23
VIEWS HELD BY SLOVENE COACHES ON
SOME CONTENTS-RELATED ISSUES OF
THEIR PROFESSIONAL WORK
STALI[^A SLOVENSKIH TRENERJEV DO
NEKATERIH VSEBINSKIH VPRA[ANJ
NJIHOVEGA POKLICNEGA DELOVANJA
Bojan Jo{t
Maja Dolenec
Janez Pustovrh
Bojan Lesko{ek
Aleks Leo Vest
Jo{t, B,. Dolenec, M., Pustovrh, J., Lesko{ek, B., Vest, A. L. (2001). Views held by Slovene coaches on… KinSI 7(1–2), 23–29
Abstract
The objective of the research was to establish the structure of
views on some contents-related issues concerning professional
work of coaches in Slovene competition sports on a represen-
tative sample of Slovene coaches (n = 1418) from 64 sports.
On the basis of the structure of the answers to individual sur-
vey questions, the following findings could be revealed. In the
opinion of the major proportion of the coaches, the salaries of
coaches are still too low in comparison to the high demands
and scope of their work and should be regulated systemically
and in the same way for all sports on the level of the state. The
majority of the coaches were of the opinion that the work of
coaches should even to a greater extent be based on material
rewarding. The satisfaction of the coaches with their work is
high; only 3% of the coaches expressed pronounced discon-
tent with their work. The coaches still positively evaluate the
relationship of the employers to their work and have the fee-
ling that the employers esteem and respect them. The coac-
hes were less satisfied with the material conditions in which
they worked: only every fifth coach was of the opinion that ma-
terial conditions for their work were good. The coaches pro-
nounced themselves mostly in favour of the legislative regula-
tion of their work and voiced the opinion that  there should be
a corresponding professional association of coaches on the sta-
te level. They also supported the project of the employment
of coaches by the Ministry of Education and Sport in the futu-
re. The coaches mainly agree with the statement that their
work is primarily managerial and that in the period of adoles-
cence they perform an extremely important educational func-
tion. The majority of the coaches were of the opinion that their
work is more difficult than that of the teachers of physical edu-
cation in schools and at the same time socially less respected.
The licensing system should include payment of the licence,
suitable education, and permanent extended professional trai-
ning. Only every fifth coach agreed with the statement that in
his or her professional work he or she had good possibilities for
research work, innovations, creativity, and own studies. 
Key words: sociology of sport, coaches, self-evaluation, wor-
king conditions
Izvle~ek
Namen raziskave je bil, na reprezentativnem vzorcu slovenskih
trenerjev (n=1418) iz 64 {portnih panog, ugotoviti strukturo
stali{~ do nekaterih vsebinskih vpra{anj, ki zadevajo poklicno
delovanje trenerjev v slovenskem tekmovalnem {portu. Na os-
novi strukture odgovorov na posamezna anketna vpra{anja bi
lahko izpostavili naslednje ugotovitve. Pla~e trenerjev so po
mnenju najve~jega dela trenerjev {e vedno prenizke  glede na
zahtevnost in obseg  njihovega dela in bi morale biti urejeno
sistemsko na ravni dr`ave  za vse {portne panoge enako. Ve-
~ina trenerjev je menila, da bi moralo delo trenerjev {e bolj te-
meljiti na materialnem nagrajevanju. Zadovoljstvo trenerjev z
njihovim delom je visoko saj je samo 3% trenerjev  izrazilo
izrazito nezadovoljstvo s svojim delom. Trenerji {e vedno po-
zitivno ocenjujejo odnos delodajalcev do njihovega dela in
imajo ob~utek, da jih delodajalci cenijo in spo{tujejo. Bolj ne-
zadovoljni so bili trenerji z materialnimi razmerami, v katerih
so delovali, saj je samo vsak peti trener  bil mnenja, da so ma-
terialne razmere za njihovo delo dobre. Trenerji so se ve~ino-
ma opredelili za zakonsko ureditev njihovega delovanja in so
menili, da bi morali imeti na ravni dr`ave ustrezno stanovsko
zdru`enje trenerjev. Prav tako so  podprli projekt zaposlova-
nja trenerjev preko Ministrstva za {olstvo, znanost in {port tu-
di v prihodnje. Trenerji se ve~inoma strinjajo s trditvijo, da nji-
hovo delo predvsem managersko in da v obdobju adolescence
opravljajo izjemno pomembno vzgojno funkcijo. Ve~ina tre-
nerjev je menila, da je njihovo delo te`je kot delo profesorja
telesne vzgoje v {oli in hkrati slab{e dru`beno vrednoteno. Si-
stem licenciranja bi moral vklju~evati pla~ilo licence, ustrezno
izobrazbo in stalno dopolnilno izobra`evanje. Le vsak peti tre-
ner se je strinjal s trditvijo, da je imel pri svojem strokovnem
delu dobre mo`nosti za razvojno delo, inovacije, ustvarjalnost
in lasten {tudij. 
Klju~ne besede: sociologija {porta, trenerji, samo-ovrednote-
nje, pogoji za delo
Contact address
Bojan Jo{t
University of Ljubljana – Faculty of Sport
Gortanova 22, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Phone: +386 1 540-10-77, Fax: +386 1 540-22-33
E-mail: Bojan.Jost@sp.uni-lj.si

24 Jo{t, B,. Dolenec, M., Pustovrh, J., Lesko{ek, B., Vest, A. L. (2001). Views held by Slovene coaches on… KinSI 7(1–2), 23–29
INTRODUCTION
The objective of the research was to study the views
held by Slovene coaches on some issues which are of
importance for the development of professional work
of coaches. Coaches, who are perceived in the role of
sports pedagogues and managers as the agents of de-
velopment of sport culture, have special ethical, mo-
ral, social, pedagogical, and health-related responsi-
bilities and concern for the young, who strive for the
best possible sports achievements (Curry, & Jiobu,
1984; Deci, Vallerand, Pelletier, & Ryan, 1991;
Snyder, & Spreitzer, 1983). In this sense, society must
define the meaning and the structure of the professio-
nal role of the coach, who will, by way of his profes-
sion, develop the sport culture inside sport organisa-
tions (Doherty, & Chelladurai, 1999; Moorhead, &
Griffin, 1995; Schein, 1990). The professional role of
the coach includes all those activities, patterns of be-
haviour and acts, which society has established in de-
fining the professional work of the coach. The coach’s
work is highly professional and ethically responsible
and requires that an individual has suitable professio-
nal qualifications. The foundation of this qualification
represents the basic professional training of coaches.
However, by attaining the prescribed level of educa-
tion, the coach is still not adequately professionally
qualified to take over the most responsible professio-
nal roles. In order to become masters in their profes-
sion, coaches must, through their own activity, deve-
lop to a high professional level, which will enable
them to work successfully in practice (Derkatsch, & Is-
sajew, 1986).
Approximately 3000 individuals of various educatio-
nal profiles, professional qualification, and practical
experience are active in the role of coach in Slovenia.
In taking care of suitable social profiling of the coac-
hes, the highest socio-political organisations and pro-
fessional bodies are of particular importance. Their
task and duty is to raise the educational level and pro-
fessional qualification of the coaches and to ensure
suitable conditions for their work, irrespective of the
fact whether the coaches are employed full-time or
only part-time. Here, the most can be done by the
coaches themselves with their self-criticism and pro-
fessional orientation towards the future. The coaches
are the greatest professionals and agents of the deve-
lopment of professional work in practice, and the cu-
stomers and users of the theoretical and scientific re-
search work. They are by all means entitled in their
work to the right to associate professionally, to estab-
lish professional bodies, to associate with related pro-
fessional associations, to develop own development
strategy of work, to set up suitable social standards of
work and to participate in the administration of their
professional and social activity and in their professio-
nal development and training.
The subject and the problem of the current research
has thus been directed towards the identification of
the structure of the selected views of Slovene coaches
that touch the following issues: the social role of the
coaching profession; education and professional qua-
lification of coaches; self-evaluation of the satisfac-
tion with work in the coaching profession; evaluation
of the essential issues present in the work of coaches;
systemic social regulation of the work of coaches, the
system of licensing, and the system of education of
coaches.
RESEARCH METHODS
The sample covered the coaches actively engaged in
Slovene competitive sports in one of the 64 sports se-
lected. The coaches had to fulfil two basic conditions.
The first condition was that during the surveying, i.e.
from October 1st, 1997 to February 15th, 1998, they
were active coaches at least for half a year and the se-
cond condition was that it was possible to establish
contact with them. Thus, 3032 personal addresses of
the coaches were obtained with the help of the re-
public branch associations, the Olympic Committee
of Slovenia - Federation of Sports Associations, and
individual sport clubs. From the total number of the
survey questionnaires sent, the addressed subjects re-
turned 1418 questionnaires, which represents 46.4%.
It could be said that the sample of the coaches is a re-
presentative indicator of the widest population of Slo-
vene coaches.
The majority of the coaches (89.7%) were males and
had Slovene citizenship (97.3%). The average age of
the coaches was 38 years. The prevalence of men in
the sample was large and corresponds to the finding
by Hart and Hasbrook (1986) who say that women in
principle do not appear in the role of coaches as the
work of coaches is not a desirable social role for wo-
men. 22.2% of the coaches received adequate profes-
sional university education. The largest number of the
coaches (45.2%) received secondary education. The
large majority (79.3%) of the coaches worked in the
role of a coach without university education; 6% were
teachers of physical education; and 73.3% of the
coaches acquired one of the professional amateur tit-
les.
The span of amateur work was on average slightly lon-
ger (10.7 years) than that of professional work (7.83
years). Only 15% of the coaches worked more than
twenty years as amateurs, and only 7% of the coac-
hes worked more than twenty years as professional
coaches. Two thirds of the professionally active coac-
hes worked in their profession only 10 years. The ma-

25 Jo{t, B,. Dolenec, M., Pustovrh, J., Lesko{ek, B., Vest, A. L. (2001). Views held by Slovene coaches on… KinSI 7(1–2), 23–29
jority of the coaches attained their highest professio-
nal title in the nineties, especially in the period from
1995 to 1997. More than 90% of the coaches were
employed or were active on amateur basis in sports
clubs. Additionally, the coaches were most often
(71.6%) active in the republic sports associations. The
survey questionnaire consisted of 22 mostly closed
questions. 
The processing was carried out by means of a PC with
the statistical package SPSS 10.0 for Windows at the
Department for Computer Science and Informatics at
the Faculty of Sport in Ljubljana. Extent of agreement
in individual opinions and attitudes was evaluated by
absolute (n) and relative (in %) frequencies. 
RESULTS
The results of the research are shown according to the
goals and hypotheses set up in the research and are
given in separate tables.
Question Answer
Do you agree with the
statement that salaries
correspond to the high
demands and scope of
the work?
Do you agree with the
statement that salaries
should be systemically
regulated on the level
of the state government
and that they should be
uniform for all sports?
Do you agree with the
statement that the sys-
tem of rewarding
should be based more
on material rewarding?
Do you agree with the
statement that the em-
ployment relationship
and salaries of coaches
depend on the agree-
ment reached by each
individual and that no
systemic regulation is
necessary?
Table 1: Structure of the answers to the questions
concerning the views held by the coaches on the
systemic regulation of payment of their work
Yes, only 
partly.
34,7%
Ye s , 
completely
9,6%
I don’t know.
16,2%
No.
39,5%
Yes, only 
partly.
37,3%
Yes, 
completely
50,4%
I don’t know.
4,7%
No.
7,6%
Yes, only 
partly.
34,6%
Yes, 
completely
41,1%
I don’t know.
14,2%
No.
10,1%
Yes, only 
partly.
31,1%
Yes, 
completely
26,1%
I don’t know.
9,6%
No.
33,2%
Question Answer
How satisfied are you
with your previous
work in sport?
Do you agree with the
statement that the rela-
tionship of the emplo-
yers to you as a coach
is good; that they res-
pect you and your
work?
Do you agree with the
statement that material
conditions (equipment,
training means, trans-
port means, equipment
of competitors, etc.) in
which  you work at pre-
sent are good?
Table 2: Structure of the answers to the questions
concerning the satisfaction of the coaches with their
previous and current work in sport
Not satisfied.
8,3%
Partly 
satisfied.
42,1%
Satisfied.
46,6%
Definitely not 
satisfied.
3,1%
Yes, only 
partly.
37,6%
Yes, 
completely
37,0%
I don’t know.
9,4%
No.
16,0%
Yes, only 
partly.
44,7%
Yes, 
completely
17,4%
I don’t know.
1,1%
No.
36,8%
Question Answer
Do you agree with the
statement that the work
of coaches in sport
should be regulated by
the Law on Sport?
Table 4: Structure of the answers to the questions
concerning the views of the coaches on the syste-
mic regulation of their work
Yes, only 
partly.
22,5%
Yes, 
completely
66,6%
I don’t know.
7,0%
No.
3,9%
Table 3: Structure of the answers in defining the im-
portance of problems encountered by the coaches
in their work
Numer 
of occu-
rences 
on places 
1-3
Problem
Poor possibilities for extended professional 
training on one’s own 933
Poor salaries 519
Irregular payment of salaries 515
Poor material conditions463
Bad relationship of sports organisations 452
Poor competitive system 370
Poor co-operation with schools 291
Small potential which makes it more difficult 
to attain good results, as a result of which some
sports become unattractive to managers 219

26 Jo{t, B,. Dolenec, M., Pustovrh, J., Lesko{ek, B., Vest, A. L. (2001). Views held by Slovene coaches on… KinSI 7(1–2), 23–29
Question Answer
Do you agree with the
statement that the
coach is the main pro-
fessional manager in
the field of sport, who
is regularly engaged in
planning, programing,
organising, supervising
and decision-making?
Do you agree with the
statement that during
adolescence the coach
performs an extremely
important educational
function?
Do you agree with the
statement that the
work of coaches is
more demanding than
that of teachers of
sport education in
schools?
Do you agree with the
statement that the
coaching profession is
socially less respected
than the work of teac-
hers of sport education
in schools?
Table 5: Structure of the answers associated with
the doctrinaire professional issues of the coaching
profession 
Yes, only 
partly.
34,8%
Yes, 
completely
55,6%
I don’t know.
1,9%
No.
7,7%
I don’t know.
2,9%
Ye s, 
completely
90,7%
No.
0,6%
Yes, only 
partly.
5,8%
Yes, only 
partly.
27,3%
Yes, 
completely
54,8%
I don’t know.
6,7%
No.
11,2%
Yes, only 
partly.
24,9% Yes, 
completely
48,5%
I don’t know.
12,2%
No.
14,4%
Question Answer
Do you agree with the
statement that the sys-
tem of licensing should
include payment of the
licence?
Do you agree with the
statement that the sys-
tem of licensing should
include the completion
of adequate education?
Do you agree with the
statement that the sys-
tem of licensing should
include the completion
of permanent training?
Do you agree with the
statement that in pro-
fessional work you have
good possibilities for
developmental work,
innovations, creativity,
and own studies?
Table 6: Structure of the answers to the questions
concerning the views on the system of licensing the
coaches
Yes, only 
partly.
22,8%
Yes, 
completely
50,0%
I don’t know.
8,8%
No.
18,4%
Yes, only 
partly.
24,1%
Yes, 
completely
65,6%
I don’t know.
5,3%
No.
5,0%
Yes, only 
partly.
16,6%
Yes, 
completely
74,5%
I don’t know.
6,8%
No.
2,1%
Yes, only 
partly.
40,4%
Yes, 
completely
22,2%
I don’t know.
5,2%
No.
32,2%
Question Answer
Do you agree with the
statement that the pre-
sent studies at the Fa-
culty of Sport enable
the acquisition of basic
knowledge on the work
of a coach?
Are you satisfied with
the present forms of
professional training?
Table 7: Structure of the answers to the questions
concerning the views on the system of professional
qualification of coaches
Yes, only 
partly.
26,5%
Yes, 
completely
54,0%
I don’t know.
15,1%
No.
4,4%
Yes, only 
partly.
48,4%
Yes , 
completely
23,6%
I don’t know.
5,2%
No.
22,7%
Question Answer
Do you agree with the
statement that an asso-
ciation of coaches on
the level of the state is
required in the coac-
hing profession?
Do you agree with the
statement that employ-
ment of coaches by the
Ministry of Education,
Science and Sport de-
serves further support?
Yes, only 
partly.
18,6%
Ye s , 
completely
66,6%
I don’t know.
10,5%
No.
4,3%
Yes, only 
partly.
20,6%
Yes, 
completely
64,2%
I don’t know.
8,9%
No.
6,3%

27
DISCUSSION
The research, which included  more than 46% of the
Slovene coaches (n= 1418) actively engaged in com-
petition and top-level sports, gave a rough picture of
their views and opinions concerning the selected
components of the organisational culture in sport. The
majority of the coaches (see Table 1) disagreed
(39.5%)  or agreed partly (34.7%) with the statement
that their salaries correspond to the high demands
and scope of their work. This represents, without
doubt, a large problem in the work of coaches. The
nature of their work is often such that they are expo-
sed to whole-day physical and mental pressures. This
means that coaches do not have a fixed workday. We
could say that the profession of a coach does not in-
volve only professional activity, but the entire way of
life. Poor rewarding of coaches certainly contributes
to the relatively short span of professional activity (on
average approximately 10 years). In the opinion of
the majority of the coaches (50.4%), the solution of sa-
lary problems should take place systemically on the le-
vel of the state and for all sports. The rewarding of the
work of coaches should be based to a greater extent
on material rewarding. Coaches should also indivi-
dually negotiate the level of their salary and their con-
ditions of employment. The opinions concerning this
issue differ among the coaches. There prevailed tho-
se coaches (33.2%) in whose opinion systemic ap-
proach was more important one. On the basis of the
distribution of the answers it could be established that
coaches in general wish both higher salaries for their
work and that their salaries should be systemically re-
gulated on the level of the state.
Approximately 46.5% of the surveyed subjects (see
Table 2) were satisfied or partly satisfied with their
previous work in sport (42.1%). The results show an
encouraging picture. The degree of satisfaction is by
all means one of the essential components of success-
ful work of coaches. It is a generator of the coach’s will
and motivation for work (Duda, Chi, Newton, Wal-
ling, & Catley, 1995). The majority of the coaches
agreed completely (37%) or partly (37.6%) with the
statement that the relationship of their employers to
them is good; that their employers respect them and
appreciate their work. The opposite negative opinion
was expressed only by 16% of the coaches. Only
17.4% of the coaches agreed with the statement that
material conditions (equipment, training means, trans-
port means, equipment of competitors, etc.) are good
for the work of a coach. Many more were such coac-
hes who disagreed with this statement (36.8%). This
could mean that more than one third of the coaches
in Slovenia worked in bad material conditions. On
the other hand, only every fifth coach had good ma-
terial conditions for his work.
Among the most acute problems with which the Slo-
vene coaches were faced were ranked in the order of
importance (see Table 3): poor possibilities for exten-
ded professional training on one’s own, poor salaries,
irregular payment of salaries, poor material condi-
tions, bad relationship of sport organisations, bad
competition system, poor co-operation with schools,
small potential which makes it impossible to achieve
good results, as a result of which some sports beco-
me unattractive to managers. The coaches placed first
poor possibilities for extended professional training
on one’s own. The coaches are very self-critical to
their professional qualifications and knowledge. Un-
fortunately, it is precisely in the top-level sport that
the demand for new knowledge and the acquaintan-
ce with the latest methodologies and technologies is
the largest.  It is exactly the ignorance of the coach
that can be the cause of low successfulness of athle-
tes and hence also of the unsuccessfulness of the
coach’s work.
The majority of the coaches (66.6%) were of the opi-
nion (see Table 4) that their work should be regulated
by the Law on Sport. Only 3.9% of the coaches were
against the legislative regulation of the field of sport.
The coaches believe into the power of legislative re-
gulation of their professional activity. They probably
expect that by means of legislative regulation, the mi-
nimal social, professional, material, and financial con-
ditions for normal practising of their profession will
be provided. The majority of the coaches (66.6%)
were of the opinion that they should have an inde-
pendent association of coaches on the level of the sta-
te and also agreed that their employment over the
Ministry of Education and Sport deserves future sup-
port.
The majority, i.e. 55.6% of the coaches, agreed with
the statement that the coach is the main professional
manager in the field of sport, who is regularly enga-
ged in planning, programming, organising and deci-
Jo{t, B,. Dolenec, M., Pustovrh, J., Lesko{ek, B., Vest, A. L. (2001). Views held by Slovene coaches on… KinSI 7(1–2), 23–29
Question Answer
Do you agree with the
statement that a coach
of younger age catego-
ries needs professional
qualification in his
work?
Do you agree with the
statement that for coac-
hes of top-level athletes
no restrictions should
be imposed regarding
their professional quali-
fication?
Yes, only 
partly.
36,6%
Ye s, 
completely
36,8%
I don’t know.
1,9%
No.
24,7%
Yes, only 
partly.
32,2%
Yes, 
completely
35,2%
I don’t know.
3,7% No.
28,9%

28
sion-making (see Table 5). As Hagedorn (1991) says,
»the coach guides and not only informs the athlete«.
More than 95% of the surveyed subjects agreed com-
pletely or partly with the statement that in the period
of adolescence the coach carries out an extremely im-
portant educational function. A similar finding is sta-
ted by Capel, Sisley and Desertrain (1987): »The
coach has a double function: he is both an educator-
teacher and a coach«. The majority, i.e. 54.7% of the
respondents, agreed with the statement that the work
of coaches is more demanding than the work of teac-
hers of sport education at schools. 48.5% of the sur-
veyed coaches agreed with the statement that the
coaching profession is socially less respected than the
work of teachers of sport education at schools. A com-
parison between a coach and a teacher of sport
(physical) education shows that the coaches are to the
largest extent convinced that their profession is more
difficult. In their work, coaches are more exposed to
the public; their contact with athletes is more perso-
nal and requires more time; the coach is constantly
under the pressure of achievement, expectations of
the public; the coach continues to live with his or her
work also when his or her formal workday is over; the
coach usually has no free weekends, summer holi-
days. The coach most often works during the holi-
days. The work of the coach has still not been suffi-
ciently systemically regulated or regulated by law. If
we compare the work of teachers of physical educa-
tion and coaches we see that the teaching profession
is regulated by law or the collective agreement for
education, so that this profession can only be pursued
professionally. In the opinion of Caccese and Mayer-
berg (1984), the work of a coach is very stressful (con-
stant emotional relations with the protégés; pressures
of sport achievement; long hours of planning, organi-
sing, consulting; hours spent on travelling; problems
with schools; confrontation with parents, media, spec-
tators; financial problems).
As shown by the answers concerning the licensing sys-
tem (see Table 6), the coaches mostly agree that this
system is necessary. Half of the surveyed coaches
agreed with the statement that the system of granting
licences to the coaches should also include payment
of the licence. Only 5% of the surveyed coaches did
not agree with the statement that the system of licen-
sing should also include the completion of adequate
education. A large majority of the coaches agreed
with the statement that the system of licensing should
also include a permanent form of extended training.
Approximately one third of the surveyed subjects
(32.2%) disagreed with the statement that in their pro-
fessional work they have good possibilities for deve-
lopmental professional work, innovations, creativity
and own studies.
The majority of the coaches agreed completely
(36.8%) or partly (36.6%) with the statement (see Tab-
le 7) that coaches of younger age categories require
professional qualification for their work. The surve-
yed coaches agreed completely (35.2%) or partly
(32.2%) with the statement that for the coaches of
top-level athletes no restrictions should be imposed
regarding their professional qualification. The coac-
hes are thus of the opinion that in work with young
athletes, adequate academic professional education is
required. This field has already been regulated in Slo-
venia by the Law on Sport which provides for that for
the professional work with young athletes the coach
must have university education. As found by Buxton,
Lankford and Noda (1992), coaches with suitable
education have greater possibility for promotion, hig-
her capacities for creative work, better possibilities for
material rewards, salary, and larger job security. Coac-
hes without professional qualification are more moti-
vated for their work with inner motives (personal sa-
tisfaction), while those with a certificate ascribe
greater import to material stimulation.
54% of the respondents agreed with the statement
(see Table 7) that the present studies at the Faculty of
Sport enable to acquire basic knowledge on the
coach’s work. Approximately the same proportion of
the coaches agreed with (23.6%) and disagreed
(22.7%) with the statement that they can be content
with the present forms of professional qualification.
Too little attention is being paid to professional qua-
lification of coaches. Encouraging  is, however, a re-
latively self-critical evaluation of own work and posi-
tion of the coaches, which clearly suggests  to those
involved in the management of sport in Slovenia that
in the transition into the new millennium it is neces-
sary to pay much greater social attention and to pro-
vide systemic support to the most fundamental field
for the development of the culture of sport.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the Slovene Ministry
of Science and Technology and Slovene Ministry of
Education and Sport. Authors would like to thank to
the students of the Faculty of Sport for helping to col-
lect the data.
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