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NEUROSCIENCE OF MOVEMENT
TwinBrain Summer School 2.0, Piran, Slovenia 4-9 July 2022
In our daily lives, we do many things automatically. And although we often seem 
to respond without the slightest mental effort, there are a multitude of complex proces-
ses going on in our brains. We only realize how difficult a task is when we (re)learn 
a certain cognitive-motor task, such as keeping our balance on skis or while surfing, 
or even when grasping a spoon after a stroke. On the other hand, we know of several 
progressive neurodegenerative diseases that prevent the smooth performance of eve-
ryday tasks. James Parkinson recognized that progressive Parkinson’s disease (PD) is 
associated with debilitating features including postural instability and gait difficulties 
(PIGD), such as falls and freezing of gait. PD initially causes physical symptoms but 
later, problems with cognitive function, including forgetfulness and difficulty concen-
trating, may occur. As the disease worsens over time, many people develop dementia.
Studying the dynamics of the brain during the most routine movements, such as 
walking, balancing or learning new motor-cognitive tasks, remains a major challenge 
for neuroscience. For the TwinBrain Summer School 2.0, we have invited an interna-
tional team of experts to report on the latest discoveries in the field of neuroscience on 
movement topics and to provide insight into how brain imaging technology can contri-

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bute to the understanding of brain function and disease development. Recent advances 
in wireless and portable technologies allow us to take experimentation a step further 
into real life or situations that reflect everyday experiences. Therefore, the latest de-
velopments in Mobile Brain/Body Imaging (MoBI) were presented by internationally 
recognized experts from Slovenia, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Belgium, the Czech 
Republic, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and the USA. The TwinBrain Summer 
School 2.0 was held on July 4-9, 2022, in Piran, Slovenia. The next Summer School 3.0 
is scheduled for June 19-24, 2023, again in Piran, Slovenia.
Uroš Marušič

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NEVROZNANOST GIBANJA
Poletna šola TwinBrain 2.0, Piran, Slovenija, 4. –9. julij 2022
V vsakdanjem življenju veliko stvari počnemo samodejno. In čeprav se pogosto 
zdi, da se odzovemo brez najmanjšega miselnega napora, v naših možganih potekajo 
številni kompleksni procesi. Kako težka je ta naloga, se zavemo šele, ko se (ponovno) 
naučimo določene kognitivno-motorične naloge, kot je ohranjanje ravnotežja na smu-
čeh ali med deskanjem ali celo prijemanje žlice po možganski kapi. Hkrati poznamo 
več nevrodegenerativnih bolezni, ki napredujejo in onemogočajo nemoteno opravljanje 
vsakodnevnih opravil. Že James Parkinson je poročal, da je progresivna Parkinsonova 
bolezen (PD) povezana z izčrpavajočimi značilnostmi, kot so posturalna nestabilnost in 
težave pri hoji (PIGD) ter tudi padci in zamrznitev hoje. PD na začetku povzroči telesne 
simptome. Pozneje se lahko pojavijo tudi težave s kognitivnimi funkcijami, vključno s 
pozabljivostjo in nezmožnostjo koncentracije. Ko se bolezen sčasoma poslabša, veliko 
ljudi razvije demenco.
Proučevanje dinamike možganov med večino rutinskih gibov, kot so hoja, ravno-
težje ali učenje novih motorično-kognitivnih nalog, ostaja velik izziv za nevroznanost. 
Na poletno šolo TwinBrain 2.0 smo povabili mednarodno ekipo strokovnjakov, da bi 

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poročali o najnovejših odkritjih na področju nevroznanosti gibanja in zagotovili vpo-
gled v to, kako lahko tehnologija slikanja možganov prispeva k razumevanju delovanja 
teh in razvoja bolezni. Novejši napredek na področju brezžičnih in prenosljivih tehno-
logij nam omogoča, da gremo korak naprej pri eksperimentiranju in sicer v resnično 
življenje oz. okoliščine, ki odsevajo vsakodnevne izkušnje. Zato so najnovejše dosež-
ke na področju Mobile Brain/Body Imaging (MoBI) predstavili mednarodno priznani 
strokovnjaki iz Slovenije, Nemčije, Švice, Italije, Belgije, Češke, Hrvaške, Bosne in 
Hercegovine in ZDA. Poletna šola TwinBrain 2.0 je potekala od 4. do 9. julija 2022 
v Piranu. Naslednja Poletna šola 3.0 bo predvidoma organizirana od 19. do 24. junija 
2023, ponovno v Piranu.
Uroš Marušič