CMÖMpCKan TpagM^MH nCHMTaHMH CBHTMX MeCT B KOHTeKCTe HapCgHCM MCTCpMHeCKOM
naMHTM
ranuna B. HwöuMoea
naMHTM KonnerM u gpyra B.B. BuHorpagoBa
The concept of holy places in the East Slavic tradition involves water springs, hills, trees, stones, wooden crosses and other landscape objects, of natural or artificial origin, endowed with a sacred status. As a rule, the "beginning" of the revered place is interpreted in the narratives as a result of activity of mythological characters, epic heroes or divine forces. Based on the author's field materials, archival documents, publications of local periodicals and published works of the Siberian Old Believer writers, the article discusses the veneration of sacred places in tradition of the Russian population of Siberia. Special attention is paid to the history of one of the most revered places of the Altai Territory (the holy spring near the village of Sorochy Log). Its origin is referred to the historical events of the Civil War. Nevertheless, the analysis revealed that these events are comprehended in people's historical memory according to the principles of mythological thinking.
Keywords: sacred places, religious and ritual practices, people's historical memory, Russian population of Siberia.
BBogHwe 3aMeHaHMa
Ba^Hyro ponb b Tpagu^uoHHHX Mogenax op^aHU3a^uu ^u3HeHHoro npocTpaH-CTBa urpaeT TaKaa KaTeropua, KaK ^eHTp Mupa, Ha npaKTUKe cooTHocuMaa c KynbTo-BHM unu nonuTaeMHM MecToM. CuMBonunecKoe o^opMneHue nogoÖHHx noKycoB, a TaK^e penuruo3Ho-o6pagoBHe npaKTuKu ux nonuTaHua uMeroT apKo Bwpa^eHHyro ^THUHecKyro u KoH^eccuoHanbHyro c^e^u^uKy. B BocTo^Ho-cnaBaHcKon Tpagu^uu cBaTHe MecTa - ^To BogHHe uctohhuku, xonMH, gepeBba, KaMHu, gepeBaHHHe KpecTH u nponue naHgma^THHe o6ieKTH npupogHoro unu ucKyccTBeHHoro npoucxo^ge-Hua, HageneHHHe caKpanbHHM cTaTycoM. noBecTBoBaTenbHHM penepTyap, KoTopHM cKnagHBaeTca BoKpyr nogo6HHx o6ieKToB, o6hhho cogep^uT ^Tuono^uHecKue Ha-ppaTuBH - nereHgH u npegaHua, pacKpwBaro^ue Mu^onorunecKoe npoucxo^geHue tom unu uhom caKpanbHon tohku. KaK npaBuno, «Hanano» nonuTaeMoro MecTa TpaK-TyeTca KaK pe3ynbTaT geaTenbHocTu Mu^onorunecKux nepcoHa^ež, ^^uHecKux repo-eB unu 6o^ecTBeHHHx cun.1
* Pa6oTa BMnonHCHa b paMKax npoeKTa PrHO ^ 12-01-00199; npu noggep^KC MuHucTepcTBa
o6pa3oBaHua u HayKu Poccumckom Oegepa^uu: HMP 6.2069.2011.
1 BuHcrpagcBa1999
Ha ocHOBe noneBHX MaTepuanoB aBTopa, apxMBHHX goKyMeHTOB, ^y6^HKa^HH MecTHOM nepMogMKM, a TaK^e conuHeHMH ch6hpckhx ^HcaTe^eH-cTapoo6pflg^eB b cTaTbe paccMaTpMBaeTCfl TpagH^Hfl noHMTaHMH cbhthx MecT pyccKUM HaceneHueM Ch6hph. Oco6oe BHUMaHue ygenaeTCH npo6neMe TpaHc^opMa^uu noBecTBoBaHUM o npoucxo^geHUu MecTHHX cbhthhb b nepBon nonoBUHe XX b.
Xo3flHCTBeHHoe u KynbTypHoe ocBoeHue 3aypanbCKUx TeppuTopuM pyccKUMU ^epBO^poxog^aMU conpoBo^ganocb, KaK u3BecTHo, noBceMecTHHM yTBep^geHueM penuruo3HHX cbhthhb u cuMBonoB, o3HaHaBmux BKnroneHue Heu3BegaHHHX paHee npoCTpaHCTB B Mup uCTuHHoM, XpuCTuaHCKoM BepH. MoHaCTHpu u XpaMH CTaHo-Bunucb nanoMHunecKuMu ^eHTpaMU o6^ecu6upcKoro 3HaHeHufl. OcHoBy MecTHHX HapogHo-npaBocnaBHHX KynbToB cocTaBunu cnaBHHCKue HapogHHe Bo33peHufl, cbh-3aHHHe c nonuTaHueM caKpanbHHX o6ieKToB npupogH.
OeHOMeHonorMÄ noHMTaeMoro MecTa
CoBpeMeHHoe cocTosHue cu6upcKoM Tpagu^uu nonuTaHua cbhthx MecT, no-BceMecTHoe Bo3po^geHue KoTopoM b HacToa^ee BpeMa npoucxoguT npu Henocpeg-cTBeHHoM yqacTuu PyccKoM npaBocnaBHoM ^epKBU, xapaKTepu3yeTca perynapHHM npoBegeHueM KpecTHHX xogoB u Bo3BegeHueM KynbToBHX coopy^eHufi (gepeBaHHHX KpecToB, HacoBeH unu xpaMoB) b HenocpegcTBeHHoM 6nu3ocTu ot o6ieKTa npupogH, HageneHHoro caKpanbHHM cTaTycoM. B nogaBnaro^eM 6onbmuHcTBe cnynaeB nogo6-HHM npupogHHM o6ieKToM oKa3HBaeTca BogHHM uctohhuk (pogHuK unu Knron), oTMeneHHHM, cornacHo HapogHHM Bo33peHuaM, cuMBonuKoM ^eHcKoro nnogopoga-^ero u uc^enaro^e^o Havana. yKa3aHHaa cuMBonuKa noggep^uBaeTca 6HTyro^uMu BnnoTb go HacToa^ero BpeMeHu npegaHuaMu o TaK Ha3HBaeMHX aBneHHHX (BcnnH-Baro^ux BpeMa ot BpeMeHu u3 BogH) uKoHax («öoMecmBCHHUx nuKax»), 6onbmaa HacTb KoTopHx oTHocuTca k 6oropoguHHoMy Tuny.2 CaMo aBneHue 6o^ecTBeHHoro o6pa3a, numeT b ^TOM cBa3u A.A. naH^eHKo, He TonbKo nognepKuBaeT noTycTopoH-hum, npe^ge Bcero, caKpanbHHM, cTaTyc npunnHBaro^ero / ynnHBaro^ero npegMeTa, ho u cny^uT cBoero poga 3HaKoM, nocpegcTBoM KoToporo noTycTopoHHuM (caKpanbHHM) Mup oTMenaeT BHgeneHHocTb gaHHoro MecTa u3 oKpy^aro^ero npocTpaHcTBa, coo6^aa eMy cTaTyc cBa^eHHoro noKyca.3
OgHuM u3 TunuHHHx B yKa3aHHoM oTHomeHuu npupogHo-caKpanbHHx kom-nneKcoB aBnaeTca nonuTaeMHM uctohhuk, pacnono^eHHHM Bo3ne cena ycTb-CepTa He6ynuHcKoro paMoHa KeMepoBcKoM o6nacTu. B oTnunue ot gpyrux nogo6HHx kom-nneKcoB cBa3aHHaa c hum noKanbHaa Tpagu^ua, no cnoBaM MecTHHx ^uTeneM, He npepHBanacb 3a Bce BpeMa cy^ecTBoBaHua coBeTcKoM BnacTu. Bce ^TU rogH ^uTenu cena, HeB3upaa Ha oTcyTcTBue cBa^eHHuKa u aKTuBHoe conpoTuBneHue BnacTeM, co-Bepmanu «Mone6cTBa» Ha nona u k ucTo^HuKy, Boga KoToporo cnuTanacb cbstom, a noToMy - ^ene6HOM. no cnoBaM nynmeM «^ecenbHU^H» u cTapeMmeM ÄUTenbHU^H cena «6a6H nonu» (n.A. MacnoBoM, 1909 r.p.), «Ha Ka3aHCKyw Bce^^a cnymöy b ^epKBU cnyMunu, nomoM c UKOHaMU Ha nacoBHW mnu, Body (b ucToHHUKe) CBHmunu, nocne - Ha Knadöu^e, yMepmux noMUHanu, MedoByxy nunu». Ha3BaHHHM KynbToBHM kom-nneKc aBnanca TaK^e MecToM nepuogunecKux MoneHuM o go^ge, Korga k BHcmuM
2	nro6uMoBa 2012: 118
3	naHMCHKo 1998: 135, 139
HeöecHHM CMnaM B3HBanH c MonMTBeHHHMM oöpa^eHMHMM: «npecBxmax Mamb Ka-3aHCKax, / Monu Eo^a o Hac^ / MH0^0Mun0cmuBuü rocnodu, / ycnumb Hac, mohh^ux Te6e^ / CBHmumenb HuKona, / Monu Eo^a, cnacu Hac» m T.n. (nMA, 2002).
MecTHOM cBHTHHeM M penHrH03HHM cMMBonoM npa3flHHKa cTana UKOHa Ka3aH-cKOM Bomben MaTepu, MCTopuH KOTopoM gpaMaTMHHa u b to ^e BpeMH gocTaTOHHO TMnMHHa. noHBneHMe ee b cene OKyTaHO TaMHOM u cBfl3aHO c nereHgaMM o tom, hto caMa «uKoHa - HBneHHaH»: paccKa3HBaroT, hto hmk Bo^opoflH^H «ABnanca» b MecTHoM Knrone. BMecTe c TeM, H3BecTHo, hto go 1936 r. MecToM npeÖHBaHua mkohh, pa3MepH KoTopoM gocTaToHHo BHymMTenbHH, a Bec gocTuraeT 20 Kr, ÖHna ^epKOBb, a nocne -
oHa nonana k K.T. naBnaKoBoM (1926 r.p.). flecHTHnexHeH geBOHKOH ona npHBe3na ee Ha caHax goMoM, cnacaa ot «aKmuBucmoB», KoTopwe «npeBpa-munu ^epKOBb b 3epHocymunKy u mo-nunu uKoHaMu cmoHBmyw maM neub».
CxogHHe noBepba o qygecHoM aBneHMM b Boge öo^ecTBeHHHX nuKoB ÖHnM 3a^HKcHpoBaHH B 3apHHcKoM paMoHe AnTaMcKoro Kpaa. Ka^gHM H3 BHaBneHHHX B cenax ^ynaHMxa u CpegHeKpacunoBo KynbToBHx kom-nneKcoB b HegaBHeM npomnoM npeg-cTaBnan coöofi Bo3BegeHHyro Hag cBa-THM KnronoM xpaMoByro nocTpoMKy, BKnronaBmyro oömupHyro nog3eMHyro HacTb - pyKoTBopHHe nem^epu. CaMoe paHHee npegaHue, noBecTByro^ee o Hakane no^MTaeMoro MecTa, gaTupy-eTca KOH^OM XIX b. CnuTaeTca, hto uMeHHo Torga gepeBeHcKuM nacTyx, 3axoTeBmMM HanuTbca M3 pogHuKa, BnepBHe «yBuden b Bode nuK, uko-Hy EoMbeü Mamepu, Bcw b ^Bemax», npuneM «b pyKu nuK HuKaK He da-BancH». no3^e pogHuK ÖHn ocBa^eH öaTromKoM M3 gepeBeHcKoM ^epKBM (nMA, 2001, c. ^ynaHuxa) (puc. 1). npuBegeHHHM HappaTuB no KnaccM^MKa^MM B.B. BuHorpagoBa othocutca k ocoöofi rpynne TeKcToB, pacKpHBaro^ux «Mu^onorune-cKoe npoucxo^geHue» caKpanbHoM tohku.4 flepeBeHcKuž nacTyx aBnaeTca 3gecb He cnyqaMHHM nepcoHa^eM, nocKonbKy c^epa ero npo^eccuoHanbHož geaTenbHocTu (KaK u oxoTHuKa B gpyrux nogoÖHHx TeKcTax) npoTeKaeT Ha ^paHM^e oö^uToro u HeocBoeHHoro npocTpaHcTBa, rge, no HapogHHM BO33peHMaM, MoryT npoaBnaTb ceöa cunH noTycTopoHHero Mupa.
Puc. 1. Konobeu, co cBHmoü Bodoü Bosne c. XynaHuxa 3apuHCKo^o p-Ha AnmaücKo^o KpaH
4 BuHcrpagcB 2004
PaccKa3H O HBneHMM öo^ecTBeHHHX HMKOB B CBHTOM Boge npogon^aroT ocTa-BaTbCfl xapaKTepHOM nepTOM coBpeMeHHOM HapogHOM penHrHO3HOCTH. no cnoBaM MecTHoro ÄMTena M.H. COKOHOBa (1946 r.p.), b geTCTBe MaTb BOguna erO Ha KnroHM: «KaK-mo pa3 (OHa) ^OBOpum: «Cuompu, Muma, nmo ceünac öyöem» - öpocuna Kone-euKy, a u3 Boöu uKOHa EoMbeü Mamepu c Mna^eH^eM Bcnnuna. Ä caM Bce ^mo Buden». nOgOÖHHe cBMgeTenbCTBa BOcnpuHMMaroTca HOCMTenaMM penHrHO3HOrO cO3Ha-
HMH KaK 3HaK OCOÖOM H36paHHOCTH, HeKOM OTMeHeHHOCTM HrogeM, KOTOpHM flBMHOCb HygO, u HaO6OpOT, HecnOCO6HOCTb y3peTb OgHy h3 ^OpM npOHBneHHH 6O^ecTBeHHOM BOHM cHUTaeTCfl nOKa3aTeneM rpexOBHOCTu nenOBeKa, erO HegOCTaTOHHOM rOTOBHOCTu
öbiTb H36paHHbiM BoroM. flpyraa MecTHaa ÄMTenbHM^a, ^.M. Kup-muHa (1929 r.p.), paccKa3ana, KaK k HMM Ha KnroH npMe3^anM «nemupe 6o^oBepywm^ue MeHW,uHU» u OguH nOn M3 BapHayna: «Ä mo^^a KaK pa3 ^ony6uKy Ha ^ope pBana. Cmo-mpw, cne3u y oÖHoü u3 ^na3 maK u nbwmcH. OHa ^oBopum: «nocMompu, aH^eno^Ku b Bode Kynawmcxl», a x He BUMy^ Eo^ Hu^e^o MHe He noKa-3an, nomoMy, buöho, nmo ^pemHaH. nacmyx pxdoM KopoBy nac u moMe Hu^e^o He Buden». ^eHHOCTb nOgO6-HHX CBugeTenbCTB 3aKnroHaeTCfl b TOM, HTO B hux, rOBOpa CHOBaMu ^.B. HecHOBa, COgep^aTca «TOHKue OnucaHua penM^MO3HHx COCTOa-hum» - Tex caMHx «uHguBugyanb-HHx nepe^uBaHufi», c KOTOpwx u HaHuHaeTca nro6aa ^OpMa penu-ruu.5 nOCTOaHHOe HyBCTBO yMune-Hua, nOpOM nepexOga^ee b BOCTOpr, aBnaeTca OTnuHuTenbHOM HepTOM OCO6OrO ncuxuHecKOrO COCTOaHua, npeO6nagaro^erO y 6onbmMHCTBa Bepyro^ux b CBaTOM MecTe.6 TaKuM o6pa3OM, noce^eHue cBaTHx MecT no3BonaeT HaM6onee apKO npoaBnaTbca penuru-O3HHM HyBcTBaM Bepyro^ux, a nogTBep^geHueM ux uctuhhoctu cTaHOBaTca Hyge-cHHe aBneHua, ^pM6nMÄaro^Me HenoBeKa k Mupy 6o^ecTBeHHoro.
CaKpanbHaa Tonorpa^Ma
Tonorpa^ua MecTHHx cBaTHHb o6hhho cKnagwBaeTca M3 naHgma^THoro o6i-eKTa (KaMHa, gepeBa, pogHuKa unu necHaHuKOBoM ne^epKu) u conyTcTByro^ux eMy
Puc. 2. PasBunuHU no^3eMHo^o xpuMU Bosne c. Cpe^HeKpucunoBo 3upuHCKo^o p-Ha AnmuücKo^o Kpax.
5	HecHOB 1999
6	TapaöyKuHa 2000
KynbTOBHX coopy^eHMM (nacoBeHOK m KpecTOB), npuneM HepegKO b ogHOM m tom ^e MecTe MO^eT HaxogMTbca cpa3y HecKonbKO TaKux oö^eKTOB.7 K npuMepy, TaK Ha3H-BaeMaa nem^epKa - ogHa h3 cenbCKMX cBHTHHb rgoBCKoro panoHa ncKoBCKon o6na-CTM - npegcTaBneHa goBonbHo TMnMHHHM gna pyccKoro CeBepo-3anaga coneTaHMeM MCToHHMKa M KaMHfl c «öo^bMM cnegoM», k kotophm b gaHHoM cnynae goöaBneHa «ne^epa», Kyga no npegaHMro cKpwnacb cTynMBmaa Ha KaMeHb Bo^opogH^a.8
C^e^H^HHecKHH Tun npupogHo-caKpanbHHX KoMnneKcoB, KaK y^e oTMenanocb, 6hin oÖHapy^eH b 3apHHcKoM panoHe AnTancKoro Kpaa. E^e HegaBHo ohm xapaKTe-pH3oBanHcb HanuHueM oömupHon nog3eMHoH nacTu - pyKoTBopHHX nemep (puc. 2). CoxpaHUBmueca ^yHgaMeHTH cTpoeHUM, a TaK^e ocTaTKu ne^ep pacnonaranucb Ha TeppuTopuu co3gaHHoH b Hakane 1910-x rogoB AneKcaHgpo-HeBcKon nycTHHU, aBnaBmenca nogBopbeM AnTancKoM flyxoBHon Muccuu. no MHeHuro öapHaynbcKUx apxeonoroB, oöcnegoBaBmux oguH m3 nog3eMHHx xpaMoB b HagnoMMeHHoM Teppace HyMHma, no cBoeMy BHyTpeHHeMy yöpaHcTBy, K0H^M^ypa^MM xogoB, ranepeM u na-öupuHToB, a TaK^e no pacnono^eHuro KenuM u TexHUKe co3gaHMa Kynonoo6pa3HHx noMe^eHUM yKa3aHHHM naMaTHUK npegcTaBnan co6om nogoöue KueBo-nenepcKofi naBpH. B 1970-e rogw cTeneHb coxpaHHocTU ero ÖHna TaKoBa, hto no3Bonana onpe-genuTb ocHoBHHe pa3MepH ToHHeneM, KoMHaT u Hum, Bpe3aHHHx b rnuHucTHe cTe-HH. HHHemHee cocToaHue coopy^eHUM aBnaeTca nnaneBHHM: oÖBanuBmueca cBogH pa3pymMnM cno^Hyro cucTeMy coeguHUTenbHHx KopugopoB, a rpyHToBHe BogH npo-gon^aroT pa3MHBaTb no^By (nMA, 2001).
nogBM3aBmMeca b ne^epax MoHaxu - «npumnue omKyda-mo» - «CBoe xo3HÜcm-BO Benu, CKom depManu, namHW^ y hux b ^ope 3eMnxHKU 6unu c OKomKauu, KpoBamu depeBHHHue, naBKu. CaMu nemepu 6unu Bume, maM moMe cmonu cmonnu, ukohu Bucenu, cBeuKu ^openu. Bce ^mo eme Ha Moeü naMxmu 6uno» (3anMcaHo ot n.M. CTa-poctmhom, 1913 r.p., c. CpegHeKpacunoBo). Ha cerogHamHUM geHb mo^ho cTpouTb numb npegnono^eHua o npuHUHax, noöyguBmux MoHaxoB nocenuTbca yeguHeHHo u oöopygoBaTb pyKoTBopHHe ne^epH, npeBpaTUB ux b nogoöue nog3eMHHx xpaMoB.
Bo3HMKHoBeHMe TpagM^MM xpucTuaHcKoro nycTHHHo^UTenbcTBa BocxoguT k ucTopuu paHHux xpucTuaHcKux oö^UH, nepe^UBaBmux roHeHua b Hakane hobom ^pH. nepBHe xpucTuaHcKue nog3eMHHe MoHacTHpu npegcTaBnanu coöoM «npoTa-HyBmueca nog 3eMneM Ha gecaTKU KunoMeTpoB MH0^0^TaÄHHe coopy^eHua», BKnro-HaBmue ^unHe KoMnneKcH c KenbaMU, a TaK^e xo3aMcTBeHHHe noMe^eHua c nena-mm gna BHne^KU xneöa u xpaHunu^aMU gna 3epHa. Mctokm ^T0^0 aBneHua, cnuTaeT ro.ro. ffleBHeHKo, ne^aT bo BHyTpeHHeM cy^HocTU caMoro xpucTuaHcTBa u cBa3aHH c npaKTMK0M «yMH0M MonuTBH». OcoöeHHo mupoKoe pacnpocTpaHeHue yneHue o cBa^eHH0M 6e3MonBMM (ucuxa3M) nonyquno b npaB0cnaBH0M cpege. nonHaa TeM-H0Ta m TumuHa, B03M0^HHe TonbKo B Kenbax nog3eMHHx MoHacTHpeM, cquTanucb «Heo6xogMMeMmMM ycnoBueM» TaK Ha3HBaeMoro «KeneMHoro npaBuna», Korga nona-ranocb oTBneqbca b MHcnax «ot Bcero 3eMHoro, TenecHoro u cKoponpexoga^ero» m cocpegoToquTbca Ha MonuTBeHHoM noucKe 6o^ecTBeHH0M ucKpH b co6cTBeHH0M gyme.9
7	naHMCHKC 1998: 77
8	Kormina 2003
9	meBMCHKC 2002: 112-116
npHMeqaTenbHafl geTanb 3apHHCKHX KynbTOBHX KOMnneKCOB 3aKnroHanacb b xpaMOBHX CTpoeHMHX, B03BefleHHHX HenocpegcTBeHHO Hag mctohhmkom co cbhtom BogoM: «e ^epKeu y anmapx uuencx Kono^e^ co cexmoü eoöoü, Komopoü eo epeux cnyMÖu Kponunu Hapod», «npxMo Ha Kono^^e y MOHaxoe uacoeHx cmoxna^ K hum myda nwöu xoöunu. Eo^y Monunucb, ^eHb^u Hecnu, ^ocmuH^u». nocne peBo^ro^HH Mo-HacTHpcKMe KOMnneKCH öhhm pa3pymeHH, a ux oÖMTaTenM - ^ecTOKo yÖMTH: «dyMa-nu, nmo maM y Hux HecMemHue 6o^amcm6a xpaHxmcx, ho maK Hu^e^o u He Hamnu^». y>Ke B rogH coBeTCKOM BnacTM Ha MecTe ogHoro h3 pa3pymeHHHx KOMnneKcoB gonroe BpeMH >Hna HeKaa «öaÖKa 3anecHxa», k kotopom xogunu nanoMHMKM h3 cocegHux cen (nMA, 2001). no HaönrogeHMHM T.A. ^enaHCKož, CTap^H, oTmenbHMKM u HM^ue HepegKo BHCTynanu b KanecTBe CBoeo6pa3HHx xpaHUTenefi MecTHHx CBHTHHb. CaMo >e CBHToe MecTo 3aHacTyro «cuMBonunecKu cnuBanocb c o6pa3oM ero xpaHUTena».10
HapogHaa MCTopMHecKaa naMSTb
TparunecKue co6HTMfl MecTHoM ucTopuu XX b. He Mornu He cKa3aTbcfl Ha xa-paKTepe noHUTaHua cbhthx MecT u Ha cogep>aHMM cBfl3aHHHx c hmmm npegaHUM. M3BecTHo, K npuMepy, hto b 1920-1921 rr. Bca CM6Mpb 6Hna oxBaneHa KpecTbaH-ckumu aHTM6o^bmeBMCTCKMMM BoccTaHuaMu, 3a kotophmu b ucTopuHecKoM nuTepaType 3aKpe^Mnocb Ha3BaHMe CM6MpcKOM BaHgeu. MHoronucneHHHe BoccTaHua CM6MpflKOB, 3aKOHHMBmMecfl nopa^eHuHMu u conpoBo^gaBmueca ^ecToKuMu pe-npeccuaMu, nnoxo BnucHBanucb b o^M^ManbHyro repouKo-poMaHTunecKyro KOH^e^-^Mro rpa>gaHcKOM bomhh. Bonee Toro, b coBeTcKoe BpeMH, numeT no ^TOMy noBogy B.M. fflumKuH, 6Hn c^opMupoBaH ugeonorunecKuž cTepeoTun, b cooTBeTcTBuu c KOTopHM nro6afl K0HTppeB0nro^M0HHafl aK^Mfl paccMaTpuBanacb KaK «HepHaa», no-cTHgHaa CTpaHM^a oTenecTBeHHOM ucTopuu. nogo6HHe ^aKTH cnegoBano, KaK chu-Tanocb, He M3yHaTb, a npoKnuHaTb, unu b nynmeM cnynae npegaBaTb 3a6BeHMro.11 TeM He MeHee, HapogHaa naMHTb o co6HTMflx rpa>gaHcKOM bomhh, «He BnucaBmuxca» B o^M^ManbHHM ucTopuHecKuM gucKypc, nonynuna cBoeo6pa3Hoe npenoMneHue b TpagM^M0HHHx penM^M03H0-06pflg0BHx npaKTuKax noHuTaHua MecTHHx cBHTHHb. TaKOBa ucTopua ogHoro M3 HaM6onee noHuTaeMHx MecT AnTaMcKoro Kpaa - cBHToro Knrona B03ne cena CopoHuM ^or nepBOMažcKoro paMOHa (puc. 3).
AnTaMcKue ucTopuKu peKOHcTpyupoBanu co6HTMfl, npoucxoguBmue b Copo-HbeM ^ory b HaHane 1921 roga, Korga HegoBonbHHe nonuTuKOM ^pogpa3BepcTKM - u «neBHe», u «npaBHe» - nepemnu k aKTuBHHM gežcTBuHM npoTuB coBeTcKOM BnacTu. BoBpeMH pacKpHB «K0HTppeB0nro^M0HHHM 3aroBop», KOMMyHucTH apecTOBanu Becb HOBHM cocTaB BonocTHoro CoBeTa HapogHHx genyTaTOB. HacTb «3a^0B0p^MK0B» 6Hna paccTpenHHa cpa3y, «gpyrux BHBenu 3a ceno u ^opy6MnM mamKaMu».12
BcKope nocne onucaHHHx co6HTMM MecTo ^M6enM «K0HTppeB0nro^M0HHHx no-BCTaH^eB» («MyneHuKoe 3a eepy» b coBpeMeHHOM HapogHOM MHTep^peTa^MM) HaHano ^pMo6peTaTb caKpanbHHM cTaTyc, nogTBep^geHueM Hero cTanu perynapHo Ha6nroga-eMHe TaM «Hygeca» - «neHue HeBuguMHx neBHux», noHBneHue cBeHeK, KOTopHe rope-nu caMu co6om u np. Bce ^T0 npogon>anocb go Tex nop, noKa, HaK0He^, cKB03b 3eMnro He «npocTynuna KpoBb» u He «^po6Mncfl pogHuK», HaxoguBmufica paHee «coBceM b
10	^enaHcKaa 1995: 118, 123
11	mumKuH 1995
12	CxpoHKOB u gp. 2001: 57-62
gpyroM MecTe» (nMA, 2004). Oö^ecTBeHHoe MHeHue, TaKUM 06pa30M, öhho nogro-TOBneHO K BocnpMHTMro onepeflHoro «qyga», KOTopoe He 3acTaBHno ce6fl gonro ^gaTb. MaTepu ogHoro h3 paccTpenaHHHX, Ka^gHM geHb xoguBmen Ha MecTo rH6enH CHHa, npHBMgencfl b KnroneBoM Boge hmk, 6ygTo 6h coo6^HBmHH en o tom, hto Bce norH6-mue «npH3HaHH BoroM HeBMHoBHHMM My^eHMKaMM», a Bo3HHKmHH Ha MecTe ux ru-6enH pogHMK - ^TO «cne3H MaTepen no HeBUHHo y6MeHHHM».'3 MecTHoe gyxoBeHCTBo cnoco6cTBoBano pacnpocTpaHeHuro hobom nereHgn, a TpagM^MOHHHe o6xogH no-
Jieü B cnyqae 3acyxH («c ukohumu u c öamwmKoü») cTanu BKnronaTb b ce6fl o6fl3aTenbHoe noce^eHue HoBoo6pe-TeHHoM CBHTHHM (nMA, 2004).
CornacHo 0^M^Ma^bH0M To^Ke 3peHMfl, M3no^eHHoM B goHeceHMM HananbHMKa AnTažcKoro ry6epHCKoro oTgena b ^eHTpa^bHoe agMUHUcTpa-TMBHoe ynpaBneHue HKBfl, npu no-gaBneHMM CopoKUHCKoro BoccTaHua «6HnM paccTpenflHH rpa^gaHe c. Co-poHMM ^or B Hucne oKono 12 nenoBeK», TpynH KoTopHx 6HnM c6pomeHH «b oBpar, rge MecTHHe KpecTbHHe cBanu-Banu bhbo3mmhm co gBopoB Ha3eM u bchkmm Mycop». BnocnegcTBuu Heno-ganeKy ot «MorunH paccTpenaHHHx 6aHgMT0B» «oTKpnncfl» cbhtom Knron, Kyga cTano cTeKaTbca «orpoMHoe ko-nunecTBo 60^0M0nb^eB», ^enaBmux nonyquTb Mc^eneHMe ot pa3nMHHHx 6one3HeM u HegyroB. «PogcTBeHHu-ku paccTpenflHHHx 6aHgMT0B, - KaK cKa3aH0 B goKyMeHTe, - pacnpocTpa-HflroT cnyxu (o tom), hto y6MTHe^ «nocTpaganu» 3a npaBocnaBHyro Bepy, Tenepb ohu cBHTHe - ux o6pa3H Bugenu b cbhtom Knrone»: «KoMMyHucTH y6MnM^ 3aMyHMnM (^0BCTaH^eB), 3a6pocanM (ux) Ha3bM0M», ho CBATaa Bo^opogM^a «cMHna c ux nM^a rpfl3b» u «gana» ocTaBmuMca b äubhx «cbhtom Knron» (rAP$, P-393, on. 43a, ^ 1038, n. 181-186).
HaM6onee pa3BepHyTafl nog6opKa paccKa30B «o6 M3BecTH0M anTaMcK0M uctoh-HuKe 6nM3 c. Coponufi ^or» 0Ka3anacb npegcTaBneHa b cTap006pflgHecK0M conuHe-Huu «noBecTb o cbhtom Knrone» - cocTaBH0M nacTu TaK Ha3HBaeMoro ypano-CM6Mp-cKoro naTepuKa, KanuTanbHoro pyKonucHoro Tpyga no ucTopuu HacoBeHHoro corna-cua.14 M xoTfl paccTpenflHHHe u 3apy6neHHHe mamKaMu «3a^0B0p^MKM» He 6HnM cTapoo6pflg^aMM, aBTopH-cocTaBuTenu naTepuKa onucHBaroT ux KaK nocnegoBaTe-
Puc. 3. Ceamoü Knmu e c. Capavuü .^o^ ^ep60MaücK0^0 p-Ha AnmaücK0^0 Kpan.
13	TaM 2001: 65
14	^y6nMKa^Mro TCKOTa u KoMMeHTapuu k noBecTu cm.: noKpoBcKuM 1999: 140-147
neM «ucmuHHOü Bepu». nepuog rpa^gaHCKOM bomhh xapaKTepH3yeTCfl b noBecTU KaK «3UMa 6e36oMUH», Korga «Bocmama 6pam Ha öpama u cuh Ha om^a co opyMueu». CaMU coÖHTMH pMcyroTCfl B HeM KaK KpoBaBoe «MeMdyyco6ue», Korga «HecKonbKo uenoBeK ucmuHHo Bepyw^ux npaBocnaBHUx xpucmuHH» öhhm 3aMyHeHH «eöuHonneMeHHUMu, Ho omcmynuBmuMu b 6e36oMue HapodaMu». TaKUM 06pa30M, norMÖmue b 6opb6e c «aHTMxpucTOBHM rocygapcTBOM» B MMp0B033peHMM cTapoo6pflg^eB npeBpaTunucb He TonbKo B MyqeHMKOB 3a Bepy, Ho e^e u b egMHOBep^eB («cBuöemenbcmBywm, umo oHu 6unu xpucmuHHe u nocmpadanu 3a Bepy XpucmoBy»).
B ÄM3HM Ka^goM npupogHoM cbhthhm, oTMenaeT ^.B. ^ageeBa, npoucxoguT 3aKoHoMepHoe ^opMupoBaHue coöcTBeHHoro, oöpa^eHHoro b npomnoe noBecTBo-BaTenbHoro penepTyapa, ^e^bro KoToporo ABnaeTca coxpaHeHue ucTopuu cBepmuB-merocfl qyga.'5 Onupaacb Ha TeKCT noBecTU, nonpoöyeM npocneguTb, KaKUM oöpa-3om npoucxoguna caKpa^M3a^Mfl MecTa ruöenu ynacTHUKoB rpa^gaHCKož bomhh b CopoHbeM ^ory.
nepBoe Hygo, cornacHo noBecTU, öhho cBfl3aHo c BugeHUHMU, KoTopHe cTanu noce^aTb MaTb ogHoro M3 yÖUTHX. Tena 3aMyHeHHHX, roBopUTcH b TeKcTe, npone^a-HU HeBpegUMo Bcro 3MMy, öo^bUM npoMHcnoM coxpaHUBmUcb «om 3Bepeü u nmu^ nnomoxÖHUx u om ucmneHux» BnnoTb go BecHH, noKa bo cHe He hbuhch «cuh cBoeü Mamepu», öonee gpyrUX nocTpagaBmUM npU nogaBneHUU «3aroBopa» (b noBecTBoBa-HUU cKa3aHo, hto oh «Becb 6un u3pe3aH Ha KycKu u ucKpoeH Ha peMeHux»), U He no-npocUn nepeHecTU ocTaHKU Ha gpyroe MecTo, nocKonbKy Ha npe^HeM, no ero cnoBaM, «ucmouHuK Bodu uMamb nomew,u»}^
B03HMKH0BeHMe caMoro UcToHHUKa cBfl3HBaeTcfl b noBecTU c npUMenaTenbHofi geTanbro: cHoBa HBUBmUcb bo cHe cBoeM MaTepU, chh noönarogapUn ee 3a nepe3a-xopoHeHUe Mo^ež, ho Benen HaMTU BHpe3aHHHM M3 ero cnUHH peMeHb U nono^UTb pagoM c norpeöeHHHMU TenaMU. Korga ^e cTapymKa-MaTb c nogpyroM npUmnU Ha npe^Hee MecTo UcKaTb peMeHb U «c BenuuM mpydoM» oöpenU ero, to y hux «nod Ho^a-mu Haua HBnnmucH Boda, aKu ucmouHuK noMany mem^u HaHuHame».l^B nUTepaType 3a-^UKcUpoBaHH TeKcTH o B03HMKH0BeHMM cBHTHX UcToHHUKoB M3 Mo^eM cBH^eHHHX nepcoHa^ež, ogHaKo b gaHHoM cnynae pogHUK noaBnaeTca He npocTo b tom MecTe, rge HeBpegUMo npone^anU Tena norUÖmUx, ho HenocpegcTBeHHo M3-^og BHpe3aH-Horo M3 Tena peMHH.
M3BecTHo, hto HapHgy c KpecToM peMeHb (u ^yHK^M0HanbH0 ^KBMBaneHTHHM eMy noac) ABnanca «HeoöxoguMHM u gocTaT0HHHM npegMeT0M, HomeHue K0Toporo yKa3HBano Ha npuHagne^HocTb k Mupy nrogež». M HanpoTUB, puTyanbHoe cHHTue noaca o3HaHano ycTaHoBneHue K0HTaKTa co c^epož «qy^oro». TaKUM 06pa30M, noac, nogHepKUBaeT A.K. BaM6ypMH, Mc^0nb30Bancfl b KaqecTBe cBoeo6pa3Horo KaHana unu cpegcTBa ycTaHoBneHua cBfl3M Me^gy «cboum» u «qy^UM», to ecTb, «Me^gy pa3-nuHHHMU 30HaMM puTyanbHo-MU^onoruHecKoro npocTpaHcTBa».18 no ^T0M npuHUHe noHBneHue b noBecTU TaK0M geTanu, KaK BHpe3aHHHM M3 cnuHH y6MT0^0 peMeHb, gaBmuM Hanany cBHToMy Knrony, npegcTaBnaeTca ganeKo He cnynaMHHM. CornacHo noruKe penM^M03H0-MM^0n0^MHecK0^0 MHmneHUH, npuHagne^HocTb «HeBUHHo y6M-
15	OagecBa 2002: 130
16	ncKpcBcKUM 1999: 140-141
17	TaM 141-142
18	BaM6ypMH 1992: 5-8
eHHHx» K c^epe caKpanbHoro (nogTBep^geHueM nero aBnaeTca TaKož npu3HaK, KaK HeTneHHocTb ux Ten) Hapagy c oco6hmu cBožcTBaMu peMHa / noaca hc Mornu hc cKa3aTbca Ha cBoMcTBax oKpy^aro^ero npocTpaHcTBa, 3HaKoM caKpanu3a^uu koto-poro aBunca npo6uBmuMca pogHuK. npu ^TOM umchho pcMCHb cTan tcm KaHanoM, no KoTopoMy caKpanbHHC cBožcTBa noTycTopoHHcro Mupa nonynunu Bo3Mo^HocTb «nepcTCKaTb» (b npaMoM u nepcHocHoM cMHcne) k MccTy ru6enu ynacTHuKoB «3aro-Bopa», coo6^aa CMy cTaTyc cBa^CHHoro noKyca.
nogTBcp^gcHucM caKpanbHoro cTaTyca ucTo^HuKa b CoponbCM ^ory cTanu 3a^uKcupoBaHHHe B noBccTu npegaHua o perynapHoM aBncHuu «6o^ecTBeHHHx nu-kob» b cBaTož Boge, a TaK^e MHoronucncHHwe paccKa3H o cnynaax qygecHoro uc^ene-
hhh: «muKO nomene u,ene6Huü ucmon-HUK eadu, He ^ny6oK^ ho eenbMu npo3paHeH^ M e eobe eudxxycx nuKU unu o6pa3u npecexmue Eo^opo^u^u u cexmux y^o^HUKoe Eomuux. M e^^a xomxme Kmo pyKauu e eobe 63Hmu ux, HunmoMe o6pemame».1'9 no6HBaBmaa Ha cBaToM Knrone b 7470 (1962) rogy HepHu^a AHHa ynoMuHacT BugcHHHC ero B Boge o6pa3H «npecexmux Eo^o-po^u^u co npeeeuHuu Mna^eH^eM, aH^ena xpaHumenx, MoaHHa Eo^ocno-ea u cexmumenx HuKonu».^° B gpyroM onucaHuu npuBogaTca cBugcTcnb-cTBa «deyx MeH», cornacHo kotophm Boga B Knrone bo BpcMa MonuTBH HanuHacT «mpeeoMumbcx u xodumb Kpy^aMU, u euKudueamb ny3upbKu». npuMCHaTcnbHo, hto «6o^ecTBeHHHe nuKu» B gaHHoM cnynae 3aMeHaroTca T^aTcnbHo BHnucaHHHMu o6pa3aMu «noru6mux cTpaganb^eB». Cp.: no-MonuBmucb, ^chh ygocTounucb yBu-gcTb B Boge «mpu eeH^a u e KaMÖoM no mpu nenoeeKa^ Cnepea eumen oduH pa3Ho^eemHuü paöyMHuü (BeHe^), u e HeM mpu nenoeeuKa eenunuHoü 5 caHm. e py6amKe, e noxcouKe, e mmaHax 6ocue, u maK nponnunu no ÖHy 6hu3 no pynbw npuMepHo Mempa u HeeuduMu cmanu. Hpe3 He-cKonbKo MuHym eumen emopoü (BeHe^)^ (a noToM) mpemuü». «TaMomHue Mumenu, - nogqepKuBacTca b noBccTBoBaHuu, - ^mux cmpa^anb^ee 3Hawm Ha umx», nocKonb-Ky HcgancKo ot pynba HaxogaTca ux Morunw, Kyga pogcTBCHHuKu xogaT MonuTbca u noMuHaTb y6uTHx.21
AHanoruHHHH xapaKTcp hocut nonuTaHue ucTo^HuKa b n. ^o^ok Mckutum-cKoro pažoHa HoBocu6upcKoM o6nacTu (puc. 4). CnuTacTca, hto nog3eMHHM Knron
Puc. 4. UouumaeMuü ucmouHuK e n. ädmok McKumuMCKo^o p-Ha Ho6ocu6upcKoü o6nacmu.
19	noKpoBGKuž 1999: 142
20	TaM 145
TaM 147
3a6un 3gecb Ha MecTe MaccoBoM ru6enu 3aKnroHeHHHx, oT6HBaBmux HaKa3aHue b oco6om narepHoM nyHKTe, BxoguBmeM b cucTeMy CMB^ArA (cu6upcKux narepeM oco6oro Ha3HaHeHua), kotophM npocy^ecTBoBan b nocenKe c 1929 no 1956 rog. no cBugeTenbcTBy OHeBug^eB, ^TO 6Hn oguH U3 caMHx ^ecToKux KaTop^HHx narepeM 6HBmero CoBeTcKoro Coro3a. B TeneHue nonyroga HeoTBpaTUMHM cunuKO3 y6uBan pa6oTaBmux b u3BecTKOBHx Kapbepax nrogeM. Hagnucb Ha ycTaHOBneHHOM BO3ne ucTOHHUKa cTeHge rnacuT, hto «TaM, rge Korga-To ^apunu cTpagaHua, u nponuBanacb KpoBb HenoBenecKaa, HanuHaroT 6uTb pogHUKu». KaK u b CopoHbeM ^ory, KynbTOBHM KOMnneKc b ^o^Ke BocnpuHUMaeTca MecTHHM HaceneHueM u npue3^aro^uMu na-noMHUKaMu KaK «naMHmHUK 6e3BUHHo nocmpaöaBmuM 3a Bepy» (nMA, 2005). rnaB-HOM cBaTHHeM noHUTaeMoro MecTa, b HecTb KOTopoM b ^o^Ke b 2002 r. 6Hn oTKpHT xpaM, cTana uKOHa npecBaToM Bo^opogu^H «^ubohochhM uctohhuk», Ha3BaHue KOTopoM aKTyanu3upyeT Tpagu^uoHHHe npegcTaBneHua o6 ucTOHHUKax KaK cumbo-ne 6o^ecTBeHHoM 6narogaTu u 6oropoguHHoM noMo^u. TaKUM o6pa3OM, noHaTue «uctohhuk» ynoTpe6naeTca 3gecb b pacmupuTenbHOM cMHcne, nocKonbKy oTHocuTca u K o6ieKTy npupogH, u k BoroMaTepu KaK ucTOHHUKy äu3hu.
BHaBneHHHe MaTepuanH o cooTHeceHuu noHUTaeMHx KOMnneKcoB c 6o^ecT-BOM, npeuMy^ecTBeHHo, ^eHcKUM, no BceM BuguMocTu, aBnaroTca oTpa^eHueM Ha-pogHHx BO33peHuM o cBaTHx MecTax KaK oco6oM pa3HOBugHocTu o6ieKTOB, oTMe-HeHHHx cuMBonuKOM ^eHcKoro nnogopoga^ero Hanana - cp.: poÖHUK, poöu^e - Me-cto, po^garo^ee Bogy; nonopa, nenepa - ne^epa, neHb KaK cuMBon ^eHcKoM yTpo6H u T.n.22 BHgeneHHocTb cBaToro MecTa U3 o6HgeHHoro npocTpaHcTBa xopomo oco3-HaeTca BceMu HocuTenaMu Tpagu^uu: «cBxmoe Mecmo Eo^ yKa3an. TaM npou3omno nyöo».^^ npu ^TOM naMaTb o caMOM Hyge (to ecTb, aBneHuu «6o^ecTBeHHoM cunH») HaxoguT Bonno^eHue He TonbKo b ^onbKnopHHx TeKcTax u KynbTOBHx coopy^eHuax, npegcTaro^ux KaK MaTepuanu3OBaHHaa ucTopua npuMHKaro^ux k cBaTHHe nocene-HUM, HO u B penuruo3Ho-o6pagoBHx npaKTUKax (npe^ge Bcero, puTyanax neneHua).
PenMrM03Ho-o6pagoBwe npaKTMKM
Ha npoTa^eHuu 6onbmeM HacTu XX b. noHUTaeMHe MecTa ocTaBanucb ogHUM U3 onnoTOB HapogHoM penuruo3HocTu. Bonee Toro, b coBeTcKoe BpeMa, Korga Konu-HecTBo geMcTByro^ux cenbcKux xpaMOB 6Hno HeBenuKo, gna MHorux gepeBeHcKux ÄUTeneM MecTHHe cbsthhu «npaKTUHecKu 3aMeHunu ^epKBU».24
fflupoKaa nonynapHocTb cBaToro Knrona b CopoHbeM ^ory, cBa3aHHaa c pac-npocTpaHeHueM npegaHuM o aBneHuu b Boge «6o^ecTBeHHHx nuKOB», npumnacb Ha cepeguHy 1920-x rogoB, Korga nanoMHUHecTBo oxBaTuno 6yKBanbHo Bcro cTpaHy. «EecnpepuBHue BepeHU^u Hapoda, - nucan KoppecnoHgeHT ry6epHcKoM ra3eTH «Kpa-chhM AnTaM» neTOM 1925 roga, - meKym k Knwny 3a uc^eneHueM, cBxmoü Bo^u^eü u neconKoM» (17.07.1925). E^egHeBHaa noce^aeMocTb cBaToro MecTa cocTaBnana He MeHee 500 HenoBeK, a b uHHe gHu, cyga no goHeceHuaM MecTHHx BnacTeM, BcTpeBo-^eHHHx «KOHTppeBonro^uoHHHM xapaKTepoM» npoucxoguBmero, goxoguna go gByx THcaH.25
22	^enaHGKaa 1999
23	OagecBa 2002: 126
24	naHHCHKo 1998; BuHorpagoB 2004
25	noKpoBcKUM, 3onbHUKOBa 2002: 355
PacnpocTpaHeHHHM «cnocoöoM KOMMyHMKa^MM c caKpanbHHM MupoM», bo-nno^eHueM KoToporo BHcTynano nonuTaeMoe MecTo, aBnanacb npaKTuKa «oöe-THHx» npuHomeHuM. «Ha 6na^oycmpoücmBo Knwna u uacoBHu» b CopoHbeM ^ory, roBopunocb b oTHeTe HananbHuKa AnTažcKoro ryöepHcKoro oTgena rny, nanoMHuKu «MepmBywm ^eHb^u, nonomHo u ^py^ue npeÖMemu KpecmbHHCKo^o npou3BodcmBa» (rAP$, P-393, on. 43a, ^ 1038, n. 183o6.). KoppecnoHgeHT ra3eTH «KpacHHM An-TaM» cooö^an, hto k nocTaBneHHoMy Bo3ne pogHuKa cTonöy c ukohom Bepyro^ue He-cyT npuHomeHua b Buge oTpe3oB xoncTa, «HauBHo nona^aH, nmo ux MepmBa udem He-nocpedcmBeHHo Eo^opo^u^e» (01.08.1925). npu ^TOM «Be^ecTBeHHaa ^opMa» caMux npuHomeHuM HepegKo cogep^ana cBegeHua o öegcTBuax u HecnacTbax, xapaKTepHHx gna gaHHoM MecTHocTu.26 ABTop onyönuKoBaHHoM b ra3eTe «Be36oÄHMK» 3aMeTKM, nocBa^eHHoM oönuneHuro qygoTBopHHx cbomctb aBneHHoM ukohh Bo^beM MaTe-pu B ^nyTopoBcKoM ye3ge ToöonbcKoM ryöepHuu, c ocy^geHueM KoHcTaTupoBan, hto nanoMHuKu: «noHaBemanu Ha Hee pu3, naMnad^ rna3 6onum - noÖBemuBawm ucKyccmBeHHuü ^na30K u3 ^pa^o^eHHo^o KaMHH, Ho^a 6onum - 3onomyw HoMKy Hecym 3acmynHu^e dnH HanoMuHaHuH» (1923, ^39). BwnonHeHHHe M3 3onoTa unu cepeöpa npuHomeHua b Buge pa3nMHHHx HacTeM Tena, KoTopwe nogBemuBanucb k htumom uKoHe bo BpeMa 6one3HM unu b önarogapHocTb 3a Mc^eneHMe, ÖHnu M3BecTHH He TonbKo B npegenax BocToHHocnaBaHcKoro apeana, ho u no BceM EBpone.27
Ocoöyro KaTeropuro «KnroHHuKoB» unu 6o^OMonb^eB k cbathm KnronaM cocTaB-nanu nM^a, cTpagaBmue HepBHHMu 3a6oneBaHMaMM («KnuKymecTBoM»). B paMKax aHTMpenM^MO3HOM KaMnaHuu, pa3BepHyBmeMca neToM 1925 r., 6onbmoe KonunecTBo «pa3o6naHaro^Mx» MaTepuanoB Ha ^Ty TeMy 6Hno HanenaTaHo b ra3eTe «KpacHHM AnTaM». y>Ke npu nogBegeHuu k Knrony, KaK coo6^anM KoppecnoHgeHTH c MecTa co-6HTMM, «KnuKymu» HanuHaroT cunbHo BonHoBaTbca, ho nocne o6pH3^MBaHMa BogoM 6hctpo ycnoKauBaroTca. «Bom nHmepo MyMuKoB, - HuTaeM b ogHoM M3 ^y6nMKa^MM, - mamam k Knwny mw,edymHyw MeH^uHy, KomopaH om6uBaemcH om hux c HeuMo-BepHoü cunoü. EonbHaH Kpunum, cKBepHocnoBum, Bce nu^o ee nepeKamuBaemcH, ^na3a BUBopanuBawmcH, KaMemcH, nmo oHa Bom-Bom ucnycmum b KoHBynbcuHx nocneÖHuü B3dox. Epu3Hynu Bodoü - oHa ycnoKauBaemcH u HanuHaem KpecmumbcH» (01.08.1925). TaKuM o6pa3oM, 6ecHOBaHMe HepBHo6onbHHx aBnanocb, b rna3ax Bepyro^ux, noKa-3aTeneM cbatoctu nonuTaeMoro MecTa, a ycMupeHue ux BogoM pac^eHMBanocb KaK Hygo.
He ucKnroHeHo, hto npuBegeHHoe onucaHue nocny^uno ogHuM M3 uctohhukob gna cTapoo6pagHecKMx TeKcToB o6 Mc^eneHMM ot «mpHcaBuuHoü 6one3Hu». BecHo-BaTHe, KoTopHx, KaK cKa3aHo B «noBecTu o cbatom KnroHe», egBa Mornu ygep>aTb «nHmb unu mecmb KpenKux u Mo^y^ux» My>eM, e^e M3ganM HanuHanu nnaKaTb, Kpu-HaTb pa3HHMM ronocaMu («3BepuHUMu, necuuMu u nmunuuMu») u HenoTpe6Ho py-raTbca («naHxy MamepHu cnoBecu»). C ogep^uMHMu nocTynanu no-pa3HoMy - «bo-dow o6nuBaxy^ numuu daHxy unu nepcmuw o6na^axy», nocne Hero 6ecH noKuganu HenoBeKa, a caM oh nonynan nonHoe Mc^eneHMe.28
npegcTaBneHHHe MaTepuanH nogTBep>garoT nonyneHHHe Ha MaTepuanax Pyc-cKoro CeBepa BHBogH o tom, hto «c^epH BnuaHua» cbathx MecT, k KoTopHM cTe-
26	^enaHGKaa 1995: 119
27	naHHCHKC 1998: 92-94
28	ncKpcBcKuM 1999: 143-144
Puc. 5 Kpe mHi i x k cBxmoMy Knmuy b öeHb Kusuhckoü Eo^oMumepu, c. Ycmb-Cepma ^e6ynuHCKo^o p-Ha KeMepoBcKoü o6nucmu.
KaroTca cBegeHua o xapaKTepHHx gna gaHHOM MecTHocTu HecHacTbax u 6egcTBMax, onpegeneHHHM o6pa3OM «HaKnagHBaroTca Ha BuguMwe ^paHM^H noKanbHHx rpynn». OcHOBHaa ^yHK^Ma MecTHHx cBaTHHb, o6pa3yro^Mx, no onpegeneHuro T.B. ^enaH-ckom, cBoero poga «KpM3MCHyro ceTb», Ha6pomeHHyro Ha 3aceneHHyro TeppuTopuro, 3aKnroHaeTca, TaKuM o6pa3OM, b noggep^aHuu «^K0n0^0-geM0^pa^MHecK0^0 paB-HOBecua (6anaHca Me^gy pecypcaMu TeppuTopuu u B0C^p0M3B0gcTB0M ÄM3HM Ha HeM)».29 BMecTe c TeM, ^opMH B3aMM00TH0meHMM HenoBeKa u cBaTHHu, no cnpaBeg-nuBOMy 3aMeHaHMro B.B. BuHorpagoBa, He MoryT cBoguTbca TonbKO k «KpM3MCH0M» unu «^KCTpeManbH0M» Mogenu. BygyHu opraHuHHoM HacTbro KaneHgapHOM 06pagH0-ctu OKpyru, e^erogHwe noce^eHua caKpanbHoM tohku b ^pa3gHMHHHe gHu cnoco6-cTByroT cKopee «He nMKBMga^MM «KpM3Mca», a coxpaHeHuro gocTurHyToro 6anaHca cun B OKynbTypeHHOM npocTpaHCTBe». npu ^T0M caMu cBaTWHu, to ecTb, noHuTa-eMwe c geTCTBa MecTa, HepegKO BOcnpuHuMaroTca KaK cuMBonw «ManoM» poguHw, aKKyMynupyro^ue b ce6e KonneKTuBHyro ucTopuHecKyro naMaTb u ^opMupyro^ue noKanbHyro ugeHTuHHOcTb MecTHoro HaceneHua.30
ycTOMHuBOM ^opMOM perynapHwx (KaK MuHuMyM - e^erogHwx) noce^eHuM MecTHwx cBaTWHb aBnanacb npaKTuKa KpecTHwx xogoB. TaK, npuypoHeHHwM ko gHro uKOHw Ka3aHCK0M BoÄbeM MaTepu (8 urona ct.ct. / 21 urona h.ct.) npecTonbHwM ^pa3gHMK b c. ycTb-CepTa M3gaBHa 6Hn M3BecTeH nonynapHoM b OKpyre apMapKOM, Ha KOTopyro c^e3ÄanMCb M3 OKpecTHwx cen Bcero MapuuHCKoro ye3ga. BMecTe c TeM, CTpyKTypoo6pa3yro^MM ^neMeHT0M npa3gHecTBa cny^un KpecTHwM xog - Top^e-
' ^enaHCKaa 1995: 110
' BuHorpagoB 2004; 2012
Puc. 6. Uponesanue nod uKOHOü KasancKOü Bo^opo^u^u Bo BpeMa KpecmH0^0 xoda k cBamoMy Knmuy (maM Me).
cTBeHHoe mecTBue Bepyro^ux u gyxoBeHcTBa c UKoHaMU u xopyrBaMU k cBaT0My ucToqHUKy, pacnono^eHH0My npM6nM3MTenbH0 b qeTHpex KunoMeTpax ot ceneHua (puc. 5). McKnroquTenbHHM UHTepec b gaHH0M cnyqae npegcTaBnaeT to, hto npo-cTpaHcTBo, 06pa30BaHH0e gBU^eHueM KpecTHoro xoga, u b Hamu gHU BocnpuHUMa-eTca Bepyro^UMU KaK caKpanbHoe. yqacTHUKU cocToaBmeroca b 2002 rogy mecTBua, cpegu K0T0pHx 6HnM npegcTaBUTenu KaK cTapmero noKoneHua, TaK u Monoge^b, ^e-naa nonyquTb Mc^eneHMe ot tom unu mhom 6one3HM, no^unucb Ha 3eMnro unu npo-non3anM Ha KoneHax nog HocunKaMU c ycTaH0BneHH0M Ha Hux mkohom Bo^opogM^H (puc. 6). KaK noacHuna ogHa m3 MecTHHx ÄMTenbHM^, A.n. 3opMHa (1922 r.p.), «K0^^a Ka3ancKyw necym, mo mom, Kmo xonem ucu,enumbcH, Kpecmumcx u nod nee nodne-3aem, a caMy uKony nad hum nponocxm». npoucxoga^ee npu ^T0M cuMBonuqecKoe nepeceqeHue ^paHM^H caKpanbHoro u npo^aHHoro MupoB, no MHeHuro A.A. naH-qeHKo, 03HaHaeT npMo6^eHMe 60^0M0nb^eB k cBaTocTU u 6narogaTM, 3aKnroHeHH0M b MecTHoM cBaTHHe.31
KaK npaBuno, noce^eHue MecTHoM cBaTHHU 6Hno npuypoqeHo k 3HaHMM0M gaTe HapogHo-npaBocnaBHoro KaneHgapa, HepegKo coBnagaBmeM c npecTonbHHM npa3gHMK0M cena. BMecTe c TeM, b page cnyqaeB Henb3a He 3aMeTMTb ne^a^eM Ha noBepxHocTM aHanoruu Me^gy Ha3BaHMeM npa3gHMKa u xapaKTepoM noquTaeMoro co6HTMa. TaK, KpecTHHM xog k cBaT0My Knroqy b nepB0MaMcK0M paMoHe AnTaMcKoro Kpaa B naMaTb o paccTpenaHHHx u nopy6neHHHx mamKaMU «MyqeHUKax 3a Bepy» coBepmanca gBa^gH b rog, b tom qucne, b geHb yceKHoBeHua rnaBH MoaHHa npeg-
naHMCHKC 1998: 111-115
TeHu (11 ceHTfl6pfl h.ct.), Korga ^epK0Bb noMuHaeT y6MTHx Ha none 6paHM bouhob (puc. 7). nepe^uB nepuog ynagKa b rogH coBeTcKOM BnacTu, cbhtom KnroH BHOBb npuBneKaeT BHuMaHue nanoMHuKOB. HecKonbKo neT Ha3ag b CopoHbeM ^ory noa-Bunca ^eHcKuž Bo^opogM^e-Ka3aHCKMM MoaHHo-npegTeHeHcKuž Ckut, no MHM^Ma-TuBe BapHaynbcKOM enapxuu BegeTca cTpouTenbcTBo xpaMa, pa36MT ^BeTHMK, a caMo «cBAToe MecTo» o6naropo>eHo cpy6oM, HacTunoM u HaBecoM. BnagHKa M3 BapHayna perynapHo npoBoguT KpecTHHe xogH k pogHuKy, no oKOHHaHuu KOTopHx ycTpau-BaroTca MaccoBHe Kpe^eHua geTeM u B3pocnHx. ^pMe3>afl M3 6nM>HMx u ganbHux MecT B Hage>ge nonyHuTb MC^eneHMe, nrogu yB03flT c co6om Bogy u rnuHy c necKOM B 6onbmMx b nnacTuKOBHx 6yTHnKax u cTeKnaHHHx 6aHKax (nMA, 2004). Bce ^T0 cooTBeTCTByeT oTMeHeHHOM B nocnegHee BpeMa TeHgeH^MM MC^0nb30BaHMfl noHu-
xaeMbix HCTOHHHKOB KaK MCCT 3a6opa He cTonbKo «cbhtom», cKonbKo «^K0-noruHecKu huctom» BogH b 6onbmMx o6ieMax.32
flpyroM coBpeMeHHOM TeHgeH-^MeM noHuTaHua cbhthx MecT, no Ha6nrogeHMflM B.B. BuHorpagoBa, ABnaeTCfl noaBneHue hobhx u «bo-^epK0BneHMe» npe^Hux KynbTOBHx KOMnneKcoB.33 TaK, noneBHe uccnego-BaHua B ropHOM AnTae ^0Ka3anM, hto B 30He pyccKo-anTaMCKoro KynbTyp-Horo norpaHuHba npu aKTuBHOM nog-gep>Ke PyccKOM npaBocnaBHOM ^ep-kbu b nocnegHue gecaTuneTua ^op-MupyeTca KynbT cBA^eHHOM ropH, TaK>e COOTHOCuMHM C 60^0p0gMHH0M
cuMBonuKOM (nMA, 2007, n. HeMan, HeManbCKuM p-H). B HacToa^ee Bpe-mh HaM6onee nonynapHOM cpegu Ty-pucTOB u penM^M03HHx nanoMHuKOB cBHTHHeM HeMana, rge e^e b cepegu-He XIX B. 6Hn ocHOBaH HeManbCKuM cTaH AnTaMCKOM flyxoBHOM muccuu, aBnaeTca nereHgapHHM ocTpoB MaKapua c bh-ceHeHHHM B cKanax unu «HBuBmuMca» (b HapogHOM MHTep^peTa^MM) 06pa30M Boro-pogM^H c MnageH^eM (puc. 8).
OguH M3 yHuBepcanbHHx cnoco6oB caKpanM3a^MM 06>MBaeM0^0 npocTpaHCT-Ba 3aKnroHaeTCfl, KaK M3BecTH0, b cooTHeceHuu peanbHo cy^ecTByro^ux 06ieKT0B npupogH c ^neMeHTaMM 6M6neMCK0^0 naHgma^Ta unu nepcoHa^aMu cBH^eHHOM ucTopuu (k npuMepy, MOHacTHpcKue uhoku 3HaMeHMT0M npaBocnaBHOM o6MTenM Ha ocTpoBe BanaaM C03ganM cbom MepycanuM c re^cuMaHCKuM cagoM, KegpoHOM, EneoHCKOM ropoM u MepTBHM MopeM). HeHTo noxo>ee ^poM3omno u b HeMane, rge
Puc. 7. E0^0M0nb^u y ukohu Kusuhckdü Eo^opo^u^u e dcHb VceKHoeeHux ^na6u Mouhhu npedmeuu, c. Copouuü Äo^ ^ep60MaücK0^0 p-Ha AnmaücKO^0 Kpax.
32	BuHorpagoB 2012: 72
33	TaM >e: 67
nogHuMaro^uficfl M3 BogH cKanucTHMu ycTynaMu ocTpoB - nro6MMoe MecTo yegu-HeHHHx MonuTB nepBHx MuccuoHepoB - nonynun cBoe BTopoe Ha3BaHMe, naTMoc, B HecTb rpenecKoro ocTpoBKa, Ha K0T0p0M, no npegaHuro, Monunca aBTop «AnoKa-nuncuca» MoaHH BorocnoB. 3a BpeMa cBoero cy^ecTBoBaHua gaHHoe MecTo, oneKa-eMoe MoHaxuHaMu M3 pacnono^eHHoro ^06nM30CTM npaBocnaBHoro cKuTa, o6pocno 6HTyro^MMM He TonbKo b pyccK0M, ho u b anTažcKož cpege npegaHuaMu, b K0T0pHx gaeTca 060CH0BaHMe ero caKpanbHoro cTaTyca. noaBuBmužca npu cogežcTBuu Bap-HaynbcK0M enapxuu KaMeHHHM nuK Bo^opogM^H c MnageH^eM y^e b cuny cBoero go-MuHupyro^ero nono^eHua ^pM3BaH ocBa^aTb noceneHue u o6eperaTb ero ^uTenež,
npHflaBaa 0Kpy>Kai0ineMy npocxpan-cTBy cTaTyc cBa^eHHoro noKyca.
TaKuM 06pa30M, b pe3ynbTaTe ^po^ecca «B0^epK0BneHMa», K0T0pHM npoucxoguT npu aKTuBHoM ynacTuu PyccK0M npaB0cnaBH0M ^epKBM, Ha cMeHy ctuxumhhm HapogHHM penu-^M03H0-06pag0BHM npaKTuKaM no-HuTaHua cBaTHx MecT B HacToa^ee BpeMa npuxogaT 0p^aHM30BaHHHe ^opMH penM^M03H0^0 nanoMHunecT-Ba u Typu3Ma.
3aKnroHeHMe
CBaTHe MecTa, noBceMecTHoe B03p0ÄgeHMe K0T0pHx b HacToa^ee BpeMa npoucxoguT npu Henocpeg-cTBeHH0M yHacTuu PyccK0M npaBo-cnaBH0M ^epKBM, 3aHMMaroT oco6oe MecTo B Hap0gH0-npaB0cnaBH0M Kap-TuHe Mupa coBpeMeHHoro cenbcKoro HaceneHua. Bygynu apKuM npoaBne-HueM HapogH0M penM^M03H0CTM, ohu He TonbKo ^opMupyroT c^e^M^MKy MecTHoro naHgma^Ta u noKanbHHe 0C06eHH0CTM HapogHoro KaneHgapa, ho u onpe-genaroT caMu cnoco6H K0MMyHMKa^MM c caKpanbHHM MupoM.
npoBegeHHoe uccnegoBaHue noKa3ano, hto HaM6onee pacnpocTpaHeHHHM bu-goM caKpanbHHx 06ieKT0B npupogH b CM6MpcK0M Hap0gH0-npaB0cnaBH0M Tpagu-^MM aBnaroTca BogHHe uctohhuku. BMecTe c TeM, b 30He pyccKo-anTaMCKoro Kynb-TypHoro norpaHuHba b nocnegHee BpeMa aKTuBHo ^opMupyeTca KynbT cBa^eHHož ropH. TeM He MeHee, Ba^HežmeM xapaKTepucTuKoM cBaToro MecTa u b tom, u b gpy-roM cnyHae 0Ka3HBaeTca ero cooTHeceHHocTb c 60^0p0gMHH0M cuMBonuKož, K0T0paa noggep^uBaeTca npegaHuaMu o aBneHuu «6o^ecTBeHHHx nuKoB» (ukoh 6o^opogMH-Horo Tuna unu 06pa30B caM0M Bo^opogM^H u xpucTuaHCKux cBaTHx). npu ^T0M na-MaTb o cBepmuBmeMca Hyge HaxoguT Bonno^eHue He TonbKo b ^onbKnopHHx TeK-cTax u KynbT0BHx coopy^eHuax, ho u b penM^M03H0-06pag0BHx npaKTuKax (npe^ge Bcero, puTyanax neneHua).
Puc. 8. «Heuemaaca» e cKanax Bo^opo^u^a, n. HeMan ^eManbCK0^0 p-Ha PecnyönuKu Anmaü.
TparuHecKue co6HTMfl 0TeHecTBeHH0M ucTopuu XX b. He Mornu He cKa3aTbcfl Ha xapaKTepe noHUTaHUH MecTHHx cBHTHHb u Ha cogep^aHUu cBfl3aHHHx c humu npegaHUM. ConocTaBneHue pa3H0nnaH0BHx uctohhukob (noneBHx MaTepuanoB aBTopa, apxuBHHx g0KyMeHT0B, ^y6nMKa^MM MecTHož nepuoguKU, a TaK^e coHUHeHUM cM6MpcKMx ^McaTeneM-cTapoo6pHg^eB) ^03B0nMn0 nogpo6Ho npocneguTb ucTopuro ogHoro M3 HaM6onee noHUTaeMHx MecT AnTažcKoro Kpaa (cBHToro ucToHHUKa B03ne cena CopoHUž ^or) u BoccTaHoBUTb 06cT0HTenbcTBa, npu K0T0pHx ^poM3omna ero caKpanM3a^MH. Bhho noKa3aHo, hto b pe3ynbTaTe K0HTaMMHa^MM HapogHož ucTopu-HecK0M naMHTU u KynbTa MecTHHx cBHTHHb MecTo paccTpena yqacTHUKoB rpa^gaH-ckom B0MHH cTano noHUTaeMHM 06ieKT0M npupogH, a caMU ^o^M6mMe ^pMo6penM cTaTyc «MyHeHUKoB 3a Bepy». TaKUM 06pa30M, co6HTMH n0KanbH0M ucTopuu, He «Bnu-caBmueca» b o^M^ManbHHM ucTopuHecKUM gucKypc, nonyHunu cBoeo6pa3Hoe npe-noMneHue b HapogHHx penM^M03H0-06pHg0BHx npaKTUKax noHUTaHua cbhthx MecT.
OTnuHUTenbHož HepTož npegaHUž o «6o^ecTBeHHHx nuKax» b gaHH0M cnyHae M0ÄH0 cHUTaTb HacH^eHHocTb ux My^cKUMU nepcoHa^aMU, Korga Hapagy c HBneH-HHMU B Boge 6o^opogMHHHMM o6pa3aMM ynoMUHaroTca o6pa3H MoaHHa BorocnoBa, cBaTUTena HuKonaa u gpyrux 6oÄbMx yrogHUKoB, a TaK^e T^aTenbHo BHnucaHHHe o6pa3H caMUx ^o^M6mMx. Bce ^T0 He ucKnroHaeT aKTyanM3a^MM HapogHHx B033pe-HUM o cbhthx MecTax KaK oco6hx o6ieKTax npupogH, cooTHeceHHHx c ^eHcKUM 6o^ecTB0M u 0TMeHeHHHx cuMBonuKož ^eHcKoro nnogopoga^ero u Mc^enHro^e^o HaHana.
B pe3ynbTaTe «B0^epK0BneHMH» cbhthx MecT Ha cMeHy ctuxumhhm HapogHHM penM^M03H0-06pHg0BHM npaKTUKaM b HacToa^ee BpeMH npuxogaT 0p^aHM30BaHHHe ^opMH penM^M03H0^0 nanoMHUHecTBa u TypM3Ma. npu ^T0M ogHa M3 coBpeMeHHHx TeHgeH^MM noHUTaHua cbhthx MecT cBH3aHa c BocnpuHTueM ux KaK MecT «^Kono^M-HecKU HucTHx». B T0 ^e BpeMH, noHUTaeMHe MecTa npogon^aroT ocTaBaTbca cuM-BonaMU «Manož» poguHH, K0T0pHe aKKyMynupyroT b ce6e ucTopuHecKyro naMHTb u ^opMupyroT noKanbHyro ugeHTUHHocTb MecTHoro HaceneHua. 3HaHMTenbHoe MecTo b ^TMx ^po^eccax npuHagne^UT penM^M03HHM u ^Kono^MHecKMM ^eHH0CTHM, Bonno-^eHueM K0T0pHx u cTaH0BHTcH naHgma^THHe o6ieKTH, HageneHHHe caKpanbHHM 3HaHeHueM.
^MTepaTypa
BaM6ypMH, A.K. 1992, noac (k ceMuoTUKe Be^ež). B: T.B. CTaHroKoBUH (peg.), M3 KynbmypHo^o Hacnedux HapodoB BocmouHoü EBponu. XLV, 5-13. Cn6., MA^ PAH.
BuHorpagoB, B.B. 2004, MexaHM3MH TpaHcnH^MM caKpanbHož MH^opMa^MM (Ha npuMepe noHUTaeMHx MecT CeBepo-3anaga Poccuu). B: H.H. A6y6aKMpoBa-rna3yH0Ba (peg.), MexaHu3MU nepedauu ^onbKnopHoü mpa^u^uu, 232-248. Cn6., PMMM.
BuHorpagoB, B.B. 2012, CoBpeMeHHHe TeHgeH^MM noHUTaHua cbhthx MecT (Ha MaTepuane CeBepo-3anaga Poccuu). Tpa^u^uoHHax Kynbmypa 3(47), 67-75.
BuHorpagoBa, ^.H. 1999, Mctohhuk. B: H.M. Tohctom (peg.), CnaBXHcKue dpeBHocmu. ^mHonuH^BucmuuecKuü cnoBapb 2, 426-429. M., Me^gyHapogHHe oTHomeHua.
^ro6MM0Ba, r.B. 2012, OnepKu ucmopuu BsauModeücmBux cenbCKo^o HaceneHux Cu6upu c npupoÖHoü cpedoü (hu Mamepuanax pyccKoü seMnedenbuecKGÜ mpa^u^uu). H0B0CM6MpcK, MA^T CO PAH. naHHeHKO, A.A. 1998, MccnedoBaHux b o6nacmu Hapo^Ho^o npaBocnaBux. ffepeBeHcKue
cBxmuHu CeBepo-3anada Poccuu. Cn6., AneTeMa. noKpoBCKuM, H.H. (peg.) 1999, ffyxGBHax numepamypa cmapcBepcB BocmoKa Poccuu
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Siberian Folk Tradition of the Veneration of Sacred Places in the Context of People's Historical Memory
Galina V. Lyubimova
The centre of the world plays an important role in the traditional models of living space. In practice, it can be correlated with a holy or revered place. The symbolic presentation of these loci and the ritual practices of their worship have a strong ethnic and confessional specificity. The concept of holy places in the East Slavic tradition involves water springs, hills, trees, stones, wooden crosses and other landscape objects of natural or artificial origin, endowed with a sacred status. Narratives formed around such objects usually contain legends revealing the mythological origin of a sacred point. As a rule, the "beginning" of the revered place is interpreted as a result of activity of mythological characters, epic heroes or divine forces. Based on the author's field materials, archival documents, local periodicals and published works of the Siberian Old Believer writers, the article discusses the veneration of sacred places in tradition of the Russian population of Siberia. Special attention is paid to transformation of the narratives about the origin of local shrines in the first half of the twentieth century.
Since the end of the sixteenth century, the economic and cultural development of the Trans-Ural area was accompanied by widespread adoption of Christian shrines and symbols. It meant the inclusion of previously unknown spaces in the world of "true faith". Temples and monasteries became the pilgrimage centres of truly Siberian values. The local Orthodox cults were formed on the basis of Slavic folk beliefs associated with the worship of sacred objects of nature. Most often, it was a water source: a spring with healing and fertile properties. According to legends, these properties were gained through the icons ("faces of the divine") that sometimes appeared in the holy water. Memories of the miracle were embodied not only in the texts and places of worship, but also in the religious and ritual practices (especially the healing rituals).
The tragic events of national history of the twentieth century affected the character of the veneration of local shrines and the content of the associated narrations. A comparison of different sources made it possible to analyse the history of one of the most revered places of Altai Territory (the holy spring near the village of Sorochy Log) and to restore the circumstances of its sacralization. The paper shows that contamination of people's historical memory and cult of local shrines resulted in the place of execution of the participants of Civil War obtaining a sacred status and becoming the place of pilgrimage. At the same time those who died acquired the status of martyrs. Thus, the events of local history that have not fit into the official historical discourse
obtained a reflection in the religious and ritual practices of veneration of holy places. A distinctive feature of the legends about the "faces of the divine" in this case is a large number of Christian male characters and carefully written out images of "martyrs". All this does not exclude the mainstream folk beliefs about the holy places as special objects of nature correlated with the female deity and endowed with healing and fertile properties. The spontaneous religious and ritual practices of veneration of sacred places are replaced now by organized forms of religious pilgrimage and tourism. One of the current trends is the perception of holy places as being ecologically clean. At the same time, the revered places remain the symbols of the "small" homeland that accumulate people's historical memory and shape the identity of local population.