«KypM^ He nTM^...» fleMOHonorMHecRaH opHMTonorMH b RpoccRynbTypHOM npocTpaHCTBe1
Onbea Eenoea, Bnaduuup nempyxun
he article is devoted to the comparative analyses of mythological motifs spread in the folk Slavic and Jewish traditions and connected with the beliefs about the bird-like demons.
he authors examine the legends and superstitions from the regions of close ethnic-cultural contacts, such as Western Ukraine, Western Belarus, and Poland, where the Slavic tradition had long-lasting interconnection with non-Slavic cultures. he aim of the investigation is to find parallels with the Slavic folklore evidences of bird features, which are attributed to some supernatural creatures in folk culture.
In particular folk beliefs about the bird-legged demons, which can be identified by their footprints, may have their roots in the Talmud tradition. We can suppose that these motifs came to the Old Russia literature (treatises against the pagans) through the Byzantine mediation. As for the Ukrainian and Byelorussian folk beliefs about the bird-like demons, some of them could have been borrowed from the folklore of their neighbors - the Jews.
his investigation was made in the framework of the research project "he Slavic Mythology: Results and Perspectives of Interdisciplinary Studies" supported by the Russian Foundation of Basic Research (grant 06-06-80095).
B cucTeMe TpagM^M0HH0M gyxoBHoft KynbTypbi cy^ecTByeT o6nacTb, 0œ6eHH0 oTKpbiTaa gna ^TH0KynbTypHbIx KOHTaKTOB. ^T0 o6nacTb HapogHoM geM0Honoruu: go HamHX gHeft ^onbKnopHbie geMoHonorMHecKMe npegcTaBneHua coxpaHaroT xapaKTep aKTyanbHbix BepoBaHMM, geMoHcTpupya He TonbKo ycT0MHMB0cTb apxaunecKux Moge-neft b HapogHoM co3HaHMM, ho m gocTaToHHo aKTMBHbift o6MeH nepcoHa^aMM u Bepo-BaHuaMM b ^0ïïM^THMHecKMx peruoHax (o6 ^T0M cm. TaK^e: BenoBa, neTpyxuH 2002). Hto KacaeTca cnaBaHcKoft u eBpeftcKoft TpagM^MM, HecMoTpa Ha rny6oKue pa3nuHua b pa3HHx c^epax HapogHoM KynbTypbi, b c^epe HapogHoM geM0Honoruu KaK pa3 u ocy-^ecTBnaeTca Me^KynbTypHHM guanor, b KoTopoM o6e cTopoHbi npoaBnaroT B3auMHyro 3auHTepecoBaHHocTb. Ha ^Ty oco6eHHocTb o6paTunu BHMMaHue e^e n.n. Hy6uHcKMM, roBopuBmuM o cxogcTBe b geM0HonoruHecKux npegcTaBneHuax yKpauH^B u eBpeeB -Hy6uHcKMM (1872: 58) u C.A. Ah-ckmm, nognepKMBaBmuft, hto HM3maa Mu^onorua, no cy^ecTBy, He 3HaeT K0H^eccu0HanbHbix ^paHM^ (EHC: 434). MMeHHo ^T0My acneKTy 6bT0BaHua cnaBaHcKux u eBpeftcKux geM0HonoruHecKux cro^eToB u npegcTaBneHMM nocBa^eHa Hama cTaTba.
Pa6oTa BbmcwrneHa b paMKax MccnegoBaTenbcKoro npoeKTa «CnaBaHcKaa MM^onorua: MToru m nepcneKTM-Bbi Me^gu^unnMHapHbix MccnegoBaHMM», noggep^aHHoro Poccmmckmm ^oHgoM ^yHgaMeHTanbHbix uc-cnegoBaHMM (npoeKT 06-06-80095).
197
«Kypu^a He rnu^...». fleM0HonoruHecKaa opHuTonorua b KpoccKynbTypHoM npocTpaHCTBe
B KaHecTBe HarnagHoro npuMepa yKa»eM Ha npaKTuKy npucnoco6neHua cnaBaH-CKoro uMeHu gna o6o3HaHeHua geM0HonoruHecKoro nepcoHa»a b eBpencKon Tpagu-^u. no noBepbaM nonbCKux eBpeeB, npoKnaran HenoBeK nocne CMepTu CTaH0BuTca 3Mopoû — Bpeg0H0CHMM 3AHM gyxoM. 3Mopa (zmora) noaBnaeTca b Buge K0Ta, neTyxa (Kypu^i), KpHCH, xopa; gymuT xonocTbix My»HuH, BbicacbiBaeT y nrogen KpoBb Hepe3 cocKu Ha rpygu (Lilientalowa 1905: 150). npucTpacTue geM0Ha k xonocTbiM My»HuHaM, 0HeBugH0, BMgaeT b HeM TpaHC^opMa^ro o6pa3a HunuT2, ogHaKo uMa CBoe nepcoHa» nonyHun, BuguMo, no aHanoruu co cboum cnaBaHCKuM co6paT0M — npegcTaBneHua o 3Mope (cp. npacnaB. *morb 'cMepTb'), Mu^onoruHecKoM nepcoHa»e, K0T0pbiM gymuT u MywT cna^ero HenoBeKa, mupoKo 6biTyroT Ha TeppuTopuu nonbmu (nogpo6Hee cm. Cfl 2: 341-344; cp.: Trachtenberg 2004: 36 ff.).
Mm He CTaBunu CBoen ^nbro CMogenupoBaTb HeKyro eguHyro napagurMy gna onucaHua B3auMooTHomeHun geM0HonoruHecKux ^neMeHT0B cocegcTByro^ux KynbTyp; Hama pa6oTa, CKopee, npegcTaBnaeT co6on nonbiTKy HaMeTuTb HeK0T0pbie 3HaHuMbie no3u^u, b K0T0pMx geM0HonoruHecKue BepoBaHua ogHon Tpagu^u o6peTaroT aKTy-anbHocTb gna HocuTenen gpyron Tpagu^u, u HaHuHaroT pa6oTaTb MexaHu3MM B3auM0-o6MeHa ^onbKnopHHM MaTepuanoM (npegcTaBnaeTca, hto o6MeH geM0HonoruHecKuMu cro»eTaMu/M0TuBaMu u nepcoHa»aMu uMeeT Ty »e npupogy, hto u o6MeH MaruHecKu-mu u KongoBCKuMu npaKTuKaMu).
Motub, CTaBmun ^HTpanbHbiM b ^T0M uccnegoBaHuu - ^T0 npegcTaBneHua 06 0pHuT0M0p^H0M o6nuKe geM0HuHecKux cy^ecTB eBpencKon u cnaBaHCKon Tpagu^M. 0cH0BH0n MaTepuan, nocny»uBmuñ 6a3on gna Hamero uccnegoBaHua, 6bin 3a^uK-cupoBaH b peruoHax TecHbix ^TH0KynbTypHHx K0HTaKT0B, rge cnaBaHCKaa Tpagu^a gonroe BpeMa B3auM0gencTB0Bana c uHocnaBaHCKuMu (3anagHaa YKpauHa u 3anagHaa Benopyccua, nonbma).
fleMOHH Ha «KypbMX HO^Kax». npegcTaBneHua o tom, hto geM0HM BMecTo CTyn-Hen uMeroT nTuHbu nana, u n0T0My ocTaBnaroT xapaKTepHbie cnegbi, no K0T0pbiM Bcerga mo»ho ono3HaTb npumenb^ u3 uHoro Mupa, rny6oKo yKopeHeHM b eBpencKon Tpagu-^u. 06nuK0M nTu^i b TanMyge Hagenanacb u «KpbinaTaa» HunuT (TpaKTaT Hugga 246; cp.: MHM 2: 55), Hen o6pa3 BocxoguT, b CBoro oHepegb, k myMepcKon KpanaTon geMo-hu^ HunuTy: cp. ee u3o6pa»eHue, gaTupyeMoe II tmc. go h^., c cobuhmmu KpanbaMu u nTuHbuMu nanaMu, croaren Ha gByx nbBax c coBaMu no CTopoHaM3 (Paccen 2001: 104, puc. 22; naTan 2005: 240; cxogHbiM o6nuK uMeeT aKKagcKue nuny, nunumy u JJaMammy, geM0HM u HygoBu^e, Bpega^ue po»eHu^M - cp.: Bag»: 2001: 99-102). My»CKuM aHa-noroM HunuT b anoKpu^ax u TanMyguHecKux nereHgax (BaBunoHCKaa araga) BMCTynaeT uHorga rnaBa geM0H0B AcMogen. B KHure Tobut (III,8; VI, 14) oh npecnegyeT nro6oBbro Cappy, goHb Paryuna, y6uBaa, ogHoro 3a gpyruM, ceMb ee My»en, noKa Tobut b 6paHHyro H0Hb He u3roHaeT ero, u tot yneTaeT b EruneT. B 3HaMeHuTon TanMyguHecKon nereHge o
2	CnegyeT oTMeTuTb, hto o6pa3 HunuT Haxogun cooTBeTCTBua b pa3Hwx KynbTypax, b nepByro oHepegb - b aHTuHHon: y»e b 6u6nencK0M nepeBoge MepoHuMa oHa 0T0»gecTBneHa c naMuen, hohhmm gyxoM, ry6a-^um geTen u BwcacwBaro^uM KpoBb y roHomen (cp. MHM. T. 2: 36, 55). y HapogoB EBponw, BKnroHaa ro»-HHx cnaBaH, naMua acco^uupyeTca c hohhmm «KomMapoM», Mapon (Mopon), CTpuron (cp. Cag geM0H0B: 165-167); b cpegHeBeK0B0n 3anagHoeBponencKon geM0Honoruu HunuT u naMuu cooTBeTCTByeT cyKKy6.
3	CoBa - HoHHaa rnu^, KaK u HunuT - HoHHaa geM0HU^a; aKKagcKoe nuny o3HaHano H0HH0r0 geM0Ha, 6po-gaHero noKonHuKa yMepmero 6e36paHHWM, u TaK»e «H0Hb»: EMenbaHoB 2003: 43.
198
Onrna EenoBa, BnaduMup nempyxun
ConoMOHe u AcMogee (TpaKTaT rMTTMH 68a), rnaBa geMOHOB o6MaHbiBaeT ^pa, npMHM-Maa ero o6nuK m 3aHUMaa ero MecTO bo gBop^, noKa ConoMOH npuHy*:geH cKUTaTbca hh^mm. Mygpe^i CuHegpuoHa o6pa^aroT BHMMaHMe Ha penu Hulero u y3HaroT, hto caMO3BaHe^ co^UTenbcTByeT c ^pcKUMU ^eHaMu b HeypoHHoe, c tohkm 3peHua Tpagu-^MM, BpeMa u nocaraeT ga^e Ha BupcaBuro - MaTb ConoMOHa. KpoMe Toro, oh HMKorga He pa3yBaeTca: Torga Mygpe^i y6e»:garoTca, hto Ha npecTone - o6opoTeHb, Begb y ge-mohob - neTymuHHe Horn. Ohm noxu^aroT y AcMogea nepcreHb ConoMOHa, nepegaroT ucTMHHoMy ^pro, u geMoH, yBugeB ConoMOHa, yneTaeT. ^pb 3aHMMaeT npecTon, ho ero He noKugaroT Ho^HMe cTpaxu (cp. BecenoBcKUM 2001: 148-149; he Book of Legends: 130, N 122; Mimekor Yisrael: 50, N 28).
B TpaKTaTe BpaxoT (6a) cKa3aHo: «Ecnu kto-to xoHeT y6eguTbca b npucyTcTBuu geMoHoB, to cnegyeT B3aTb nenen u nocbmaTb BoKpyr KpoBaTu, u yTpoM oh yBuguT He-hto Bpoge cnegoB neTymuHbix nan» (he Book of Legends 793: 35; cp. EHC: 438).
^roöonHTHaa TunonoruHecKaa napannenb k ^TOMy TanMyguHecKOMy cBugeTenb-cTBy 6bina 3a^UKcupoBaHa b yKpauHcKoM nonecbe. TaK, b 6binuHKe u3 c. Ho6enb 3a-peHHeHcKoro p-Ha PoBeHcKoñ o6n. roBopuTca, hto geMoHa, npuHUMaBmero Ha ce6a o6nuK noKoñHoro My«a u HaBe^aBmero BgoBy, yganocb ono3HaTb KaK pa3 no Heo6biH-hhm («neTymuHHM») cnegaM: 3Haro^ue nrogu nocoBeToBanu ^eH^uHe nocbmaTb ne-ckom non b goMe - «to no6aHbim, xto go Te6e xogbiTb. M ot, to 6ynbi Horn royHawe, roTyxoBbie [yBugumb, kto k Te6e xoguT. M bot 6binu Horu (T.e. cnegbi) neTymuHbie]» (BuHorpagoBa 1997: 61). ^TOT cro^eT ctomt oco6HaKoM cpegu MHo^ecTBa gpyrux cna-BaHcKux paccKa3OB o6 y3HaBaHuu npucyrcTBua HeHucTOM cunbi no ocraBneHHbiM ero cnegaM. Motmb nTMHbMx cnegoB, ocTaBneHHbix xogaHUM noKOMHUKOM (T.e. geMOHUHe-ckmm cy^ecTBOM), c6nu^aeT noneccKUM MeMopaT c eBpeñcKMMU nereHgaMu o aBneHuu geMOHOB. Bo3mo^ho, nepeg HaMu npuMep agam^uu eBpeñcKoro cro^eTa ^onbKnop-hom TpagM^MeM PoBeH^UHbi, Korga o6pa3 BepxoBHoro geMOHa AcMogea oKa3anca chm-»eHHHM go o6pa3a o6biKHOBeHHoro xogaHero noKOMHUKa.
Cpegu nepcoHa^eñ eBpeñcKoñ ^onbKnopHoñ HecKa3OHHOM npo3bi cnegbi, noxo-^ue Ha cnegH nan orpoMHoñ nTU^i, ocTaBnaeT nocne ce6a nanmyx (EHC: 123), nTMHbM Horu MMeeT u geMOHUHecKoe cy^ecTBo xaünamyM, noBepba o KOTopoñ 6biTOBanu y eB-peeB MoruneBcKoñ u Mmhckom ry6epHuñ. XañHaTyM — 6e3o6pa3Haa ^eH^MHa c pac-ny^eHHbiMM BonocaMu, cTpamHHM nu^M, HenoBeHecKUM TynoBU^eM, nTUHbUMU Hora-mm m KnroBOM. OHa npuxoguT b goM, rge TonbKo hto pogunca pe6eHOK, hto6h y6uTb ero; gna o6epera Ha nopore KOMHara cTaBaT KypunbHU^i, b KOTopbix 3a^uraroT KycoHKU mKypbi unu Bonocbi, Bbipe3aHHbie «6aanmeMOM»-3HaxapeM. PaccKa3biBanu o HeKoñ ^eH-^UHe, neBmeñ neTyxoM no HecKonbKo HacoB b geHb. ^TO npou3omno c Heñ oTToro, hto OHa Bugena xaMHaTyM, nocne Hero ee pe6eHOK yMep, a caMa OHa c Tex nop ot ucnyra noeT neTyxoM u nocTeneHHo npeBpa^aeTca b TaKyro ^e xaünamyM (ApxuB MHcruTyra ^THO-noruu u aHTpononoruu PAH, Kon. O^EA^, g. 381 (A. &ununoe. Xygo^ecTBeHHoe TBop-HecTBo 6enopyccKux eBpeeB; Mañ 1891), n. 25o6-26). BepoaTHo, nepeg HaMu no3gHaa TpaHc^opMa^Ma npegcraBneHUM o 3no6Hoñ geMOHU^ flunuT, HaHoca^eñ Bpeg hobo-po^geHHMM MnageH^aM. MMa geMOHonoruHecKoro nepcoHa^a — xaünamyM — no Bceñ BuguMocTM, mo^ho cooTHecTU c «xa-auH aTyM» ('ain atum), 6yKB. «3aKpMTMe rna3a» (3a ^TO yTOHHeHue aBTopb 6narogapaT M3paunbcKMx Konner ffl. Kon-^aKOBa u fl. ffianupa).
B anoKpu^unecKOM (nceBgonurpa^unecKOM) gpeBHepyccKOM «CnoBe cBaToro OT^a Hamero MoaHHa 3naToycToro o tom, KaK nepBoe noraHU BepoBanu b ugonb u Tpe-
199
«KypM^a He m^a...». fleMOHonora^ecKaa opHMTonorua b KpoccKynbTypHOM npocTpaHCTBe
6h mm Knanu» (ranbKOBCKMM 1913: 55-63) ynoMMHaeTca puTyan ^epTBonpuHomeHM« «HaBbaM» (gyxaM npegKOB), KOTopbiñ coBepmanu cnaBaHe-«gBoeBep^i»: «HaBeMb MOBb TBopaTb. M nonenb nocpege cbinnroTb, u nponoBegaro^e Maco m MonoKO, m Macna u au^, m Bca noTpe6Haa 6ecoMb, u Ha ne^ u nbro^e Bb 6aHM, MHTuca mmi BenaT. He-xonb u oy6poycb Bemaro^e Bb MonBM^ [MOBbHM^ - O.E., B.n.]. Becu ^e 3nooyMuro uxb CMero^eca, noponpb^roTca b noneny tom, m cnegb cbom noKa3aroTb Ha npon^eHue mmí» (TanbKOBcKMM 1913: 60). XoTa b noyneHMM u roBopuTca, hto 6ecbi-«HaBbM» ocraB-naroT b nenne cbom cnegbi, xapaKTep ^TMx cnegoB He KOHKpeTM3upyeTca. HecKonbKO no-uHOMy npegcTaBneH ^TOT ^e puTyan b gpyroM noyneHuu - «O nocTe k HeBe^aM»; geñ-ctbo npuo6peTaeT nepra ragaHua, npuyponeHHoro k BenuKOMy neTBepry: «Bb CBaTbiñ BenuKMM neTBepTOK noBegaroTb MpbTBHMb Maca u MneKO u au^, MbinHM^ TonaTb u Ha nenb nbroTb, u nenenb nocpege cbinnroTb cnega pagu, u rnaronroTb: «MbiMTeca!», u nex-nH BemaroTb u y6pycbi, u BenaTb ca TepTu. Becu ^e cMeroTca 3noyMuro uxb, u Bne3mu MbiroTca u nopnnroTca Bb nonene TOMb, aKO u Kypbi, cnegb cbom noKa3aroTb Ha nonene Ha npenb^eHue uMb, u TpyTca nexnH u y6pycbi TeMu. [ragaro^ue] erga BugaTb Ha no-nene cneg u rnaronroTb: «npuxogunu Kb HaMb HaBba MHTbca». Erga to cnbimaTb 6ecbi u cMeroTca uMb...» (cp.: Co6oneBCKMM 1890: 229; ranbKOBCKMM 1913: 15). Mo^ho nu pac-^HMBaTb yKa3aHue KHM^HMKa, hto 6ecbi «nopnnroTca b nonene <...> aKO u KypH», KaK cBugeTenbcTBO Toro, hto ohm ocTaBnaroT b nenne MMeHHO nTu^bu cnegbi?4
TaKaa TOHKa 3peHua geñcTBMTenbHO pacnpocTpaHeHa cpegu uccnegoBaTeneñ KaK HapogHoñ KynbTypH, TaK u naMaTHMKOB khm^hoctm. Onupaacb Ha KOHCTpy^uro o6-pa3Horo napannenu3Ma (nopnnomcx... hko Kypu), uccnegoBaTenu peKOHCTpyupoBanu «nTMHMM» o6nuK «HaBMM» (unu npegKOB). TaK, HanpuMep, CBugeTenbCTBO o «HaBbax» M3 npuBegeHHoro BHme TeKCTa ranbKOBCKoro H.A. KpuHMHHaa coothocmt c pyccKMMM HapogHHMu npegcTaBneHuaMu o 6aHHMKe u oco6o nognepKUBaeT, hto «HaBba noaBna-roTca b nTMHbeM (KypuHOM o6nuKe), bo3mo^ho b cooTBeTCTBuu c npuHeceHHOM npu CTpouTenbCTBe 6aHu ^epTBoñ» (KpMHMHHaa 2001: 84). «KypuHbiñ» o6nuK gym npegKOB, no MHeHuro uccnegoBaTenbHM^i, MMeeT npaMyro CBa3b co cnegyro^MM ceBepopyccKMM noBepbeM: «nog noporoM hobom 6aHu xopoHaT nepHyro Kypu^, KOTopyro He pe^yT, a gymaT, He o^unbiBaa nepbeB» (KpMHMHHaa 2001: 61).
Bo MHoroM cnpaBegnuBOM KpMTMKe ^Ta TOHKa 3peHua 6bina nogBeprHyTa b ogHoñ M3 nocnegHux pa6oT aMepuKaHCKoro cnaBMCTa A. CrpaxoBa. Oh OTMeTun, hto cpaBHe-Hue c KypaMu OTcyTCTByeT b «CnoBe cb. rpuropua» no HygoBCKOMy cnucKy XVI b. -3gecb 6ecH npocTO BO3aTca b 3one, ocTaBnaa Ha Heñ cbom cnegH. HeT cpaBHeHua HaBMM c KypaMM m b «CnoBe cb. MoaHHa 3naToycTaro» no Hau6onee paHHeMy cnucKy XIV-XV bb. M xoTa gp.-pyc nopnnomcx (nopnamucx) MMeeT ceMaHTMKy, 6e3ycnoBHO cxogHyro, HanpuMep, c yKp. guan. nopnnumucn, nopnamu 'KonaTbca, pa3rpe6aTb, Bbirpe6aTb (o Ky-pax m np.)', genaTb ogHO3HaHHbiñ BHBog «nTMHbeM» o6nuKe geMOHOB HenpaBOMepHO, nocKonbKy b ucxogHOM TeKCTe penb ugeT o cxogcTBe geñcTBMM (KonaTbca b 3one), a He o cxogcTBe ocTaBneHHHx cnegoB, u mOTOMy «goragKM o noKoñHMKax (paBHO KaK u o
4 ragaTb no nenny, paccbmaHHOMy b 6aHe o tom, npuxogunu nu npegKM - «gegbi» b 6aHro MHTbca Ha üommhkm coxpaHanca b 6enopyccKoñ TpagM^MM (Cfl. T. 1: 138). Bnpo^eM, o6pag nocbmaHMa nennoM gBopa BOKpyr goMa, mto6h o6e3onacMTb «Mnu^e ot 3nbix gyxoB, M3BecTeH 6onrapaM (Cfl. T. 3: 668). Pa^M0HanM3Mp0-BaHHHM BapuaHT o6w^aa nocbmaTb nenen BOKpyr no^a M3BecTeH naTMHCKMM khm^hhm cpegHeBeKOBHM nereHgaM (XIII b.), pa3BMBaBmMMca nog BnuaHMeM TanMygM^ecKOM TpagM^MM: XaM 6Hn M3BecTeH CBoeñ HeBO3gep®aHHOCTbro, m Hoñ Benen nocHnaTb nennoM nogxogH k no^y ero «eHH - OpugMeH 2000: 320.
200
Onrna EenoBa, BnaöuMup nempyxun
HepTax) «Ha KypbMX Ho:«Kax» c nTuHbuMu cnegaMu yHeHbiM Hago ocTaBMTb» (CTpaxoB 2003: 326).
TeM He MeHee, npegcraBneHua o tom, hto HeHucTaa cuna uMeeT b KaHecTBe ogHoñ M3 CBOMX OTnuHuTenbHbix HepT nTMHbM («KypaHbu», «TOTyxOBbie») HOru, 6bITyeT B cnaBaHcKoñ (b HacTHOcTM noneccKoñ) ycTHoñ TpagM^MM, hto nogTBep^gaeT penpe-3eHTaTuBHaa nog6opKa TeKCTOB b ogHoñ M3 pa6oT H.H. BuHorpagoBoñ. TaK, cornacHo 6binuHKe, 3anucaHHoñ b c. OnTym ManopuTcKoro p-Ha BpecTcKoñ o6n., KpecTbaHuH BcTpeHaeT Hombro Ha gopore «naHa», y KoToporo «ogHa Hora - KMHbcKuñ KonbiT, a gpy-raa - KypbaHba Hora» (BuHorpagoBa 1997: 61). no noBepbaM M3 PoBeHcKoñ o6n., Horu y HepTa «6h y 6ycbKa» (T.e. KaK y aucTa) (BuHorpagoBa 1997: 61). no ^onbKnopHbiM cBugeTenbcTBaM, rycuHbie nanbi BMecTo Hor uMeroT 6oruHKu (y 3anagHbix cnaBaH) u pycanKu (y boctohhhx cnaBaH); cHuTaeTca TaK^e, hto y 6oruHoK KypuHbie KorTu Ha nanb^x Hor (BuHorpagoBa 2000: 37).
OTMeTuM TaK^e, hto, no noBepbaM ro«HMx cnaBaH, geMOHuHecKue cy^ecraa -3Mopbi u goMOBbie - ocTaBnaroT cnegbi b Buge neHTarpaMMbi (Moszyñski 1967: 621). B cBoro onepegb, 3HaKu b Buge 3Be3gbi c naTbro unu c mecrbro nyHaMu, ucnonb3yeMbie b Ma-ruu, Ha3HBaroTca «cnegaMu» unu «nanaMu» 3Mopbi unu goMoBoro (y HeM^B TaKoro poga MarunecKue 3HaKu Ha3biBaroTca Drudenfuss 'Hora BegbMbi'; cp. TaK^e noBepbe Kamy6oB, hto y KneHa nucTba TaKoñ ^e ^opMbi, KaK lapa czarownicy) (Moszyñski 1967: 331-332).
nTuHbu Horu MoryT 6biTb u oTnunuTenbHHM 3HaKoM nepcoHa^eñ, Hbe npouc-xo^geHue cBa3aHo c uh^ctom, pac^HuBaeMbiM b HapogHoñ TpagM^MM KaK oguH u3 caMHx Ta^Kux rpexoB. O6 ^TOM - 6binuHKa u3 6enopyccKoro nonecba: «ähah 6paT u cecTpa. Bynbi bohh oHeHb 6ugHbi. 3a ñoro huxto He »sHuBca, u ohu no^eHunuca, u b ux pogunuca geTKu. M Bce Ha KypbiHbix nanKax» (c. Pagnu^ CTonuHcKoro p-Ha BpecTKoñ o6n., 1984, 3an. H. CuHKapb). Motub HapymeHua 6paHHbix 3anpeToB BO3Bpa^aeT Hac k TeMe HunuT u ee noToMcTBa, cTpeMa^uxca k co^uTenbcTBy c nrogbMu u nnoga^ux geMoHoB.
flna cnaBaHcKoñ HapogHoñ TpagM^MM b ^noM He xapaKTepeH motub y3HaBaHua geMoHa no nTuHbuM cnegaM, ocraBneHHbiM um Ha nenne unu Ha necKe (b ^noM npu3HaK HeBuguMocTu geMoHoB xapaKTepeH gna eBpeñcKoñ TpagM^MM) - xoTa ragaHua no cnegaM Ha 3one, nenne, necKe (KaK u npegcTaBneHua o tom, hto geMoHbi, HanpuMep pycan-ku unu cygeHu^i, ocTaBnaroT Ha paccbmaHHOM necKe unu nenne cbou cnegbi) mupoKo pacnpocTpaHeHH y Bcex cnaBaHcKux HapogoB (cm.: Cra^eeBa 1996: 136; Cfl 3: 669-670; BuHorpagoBa 2000: 166; nnoTHuKoBa 2004: 705; CTpaxoB 2003: 327). BepoaTHo, «TanMy-gunecKue» motubh npoHuKnu b cnaBaHcKyro KHu^HocTb npu Bu3aHTuñcKoM BnuaHuu (cp. pacnpocTpaHeHHHe KHu^Hbie «TanMyguHecKue» nereHgbi o ConoMoHe u KuTOBpa-ce - BecenoBcKuñ 2001; ragaHue no KpuKaM u noBegeHuro ^TM^ u T.n. - Maguire 1995: 28-30)5, 3aTpoHyB numb ^onbKnop «KOHTaKTHbix 3oh», rge uMenacb BO3Mo:«HocTb 3a-uMcTBoBaHuñ Me»:gy cnaBaHcKoñ u eBpeñcKoñ KynbrypHbiMu TpagM^MaMM.
5 nro6onbiTeH c tohku 3peHua B3aMMogeMCTBMa TpagM^MM b cpegHeBeKOBOM khu^hoctu cro^eT, cBa3aHHbiñ c geaHuu 3HaMeHMTO^o ucnaHcKoro Ka6annucTa XV b. pa66u Mocera genna PeñHa, 3anucaHHHñ b HaHane XVII b. ConoMOHOM HaBappo. Moce^ cTpeMunca nogHuHuTb ce6e geMOHOB, npu3HBaa HunuT. MaruHecKue cnoco6HocTu oh ucnonb3OBan gna Toro, hto6m 3aBnageTb ^apM^eM («peñHa») ^pe^MM, KOTopyro gyxu go-cTaBnanu k HeMy Ka^gyro HOHb. HaKOHe^ ^apM^a npu3Hanacb ^apro b cboux hohh^ix BugeHuax, u tot npu-3Ban MaroB. fleMOHM BHganu MaraM uMa Mocera, u tot, onacaacb pacnnaTH, 6pocunca b Mope (naTañ 2005: 254-255).
201
«KypM^a He m^a...». fleMOHonoraMecKaH opHuTonoruH b KpoccKynbTypHOM npocTpaHCTBe
E^e pa3 o «xanyHe». Cro^eT o noxu^eHuu eBpeeB b CygHyro HOHb geMOHOM xa-nyuoM - oguH u3 Hau6onee nonynHpHMX b HapogHOM «geMOHonorunecKOM» npo3e boc-tohhmx u 3anagHMX cnaBHH - yKpauH^B, 6enopycoB, nonHKOB (nogpo6Hee cm.: BenoBa 2001, BenoBa 2005: 231-239).
CnegyeT oTMeTuTb, hto b o6cnegoBaHHMX HaMu peruoHax He yganocb 3a^uKcupo-BaTb hu ogHoro paccKa3a o «xanyHe» ot eBpeeB. HocuTenu eBpeMCKOM Tpagu^u egu-HogymHo oTpu^nu cBoe 3HaK0MCTB0 c ^TMM cro^eTOM. OgHaKo npu TaKOM mupoKOM pacnpocTpaHeHuu noBepbH o «xanyHe» cpegu cnaBHHCKoro HaceneHuH TpygHo npegno-no^uTb, HTO eBpeHM oho 6Mno coBceM He 3HaK0M0. Ho Ha cerogHHmHuM geHb b HameM pacnopH^eHuu uMeeTCH numb eguHCTBeHHoe cBugeTenbCTBo, 3anucaHHoe ot eBpeeB b ^uTBe: «CTpamHaH HOHb, ^T0 Korga oguH TaKOM nepT, HenucraH cuna, AHTuxpucT, no-xu^aeT u3 goMa ogHoro eBpeH b nec, Ha cMepTb. TaK BepHT, ho ^T0 HenpaBga <...> 3a^u-^anucb ot ^T0^0, 3HaKu KaKue-To Ha goMe genanu <...> ^T0T 3HaK pucoBan cTapmuM b goMe, TaKOM KpecT, ho He TaKOM, KaK y xpucTuaH» (Hryciuk, Moroz 1993: 87). npu oTcyr-cTBuu gpyrux aHanoruHHMx cBugeTenbCTB TpygHo cyguTb, HacKonbKo gaHHMM BapuaHr MHM^MMpoBaH xpucTuaHCKOM Tpagu^eñ (ynoMuHaHue HenucTOM cunM u AHTuxpucTa) u HacKonbKo oh ayTeHTuneH gnH Tpagu^u eBpeMCKOM.
B n. CaTaHOB (PopogoKCKun p-H XMenbHu^oM o6n.) HaM yganocb 3anucaTb e^e ogHo opuruHanbHoe cBugeTenbCTBo o "xanyHe", geMOHonorunecKOM nepcoHa^e, pery-nHpHo noxu^aro^eM nrogeM b Mom Kunyp. 3gecb noxuTuTenb HBnHncH b Buge orpoMHo-ro opna u "xanan" ucKnroHuTenbHo nro6onMTHMx yKpauHCKux geTeft, nogrnHgMBaBmux b oKHa cuHaroru 3a eBpeMCKuM 6orocny^eHueM. Open noHBnHncH b caMMM "cTpamHMM" MOMeHT puTyanbHoro geMCTBa, Korga eBpeu, cornacHo Ha6nrogeHuHM ^THMHecKMx coce-geM, HanuHanu oco6eHHo rpoMKo KpunaTb u 6uTb nanKaMu b nogymKu.
«CygHMM g^Hb. Bohm xogMnu - TyT mKona 6yna. BaTbKu Hac He nycKanM, 6o, Ka-^yTb, op^n npMxogMTb u 3a6upae pycKux, pycKy Kpoy y Ma^. To bohm, h nMTana, to y«e HK nocTapme, ohu roBopHT, ga - Tp^6a pycKyro... Kannro KpoBu. To bohm, KonM HanuHa-roTMe y cuHarory, TaM cnuBaroT, a noTOM B^e, hk K0He^ 6yTM, TaKu nogymKu, u bohm TaK 6broT nanKaMu b TMe nogymKu, to mm BTMKaeMo. Bo, roBopMTb, op^n npuxogu u xanHS gMTMHy. Hac TaK nHKanM, a to m HenpaBga. M mm gaBaft — gB^pM KpyroM 3aKpMTM, mm Kpu^Mo, y«e 3HaeM - hk HawHaroTb y nogymKu 6utm, gy«e ronocHo KpunaT u nnanyT. TaK mm BTuKanM <...> [Open «xanan» TonbKo yKpauHCKux geTeft unu eBpeMCKux To^e?] YKpauHCKux. To-to ohu Hac TaK nHKanM, TaK Ka3anu - opën. To mm gy«e 6oHnMCH. M bm 3HaeTe, B^e h b mKony xogMna, b ropBMM Knacc, u To^e 6oHnacH. TaK bot cTapMe »uhku, Hamu yKpaMH^M roBopaTb [CygHMM geHb. Ohu xogunu - TyT mKona 6Mna. PoguTenu Hac He nycKanu, n0T0My hto, roBopHT, open npuxoguT u 3a6upaeT pyccKux, pyccKyro KpoBb b Ma^. TaK ohu [eBpeu. - O.E., B.fi.], h cnpamuBana, to Te, hto nocTapme, ohu roBopHT, ga - Hy^Ho pyccKyro... Kannro KpoBu. TaK ohu, Korga HanuHaroT b cuHarore, TaM noroT, a noTOM y«e, nog KOHe^ TaKue nogymKu, u ohu TaK 6broT nanKaMu b ^TM nogymKu, TaK mm y6eraeM. noTOMy hto, roBopHT, open npuxoguT u xBaTaeT pe6eHKa. Hac TaK nyranu, ho ^T0 HenpaBga. M mm gaBaM - gBepu KpyroM 3aKpMTM, mm KpunuM, y«e 3HaeM - KaK HanuHaroT b nogymKu 6uTb, oneHb rpoMKo KpunaT u nnanyT. TaK mm y6eranu <...> [Open «xanan» TonbKo yKpauHCKux geTeM unu eBpeMCKux To^e?] yKpauHCKux. To-to ohu Hac TaK nyranu, TaK roBopunu - open. TaK mm oneHb 6oHnucb. M bm 3HaeTe, y«e h b mKony xoguna, b nepBMM Knacc, u To^e 6oHnacb. TaK bot cTapMe «eH^uHH, Hamu yKpauH^i roBopHT]» (A.A. CKu6uHCKaH, 1915 r.p., 3an. O.B. BenoBa, B.#. neTpyxuH, A.B. CoKonoBa).
202
Onrna EenoBa, BnaöuMup nempyxun
XoTenocb 6h OTMeTMTb oguH cro^eT eBpencKon Tpagu^uu, KOTopbin, no Been bu-guMocru, Mor cny^uTb uctohhukom MHoroHucneHHbix HappaTMBOB o xanyHe. B geHb flapoBaHua Topbi CaTaH no»:anoBanca BceBbimHeMy: «Tbl gan MHe BnacTb Hag BceMu nneMeHaMu - ho He Hag eBpencKuM HapogoM!» (KaK cKa3an HaM oguH u3 uH^opMaH-tob, HyTKo onpegenuBmun oco6eHHocTu eBpencKon geMOHonoruHecKon Tpagu^uu: «y :«biguy HopTuy He Mae 6ym!» [y eBpeeB HeT HepTen!] (B.$. Ba6unHyK, 1946 r.p., CaTaHoB ropogoKCKoro p-Ha XMenbHu^KOM o6n., 2001, 3an. O.B. BenoBa, B.#. neTpyxMH).) AmeM oTBeTun eMy: «# no3Bonro Te6e rocnogcTBo Hag hmmm b Mom Kunyp npu ycnoBMM, hto th cMo^emb HaÖTM y Hux nperpemeHua». Hto6h He gaTb CaTaHy o6BMHMTb eBpeeB b Mom Kunyp, AmeM noBenen, hto6h ero KaK 6h nogKynanu B3aTKon - «Ko3noM gna A3a3ena» (BauKpa: 187). no gpyroMy BapuaHTy (he Book of Legends: 497-499), CaTaHa 3acTan eBpeeB b CygHbin geHb Mona^uMuca b 6enbix ogeaHuax u He cMor ux TpoHyTb. B 6enbix ogeaHuax Tpagu^ua ycMaTpuBaeT HanoMuHaHue o caBaHe u gHe cMepTu.
B ^TOM aBHo TpaHc^opMupoBaHHOM u KoHTaMuHupoBaHHoM cro^eTe o «xanyHe» cogep^uTca e^e u HaMeK Ha «KpoBaBbin HaBeT» (noxu^eHue xpucTuaHcKux geTen c ^nbro nonyHeHua «pyccKon» KpoBu gna Ma^i), o ^onbKnopHbix Bepcuax KoToporo Hy^Ho roBopuTb oco6o. Hto ^e KacaeTca nruHbero o6nuHba «xanyHa», to ^TOT o6pa3 Mor MaTepuanu3oBHBaTbca b npogenKax MecreHKOBOM Monoge^u, npuypoHeHHbix k eBpencKuM 6orocny^eHuaM.
Cpegu Monoge^HHx «3a6aB» 6binu u TaKue: myTKu pagu no cy66oTaM unu b npa3gHuKu b cuHarory Mornu 3anycTuTb BopoHy unu HepHoro KoTa.
«KaK cy66oTa, y eBpeeB 6bin ux ffia6ac, u crapmue pe6aTa ycTpauBanu um <.. .> to HepHoro KoTa, a to u BopoHa [3anycTaT], ^TO 6bino cTpamHo gna nrogen Bepbi Moucee-bom. Ohu gon^HH 6binu npepbiBaTb cbou MonuTBH u ucKaTb buhobhoto, noTOMy hto ^TO 6bino gna hux HeM-To caMHM xygmuM...» (^ro6nuH, apxuB HayHHo-MeToguHecKoro ^HTpa «Teatr NN»).
«HacTynaeT ux CTpamHaa HOHb. npuxoguT ^TOT npa3gHuK. M ohu cTpamHo 6o-aTca, ho HeBegoMo Koro. Begb Ha Ka^gHÖ npa3gHuK, b ^Ty CrpamHyro HOHb, gbaBon gon^eH 3a6paTb ogHoro eBpea, bot. A KOMy tot ^pe6un BbmageT? <...> TaK ohu co-6uparoTca b cuHarore Ha HOHb. Bcro HOHb TaM ogHa cBeHa ropuT. A ohu TaM MonaTca no-cBoeMy <...> npocaT npo^eHua y Bora 3a Bce, 3a rpexu cbou, 3a Bce. M 6oaTca, hto6h, HanpuMep, MeHa unu Koro e^e gbaBon He 3a6pan. TaK xnon^i noMMaroT rge-Hu6ygb BopoHy u cnpaHyr. A noTOM Hepe3 okho nycTaT ^Ty BopoHy, npaMo b TeMHOTy, k hum. nepenonox cTpamHbin, nucK, Bu3r (BuneH^uHa; CTaHucnaB flaBugoBuH, 1929 r.p., ypo^. g. ^rnuMOHb^ (^rnuMOHuc); Prokopowicz 1994: 164).
OHeBugHo, hto b nocnegHeM paccKa3e peHb ugeT o noBepbe, hto b npa3gHuK Mom Kunyp (CygHbin geHb) gbaBon unu HeKun oco6hm geMOHonoruHecKun nepcoHa^ «xa-nyH» noxu^aeT u3 Ka^goro MecTeHKa no ogHOMy-gBa HenoBeKa b KaHecTBe cBoeo6pa3-hom ^epTBH (nogpo6Hee cm.: BenoBa 2001).
XoTa b u3BecTHbix Ha cerogHamHun geHb ^onbKnopHbix paccKa3ax o XanyHe npaKTuHecKu HuHero He roBopuTca o ero BHemHocru (Ha^e Bcero oh aBnaeTca b Buge Buxpa), BcTpeHaroTca pegKue ucKnroHeHua, KaK, HanpuMep, b paccKa3e u3 nogonuu (n. CaTaHOB), rge noxMTuTenb noaBnanca b Buge orpoMHoro opna (BenoBa, neTpyxuH 2002: 213-215). Bo3mo^ho, aBneHue BopoHa b cuHarore, c tohku 3peHua nonaKOB, u gon^Ho 6bino 6HTb cBugeTenbcTBOM «MaTepuanu3a^uu» geMOHonoruHecKoro nepcoHa^a? ^TO npegnono^eHue nogTBep^gaeTca cBugeTenbcTBOM u3 roro-BocTOHHon nonbmu (CeHa-
203
«Kypu^a He rnu^...». fleMoHonorunecKaa opHuTonorua b KpoccKynbTypHoM npocTpaHCTBe
Ba): MecTHaa Monogen nycKana b Ky^y unu b cuHarory BopoHy unu ranKy, Meny^aaca m^a racuna CBenu, ropa^ue BHyrpu, a eBpeu npepbiBanu MoneHue, TaK KaK «gyManu, HT0 ^T0 [3non] gyx» (Cala 1995: 54).
B gononHeHue npuBegeM e^e oguH paccKa3, rge B0p0H0M b cuHarore nyraeT «eH-^uh nonbCKuñ geM0H Bopyra (nonynapHbin nepcoHa« HapogHon geM0Honoruu ^eH-nu^oro Kpaa, ^HTp. nonbma). B CygHbin geHb BopyTa cugen Ha bmcokom CTeHe, CBe-cub Horu go 3eMnu. n0T0M c BopoHon b pyKax oh npoópanca b cuHarory, Ha «eHCKyro ranepero, rge CTan nyraTb «ch^uh. Bo3HuKna naHuKa, gaBKa, óbinu noruómue. TonbKo Korga npuóbina CTpa«a c KpecT0M, gbaBon y6e«an (Grodzka 1960: 43-44). noBogoM gna bo3hukhobchuh ^T0^0 paccKa3a nocny«uno peanbHoe coóbiTue - no«ap b cuHarore r. ^emu^i, cnynuBmunca 13 ceHTaópa 1890 r. (nepeBepHynacb naMna Ha ranepee) u no-BneKmun 3a coóon MHoronucneHHbie «epTBbi (Grodzka 1960: 44). OgHaKo HapogHaa ^aHTa3ua no-CBoeMy «nepepaóoTana» ^T0T gpaMaTunecKun cro«eT, BbiCTaBuB geM0Ha BopyTy b ponu XanyHa u CHaóguB ero ycTpamaro^uM aTpuóyT0M - B0p0H0M.
B 3aKnroneHue otmctum, hto c^epa HapogHon geM0Honoruu npegcTaBnaeT coóon ónarogaTHoe none gna uccnegoBaHua Me«KynbTypHbix K0HTaKT0B u 3auMCTB0BaHun. y^uTHBaa MaTepuan cocegcTByro^ux Tpagu^ñ mm M0«eM ycTaHaBnuBaTb KopHu u npoucxo«geHue cro«eT0B, K0T0pbie b cnaBaHCKoM ^onbKnope ctoht oco6hhkom unu, óygyqu 3a^uKcupoBaHbi b ogHon noKanbHon cnaBaHCKon Tpagu^u, He HaxogaT napan-nenen Ha óonee mup0K0M KynbTypHoM npocTpaHCTBe CnaBuu. M b ^T0M cnynae óbiBaeT HeoóxoguMo BHuMaTenbHee npurnageTbca k KynbType ^THUHecKUx cocegen.
^MTepaTypa
Bag« 2001 - Eaàw y. AMyneTbi u cyeBepua. M., 2001.
BenoBa 2001 - EenoBa O. «npo XanyHa, a gyMaro, u bm cnbixanu...» // ConHe^Hoe cnne-
TeHue. ^uTepaTypHHM «ypHan. MepycanuM, 2001. Ne 16-17. C. 174-180. BenoBa 2005 - EenoBa O.B. ^TH0KynbTypHbie crepeoTunbi b CnaBaHCKon HapogHon Tpa-gu^u. M., 2005.
BenoBa, neTpyxuH 2002 - EenoBa O., nempyxuH B. fleM0HonorunecKue cro«eTbi b KpoccKynbTypHoM npocTpaHCTBe // Me«gy gByMa MupaMu. npegcTaBneHua o geMo-HunecK0M u noTycTopoHHeM b CnaBaHCKon u eBpencKon KynbTypHon Tpagu^u. M., 2002. C. 196-218. BauKpa - pa66u Morne BeûcuaH. Mugpam paccKa3biBaeT. BauKpa, MepycanuM, 1996. BecenoBCKun 2001 - BecenoBCKUû A.H. MepnuH u C0n0M0H. CnaBaHCKue CKa3aHua o C0n0M0He u KuToBpace u 3anagHbie nereHgbi o Moponb^e u MepnuHe. M.; Cnó., 2001.
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Tpagu^a cnaBaH. M., 2000. ranbK0BCKun 1913 - ranbKoBCKuû H.M. Bopbóa xpucTuaHCTBa c ocTaTKaMu a3braecTBa b
flpeBHen Pycu. M., 1913. T. 2 (PenpuHT - M., 2000). EMenbaHoB 2003 - EuenbrnoB B.B. PuTyan b gpeBHen MeconoTaMuu. M., 2003.
204
Onrna EenoBa, BnaöuMup nempyxun
EHC - EBpencKMe HapogHHe cKa3Ku, npegaHuH, öhhhhkm, paccKa3H, aHeKgoTH, co-
6paHHHe E.C. PaÖ3e / Coct. B. flbiMmu^. Cn6., 1999. KpMHMHHaH 2001 - Kpununuax H.A. PyccKaH HapogHaH Mu^onomHecKaa npo3a. Mc-
TOKM u nonMceMaHTM3M o6pa3oB. Cn6., 2001. T. 1. MHM - Mh^h HapogoB Mupa. ^H^MKno^egMfl. T.1-2. M., 1980-1982. naTaö 2005 - Uamaü P. MygeöcKaH 6oruHH. EKaTepuH6ypr, 2005. n^oTHMKoBa 2004 - nnomuuKoea A.A. ^THonMH^BMCTMHecKafl reorpa^ua W^hom Cna-BMM. M., 2004.
Paccen 2001 - Paccen fl^. B. flbHBon. BocnpuHTue 3na c gpeBHeömux BpeMeH go paHHero
xpMCTMaHCTBa. cn6.
Cag geMoHoB - Cag geMoHoB. CnoBapb uH^epHanbHoö Mu^onoruu CpegHeBeKoBbH u
Bo3po^geHMH. ABTop-cocraBMTenb A.E. MaxoB. M., 1998. Cfl - CnaBHHcKue gpeBHocTM. ^THonMH^BMCTMHecKMM cnoBapb / nog o6^. peg. H.M.
Toncroro. M., 1995-2004. T. 1-3. Co6oneBcKMH 1890 - CoöoneecKuü A. M BHoBb oTKpHToro gpeBHepyccKoro noyneHMH
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A.A. rypeBuqa. M., 2000. C. 318-338. Hy6uHcKuM 1872 - HyöuncKuü n.n. TpygH ^TH0^pa^MHecK0-CTaTMCTMHecK0M ^Kc^egM-
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Wisla. 1905. T. 19. S. 148-176. Maguire 1995 - Maguire H. (Ed.). Byzantine Magic. Dumbarton Oaks, 1995. Mimekor Yisrael - Mimekor Yisrael: Classical Jewish Folktales Collected by Micha Joseph
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«KypM^a He m^a...». fleMOHOJiora^ecKas opHMTOnoraa b KpoccKynbTypHOM npoeTpaHeTBe
Demonološka ornitologija v medkulturnem prostoru
Olga Belova in Vladimir Petruhin
Članek obravnava primerjalno analizo mitoloških motivov v slovanskem in židovskem izročilu, ki se nanašajo na verovanja v demone v ptičji podobi.
Avtorja analizirata povedke in vraže na območjih, kjer je bilo slovansko izročilo dolgo povezano z neslovanskimi kulturami in kjer so se odvijali tesni kontakti med različnimi etnijami in kulturami; tako je bilo na primer v zahodni Ukrajini, zahodni Belorusiji in na Poljskem. Raziskovalca sta želela najti paralele s ptičjimi karakteristikami, ki se pojavljajo v slovanski folklori in ki jih v ljudski kulturi pripisujejo nadnaravnim bitjem.
Zlasti ljudska verovanja o demonih s ptičjimi nogami, ki jih lahko identificiramo po njihovih stopinjah, imajo morda korenine v Talmudu. Sklepamo lahko, da so ti motivi prišli v starorusko literaturo (razprave, uperjene proti poganom) preko Bizanca. Nekatera od ukrajinskih in beloruskih ljudskih verovanj o demonih v ptičji podobi pa so bila morda privzeta iz folklore njihovih sosedov Židov.
Pričujoča raziskava je del raziskovalnega projekta z naslovom Slovanska mitologija: izsledki in perspektive interdisciplinarnih študij, ki ga financira Ruska fundacija za bazične raziskave (projekt 06-06-80095).
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