OriginalScientificArticle
BigDataAnalysisofSustainableTourism
CompetitivenessinEastJavaProvince
DiasSatria
UniversitasBrawijaya,Indonesia
dias.satria@ub.ac.id
JoshiMaharaniWibowo
UniversitasSurabaya,Indonesia
joshiwibowo@staff.ubaya.ac.id
East Java Province is known as one of Indonesia’s regions that has succeeded in in-
creasingtheirregionaleconomicgrowththroughtourismactivities.Thestudy’saim
was to analyse East Java Province’s sustainable tourism competitiveness potential
usingreviewdatafromtheTripAdvisorwebsitein2019.TripAdvisorreviewsareex-
amplesofbig dataforqualitativeresearchthatprovide informationabout particular
tourism competitiveness, like demographic condition, destinations characteristics,
andtourismpreference.Thisresearchchoosesthreetourismdestinationswithhigh
competitivenessinEastJava,namely:JatimPark2,IjenCrater,andBromo,Tengger,
and Semeru National Park (btsnp). Tourism activity in East Java has high com-
petitiveness and sustainability. This researchfound that the sustainable tourism ac-
tivity with high competitiveness can not only be applied to nature-based tourism
destinations,such as Ijen Crater and btsnp but also to artificial tourism like Jatim
Park2.Supposetherelatedstakeholderscanexploreandmanagethemwell.Inthat
case,tourismactivityinEastJavaProvincecanextendtouristspending,theirlength
of stay and finally increase regional income in East Java. To accomplish this goal,
we provided four recommendation to related stakeholders in the shape of strate-
gicpolicies to increasecompetitivenesscapability and economicactivity in theEast
Java Tourism Area. These are the following four strategies: tourism business level-
ling, local common tourism brand-enhancing, local tourism integration, and cash-
lesstransactionpromotion.
Keywords: big data,tourismcompetitiveness,East Java,sustainabletourism
https://doi.org/10.26493/2335-4194.14.189-203
Introduction
The tourism sector has been one of the relatively sta-
ble sectors in regional economic growth, especially in
the 4.0 industrialization era (Industry 4.0 era). There
are a group of young people called ‘millennial trav-
ellers,’ known to have a significant role in provoking
tourismactivity(Poerwanto&Shambodo,2020).Sub-
arkah (2018) also declared that millennial travellers
significantlycontributetotheregionaleconomyabout
101 usd to 500 usd by visiting tourism destinations
around the particular area. The Ministry of Tourism
and Creative Economy of Indonesia (2020) measured
the high demand from the millennial generation in
Indonesia, roughly about 5.5 or 2.8 billion Rupiah
of the Indonesia National Gross Domestic Product
(gdp). The related stakeholders, especially the gov-
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ernment, are trying to develop many potential sites
into tourism destinations to meet that demand. One
of the Indonesian regions that is intensively develop-
ing many possible areas into tourism sites is East Java
Province.
In this province, the tourism industry is known as
‘The Awakening Giant,’ because East Java has a mas-
sive amount of natural and social resources that can
be turned into tourism activity to attract suitable in-
vestors (Ministry of Communication and Informat-
ics, 2019). Therefore, most cities and suburbs in East
Java Province have their own local tourism destina-
tions to increasetheir local economicgrowth,such as
Jawa Timur Park, an amusementpark in Batu City, or
Purwodadi Botanical Garden in Pasuruan Regency.
Besides local tourism destinations, several tourism
destinations are developed and promoted in the in-
ternationaltourism market,such as: Bromo, Tengger,
SemeruNationalPark(btsnp)andIjenCrater.These
twodestinationsarementionedinthe Medium-Term
National Development Plan 2020–2024 as two of ten
Indonesia priority tourism destinations.
The tourism sector growth in East Java Province
was shown from East Java overseas visit data through
Juanda International Airport and Room Occupancy
Rates of star hotels data in East Java. In March 2019,
foreign tourist visits to East Java Province increased
by 22.8 (21,565 visits) from February–March 2019
(17,561visits).TheRoomOccupancyRateofstarhotels
also showed growth by 0.82 in March 2019 (Central
StatisticsAgencyofEastJavaProvince,2019).Toantic-
ipate and utilize the growthof tourism sectors in East
Java,theregionalgovernmenthastriedtodevelopEast
Java Province tourism activity using a cluster system.
Based on the Presidential Regulation of the Republic
of Indonesia in Article 80 year 2019, the development
ofEastJavatourismactivitywasdividedintotwoclus-
terareas,whicharetheBromo-Tengger-Semeru(bts)
Priority Area and Ijen Supportive Circular Area, as
stated.
EastJavaProvincetourismsectordevelopmentwas
centred in the bts priority area as the core area. This
area has a high potential for nature-based tourism,
suchasecotourism,agrotourism,educationaltourism,
andmarinetourism.Thedevelopmentofthe bts pri-
Figure1 PriorityandSupportive AreaofEastJava
Province Map
ority area as a tourism site was supported by the Ijen
Supportive Circular Area. Ijen Supportive Circular
Area has a similar demographic to the bts priority
areaandisfamousasatourismsitebecauseithasthree
tourism destinations known asSegitigaBerlian (The
Triangle of Diamond). These three destinations are
Ijen Crater, Sukamade Beach, and Plengkung Beach
(G-Land). Besides these three main destinations, Ijen
Supportive Circular Area also has various terrestrial
reliefs that could potentially become tourism areas,
likehighlands,mountainranges,volcanoes,hills(Ijen
and Raung Mount), and lowlands and coasts (Suhato,
2016).
The development of the Ijen Supportive Circu-
lar Area was undertaken to support the bts prior-
ityareabyattractingtouriststhatvisitBaliIslandto
visittourismsitesinEastJavaProvince(BankIndone-
sia, 2020). To accomplish that goal, the related gov-
ernment has tried to develop new tourism destina-
tions around bts and Ijen, such as Marina Boom in
BanyuwangiRegencyorEdelweissVillageinWonokri-
tiVillage(Nanda,2018;Wibowoetal.,2019).Byde-
veloping tourism potential in East Java Province, the
related government is not only aiming for regional
economic growth but also economic equity in East
JavaProvince ruralareas.
Onecitythatsuccessfullygrewasamoderntourism
industrial area in East Java is Batu City. Batu City
successfully developed its area through tourism ac-
tivityandpositivelyimpactedthelocalcommunity’ s
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economybyallowingthemtoparticipatein voluntary
activities, like maintaining cleanliness, security, and
tourism destination promotion (Nurhayati, 2009).
OneofthemostfavouredtourismdestinationsinBatu
City is Jatim Park (Jawa Timur Park), especially Ja-
tim Park 2. Jatim Park 2, also known as Batu Secret
Zoo, is a tourism destination in East Java Province
recommended by TripAdvisor as one of Batu City’s
must-visit tourism destinations (TripAdvisor, 2020a).
Not only that, many positive reviews from local com-
munities andvisitors to Jatim Park 2 alsosupport this
factthroughword-of-mouthpromotion(Apriliaetal.,
2015). Accordingtothis fact, Jatim Park 2 is known as
an ideal artificial tourism destination that has posi-
tivelyinfluencedtheEastJavacommunity’ssocialand
economic environment.
Based on the case of Jatim Park 2 reviews in Tri-
pAdvisor, we can conclude that social media has a
highimpactontourismsectors.Suanpang(2020)and
unwto (2020) also stated that social media such as
TripAdvisor, Instagram, and Facebook played an im-
portantrole in tourism competitivenessin 2020. This
phenomenon happened because many visitors tried
to tell other people about their experience at some
tourism sites using social media. These experiences,
written in social media, are called ‘tourism reviews’
and cover tourism destination competitiveness such
as accessibility, facilities, and environmental condi-
tions(Xiangetal.,2017).Manypeoplecanaccessthese
reviews and use them for many purposes like accom-
modation preference or government policy consider-
ation. By using them for research purposes, tourism
reviews can be classified as specified big data because
textual-styledatalikesocialmediareviewscanrepre-
senttheemotions,perspective,andfeelingsofavisitor
during their visit to specific tourism destinations (Li
etal.,2018).
According to previous research, social media re-
viewscaninfluencetourismdestinations’competitive-
ness. Menk et al. (2018) and Schuckert et al. (2015)
stated that social media positively impacts tourism
destinationcompetitivenessthroughdataexploration.
The potential consumers (travellers) usually do some
onlineresearchbeforevisitingaparticulardestination
based on their preferences. Using social media, po-
tential visitors try to find their preferred tourism site
basedontheirbudgetandprovidedactivity(Giglioet
al., 2019). If stakeholderslike thegovernmentorlocal
communitiescanprocessthisdataverywell,theycan
useittomakeappropriateandsuitabletourismde-
velopment strategies. For example, nature-based eco-
tourismneedstourismstrategyandactivitytoincrease
tourism and the economy. Still, it needs to have a low
negative impact to avoid exploiting the ecological en-
vironment and social capital around tourism destina-
tions(Sunardietal.,2019).
Based on that fact, this research was conducted
to observe East Java Province tourism sustainable
competitiveness using social media TripAdvisor re-
view data in 2019. This study focused on three ma-
jor tourism destinations:Bromo TenggerSemeru Na-
tionalPark(btsnp),IjenCrater,andJatimPark2.All
three destinations were selected due to their appear-
anceinthetop15TripAdvisor-recommendedtourism
destinations in East Java, their positive impact on the
local community, and site location (President of the
RepublicofIndonesia,2019;TripAdvisor,2020b).The
result of this research is expected to support related
parties in maximizing East Java tourism competitive-
ness. By maximizing tourism competitiveness in East
Java Province, in the near future, tourism sectors will
come back and give the positive economic impact to
EastJavaregional gdp andcanbecountedasonepo-
tential sector with a high resilience and growth after
covid-19era.
LiteratureReview
SustainableTourism
Sustainable tourism is a tourism activity that inte-
grates economic activity with social and natural cap-
ital around the destination (Tsaur et al., 2006). The
tourismdestination,fromthisperspective,shouldin-
clude local cultural identity as the main attraction
withoutsacrificingtouristprotection,satisfaction,and
the environment around the destination. That is why
sustainable tourism activity development should be
undertaken based on socio-economic aspects follow-
ing regional and national economic development
growth in the destination area (Pavlic et al., 2019).
Most of the time, sustainable tourism development in
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particular destinations was undertaken as a regional
or national sustainable development policy project.
The related stakeholder tried to preserve biodiversity
andsocialcapitalinthesurroundingareathroughsus-
tainable tourism activity. Sustainable tourism activity
also positively impacts the local community in social
andeconomicsectorsbyincreasingtheirincome,and
reducing poverty and the unemployment rate around
tourismdestinations(Tung&Cuong,2020).
For some time, economic and social impacts on
localpeoplehavebeenconsideredastourismdestina-
tionlong-termguaranteestomaintaintourismactivity
and tourist satisfaction at tourism sites (Nestoroska,
2012). The concept of a sustainable tourism destina-
tion is known to maintain tourist satisfaction for re-
turning and newcomer tourists due to their manage-
ment trying to provide diverse experiences and sat-
isfy tourists. The sustainable tourism concept is com-
monlyknownasatourismmanagementcommitment
to managing all kinds of resources in destination ar-
eas for the economy, and social, and environmental
purposes (Hassan, 2000). This commitment is repre-
sented in management, tourist, and government acts
to preserve local culture, ecological cyclic processes,
biodiversity, and other life support systems. Sustain-
ability intourismsitescan onlybe achievedwhenev-
ery stakeholder, including tourists and local commu-
nities, can activelyparticipate in sustainable activities
and destination decision-making. This activity will
positivelyenhancethetourismactivityexperienceand
raise sustainable tourism awareness for tourists, local
communities, and other related stakeholders (Sasid-
haran& Krizaj,2018; Wibowo et al, 2019).
DigitalTourism
Digitaltourism,ore-tourism,isknownastheintegra-
tion of Information and Communication Technology
(ict), especially the internet, in the tourism industry
(Y anti,2019).Putraetal.(2018)statedthattourism
destinations could be introduced digitally to improve
theircompetitivenessbycreatingcontentandspread-
ing it digitally through social media, websites, televi-
sion, or another digital platform.This method, called
‘try-before-you-buy’canhelptouristcandidatestoget
a more realistic experience before deciding to visit a
particular destination (Gretzel et al., 2020; Heliany,
2019). In exchange, the related stakeholders can pro-
mote their destination in a broader range but with
lowercostandmoretargetedtraffic(Putraetal.,2018;
Yanti, 2019).
Indonesia’s government considers digital tourism
as a promotion strategy to improve Indonesian tour-
ism competitiveness among domestic and overseas
tourists (Putra et al., 2018). To realize that purpose,
theIndonesiaMinistryofTourismandCreativeEcon-
omy applied three main policies: Wonderful Startup
Academy, Nomadic Tourism, and Destinasi Digital
(digital destination) (Heliany, 2019). Through that
programme, the government and stakeholders could
communicateandmaximizetheimplementationofall
three main programmes to improve Indonesia’s eco-
nomicgrowththroughthetourismsector.Thispolicy
implementationhasalso beenfollowedby a new sup-
portingpolicy relatedtotourismdestinationbusiness
licenses owned by stalls around tourism destinations,
tourism information accessibility, and other tourism
activities.
TourismCompetitiveness
Tourism competitiveness is known as the capabil-
ity to attract tourists to visit and revisit a particular
tourism destination. The tourist revisit is one aspect
of the tourism destination competitiveness to main-
tain their popularity in the tourism industry (Chin et
al., 2014). The parameters to measure tourism com-
petitiveness are environmental, social, cultural, po-
litical, and technological aspects (Blanco-Cerradelo
etal.,2018).Tourismcompetitivenessmeasurementis
takentodeterminetheimpactoftourismfactors,such
as hospitality, commonwealth improvement, and lo-
cal community education level, especially sustainable
tourism awareness among youth of a particular des-
tination (Blanco-Cerradelo et al., 2018; Minciu et al.,
2010).Byanalysingthesevariousfactors,themanage-
ment party might determine a proper strategy to im-
prove the destination’s competitiveness, for example,
by making an adequate branding that is easily recog-
nized, like ‘Wonderful Indonesia,’ the iconic tourism
brandingfromIndonesia(Chenetal.,2016).
Sunaryo (2013) states there are many components
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that can be used to measure tourism competitive-
ness.Blanco-Cerradeloetal.(2018)measuredtourism
destination competitiveness based on destination at-
traction, welfare, and sustainability in their research.
Zhangetal.(2011)describedthattourismcompetitive-
ness could be measuredbased on tourist demandand
supply in the tourism market. In Indonesia, there are
five main parameters used to measure local tourism
competitiveness.Theparametersconsistofattraction,
accessibility, supporting facilities, information and
communication,andinstitutional(Sunaryo,2013).
BigData
Bigdataisclassifiedaslarge-scaleheterogeneousdata
that increases every day and consists of various types
ofdata(Sowmya&Suneetha,2017).PraveenandChan-
dra(2017)classifybigdataintothreetypes:structured,
unstructured, and semi-structured. Due to its data
variance, big data is managed through specific pro-
cessesasneededinresearch.Ifbigdataweremisman-
aged through an improper process, the data would be
useless for research purposes (Kusumasari & Rafizan,
2018). Tourism research usually uses structured data
fromsocialmediadatalikereviews,posts,andcom-
ments because this data has a unique characteris-
tic that is needed for academic purposes (Praveen &
Chandra,2017).
In previous research, big data was used to deter-
mine tourism competitiveness through tourist expe-
rience reviews (Xiang et al., 2017). Many studies state
thatsocial media datais moreaccuratethanquestion-
naire data for tourism research because the respon-
dentswritethereviewbasedontheirexperiencewhen
visitingthedestination(Aydin,2020;Sabiote-Ortizet
al.,2016;Sunetal.,2016).Theotheradvantageofusing
socialmediadataisthatalmostallofthesocialmedia
data(reviews, photos,status,etc.) werewrittenatthat
momentoralmostinreal-timebytheuser(Mohamed
&Al-Jaroodi,2014).
The big data paradigm in tourism research is fre-
quently formed as a framework of the smart tourism
destination. This framework consists of three steps,
namely data collection, interconnectivity, and data
analysis. Through this big data framework, the study
result is applied to establish new physical infrastruc-
ture,socialnetworking,andbusinessmodelstrategies
to enhance the efficiency of destination competitive-
nessandincreasethepositivevalueoftourismactivity
totherelatedstakeholders(Gretzeletal.,2015).
Methods
Thisresearchwasdonethroughaqualitativeapproach
consisting of data collection, analysis, and interpre-
tation through observation (Hussein Jaddou, 2007).
This research data was analysed based on the senti-
mentanalysisconceptusing‘nvivo 12’ tools.
Through nvivo 12, the data was classified and
mappedintothespecifictopicbasedonthesentiment
approach (positive, negative, and neutral). The result
of the sentiment analysis processed data was used to
describetheresearchresultclearlyasneeded(Yeetal.,
2009).
This study uses secondary data of btsnp, Ijen
Crater,and Jatim Park 2 tourist reviews from TripAd-
visor in 2019. This data was collected using the text
miningmethod,whichisamethodtogathervaluable
informationforanalysispurposes.Thistype ofanaly-
sisisappliedtocollectpreciseandexplicitinformation
that is briefly preserved to be analysed using a com-
puter or manually analysed by the researcher (Sari,
2020).
The study aimed to present a recommendation
about tourism development policy that promotes the
competitiveness, uniqueness, and inclusivity of East
Java Province. Figure 2 shows the flowchart of meth-
ods to achieve this objective. First, East Java Province
tourism was identified comprehensively through the
textminingmethod by theresearcher.Then,afterthe
potentialtourismcompetitivenesswasrecognized,we
tried to provide a recommendation policy based on
destination potential that can be considered and ap-
plied to increased East Java tourism competitiveness
in thefuture.
ResultsandDiscussion
EastJavaTourismProfile
We obtained 640 reviews written in 2019 related to
btsnp,IjenCrater,andJatimPark 2tourismdestina-
tions through the TripAdvisor site that can be classi-
fied asstructuredbig data.Table 1 showsthatthe Ijen
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EastJavatourismdataanalysis
(textmining)usingdatatourist
reviewfromTripAdvisorin2019
IdentificationofEastJava
TourismCompetitiveness
(SentimentAnalysis)
Attractiveness
Accessibility Institutional Competitiveness
Informationand
Communication
Infrastructure
andFacilities
Policy
Recommendation
Figure2 Conceptual Mindmap Flowchart
Craterwasthemostdemandedtourismdestinationof
East Java Province because Ijen Crater has the most
reviews (245 reviews) in 2019, followed by Jatim Park
2, and finally btsnp. Table 1 also shows that artificial
tourismdestinationslikeJatimPark2havehighcom-
petitivenesswith theothernature-basedtourismdes-
tinations in East Java because Jatim Park 2 has more
reviews(205reviews)than btsnp (190reviews).
DomestictouristsdominatedhighdemandinEast
Java tourism activity. Table 2 represents Indonesia as
thecountrywith themost peoplevisiting touristsites
in East Java Province, followed by Singapore, France,
Malaysia, and Italy. Most domestic tourists in East
Java Province came from outside provinces, such as
from dki Jakarta Province (from Jakarta City and
TangerangCity)orYogyakartaProvince.Thelowrate
of local East Java tourists shows a lack of interest in
East Java tourism. Therefore, tourism competitive-
nessinEastJavashouldbeimprovedtomeetthelocal
tourists’needsandinterests.
Table1 EastJava Tourism Reviews
Destination Numberof reviews
btsnp 
IjenCrater 
JatimPark 
Total 
Notes Table 1 shows analysis from text mining processed
data related to the btsnp, Ijen Crater, and Jatim Park 2
tourism destinations on the TripAdvisor website in 2019.
This data represented Ijen Crater as the most demanded
tourism destination of East Java Province, followed by the
JatimPark2and btsnp tourismdestinations.
Table2 CountriesandCitieswithMostNumberofEast
Java Province DestinationReviews
Country or city Number ofReviews
Indonesia 
Jakarta 
Malang 
Surabaya 
Tangerang 
Yogyakarta 
Batu 
Bali 
Bogor 
Banyuwangi 
Bekasi 
Singapore 
France 
Malaysia 
Italy 
The high interest of outside East Java Province
touristsshowninTable2wasfollowedbyanotherfind.
We found evidence that many tourists, especially do-
mestictourists,onlyspenttheirtimevisitingoneofthe
three East Java tourism destinations before returning
ortakingatriptoanothertourismdestinationoutside
East Java Province, like Bali Island. Figure 3 shows a
map of tourism mobilization across Bali and Java Is-
landsin2019.Accordingtothisfigure,wecanassume
Bali-Java tourists usually travel directly from Bali to
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Figure3 Javaand BaliIslandTourism Mobilization
inIndonesia
Yogyakarta,withoutvisitingmostofthetourismdesti-
nationsinEastJava.DespitethenumberofIjentourist
visits,mostofthetouristsdidnotbothertovisitother
destinations like btsnp and Jatim Park 2 when they
passed through East Java Province.
Figure 3 shows most of the tourists skipping the
leadingtourismdestinationinEastJavaprovince.This
evidence indicates that most East Java tourism desti-
nations have lower tourism competitiveness than Yo-
gyakartaandBaliIsland.AsianandEuropeantourists
preferred to visit Yogyakarta and Bali Island instead
of tourism destinations in East Java due to limited
visit duration, lack of easy accessibility, insufficient
supportive facilities, and low safety and health assur-
ance. These weaknesses were commonly mentioned
by tourists visiting East Java tourism destinations,es-
pecially tourism destinations in rural areas such as
btsnp. This weakness needs to be evaluated to iden-
tifyEastJavatourismcompetitivenessfurtherandrec-
ommendasuitablepolicy.Thus,thepolicyisexpected
tosupportEastJavatourismdevelopmentwithitsdis-
tinct geographic condition, infrastructural capacity,
and tourist andcommunity needsin 2021.
IdentificationofEastJavaProvinceTourism
CompetitivenessthroughPerspectiveAnalysis
AsingledataortouristreviewinTripAdvisorcouldbe
classified as more than one category label of tourism
competitiveness factors (accessibility; attraction; in-
formationandcommunication;institutionalandsup-
portive facilities). One review about the particular
destination in TripAdvisor usually consisted of many
things that can be classified in various aspects of East
Javatourismcompetitiveness,thusitmustnotbesep-
arated. Thereby, the number of data after being pro-
cessed in the coding step usually has more data than
theactual reviewsdata(640 reviews)(Table3) (Rach-
mat & Lukito, 2016). Aside from that, the analysed
perspectivereviewwasdeterminedasasinglelabelled
perspective (positive, neutral, or negative) (Bandur,
2016).
Table 3 shows the result of TripAdvisor reviews
data after being processed through coding and sen-
timent analysis in nvivo 12. The result shows that
IjenCrateris the most influential tourismdestination
in East Java Province tourism competitiveness com-
pared to Jatim Park 2 and btsnp. This interpretation
wasobtainedfromacomprehensivereviewanalysisof
coding data processing. The more particular tourism
destination was review data was processed in coding
step, then the more likely the tourist could sharetheir
experienceabout thattourismdestination(with posi-
tive,neutral,ornegativesentiments).Incontrast, bt-
snp had a low data processed in coding step, repre-
senting tourists’ low enthusiasm to review btsnp.
The results of the sentiment analysis processing
data and interpretationin East Java tourism competi-
tiveness will be explained based on five tourism com-
petitivenessparametersbelow.
Accessibility
Accessibility of a tourism destination includes the
transportation route support system, station, airport,
harbour, and other types of transportation existence
(Sunaryo, 2013). Based on reviews in TripAdvisor,
accessibility significantly harms btsnp competitive-
ness.
There are 54 reviews or 45.76 negative reviews
related to Ijen Crater accessibility and 13 reviews or
31.70 negative reviews related to btsnp accessibil-
ity.ManytouristswritethattheIjenCraterand btsnp
havepoorlightingconditions,andincompletepaving,
with a form of zig-zag and uphill routes. This con-
dition can be considered dangerous for new tourists,
especially because almost all of the btsnp and Ijen
Crater tourism activities are done at night. The study
showedthat151of245reviewscamefromtouriststhat
had taken trips to Ijen Crater at 1 am. A similar con-
dition was foundedat btsnp. Thereare178of 190 re-
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Table3 EastJavaTourismCompetitivenessbasedonSentimentAnalysis
Parameter btsnp JatimPark IjenCrater
() () () () () () () () ()
Accessibility         
Attraction         
InformationandCommunication         
I n s t i t u t i o n a l    
Supportive Facilities         
Total   
Notes Column headingsareasfollows:(1)positive,(2)neutral,(3)negative.Table3 showsanalysisresultsfrom thecoding
sentimentanalysisprocess in positive,neutral, andnegativereviews basedon btsnp, IjenCrater, andJatimPark 2tourism
destinationreviewsfromTripAdvisor2019.Thetotalnumberofcodingandprocessedreviewswasmorethantheactualtotal
reviews (640 reviews) in Table 1. But the sentiment analysisresult was the same with data from the coding process because
everysinglereviewisonlylabelledoncebasedontheirsentimentcharacteristic.
views written by tourists who took trips at 0–2 am in
btsnp.
Thepooraccessibilityofbothdestinationsisreduc-
ing the East Java tourism competitiveness. The poor
road infrastructural condition is harmful to tourists
with privatevehicles,like a motorbike.This condition
isworsenedbytheinfrequentscheduleofpublictrans-
portation, even in the day. Most of the tourists try to
overcome these obstacles by hiring the service of a
travel agency. However, tourists need to pay more for
travelagencyservices,andmanytravelagencyservices
in East Java Province try todefraudtouristsby charg-
ing them a high price or asking them to pay excess
costswhendoingthetrip.
On the other hand, we rarely found negative re-
views related to accessibility in Jatim Park 2. This
tourism site was considered to have high competi-
tiveness in accessibility since tourists can easily come
to Jatim Park 2 using public transportation, private
transportation,ormasstransportationlikeabus.This
accessibility was also enhanced with the operation
time of Jatim Park from 10 am to 5 pm, which pro-
vides higher safety and accessibility than btsnp or
IjenCrater.Despitehavingthatadvantage,JatimPark
2sometimesgetsnegativereviewsduetotrafficjamsin
BatuCityduringthehighseason(December–January
and July). This disadvantage had prevented tourists
fromvisitingJatimPark2atparticulartimes.
Attraction
Attractionin tourismdestinationsconsistsofnatural,
cultural,andartificialresourcesthathavebeenusedto
attracttourists(Sunaryo,2013).In2018,therewere265
natural-based destinations, 320 cultural-based desti-
nations, and 199 unique interest destinations in East
JavaProvince(BureauofCulturalandTourismofEast
Java, 2019). Most of the tourism destinations in East
Java Province are natural-based tourism, such as bt-
snp and Ijen Crater. Usually, tourists visit this type
of destination just once for hiking, sunrise seeking,
and to get a photographic experience. Many tourist
come to natural-based tourism on particular time
like in dawn for sunrise or dusk for sunset. Because
many of them considered natural-based tourism as
monotonous tourism activity, only looking to the na-
ture like sun, mountain, or forest without doing an-
othertourismactivity,whichthatcanprolongedtheir
leght of stay. This typical tourist behaviour poten-
tiallyharmsthedestinationenvironmentduetomany
tourist shortcomings at a specific area and time that
exceedsenvironmentcapacity.
However, special interest tourism like Jatim Park
2 has more advantages because they have various at-
tractionsandactivities.MuchartificialtourisminEast
Java has a high demand from tourists that come from
various regions. The management and related stake-
holders can spread the tourists to many areas and
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D i a sS a t r i aa n dJ o s h iM a h a r a n iW i b o w o B i gD a t aA n a ly s i s
avoidthempilingupinoneparticulararea.Theother
type of negative review that needs more attention due
to high negative sentiment is weather conditions in
East Java Province. Many negative reviews related to
attractions in East Java Province were due to rainy
weather when they came to the tourism site. This re-
view showed that most of the tourism destinations in
East Java were dominated by outdoor tourism activ-
ity and greatly influenced by the weather.The related
stakeholdersneedtoconsiderthisconditionwhende-
velopingatourismdestinationin EastJava Province.
InformaticsandCommunication
Information played a significant role in introducing
theadvantagesoftourismdestinationsthroughsocial
media (Heliany, 2019). Many tourists prefer to visit
tourism destinations with information that is easy to
find digitally, like on social media or websites. This
advantage is caused by the matching search option of
touristpreferenceontheinternet(Gretzeletal.,2020).
For example, tourism destinations were matched and
classified by the budget, online ticketing, or practical
trip when tourists travelled using a travel agency ser-
vice.
Figure 4 is an analysis result graph called a word
cloud,relatedtotheinformationandcommunication-
relatedcategory.Inthisfigure,wefoundmanysignifi-
cantkeywordsthatoftenappearinthereviews,suchas
operational hours, guide, experience, location, price,
worth, and ticket. The bigger the word in the picture,
suchas‘guide’or‘hours,’meansthateverythingrelated
to that word, such as ‘tour guide’ or ‘open hour,’ has
a more significant influence on the information and
communicationcategory.
Information transparency and good communica-
tionbetweengovernment,tourists,investors,thelocal
community, and tourism managers have significantly
influenced East Java tourism competitiveness. Poten-
tial tourists can find information related to tour and
travel agency services, tourism destination locations
and their open hours, transportation and accommo-
dation facilities, and other expenses they may need
inthefuture,whiletherelatedstakeholdersuchas
the local community and the businessmen around
the tourism destination also need that information
Figure4 Word Cloud Information and Communication
of East Java Tourism
to increase their economic activity by providing for
tourismneedsin thesurroundingarea.
InEastJava,JatimPark2andIjenCraterareknown
asthetourismdestinationsthatgivetrustedinforma-
tion through their official digital platforms such as
their website and Instagram account. Both tourism
destinations have adopted the tourism digitalization
concepttofacilitatetouristsandstakeholdersinterms
of tourism agency and activity information. The Ijen
Craterinformationcanbeaccessedonthebayuwangi-
tourism.com website while Jatim Park 2 information
can be obtained on the jtp.id website. Both forms of
digital media can provide information about online
tickets,tourismactivity,operationalhours,accommo-
dation, transportation, and nearby tourism destina-
tionstothetouristcandidateorrelatedstakeholders.
In contrast, the btsnp digital tourism informa-
tion condition was worse than both of these. There
was no official digital platform of btsnp available to
ourists, especially concerning the ticket, tourism ac-
tivity, operational hours, or nearby tourism destina-
tions. Usually, btsnp information was provided by
private travel agencies or individuals through social
media, like vloggers or ‘celebgrams’ (famous users on
Instagram). This condition drives tourists to gather
Academica Turistica, Year 14,No. 2,December 2021 |1 9 7

D i a sS a t r i aa n dJ o s h iM a h a r a n iW i b o w o B i gD a t aA n a ly s i s
the related informationon their own to avoid the risk
ofmoneyfraudwhendoingtourismactivitieslikepay-
ing for overpriced products or services, horse-riding,
andjacketrentinginthe btsnp area.
Institutional
‘Institutional’ is known as the category related to the
management party of tourism destinations, including
human resources and the local communities near the
destination, and private investors (Sunaryo, 2013). Ja-
tim Park 2 was regarded to have the lowest competi-
tiveness in institutional aspects due to the local com-
munityandminimumgovernmentparticipationinits
development. Many tourists have written negative re-
views of Jatim Park 2 institutional-related unfriendly
employeesthatmayharmtouristsafetyinsidethedes-
tinationbecausetheydonotwanttohearordealwith
tourist complaintsreasonably.
IjenCraterand btsnp institutionalconditionsare
different than those of Jatim Park 2. The local com-
munity participated significantly in tourism develop-
ment, which caused either positive or negative sen-
timents. Some local communities developed tourism
competitivenesspositivelythroughtheirfriendly atti-
tude, such as when local people try to greet tourists
satisfactorily or try to keep the surrounding destina-
tion clean from tourism activity waste. Based on the
research, Ijen Crater was known to have the highest
institutional competitiveness due to local communi-
ties’creativityinprovidingculinaryoffers,like‘rawon,’
grilledfish,and‘pecel.’Inthisaspect,thebtsnpdesti-
nationhaslowercompetitiveness,becausemostofthe
food around the btsnp area was dominated by fried
snacks and instant noodles that are easily found any-
whereinEastJavaProvince.
Related to negative sentiment, many tourists write
their reviews about nasty behaviour that comes from
the local community around tourism destinations.
Manylocalpeoplethinkoftouristsastheirgoldmine,
and scamming frequently happened in the tourism
area. Local people insisted tourists purchase their
overpriced products or services. For example, many
local people in the btsnp area force tourists to take
a horse ride in Bromo Mount for hiking with an ap-
proximatepriceofRp150,000.Similarconditionscan
befoundinIjenCrater.Thelocal communityinsisted
tourists to ride the trolley of sulphur carriers when
climbingordescendingJayaWijayaPeak(IjenMoun-
tain Peak) and calling this activity as ‘Trolley Ride’
with an approximate price of around Rp 250,000–Rp
300,000 for every trip (climbing or descending). Low
educationisregardedasthesignificantfactorin these
poormanners,despiteIjenCrater’ sstatusasaprior
tourismdestinationofEastJava.
SupportiveFacilities
Supportive facilities are the tourism competitiveness
category that covers all public facilities, including se-
curity, toilets, tourism agencies, souvenir shops, in-
formation centres, banking facilities, restaurants, and
others (Sunaryo, 2013). Jatim Park 2 is considered as
a fully-supported facility tourism destination com-
pared to the other two destinations. This statement
wasprovedbythehighnumberofpositivesentiments
(78.45) related to the review of supporting facilities
in Jatim Park 2. Most of the positive reviews were
about the hygienic toilets, proper parking site, and
goodmanagementofJatimPark2.Thisfullyprovided
facility has enhancedJatim Park 2 as a family-themed
park. Jatim Park 2 also has other facilities to meet the
requirementofspecialneedsconsumerslikepregnant
women,toddlers,andseniors.
In contrast, many supportive facilities around bt-
snp and Ijen Crater were severely damaged and un-
maintained.The btsnp andIjenCraterdevelopment
in the protected forest area was limited by Act No.5
of 1990 concerning Conservation of Living Natural
Resources and Ecosystem. Because of this regulation,
management and related stakeholders cannot freely
develop and maintain btsnp and Ijen Crater facil-
ities. The most negative perspective reviews of bt-
snp and Ijen Crater were about accommodation and
amenities in the tourism area as shown in Figure 5.
This figure highlights the words guide, toilets, jacket,
mask, dollars (financial service), stalls, and lighting.
These wordssignificantlyinfluence the supportivefa-
cilities category in btsnp and Ijen Crater negatively
or neutrally. The amount of btsnp and Ijen Crater
facilities were considered less accommodated and ex-
ceededthe touristcapacity. The amount ofBTsnp and
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D i a sS a t r i aa n dJ o s h iM a h a r a n iW i b o w o B i gD a t aA n a ly s i s
Figure5 Word Cloud of Negative Ijen Crater and btsnp
Supportive FacilitiesPerspective
Ijen Crater suportive facilities only a few and located
in certain area like rest area. Many tourist were con-
sidered this supportive facilities was not maintained,
lessaccommodatedandexceededthetouristcapacity.
This condition worsenedin peak seasonand at week-
ends.becausetheavailablefacilitiescannotaccommo-
date too many tourists who usually come on holiday.
Not only that, btsnp and Ijen Crater amenities and
accommodationwereconsideredexpensiveduetothe
lack of supportive facilities like clean water supply in
thesurroundingareas.
Wibowo (2020) stated that the sanitary and culi-
nary facilities of the btsnp area were preserved at a
high cost due to a lack of clean water sources.As a re-
sult, the local community needs to purchase water at
a very high price to meet tourist demand in the bt-
snp area.Thissimilarconditionwasalsofoundinthe
accommodation facilities in Cemorolawang (an area
nearby). Many tourists complained about the high-
costhotelswithuncleanandunmaintainedroomsand
toilets in their reviews. This condition can be consid-
eredasonefactorthatcanaffecttourismcompetitive-
nessnegativelyinthelongrun.Duetothiscondition,
manytouristsrefusetorevisitthe btsnp tourismsite
andseeknew tourismdestinationswithproperfacili-
tiessurroundingthetourismsite.
EastJavaProvinceSustainableTourism
Recommendation
Based on findings in this study, there are a few rec-
ommendation policies thatcan be applied to enhance
tourism competitiveness in East Java Province, as fol-
lows:
TourismBusinessLevelling
Levellingisdefinedasbusinesscapacityincrementac-
tivity, especially msmes (micro, small, and medium
enterprises)ownedbythelocalcommunitysurround-
ing the tourism site. According to the needs of local
community businesses, levelling activity of business
activity in tourism sites is provided through training
or business incubation activities. These activities aim
to improve tourism competitiveness through the fol-
lowing aspects:
•
Thecommunitywouldbeabletomanagebusi-
ness more professionally, including human re-
source management, production management,
financialmanagement,etc.
•
By introducing new innovations and technology
uses, the local community should be able to in-
crease their business capacity and attract more
consumers,especiallytourists.
•
Business owners would be able to expand their
business networkto find investorsmore easily.
•
Thewell-maintainedbusinessessurroundingthe
tourism area will enhance tourism competitive-
ness, especially in the accessibility category. This
condition will also give a multiplier effect to the
local community that previously never got the
positiveimpactoftourismactivity.
•
Positiveeconomicactivity surroundingthetour-
ismareawilleventuallyattractinvestorsthathave
an interest to maintain and improve supportive
facilities and services. The investment is usually
intheformof csr (corporatesocial responsibil-
ity) programmes,trainingclasses,orotheractiv-
ities.
LocalCommonBrandDevelopment
The tourism activity in East Java Province is unique
and makes it different from other tourism sites. The
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D i a sS a t r i aa n dJ o s h iM a h a r a n iW i b o w o B i gD a t aA n a ly s i s
uniquenessofEastJavatourismsitesandactivitymust
be highlighted through branding and promotion ac-
tivity. In tourism researchand developmentstrategies
and practices, branding and promotion are known as
the potential strategy in tourism sectors and can be
used to support sustainable tourism activity in East
JavaProvince.TherelatedstakeholderscanmakeEast
JavaProvincetourismwellandwidelyknownthrough
brandingandpromotingactivities,thusattractingin-
terestedtouriststofindoutmoreabouttourisminEast
Java Province.
East Java Province brand development might be
done through cultural and arts potential exploration.
W ellexploredandutilizedculturalandartspoten-
tial can create a positive tourism brand in East Java
Province. This term means that tourism brands inte-
gratetechnologywiththecharacteristiclocalphiloso-
phy of East Java tourism. The brand output is formed
in the online product such as digital content or phys-
ical products such as souvenirs, product packaging,
posters,flyers,andotherpromotionalproducts
LocalTourismIntegration
SustainabletourismdevelopmentofEastJavaProvince
willcauseahighmultipliereffectincertainareas.The
multiplier effect is able to increase the inclusive and
sustainable economic activity of the local commu-
nity. One effect is local business integration for each
tourismdestinationtomaximizetourismresourcepo-
tential. This local tourism integration programme of
East Java Province can be achieved through the col-
laboration of regional government, village govern-
ment, and youth communities (karangtaruna)near
totourismsites.
SupportingCashlessTransactions
Monetary facilities have become a matter of issue in
the tourism competitiveness of East Java. Through fi-
nancial literacy support, tourism economic activity
couldbeimproved,becomingmoreeffective,safe,and
remotely accessible. Cashless transactions would en-
hancethedigitalpayment environment.This concept
issupportedwithanonlinesystemtofacilitatetourism
activity for each party, such as estimating the cost for
tourists,determiningthenumberoftouristsforstake-
holders,touristnumbermanagementforthemanage-
mentparty,andtransactionof msmes.Recently,there
havebeendigitalplatformsthatcanfacilitatefinancial
transactionsinEastJavatourismdestinationstomake
them more efficient and safe, such as qris, go-pay,
ovo,and dana.
Conclusion,Limitation,andSuggestions
Conclusion
Following are the conclusions of this research about
sustainabletourismcompetitivenessofEastJavaProv-
ince:
1. Thenumber oftouristsin EastJavaProvincehas
increased annually, even though commonly only
one tourism destination is visited before leav-
ing East Java Province, like Bali Island and Yo-
gyakarta
2. Accordingto the perspective analysisabout East
Java tourism competitiveness, Ijen Crater is the
most competitive tourism destination, followed
by Jatim Park 2, then btsnp. Artificial or par-
ticular interest tourism destinations have high
potential to be developed in East Java Province
throughattractionexplorationduetotheircom-
petitiveness among nature-themed tourism des-
tinations.
3. According to perspective analysis results about
EastJavaProvincecompetitiveness,thefollowing
fourrecommendedpolicieswereobtainedtoim-
prove competitivenessand local economic activ-
ityneartourismdestinations:
•
Tourismbusiness levelling;
•
EastJavaProvincelocalcommonbranddevel-
opment;
•
Local tourismintegration;
•
Supportingcashless transactions.
Limitations
This article has limitations. First, we only obtained
data from the TripAdvisor site. Another limitation is
that we manually classified every review in the sen-
timent category. This process is time-consuming and
might influence the efficiency of characterizing crisis
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D i a sS a t r i aa n dJ o s h iM a h a r a n iW i b o w o B i gD a t aA n a ly s i s
information sharing. In the future, we will try to ob-
tainalargeramountofdatafromasimilarsitelike
Google Flights or Expedia to get a better insight. Not
only that, we also plan to apply automatic labelling
methodstoavoidthislimitation.
Suggestions
Based on the conclusion and limitations above, we
have two suggestions. First, trying to conduct a fur-
ther study about local community participation and
institutionalperspectivetoimproveEastJavaProvince
tourism competitiveness. Second, supposing the fur-
therresearchattemptstousethesamesentimentanal-
ysis method, we suggest applying automatic labelling
methods to ensure time efficiency while doing the re-
search.
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