patial, social, and economic factors of marginalization Sin the changing global context 2015 conference of IGU commission C12.29 Globalization, Marginalization, and regional and local responses Book of Abstracts and Program Edited by Stanko Pelc spatial, social, and economic factors of marginalization in the changing global context patial, social, and economic factors of marginalization Sin the changing global context 2015 conference of IGU commission C12.29 Globalization, Marginalization, and regional and local responses Book of Abstracts and Program Edited by Stanko Pelc Spatial, social, and economic factors of marginalization in the changing global context. 2015 conference of IGU commission C12.29 Globalization, Marginalization, and regional and local responses Book of abstracts and program Edited by Stanko Pelc Design and Typesetting ■ Jonatan Vinkler Published by ■ University of Primorska Press on behalf of IGU commission C12.29 Globalization, Marginalization, and regional and local responses and Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, Erzurum Yolu 4 Km 04100 Merkez, Ağrı, Turkey, Titov trg 4, si-6000 Koper, Koper 2015 Editor-in-Chief ■ Jonatan Vinkler Managing Editor ■ Alen Ježovnik isbn 978-961-6963-78-7 (www.hippocampus.si/isbn/978-961-6963-78-7.pdf) isbn 978-961-6963-79-4 (www.hippocampus.si/isbn/978-961-6963-79-4/index.html) isbn 978-961-6963-80-0 (printed edition) Print run ■ 40 copies © 2015 University of Primorska Press CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 316.344.7(082)(0.034.2) SPATIAL, social, and economic factors of marginalization in the changing global context [Elek-tronski vir] : 2015 conference of IGU commission C12.29 Globalization, marginalization, and regional and local responses : book of abstracts and program / [edited by] Stanko Pelc. - El. knjiga. - Koper : University of Primorska Press, 2015 Način dostopa (URL): http://www.hippocampus.si/ISBN/978-961-6963-78-7.pdf Način dostopa (URL): http:(www.hippocampus.si/ISBN/978-961-6963-79-4/index.html ISBN 978-961-6963-78-7 (pdf) ISBN 978-961-6963-79-4 (html) 1. Pelc, Stanko, 1957- 280661504 Content About IGU Commission C12.29 7 About Ağrı 13 About İbrahim Çeçen University Ağrı (ICUA) 15 abstracts 17 program 31 About IGU Commission C12.29 7 C12.29. Marginalization, Globalization and Regional and Local Responses is one of the IGU Commissions. Its purpose is to research geographical marginality from different perspectives. In the last period the main focus is on its relation to globalization and a lot of concern is dedicated to local and regional responses to different forms of marginality and marginalization. The Commission pursues several research objectives, there are al-so several focal concerns and proposed research themes. Since Geographical congress in Cologne where the commission has been renewed the Steering Committee is chaired by Stanko Pelc, secretary remains to be prof. Walter Leimgruber and members are from all parts of the world. The discussions on marginality by the members of the IGU Commission on Marginalization, globalization, and regional and local responses during the 2008-2012 period have shown that despite countless efforts by public and private actors, marginal regions worldwide remain as problem regions that need special attention from ‘developers’ and researchers. Following the numerous external and internal political, social and economic processes, the gulf between them and the rich regions of the world has been increasing. Besides, the continuing degradation of the environment, due to climate change, wasteful resource use, and pol ution, has been increasing the precariousness of many peoples’ livelihood. The pro-1 The text from the renewal proposal prepared by W. Leimgruber, E. Nel and S. Pelc according to which IGU General assembly prolongued the work of the commission for the period 2012-2016. cess of (economic and social) globalization is having profound effects, both positive and negative, on nations, regions, localities, people and communities, but the benefits are unequal y distribut-ed. In particular in the developing world but also in peripheral areas of the developed world, people and places are increasingly being detached from the economic mainstream, or pre-existing marginality is being enhanced. As shown by our past research marginalization and particularly globalization are not necessarily negative; on the contrary, these processes can also provoke creative and innovative responses in the economy, social life, politics and culture. In addition we believe that 8 the process of marginalization is not a one-way road but can be re-versed; regions and people may in fact become ‘de-marginalised’ if they are able to compete successful y in a new global system. We ntext search for more examples of this kind to observe the process and o analyze the key factors responsible for the demarginalization. bal clo The flourishing of local cultures, political separatism and the increasing significance of local economic development all bear testi-mony to the dual reality of the dynamics in which our world finds hanging g itself on all scales, from the global to the local. The constant chang-he c es are best expressed by the notion of ‘crisis’, which means turn-n t ing points (for better or worse) in ongoing processes. The original n i Greek meaning of the term is ‘decision’ – we are cal ed to de-cide where to go. Within this context, grass-roots and civil society movements are playing an increasingly prominent role within societies, particularly those which have been marginalized. It is the goal arginalizatio of C12.29 to develop a clearer understanding of the role of margin-f m alization in a world that finds itself confronted with multiple ‘crises’ rs o at all levels. acto The difficulties experienced by the global political system with tack-ic fm ling climate change, the bank and debt crisis that have hit the in-no dustrialized countries particularly hard, the nuclear catastrophe in co Japan (Fukushima) fol owing the 2011 earthquake and the related nd e tsunami, this year’s earthquake in Nepal as well as many other less-cial, a er disasters demonstrate that the present economic and political o system seems to be incapable of solving the many problems we are confronted with. Similarly, national and local differences still are spatial, s a critical issue in the dynamic world of which we are a part – the ‘global vil age’ is more a myth than a reality. The unrest and revo-lutions that have rocked the Arab world since early 2011 demonstrate that even long-standing political systems are not stable, because the peoples do not support them. The notion of kleptocracy, which has appeared in this context, is ample proof of the division between rulers and the ruled. It is within this fluid environment of change, isolation, integration, marginalisation and development that IGU commission C12.29 believes that continued academic attention should be focussed. Its focus is to view globalization and regional / local development as in-terrelated processes, which does overlap with the defined niches of other IGU commissions (e.g. Local Development; Sustainability of Rural Systems, Global change and human mobility). Nevertheless, 9 IGU commission C12.29 sees its focal research questions as being: • what are the consequences of globalization on people and plac-ission es with special regard on areas and people outside the main-m stream and how can we critical y evaluate them (being inter-om ested both in urban and rural marginalized people and areas f igu c – including physical y marginalized areas such as mountain en-e o vironments), enc • what are the local economic, social and developmental re-feron sponses to marginalised situation of people or areas catalysed by globalization, 2015 c • what are the characteristics of the relations between environmental stress and change on one side and people’s actions on the other in a globalized world-system, in terms of food production, livelihoods and social well-being, • what are direct and indirect links between marginality and globality relating to people and places, and • how, in an increasingly interlinked world, regional and local (marginal) cultures can survive and serve as models for the survival of humanity? Within this context, four fields are of particular relevance: • social change and response, associated with globalization and political processes, • economic change and response, associated with globalization and political processes, • environmental justice, and • resource conservation and exploitation. Both of which contain an important ethical component. Work done over the past years has revealed that the concept of marginality must be viewed from various perspectives as it is a complex and dynamic phenomenon. While marginalization tends to increase with the current socio-economic and political processes of globalization and deregulation, it is never an unidirectional process, as a look back into history since the Industrial Revolution demonstrates. It is also a relative concept that depends on the prevailing socio-economic and political systems and on the scale of observation (a vil age may be marginal within a large region which it-10 self is not marginal at al ). Perceptions of the physical characteristics of an area also are subject to change due to peoples’ evaluation over time, i.e., a physical y marginal region can become economi-ntext cal y developed if its potential is recognised, and they can become o depressed again when human preferences and/or other socio-eco-bal c nomic circumstances change (e.g. resource depletion, natural ca-lo tastrophe). The research and publications of the IGU Commission “Margin-hanging g alization, globalization, and regional and local responses” empha-he c size the need for further in-depth consideration of continuing and n t new issues of the spatial aspects of marginalized peoples, the envi-n i ronments they inhabit, the impact of globalization and the regional and local responses which these considerations help to catalyse. These issues are complex, which stresses that further attention is required in order to delineate the nature of these societal prob-arginalizatio lems and the potential nature of new policy and solutions that need f m to be considered. rs o From both a theoretical and an applied perspective the commis-acto sion seeks to reflect the reality that the interplay of economic and ic fm social globalization with environmental degradation and resource no depletion is one of the determining forces operating in the pres-co ent-day world, which has implications for all nations and peoples – nd e both the marginal and those in the mainstream. In addition it can cial, a be a process that marginalises places and people. However, at the o same time, it also helps to catalyse local and regional responses at a variety of levels and in a variety of forms. These issues have, inher-spatial, s ently been the focus of the Commission and the preceding Study Group. The commission’s special attention in the period 2012-2016 is dedicated to the contemporary situation that can be described as one in which there are dramatic changes taking place global y, nationally and locally in social, economic and environmental terms, with associated consequences and responses. By that greater clar-ity is to be given to the commission’s present focus and interests, whilst also helping to publicise the focus to a broader academic au-dience. It must be stressed, however, that this orientation does not signify a new research direction but confirms the continuing focus on those issues, which have been pursued since 1992 by the earli-er Study Group and the Commission. The commission is particularly concerned to encourage greater participation from the countries of the South. 11 Issues supporting the above mentioned themes • Context and methodologies leading to the definition and un-ission derstanding of process and structure issues in marginality. m om • Defining marginalization in a dynamic world system. • The structure of the continuum of marginality that exists from f igu c e o urban to rural and north to south areas. enc • Spatial and social responses to globalization and marginaliza-fer tion. on • The role of the recent economic downturn in fuel ing the mar-2015 c ginalization process. • Political and social change and their impact on marginality in both developed and less developed areas. • The changing impact of communication, technology and industrial and societal organizational structure on marginality. • The chal enge of growing, stagnant and declining areas in the consideration of planning and policy development. • The importance of scale in evaluating global, national, regional and local marginalization of areas and peoples and their local and regional responses. • The role of political and economic associations (EU, NAFTA, Mercosur etc.) in reducing inequalities and marginality. • The consequences of current political unrest on marginalization and marginal regions. • Examples of contingent, systemic, leveraged, col ateral, and self-imposed marginality at various scales. • Geographic marginality and the spatial organization of the world-economy: the role of free-trade and enterprise zones, TNCs, and international unions. • Physical resource endowment vs. dynamic human causation based marginality. • Physical and societal dimensions of marginality at different scales, international, national, regional, metropolitan, in situ. • Grassroots responses to marginalization. 12 • Resource exploitation and the problem of exhaustion. Marginality is a phenomenon not bound to any particular region ntext or society of the world or to any specific scale.According to all the o above mentioned topics, facts and issuesthe major research objec-bal c tives of IGU commission C12.29 are as fol ows: lo 1. To further the understanding of marginality and the processes of marginalization in our globalized world, through the study hanging g and analysis of the forces responsible for the dynamics and structures of spatial marginality at various scales. They will in-he c n t clude, among others, issues of technology, gender, social struc-n i ture and the environment. 2. To analyse marginality as the result of human perceptions and decisions, leading to the understanding of the role of the various agents in those processes, and their response to prevail-arginalizatio f m ing conditions. rs o 3. To develop comparative approaches in order to identify vari-acto ous types of marginality and to put them into perspective and ic f assess their role in an increasingly globalized world. Emphasis in m particular needs to be placed on the experience of the South. noco 4. To study policy/institutional/community responses to econd e nomic and societal problems in marginal regions at various scales in relation to local, regional and societal development, cial, ao and to study human responses to global change, including their implications for marginalization. spatial, s The use and the development of appropriate theory and method-ology is to be involved in each of the above. About Ağrı 13 The location of the 2015 Conference of IGU Commission C12.29 Globalization, Marginalization, and regional and local responses is in Eastern Turkey in Ağrı. Some basic information about the place that can be found in Wikipedia (https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1; https://en.wikipew - dia.org/wiki/A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1_Province; https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Mount_Ararat) says that the city is named after Ararat or Ağrı Dağı in Turkish language, a famous mountain dominating larger area of Armenian plateau. The mountain itself is a symbol of the city as well as it is a national symbol of neighboring country Armenia. In their mythology the mountain was the home of the Gods. It also plays an important role in Judeo-Christian as well as Islam-ic tradition as the place where Noah’s ark final y came to rest after the Great Flood. Ağrı is located on a 1650 meter high plateau, named after the ma-jestic mountain mentioned above that can be seen from the city centre. It is a gateway of east where you can have an overall view of “Türkiye” from the highest point. Ağrı hosted various nations and civilisations throughout history. It is one of the important tour-ist centres of the east with suitable tracks for mountain climbing and trekking in summers, ski ng in winters. It is a seat of a Province with the same name with an area of 11,376 square kilometers and a bit more than half mil ion inhabitants. On the east it extends al the way to Iranian border. The neighbouring province Iğdır on the north borders even with Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic that is exclave of Azerbaijan and with Armenia. The border with Armenia has been closed since 1993. Turkey closed it as an act of disapproval 14 ntexto bal clo of Armenian intervention in the Nagorno Karabah region in Aser-baijan. Border character of the region is further evident from the hanging g fact that aerial distance from Ağrı to Georgian border is about 160 km and to the one with Irak about 260. he c n t Located at the east edge of “Türkiye”, Ağrı became a settlement n i beginning from the ancient times and a stage for various civilisations. Being a part of Anatolia and a cradle of various rich and advanced civilizations, the history of Ağrı can be traced to 18th cen-arginalizatio tury BC. Hurrians are one of the oldest civilisations settled in Ağrı. f m In the middle of the 7th century the dominance of the province rs o had passed to Arabs. When Seljuk Turks entered into Anatolia, the province was dependent to Byzantines yet it was dominated by Sel-acto juk Turks in 1054. Before the period of Republic the province used ic fm to be a “sanjak” named Doğu Bayazıt. It was changed to Karaköse no in 1927 and final y to Ağrı in 1938. co nd e Most of the territory of Ağrı Province is mountainous and undulate. The mountains of Ağrı stretch in series. Rich, grassy plants cover cial, a the surface of the province. Grasses refresh at spring and extinct o at fall because of the cold weather. Winters are cold whereas summers are dry and hot. spatial, s About İbrahim Çeçen University Ağrı (ICUA) 15 The Hosting institution has been opened as Ağrı Dağı University in May 2007. In the fol owing year it was renamed after its founder a civil engineer and businessman – İbrahim Çeçen. Nevertheless it is still a state university lead by rector prof. dr. İrfan Aslan. At the beginning the university had only the faculty of Education with 20 professors, 18 lecturers and 1,200 students. Today, the number of professors involved in teaching and training is around 300, including 59 academicians and 259 corresponding members of the academy. Over 7,000 students are studying at 10 regional branches of the university. It is the 4th largest university in Eastern Anatolia. It has two campuses, 1 central laboratory for scientific-research and study-scientific institutes, 4 scientific-research laboratories and centers, 12 study laboratories and rooms, and 2 librar-ies. ICUA has adapted its programs in accordance with the Bologna process adopted in Turkey in 2001. Bachelor and Master courses are held at The Vocational School, Faculty of Science and Letters, Faculty of Education, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences and Vocational Health School (http://www.agri.edu.tr/en/Category/about-us). abstracts Spatial, social, and economic factors of marginalization in the changing global context IGU Commission C12.29 Globalization, Marginalization, and regional and local responses University of Agri (Turkey), 2015 19 Marginalization as a topic of geographical research Dr. Stanko Pelc University of Primorska Faculty of Education Cankarjeva 5, Koper/Capodistria, Slovenia stanko.pelc@pef.upr.si Marginalization, marginality, geographical research, globalization The research of marginality and marginalization in geography start-ed with remote areas such as mountains and high latitude zones. Geographers were interested in these regions because they were different due to their remoteness and many of them were left be-hind considering economic development. In spatial constellation these were areas at the margin and therefore could be cal ed marginal. Modern geography is not a descriptive science and therefore seeks to explain the evolution of present state of the problem under consideration. As an explanatory science is therefore focused on the process as much as it is on the present time result that can be observed in the area or region that has been researched. In our case the process of marginalization is as important for geographical knowledge about the areas that we call marginal as much as it is the complex structure of the landscape and society in their intercon-nection in marginal areas/regions.In our presentation we intend to present our arguments for the above statement. Between metrics and ethics: approaches to marginality Prof. Dr. Walter Leimgruber University of Fribourg/CH, Dept. of Geosciences, Geography Chemin des Musées 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland walter.leimgruber@unifr.ch Definitions of marginality, core-periphery model, globalism, power To define marginality and marginal regions has been and continues to be a chal enge. There exist a variety of approaches to this end, but they are often based on research into individual cases, which makes comparisons difficult. As far as the spatial aspects (marginal 20 regions) are concerned, we are still lacking a clear theoretical basis that goes beyond the conventional bi-polar view advocated by the core-periphery theory. However, the term ‘marginality’ is not only ntexto used in the spatial context but is widely debated (and also contest-ed) in the social sciences in general, as it concerns the society as a bal clo whole (economics, culture, and politics). The paper focuses on the spatial dimension and discusses the need for a better theoretical basis that goes beyond the conventional hanging g binary centre-periphery approach. Marginality is a social concept, he c largely based on human perceptions, and has to be seen in the conn tn i text of power relations. It can be detected and studied at various scales. The paper therefore looks at the regional as well as the global scale (as noted in the name of the Commission) and looks at possible ramifications of marginality issues. arginalizatio f m Minorities – an expression of diversity and an exercise rs o in tolerance acto ic f Prof. Dr. Walter Leimgruber m University of Fribourg/CH, Dept. of Geosciences, Geography noco Chemin des Musées 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland walter.leimgruber@unifr.ch nd e Minorities, marginality, diversity, perception, attitude cial, ao Every country in the world is confronted with minorities, and resulting problems have always to be solved in the specific context. spatial, s The conventional approach to the minority issue is from a quanti-tative perspective (minorities seen as numerical y inferior groups), but beyond this simple perspective there are other concerns, such as the access to and the exercise of power, which determine the re-lationships between majority and minori-ties. Every society is a system, composed of numerous elements, and they are usual y minori-ties of some sort. This fact is often forgot-ten by the mainstream and/or dominant social group(s). Certain minorities are therefore either overlooked or persecuted, and al-so the political system tends to ignore them. Ethnic and cultural groups figure prominently among such minorities, but we can add others, such as the handicapped, the poor, the unemployed, or ex-convicts. However, there is also the possibility of an alternative ap-proach: minorities can be seen positively, as a sign of diversity 21 and a reminder of certain human duties. Diversity is desirable because it is the opposite to (sterile) uniformity and a chal enge to lin-ear thinking. It also ensures the long-term survival of a society and issionm its development potential. om The paper addresses the minority issue by drawing on the ex-f igu c ample of Switzerland, a country composed of several overlap-e o ping minority groups. The political chal enge is substantial, and the enc changing national and international contexts put the system to a fer constant test. on 2015 c Indigenous Peoples’ in International and Local Contexts: Declarations, Practices, Dilemmas and Future Applications Prof. Dr. Ruth Kark Hebrew University of Jerusalem Mount Scopus, Jerusalem ruthkark@mail.huji.ac.il Mrs. Havatzelet Yahel The Hebrew University of Jerusalem havatzelety@gmail.com Indigenous Peoples’, Western colonialism, Europe, Asia, Africa, America In 2007 the UN adopted a Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP). Although this document is not legal y binding, it is widely perceived as the apex of international recognition of the special rights of indigenous peoples. We address the development of indigenous concepts at both international and local levels, focusing on land aspects. First, we ex-amine the development of indigeneity in international law including various UN forums that promoted the concept toward the final Declaration. Second, we reveal the perspectives provided by several states upon their vote on the UNDRIP and what stands be-hind them. Third, we discuss Israel’s position toward the indigenous question. And forth we consider future trends and possible applica-tions of the indigenous discourse to European States. Through our study we highlight dilemmas regarding definitions, sov-ereignty, and implementation with special emphasize on land rights. 22 We relate to the nebulous nature of the definitions of indigeneity, the common limitation of this label to countries affected by Western colonialism from the 15th-16th century onwards, to the am-ntext bivalent attitude and the denial by some countries [such as China, o India, United Kingdom, Turkey and others], the existence of indige-bal c nous peoples within their boundaries, and to the political use of in-lo digeneity to achieve other goals. Tracing the progress and developments of the concept of indigeneity sheds light on how the growth of the indigenous discourse has led to multiple levels of indigenous hanging g claims that create increasingly complex and politicized situations. he c n tn i Aspects of Roma community living in urban ecosystem: verdict “marginalization”? Dr. Gina Raluca Kerkmann arginalizatio A.İ.Ç.Ü. Faculty of Art and Science f m grkerkmann@agri.edu.tr rs o Romania, gipsy, marginalization. acto ic fm The gipsy community from Romania counted 1.85 million persons no in 2011 (people declared of gipsy origin) that means 3.2% of coun-co try population, with an increase tendency. From this point of view nd e it is the second biggest minority from Romania, after the Hungarian community; 4.9% of them live in the central region of the coun-cial, ao try (Bucharest and and the neighbouring urban centres from Ilfov County); this percent represents an argument for their migration spatial, s from rural to urban zones to increase their opportunity of earning a higher income. With an Asian origin, penetrating in Southeast and Central Europe between the 10th and 11th centuries the gipsy people represent an interesting community; conservative and often dominated by ar-chetypes characteristic to the medieval society, this social minority has a balanced relation with natural ecosystems: building wood and adobe houses (after the historical moment of the abandonment of nomadic lifestyle), balanced exploitation of environmental resourc-es (wood, clay, metals such as copper, iron, silver) by practicing traditional crafts. In the same time, the presence of the so-cal ed leaders (such as the ‘international gipsy king’ Dorin Cioaba, emperor of gipsy of every-where’ Iulian Radulescu), the forms of self-imposed justice inside 23 the gipsy community (named ‘Stabor’), the practice of divinatory art issionm (the witches Bratara or ‘mother’ Omida), but also their excel ency om in music field (from traditional gipsy music – manele to classical music marked by real personalities at national and international level f igu c like Ion Voicu – violinist or Johnny Raducanu – composer, especial-e o ly jazz music), all these make the gipsy minority an original and con-encfer troversial study subject. on The European Union elaborated the legal framework meant to protect this community and to social y integrate it (The Framework 2015 c Decision on combating racism and xenophobia (2008/913 / JHA), the European Anti-Discrimination Directive (2000/43 / EC) and the EU Framework for national Roma integration strategies up to 2020); in Romania as wel , there is a solid legislation that fight against marginalization and discrimination (Case no. 1206 of 27.11.2001, decision no. 881 of 09.12.1998); The Ministry of Education has developed a series of projects to reduce dropout and organized courses in their native language, etc. Roma are political y constituted in the Roma Party represented by a deputy in the Parliament, Nico-lae Paun. Despite the aforementioned arguments there are a lot of opinions supporting the marginalization and discrimination of the gypsy population from Romania. This paper tries to be a critical analysis of al pros and cons regarding the ‘so-cal ed’ marginalization of this social minority covering historical, ecological, sociological, economic and legal aspects. Occupational Diversification and Changing Marginality conditions of Brokpas of Bhutan in Twenty First Century Prof. Dr. Raghubir Chand Kumaun University Nainital, India E-6, Stoneleigh Compound, Tallital raghubir.seri@gmail.com Marginality conditions, Occupational diversification, Brokpa yak herders of Bhutan, transhumance, pasture economy, development philosophy in marginal areas, In the 21st century, though strategies of human survival and ad-24 aptation in marginal regions are changing, marginality is likely to be perpetuated, albeit with changes in its nature and spatial effects. Changing policy structure and development philosophy in ntexto marginal areas is also shifting the nature of dependency in such bal c areas. Current globalization processes have a key role to play in lo terms of either exacerbating or addressing marginalization. During the twentieth century the pattern and impact of development was different in Bhutan as its approach to development and pol-hanging g icy of interaction to outside world was markedly different than he c other states in the Himalaya. Bhutan in fact fol owed the policy n tn i of self-imposed isolation and thus remained cut-off from rest of the world in terms of foreign direct investment and market links. There is therefore a need to have a proper understanding of these processes to relate them with the process of transformation tak-arginalizatio ing place in Bhutan especial y in the context of tribal mode of liv-f m ing. The Brokpa economy and the pastoralist way of life in Bhutan rs o is at the cross road of change though not completely out of its tra-acto ditional hold. The present paper is thus based on a brief overview ic fm of demographic characteristics, work force participation, educa-no tional Attainment, pasture economy and associated occupational co change and occupational diversification taking place in the Brokpa nd e society in Bhutan. cial, a This study is based on the primary information col ected first in o 1999 and compared with the field work carried in 2010 at household level of Brokpa yak herders. The sample size of 104 households tak-spatial, s en in 1999 is compared with 126 households in 2010. The focus is on the new generation Brokpas how they can adapt their livelihood strategies to the new democratic setup within Bhutan and changing global context. In the present sample, about 39.8 per cent families are yak herders fol owed by 18.3 per cent engaged in agriculture and 15.4 per cent in weaving. Drukor or brukor which roughly means moving around for grains to exchange with their dairy products during winter is still their economic necessity. Occupational change is very minimal for the Brokpas being recorded only 4.72 percent from 1999 to 2010 (as compared with the first study conducted by the author in 1999 with the present sample survey of 2010). For the Brokpas cattle rearing seem to be still perceived and favoured as the best occupation. 25 Marginalization of tea estates in Sri Lanka in the changing global and national context issionm Dr. Daichi Kohmoto om Nara University of Education Takabatake-cho, Nara, Japan f igu c daichizu@gmail.com e o enc Plantation estate, Developing country, Sri Lanka, Organic farming, feron Estate worker, Land management The Sri Lankan tea industry, particularly the plantation sector, is 2015 c burdened with structural problems for sustainability. Tea production is growing around the world as a result of improvements in land productivity. Global consumption is also on the rise, primarily in developing countries. Consumption in advanced countries, however, is declining and this has caused a prolonged decline in global tea prices. Sri Lanka, the world's largest exporter, has continued to produce tea, primarily on plantations that were built during the colonial era. However, government policies of 1977 that introduced market economy models of economic diversification have had the effect of reducing the country's social and economic reliance on tea. Meanwhile, the nationalization of plantations implemented between 1972 and 1992 considerably reduced the international competitiveness of Sri Lankan tea. While production has been growing since the 1990s in the southern lowlands where small holdings pre-dominate, plantations in mountainous and hil y regions still feel the effect of reduced international competitiveness which results in tea farms going out of business and tea farm abandonment as well as in delays in replantings and/or supplementary plantings. The environmental problems that arise as a consequence are also grave. Other obstacles to tea producers are labor shortages/drains and rising wages, which are primarily the result of improvements in worker education levels. Such were the conditions under which Sri Lankan tea plantations pioneered organic tea farming ahead of the rest of the world. The backdrop to this was an expanding market for organic agricultural produce which was brought about by a heightened awareness towards the environment and food safety among consumers in devel-26 oped countries. Sri Lankan companies responded to these trends and introduced organic farming methods. In addition to their aims to generate profits by developing strategic and differentiated mar-ntexto kets, these moves were also motivated in no small part by the bal c awareness of these companies towards the environment and food lo safety. Organic farming was primarily pursued in locations whose conditions made productivity improvements difficult, and became an alterna-hanging g tive means to promote tea production. In fact, the areas surround-he c n t ing organic tea farms are riddled with abandoned farm land, and only n i a few tea farms that do operate have had their tea plants replanted. Organic tea farms on the other hand have overcome these obstacles by taking the fol owing approaches. Firstly, they promoted each tea farm under their own brand, a practice not seen in conventional arginalizatio f m tea farms in neighboring areas, and this has resulted in a discernible difference in price. Secondly, the characteristics of this agricultural rs o method have had a positive impact on environmental conservation acto including increased diversity of farmed crops as well as bio-diver-ic fm sity in general. Thirdly, some certified organic tea farms have also no embodied the ideals of fair trading, and are actively engaged in im-co proving worker welfare. Fourthly, most certified organic tea farms nd e are working hard to attract customers by providing eco-tourism cial, a services and through other means. As you can see, organic farm-o ing on tea plantations is characterized by a variety of post-productivism elements, making it distinct from practices implemented on spatial, s traditional plantations where productivism was the imperative. However, tea plantations that have introduced organic farming face high production costs primarily from compost making and weed removal. Organic tea plantations are strongly impacted by general wage increases in the Sri Lankan tea industry due to their labor-in-tensive nature, but are not able to earn profits that are commen-surate with these rising wages. The fact that attracting buyers from developed countries has not been as easy as initial y envisioned, and that prices have not risen as anticipated are primary factors of this problem. If the current situation persists, not only is the number of organic tea farms unlikely to grow, but the survival of existing certified organic tea farms may be at risk. De-marginalization and church property: 27 the case of Czechia Dr. Tomáš Havlíček issionm tomhav@natur.cuni.cz om Charles University in Prague Albertov 6, CZ-12843 Prague, Czech Republic f igu c e o De-marginalization, church property, Czech Republic, local government encfer It is interesting to note how developments on the topic of prop-on erty restitution are closely fol owed by the media and – through the media – by the majority of population, at least, as long as 2015 c “something interesting is happening” (e.g. a new settlement proposal is brought forward). Most of the time, however, property settlement between the state and the churches along with its impacts on regional development remains outside of the interest of mainstream media and, consequently, outside of the public interest as wel . In spite of the fact that it is one of the more signifi-cant processes taking place as part of the post-totalitarian transformation of Czech society and its position as a visible indicator of Czechia’s ability to come to terms with its own past; resolving this sticky situation is only becoming more complicated with the passage of time, particularly considering the spiritual development of Czech society. Property settlement between the state and the effected churches is not a simple issue confined only to the subjects involved. Local self-governing authorities, i.e. municipalities, and to a lesser de-gree regions and private entities are important stakeholders, in that they either use – or would like to use – blocked properties. Not on-ly does the block on church properties result in a stagnation in development – infrastructure and new construction, it also brings a series of associated effects, which prevent or hinder the natural socio-economic development of a given territory. Consequently, the influx of young families with children was limited, which in turn led to increases in the portion of older residents. In connection with the low number of children in the municipality, the local elemen-tary school was closed down. The churches can be viewed as passive stakeholders due to the fact that they have never made an offi-cial proposal or request for settlement of the outstanding property 28 issues. Instead, the churches have waited for the state to initiate negotiations. In contrast, impacted municipalities can be designat-ed active stakeholders, which initiate and actively promote actions ntext leading to eventual settlement of the matter. o bal c Aquaculture system among small farmers in Khulna lo Bangladesh Dr. Firuza Begham Mustafa hanging g Universiti Malaya, Malaysia he c firuza@um.edu.my n tn i Aquaculture, management, Khulna, farmers Pond management is one of the most critical aspects in aquaculture production especially among the small farmers.. The mass produc-arginalizatio f m tion of aquatic species need a systematic approach starting from the selection of species and seeds, pond preparation, equipment, wa-rs o ter management, feeding schedule, material, maintenance etcetera. acto This paper focuses on the pond management among small farmers ic fm in Khulna Bangladesh. The analysis covers (i) farming system, (i ) no pond preparation, (iii) seedling/broodstock/fry (iv) feeding man-co agement, (v) water management and (vi) stocking and harvesting. nd e The Giant Freshwater Prawn Macrobachium rosenbergii farming in cial, a Khulna is barely have adopted on modern farming technology, yet is o very sustainable and environmental friendly. The farmers prefer to produce shrimp rather than paddy. Indicate they satisfied with their spatial, s cultivation output. Despite having small size of ponds, farmers are producing and earn sufficient to run the family and have succeeded in eliminating poverty. The yield is promising and reaching almost 80-95% season and achieved higher survival rate. The understanding of management practice in Khulna Bangladesh can serve as a source of inspiration and guide for improving aquaculture management especial y in maintaining the higher survival rate and sustainability in other countries. 29 issionm om f igu c e o encferon 2015 c program Program of the conference of IGU commission C12.29 Globalization, Marginalization, and regional and local responses Spatial, social, and economic factors of marginalization in the changing 32 global context İbrahim Çeçen University Ağrı, Turkey ntexto 23rd – 26th August, 2015 bal clo The conference hall of Faculty of Science and Literature Sunday, 23rd August hanging g he c 15:00–18:00 Registration n tn i 9:00–9:30 Welcome meeting Monday, 24th August arginalizatio f m 08:30–09:00 Opening of the conference rs o Honorary President of the Conference, Rector of ICUA, Irfan ASLAN acto ic f Province Governor Mr. Musa IŞIN m Chair of the Organizational committee, no Vice rector of ICUA, Telat YANIK co Chair of IGU commission C12.29 Steering Committee nd e Stanko PELC cial, ao spatial, s 09:00–12:00 theoretical aspects of marginality and marginalization 9:00 Prof. Dr. Walter Leimgruber; University of Fribourg, Switzerland Between metrics and ethics: approaches to marginality 9:50 Tea/coffee break 10:10 Dr. Stanko Pelc; University of Primorska, Slovenia Marginalization as a topic of geographical research 11:00 Time for the final discussion 12:00–14:00 Lunch time 33 14.00–17.00 marginalization of ethnic groups, minorities and indigenous people issionm 14:00 Prof. Dr. Ruth Kark; Mrs. Havatzelet Yahel; Hebrew om University of Jerusalem; Israel Indigenous Peoples’ in International f igu c e o and Local Contexts: Declarations enc 14:50 Prof. Dr. Walter Leimgruber; University of Fribourg, fer Switzerland on Minorities – an expression of diversity and an exercise in tolerance 2015 c 15:40 Tea/coffee break 16:00 Dr. Gina Raluca Kerkmann; Ibrahim Çeçen University Ağri, Turkey Aspects of Roma community living in urban ecosystem: verdict “marginalization”? 16:50 Time for the final discussion 17:00 Annual meeting of C12.29 Steering Committee ( open for all the participants of the conference) • The future prospects of the commission (2016-2020) • Meeting in 2016 and the Beijing session • Publishing matters and collaboration with Springer • Other Tuesday, 25th August 08.30 – 10:30 economic aspects of marginality and marginalization I 08:30 Prof. Dr. Raghubir Chand; Kumaun University Nainital, India Occupational Diversification and Changing Marginality conditions of Brokpas of Bhutan in Twenty First Century 09:10 Dr. Daichi Kohmoto; Nara University of Education; Japan Marginalization of tea estates in Sri Lanka 34 in the changing global and national context 9:50 Dr. Firuza Begham Mustafa; University of Malaya, Malaysia ntexto Aquaculture system among small farmers in Khulna Bangladesh bal clo 10:30 Tea/coffee break 10:50 – 12:30 economic aspects of marginality and marginalization II hanging g 10:50 Dr. Tomas Havliček; Charles University in Prague, he c Czechia n t Demarginalization and church property: n i the case of Czechia 11:30 Dr. Stanko Pelc; University of Primorska, Slovenia Eleven years of EU membership arginalizatio – the case of Slovenia f m 12:10 Final discussion and concluding remarks rs o 12:30–14:00 Lunch break acto ic fm 14:00 – 21:00 Field trip to Dogubeyazit and Farewell dinner noco Wednesday, 26th August nd e 08:00 – 19:00 Fieldtrip to Kars and Ani (Lunch on the way) cial, ao spatial, s Thursday, 27th August and Friday, 28th August Post conference excursion 27 08 2015 Perşembe 27 08 2015 Thursday 08:00 Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen 08:00 Departure From Ağrı Üniversitesi Konukevi’nden 09:30 Patnos hareket 12:00 Departure to Muradiye 09:30 Patnos waterfalls 12:00 Muradiye Şelaleleri’ne 13:30 Lunch at Muradiye hareket 15:00 Arrival to Muradiye waterfall 13:30 Muradiye’ta öğle yemeği 16:00 Departure to Van city 15:00 Muradiye Şelaleleri 17:00 Visiting Van Castle 16:00 Van’a hareket 18:30 Van city tour and Dinner 35 17:00 Van Kalesi gezisi 21:30 Staying at Van 18:30 Van şehir turu ve akşam ission yemeği m om 21:30 Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Konukevi İstirahat f igu c 28 08 2015 Cuma 28 08 2015 Friday e o 08:00 Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi 08:00 Departure from Van enc Konukevi’nden hareket 09:00 Visiting Akdamar Island and feron 09:00 Gevaş’tan feribotla Church Akdamar Adası 12:00 Lunch at Gevaş 2015 c 12:00 Gevaş’ta öğle yemeği 13:00 Departure to Ahlat 13:00 Ahlat’a hareket 15:30 Nemrut crater lake 15:30 Nemrut krater gölü 17:00 Ahlat historical Seljukian 17:00 Ahlat tarihi Selçuklu cemetary Mezarlığı 17:30 Ahlat historical monuments 17:30 Ahlat tarihi eserleri 18:30 Departure to Ağrı 18:30 Ağrı’ya hareket 20:30 Arrival to Ağrı 20:30 Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen Üniversitesi Konukevi’ne varış Document Outline Pelc, Stanko, ed., 2015. Spatial, social,and economic factors of marginalization in the changing global context. Book of Abstracts and Program (Front Cover) Pelc, Stanko, ed., 2015. Spatial, social,and economic factors of marginalization in the changing global context. Book of Abstracts and Program (Title Page) Colophone About IGU Commission C12.29 About Ağrı About İbrahim Çeçen University Ağrı (ICUA) Abstracts Program