A. VASANTHANATHAN, S. M. KENNEDY: BIO-PRINTING OF FEMUR MODEL: A BONE SUBSTITUTE FOR ...
283–289
BIO-PRINTING OF FEMUR MODEL: A BONE SUBSTITUTE FOR
BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH
BIOTISK MODELA STEGNA: KOSTNI NADOMESTEK ZA
BIOMEDICINSKE RAZISKAVE
Vasanthanathan A
1
, Senthil Maharaj Kennedy
2*
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi – 626005, India
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, AAA College of Engineering and Technology, Sivakasi – 626123, India
Prejem rokopisa – received: 2023-03-21; sprejem za objavo – accepted for publication: 2023-04-25
doi:10.17222/mit.2023.831
This paper deals with the development of a medical support model that can be used as a prototype to study the anatomy of the
femur and for biomechanical research experimentation related to bone plates. CT scan data of the femur bone are converted into
a 3D model using MIMICS software and imported into a finite-element model for analysis. The materials selected for the fabri-
cation of the femur model were PEEK and CF PEEK (infused with chopped carbon fibre). The femur bone model was analysed
using ANSYS® WORKBENCH® 2021 R2 with different material properties. By conducting a subsequent FE analysis, the opti-
mal material was finally arrived at. Using 3D-printing technology, the 3D model of the femur was fabricated by using a material
spool with better properties suited for the femur bone. The FE results were compared with the experimental results of the fabri-
cated femur model and the results of the CF PEEK bone model closely matched the properties of real human femur, and it can
be used as a femur bone substitute for biomechanical investigations of bone plates instead of using a real femur.
Keywords: Femur bone, 3D printing, FE analysis, PEEK, ANSYS
V ~lanku je opisan razvoj modela medicinske podpore. Uporabi se ga lahko kot prototip za {tudij anatomije stegna in eksperi-
mentalne biomedicinske raziskave, ki se nana{ajo na kostne plo{~ice. Podatke iz posnetkov ra~unalni{ke tomografije
(CT)stegenske kosti so pretvorili v model 3D z uporabo programskega orodja MIMICS in ga nato uvozili v programsko orodje
na osnovi metode kon~nih elementov (MKE), s pomo~jo katerega so izvedli kon~no analizo. Za izdelavo modela stegna je bil
izbran polietereterketon (PEEK)in PEEK z vlitimi nasekanimi ogljikovimi vlakni. Model kosti stegna so analizirali
s programskim orodjem ANSYS® WORKBENCH® 2021 R2 z uporabo podatkovnih baz za lastnosti razli~nih materialov.
Z nadaljnjo analizo MKE so dolo~ili optimalni material. Na osnovi analiz so izdelali modelno stegensko kost iz najprimer-
nej{ega materiala. Rezultate analize MKE so primerjali z eksperimentalnimi rezultati izdelanega modela stegna. Ugotovili so, da
se model kosti izdelane iz materiala CF PEEK dobro ujema z lastnostmi realnega ~love{kega stegnain se ga zato lahko tudi
uporabi kot nadomestek za biomehanske raziskave kostnih plo{~ic.
Klju~ne besede: stegenska kost, 3D tisk, o metoda kon~nih elementov, polietereterketon ,programsko orodje ANSYS
1 INTRODUCTION
Bones are hard tissues that make up the main part of
human vertebrates. Bones protect different parts of the
body, support loads, produce red blood cells and white
blood cells, store minerals, and provide body structure
and support to enable movement.
1,2
The femur is the
largest bone in the body and is present in the thigh. Dif-
ferent kinds of trauma can damage the femur, causing it
to fracture into two or more pieces. This might happen to
the part of the femur head, the femur shaft, or the
condylar part of the femur. In certain types of femur
fractures, even though the femur has broken, its pieces
would still line up correctly. In other types of fractures,
the injury moves the bone fragments
3
out of position.
Rapid Prototyping (RP) is a scientific advance that
creates models out of 3D software systems (CAD). Un-
like the subtractive method, where material is removed to
fabricate the product, 3D printing (3DP) relies on an ad-
ditive-level correlation method that adds material layer
by layer to the substrate to build a complete model. Since
it takes a long time to make models, molds, and proto-
types in the production field, various complicated pro-
cesses are used to reduce the production time. The indus-
try has initiated 3DP victimisation technology to provide
exquisite models, molds, and prototypes.
4
In the subtract-
ive method, tool movements are planned for material re-
moval from the workpiece to achieve the specified form.
Compared to subtractive methods like turning and ma-
chining, AM technology has the greatest capability to in-
duce complicated geometries like anatomical structures.
RP provides cost-effective models of the styles that will
be used to understand the merchandise before the fabri-
cation process of high-priced prototypes. RP techniques
include stereolithography (SLA), selective optical maser
sintering (SLS), fused-deposition modeling (FDM), and
laminated object manufacturing (LOM).
5
The FDM tech-
nique is preferred for the current work, as mostly strong
polymers can replicate the femur bone and the easy
availability.
So far, the most widely used polymer filaments are
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and polylactic
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 57 (2023) 3, 283–289 283
UDK 004.356:616.718.4 ISSN 1580-2949
Original scientific article/Izvirni znanstveni ~lanek MTAEC9, 57(3)283(2023)
*Corresponding author's e-mail:
maharaj@aaacet.ac.in (Senthil Maharaj Kennedy)

acid (PLA).
6
PLA filaments have a better prospect than
ABS because they are perishable, bio-absorbable, and re-
newable thermoplastic polyesters with great mechanical
strength and methodability.
7,8
Polycarbonate is also
widely used in 3D printing due to its good strength and
stiffness properties.
9,10
PEEK materials are now widely
used in a variety of surgical and medical fields. PEEK is
biomechanically similar to that of human bone, and it is
becoming more useful and provides more accurate and
stable results.
11,12
Lately, carbon-fiber-reinforced
3D-printing filaments have been introduced into the bio-
medical field as the carbon fiber provides an increase in
strength and mechanical properties of the filament.
13
Spi-
nal cages, bone-fixation screws, and cardiac and neuro-
logical leads have all used carbon-fiber-reinforced PEEK
in the past. Carbon-fiber-reinforced PEEK has recently
been used in orthopedic implants and it is ideal for artic-
ulating implants, such as knee and hip replacements and
bone plates.
14
3D printing is a perfect technology for manufacturing
implants and medical devices. The major reasons are
low-cost additive manufacturing and that the medical im-
plant producers have great independence in designing
new implants and prototypes, allowing them to custom-
ise new medical implants based on the market’s needs in
a much shorter time. Medical 3D printing was once
imagined to be a dream project. But time and investment
brought it to reality. Today, 3D printing represents a huge
specific implant, enabling the opportunity for pharma-
ceutical or healthcare companies to help create more
rapid production of medical implants and change the
way doctors and surgeons plan procedures.
15,16
Femur CT scan data referred by a physician is used
for the femur modeling. The finite-element analysis of
the femur is carried out using thr material test data re-
sults of the 3D-printing filament. Despite the abundance
of research in 3D modeling and finite-element simula-
tions of the femur, this paper presents a new approach to
the 3D printing of femur models and provides ample
suggestions for bone-plate research. There is a lot of re-
search going on right now in the field of orthopedic im-
plants. There are many computerized methods for ana-
lyzing the implants, but the experimental analysis needs
real people or animal specimens. The 3D-printed femur
bone provided in this can be used to experiment with the
bone plates.
17,18
This present work is implemented in the following
four phases.
• Phase 1: 3D Modelling of Femur Bone using CT scan
data via. MIMICS Software and
SOLIDWORKS®2020 software.
• Phase 2: Finite-element modelling and simulation of
femur bone.
• Phase 3: 3D printing of femur-bone model using CF
PEEK.
• Phase 4: Experimentation on femur-bone model to
validate the results
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
The main objective of the present paper is to fabricate
a femur-bone model with the nearest similar property of
the human femur. CT scan, MIMICS Software, SOLID-
WORKS
®
2020, ANSYS WORKBENCH
®
2021 R2 and
CURA slicing software are used during the course of this
work.
2.1 Materials
Carbon-fiber-reinforced 3D filaments are being used
in the work as they possess better strength when com-
pared to the normal filaments. The materials
19
that are
best suited for 3D printing and have better property re-
semblance to human bone, i.e., PEEK and CF PEEK (re-
inforced with chopped carbon fibers), are preferred here.
The filaments were purchased from the filament manu-
facturer 3DXTECH Additive Manufacturing and the
technical data sheet of the material characteristics was
also provided by the filament manufacturers.
3D printing was chosen as the femur structure was
very complex and difficult to fabricate using the conven-
tional manufacturing processes. Table 1 indicates the
material properties of the materials in the present study.
The material properties were collected from the filament
manufacturer.
2.2 Rapid prototyping
Rapid prototyping is a set of techniques used to rap-
idly manufacture scale models of physical parts or as-
semblies using three-dimensional computer-aided design
A. VASANTHANATHAN, S. M. KENNEDY: BIO-PRINTING OF FEMUR MODEL: A BONE SUBSTITUTE FOR ...
284 Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 57 (2023) 3, 283–289
Table 1: Material Characteristics
Properties Standard Carbon Fiber PEEK PEEK
Density (g/cc) ISO 1183 1.39 1.32
Tensile Strength (MPa) ISO 527 126 105
Tensile Modulus (MPa) ISO 527 10,100 3980
Tensile Elongation (%) ISO 527 1.9 7
Flexural Strength (MPa) ISO 178 145 141
Flexural Modulus (MPa) ISO 178 11,200 2850
Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) (°C) DSC 143 143
Deflection Temperature at 0.45 MPa (66psi) (°C) ISO 75 305 140

(CAD) data. The construction of parts or components is
usually done with 3D printing or additive layer fabrica-
tion technology. Figure 1 represents the entire methodol-
ogy incorporated into the present study for the 3D print-
ing of the femur-bone model.
2.3 3D modeling using CT scan data
The CT scan data of the femur were used to create a
3D model of the femur bone. A CT scan using CT equip-
ment was performed on a 33-year-old male. The knee in
the neutral position was scanned where the least tension
or pressure on tendons, muscles, and bones was felt. The
scans were performed with a slice distance of 2 mm and
were made up of 1816 cross-sectional cuts. The images
were exported in DICOM format from the CT equip-
ment. The DICOM images from the CT scan were then
processed with the Materialize Interactive Medical Im-
age Control System (Mimics) 10.01 software to generate
the primary 3D model using the density-segmentation
techniques. The primary 3D models that were generated
were then processed and assembled as geometrical data
files. Finally, the model was saved as a .stl file. Loads,
boundary conditions, material constitutive models, kine-
matic constraints, and mesh discretization processes
were then used to prepare the model for analysis.
20–22
The SOLIDWORKS® 2020 software package was
used to smooth the 3D model. Figure 2 shows the
smoothened bone model in the SOLIDWORKS
®
2020
environment after being imported from MIMICS soft-
ware and the cross-sectioned model of the femur bone to
view the cavity in the femur bone.
CURA slicing software was used to slice the model
to enable 3D-printing capabilities. Cura software con-
verts digital 3D models into printing instructions for a
given 3D printer to build an object.
2.4 Finite-Element Analysis of Femur-Bone Model
The 3D model of the femur bone was imported into
the FE model and the entire finite-element
computations
23
were made using the ANSYS WORK-
BENCH
®
2021 R2 software package.
A. VASANTHANATHAN, S. M. KENNEDY: BIO-PRINTING OF FEMUR MODEL: A BONE SUBSTITUTE FOR ...
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 57 (2023) 3, 283–289 285
Figure 1: Schematic of the methodology
Figure 2: a) 3D model and b) cross-sectioned model of femur

2.4.1 Preprocessing
In the preprocessing stage, the 3D modeling of the
femur bone model, assigning material models, material
properties, meshing, applying appropriate loads and
boundary conditions were carried out in chronological
order. Separate finite-element models are developed with
different material models and material properties, i.e., fe-
mur bone,
2
PEEK and CF PEEK (Table 1). Different
materials were taken into account in the FE model for
the purpose of analyzing a better material for the femur
bone.
The femur bone modeled using SOLID-
WORKS
®
2020 software was imported into ANSYS
WORKBENCH
®
2021 R2. The model was assumed to
be isometric for the analysis
24
. The material properties
were imported to ANSYS from the data available in Ta-
ble 1. A fine mesh was considered for the femur-bone
analysis with 8-node tetrahedral elements. A mesh-con-
vergence study was conducted to confirm that that FEA
model converged to a solution.
25
The mesh convergence
was done by increasing the number of elements from
12000 to 4716336. The maximum deformation results
were compared for the mesh convergence. The maxi-
mum deformation results were almost constant for all the
material properties after the fine meshing. The mesh size
that was selected for this work was 5 mm and the num-
bers of elements was 206,216 (Figure 3a).
2.4.2 Solving
After completing the meshing, boundary conditions
were applied to the femur similar to the loads acting on
the human femur while standing and walking. The lower
end of the femur model was distally fixed and the load
was given from the femoral head. ISO 7206-4:2010 was
used for the loading conditions of the femur model. ISO
7206-4:2010 specifies the test parameters and the re-
quirements of the endurance limit of stemmed femoral
components tested experimentally.
26
The boundary con-
ditions (Figure 3b) are considered by fixing the lower
end of the femur model and a compressive load is given
from the top. The load value as per ISO standard is 2300
N, and it is applied from the top of the femoral head and
the load type is a compression load. A static structural
analysis was carried out in three parts: femur bone,
2
PEEK, and CF PEEK.
2.4.3 Post Processing
The post-processing capabilities of ANSYS
®
were
utilized for generating the equivalent stress plot and total
deformation plot for the femur bone with various mate-
rial properties. A detailed post-processing result was
generated in the FE analysis. Figure 4 represents the fi-
nite-element method results of the equivalent stress,
equivalent strain and total deformation of femur bone
model using the femur bone property, PEEK and CF
PEEK material properties, respectively. From the results
it is inferred that CF PEEK had good compression prop-
erties as per the ISO 7206-4:2010 standard FE analysis,
and moreover the compression property closely matched
A. VASANTHANATHAN, S. M. KENNEDY: BIO-PRINTING OF FEMUR MODEL: A BONE SUBSTITUTE FOR ...
286 Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 57 (2023) 3, 283–289
Figure 4: Equivalent stress, equivalent strain and total deformation of
femur model with different material properties
Figure 3: Processing of femur model in ANSYS WORKBENCH
®
2021 R2

to that of the human femur. So, a CF PEEK filament was
used to 3D print the femur-bone model.
2.5 3D Printing
The femur model was 3D printed using a Pratham 5.0
3D printer and 3DXTECH CF PEEK filament spool was
used for the fabrication based on the FEM results. The
Pratham 5.0 3D printer was used because of its larger
bed size of (500 × 500 × 500) mm. The Fusion Deposi-
tion Modelling method is used in the 3D printer to fabri-
cate the bone model. FDM
27
is a method of 3D printing
in which layers of materials blend together in a pattern to
fabricate an object. Using the FDM technique the layers
of CF PEEK were deposited layer by layer from the
model obtained using the CURA
®
software (Version:
Cura LulzBot Edition v3). The time taken for the fabri-
cation of femur model with 100 % fill density was 12 h.
The 3D printer has a single extruder, 100 μm to 500 μm /
0.1 mm to 0.5 mm layer resolution, 400 micron / 0.4 mm
supported extruder nozzle diameter, 572 °F / 300 °C Ex-
truder nozzle temperature and 248 °F / 120 °C build-
plate temperature. The bonding between the pre-laid
layer and the upcoming layer was good because the tem-
perature held the next layer and the previous layer in a
rigid form so that high strength and the mechanical prop-
erties required could arrive. This made the fabricated
carbon-fibre PEEK 3D model stand firm without any
flexible deformation. A CF PEEK spool was used as a
fabrication material.
2.6 Compression Test on Femur Model
A servo computerized universal testing machine was
used for the compression test on the 3D-printed femur
bone model. The load capacity of the machine is
100–2000 kN and the displacement resolution is 0.01
mm. The results were obtained from the data-acquisition
system provided with the machine. The experimental test
up as per ISO 7206-4:2010 with the vertical load applied
to the femur-bone model from the top of the femoral
head (Figure 5).
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. FEA Results
The finite-element method results of the equivalent
stress, equivalent strain and total deformation of the fe-
mur bone model using the femur-bone property, PEEK
and CF PEEK material properties for ISO 7206-4:2010
loading conditions. The maximum total deformation of
the femur-bone model with the properties of a real femur
carries a value of 10.68 mm, which is smaller, followed
by the CF PEEK material with 17.813 mm and PEEK
material with 21.376 mm. The lowest deformation of the
material yields a higher strength to the material. In this
regard, it is numerically investigated that CF PEEK fe-
mur model is better than the other counterparts. The
maximum equivalent stress for the femur-bone model
with the properties of a real femur carries an equivalent
stress of 202.62 MPa, CF PEEK with a value 212.252
MPa and PEEK with 192.73 MPa. From these predic-
tions it is inferred that the CF PEEK femur-bone model
has a better strength than the PEEK model. The maxi-
mum equivalent strain values of the femur-bone model
with properties of real femur, CF PEEK, PEEK materials
are (0.019573, 0.021041 and 0.024467) mm/mm. From
these strain values it is evident that the strain values of a.
real human femur and the femur model made of CF
PEEK match closely when compared to that of PEEK
material, making CF PEEK a better material for the fab-
rication of fthe emur model with the properties close to
that of a human femur.
Table 2 shows the comparison of maximum equiva-
lent stress, maximum equivalent strain and maximum to-
tal deformation of the materials that were used in the
present FEA study.
Table 2: Finite-element snalysis results
Femur model
Maximum
equivalent
stress (MPa)
Maximum
equivalent
strain
(mm/mm)
Total deforma-
tion (mm)
Human Femur
Bone
202.62 0.019573 10.688
CF PEEK 212.5 0.021041 17.813
PEEK 192.73 0.024467 21.376
3.2 3D Printed Femur-Bone Model
From the finite-element results, the femur bone was
fabricated using CF PEEK filament material by 3D print-
ing technology.
28,29
From the visual inspection, the fabri-
cated femur-bone model had good strength and stiffness,
with a considerable degree of elasticity. Figure 6 shows
the 3D-printed femur model using CF PEEK material
and a composite bone plate that is to be screwed and
biomechanically tested.
A. VASANTHANATHAN, S. M. KENNEDY: BIO-PRINTING OF FEMUR MODEL: A BONE SUBSTITUTE FOR ...
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 57 (2023) 3, 283–289 287
Figure 5: Compression test on 3D-printed CF Peek femur model

3.3 Compression-Test Results
Compression tests were conducted on the fabricated
CF PEEK femur-bone model (Figure 6), similar to the
FE method. The femur model showed an initial linear
elastic response, followed by some non-linearity and
showed signs of fracture at a strain of 1.9 percent, exhib-
iting a sudden drop in load. The CF PEEK femur model
fails at a compressive stress of 208.58 MPa and a strain
of 1.99 %. Failure occurred in the middle portion of the
femur model, at the point of contact with the top roller in
the case of intact bones. The compression strength of the
human femur bone is 205 MPa. The FEM result obtained
for the results of the maximum compressive stress of the
femur bone was 202.62 MPa (Figure 5a). The result de-
viation is only 1.6 %. This proves the accuracy of the
FEM results. The FEM results for the maximum stress
value of the CF PEEK femur model was 212.5 MPa and
the compressive strength obtained from the experimental
value was 208.58 MPa. These results closely match the
compression strength of the real human femur, and thus
this CF PEEK model can be used as prototype model to
study the anatomy of the human femur and can also be
used by researchers to experiment on bone plates made
of advanced materials. Table 3 shows the validation of
the FEM results and the experimental results with the
strength of real femur.
Table 3: Comparison of FEM and Experimental results with Human
Femur
Type
Compressive stress
(MPa)
Real human femur
30
205
FEM result for human femur 202.62
FEM result for 3D-printed CF PEEK
femur model
212.5
Experimental result for 3D-printed CF
PEEK femur model
208.58
4 CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions are drawn from the pres-
ent study:
• The materials selected for the present study were
PEEK and CF PEEK. The materials were selected
based on the feasibility of 3D-printing features and
their current applications for orthopedic implants. In
recent PEEK-made implants are largely used due to
their property resemblance with human bone.
• From the finite-element analysis viewpoint, CF
PEEK was found to be the better choice among the
other counterparts. CF PEEK femur-bone model was
fabricated using 3D printing and experimented by
compression testing as per the ISO 7206-4:2010 stan-
dard to find its strength. Both the FE results and the
experimental closely matched to the compressive
strength of the real human femur.
• Though this CF PEEK 3D-printed model of the fe-
mur cannot replicate the exact properties of the hu-
man femur, it has better properties when compared to
its other materials.
• The 3D-printed CF PEEK femur model provided an
ample suggestion for experimenting with the proper-
ties of bone-plate research, since it is impossible for
researchers to experiment using a real femur. It can
also be used as a pilot model to study the femur bone,
but this model is strictly for external usage only.
• From the newly developed femur model, the bone
plates can be experimented on for mechanical
strength analysis, without regard to humans or animal
ethics.
Acknowledgment
The authors of this paper would like to thank Dr. M.
Sekar, Principal, AAA College of Engineering and Tech-
nology, Dr. P. Nagaraj, Senior Professor & Head, Depart-
ment of Mechanical Engineering of Mepco Schlenk En-
gineering College, Dr. P. Seenikannan, Dean and
Professor & Head, Department of Mechanical Engi-
neering, AAA College of Engineering and Technology,
for their continuous support in writing this research arti-
cle. The authors express their sincere gratitude to Dr. S.
Ambalatharasan, MBBS, D. Ortho, DNB, Bone and Joint
clinic, Sivakasi for his consistent guidance in this re-
search paper.
5 REFERENCES
1
D. Pahr, A. Reisinger, A Review on Recent Advances in the Consti-
tutive Modeling of Bone Tissue, Curr Osteoporos Rep., 18 (2020)6,
696–704
2
P. S. R. Maharaj, R. Maheswaran, A. Vasanthanathan, Numerical
Analysis of Fractured Femur Bone with Prosthetic Bone Plates,
Procedia Eng., 64 (2013),1242–1251
3
S. Zhigailov, V. Musalimov, G. Aryassov et al, Modelling and simu-
lation of Human Lower–Limb Motion, International Review on
Modelling and Simulations (IREMOS), 9 (2016) 2,114
4
A. Ganguli, G. Z. Pagan-Diaz, L. Grant et al., 3D printing for preop-
erative planning and surgical training: a review, Biomed
Microdevices 20 (2018) 3:65, doi:10.1007/s10544-018-0301-9
5
A. M, A. A. Mohan, M. H. Reddy, Manufacturing of customized im-
plants for orbital fractures using 3D printing, Bioprinting, 2021, 21
6
W. Liu, J. Zhou, Y. Ma et al, Fabrication of PLA filaments and its
printable performance, IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng., 275 (2017),
012033
A. VASANTHANATHAN, S. M. KENNEDY: BIO-PRINTING OF FEMUR MODEL: A BONE SUBSTITUTE FOR ...
288 Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 57 (2023) 3, 283–289
Figure 6: 3D-printed CF PEEK femur model with bone plate to be
fixed for biomechanical testing

7
E. H. Tümer, H. Y. Erbil, Extrusion-based 3D printing applications
of PLA Composites: A Review, Coatings, 11 (2021)4,390
8
R. Kumar, R. Singh, I. Farina, On the 3D printing of recycled ABS,
PLA and hips thermoplastics for structural applications, PSU Re-
search Review, 2 (2018) 2, 115–137
9
M. Kumar, R. Ramakrishnan, A. Omarbekova, 3D printed
polycarbonate reinforced acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene compos-
ites: Composition effects on mechanical properties, micro-structure
and Void Formation Study, J Mech Sci Technol., 33 (2019) 11,
5219–5226
10
V. de, R. Engelen, E. Janssen, Impact strength of 3D-printed
polycarbonate. Facta universitatis – series: Electronics and Ener-
getics, 33 (2020) 1, 105–117
11
N. Dessoky, A. El-Mahallawy, M. Fahmy et al, Use of custom made
peek plates for treatment of mandibular fracture, Alex Dent J., 2020
12
M. M. Kim, K. D. Boahene, P. J. Byrne, Use of customized
polyetheretherketone (PEEK) implants in the reconstruction of com-
plex maxillofacial defects, Arch Facial Plast Surg., 11 (2009)1 ,
53–57
13
C. S. Li, C. Vannabouathong, S. Sprague et al, The Use of Car-
bon-Fiber-Reinforced (CFR) PEEK Material in Orthopedic Implants:
A Systematic Review, Clin Med Insights Arthritis Musculoskelet
Disord., 8 (2015), 33–45
14
P. F. Sharkey, W. J. Hozack, R. H. Rothman et al, Why are total knee
arthroplastics failing today? Clin Orthop Relat Res., 404 (2002),
7–13
15
A. Aimar, A. Palermo, B. Innocenti, The Role of 3D Printing in
Medical Applications: A State of the Art, J Healthc Eng., 21 2019
16
T. M. Wong, J. Jin, T. W. Lau et al, The use of three-dimensional
printing technology in orthopaedic surgery, J Orthop Surg., 25 (2017)
1
17
N. D. Chakladar, L. T. Harper, A. J. Parsons, Optimisation of com-
posite bone plates for ulnar transverse fractures, J Mech Behav
Biomed Mater., 57 (2016), 334–46
18
S. Samiezadeh, P. Tavakkoli Avval, Z. Fawaz et al, On optimization
of a composite bone plate using the selective stress shielding ap-
proach, J Mech Behav Biomed Mater., 42 (2015),138–153
19
M. Salmi, Additive manufacturing processes in medical applications,
Materials., 14 (2021)1,191
20
M. Todo, K. Fukuoka, Biomechanical analysis of femur with Tha
and RHA implants using CT-image based finite element method, J
Orthop Sports Med., 2 (2020)2
21
C. A. Gulo, A. C. Sementille, J. M. Tavares, Techniques of medical
image processing and analysis accelerated by high-performance
computing: A systematic literature review, J Real Time Image Pro-
cess, 16 (2017) 6, 1891–908
22
P. Kishore, A. Kumar Dash, K. Dhilip Kumar, Modelling and analy-
sis of femur bone from CT scan. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng., 764
(2020) 1, 012003
23
K. S. Nishant, B. Richa, K. R. Sanjay, Development And Validation
Of Robust 3d-Solid Model Of Human Femur Using Ct Data, Int J
Adv Sci Eng Technol., 2 (2014) 3, 44–48
24
S. Mathukumar, V. A. Nagarajan, A. Radhakrishnan, Analysis and
validation of femur bone data using finite element method under
static load condition, Proc Inst Mech Eng C J Mech Eng Sci., 233
(2019) 16, 5547–55
25
U. N. Mughal, H. A. Khawaja, M. Moatamedi, Finite element analy-
sis of human femur bone, Int J Multiphys. 9 (2015) 2, 101–8
26
S. Mobasseri, B. Karami, M. Sadeghi et al, Bending and torsional ri-
gidities of defected femur bone using finite element method, Biomed
Eng Adv, 2022, 3, 100028
27
S. Kumar, R. Singh, T. Singh et al, Fused filament fabrication: A
comprehensive review, Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Mate-
rials., 2020, 1–21
28
S. Rashia Begum, M. Saravana Kumar, C. I. Pruncu et al, Optimiza-
tion and fabrication of customized scaffold using additive manufac-
turing to match the property of human bone, J Mater Eng Perform.,
30 (2021) 7, 4848–4859
29
P. S. R. Senthil Maharaj, A. Vasanthanathan, F. Beno Daniel
Ebenezer, et al, In situ bio printing of carbon fiber reinforced PEEK
hip implant stem, AIP Conf Proc., 2022, 2653: 030008
30
L. Davis. Ultimate Strength of the Human Femur.
https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/bodyphysics/chapter/stress-
and-strain-on-the-body/
A. VASANTHANATHAN, S. M. KENNEDY: BIO-PRINTING OF FEMUR MODEL: A BONE SUBSTITUTE FOR ...
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 57 (2023) 3, 283–289 289