ c roxHocAaBÄHcKHMH, yKpaHHcKo-KapnaicKHMH h yKpaHHcKHMH nepcoHaxaMH, ycAoBHo o6teAHHaeMHMH noA HMeHeM HaBHH. HanoMHHM, nTo 3an.-6oAr. Haeu, Haenuu, Haeüeme, hüsähku h ap., MSKeA. Haeu, Haejauu h ap., BocT.-cep6. Haeu, HaeKe, Haeoju, Maeu, Maee h ap., cAoBeH. (mTHpHH.) navje, mavje, movje o6o3HanaroT AeMoHHnecKHe cy^ecTBa, b KoiopHe nocAe cMepTH npeBpaTHAHcb AymH HeKpe^eHbrx MAaAeHneB, MepTBopoxAeHHHx Aeien (HHorAa — AymH xeH^HH, yMepmHx b poAax). MxHocAaBÄHcKHe "hsbh" na^e Bcero HMeroT opHHToMop^HHH o6ahk (nTeHnH, nbinAHTa, 6oAbmHe nepHHe nTHnH h ap.), BHAaroT cBoe npHcyicTBHe xapaKTepHHM nHcKoM hah cbhctom, BeAyT ce6a arpeccHBHo no oTHomeHHro k AroAÄM; rASBHaa hx 3AoKo3HeHHaa ^yHKnHa — HanaAaTb Ha cBoro MaTb h Ha poxeHHn, MynHTb hx b TeneHHe 40 AHen nocAe poaob, BHcacHBaTb y hhx moaoko, AHmaTb cHa, HacHAaTb 6oAe3HH, AymHTb Aeien, BHnHBaTb KpoBb y HoBopoxAeHHHx h hx Maiepeö; HanaAaTb Ha naciyxoB h KoHroxoB no HonaM, BHnHBaTb moaoko y oBen h KopoB h t. n. B oTAHnHe ot pycaAoK h ToAopneB cBeAeHHË o ce3oHHocTH hx npe6HBaHHa b "3tom" MHpe HeMHoro: BpeMeHeM hx noaBAeHHa HHorAa Ha3HBaroT BAaroBe^eHHe, nacxaAbHyro HeAeAro h Bo3HeceHHe 6. nepcoHaxH co cxoahhmh Ha3BaHHÄMH (cp. mem, HayKU, MaeKu, MayKU, MaÜKu h noA.) H3BecTHH h b yKpaHHcKHx Kapnaiax, a TaKxe cnopaAHnecKH — b ApyrHx perHoHax YKpaHHH. 3a 3thmh HMeHaMH 3aKpenAeHo abs ochobhhx nepcoHaxa — b AeicKoM h xeHcKoM o6AHnbax. 6 9th cBo^Hoe onHcaHHe roxHocaaBaHcKHx "hsbmh" ochobsho Ha Kopnyce HcTonHHKoB, KoTopHe mh He pacKpMBaeM 3a HeHMeHHeM MecTa (noapo6HHH o63op HcTonHHKoB cm.: OHAHnoBHh 1968). r^y^bCKHe HaBKH o6o3HanaroT ^ymH HeKpe^eHbix M^a^eH^B, MepTBOpox^eHHbix ^eTen, a TaKxe ^eTen, y6HTbix cbghmh MaTepaMH Henocpe^CTBeHHO nocne pox^eHHa; HaBKH onacHbi ^a nenoBeKa, t. k. Hana^aroT Ha ^eTen h xeH^HH, cocyT y hhx KpOBb, ^ymaT xeH^HH [THaTroK 1912, 191; OHH^yK 1909, 59, tg xe y rox. cnaBaH]. yKpaHHCKHe MaBKH — HeKpe^eHbie ma^eH^i h^h ^eTH, yBopoBaHHbie BCKOpe nocne pox^eHHa ^baBG^GM; GHH XHByT B necax, a Ha nacxy co6HparoTca Ha KpecTHbiH xo^ k ^pkbh h npocaT ce6e KpecTa [Lud, 1907/13, 123; noKyTbe]. B OT^HHHe gt roxHOcnaBaHCKHx HaBHH h ry^^bCKHx HaBOK y yKpaHHCKHx MaBOK "BaMnHpCKHe" ^yH^HH He BbipaxeHbi [rpHHHeHKG 2, s.v. MaeKu; My6HHCKHH 1872, 206, 207]. KpGMe Toro, b yKpaHHCKHx KapnaTax h Ha yKpaHHe TeMH xe HMeHaMH MoryT o6G3HanaTbca xeHCKHe nepcoHaxH (pexe — nepcoHaxH 3OGMGp$HGro o6^HKa, HanpHMep, b BH^e KomeK 7), no cbghm ^yHK^aM h BHemHeMy BH^y npH6mxaro^Hxca KaK K BGCTGHHGCnaBaHCKHM H KapnaTCKHM pyC&iïKaM, TaK H K 6onrapCKHM pyca^HaM 8. 7 Koma^HH "hmh^x" yKpaHHCKHx HaBOK oötacHaeTca, BepoaTHO, hhcto a3biKOBbiM ^aKTOpOM, cp. yKp. rnymmb 'MayKaTb'. 8 Bo BcaKOM cny^ae HMeHHO TaKaa CHTya^a cnoxH^acb Ha r^ynb^HHe, r^e "HaBKH" B3ara Ha ce6a $yH^HH h pyca^OK, h "HaBeH"; BMecTe c TeM, y 6ohkob h neMKOB "HaBKH" npaKTH^ecKH He 6bmH H3BecTHbi. Ohh noaBaaroTca name Bcero Ha TponnKoñ Heaeae HaH b neTpoB nocT; TaHnyroT h BHTanTHBaroT TpaBy (rynyabi); npHraamaroT k ce6e Ha HrpHme OBnapa, kotophh HrpaeT aaa: hhx Ha coneake (TaaHnHa); ohh oÓHTaroT b Boae h MoryT 3aTamHTb Tyaa neaoBeka, pemHBmeroca b 3to BpeMa KynaTbca (ByKoBHHa); xoaaT no aecaM (ryuyaH, HepHH-roBmHHa); HacbiaaroT 3acyxy, bhxph, 6oae3HH (ryqyabi) h ap. TaKHM o6pa3oM, yKpaHHcKo-KapnaTcKHe h yKpaHHcKHe nepcoHaxn THna "MaBoK" h "habok" oÓHapyxHBaroT nepra, poaHamHe hx KaK c roxHocaaBaHcKHMH "HaBaMH", TaK h c roxHocaaB^HcKHMH "pycaaHaMH", "pycaaHñkaMH" h noa. B aro6oM caynae HecoMHeHHo, hto yKpaHHcKo-KapnaTcKHe h yKpaHHcKHe "habkh" npHHaaaexaT k "HeHHcTbiM" noKoñHHKaM, npeBpaTHBmHMca (KaK Toaopnbi h pycaakH) b KaaeHaapHbix aeMoHoB. OflHaKo b oT^HHHe ot ToaopneB h pycaaok, cooTBeTcTByro^He yKpaHHcKHe h KapnaTo-yKpaHHcKHe TepMHHH, o6o3HanaromHe 3thx aeMoHoB, He 3aBHcaT ot xpoHoHHMa (cp. Bbime: "pycaakH" ot "pycaaHñ", "Toaopnbi" ot cb. Totopa h ToaopoBoñ HeaeaH), a cKopee caMH aBaaroTca hctohhhkom ^opMHpoBaHHa onpeaeaeHHoñ rpynnH KaaeHaapHbix TepMHHoB. Cyaa no pe3yabTaTaM npeanpHHaToro HaMH KapTorpa^HpoBaHHa, o6aacTb pacnpocTpaHeHHa cooTBeTcTByromHx Ha3BaHHñ MH^oaorHnecKHx nepcoHaxeñ (naeu, hhPku, MaeKu h ap.) HenocpeacTBeHHo conpHKacaeTca c o6aacrbro pacnpocTpaHeHHa xpohohhmob HaecKuü (HaMCKuü) nemeepz, HaecKuü BeauKdeHb, Haecma. nacKa 9. Ha ykpaHHe h b BeaopyccHH stot xpohohhm othochtca HHoraa k CTpacTHoMy neTBepry, a name — k neTBepry nacxaabHoñ HeaeaH h o6o3HanaeT noMHHaabHbiñ aeHb, koraa aroaH coBepmaroT xapakTepHHe noMHHaabHHe aeñcTBHa Ha MorHaax (y6HparoT, hhctat, ocTaBaaroT TaM eay, yromaroT HHmnx h t. n.) 10. OaHako BHoBb o6pamaeT Ha ce6a BHHMaHHe tot ^akT, hto b npaBocaaBHoñ nepkBH Ha CrpacTHoñ h CBeTaoñ ceaMHnax noMHHaabHHe cayx6bi b xpaMe He coBepmaroTca. Hhhmh caoBaMH, mh He b nepBbiñ pa3 y6exaaeMca b npHcyTcTBHH b HapoaHoñ TpaaHnHH noMHHaabHoro aHa, npoTHBopenamero KaHoHy npaBocaaBHoñ nepkBH h cBa3aHHoro c TeMoñ "HenHcrax" nokoñHHKoB, xoTa b aaHHoM caynae 3Ta cBa3b He cToab oneBHaHa, KaK y ToaopneB h pycaaok, h HMeeT ckopee "3THMoaorHHecKHñ" xapaKTep. Beab, KaK mh noaaraeM, Ha3BaHHa KapnaTo-ykpaHHckHx h ykpaHHckHx "habok" h "MaBok" nocayxHaH ochoboh aaa xpohohhmob THna HaecKuü BernKÓeHb, noaTBepxaeHHeM neMy cayxHT apeaabHoe cooTHomeHHe xpoHoHHMa h HMeHH MH^oaoraneckoro nepcoHaxa. ToBopa o Toaopnax h pycaakax, mh npHBoaHaH npHMepH Toro, hto h Ha ToaopoBoñ Heaeae, h b TpoHnkHñ nepHoa cymecTBoBaaH aHH, Koraa noMHHaaH 3thx MepTBenoB-aeMoHoB, a TaKxe Boo6me — Bcex "HenHcrax" nokoñHHKoB. He cTaa b 3tom cMbicae HckaroneHHeM h nacxaabHbiñ nepHoa. B aHH h HeaeaH, npeamecTByromHe nacxe h caeayromHe 3a Heñ, coBepmaroTca cnenH^HHeckne pHTyaaH noMHHoBeHHa "HenHcrax" HaH HeaaBHo yMepmHx nokoñHHKoB. Kak h b apyrHx caynaax, ohh He coBnaaaroT hh c o^HnHaabHHMH nepkoBHblMH noMHHoBeHHaMH, HH, KaK npaBHao, c HapoaHHMH KaaeHaapHHMH noMHHKaMH, nocBameHHHMH npeakaM. 9 CooTHomeHHe Ha3BaHHñ aeMoHH^ecKHx nepcoHaxeñ THna "HaBH", "MaBKH" h xpoHoHHMa cm. Ha KapTe 1. 10 Ha HekoTopbix conpeaeabHbix TeppHTopHax BeaopyccHH h YkpaHHH nacxaabHbiñ qeTBepr Mor HaabiBaTbca Mepmebix BeAUKÓeHb, yjuepwux nacxa, TaMmbtx dyw nacxa H noa., B PoccHH (cm. KapTy 2) TepMHH "HaBHñ" H3peaka BcTpeqaeTca b cocTaBe caoxHoro xpoHoHHMa Haebu npoeodu, o6o3Haiaromeroca noHeaeabHHK HaH BTopHHK Oomhhoh HeaeaH. CpenH BOCTOHHOcnaBaHCKHx nacxanbHHx pmyanoB, CBa3aHHHx c noMHHOBeHHeM "HenHCTbix" noKonHHKoB, HaHöonee 3aMeTHO oöbiKHOBeHHe "yro^aTb" hx ocTaTKaMH nacxanbHon nnqn no npomecTBHH npa3nHHKa (b cpeny HnH neTBepr nacxanbHon HenenH). TaK, HanpHMep, Ha IoMenb^HHe b Tex ceMbax, rne öbin yTonneHHHK, nocne nacxH Ha Bony nycKanH kocth nacxanbHoro nopoceHKa [nA]; Ha rore Pocchh, "nToöbi noMaHyTb yTonneHHHKOB", Ha Bony cnycKanH nacxanbHyro CKaTepTb h CKopnyny ot KpameHHx nacxanbHHx aHn, a "nToöbi noMaHyTb ynaBneHHHKOB" — nonBemHBanH k noTonKy kocth nopoceHKa [3aHO3HHa 1991, 76, KypcKaa oön.]. AHanorHnHO y pyMHH h MonnaBaH ocTaTKH nacxanbHHx Tpane3 npenHa3HananHCb yöHTHM, yTonneHHHKaM, BHcenbHHKaM, a TaKxe "önaxHHaM" h "paxMaHaM" [KaöaKOBa 1989a, 162]11. y KanaHneB 3a Henenro no .a3apeBon cyööoTbi xeH^HHbi pa3naBanH xneönbi b naMaTb o "HOBa nyma", t. e. o noKonHHKax, yMepmHx b TeneHHe nocnenHHx 40 nHen, npH tom, nTO ocHOBHHe BeceHHHe 3anymKH nna npenKOB ycTpaHBanH y KanaHneB b caMy .a3apeBy cyööoTy. B Tex xe MecTax b nacxanbHyro cyööoTy xeH^HHbi, b nbHx ceMbax öbinH HenaBHO yMepmHe, pa3naBanH b naMaTb o hhx npoc^opKH h KpameHHe anna [KanaHnH, 215, 223]. H3penKa noMHHOBeHHe "HenHCTHx" h HenaBHO yMepmHx noKonHHKoB Morno npoHcxonHTb HenocpencTBeHHO no neTBepraM Ha CrpacTHon h nacxanbHon Henenax (t. e. no neTBepraM, KoTopbie MornH Ha3HBaTbca HaecKUMu). Ha TponHeH^HHe b CrpacTHOH neTBepr Ha KnanÖH^ax ycTpaHBanH noMHHKH Ha CBexHx (nocnenHero rona) MorHnax [ffleÖH 1890, 616-618]. TponHeHCKHÖ oöbinan HaxonHT cooTBeTCTBHe b öenopyccKOM nHaneKTHOM cnoBe Hayui, oöo3Hanaro^eM HenaBHO yMepmHx, b naMaTb o kotophx b BHneHCKon ryö. OTMenanca HaycKi eaaiKdseHb h coBepmanHCb noMHHanbHHe pHTyanH [nnr, 166]. HaKOHen, nenbin pan ^aKTOB yKa3HBaeT Ha to, nTO Orpacraon h nacxanbHbin neTBeprH nocBa^anHCb He BceM "HenHCTHM" HnH HenaBHO yMepmHM noKonHHKaM, a HMeHHo "MaBKaM" h "HaBKaM" — HeKpe^eHHM MnaneHnaM h MepTBopoxneHHHM neTaM. HanpHMep, Ha roro-3anane BpaH^HHbi, ecnH b noMe öbin peöeHOK, yMepmHn HeKpe^eHHM, to b naMaTb o HeM b Orpacraon neTBepr ycTpaHBanH oöen [nA]. B XapbKOBCKOH ryö., a TaKxe b npyrHx MecTax, neTBepr nacxanbHon HenenH Ha3HBanca MaecKUû HnH MaenuH eerniKdern (t. e. öbin npoH3BonHHM HenocpencTBeHHO ot yKp. MaeKa). MaeKU 'nymH yMepmHx HeKpe^eHbiMH neTen' BHxonHnH b 3to BpeMa h3 BonH h ocTaBanHCb Ha 3eMne no HpenonoBeHHa HnH no TpoHnH [3eneHHH 1995, 165-166]. B MaenuH eeMiKdem Koe-rne ycTpaHBanH ceMeÖHbie noMHHKH no yMepmHM neTaM. HanpHMep, Ha BHTeö^HHe b nacxanbHbin neTBepr, Ha3biBaeMbiö HaecKe CKpucéme [BocKpeceHHe], "HyxHO öbino CBapHTb CTonbKO öenHx aHn, CKonbKO b ceMbe öbno yMepmHx neTen, h ctecTb hx Ha otkphtom MecTe, noKaTaB npenBapHTenbHO no TpaBe, nToöb HeBHHHbie neTH c bhcoth Heöa BHnenH h önarocnoBnanH noMHa^yro hx ceMbro" [hhkh^opobckhh 1897, 244]. TaKHM oöpa3OM, y BOCTonHHx cnaBaH b OKononacxanbHbiö nepHon öbinH nHH, npenHa3HaneHHHe nna noMHHoBeHHa "HenHCTHx" noKonHHKoB (npexne Bcero HeKpe^eHHx MnaneHneB), a TaKxe HenaBHO yMepmHx. Ha^e npyrHx nna 3Toro BHöHpanH neTBeprH Ha CrpacTHOÖ h nacxanbHon Henenax. Ha3BaHHe sthx nHen (HaecKUû eernKdern h non.), 3THMonorHnecKH Bocxona^ee k np.-pyc. h n.-cnaB. Haeb, Haebe [OacMep; BEP, 11 BepoaTHo, 3to oöiacHaeTca HSBecTHOH y^epöHocTbro ocTaTKOB, b cBa3H c neM hx moxho paccMarprnaTb KaK cBoero pona "aHTHnH^y". s. v. Haeu], KaK HaM KaxeTca, 6oiee HenocpescTBeHHo CBa3aHo co ciaBaHcKHMH Ha3Ba-HHaMH AeMOHOB-MepTBeUOB THna "HaBKH", "MaBKH", Ha HTO yKa3bIBaeT cOnpHKOcHOBeHHe o6iacTeñ pacnpocrpaHeHHa o6enx rpynn TepMHHOB b B0cT0HH0cAaBaHcK0M snaieKTHoM npocTpaHcTBe12 (xoTa Heib3a ncKiroHHTb h bo3moxhocth He3aBHcHMoro pa3BHTHa o6ohx 3HaneHHH — 'HMa MH^oiorHHecKoro nepcoHaxa' h 'xpohohhm'). B KOHTeKcTe cKa3aHHoro BO3HHKaeT co6ia3H HecKoibKo HHaHe, HeM 3to seiaeTca o6hhho, B3r^aHyTb Ha H3Becraoe MecTO H3 "noBecTH BpeMeHHHx ieT" (nos 1092 r.) o nponcmecTBHH b noionKe, kotophh nosBeprca HoHHoMy HanaseHHro "HaBHH", H36HBaro^nx xHTeieñ h ocTaBiaro^nx Ha hx Teiax cMepToHocHHe a3Bbi: "npe^HBHo 6HcTb Hroso noioTbcKe b MeHTe: 6HBame b ho^h TyrbH, cTaHame no yinun, aKo HeioBenn pn^ro^e 6ecn. A^e kto Bbiie3ame hc xopomhhh, xoTa BnseTH, a6be ya3BeH 6ysame HeBHsHMo ot 6ecoB a3Boro, h c Toro yMHpaxy, h He cMaxy H3ia3HTH hc xopoM. noceMb xe HaHama b sHe aBiaTHca Ha kohhx, h He 6e hx BnseTH caMex, ho KoHb hx BnseTH KonbiTa; h TaKo ya3Biaxy irosn noioTbcKbia h ero o6iacTb. TeMb h HeioBenn riaroiaxy: aKo HaBbe 6broTb noioHaHbi" [npesHBHoe Hyso aBHiocb b noionKe b HaBaxseHHH: HoHbro cToai TonoT, hto-to ctohmo Ha yinup, phckmh 6ecbi, KaK jirosn. Ecih kto bhxoshi h3 soMa, hto6h nocMoTpeTb, ToTHac HeBHsHMo ya3BiaeM 6biBai 6ecaMH a3Boro h oTToro yMHpai, h hhkto He ocMeiHBaica BbixosnTb H3 soMa. 3aTeM HaHaiH h sHeM aBiaTbca Ha KoHax, a He 6biio hx bhsho caMHx, ho bhshh 6hih KoHeñ hx Konbrra; h ya3BiaiH TaK ohh iroseñ b noionKe h b ero o6iacTH. noToMy irosn h roBopniH, hto 3to MepTBenH 6broT noioHaH] [nB.H, 91]13. XoTeiocb 6bi o6paTHTb BHHMaHne Ha to, hto b saHHoM leTonncHoM KoHTeKcTe Haebe cKopee o3HaHaeT 'HoHHHe seMoHbí, Hexein 'MepTBenb KaK o6mhho nepeBosaT yKa3aHHbiH ^parnem* H3 nB.H. B noib3y 3Toro npesnoioxeHHa roBopaT KaK MHHHMyM sBa o6cToaTeibcTBa. Bo-nepBHx, ecin cpaBHHTb npHBeseHHbiñ KoHTeKcT c spyrHMH, rse ynoTpe6iaeTca caobo Haeb, Haebe b speBHepyccKHx TeKcTax XII-XVI bb., HanpHMep, "aKo H HaBb H3 rpo6a", "H3 HaBHH BtcKpbce", "HaBbMb MtBb TBopaTb", "npnxosHIH K HaMb HaBba MHTca" [CPfl XI-XVII X, 45], to cTaHoBHTca 3aMeTHa pa3HHna 3HaHeHHH. Bo Bcex spyrnx ciynaax HaexM He npnnncHBaeTca KaKHx-iH6o 3ioKo3HeHHbix señcTBHH (ohh BesyT ce6a KaK o6biHHbie npesKH), b to BpeMa KaK b coo6^eHHH o nponcmecTBHH b noionKe peHb nseT o HecBoñcTBeHHoM sia npesKoB HanaseHHH HaBHH Ha iroseñ ("HaBbe 6broTb noioHaHb"). Bo-BTopbix, b caMoM jieTonncHoM KoHTeKcTe Hanasaro^ne ("HaBH") sBaxsb Ha3HBaroTca "6ecaMH" ("aKo HeioBenn pn^ro^e 6ecn", "ya3BeH 6ysame HeBHsHMo ot 6ecoB a3Boro"), hto TaKxe coBepmeHHo HexapaKTepHo sia BocnpnaTHa npesKoB KaK TaKoBHx. B cobok^hocth c saHHHMH coBpeMeHHHx roxHo- h BocToHHociaBaHcKHx snaieKToB (rse Haeu, mym, Maem h nos. o6o3HaHaroT MH^oiorHHecKHx nepcoHaxeñ, o6hhho socTaToHHo arpeccHBHHx) 3to saeT noBos, hto6h npesnoioxHTb sia sp.-pyc. Haeb, Haebe HaiHHHe nepn^epHHHoro (hih oKKa3HoHaibHoro) 3HaHeHHa '?HeHHcTbiH, ?onacHbiH noKoHHHK', pa3BHTHeM KoToporo, xoTa 6bi oTHacTH, aBiaroTca coBpeMeHHHe Ha3BaHHa MH^oiorHHecKHx nepcoHaxeñ THna "HaBeñ", "HaBoK" h "MaBoK". 12 O cBa3H ciob Haeuü, HaecKuü c nacxoH h nacxaibHoH TeMaTHKoH yKa3HBaeT h xapaKTepHoe yKpaHHcKoe noBepbe: eciH pa6oTaTb Ha nacxaibHoH Heseie, y HeioBeKa (b KaHecTBe HaKaaaHHa) BHpacTeT TaK Ha3biBaeMaa "HaBcKaa KocToHKa" (xapaKTepHHH HapocT Ha Hore). 13 O cxoscTBe 3Toro MecTa H3 "noBecTH BpeMeHHHx ieT" h roxHociaBaHcKHx noBepHH o Tosopuax yxe ynoMHHaiocb b cne^HaIbHHx pa6oTax [cm.: 3eHeBHh 1981; Toictoh 1990]. no^MTOxHM BbimecKa3aHHoe. "HenHCTbie" noKOHHHKH, TaK xe KaK h npe^KH, noaBaaroTca b "3tom" MHpe b onpeaeaeHHHe KaaeHaapHHe nepHoaH h aHH. B HeK0T0pHx caaBaHCKHx TpaaHnHax "HeHHCTHM" noKOHHHKaM npHnHCHBaeTca cn0C06H0CTb k nocMepTHOMy npeBpameHHro b aeMOHOB, 6aaroaapa neMy MH^oaoraqecKHe CHCTeMH 3thx TpaaHnHH nonoaHaroTca KaaeH^apHHMH aeMOHaMH-MepTBeuaMH. ,D,aa hx MH^oaormecKon xapaKTepHCTHKH 3HaHHMH TaKHe acneKTH o6pa3a, KaK MH0xecTBeHH0CTb, nopoH HepacnaeHHMaa (Haeu, Maeu, pyca^e, pycarnu, modopu,u Hap.); H36eraHHe CBeTa h noaBaeHHe b HOHHoe BpeMa (TOaOpnH, HaBH); TeHaeHnHa K yCTOHHHBOH 300-, OpHHTO- HaH 3Ha0M0p^H0CTH (a He C06CTBeHH0 K OÔOpOTHHHeCTBy), cp. pyCaaHH-ÔaÔOHKH, HaBH-nTeHUbl, TOaOpUH-KOHH, HaBKH-KOmKH, H HeK. ap. Ha6aroaaeTca nocaeaoBaTeabHHH napaaaeaH3M b Ha3BaHHax 3thx ce30HHHx aeMOHOB-MepTBeuoB h xpohohhmob, o6o3HaHaromHx nepHoaH hx noaBaeHHa (ToaopoBa Heaeaa — Toaop^i; Pycaae, PycaabHaa Heaeaa — pycaaKH, pycaaHH; a TaKxe, bo3moxho, HaBH — HaBCKHH aeHb). ^hh h nepHoaH, OTBeaeHHbie aaa "HenHCTHx" noKOHHHKOB, xapaKTeprayroTca, BO-nepBHx, Hcxoaa^en ot hhx "ce30HH0H" onacHOCTbro aaa aroaeH (ToaopnH h pycaaHH npHHOcaT aroaaM 6oae3HH, H3aenHTb KOTopbie moxho aHmb ToabKO nepe3 roa, b aeHb, Koraa OHH CHOBa noaBaTca Ha 3eMae); bo-btophx, co6aroaeHHeM 3anpeT0B (npecaeayro^Hx neab H36exaTb KOHTaKOB c noKOHHHKaMH, He HaBpeaHTb hm, He cnpoBonHpoBaTb hx Ha aeHCTBHa, yrpoxaro^He xh3hh h 3aopoBbro neaoBeKa); B-TpeTbHx, npHMeHeHHeM anoTponeHnecKHx Mep; B-neTBeprax, aeHCTBHaMH noMHHaabHoro xapaKTepa (yro^eHHeM h oaapHBaHHeM noKOHHHKOB, orpaHHneHHHMH b eae), bo3moxho, KOMneHCHpyro^HMH "HenHCTHM" noKOHHHKaM HeaocTaTOK nocMepTHoro noMHHOBeHHa. nocBa^eHHHe "HenHCTHM" noKOHHHKaM noMHHaabHHe aHH OTMenaroTca b Tpex ochobhhx nHKaax BeceHHero KaaeHaapa — paHHeH BecHOH, b nacxaabHHH h tpohukhh nepHoaH. ^hh h nepHoaH, KOTopHe nocBa^eHH CB0e06pa3H0My noMHHOBeHHro "HenHCTHx" noKOHHHKOB, 0ÔHHH0 npHxoaaTca Ha to BpeMa, Koraa npaBOcaaBHaa nepKOBb no TeM HaH HHHM npHHHHaM Booô^e He coBepmaeT noMHHaabHHx cayx6; 3th aHH h nepHoaH, KaK npaBHao, He coBnaaaroT h c ycTaHOBaeHHHMH b HapoaHoH TpaaHnHH oô^hmh aHaMH noMHHOBeHHa npeaKOB. OnHcaHHHe 3aecb oÔHnaH caeayeT paccMaTpHBaTb He cToabKO KaK ycTOHHHByro TpaaHnHro noMHHOBeHHa "HenHCTHx" noKOHHHKOB, CKoabKO KaK apxaHnecKyro KyabTypHyro TeHaeHnHro, HMeromyro pa3Hyro aHHaMHKy b OTaeabHHx perHOHax Slavia Orthodoxa. ^HTepaTypa BaôoBHh 1963 — r. Eaôoeuh. OpoaHK: HcTopHja, xhbot h oÔHnajH jeaHor CpeMCKor ceaa // CE36, 1963, Ka. 76. BeHOBCKa-CtÔKOBa 1991 — M. EeHoecm-CvÖKoea. 3a pycaaKHTe b ôtarapcKHa ^oaKaop / / BtarapcKH ^oaKaop, 1991, M 1, c. 3-14. BEP — BtarapcKH eTHMoaormeH pe^HHK. Co^Ha, 1971-, T. 1-. BM — BtarapcKa MHToaorHa. EHnHKaoneaHneH pe^HHK. Co^Ha, 1995. BocHh 1996 — M. Eocuh. ToaHmHH oÔHnajH Cp6a y BojBoaHHH. Hobh Caa, 1996. BHHorpaaoBa 1986 — M. H. Bmozpadoea. MH(onorHHecKHft acneKT noneccKoft pycanbHoft Tpaaanaa // CnaBaHcKHft h 6anKaHcKHH (onbKnop. M., 1986, c. 88-133. ByKoMaHoBnh 1925 — B. ByKOManoeuh. YcKpmaa noKnaaa h "TpHMep" ok. bhtom / / BeHan. Beorpaa, 1925, M 11. BOHK — B^tckhh (onbKnop. HapoaHbift KaneHaapb. KoTenbHHH, 1995. THaTMK 1912 — B. rnamwK. 3Haao6a ao yKpaiHcbKoi aeMoHonorii // ETHorpa(iHHHft 36ipHHK. .bBiB, 1912, t. 33-34. Tpe6eHapoBa 1989 — Ca. rpe6enapoea. 3aroBe3HH — ToaopoBaeH KaTo npexoaeH nepaoa b HapoaHHa KaneHaap // Hctophhhh npernea. Co(aa, 1989, t. 45, M 1, c. 55-71. TpHHneHKo — E. ff. rpuHneHKO. CnoBapb yKpaHHcKoro a3biKa. KaeB, 1907-1909, t. 1-4. flenHHHKonoBa 1960 — 3. ffenuHUKonoea. OGrnaa cBp3aHH co noeaHHH npa3HHna h HeaenHH aHH bo PaaoBHm // rnacHHK ETHonomKHoT My3ej bo CKon^e. CKon^e, 1960, Ka. 1, c. 135-176. flo6pyaxa — flo6pyaxa. Co(aa, 1974. 3aHo3HHa 1991 — M. 0. 3aHosuHa. TepMHHonoraa KaneHaapHbix oGpaaoB roaHHHoro nHKna b 3THonHHrBHcTHHecKoM ocBemeHHH. flac. ... KaHa. (anon. HayK. Open, 1991. 3eneHHH 1995 — ff. K. 3eaeHUH. OnepKH pyccKoft MH(onorHH. M., 1995. 3eneBHh 1978 — Ca. 3meeuh. CaMpTHH oGHHajH y oKonHHH 3ajenapa // TEMB, 1978, Ka. 42, c. 383-398. 3eneBHh 1981 — Ca. 3meeuh. Mmma 6aha cpncKHx npeaaaa. Beorpaa, 1981. 3eneBHh 1993 — Ca. 3eneeuh. BepoBaaa H3 Tpaaanaje craHoBHHmTBa npHo6anHHx Hace^a floaer flyHaBa // TEMB, 1993, Ka. 57. Ka6aKoBa 1989 — r. H. Ka6aKoea. TepMHHonoraa BocroHHopoMaHcKoft KaneHaapHoft o6paaHocTH b conocTaBneHHH co cnaBaHcKoft. flac... KaHa. (anon. HayK. M., 1989. Ka6aKoBa 1989a — r. H. Ka6aKoea. MaTepaanbi ana pyMbracKoft aeMoHonoraa // MaTepaanbi k VI MexayHapoaoMy KoHrpeccy no H3yneHHro cTpaH Mro-BocToHHoft EBponbi. npo6neMH KynbTypbi. M., 1989, c. 133-150. KanaHna — KanaHna: Bht h KynTypa Ha cTapoTo 6tnrapcKo HaceneHHe b CeBepoH3ToHHa Btnrapaa. ETHorpa(cKH h e3HKoBH npoyHBaHHa. Co(aa, 1985. Kocrah 1968-1969 — n. Kocmuh. Toaamaa oGanaja y HeroTHHcKoj KpajHHH // TEMB, 1968/69, Ka. 31/32, c. 363-396. ManopaaoBHH 1991 — B. n. Mmopadoem. Xarbe-GbiTbe nyGeHcKoro KpecTbaHHHa // YKpaiHni: HapoaHi BipyBaHHa, noBip'a, aeMoHonoria. Khib, 1991, c. 170-341. ManyTHHoBHh 1971 — B. Mrnymurneuh. OGpeaHa nenHBa y BojBoaHHH // rnacHHK eTHorpa(cKor HHcTHTyTa, 1967/1968, Ka. 16/18. Beorpaa, 1971, c. 125-159. 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