183 Pr egledni znans tv eni članek/ Article (1.02) Bogoslovni vestnik/Theological Quarterly 83 (2023) 1, 183—190 Besedilo pr eje t o/R eceiv ed:12/2021; spr eje t o/ Accep t ed:10/2022 UDK/UDC: 316.728(438):616.98:578.834 DOI: 10.34291/B V2023/01/Klos © 2023 Kłos Skrz ypcz ak, CC B Y 4.0 Aleksandra Kłos Skrzypczak The “Quality of Human Life” in the Age of Pandemic – Polish Perspective ,Kakovost človeškega življenja‘ v času pandemije – poljska perspektiva Abstract : It seems tha t the time of the pandemic has c omple t ely chang ed the pa t- t ern of human beha vior and c on tribut ed t o the r ee v alua tion of lif e priorities. U n til no w , the bus y , c onsume r is t pos t -indus tr ial socie ty sudde nly had t o s t op and t ak e c ar e of w e ak e r and sic k indiv iduals. I n m y ar tic le , I jus tif y tha t m an y actions in tr oduced on the initia tiv e of the g o v ernmen ts fr om diff er en t c oun- tries, result from the thought for the quality of every human life. The world, which so far focused only on quality of life, suddenly emphasizes the essence of e v e r y human lif e , r e g ar dle ss of ag e or disability . In the t e x t, I dr a w a tt e n tion t o the f act tha t man y activities in the er a of a pandemic ar e c onsis t en t with the Catholic social teaching, which many are not aware of. Keywords : quality of human lif e, pandemic, c or ona virus, pos tindus trial socie ty , value of human life Povzetek: Z di se, da je č as pandemije popolnoma spr emenil v z or ec člo v ek o v eg a v edênja in prispev al k pr evr ednot enju življenjskih priorit et. Doslej z aposlena, po- tr ošnišk a pos tindus trijsk a družba se je mor ala nenadoma us t a viti t er poskrbe ti z a šibk ejše in bolne posame znik e. V člank u ut emeljujem mnenje, da so š t e vilni ukr epi, uv edeni na pobudo vlad r azličnih drž a v , posledic a skrbi z a k ak ov os t vsa- k eg a člov ešk eg a življenja. S v et, ki se je doslej osr edot oč al le na k ak ov os t življenja, nenadoma poudarja bis tvo vsak eg a člov ešk eg a življenja – in t o ne glede na s t ar os t ali in v alidnos t. Opo z arjam še na dejs tv o , da so š t e vilne deja vnos ti v č asu pande- mije skladne s k a t oliškim družbenim nauk om, česar se mnogi ne z a v edajo. Ključne besede : k ak o v os t člo v ešk eg a življenja, pandemija, k or ona virus, pos tindu- s trijsk a družba, vr ednos t člo v ešk eg a življenja 1. Introduction “ The po s tmodern w orld in which w e liv e is char act eriz ed b y the r ejection of tr a- ditional v alues and cert ain ties as w ell as the adop tion of ne w , e v er -changing po- in ts of r e f er ence. ” (Bortkie wicz 2017, 81) The time of a pandemic, f or member s of 184 Bogoslovni vestnik 83 (2023) • 1 c ommunities ar ound the w orld, is a time of man y chang es. In t erper sonal r ela tions ha v e chang ed, w ork t ook a diff er en t mode, and fr ee time beg an t o be celebr a t ed in a previously unknown way. Lockdown also had a huge impact on the religious spher e: on the mode, f orm, and fr equency of r eligious pr actices. In c onnection with the pande mic, in public space , as w e ll as dur ing priv a t e c on v e r sa tions, mor e and mor e peop le t alk ed about wha t r eally ma tt er ed in lif e. It seems tha t all of a sudden, people beg an t o pa y mor e a tt en tion t o in t erper sonal r ela tionship s and material possessions lost their importance. It seems tha t the difficult time of the pandemic made it possible t o highligh t e v er y thing tha t is crucial in the Chris tian mor al dimension: c oncern f or human r ela tionship s, ins t ead of c oncern f or ma t erial g oods; c ar e f or e v er y human lif e, r eg ar dless of ag e or health c ondition; social solidarity , in t er s t a t e solidarity . In this article, I w ould lik e t o pr esen t those aspects of human activities tha t emerged during the pandemic, and which are consistent with Catholic moral teaching. I would like to emphasize that the once rushing, post-industrial societ- ies, f or which only the gr owth of gr oss domes tic pr oduct ma tt er ed, suddenly s t opped, announced a full or partial lock do wn only (or ma ybe as much as) in or der t o pr ot e c t the e lde r ly and le ss im m une t o the side e ff e c t s of c or ona v ir us. In the face of the pandemic, neighborhood help started, mainly for the elderly. A lot of members of society began to put the value of life as a priority. Conse- quently, the struggle for material goods and the quality of human life at the high- es t possible le v el w as f or g ott en. This t e x t is the a ft e r m a t h of a spe e c h le c tur e d a t the In t e r na tional Cong r e ss of the Eur opean Socie ty f or Ca tholic Theology a t Osnabrück Univ er sity in German y . The Congr ess w as held in Augus t 2021 and w as en titled “Cr ea tion. T r ans f orma- tion. Theology . ” 2. Care for the “Quality of Life” in Post-industrial Society Moral issues concerning human life have always posed many dilemmas. The Great E c onomic Crisis, tw o w orld w ar s, and then the r ec ons truction of damag ed ec ono- mies, the cr ea tion of a ne w w orld or der , in which one of the k e y de t erminan ts w as the le v el of ec onomic de v elopmen t, c on tribut ed t o the per cep tion of social welfare in economic terms. Their number increased even more with the advent of new t echnologies (R okick a 2014). The issue of “ quality of lif e” goes beyond the theol ogi c al and mor al vi e w s r el a t ed t o poli tic al, soci al , and ec onomi c de v el- opmen t, especially with the de v elopmen t of highly de v eloped c oun tries. Aft er the Gr ea t Depr ession, W es t ern c oun tries w er e f ound in a period of pr osperity and ec onomic gr owth. A t a time when t echnologic al de v elopmen t w as g aining momen tum, John K enne th Galbr aith f ormula t ed the c oncep t of “ quality of lif e” in the early 1960s. Th e c oncep t of “ qual i ty of l i f e” l eads t o a mul tipl i ci ty of w a y s of un der s t and i ng this theor y and inc onsis t encies in its oper a tionaliz a tion. Acc or ding t o Mart a P e- 185 Aleksandra Kłos Skrzypczak - The “Quality of Human Life” in the Age of Pandemic t elewicz, the ma tt er is additionally c omplic a t ed by the pr esence, and wha t is w or se, the unr e flectiv e use in scien tific public a tions of t erms s ynon ymous or tr ea t- ed as s ynon ymous with the c oncep t of quality of lif e. These include: s t andar d of living , w ell-being , lif e sa tis f action, lif e sa tis f action as w ell luck (P e t ele wicz and Dr abo wicz 2016). Measuring quality of lif e brings man y challeng es (Carr , Hig ginson and R obinson 2002, 17). Acc o r d i n g t o An t o n i Bart o s z ek, r esear ch o n “ q u al i ty o f l i f e” carried out in tw o curr en t r esults in tw o types of de finition: the fir s t one is de fined as the theor e tic al and cultur al tr end, showing , and analy zing the multidimensionality and multidimensionality of the “ quality of lif e”, oft en r e f erring t o philosophic al analyzes. In the second trend of research, called technical and methodological, one w ould lik e t o describe the “ quality of lif e” with measur able quan tities tha t enable its measur emen t, c arried out b y numer ous r esear ch cen t er s, na tional and in t erna tional. This appr oach, as R e v . Pr of essor Bart os z ek writ es, is associa t ed with the pr oble m of finding ade qua t e indic a t or s of “ quality of lif e . ” W he n cr e a ting the en tir e r ang e of these indic a t or s, it w as obvious fr om the beginning tha t one should go beyond the previously considered indicators of economic and economic growth (Bart os z ek 2002, 312). An import an t c onclusion fr om An t oni Bart os z ek’ s c onsid- er a tions is as f ollo w s: the a f or emen tioned tr ends o v er the “ quality of lif e” cannot be c omple t ely separ a t e. As the author of the article, he claims tha t the sear ch f or adequa t e indic a t or s of the “ quality of lif e” and the subjectiv e assessmen t of living c onditions will alw a y s be associa t ed with deeper , philosophic al ques tions, such as: who a huma n being is, wha t is human lif e. Man y s tudies s t a t e tha t the ques- tion of the “ qua lity of lif e” ultim a t ely leads t o the ques tion of the “vision of lif e” , f or “the meaning of lif e” (313). Concern f or the quality of hum an lif e also seems t o be jus tified fr om the theo- logic al and mor al per spectiv e. The social t eaching of the Chur ch noticed the hu- man need f or qualit a tiv e de v elopmen t v er y quickly . Alr eady a t the beginning of the 1970s, P ope P aul VI wr ot e about the ambiguous na tur e of pr ogr ess. In the A pos t olic Le tt e r “ Oc t og e sim a A dv e nie ns” he w r ot e t ha t “progress was the condi- tion f or and the y ar ds tick of human fr eedom. Pr ogr ess, spr ead by the modern media of in f orma tion and b y the demand f or wider kno wledg e and gr ea t er c on- sump tion, has bec ome an omni pr esen t i deology . ” (O A , no. 41) Acc or di ng t o the Pope, unchecked progress was not caused by anyone, because the real progress lies in the development of moral awareness, which would inspire a person to take on in cr e ased social r esponsibilities and t o be open t o God and other s. Analy zing the apos t olic le tt er of P aul VI as a whole, the f ollo wing r e flection arises: he clear- ly sees the need of a tr ansition fr om quan tit a tiv e t o qualit a tiv e thinking , despit e the fact that changes in technological and economic development in highly de- v eloped socie ties ar e only jus t g aining momen tum. This idea is c on tinued b y P ope John P aul II in the ency clic al le tt er “Centesimuss Annus,” claiming tha t: “/ …/ de v elopmen t mus t not be under s t ood solely in ec o- nomic terms, but in a way that is fully human. ” ( CA , no. 29) It is w or th noting tha t the Pope in his document emphasizes that 186 Bogoslovni vestnik 83 (2023) • 1 “ It is not wr ong t o w an t t o liv e be tt er; wha t is wr ong is a s tyle of lif e which is pr esumed t o be be tt er when it is dir ect ed t o w ar ds ha ving r a ther than being, and which wants to have more, not in order to be more but in order to spend life in enjoyment as an end in itself. It is therefore necessary to create life-styles in which the quest for truth, beauty, goodness and com- munion with others for the sake of common growth are the factors which determine consumer choices, savings and investments. ” (CA , no. 36) P ope John P aul II c on tinues his r e flections in the ency clic al “E v ang elium Vit ae, ” wher e he writ es tha t the pos t -indus trial socie ty domina t ed b y t echnic al-scien tif- ic r a tionalism has r eject ed the truth about cr ea tion and God’ s plan f or lif e tha t mus t be r espect ed (EV , no. 22). Living as if God did not e xis t, acc or ding t o John Paul II, man loses not only the mystery of God, but also the mystery of the world and of his existence. In a world without God, the only aspect that is taken into acc oun t is one’ s own ma t erial w ell-being. “The only goal which counts, is the pursuit of one’s own material well-being. The so-called ‘ quality of lif eʼ is in t er- pr e t ed primarily or e x clusiv ely as ec onomic e fficiency , inor dina t e c onsumerism, physical beauty and pleasure, to the neglect of the more profound dimensions- interpersonal, spiritual and religious-of existence ” ( EV , no. 23) - the P ope wr ot e in the encyclical. The issue of “ quality of lif e” does not g o unnoticed also in the t eaching of P ope Fr ancis, who de v ot es his a tt en tion t o this issue in the ency clic al “Laudato si’ ”. In his c ons ider a tions, the Holy F a ther men tions mor e than once tha t the quality of lif e is in flue nce d not only b y ma t e r ial pr ospe r ity , but mainly b y wha t is imma t e- rial. According to the pope, rapid changes occurring in nature, have a huge impact on the quality of human lif e. P ope Fr ancis men tions the priv a tiz a tion of space, which hinders human access to virgin areas, among the reasons for lowering the quality of human life. Another issue is the establishment of “ecological enclaves” - housing estates accessible only to selected members of society. The speech is specific ally about cr ea ting gr een ar eas in designa t ed, guar ded housing es t a t es. Among other aspects a ff ecting the de t erior a tion of c on t empor ar y quality of lif e, P ope Fr ancis includes the dynamics of the media and a digit al w orld tha t limits the ability to live wisely, think deeply, love generously (LS, no. 45‒46). Maciej Os tr ow ski r emember s tha t the quality of human lif e is diametric ally influ- enced by the density and cr amped housing es t a t es. In his c onsider a tions, he r e f er s t o the t eaching of P ope Fr ancis, who claims tha t men t ally w orking s tuden ts need and learn t o mov e f or the pr oper functioning of the body . Those senior s who r emain motionless in a cr amped apartmen t ar e e xposed t o the risk of w or sening of their ag e-r ela t ed ph y sic al disabilities. Closed in their apartmen ts, necessarily depriv ed of wider space, paradoxically, despite the proximity of other residents, they are addi- tionally e xposed t o social isola tion. All the men tioned situa tions minimiz e the qual- ity of human e xis t ence (Os tr ow ski 2019, 131‒132). Acc or ding t o F a ther Os tr ow ski, w e need some priv acy and in timacy . The c ons t an t pr esence of man y other s, espe- cially s tr ang er s, crush, f a tigue - all these bec ome a bur den tha t neg a tiv ely a ff ects 187 Aleksandra Kłos Skrzypczak - The “Quality of Human Life” in the Age of Pandemic the quality of human lif e. Ov er cr ow ded human se ttlemen ts, lack of sufficien t space separ a ting fr om other people mak e the en vir onmen t lif e bec omes unfriendly (138). 3. The Value of Human Life in the Age of Pandemic In the context of the rampant pandemic, many dimensions of a social life have been devastated, while others, have re-gained in importance. The value of human lif e w as appr ecia t ed, also in those Eur opean c oun tries wher e abortion and eutha- nasia ha v e long been leg ally pr acticed. In the o v er all social dimension, measur es f or the elderly and the sick, who ar e losing in the figh t ag ains t S AR S -CoV -2, ha v e been t ak en. Suddenly , e v er y human lif e g ained v alue (O z or o w ski 2005, 17). Wha t is more, “pandemic does not only f or ce us t o c onsider the v alue of liv es w eighed against economy, rights, etc, but it also forces us to weigh the value of lives aga- ins t other liv es” (Z dunek 2020). Acc or ding t o The W ashing t on P os t, the c or ona virus has de v as t a t ed our g en- er a tion: “In man y Eur ope an c oun tr ie s, the me dian Co vid-19 victim has bee n olde r than 80. In It aly , the a v er ag e is 83, and the dichot om y be tw een the g ene- r a tions is not ably s t ark. E v en with the virus r aging , the 2020 dea th r a t e f or It alians a t the ag e of 50 and y oung er f ell, c ompar ed with pr e vious y ear s, with lock do wn measur es k eeping people off the r oads and indoor s. But the country’s overall death rate nonetheless spiked some 15 percent. Tho- se 80 an d o l d er — a gr o u p th a t mak es u p 7 p er cen t o f It al y ’ s p o p u l a tio n — ha v e so f ar acc oun t ed f or 60 per cen t of the na tion’ s c o vid-19 dea ths. ” (Harlan, Pitr elli, 2021) The da t a is t errif ying indeed. It is import an t, ho w e v e r , tha t a ft er man y y ear s of ignorance and silence, people of lower age began to be talked about, and the dig- nity of the end of lif e, a dignified dea th, w as emphasiz ed. The e v ang elic al c oncep t of helping has a r a tional na tur e. The r a tional dimen- sion of love is expressed in the fact that we do not love everyone in the same way, and w e ar e not able t o help e v er y one (Bart os z ek 2017, 59). N e v ertheless, activi- ties on the basis of the f amily and lo v ed ones ar e the s t arting poin t f or building a sa f e, health y vision of the univ er se and in t erper sonal r ela tions, especially in the time of a pandemic (Mółk a 2016, 292). “ Human dignity flow s dir ectly fr om the ability of individuals t o gr ow in c ommu- n i ty /. . . / Th e p er son ach i e v es h i s fu l fil l men t b y r el a ting t o oth er s i n f ami l i es an d other social ins titutions tha t f os t er de v elopmen t, pr ot ect dignity and pr omot e the common good. ” (Maloney 2014) The Catholic principle of solidarity says that we are one human family, we are responsible for one another. The virtue of solidarity is bes t e xpr essed in the c ommandmen t t o lo v e our neighbour: “ Y ou shall lo v e y our neighbor as yourself. ” (Mt 22:37-40) Catholic solidarity urges us not only to be re- 188 Bogoslovni vestnik 83 (2023) • 1 sponsible for our personal, individual sense of happiness, but to recognize that there ar e mor e import an t social issues tha t cry out f or f air er solutions. Wha t c ons titut es the c ommon good is alw a y s a subject of discussion, and the lack of sensitivity t o the common good is always a sign of the regression of society. “ The righ t a ttitude of caring f or community is an an tidot e t o unbridled individualism, which, lik e unbridled selfishness in per sonal r ela tionship s, c an des tr o y balance, harmon y and peace in r ela tions be tw een gr oups, neighborhoods, r egions and na tions. ” (Malone y 2014) All the actions aimed a t isola ting individual member s of society ha v e one impor- t an t g oal: t o pr ot ect the w eak er , the elderly and the sick. Con t empor ary socie ty of- t en sees no place f or the elderly and the sick. The position of older people in society is shak en: the y oft en ha v e t o c ope not only with loneliness, but also with se v er ely limited access to material goods - they live in poverty. And it was precisely in the era of a pandemic, in a world where consumerism was promoted and the value of human lif e w as denied (thr ough the pr omotion of abortion and euthanasia), mea- sur es w er e t ak en t o c ar e f or the w eak er , sick, and older social units (Sz afulski 2020). One of the gr ea t es t challeng es of a pandemic is a social isola tion. The elderly and the disabled ar e particularly vulner able t o loneliness, although the difficulties r ela t ed t o limit ed social c on t acts ar e also mor e and mor e oft en r eport ed b y y oung people. Another challeng e is learning and w orking fr om hom e: this includes chil- dren, teenagers, and adults. Many people point out that their biological clock is disturbed, and work and study penetrate deeper and deeper into the home en- vironment. Considering all these disadvantages, the high mortality rate caused by the Covid-19 virus should certainly be emphasized. Wi th th e o u tb r eak o f th e p an d emi c, man y c o u n tri es i n tr o d u ced th e p ri n ci p l e of social dis t ancing (the minimum dis t ance w as 1.5 m), mask s (in public places and/ or out door s) and finally the lock down w as announced. All these activities w er e aimed a t pr ot ecting member s of the public, r eg ar dless of g ender , skin c olour , financial situa tion or f aith, fr om being in f ect ed with the c or ona virus. These ac- tivities ar e c onsis t en t with Ca tholic social t eaching , bec ause “human life at every stage of development and its decline is valuable and therefore deserves protec- tion a nd r e spe c t ” (M alone y 2 0 1 4 ). Con tinuing t his t houg h t , it is w or t h e m pha siz- ing that, in accordance with the social teaching of the church, the life of every person is not only sacred, but also has a social character. The principle of lo v e f or one’ s neighbour beg an t o be put in t o pr actice: man y v olun t eer s undert ook activities aimed a t pr oviding the elderly with basic ne- cessities. It is w orth men tioning tha t in P oland, ther e ar e y oung v olun t eer s as a part of the Solidarity Corps of Seniors Support. This pr ogr am (#W spier ajSe- nior a) w as designed t o c oor dina t e assis t ance t o the elderly during a pandemic and covered both the central and the local levels. Through the program, the elderly c ould g e t the essen tial help in the difficult time of the pandemic. All the people over 70 y ear s old could, via the indicat ed t elephone number , submit orders for drugs or basic products, all so that you do not have to leave the house or move around. 189 Aleksandra Kłos Skrzypczak - The “Quality of Human Life” in the Age of Pandemic Amo n g man y activi ties, i t i s w o rth men tio n i n g th e actio n “ Nei gh b o rl y h el p f o r se nior s. ” A s par t of the activitie s f or the e lde rly , the lone ly , the sick and the dis- abled, in the name of social solidarity, assistance in shopping, walking the dog or buying medicines a t pharmacy poin ts w as off er ed (W spier aj senior a 2020). It w as enough to download from the government website a poster informing about join- ing the action, writ e do wn y ou r name and a t elephone numb er on it. Such a pr e- pared poster was ready to be printed and placed on the door, on the staircase or on an adv ertising pole in the near es t ar ea. In this w a y , it w as possible t o pr o vide help to people from the immediate environment, while avoiding direct contact with those who w er e mos tly e xposed t o the e ff ects of the pandemic. It is also w orth noting tha t in P oland within the pr ogr am ther e w er e hour s f or senior s f or man y mon ths. The f ollo wing in f orma tion appear ed on the g o v ernmen t w eb sit e: “fr om Monda y t o Frida y fr om 10:00 t o 12:00, only people o v er the ag e of 60 ma y s t a y in a s t or e, drugs t or e, pharmacy , or pos t office. If y ou need t o lea v e the house, t ak e adv an t ag e of this time t o sa f ely shop and s t ock up on medic a- tions. ” (Chr ońm y osobo s t ar s z e! 2020) Moreover, during the holiday season, stu- dents at many schools and kindergartens in Poland prepared Christmas cards for the elderly who , due t o the pandemic, w er e f or ced t o spend this time in isola tion. 4. Conclusions Ther e w as nobody on a global sc ale who w ould be pr epar ed f or the situa tion c a- used b y the S AR S -CoV -2 virus. Both the g o v ernmen t actions and v olun t ar y social initia tiv es w er e aimed a t r educing the e ff ects of the pandemic. Among the gr oup s tha t w er e particularly a t risk w er e the elderly , lonely people who r equir ed support in e v er y da y lif e due t o their health c ondition or disability . In the er a of the c or o- navirus, it seemed crucial to set ethical values and refer to a sense of solidarity and the c ommon g ood. It is w orth hoping tha t the in tr oduced principles: social solidarity or care for the life and health of the weakest individuals will enter our blood, r eg ar dless of whe ther w e ar e a w ar e (mor e or less) tha t these principles ar e deriv ed s trictly fr om the Chris tian vision. Much has been said about wha t the “ aft er ” w orld will look lik e since the outbr eak o f th e p an d emi c (Mu rp h y , 2021). Is i t p o ssi b l e t o r e tu rn t o th e w o rl d b e f or e th e c or ona virus outbr eak? Can c ovid-19 r a v ag e the w orld be mended? An unequiv oc al answ er t o this ques tion seems t o be impossible due t o the f act tha t w e ar e s till deal- ing with new waves of the pandemic and with new variants of the coronavirus. Abbreviations CA – John P aul II. 1991 [Cen t esimus Annus]. EV – John P aul II. 1995 [E v ang elium Vit ae]. LS – Fr ancis 2018 [Lauda t o si ’]. OA – P aul VI. 1971 [Oct og esima adv eniens]. 190 Bogoslovni vestnik 83 (2023) • 1 References Bartoszek, Antoni. 20 02. Moralne aspekty „ja- ko ś c i ż y c i a ” w o p i e c e p a l i a t y w n ej . Śląskie Studia Historyczno-Teologiczne 35, n o. 2 :3 0 9 – 3 3 0. h tt p s : / / d o i. o r g / 1 0. 1 4 7 4 6 / ti m . 2 0 1 7 . 2 1 . 1 .4 – – – . 201 7 . 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