ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA SLOVENICA PRIRODOSLOVNI MUZEJ SLOVENIJE SLOVENSKO ENTOMOLOØKO DRUØTVO ØTEFANA MICHIELIJA LJUBLJANA, DECEMBER 2020 Vol. 28, øt./No. 2 RD U ŠO TVK OŠ O L ŠTO EM FO AT NN AE MO ICK S H N IEE LV IO JL AS ISSN 1318-1998 CODEN: AESLFM Vsebina / Contents S. Polak: Razširjenost jamskih hroščev podzemljarjev rodu Prospelaeobates (Coleoptera; leiodidae; leptodirini) in njihovo življenjsko okolje Distribution of the subterranean beetle genus Prospelaeobates species (Coleoptera; leiodidae; leptodirini) and their habitat................................85 Ž. PReDovnik, J. RekelJ, S. GomboC: Reisseronia lesari sp. nov., R. gertrudae Sieder, 1962 and R. tarnierella (bruand, 1850) in Slovenia (lepidoptera: Psychidae) Reisseronia lesari nova vrsta, R. gertrudae Sieder, 1962 in R. tarnierella (bruand, 1850) v Sloveniji (lepidoptera: Psychidae) ......97 m. De GRoot, a. kavčič, J. RazinGeR: Confirmed and potential wild hosts of the Spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) in Slovenia Potencialni in potrjeno napadeni divji gostitelji plodove vinske mušice (Drosophila suzukii) v Sloveniji................................................................121 D. Devetak, a. nahiRnić, C. W. Plant: the brown lacewing Megalomus tineoides Rambur, 1842 in the balkan peninsula (neuroptera: hemerobiidae) Rjavi mrežekrilec Megalomus tineoides Rambur, 1842 na balkanskem polotoku (neuroptera: hemerobiidae) .............................131 t. koRen, D. kuliJeR: additions to the Crambidae (insecta: lepidoptera) fauna of Croatia and bosnia & herzegovina Prispevki k favni družine Crambidae (insecta: lepidoptera) hrvaške ter bosne in hercegovine ............................................................141 R. veRovnik, P. GloGovčan, S. GomboC: Rediscovery and distribution of thor’s fritillary Boloria thore (hübner, 1803) (lepidoptera: nymphalidae) in Slovenia Ponovno odkritje temnega tratarja Boloria thore (hübner, 1803) (lepidoptera: nymphalidae) in njegova razširjenost v Sloveniji..............149 FavniStični zaPiSki / FauniStiCal noteS m. vuJić, m. DJuRić, i. tot: new localities for rare butterflies Muschampia cribrellum and Melitaea ornata (lepidoptera: hesperiidae, nymphalidae) in Serbia nova najdišča redkih metuljev Muschampia cribrellum in Melitaea ornata (lepidoptera: hesperiidae, nymphalidae) v Srbiji........................159 b. koFleR: nove najdbe redke vrste Pretneria metkae bognolo, 2000 (Coleoptera: Cholevidae: leptodirinae) new finds of the rare species Pretneria metkae bognolo, 2000 (Coleoptera: Cholevidae: leptodirinae) ....................................................165 2 ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA, DECEMBER 2020 Vol. 28, øt./No. 2 PRIRODOSLOVNI MUZEJ SLOVENIJE SLOVENSKO ENTOMOLOØKO DRUØTVO ØTEFANA MICHIELIJA ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA SLOVENICA Revija Slovenskega entomoloøkega druøtva Øtefana Michielija in Prirodoslovnega muzeja Slovenije Izhaja dvakrat letno / Issued twice a year ISSN 1318-1998 CODEN: AESLFM UDC (UDK) 595.7(051) © Acta entomologica slovenica Izdajatelja / Publishers Slovensko entomoloøko druøtvo Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije Øtefana Michielija Preøernova 20, p.p. 290 Bioloøko srediøœe – SI-1001 Ljubljana Nacionalni inøtitut za biologijo Veœna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana Uredniøki odbor / Editorial Board dr. Martin Baehr (München), dr. Werner Holzinger (Graz), prof. dr. Mladen Kuœiniå (Zagreb), prof. dr. Joæe Maœek (Ljubljana), dr. Carlo Morandini (Udine), dr. Ignac Sivec (Ljubljana), prof. dr. Stanislav Trdan, dr. Tomi Trilar (Ljubljana), dr. Rudi Verovnik (Ljubljana), dr. Al Vrezec (Ljubljana), Æarko Vrezec (tehn. urednik/Techn. Editor) Urednik / Editor dr. Andrej Gogala Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije Preøernova 20, p.p. 290, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia E-mail: agogala@pms-lj.si letnik/Vol. 28, øt./No. 2, 2020 Tisk / Printed by: Trajanus, d.o.o., Kranj Ljubljana, december 2020 http://www.pms-lj.si/si/o-nas/arhiv-publikacij/acta-entomologica-slovenica Povzeto v / To be abstracted in: The Zoological Record, CAB Abstracts Revijo dobivajo œlani Slovenskega entomoloøkega druøtva Øtefana Michielija (œlanarina 20 EUR) Cena posamezne øtevilke je 8,50 EUR Zamenjava je zaæeljena / Exchanges appreciated Publikacija je natisnjena s pomoœjo Javne agencije za raziskovalno dejavnost R Slovenije. Uredniøko delo podpira Ministrstvo za kulturo R Slovenije. Vsebina / Contents S. Polak: Razširjenost jamskih hroščev podzemljarjev rodu Prospelaeobates (Coleoptera; leiodidae; leptodirini) in njihovo življenjsko okolje Distribution of the subterranean beetle genus Prospelaeobates species (Coleoptera; leiodidae; leptodirini) and their habitat.................................85 Ž. PReDovnik, J. RekelJ, S. GomboC: Reisseronia lesari sp. nov., R. gertrudae Sieder, 1962 and R. tarnierella (bruand, 1850) in Slovenia (lepidoptera: Psychidae) Reisseronia lesari nova vrsta, R. gertrudae Sieder, 1962 in R. tarnierella (bruand, 1850) v Sloveniji (lepidoptera: Psychidae) .......97 m. De GRoot, a. kavčič, J. RazinGeR: Confirmed and potential wild hosts of the Spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) in Slovenia Potencialni in potrjeno napadeni divji gostitelji plodove vinske mušice (Drosophila suzukii) v Sloveniji.................................................................121 D. Devetak, a. nahiRnić, C. W. Plant: the brown lacewing Megalomus tineoides Rambur, 1842 in the balkan peninsula (neuroptera: hemerobiidae) Rjavi mrežekrilec Megalomus tineoides Rambur, 1842 na balkanskem polotoku (neuroptera: hemerobiidae) ..............................131 t. koRen, D. kuliJeR: additions to the Crambidae (insecta: lepidoptera) fauna of Croatia and bosnia & herzegovina Prispevki k favni družine Crambidae (insecta: lepidoptera) hrvaške ter bosne in hercegovine .............................................................141 R. veRovnik, P. GloGovčan, S. GomboC: Rediscovery and distribution of thor’s fritillary Boloria thore (hübner, 1803) (lepidoptera: nymphalidae) in Slovenia Ponovno odkritje temnega tratarja Boloria thore (hübner, 1803) (lepidoptera: nymphalidae) in njegova razširjenost v Sloveniji ...............149 FavniStični zaPiSki / FauniStiCal noteS m. vuJić, m. DJuRić, i. tot: new localities for rare butterflies Muschampia cribrellum and Melitaea ornata (lepidoptera: hesperiidae, nymphalidae) in Serbia nova najdišča redkih metuljev Muschampia cribrellum in Melitaea ornata (lepidoptera: hesperiidae, nymphalidae) v Srbiji .........................159 b. koFleR: nove najdbe redke vrste Pretneria metkae bognolo, 2000 (Coleoptera: Cholevidae: leptodirinae) new finds of the rare species Pretneria metkae bognolo, 2000 (Coleoptera: Cholevidae: leptodirinae) .....................................................165 Navodila avtorjem Acta entomologica slovenica je glasilo Slovenskega entomološkega društva Štefana michielija in Prirodoslovnega muzeja Slovenije. objavlja izvirna znanstvena dela, pregledne članke in ocene knjig s področja entomologije. članki lahko obravnavajo favnistiko, sistematiko, ekologijo, etologijo, fiziologijo ali zoogeografijo žuželk. Pisani naj bodo v slovenskem ali angleškem jeziku, z obveznim angleškim in slovenskim izvlečkom. članki so strokovno recenzirani. letno izideta dve številki. avtorje prosimo, da se pri oblikovanju člankov zgledujejo po zadnji številki revije. če je le mogoče, svoj tekst pošljite po elektronski pošti ali oddajte na digitalnem nosilcu. izpis članka na papirju naj ima dvojne presledke med vrsticami, da je možno popravljanje. Risbe naj bodo kontrastne, pri debelini črt pa upoštevajte tudi morebitno pomanjšanje na format revije. Slike naj bodo v izvirnih datotekah, če jih oddajate v elektronski obliki. Citirana literatura naj se navede na koncu članka in naj bo razvrščena po abecedi glede na priimke avtorjev. avtorji člankov dobijo članek v elektronski obliki. Instructions to authors Acta entomologica slovenica is the Journal of the Slovenian entomological Society Štefan michieli and the Slovene museum of natural history. it publishes original scientific works, overview articles, and book reviews in the field of entomology. articles may deal with faunistics, systematics, ecology, etology, physiology, or zoogeography of insects. they may be written in Slovene or english, with abstracts in english and Slovene (the editors will ensure translations into Slovene). all articles are reviewed. two issues are published a year. We ask all authors to model the layout of their manuscripts on a previous issue of the Journal. if possible, send the text by e-mail or on a digital carrier, as well as on paper with double spacing between lines. Drawings must have high contrast. Please, consider that all line widths may be reduced during layout of the issue. Pictures should be in their original files if prepared in digital form. References should be listed at the end of the article in the alphabetical order of the authors’ names. electronic version of the article will be sent to the authors. RAZŠIRJENOST JAMSKIH HROŠČEV PODZEMLJARJEV RODU PROSPELAEOBATES (COLEOPTERA; LEIODIDAE; LEPTODIRINI) IN NJIHOVO ŽIVLJENJSKO OKOLJE Slavko Polak Notranjski muzej Postojna, kolodvorska cesta 3, 6230 Postojna, e-mail: slavko.polak@notranjski-muzej.si Izvleček – Rod hroščev podzemljarjev Prospelaeobates je bil odkrit in opisan šele leta 1996, hkrati z opisom dveh vrst, P. vrezeci iz jame Medvedjak v Matarskem po- dolju (Slovenija) in P. bognoloi iz Petričeve jame na Cresu (Hrvaška). leta 2003 je bila opisana še tretja vrsta, P. brelihi iz ledenih jam na Snežniku (Slovenija). V pri- spevku so podani novi podatki o razširjenosti vrst in opredeljen ter diskutiran njihov primarni habitat. Ugotovljeno je, da vrste tega rodu verjetno živijo pretežno v povr- šinskem podzemeljskem okolju (MSS), v večje jamske prostore pa zaidejo le občasno in naključno. kljUčNe beSede: leptodirini, Prospelaeobates vrezeci, Prospelaeobates brelihi, Pro- spelaeobates bognoloi, razširjenost, MSS, Slovenija, Hrvaška Abstract – dISTRIbUTIoN oF THe SUbTeRRaNeaN beeTle GeNUS PROSPELAEOBATES SPeCIeS (ColeoPTeRa; leIodIdae; lePTodIRINI) aNd THeIR HabITaT The suberranean leptodirini beetle genus Prospelaeobates was discovered and described recently in 1996 at the same time as the two new species; P. vrezeci from Medvedjak cave in Matarsko podolje (Slovenia) and P. bognoloi from Petričeva cave on Island of Cres (Croatia). In 2003, a third species P. brelihi from ice caves on Snežnik (Slovenia) was described. The paper presents new data on the distribution of species and identifies and discusses their primary habitat. It has been found that the species of this genus probably live predominantly in the shallow subterranean habitats (MSS) and enter large cave spaces only occasionally and randomly. key woRdS: leptodirini beetles, Prospelaeobates vrezeci, Prospelaeobates brelihi, Prospelaeobates bognoloi, distribution, MSS, Slovenia, Croatia 85 ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA, DECEMBER 2020 Vol. 28, øt. 2: 85–96 Uvod Slovenija slovi po pestri favni jamskih hroščev in velja tudi za eno bolje pokritih dežel v smislu raziskanosti podzemeljskega živalstva. kljub temu pa se odkrivanja novih vrst in celo novih rodov jamskih hroščev še vedno vrstijo. Svojevrstno prese- nečenje je bilo odkritje primerkov drobnih hroščev podzemeljarjev leta 1994 v jami Medvedjak v Matarskem podolju in podobnih primerkov hroščev istega leta v Petričevi jami na severnem delu Cresa. leta 1996 sta italijanska entomologa Pier Mauro Giac- hino in Mirto etonti zanju opredelila nov rod podzemljarjev Prospelaeobates in opisala novi vrsti P. vrezeci (dolžine telesa 1,8–2,0 mm) iz jame Medvedjak ter P. bognoloi (dolžine telesa 2,3–2,6 mm) iz Petričeve jame na otoku Cres. avgusta leta 2001 smo v malem breznu oziroma ledenici blizu Mašuna v snežniškem pogorju našli primerke jamskih hroščev, ki so ustrezali opisu rodu Prospelaeobates. jama še ni bila speleološko raziskana in ni bila evidentirana v katastru jam Slovenije, zato smo jo poimenovali z delovnim imenom jama v kovačiji po bližnjem lokalnem imenu območja. V naslednjih letih smo intenzivneje raziskovali jamske objekte po Snežniku in primerke rodu Prospelaeobates našli še v lekšanovi mrzli jami na ja- vornikih. avtor in Marco bognolo sta primerke rodu Prospelaeobates našla še v breznu imenovanem Felajeva luknja 1 v snežniškem pogorju. Na osnovi bistvenih morfoloških razlik zbranih primerkov iz jam na Snežniku (dolžine telesa 2,4–2,7 mm), sta leta 2003 opisala novo vrsto P. brelihi. Vse tri vrste tega rodu veljajo za redke in zelo lokalno razširjene. ob raziskavah jamskih hroščev v kasnejših letih smo našli več novih lokalitet tega rodu, zlasti vrste P. brelihi. Namen prispevka je podati trenutno poznavanje razširjenost in ekologije vseh treh znanih vrst tega rodu. Material in metode osebke jamskih hroščev podzemljarjev smo iskali z neposrednim pregledovanjem sten in kamenja na dnu jamskih objektov. ker smo za vrsto P. brelihi predvidevali, da živi v hladnejših jamah in jamah ledenicah s stalnim snegom in ledom, smo načrtno pregledovali take objekte. Za obisk večine jam je bila potrebna uporaba sod- obne jamarske plezalne vrvne tehnike. V nekaterih jamah smo nastavili pasti, lončke z usmrajenim mesom in vodno raztopino kuhinjske soli kot konzervansom (pit-fall traps), ali pa živolovne pasti z vabo brez konzervansa. V enem primeru in sicer v jami v kovačiji, kasneje poimenovani jama jugozahodno od Mašuna, smo v sodelo- vanju z davidom Culverjem (washingtonska Univerza) in Tanjo Pipan (Inštitut za raziskovanje krasa ZRC SaZU) s pomočjo avtomatskih merilcev temperature (onset (Tidbit)TM temperature data loggers, ki beležijo temperaturo vsako uro) merili tem- peraturo v različnih delih jame in okolice v obdobju enega leta od aprila 2008 do junija 2009. Zbrani primerki hroščev so shranjeni v Zbirki hroščev Notranjskega mu- zeja Postojna, del pa predan za primerjalne zbirke ostalim naravoslovnim muzejem v regiji (Zbirka egona Pretnerja v Prirodoslovnem muzeju Slovenije; Prirodoslovni muzej v Trstu, Prirodoslovni muzej Zagreb). Za potrebe molekularnih filogenetskih raziskav, ki so v teku, je bilo manjše število primerkov shranjenih v 96% etanolu. Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 86 ostale podatke o najdbah teh hroščev povzemamo po objavljeni dostopni literaturi. katastrske številke (kat. št.) jamskih objektov se nanašajo na zaporedne številke jam v katastru jam Slovenije, ki ga vodita Inštitut za raziskovanje krasa ZRC SaZU in jamarska zveza Slovenije. Raziskave jamskih hroščev so bile opravljene z dovoljenjem agencije RS za okolje (Št. 35714-75/2002, 35701-29/2004, 3561-30/2010-7, 35601- 39/2015-4). Rezultati Razširjenost vrste Prospelaeobates vrezeci Giachino & etonti 1996 Vrsta je bila doslej znana le iz tipske lokalitete jame Medvedjak (kat. št. 881) in je opredeljena kot tipska vrsta za opis novega rodu (Giachino in etonti 1996). Medvedjak se nahaja v Matarskem podolju blizu naselja Skadanščina v bližini Materije na nad- morski višini 522 metrov. To je jama s 45 metrskim vhodnim breznom, ki se nadaljuje v dober kilometer dolg jamski rov in na najnižji točki sega 129 metrov pod površje. doslej so bili znani le primerki, zbrani v pasteh za hrošče, nastavljenimi med 7. 5. 1994 in 16. 3. 1996 ter so opredeljeni v tipski seriji osebkov za opis vrste (Giachino in etonti 1996). Med raziskavami jamske favne slovenskega in hrvaškega dela Istre v okviru mednarodnega projekta »kUP – Karst Underground Protection« (ozimec s sod. 2011, Polak s sod. 2012), se je v tri dni nastavljene živolovne pasti za proučevanje jamske favne dne 12. 8. 2012 ujel le en živ osebek te vrste (slika 1). čeprav smo imeli pasti za hrošče z usmrajenim mesom nastavljene po celotnem profilu jame, se je primerek ujel le v past, nastavljeno v končnem delu jame pod velikim kaminom, kjer s stropa izdatno kaplja prenikla voda. Slavko Polak: Razøirjenost jamskih hroøœev podzemljarjev rodu Prospelaeobates (Coleoptera; Leiodidae; Leptodirini) 87 Slika 1: Prospelaeo- bates vrezeci, fotografi- ran 22. 10. 2010 v jami Medvedjak pri Markov- ščini (Matarsko podo- lje). Fig. 1: Prospelaeo- bates vrezeci photograp- hed 22.10.2010 in Med- vedjak cave near Markovščina (Matarsko podolje). Vrsto P. vrezeci smo našli tudi na še eni novi lokaciji in sicer v Račiški pečini (kat. št. 942), kar je drugo znano nahajališče te vrste (Polak s sod. 2012). Račiška pečina se nahaja na nadmorski višini 600 metrov blizu naselja Račice v bližini mejnega prehoda Starod z republiko Hrvaško. objekt je 304 metre dolga vodoravna fosilna jama, ki pa je bila že med obema svetovnima vojnama v vojaški uporabi kot skladišče goriva in je zato ostala biološko neraziskana. Račiška pečina je danes zava- rovana kot paleontološko nahajališče pleistocenske favne in zaprta za nekontroliran obisk. jamsko živalstvo te jame smo podrobneje raziskovali v letih 1995, 1996 in 1997, a vrste P. vrezeci v tej jami nismo potrdili, tudi z nastavljenimi pastmi z vabo ne. ob podrobnejšem pregledu jame dne 20.10.2010, smo v pozabljenem kozarcu polnem vode našli en osebek P. vrezeci in sicer v končnem in edinem bolj vlažnem ter zasiganem delu jame. Najdba osamljenega primerka v edinem delu jame, kjer s stropa izdatno kaplja prenikla voda kaže, da vrsta v jami ni pogosta, oziroma da jamsko okolje Račiške pečine ni primarni habitat te vrste, pač pa vrsta verjetno živi v sistemu razpok nad jamo. Razširjenost vrste Prospelaeobates bognoloi Giachino & etonti 1996 Vrsta je bila opisana na osnovi primerkov, ki jih je nabral Marco bognolo v Petri- čevi jami blizu naselja beli na severnem delu hrvaškega otoka Cres v kvarnerju. jama je stopnjasto brezno z 12 in 30 metrskima vhodnima breznoma na nadmorski višini 300 metrov. osebki vrste P. bognoloi so bili ulovljeni 21. 10. 1994, 5. 3. 1995 in 10. 3. 1996 v pasteh, postavljenih daljši čas na dnu brezen. o morebitnih novih na- hajališčih vrste na otoku Cresu odtlej nimamo novejših podatkov (jalžić, b. ustno poročanje). Razširjenost vrste Prospelaeobates brelihi Polak & bognolo 2003 kot tipska lokaliteta te vrste (slika 2) je bila opredeljena Felajeva luknja 1 (kat. št. 6654), saj prvo najdišče te vrste z delovnim imenom jama v kovačiji ob času opisa vrste ni bila speleološko registrirana in ni imela uradnega imena. Felajeva luknja 1 je 42 metrov globoko stopnjasto brezno v osrčju snežniških gozdov na nadmorski višini 990 m. ob prvi speleološki registraciji jame leta 1986 se je v breznu nahajal led, kar je bil tudi razlog za ciljno iskanje primerkov rodu Prospelaeobates. V dneh 6. 7. 2002 in 2. 11. 2002 je bila med raziskovanjem jame zbrana serija v originalnem opisu opredeljenih tipskih primerkov. V času raziskav so bili v breznu le še borni ostanki ledu. brezno je sicer občutno hladnejše od ostalih raziskanih bližnjih jam. Tako imenovano jamo v kovačiji so šele 21. 6. 2009 speleološko registrirali za- mejski tržaški jamarji in ji dali ime jama jugozahodno od Mašuna (kat. št. 10032). jama je 16 metrov globoka vrtača s strmimi brežinami in breznom, ki je zapolnjeno z gruščem ter stalnim ledom na dnu. Nahaja se na višini 1010 metrov. V malem jam- skem prostoru na dnu vrtače smo primerke vrste B. brelihi našli pod kamenjem, pogosto tudi v bližini ledu, ob vsakem poznopomladanskem, poletnem in jesenskem obisku (16. 6. 2002, 6. 7. 2002, 15. 7. 2002, 28. 7. 2002, 12. 9. 2002, 15. 9. 2002, 29. Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 88 9. 2002, 23. 4. 2008, 9. 6. 2009, 12. 8. 2012, 19. 4. 2020). ob pozno jesenskih obiskih po koncu novembra pa v jami ni bilo moč najti nobenega jamskega hrošča več. Z analizo podatkov avtomatske meritve temperature na treh mestih v različnih okoljih v profilu vrtače in jame v obdobju od 23. 4. 2008 do 9. 6. 2009, smo ugotovili izrazito temperaturno dinamiko, ki pojasni sezonske migracije jamske favne (slika 3). Tem- perature v jamskem okolju na dnu jame v bližini ledenega čepa so bile od marca do konca aprila le nekoliko nad lediščem. V maju se je temperatura začela dvigati in do Slavko Polak: Razøirjenost jamskih hroøœev podzemljarjev rodu Prospelaeobates (Coleoptera; Leiodidae; Leptodirini) 89 Slika 2: Prospelaeo- bates brelihi, fotografi- ran 12. 8. 2012 v jami jugozahodno od Mašuna (Snežnik). Fig. 2: Prospelaeo- bates brelihi photograp- hed 12.8.2012 in jama jugozahodno od Mašuna (Snežnik). Slika 3: Temperaturna nihanja v in pred ledenico jama jugozahodno od Mašuna v obdobju od 23. 4. 2008 do 9. 6. 2009. Fig 3: Temperature fluctuations in, and in front of the ice cave jama jugozahodno od Mašuna in the period from 23.4.2008 to 9.6.2009. začetka novembra (13. 11. 2008) dosegla najvišjo izmerjeno temperaturo v jami 4,5oC. V novembru je začel v jamo vdirati hladen zrak iz okolice in temperatura je v jami nenadno (26. 11. 2008) padla pod ledišče. Glede na zimske temperaturne razmere na površini je temperatura v jami večkrat zdrsnila do -5oC. V tem zimskem obdobju se v jami ledenici kopiči led. Temperature se v jami konec marca stabilizirajo pri le- dišču ter v marcu začno spet rahlo naraščati. Istočasno merjenje temperature v bližnjem okolju MSS, to je grušč in razpoke med kamni prekritimi s prstjo blizu površja (slika 5), je pokazalo podobno dinamiko, le da smo v MSS zaznali izrazitejša kratkotrajna temperaturna nihanja z nekoliko višjimi temperaturami od tistih izmerjenih v jami v obdobju od marca do novembra. Temperature izmerjene v zimskem delu leta pa so bile občasno še nižje. Nihanja temperature v okolju MSS v območju razpok med ka- menjem, kjer je bilo zaznati zračne tokove, so bila neposredno povezana z nihanji temperature, merjenimi na površini pred jamo. Temperature merjene v globoki prsti na meji med prstjo in MSS okoljem so se še izraziteje odzivale na nihanje površinske temperature in so v poletnem času dosegale do 10oC. V zimski polovici leta, ko je Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 90 Slika 4: Znane loka- cije treh vrst podzem- ljarjev rodu Prospelaeo- bates v Sloveniji in na Hrvaškem ter z barvami označeni njihovi verjetni areali. kartografska podlaga: Google earth. Fig. 4. known loca- tions of three species of the genus Prospelaeo- bates in Slovenia and Croatia and their proba- ble distributions marked in colors. Map: Google earth. območje prekril sneg, se je nihanje temperatur v globoki prsti in MSS prekinilo in tu temperature niso več padle pod zmrzišče (Pipan s sod. 2011, Polak 2012, 2016). Vzporedno in kasnejše vzorčenje jamske favne je pokazalo, da so nekatere vrste pod- zemeljskih živali povsem prilagojene okolju ledenih jam z nizkimi temperaturami med 1oC in 5oC. V jami jugozahodno od Mašuna so to vrste Prospelaeobates brelihi, Parpropus sericeus in Bathyscimorphus (Drovenikia) serkoi. konec novembra, ko se temperature v jami ledenici spustijo pod zmrzišče, se jamski hrošči umaknejo bodisi globlje v podzemlje, kot to predvidevamo za vrsto Parapropus sericeus, bodisi se v zimski polovici leta zatečejo prek razpok plitvega podzemeljskega okolja (MSS) v globoko prst v okolici jame, kjer prezimijo (Polak 2012, 2016). Tako smo 30. 11. 2011 večje število primerkov vrste Prospelaeobates brelihi in Bathyscimorphus (Dro- Slavko Polak: Razøirjenost jamskih hroøœev podzemljarjev rodu Prospelaeobates (Coleoptera; Leiodidae; Leptodirini) 91 Slika 5: Mesto merjenja temperature in vzorčenja jamskih hroščev v MSS pred jamo jugozahodno od Mašuna, 9. 6. 2009. Figure 5: Site of temperature measurement and sampling of cave beetles in MSS in front of the cave jama jugozahodno od Mašuna, 9.6.2009. venikia) serkoi našli v pasteh, zakopanih približno 10 in 20 centimetrov globoko v MSS – grušč, prekrit s prstjo izven jame (slika 5). Z meritvami in vzorčenjem v razli- čnih okoljih tako pojasnjujemo izrazito sezonsko migracijo jamskih hroščev kot odziv na temperaturna nihanja v okolju. Tretje znano nahajališče vrste P. brelihi pred opisom vrste je bila še lekšanova mrzla jama (kat. št. 5237). jama je 28 metrov globoka udornica z bolj ali manj stalnim ledom na dnu. Nahaja se na severnem pobočju javorniških gozdov, že blizu loške doline na nadmorski višini 1018 metrov. jamo smo raziskovali trikrat in sicer 18. 8. 2001, 27. 10. 2001 ter 5. 7. 2002. Primerke vrste P. brelihi smo našli tako ob ledu v spodmolu na dnu jame, kot tudi pod kamni in v grušču v še osvetljenem delu podornega stožca na dnu udornice (Polak in bognolo 2003). Med sistematskim pregledovanjem ledenic snežniškega pogorja je bila vrsta P. brelihi najdena tudi v Prepadu pri breznu pod Snežnikom (kat. št. 1001), imenovanem tudi Spodnje ali Malo Snežniško brezno. Nahaja se le nekoliko nižje od zelo znanega in 191 metrov globokega Snežniškega brezna (kat. št. 2420), imenovanega tudi Grda jama in je z njim gotovo povezana s sistemom razpok. Prepad pri breznu pod Snež- nikom je bil leta 1953 registriran kot le 10 metrov globoko široko brezno z ledenim čepom na dnu. jamo smo prvič raziskovali 23. 8. 2001, vendar v pasti nastavljene ob robu ledeniškega čepa nismo ujeli jamskih hroščev. Šele po večkratnih poskusih in znatnem znižanju ledenega čepa, se je bilo možno dne 28. 10. 2002 spustiti po nastali približno meter široki cevi v ledeniku in prebiti do manjšega jamskega prostora na dnu. Poleg primerkov P. brelihi so bile tu najdene še vrste Astagobius angustatus, Aphaobus milleri in Bathyscimorphus (Drovenikia) serkoi. Planincem in obiskovalcem Notranjskega Snežnika (1796 m) je dobro znana le- deniška, 16 metrov globoka razpoka na ovršju Snežnika, imenovana Snežnica vrh Snežnika (kat. št. 807). Ta je večinoma zapolnjena s snegom in ledom, ki zaradi višje nadmorske višine (1785 m) vztraja čez celotno leto. Večji del leta je zato objekt ne- dostopen, le proti koncu poletja in jeseni se led v razpoki dovolj stopi, kar omogoča, da lahko dosežemo kamninsko podlago. V pasteh za jamske hrošče, nastavljenih 24. 11. 2003 in pobranih naslednjo pomlad 26. 3. 2004 ter 26. 9. 2004, smo ujeli več pri- merkov vrste P. brelihi, Spelaeodromus sneznikensis, Parapropus sericeus, Astagobius angustatus, Aphaobus milleri in Bathyscimorphus (Drovenikia) serkoi. Snežnica vrh Snežnika je doslej edina znana jama z vrsto P. brelihi nad drevesno mejo. V jami imenovani jama Suha reber (kat. št. 6589), ki se nahaja na robu snežniške planote nad Pivško kotlino na nadmorski višini 920 metrov, smo dne 6. 6. 2004 na dnu te sicer 53 metrov globoke in 85 metrov dolge jame, našli nekaj primerkov P. brelihi. V nastavljene pasti, zakopane med grušč podornega stožca, pa smo v obdobju od 14. 4. do 1. 6. 2019 ponovno ulovil večjo serijo primerkov te vrste. V jami so bile ugotovljene še vrste Astagobius angustatus, Aphaobus milleri in Bathyscimorphus (Drovenikia) serkoi. Velja omeniti, da v končnem in bolj zasiganem delu jame, pri- merkov P. brelihi nismo potrdili. Zadnje odkrito nahajališče vrste P. brelihi je Mrzla jama na javornikih (kat. št. 3402), imenovana tudi Mrzla jama pod Hudičevim hribom. Nahaja se v javorniških gozdovih na nadmorski višini 960 metrov. jama je dobro poznana, lahko dostopna in Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 92 so jo obiskali tudi entomologi. Razlog, da te vrste speleobiologi in zbiralci tu doslej niso našli, je v tem, da smo primerke P. brelihi dobili le v pasteh zakopanih od 14. 4. do 1. 6. 2019 v grušču in sicer v še osvetljenem delu pred jamo. V istih pasteh smo dobili še vrsti Aphaobus milleri in Bathyscimorphus (Drovenikia) slavkoi. Mrzla jama na javornikih je 53 metrov globoka udornica s temperaturnim obratom, kar je vzrok, da v jami in pred njo sneg in led vztrajata še pozno v poletje. Vrsta P. brelihi pa je bila pričakovano najdena tudi na hrvaški strani snežniškega masiva. Med sistematičnimi raziskavami jam območja Šverde, tik ob državni meji, so hrvaški jamarji s pridruženimi mednarodnimi ekipami v trinajstih letih, od leta 2005 do leta 2018, raziskali kar 156 jamskih objektov. Pridružili so se jim tudi spe- leobiologi in raziskovali jamsko živalstvo (Pavlek s sod. 2018). kljub velikemu razi- skovalnemu naporu so vrsto P. brelihi našli le v eni jami, imenovani Pupak (Pušak) svijeta (Speleološka Udruga »estavela«, kat. broj 140) in sicer le en osebek (ozimec 2005, Pavlek s sod. 2018). To je za sedaj tudi edino nahajališče te vrste na Hrvaškem. Majhna, le 8 metrov globoka jama z ozkim vhodom, je sicer tudi ledenica in se nahaja v območju imenovanem Šverda na nadmorski višini 1240 metrov. Diskusija jamske, ali bolje rečeno podzemeljske vrste hroščev in seveda predstavnikov druge podzemeljske favne ne zasledimo izključno v jamah oziroma v podzemlju, pač pa jih najdemo tudi v gozdni stelji in gozdni prsti, torej v okolju, ki ga uvrščamo med epigeična okolja. Pravo podzemeljsko – hipogeično okolje se nahaja globlje v pod- zemlju, pod to površinsko plastjo. Meja med površinskimi in podzemeljskimi okolji pa v naravi ni ostra. Pri pregledu okolij, v katerih smo doslej našli predstavnike podzemljarjev rodu Prospelaeobates, smo prišli do ugotovitve, da njihov osnovni življenjski prostor niso le kraške jame, pač pa tudi sistem razpok in preplet majhnih prostorov med gruščem in globoko zakopanimi kamni. Takšno okolje opredeljujemo kot plitvo oziroma po- vršinsko podzemeljsko okolje imenovano MSS. Površinsko podzemeljsko okolje, ali s kratico MSS za »Milieu Souterrain Superficiel« je bilo podrobneje opredeljeno šele nedavno prav na primeru jamskih hroščev (juberthie 1983, Giachino in Vailati 2010). MSS velja le za eno od okolij tako imenovanih plitvih podzemeljskih okolij »Shallow subterranean habitats«, kamor prištevamo tudi nekatera vodna okolja in epikras (Giachino in Vailati 2010, Culver in Pipan 2014). Podanih je več definicij podobnega okolja, zato je pri uporabi teh izrazov med biologi in geografi sicer nekaj nedoslednosti. Med entomologi se je najbolj uveljavilo poimenovanje kar MSS, ki izvira iz original- nega opisa (juberthie 1983). To je sistem razpok in preplet majhnih prostorov med gruščem in skalami v globini 10 do 70 centimetrov pod debelo plastjo prsti. Tako okolje je specifično in drugačno od podzemnih jam, saj kaže močnejša sezonska, dnevna in letna temperaturna nihanja kot globoko jamsko okolje (Pipan s sod. 2011, Culver in Pipan 2014). Vsaj za vrsti P. brelihi in Bathyscimorphus (Drovenikia) serkoi, ki živita na višjih nadmorskih višinah, smo ugotovili, da živita oziroma prezimujeta celo v globoki Slavko Polak: Razøirjenost jamskih hroøœev podzemljarjev rodu Prospelaeobates (Coleoptera; Leiodidae; Leptodirini) 93 gozdni prsti prav blizu površja. To dejstvo sicer ni bilo tuje našim starejšim entomo- logom, ki so vedeli, da se jamske krešiče rodu brezokcev Anophthalmus, zlasti iz skupine »scopolii«, najlažje najde zgodaj spomladi ob talečem snegu na dnu kraških vrtač v gozdnatem okolju. Najdbe osebkov vrst P. vrezeci in P. bognoloi v večjih jamskih prostorih so redke in sporadične. Predvidevamo, da osebke v kraške jame zanese prenikla voda, ki pronica skozi MSS in sistem razpok v pretrti kamnini kraških vrtač nad jamami. Na ta način lahko pojasnimo izključno točkovno nahajanje primer- kov P. vrezeci v jami Medvedjak in Račiški pečini. Petričevo jamo in okoliške jame na Cresu so med obema vojnama obiskali nekateri entomologi in tam nabirali jamske hrošče (Pretner 1973), ki pa rodu Prospelaeobates niso našli. Šele nastavljene pasti čez zimsko obdobje, ko je v Sredozemlju padavinski maksimum, so prispevale najdbo primerkov vrste P. bognoloi. Za vrsto P. brelihi je bilo že ob opisu ugotovljeno, da daje prednost hladnejšim ja- mam in celo jamam ledenicam s stalnim ledom. Z intenzivnejšimi terenskimi razi- skavami smo za vrsto P. brelihi našli več novih lokalitet in s tem občutno povečali znan areal razširjenosti. Vse jame se nahajajo na nadmorski višini od 920 metrov do ovršja Snežnika s skoraj 1800 metri nadmorske višine. Vsem jamam s prisotnostjo vrste P. brelihi je skupna nižja temperatura med 1oC in 5oC in vsaj del leta v jami pri- soten sneg in led. Tu velja omeniti, da smo raziskovali še številne druge jamske objekte, med njimi tudi ledenice v istem območju, pa predstavnikov rodu Prospe- laeobates v njih nismo našli. območje razširjenosti vrste P. brelihi obsega Snežniško planoto in Vzhodne javornike. Na voljo imamo podatke (drame 1986), da je bilo do leta 1986 v tem območju v obsegu približno 260 km2 znanih 279 jam, kar je 1,1 jama na kvadratni kilometer. od teh jam je bilo 42 ledenih in 46 snežnih jam, kar je tretjina vseh (drame 1986). ledene jame so opredeljene kot jame, kjer se sneg in led zadržujeta čez celo leto, medtem ko v snežnih jamah sneg ostaja okoli 8 mesecev v letu in se iz njega ne dela led. Podatki iz leta 1986 pa so že nekoliko zastareli, saj so jamarji medtem v tem območju evidentirali še veliko novih jamskih objektov, obenem pa je iz številnih ledenic led v zadnjih desetletjih izginil. Na osnovi naših raziskav lahko sklepamo, da vrsta P. brelihi ni vezana le na ledene jame in snežnice, ampak je njen osnovni habitat MSS okolje ob ledenicah in da ima vrsta tudi izrazito sezonsko verti- kalno migracijo. Vse tri doslej znane vrste rodu Prospelaeobates živijo alopatrično. Njihova območja razširjenosti so geografsko dobro omejena. Najdbe novih lokacij vrste P. bognoloi lahko pričakujemo z raziskavami habitata MSS tudi v širšem območju severnega dela Cresa, edinega dela hrvaških otokov s submediteransko klimo v tako imenovanem območju Tramontane. južneje od tod vrste ni pričakovati, saj je klima izrazito suha in vegetacija mediteranska. Prav tako ima vrsta P. vrezeci gotovo večji areal. areal vrste bi lahko, glede na geomorfologijo in sklenjenost apnenčastih plasti, segal čez celotno območje Matarskega podolja od kozine do Rupe in mogoče še dalje na Hrva- ško do Učke (slika 4). jame v tem območju so relativno dobro biološko raziskane, zato se je potrebno za najdbe novih lokalitet te vrste posvetiti slabo poznanemu okolju MSS. Glede na število hladnih jam, snežnic in ledenic na Snežniško-javorniški planoti je tudi areal vrste P. brelihi gotovo nekoliko širši od sedaj znanih lokacij. V Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 94 tem območju je biološko raziskan le skromen delež jamskih objektov. Vrsto lahko pričakujemo še v številnih novih hladnih jamah in MSS okolju od 900 metrov nad- morske višine pa vse do ovršja Snežnika in drugih gora v območju. Prav mogoče je, da sega areal vrste še nekoliko bolj proti severu javornikov, nedvomno pa je vrsta prisotna tudi južneje, daleč v hrvaški del Snežniško - Snježniške planote, oziroma do zahodnega Gorskega kotara (slika 4). Literatura Culver, D.C., Pipan, T. 2014: Shallow Subterranean Habitats. ecology, evolution, and Conservation. oxford University Press. 258 str. Drame, L. 1986: Snežne in ledene jame v Notranjskem Snežniku in vzhodnih javor- nikih in njihova izraba. Naš krš, 12(20): 9–21. Giachino P.M., Etonti, M. 1996: Prospelaeobates Gen. nov. e due sp. n. di lepto- dirinae delle isole del Quarnero e dell'Istria (Coleoptera: Cholevidae). Acta en- tomologica slovenica 4(2): 63–71. Giachino, P.M., Vailati, D. 2010: The Subterranean environment. Hypogean life, concepts and collecting techniques. wba Handbooks, Verona, 3, 132 str. Juberthie, C. 1983: le milieu souterrain: etenude et composition. Mémoires de Bio- spéologie 10: 17–65. Ozimec, R. 2005: Preliminarna biospeleološka analiza područja Šverde, Zapadni Gorski kotar, Primorsko-goranska županija. Subterranea croatica 5: 15–20. Ozimec, R., Polak, S., Bedek, J., Zakšek, V. 2011: Importance of biospeleological research for protection of cave fauna and their habitats – example based on the projects karst Underground Protection on the Istrian Peninsula. Pressures and protection of the underground karst: cases from Slovenia and Croatia. (Ured: M. Prelovšek in N. Zupan Hajna), Inštitut za raziskovanje krasa ZRC SaZU, Po- stojna, str. 160–181. Pavlek, M., Bregović, P., Delić, T., Bedek, J. 2018: biospeleologija Šverde (8). Subterranea croatica 16 (Suppl. 2): 42–50. Pipan, T., López, H., Oromí, P., Polak, S., Culver, D.C. 2011: Temperature variation and the presence of troglobionts in terrestrial shallow subterranean habitats. Journal of Natural History 45(3–4): 253–273. Polak, S. 2012: Vertical migration of the subterranean beetles as a respond to annual temperature fluctuations. 21st International Conference on Subterranean biology (ICSb). 02.– 07. September 2012, košice, Slovakia, book of abstracts, str. 90. Polak, S. 2016: Cave beetle migration as a respond to the ice cave temperature fluc- tuations – Migracije jamskih hroščev kot odgovor na temperaturna nihanja v jami ledenici. 7th International workshop on Ice Caves, karst research institute ZRC SaZU & International Speleological Union – UIS, Postojna, 16 – 21 May 2016. Program guide and abstracts str. 69-70. Polak, S., Bognolo, M. 2003: Prospelaeobates brelihi sp. nov., a new leptodirine beetle from Slovenia (Coloptera: Cholevidae). Acta entomologica slovenica 11(1): 17–30. Slavko Polak: Razøirjenost jamskih hroøœev podzemljarjev rodu Prospelaeobates (Coleoptera; Leiodidae; Leptodirini) 95 Polak, S., Bedek, J., Ozimec, R., Zakšek, V. 2012: Subterranean fauna of twelve Istrian caves. Annales, Series Historia Naturalis, 22(1): 7–24. Pretner, E. 1973: koleopterološka fauna pećina i jama Hrvatske s historijskim pre- gledom istraživanja. krš jugoslavie, jugoslovanska akademija znanosti i umi- jetnosti, 8(6): 101–239. Prejeto / Received: 14. 9. 2020 Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 96 REISSERONIA LESARI SP. NOV., R. GERTRUDAE Sieder, 1962 ANd R. TARNIERELLA (BruANd, 1850) iN SLOVeNiA (LePidOPTerA: PSYCHidAe) Željko Predovnik1, Jurij rekelJ2, Stanislav Gomboc3 1 ob železnici 82, 3313 Polzela, Slovenia. e-mail: predovnik1@gmail.com 2 Struževo 35, 4000 kranj, Slovenia. e-mail: jurij.rekelj@gmail.com 3 Gančani 110, 9231 beltinci, Slovenia. e-mail: stanislav.gomboc@siol.net Abstract – The present study reviews the genus Reisseronia (bruand, 1850) in Slovenia. Two species, R. gertrudae Sieder, 1962 and R. tarnierella (bruand, 1850), are new to Slovenian fauna and Reisseronia lesari sp. nov. is described from radensko polje in the central part of the country. The new species is parthenogenetic and is compared with several related taxa. morphological differences are presented and shown in figures. Additional data about the habitat and biology of the discussed species are provided. key wordS: lepidoptera, Psychidae, Reisseronia, new species, fauna, Slovenia. izvleček – REISSERONIA LESARI novA vrSTA, R. GERTRUDAE Sieder, 1962 in R. TARNIERELLA (brUAnd, 1850) v SloveniJi (lePidoPTerA: PSyc- HidAe) Pričujoča študija nam daje pregled rodu Reisseronia (bruand, 1850) v Sloveniji. dve vrsti, R. gertrudae Sieder, 1962 in R. tarnierella (bruand, 1850), sta novi za slo- vensko favno, Reisseronia lesari nova vrsta za znanost pa je opisana z radenskega polja v osrednjem delu države. nova vrsta je partenogenetska. Primerjamo jo z več sorodnimi vrstami in predstavljamo njihove morfološke razlike v besedi in sliki. Po- dajamo dodatne informacije o habitatu in biologiji obravnavanih vrst. klJUčne beSede: lepidoptera, Psychidae, Reisseronia, nova vrsta, favna, Slovenija. introduction members of the genus Reisseronia are small psychids, the wingspan of males being between 6 and 11.4 mm. The females are wingless (Arnscheid & weidlich 97 ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA, DECEMBER 2020 Vol. 28, øt. 2: 97–120 2017). larvae live a very secret life in the herbal layer and are therefore difficult to find. The genus Reisseronia Sieder, 1956, contains 15 species, distributed in central and south-eastern europe and south-western Asia (Hättenschwiler 1982, 2004; Hauser 1996; rutjan 2003; kurz et al. 2006; weidlich 2006, 2016; malkiewicz et al. 2013; larysz 2017). Some of them have been discovered in the recent decade: R. satanella, R. muscaelutum kurz et al., 2006; R. arnscheidi weidlich, 2006; R. ionica weidlich, 2016; R. imielinella malkiewicz et al., 2013 and R. annae larysz, 2017. in Slovenia, no species of the genus Reisseronia have been identified so far (car- nelutti 1992a, 1992b; lesar & Govedič 2010; Sobczyk 2011; Arnscheid & weidlich 2017). in 2012, the first specimen was obtained by the third author, on a dry meadow near the village of Socerb on the karst edge. A single male was collected by net, but enough to start intensive research on this genus. A few years later, the first author found typical Reisseronia larval cases near the first locality and in lokavec near Aj- dovščina, on a dry extensive meadow. All these finds, after detailed morphological examination confirmed the presence of R. tarnierella. This is not a coincidence, be- cause the familiar localities Alesso and interneppo in northern italy (Sieder 1972) are located not far from the state border with Slovenia. Twelve parthenogenetic species have so far been found among the Psychidae, of which a high percentage are endemic, due to poor mobility (malkiewicz et al. 2013; Arnscheid & weidlich 2017; larysz 2017). Among Reisseronia, three parthenogenetic Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 98 Figure 1. Reisseronia lesari sp. nov, female, holotype, ventral view. species have been identified to date: R. gertrudae Sieder, 1962, R. imielinella mal- kiewicz et al., 2013 and R. annae larysz, 2017. Field research for parthenogenetic populations in Slovenia was focused at first on the northern border area, where R. gertrudae was expected due to the proximity of its known localities on the Austrian side. in 2015, the first author found the first Reisseronia population with parthenoge- netic development in the vicinity of vinica, and soon thereafter, enriched with new experience, new finds followed. in the period of 2016 to 2020, a larger number of larval cases were collected in all localities. Three populations from northern (Goričko) and south-western (bela krajina) parts of Slovenia are clearly R. gertrudae: reduced legs without tarsal segments, with unpaired claws and antenna reduced to one segment. The population from moist meadows of one of the smaller flooded karst fields, ra- densko polje, in the north-western part of the dolenjska region initially showed a lot of similarity with R. imielinella malkiewicz et al., 2013 and R. annae larysz, 2017. based on morphological differences of adults and immature stages, we describe them as a new species Reisseronia lesari sp. nov. Predovnik, rekelj & Gomboc. Materials and Methods Collections Specimens examined in this study were obtained by rearing adults from larvae collected in a conventional manner, with great difficulty due to the small size and un- recognizability of larval cases in the herbal layer. collected larvae were stored in the breeding containers with some soil and herbal layer taken from the origin locality. They were kept in natural conditions, protected from direct sunlight. To avoid too high humidity, we moistened the herbal layer moderately and selectively every second or third day, occasionally only a few plants and mosses. breeding containers were sprayed with water every morning, in sunny days also in the evening. Some adult males of R. tarnierella were collected on sunny days between one to three p.m., by using the method of sweeping over the vegetation with a net. Morphology All female specimens were conserved in an alcohol-glycerol solution (75% rectified spirit-ethanol, 15% glycerol, 10% distilled water) and stored in small plastic vials. determination and comparative work were done using an olympus SZ51 stereomi- croscope. Preparation of genitalia and individual parts of females, such as legs or an- tennae, followed standard techniques according to robinson (1976). macro photographs were taken with a cannon eoS 40d digital camera, through an olympus SZ51 stereomicroscope and reichert microscope. images, further details and figures were later processed with Adobe photoshop cS5 master collection soft- ware. drawings were made by using indian ink on transparent sheets and later con- verted into a digital format. All drawings and micro photographs are the work of the second author. A pinned male specimen of R. tarnierella was photographed with a cannon eoS 40d digital camera with macro 100mm lens. Photographs of the type localities were taken using a canon PowerShot G5 digital camera. Æeljko Predovnik, Jurij Rekelj, Stanislav Gomboc: Reisseronia lesari sp. nov., R. gertrudae Sieder, 1962 and R. tarnierella 99 All measurements were performed through a stereomicroscope, using a measuring eyepiece micrometer with appropriate magnification. one distinctive measuring met- hod was used in this paper, called the eye index (dierl 1969: 168; Arnscheid & weidlich 2017: 6–7), which is calculated by measuring the minimum distance between the eyes, and dividing this value by the maximum eye diameter. The quotient resulting from this division is then converted into an index. For nomenclature of species we referred to papers by Sobczyk (2011) and Arnscheid & weidlich (2017). The terminology of morphological characters for imagines follows Sauter & Hättenschwiler (1999) and for the immature stages Gepp & Trattnig (1990), Patočka & Turčani (2005). The species examined for comparative purposes were R. imielinella: 3 ♀, Paratype, Poland cA75, imielin, 24.5.2007, leg. A. larysz; R. annae: 4 ♀ with larval cases, Poland cA66, katowice-Janów, 29.5.2013, leg. A. larysz, all in coll. USmb. Abbreviations used in description results Reisseronia lesari sp. nov. diagnosis Fifteen species have so far been identified in the genus Reisseronia. A total of 12 species have a bisexual reproduction strategy (with known males) and just three species R. gertrudae Sieder, 1962, R. imielinella malkiewicz et al., 2013 and R. annae larysz, 2017, are parthenogenetic. observations under controlled laboratory conditions confirmed that R. lesari sp. nov. also has parthenogenetic development. The new species can easily be distinguished from the following species: R. tarnie- rella (bruand, 1851), R. nigrociliella (rebel, 1934), R. pusilella (rebel, 1940), R. PMSL Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije uSMB Upper Silesian museum bytom, Poland ŽPSL Željko Predovnik, Slovenia JrSL Jurij rekelj, Slovenia SGSL Stanislav Gomboc, Slovenija coll. collection e.o. ex ovo e.l. ex larva leg. legerer in latin (collected) n= number of specimens examined A1-10 abdominal segments of female, larva and pupa № number Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 100 magna Hättenschwiler, 1982 and R. ionica weidlich, 2016, by the smaller size of fe- males and larval cases and also by the absence of tarsal segments in all legs. Females of R. satanella kurz, kurz & Zeller-lukashort, 2006, R. staudingeri (Heylaerts, 1879), and R. arnscheidi wiedlich, 2006 are similar in size but R. satanella has six to eight fused antennal segments (R. lesari sp. nov. only two antennal segments) and larger larval cases (length 7.0–9.5 mm). R. staudingeri is distinguished by the smaller number of antennal segments (only one) and much larger larval cases (length 11.0–14.0 mm). R. arnscheidi differs in a higher number of antennal segments (two to three), the presence of a single tarsal segment and larger larval cases (length 8.0– 10.0 mm). The new species is distinguished from reduced females of R. tschetverikovi So- lyanikov, 1990 and R. muscaelutum kurz et al., 2006, by long curled hairs on the head and thorax (R. tschetverikovi and R. muscaelutum have short, erect hairs). R. tschetverikovi also differs in having only one antennal segment (R. lesari sp. nov. two antennal segments), while R. muscaelutum also differs in having smaller larval cases, which are six mm long (R. lesari sp. nov. 6.2–7.6 mm). Females of R. lesari sp. nov. are most similar to the following three parthenogenetic species: R. gertrudae, R. imielinella, and R. annae. They can be distinguished from all three species by the presence of setae on the antennae (Fig. 4), clearly visible wings (reduced small oval lobes) (Fig. 5), and a higher number of spines (32–44) in the second row of the A5 pupal segment (R. gertrudae 26–33, R. imielinella 15 and Æeljko Predovnik, Jurij Rekelj, Stanislav Gomboc: Reisseronia lesari sp. nov., R. gertrudae Sieder, 1962 and R. tarnierella 101 Figures 2-3. Reisseronia lesari sp. nov, female, holotype. 2. Head and thorax, la- tero-ventral view. 3. legs of female. a. fore leg. b. middle leg. c. hind leg. R. annae 20–26 spines). The new species also differs from R. gertrudae in having se- parate femur and tibia and in having paired claws (details in Table 2). The new species also differs in the colour of the hairs on the head and thorax (R. imielinella gray, R. lesari sp. nov. creamy) and the presence of spines on the vertex (Fig. 4). Fe- males of the new species are also distinguished from R. annae by a smaller number of antennal segments (R. lesari sp. nov. two, R. annae three), the absence of tarsal segments and the presence of spines on the vertex. All important morphological cha- racteristics of all four parthenogenetic species are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Presentation of important distinguishing features of the imagines and immature stages of parthenogenetic species of the genus Reisseronia (according to Sieder 1962; malkiewicz et. al. 2013; larysz 2017; supplemented by our own inve- stigations). description Adults. Parthenogenetic females with reduced wings, small length of fresh speci- mens 3.4 to 5.1 mm (average 4.25 mm), width 1.0 to 1.9 mm (average 1.45 mm), Fig. 1. Head. (Fig. 4) brown, with rippled creamy hairs. vertex dorsal with two small excrescences, spine-like shape (these two processes have already been described in R. gertrudae by Sieder 1962:89), (Fig. 4). Antennae translucent, basic, reduced to only two segments, which are often fused into a whole. Segments with one to five microscopically small setae (Fig. 4). eyes black, oval, eye index 1.9 to 2.2 (n = 10), labial and maxillary palpi absent. imago - ♀ gertrudae imielinella annae lesari sp.nov. length / width 3.0 1.0–1.5 3.3–5.2 1.0–1.8 3.0–4.2 0.9–1.3 3.4–5.1 1.0–1.9 antennal segments 1 1–2 3 2 antennal setae absent absent absent present vertex spines present absent absent present thorax hairs colour creamy gray creamy creamy wings microscop. tinylobes microscop. tiny lobes not visible strong reduced oval lobes femur / tibia fused separated separated separated tarsal segments absent variable 0–1 all legs with one absent leg claws allunpaired allpaired allpaired variable immature stages larval case length larval case width 6.0–7.0 2.0 5.5–7.2 1.5–2.0 6.3–8.2 1.6–2.6 6.2–7.6 2.1–2.6 pupal spines ofA5 - second row 26–33 15 20–26 32–44 Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 102 Thorax. Segments brown, sclerotized, with long curled creamy hairs (Fig. 1). wings clearly visible, forewings very reduced to small oval lobes, hindwings much more reduced to tiny lobes, or barely noticeable in most specimens (Fig. 5). legs pale brown, transparent, reduced, all with distinct separate femur and tibia, tarsal segments absent, all legs with a few microscopically tiny setae (Fig. 3). Fore leg claws paired in 30%, middle leg claws paired in 80%, hind leg claws all paired (Table 2). Table 2. variability of claws on legs of females from Reisseronia lesari sp. nov. № Specimen № claws fore leg claws middle leg claws hind leg 1 19 387 1 1 2 2 19 388 2 2 2 3 19 389 1 2 2 4 19 390 2 2 2 5 19 392 1 2 2 6 19 397 2 2 2 7 19 403 1 2 2 8 UA 014 1 1 2 9 UA 015 1 2 2 10 UA 016 1 2 2 average 30% paired 80% paired 100% paired Æeljko Predovnik, Jurij Rekelj, Stanislav Gomboc: Reisseronia lesari sp. nov., R. gertrudae Sieder, 1962 and R. tarnierella 103 Figures 4-5. Reisseronia lesari sp. nov. 4. Head structures, dorsal view. Sp.: vertex spine; Se: antennal setae; An: antenna; Ce: compound eye. 5. Thorax structures, ventral view. Fw: reduced forewing. Hw: reduced hindwing. Abdomen. yellowish-brown, ventrally lighter than dorsally. Sternites one to three poorly sclerotized, four to six sclerotized slightly, as a narrow strip. Seventh sternite sclerotized wider, moderately, with a narrow field of spines (Fig. 6). Segment A7 with long curled white-gray hairs prior to oviposition. Genitalia. (Fig. 6). ovipositor lobes rounded, membranous, slightly setose. Pseu- dapophyses straight, very short, less than one third the length of posterior apophyses. Posterior apophyses curved, about one third smaller than anterior apophyses. Segment A8 relatively short, cylindrical, well sclerotized in the first two thirds, with two fields of spines. Spines on postvaginal plate pointed, long and thick. bursa copulatrix not visible. Larva. length of last instar larvae is between five and seven mm. The colour of abdominal segments is generally creamy to light orange, the sclerotized parts of the thoracic segments are black to dark brown, the head capsule is smooth, black and shiny (Figs. 8b, 9). The setae are translucent, long, and some are curved at the tips. Sclerotized parts of the thoracic shield are different widths, the widest part being on the prothorax and the narrowest on the metathorax. Small, sclerotized areas are also visible laterally on the mesothorax and metathorax. dorsally on thoracic segments, a line-like, poorly sclerotized part is also visible, which is widest at the metathorax. Thoracic legs strong, moderately sclerotized, of dark brown colour, the claws long and slightly curved. Spiracles are poorly separable from the base colour of the abdo- Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 104 Figure 6. Reisseronia lesari sp. nov., female, paratype, genitalia and last abdominal segments with details, ventral view. men, pinaculas are not visible. crochets on abdominal prolegs are arranged in unior- dinal penellipse, number of crochets 18–23 (n = 4). Larval cases. Typical of the genus Reisseronia, length 6.2 to 7.6 mm (on average 6.8 mm) and width 2.1 to 2.6 mm (on average 2.3 mm), (n = 31). They are rounded in cross-section, composed of straight and narrow debris of grasses with some dark brown-black particles of soil incorporated (Figs. 8c, 9). debris of grasses are placed longitudinally and larger pieces, typical of the genus Reisseronia, are almost the same length and never exceed the base of the larval case. Pupa. (Fig. 7). integument weakly sclerotized, pale brown. exuvia length 4.9–5.9 mm, width 1.2–1.4 mm (n = 6). The capito-prosternal plate (Fig. 8a) is small, rounded, and mostly stays on the head of the imago. The length of antennae covers slightly ex- ceeds the eyes. Abdominal segments with dorsal and lateral setae are a creamy white colour. Segments A4–8 dorsally with anterior bands of spines: A4 with 9–13 spines, A5 with 24–28 spines, A6–7 with 26–30 spines and A8 with 5–7 gathered spines, forming a small protuberance. Spines are small, short, triangular in shape, many times interrupted. Segment A5 has a second posterior row of 25–44 spines, which are about one-half smaller than the others and facing in the opposite direction (Fig. 7b). cremaster reduced, simple. details of abdominal segments A8–10 and cremaster are shown in Fig. 7c. Æeljko Predovnik, Jurij Rekelj, Stanislav Gomboc: Reisseronia lesari sp. nov., R. gertrudae Sieder, 1962 and R. tarnierella 105 Figure 7. Reisseronia lesari sp. nov. a. exuvium, dorsal view. b. detail of A5 ab- dominal segiment with a second posterior row of spines. c. detail of abdominal seg- ments A8–10 and cremaster. Type material Holotype. ♀, stored in alcohol-glicerol solution in a small plastic vial, with larval case glued on mounting board 7x14 and pinned. original labels: ''Slovenia, radensko polje, mokrine, 325 m, 24.3.2019 (e.l. 27.5.2019), leg. Ž. Predovnik'', ''HoloTyPe Reisseronia lesari Predovnik, rekelj & Gomboc'' (red label, handwriting). Paratypes. 2♀♀, with larval cases, Slovenia, radensko polje, mokrine, 325, 1.4.– 14.5.2017 (e.l. 26.5.2017), leg. Ž. Predovnik, coll. ŽPSl; 21♀♀, with larval cases, same locality, 24.3.–11.5. 2019 (e.l. 18.5.–16.6.2019), leg. Ž. Predovnik, coll. ŽPSl; 6♀♀, with larval cases, same locality, 3.–7.4.2019 (e.l. 25.5.–10.6.2019), leg. J. rekelj, coll. JrSl; 5♀♀, with larval cases, same locality, 30.4.2020 (e.l. 17.5.– 3.6.2020), leg. Ž. Predovnik, coll. ŽPSl; 10♀♀, with larval cases, same locality, 14.3.2020 (e.l. 16.–25.5.2020), leg. J. rekelj, coll. JrSl; 3♀♀, with larval cases, same locality, 9.–10.6.2019 (e.l. 24.3.–11.5.2019) (1a393, 1a394, 1a396), leg. Ž. Pre- dovnik, coll. USmb. Paratypes of larvae. 1 larva, with larval case, 6.10.2016, leg. Ž. Predovnik, coll. ŽPSl; 2 larvae, with larval cases, 8.6.2018, leg. Ž. Predovnik, coll. ŽPSl; 4 larvae, with larval cases, 20.4.2018, leg. Ž. Predovnik, coll. ŽPSl; 1 larva, with larval cases, same locality, 1.5.2018, leg. Ž. Predovnik, coll. ŽPSl; 3 larvae, with larval cases, 20.4.2019, leg. Ž. Predovnik, coll. ŽPSl; 3 larvae, with larval cases, 11.5.2019, leg. Ž. Predovnik, coll. ŽPSl; 4 larvae, with larval cases, same locality, 3.–7.4. 2019, leg. Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 106 Figure 8. Reisseronia lesari sp. nov., female, paratype. a. capito-prosternal plate. b. mature larva, lateral view. c. larval case. J. rekelj, coll. JrSl; 1 larva, with larval case, same locality, 14.3.2020, leg. J. rekelj, coll. JrSl; 2 larvae, with larval cases, same locality, 11.5.2019 (1a360, 1a363), leg. Ž. Predovnik, coll. USmb. Paratypes of pupae. 4 pupae, with larval cases, same locality, 20.4–13.5.2018 (e.l. 8.6.2018), leg. Ž. Predovnik, coll. ŽPSl; 7 exuviae, same locality, 3.–7.4.2019, leg. J. rekelj, coll. JrSl; 1 pupa, with larval case, same locality, 14.3.2020, leg. J. rekelj, coll. JrSl. Paratypes of larval cases. 6 empty larval cases, same locality, 1.4.2017, leg. Ž. Predovnik, coll. ŽPSl; 15 empty larval cases, same locality, 6.5.2017, leg. Ž. Pre- dovnik, coll. ŽPSl; 4 empty larval cases, same locality, 1.5.2018, leg. Ž. Predovnik, coll. ŽPSl; 38 empty larval cases, same locality, 24.3.2019, leg., J. rekelj, coll. JrSl; 26 empty larval cases, same locality, 3.–7.4.2019, leg. J. rekelj, coll. JrSl; 33  empty  larval cases, same locality, 30.4.2020, leg. Ž. Predovnik, coll. ŽPSl; 40 empty larval cases, same locality, 12.5.2020, leg. J. rekelj, coll. JrSl. Æeljko Predovnik, Jurij Rekelj, Stanislav Gomboc: Reisseronia lesari sp. nov., R. gertrudae Sieder, 1962 and R. tarnierella 107 Figures 9-10. Reissero- nia lesari sp. nov. 9. mature larva in larval case, Slove- nia, radensko polje, 2.5.2018 (photo Ž. Predov- nik). 10. natural habitat, Slovenia, radensko polje, mokrine, 22.4.2019 (photo J. rekelj). deposition of types Holotype ♀ and 2♀♀ paratypes of R. lesari sp. nov. are preserved in coll. PmSl, 42♀♀ paratypes are deposited in coll. ŽPSl and in coll. JrSl, 3♀♀ paratypes are deposited in coll. USmb. 2 paratypes of larvae are deposited in coll. USmb, all other paratypes of larvae, pupae, exuviae and larval cases are deposited in coll. ŽPSl and in coll. JrSl. etymology The new species is named after our late entomological friend Tone lesar who de- dicated his life to researching the butterfly fauna of Slovenia, focusing on the Štajerska region. distribution only known from a small area in the central part of radensko polje in mokrine, south to southwest and south of the village Zagradec, at an altitude 325m (Fig. 10). Habitat radensko polje landscape Park is the smallest of the nine most distinct karst fields, but includes all karst features such as karst springs, swallets, estavelles and swallow holes and is one of the larger areas of extensive meadows in central Slovenia (Perko & orožen Adamič 1998; lampič & Smrekar 1998; Florjanc & Jernejc-babič 1999). The largest part of the park is covered by central european mesotrophic to eutrophic lowland meadows, which are mixed in wet areas with wet mesotrophic and eutrophic meadows. They are intensive to extensive and are regularly or occasionally fertilized and mown several times a year (Poboljšaj et al. 2000). we found larvae of R. lesari sp. nov. on several locations in the central part of the park on elevated sunny edges of moist or wet oligotrophic grassland - (Molinia cae- rulea) meadows and related communities. They prefer south and southwestern posi- tions of slide slopes, which are away from the floodplain and protected from standing moisture. Their microlocalities may occasionally be flooded during medium-high floods, for a few days in spring and autumn. However, during the occurrence of ma- ximum flooding every few years, water levels may rise all the way to surrounding villages (almost the entire radensko polje is under water) and can remain for several days (meze et al. 1981). localities are often in the early stages being overgrown with Calluna vulgaris l. and hydrophilous ligneous species such as Alnus glutinosa (l.), Frangula alnus mill., Salix sp., and also: Cornus sanguinea l., Prunus spinosa l., Quercus robur l. and Rosa sp. The most populated areas are those with dominant plant taxons: Brachypo- dium rupestre (Host) roem. & Schult., Carex tomentosa l. and Festuca rupicola Heuff. Biology and ecology larvae of R. lesari sp. nov. live relatively hidden lives in the lower herb layer in scattered and localized colonies. The best time to find and observe active larvae is Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 108 from mid march to late may. during this time, the larval cases are large enough to be discerned in the vegetation. They are most active on sunny days in the early afternoon but, with great patience, we also found them in october and even in mid-november, when the daily temperature was above 8 degrees celsius. larvae were relatively easy to rear under laboratory conditions. They prefer to feed on flowers and foliage of Plantago lanceolata l., Ranunculus acris l. and Ta- raxacum officinale web. They generally feed on dry or semi-dry foliage rather than fresh. A small number of larval cases were always found empty, or the larvae died later during breeding, because of mildew or parasitism. However, we noticed that dry winters without snow (such as winters 2018/19 and 2019/20), and consequently less moisture on radensko polje, noticeably reduced the mildew mortality of larvae and increased parasitism. we could not determine where mature larvae attach their larval cases in nature, but probably hidden in the lower herbal layer. in captivity, we found them fixed on the foliage or stems of food plants, on the ground and on the edges and walls of the breeding containers. They were fixed individually or, more often, in small groups. Some were hidden in the moss so that only the top of the larval case was visible from above and, lastly, some of them simply remained unfixed at the bottom. in outdoor temperature conditions, the first mature larvae began to fix larval cases in early may, with a peak in early June. A small number of larvae remain active until the second half of June or to the middle of July, but no adults emerged from these later. The pupal stage lasts 15 to 23 days. only females emerged, from mid-may to late June, with a peak in early June, so generally slightly later than with R. gertrudae. it was difficult to predict when the females would emerge and start laying eggs, because this process remains hidden inside the larval case. However, with some detailed observation, it was possible occasionally to see the activity of females before laying eggs, which was reflected by the following: the female pulled out her head from the back of the larval case for a short time and then pulled back in again. This had already been observed in R. gertrudae by Sieder (1962). Females do not feed, and they have a very short life. in room conditions, they mostly became active in their larval cases around midday and in the early afternoon. when they lay their 22 to 28 fairly large yellowish eggs into pupal exuvia, they leave them and quickly die. larvae hatch from the eggs in 17 to 20 days, mostly from the second half of June until the beginning of July, eat their eggshell and immediately start to build their own larval cases, using material from their mother's case. They feed until late fall, then hibernate during the third stage of their development. in spring, they continue feeding until they mature and pupate. Other species of Psychidae in a natural habitat, R. lesari sp. nov. cohabits with the following species of bag- worms: Psyche casta (Pallas, 1767), Psyche crassiorella (bruand, 1851), Epichnop- teryx cf. plumella kovacsi Sieder, 1955, Bijugis sp., Rebelia cf. plumella (ochsenhei- mer, 1810) and Canephora hirsuta (Poda, 1761). Æeljko Predovnik, Jurij Rekelj, Stanislav Gomboc: Reisseronia lesari sp. nov., R. gertrudae Sieder, 1962 and R. tarnierella 109 Reisseronia gertrudae Sieder, 1962 distribution So far, the parthenogenetic species R. gertrudae has only been found in three lo- calities in southern Styria in Austria. it is already extinct at the type locality and, ac- cording to recent data, is on the verge of extinction (Sieder 1962, Gepp & Tratnigg 1990; Arnscheid & weidlich 2017). This interesting species was found for the first time in Slovenia by the first author in 2015. it has to date been confirmed in three lo- calities: Sotinski breg near the village of Sotina in Goričko, and vukovci and Podkla- nec, near vinica in bela krajina, close to the border with croatia (Fig. 19). Habitat According to Gepp & Tratnigg (1990) in Austria R. gertrudae prefers xerothermal positions at an altitude of 300–670 m above sea level. Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 110 Figure 11. Reisseronia gertrudae, Slovenia, vi- nica, Podklanec. a. female, ventral view. b. female, head and thorax details, ventral view. c. larval case. in Slovenia, the habitat is semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies (Fe- stuco-Brometalia) on calcareous substrate. The species lives here on extensive hay meadows in old orchards (most fruit trees have already been cut down), bounded by shrub hedges and nearby forest. The most populated areas were those with an abun- dance of herbaceous plants such as Thymus sp., Fragaria vesca l. and mosses. The habitat in the vicinity of vinica in Slovenia is also semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies (Festuco-Brometalia) on calcareous substrates, which even have a sub-mediterranean character in some small areas (Ambrožič et al. 2013). both lo- calities are situated on south and southwest facing grassy slopes on extensively mown meadows with a xerothermal character, always above a stream or river, which gives those micro-localities slightly mesophilic microclimatic conditions. in the village of Podklanec near vinica, a small population lives on a dry, south- exposed slope above a small stream at an altitude of 177 m (Fig. 14). The meadow is rich in herbaceous vegetation, such as Achillea sp., Euphorbia ciparissias l., Fragaria Æeljko Predovnik, Jurij Rekelj, Stanislav Gomboc: Reisseronia lesari sp. nov., R. gertrudae Sieder, 1962 and R. tarnierella 111 Figures 12-14. Reisse- ronia gertrudae. 12. Female in larval case, Slovenia, Go- ričko, Sotina, Sotinski breg, 20.4.2020 (photo J. rekelj). 13. mature larva in larval case, Slovenia, vinica, Pod- klanec, 29.4. 2018 (photo Ž. Predovnik). 14. natural habitat, Slovenia, vinica, Podklanec, 16.4.2017 (photo Ž. Predovnik). vesca l., Plantago lanceolata l., Salvia pratensis l., Thymus sp., and also various grasses, mosses and lichens. Abandonment of mowing and grazing already shows the early stages of overgrowing with ligneous shrubs, mainly Prunus spinosa l. in the village of vukovci near vinica, another small population lives on an extensive hay meadow at an altitude of 229 m, not far from the river kolpa. This meadow is partly overgrown with ligneous shrubs and bounded by vineyard and nearby forest. The composition of the herb layer is very similar to the previous one. in Sotinski breg, Goričko, we found larvae on a south-west facing and xerothermic grassy slope with Euphorbia cyparissias l., Fragaria vesca l. Hypericum perforatum l, Rumex sp. Salvia pratensis l., Thymus sp. and with various mosses and lichens. Biology and ecology Similar to citations of Sieder (1962) and Gepp & Trattnig (1990) larvae of R. ger- trudae live fairly hidden lives in the herb layer. in Slovenia, we found them very locally and in relatively small numbers. we achieved the best results for observation of active larvae in the second half of march to the end of April, during sunny weather between 14–17 h. Some active, half-grown larvae were also found on sunny days in october. larvae apparently feed on various plants. in the natural habitat, we observed feeding on leaves of Fragaria vesca l., but in captivity they quickly accepted Tara- xacum officinale web. (fresh flowers and leaves) and Plantago lanceolata l., when, despite there being fresh leaves, they fed more often on dry or semi-dry foliage. in captivity, the first larvae fixed their larval cases on April 23, continuing until early June. only females hatched from middle may to late June, with a peak from the end of may to early June. many larvae were infested with an unindentified species of small parasitoid wasp (Hymenoptera). The level of parasitism was noticeably higher than with populations of R. lesari sp. nov. from radensko polje. Breeding of the F1 generation in the first stages of their development, young larvae feed on fresh leaves of P. lanceolata, T. officinale and Trifolium pratense l.: later mostly on P. lanceolata. in the fall, breeding containers with third instar larvae were placed outside, to provide natural conditions for their hibernation. during the winter they became partially active on warmer days, but it was only the spring thawing that really reac- tivated their feeding. They resumed feeding from the end of march, until they com- pleted their development and pupated in may. completion of development (the emergence of females and the laying of eggs), was completed approximately 15 days earlier than in nature. Specimens cultivated ex. ovo were noticeably larger than in nature. remarks Specimens from southern localities Podklanec and vukovci, deviate slightly morp- hologically from the classical form from the north of the country. The difference is Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 112 noticeable in a reduction of the legs, meaning that specimens have some legs with se- parated femur and tibia. This is usually only noticeable in one or two legs in a single specimen and can be seen on any leg and not necessarily in pairs. no other morpho- logical differences were observed. Material Slovenia, bela krajina, vinica, Podklanec, 177 m, all leg. Ž. Predovnik, coll. ŽPSl: 4 larvae, with larval cases, 24.10.2015; 3 larvae, with larval cases, 2 empty larval cases, 2.4.2016; 2 larvae, with larval cases, 8 empty larval cases, 12.4.2016; 4 larvae, with larval cases, 8 empty larval cases, 16.4.2016; 7 larvae, with larval cases, 7 empty larval cases, 30.4.2016; 4 larvae, with larval cases, 2 empty larval cases, 18.5.2016; 9 ♀♀, with larval cases, 7 pupae with eggs, with larval cases, 13.6.2016 (e.o. 7.–27.5.2017); 5 larvae, with larval cases, 2 empty larval cases, 20.4.2018; 2 mature larvae, with larval cases, 1 pupa, with larval case, 22.4.2018 (e.l. 8.6.2018); 2 Æeljko Predovnik, Jurij Rekelj, Stanislav Gomboc: Reisseronia lesari sp. nov., R. gertrudae Sieder, 1962 and R. tarnierella 113 Figures 15-17. Reisse- ronia tarnierella. 15. male resting on grass, Slovenia, Socerb, 5.4.2020, 12:20 pm, (photo J. rekelj). 16. Fe- male in larval case transmit- ting pheromones, Slovenia, Socerb, 7.4.2020 (studio photo J. rekelj). 17. mature larva in larval case, Slove- nia, lokavec, 5.4.2020 (photo Ž. Predovnik). larvae, with larval cases, 7 empty larval cases, 2 pupae, with larval cases, 28.4.2018 (e.l. 11.6.2018); 1♀, with larval case, 16.3.2019 (e.l. 10.5.2019). Slovenia, bela krajina, vinica, vukovci, 229 m, all leg. Ž. Predovnik, coll. ŽPSl: 2 ♀♀, with larval cases, 31.3.2019 (e.l. 23.5.2019); 2 ♀♀, with larval cases, 6.4.2019 (e.l. 25.5 and 29.5.2019); 4 ♀♀, with larval cases, 20.4.2019 (e.l. 23.5– 3.6.2019). Slovenia, Goričko, Sotina, Sotinski breg, 404 m: 1 larva, with larval case, 1.2.2020, leg. Ž. Predovnik, coll. ŽPSl; 1 larva, 2 empty cases, 8.2.2020, leg. Ž. Predovnik, coll. ŽPSl; 15 larvae, 28 empty larval cases, 28.3.2020, leg. Ž. Predov- nik, coll. ŽPSl; 4♀♀, with larval cases, 28.3.2020 (e.l. 20.–28.4.2020), leg. J. rekelj, coll. JrSl; 4 larvae, with larval cases, 28.3.2020, leg. J. rekelj, coll. JrSl; 7 larvae, 9 empty  larval cases, 2.5.2020, leg. Ž. Predovnik, coll. ŽPSl; 3  larval cases with exuviae, 29 empty larval cases, 2.5.2020, leg. J. rekelj, coll. JrSl. Other species of Psychidae in the Podklanec locality, R. gertrudae cohabits with the following species of bagworms: Rebelia sp., Acanthopsyche atra (linnaeus, 1767) and in the vukovci lo- cality with: Epichnopteryx cf. plumella kovacsi, Sieder, 1955, Bijugis bombycella (denis & Schiffermüller, 1775), Rebelia cf. plumella (ochsenheimer, 1810) and Re- belia sp. in locality Sotinski breg R. gertrudae cohabits with Psyche casta (Pallas, 1767), Psyche crassiorella (bruand, 1851), Bijugis bombycella (denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) and Rebelia plumella (ochsenheimer, 1810). Reisseronia tarnierella (Bruand, 1851) distribution R. tarnierella is a generally widespread species in europe but highly local. it has been found in small, scattered colonies in central France, the netherlands, belgium, western Germany, Slovakia and northern italy (weidlich 2011; Arnscheid & weidlich 2017). This species was found in Slovenia for the first time in a sub-mediterranean region on the karst edge in the vicinity of the village of Socerb and in lokavec near Ajdovščina (Fig. 19). Habitat The habitat is semi-natural, eastern sub-mediterranean (submediterranean-illyrian) dry and semi-dry grasslands: extensively used medows and pastures. The first male specimen was collected by net, during routine investigation of dry rocky karst meadow with Euphorbia nicaeensis All., Euphorbia fragifera Jan., Eryngium amethystinum l., Festuca sp., Satureja montana l, Thymus sp., etc. After a few years, this meadow was turned into pasture on which, despite re- searching, no specimen at any development stage has been confirmed. This led us to find a similar, more preserved biotope in the surrounding area. The new locality shows a slightly different picture. The species lives here on a dry, southerly Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 114 exposed, extensively mown meadow with deeper soil. Among the plant species we found there, Anthyllis vulneraria l., Dianthus sanguineus vis., Helianthemum ovatum (viv.), Onobrychis sp., Plantago holosteum Scop., Salvia pratensis l., Sanguisorba minor Scop., Scorzonera villosa Scop. and various grasses dominate (Fig. 18). The habitat is limited by a typical karst hedge, composed mainly of trees and shrubs, such us Crataegus monogyna Jacq., Cornus sanguinea l., Cotinus coggygria Scop., Fraxinus ornus l., Ligustrum vulgare l., Ostrya carpinifolia Scop., Prunus mahaleb l. Prunus spinosa l. and Quercus pubescens willd. in the lokavec locality near Ajdovščina, the habitat is a dry, south-exposed slope with exstensively mown meadow with a rich herbaceous layer. The composition of the plant species is similar to that in Socerb: Fragaria sp., Galium sp., Helianthemum ovatum (viv.), Salvia pratensis l., Sanguisorba minor Scop., Thymus sp. etc. There are also Euphorbia cyparissias l., Hypericum perforatum L. and various mosses and grasses. Æeljko Predovnik, Jurij Rekelj, Stanislav Gomboc: Reisseronia lesari sp. nov., R. gertrudae Sieder, 1962 and R. tarnierella 115 Figures 18-19. natural habitat, Slovenia, Socerb, 21.3.2020 (photo J. rekelj). 19. distribution map of Reisseronia species in Slo- venia: 1–radensko polje, mokrine; 2–vinica, Podkla- nec; 3–vinica, vukovci; 4– Sotinski breg; 5–Socerb; 6– lokavec. Biology and ecology R. tarnierella is one of the smallest species in the genus Reisseronia, with a wing- span of males between 6–7 mm (Arnscheid & weidlich 2017). it is very difficult to observe the species in nature, not only because of the hidden life of larvae and, con- sequently, difficulties in finding the right habitat, but also because of the extremely short life span of specimens (weidlich 2011). near Gemone in italy, adults emerge in the first half of June, and males are active between 12:30 –14:30 h (Sieder 1956, 1972). in Slovenia, we collected larvae at the end of march and in April. in captivity, larvae accepted mainly Taraxacum officinale web., as well as Plantago lanceolata l. and Trifolium pratense l. According to modest data from the field and the results of breeding, adults of R. tarnierella in the Socerb and lokavec locality appear at the end of April to the begining of may. Three males were collected in Socerb with the method of sweeping over the vegetation with a net in sunny and dry weather between 13:00–14:00 h. Their flight was surprisingly fast and barely noticeable between the vegetation. Females were only observed in laboratory conditions (e.p.), and transmitted pheromones for several days up to 16:00 h. remarks larval cases in the Socerb locality were composed from closely attached fine par- ticles of dry grass, placed longitudinally. The length of larger females was 8.0 to 9.0 mm and width 2.0 to 2.3 mm. larval cases of males were smaller, length 6.0 to 7.0 mm and width 1.9 to 2.0 mm. Material Slovenia, Primorska, Socerb, 400 m: 1 ♂, 27.5.2001, leg. S. Gomboc, coll. SGSl. Slovenia, Primorska, Socerb, 370 m: 2 empty larval cases, 10.4.2016, leg. Ž. Pre- dovnik, coll. ŽPSl; 3 larvae, with larval cases, 7 empty larval cases, 22.4. 2016, leg. Ž. Predovnik, coll. ŽPSl; 2 ♂♂, 13.38 h and 13.46 h, 22.5.2016, leg. Ž. Predovnik, coll. ŽPSl; 1 ♀, with larval case, 20.5.2016 (e.l. 4.6.2016), leg. J. rekelj, coll. JrSl; 4 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, with larval cases, 1 empty larval case, 8.3.2020 (e.l. 1.–5.4.2020), leg. J. rekelj, coll. JrSl. Slovenia, Primorska, lokavec near Ajdovščina, Slokarji, 301 m, all leg. Ž. Pre- dovnik, coll. ŽPSl: 2 ♂♂, with larval cases, 21.3.2020 (e.l. 20.4. and 25.4.2020); 7 ♀♀, with larval cases, 21.3. and 23.3.2020 (e.l. 15.–27.4.2020); 20  empty  larval cases, 21.3. and 23.3.2020. Other species of Psychidae in Socerb locality, R. tarnierella cohabits with the following species of bagworms: Epichnopterix cf., Rebelia sp., Megalophanes viciella (denis & Schiffermüller, 1775), Acanthopsyche zelleri (mann, 1855), Pachythelia villosella (ochsenheimer, 1810), Phalacropterix praecellens (Staudinger, 1870). Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 116 in the lokavec locality, the species cohabits with Taleporia politella (ochsenhei- mer, 1816), Rebelia sp., Acanthopsyche zelleri (mann, 1855), Pachythelia villosella (ochsenheimer, 1810) and Phalacropterix praecellens (Staudinger, 1870). discussion Parthenogenesis in the genus Reisseronia is well known, although no more detailed genetic studies have been conducted in this field to reveal details of the type of part- henogenesis and relatedness of the populations found. The evolution of parthenogenetic populations was already investigated by Soumalainen (1961). He published a morp- hometric study of polyploid and parthenogenetic weevil populations, whereby he as- sumed that the characters that he had chosen to study were little affected by environ- mental variability. in this first experimental demonstration he stressed that “evolution has not come to a complete standstill in polyploid parthenogenetic populations. Po- lyploid parthenogenetic weevils and other similar forms still possess some mechanism which allows genotypic differentiation of populations and thus secures continued evolution” (Soumalainen 1961:330). This study suggested that parthenogenetic po- pulations of the genus Reisseronia have a common ancestor and that they are capable of evolution, despite the asexual reproduction. R. lesari sp. nov. is well distinguished from the other three parthenogenetic species by serial morphological features. in doing so, the primary structures (setae on the antennae and legs) suggest that this po- pulation might be (the oldest and perhaps) the origin of the parthenogenetic mode of reproduction (A. larysz 2020, pers. comm., 25 march). The new species is also inte- resting because of the habitat choice, which differs slightly from classical ''Reisseronia habitats''. it inhabits floodplain areas, where water can occasionally remain for several days during major floods in spring and autumn (meze et al., 1981). Further studies are needed to clarify how R. lesari sp. nov. manage to survive this period. likewise, the distribution of the species is not yet definitive and is presently limited only to the type locality. in the coming years, we will be carrying out additional fauna studies in several similar habitats in central Slovenia. in the last year, we have already found another new locality with a parthenogenetic population of Reisseronia near the capital ljubljana, and another on wet meadows of Prekmurje in the vicinity of lendava. collection of specimens and comparative studies are already in progress. R. gertrudae is seriously endangered in Austria (Arnscheid & weidlich 2017), so the Slovenian populations are a very important contribution to the survival of this species in general. The recently discovered locality in Sotina in northeast Slovenia is not a surprise, being actually only 8 kilometers away from a familiar locality at St. Anna am Aigen in Austria. A real surprise was the discovery of populations in the vi- cinity of vinica in the far southeast of the country. This currently known, unusual pattern of distribution in Slovenia, indicates the possibility of the existence of inter- mediate populations and also populations on the croatian side. These findings lead us to the conclusion that Austrian localities belong to the northwestern areal, which is the extreme for distribution of this species. Æeljko Predovnik, Jurij Rekelj, Stanislav Gomboc: Reisseronia lesari sp. nov., R. gertrudae Sieder, 1962 and R. tarnierella 117 According to the current investigation, R. tarnierella is very choosy about habitat and present very locally on the floristically richest dry meadows in the sub-mediter- ranean part of Slovenia. The new findings are due to a good knowledge of biotopes and hard work. For example, in the vicinity of the village of lokavec near Ajdovščina, only two of the six selected meadows gave a few results and only one gave a few more. As with the previous two parthenogenetic species, there are still plenty of suitable habitats to continue investigations, so we can expect a larger distribution in the future. 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Received / Prejeto: 3. 10. 2020 Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 120 CONFIRMED AND POTENTIAL WILD HOSTS OF THE SPOTTED WING DROSOPHILA (DROSOPHILA SUZUKII) IN SLOVENIA Maarten de Groot1, Andreja KAvčič1 & Jaka rAzinGer2 1 Gozdarski inštitut Slovenije, večna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2 Kmetijski inštitut Slovenije, Hacquetova ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Abstract the spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura)) is a highly invasive species and attacking different species of berry carrying hosts. Much research has already been done on the crop hosts over the world and in Slovenia, but for wild hosts less is known. on basis of literature and fieldwork we prepared a list of potential and actual known species of wild hosts for Slovenia. in 2019, berries of different species were collected and D. suzukii was either reared from these berries or berries were dissected. in total we found in the literature for europe 99 species which were used as host for D. suzukii. For Slovenia we found 71 potential hosts and 14 hosts which were actually infested. in Slovenia there was a broad range of potential hosts from 41 genera. the genera with the most potential hosts were Prunus, Lonicera and Vaccinium. Among the potential hosts were also many species which were invasive alien or alien species. the list was discussed in the context of management implications and further research on D. suzukii in Slovenia. Key wordS: Spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, berries, potential hosts, wild hosts, Slovenia, forests, pest control Izvleček – PotenCiALni in PotrJeno nAPAdeni divJi GoStiteLJi PLodove vinSKe MUŠiCe (DROSOPHILA SUZUKII) v SLoveniJi Plodova vinska mušica (Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura)) je invazivna tujerodna žuželka, ki napada številne rastline s sočnimi plodovi, zlasti jagodičje. narejenih je bilo že veliko raziskav v povezavi z gostitelji D. suzukii, ki so gojeni kot ekonomsko pomembne kmetijske rastline, malo pa je znanega o divje rastočih, t.j. negojenih go- stiteljih te vrste. v naši raziskavi smo na podlagi pregleda literature in lastnih raziskav izdelali seznam potencialnih in znanih divjih gostiteljev plodove vinske mušice v Sloveniji. v sezoni 2019 smo nabrali plodove različnih vrst divjih gostiteljev, ki smo jih v laboratoriju analizirali na prisotnost D. suzukii. Literatura navaja, da je v evropi 121 ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA, DECEMBER 2020 Vol. 28, øt. 2: 121–130 101 vrsta rastlin primerna kot gostiteljska za D. suzukii. od teh je v Sloveniji prisotnih 72 vrst, ki spadajo v 41 rodov. D. suzukii je bila pri nas potrjena na 16 vrstah. najpo- gostejši gostitelji plodove vinske mušice v Sloveniji so iz rodov Prunus, Lonicera in Vaccinium. Med potencialnimi divjimi gostitelji za D. suzukii v Sloveniji so tudi rastline, ki so tujerodne ali invazivne tujerodne vrste. članek obravnava seznam divjih gostiteljev plodove vinske mušice v Sloveniji v luči iskanja novih načinov za- tiranja plodove vinske mušice in daje smernice za nadaljnje raziskave na tem po- dročju. KLJUčne beSede: Plodova vinska mušica, Drosophila suzukii, jagodičje, potencialni gostitelji, divji gostitelji, Slovenija, gozdovi, zatiranje Introduction the Spotted wing drosophila (Swd) (Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931)), originating from Asia, is highly invasive and damaging of economical crops in eU and USA (Cini et al., 2012; Asplen et al., 2015) (Figure 1). in europe, it was first found in Spain in 2008 and rapidly spread throughout europe (Asplen et al., 2015). it was first observed in Slovenia in 2011 (Seljak, 2011). one of the reasons for its inva- siveness is the fact that it has multiple generations and a large variety of host plants (Asplen et al., 2015). one of the difference between european drosophilidae fruit fly species and the Swd is that the Swd female is able to damage healthy, undamaged fruits with its serrated ovipositor, while the females of other species can only feed on rotting fruits (Sasaki in Sato, 1995). Swd has a strong negative influence on the yield of the fruit crops. As it is highly polyphagous most of the fruit crops have problems with this species (Cini et al., 2012; Asplen et al., 2015). yield losses ranging from 30-40% to 100% have been es- timated, depending on the crop and the area. the costs of the Swd damage are esti- mated on 500 million dollars per year for only the USA (bolda et al., 2010). in italy, the costs were estimated on 500.000 euro in 2010 to 3 million euro in 2011 (de ros et al., 2012). in the recent years there has been an increase of management options which increased the outcome but increased the management costs which was estimated to 1857 CHF per hectare (Mazzi et al., 2017). till now, the number of known hosts of Swd in Slovenia were 23 species, most of which are actually crop hosts (Seljak et al., 2015). All berry crops in Slovenia were strongly negatively affected with in some case more than 50% of the crops (Seljak et al., 2015). due to the increasing damage caused by the Swd, new approaches and the development of new methods are needed for the control of the populations of this species to avoid large economic damages (Asplen et al., 2015). it was observed that the species has strong fluctuations over the years, where dry years have low population densities, while wet years have high densities (Seljak et al., 2015). interestingly, in the wet years also the dynamics change – the pest’s flight starts earlier (Kenis et al., 2016). Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 122 the main focus of the research on Swd management is on crops. However, many wild fruits are taxonomically related to the crop fruits and therefore it is logical to assume that many wild hosts are also infested. two studies in europe by Poyet et al. (2015) and Kenis et al. (2016), showed that there were respectively 33 and 84 wild hosts found. in total this comes to 88 non crop hosts of the Swd in europe till now. the importance of the wild hosts is shown by the invasive species Prunus serotina which was almost 70% infested and is assumed to be a strong factor of the Swd dis- persal (Poyet et al., 2014). Although Seljak et al. (2015) have performed a preliminary study, in Slovenia the situation with crop/wild hosts has not yet been studied in detail. Landscape is known to affect the population dynamics of the Swd (Santoiemma et al., 2019). it has been shown that there is a strong spill-over effect from non-crop areas to the crops (Santoiemma et al., 2018; tonina et al., 2018). especially with the fact that Swd is a strong disperser (up to 9000 m) also forest a bit further away can have strong impacts on the Swd dynamics in crops (tait et al., 2018) it was found that forests had higher densities of Swd than meadows (Santoiemma et al., 2019). Factors affecting the population densities in europe are the forest cover (Haro-barchin Maarten de Groot, Andreja Kavœiœ, Jaka Razinger: Confirmed and potential wild hosts of the spotted wing drosophila 123 Figure 1: recognition of the spotted wing drosophila. a) Males have a dark spot on the tip of the wings. b) tarsomere i and ii of male forelegs bear a set of spines each (sex combs). Females (c) have clear wings, and a strongly sclerotized ovipositor with black teeth (d). (photos: Jaka razinger) et al., 2018) and the forest edges (Santoiemma et al., 2019). Forests are an important habitat for source population, because of overwintering (many optimal microclimatic conditions) (Santoiemma et al., 2018) and feeding on wild hosts which can provide breeding material during the whole flying season of Swd (Poyet et al., 2015; Kenis et al., 2016). the function of forests should therefore be an important focus for research on the management of Swd. Forests contain most of the wild hosts, however it was shown that there are strong regional differences in the occupancy of hosts by Swd (Kenis et al., 2016). the aim of this study was to investigate the range of wild hosts on which Drosophila suzukii can (potentially) reproduce in Slovenia. Materials and methods the preparation of the list of potential hosts of Drosophila suzukii in Slovenia con- sisted out of three steps: First a review was made of hosts used in europe. especially the list prepared in Kenis et al. (2016), Arnó et al. (2016) and Poyet et al. (2015) were used here and additional published literature which were not assessed by mentioned sources. in the second step, the flora of Slovenia (Martinčič et al., 2010) was used to determine whether the host actually occurs in Slovenia. in the third step certain hosts were checked in the field whether they were colonized by Swd also in Slovenia. For this literature was checked and fruit from different (potential) host species was collected in the field. berries were collected in 14 sites over whole of Slovenia in July 2019. the sampling sites were mainly on forest edges. the berries were put into a rearing tent in the laboratory in the Slovenian Forestry institute, in order to let the adults of D. suzukii emerge. when after a week the adult did not emerge, the berries were dissected in order to see if the berries were infested with larvae. Results Literature survey showed that in total 101 species were found to be wild hosts of D. suzukii in europe; 72 of these species occur also in Slovenia (table 1). of these 72 species, 14 species were found to be colonized by Swd in Slovenia. the total eu- ropean species list contains 44 genera which include on average a bit more than 2 species. in Slovenia, the host plants were coming from 40 genera with on average of approximately 2 species per genus. the genera with the most host species were Prunus, Lonicera and Vaccinium. 14 species were found to be either used as crop but can also be found in nature. Discussion the results show that there are many wild hosts available which can potentially sustain Swd population dynamics in Slovenia. there were in total 71 potential wild hosts found during the literature survey which also occur in Slovenia, and from the field we detected 14 non crop species to be infested by Swd. Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 124 Maarten de Groot, Andreja Kavœiœ, Jaka Razinger: Confirmed and potential wild hosts of the spotted wing drosophila 125 Table 1: wild host species found in europe and in Slovenia. An asterisk (*) marks species which are either native or alien and are used as crops, but can also be found in nature in Slovenia. Plant species Hosts in Europe Hosts available inSlovenia Found to be infested in Slovenia Actinidia chinensis* 1 Amelanchier lamarckii 1 Amelanchier ovalis 1 1 Arbutus unedo 1 1 Arum italicum 1 1 Arum maculatum 1 1 Atropa bella-donna 1 1 Aucuba japonica 1 Bryonia cretica 1 Cornus alba 1 Cornus kousa 1 Cornus mas * 1 1 Cornus sanguinea 1 1 Cornus sericea 1 1 Cotoneaster franchetii 1 Cotoneaster horizontalis 1 1 Cotoneaster lacteus 1 Cotoneaster rehderi 1 Crataegus chrysocarpa 1 Crataegus monogyna 1 1 Daphne mezereum 1 1 Duchesnea indica 1 1 Eriobotrya japonica 1 Fragaria vesca 1 1 Frangula alnus 1 1 Gaultheria x wisleyensis 1 Hippophae rhamnoides 1 1 Ligustrum lucidum 1 1 1 Ligustrum vulgare 1 1 1 Lonicera alpigena 1 1 Lonicera caerulea* 1 1 Lonicera caprifolium 1 1 Lonicera ferdinandii 1 Lonicera nigra 1 1 Lonicera nitida 1 Lonicera periclymenum 1 Lonicera xylosteum 1 1 Mahonia aquifolium 1 1 Malus baccata 1 Morus alba 1 1 Morus nigra 1 1 1 Paris quadrifolia 1 1 Parthenocissus quinquefolia 1 1 Photinia beauverdiana 1 Photinia villosa 1 Photinia prunifolia 1 Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 126 Physalis alkekengi 1 1 Phytolacca americana 1 1 Phytolacca esculenta 1 Polygonatum multiflorum 1 1 Prunus avium * 1 1 1 Prunus cerasifera* 1 1 Prunus cerasus * 1 1 1 Prunus domestica* 1 1 1 Prunus laurocerasus 1 1 Prunus lusitanica 1 Prunus mahaleb 1 1 Prunus padus 1 1 Prunus serotina 1 1 Prunus spinosa 1 1 Pyracantha sp. 1 1 Pyrus calleryana 1 1 Rhamnus cathartica 1 1 Rhamnus fallax 1 1 1 Ribes alpinum 1 1 Ribes rubrum * 1 1 Rosa acicularis 1 Rosa canina * 1 1 Rosa glauca 1 1 Rosa pimpinellifolia 1 1 Rosa rugosa 1 Rubus caesius 1 1 1 Rubus fruticosus agg. * 1 1 1 Rubus idaeus * 1 1 Rubus spp. 1 1 1 Rubus phoenicolasius * 1 1 Rubus saxatilis 1 1 Rubus ulmifolius 1 1 Sambucus ebulus 1 1 Sambucus nigra * 1 1 1 Sambucus racemosa 1 1 Solanum chenopodioides 1 Solanum dulcamara 1 1 Solanum nigrum 1 1 Sorbus aria 1 1 Sorbus aucuparia * 1 1 Symphoricarpos albus 1 1 Tamus communis 1 1 Taxus baccata 1 1 Vaccinium myrtilloides 1 Vaccinium myrtillus 1 1 1 Vaccinium oldhamii 1 Vaccinium praestans 1 Vaccinium vitis-idea 1 1 Viburnum lantana 1 1 Viburnum opulus 1 1 1 Viburnum rhytidophyllum 1 Viscum album 1 1 Vitis vinifera * 1 1 1 Total 99 71 14 we found a large number of potential host species for Slovenia over a large range of genera. this is in principle not new as it is already shown in previous studies that it is a polyphagous species (Asplen et al. 2015, Kenis et al. 2016). However, such a study was not yet done for Slovenia. the fact that there was a large number of potential hosts is probably also one of the reasons that the species could invade Slovenia so fast and can be found in large abundances throughout all of Slovenia (Seljak et al., 2015). Many of the host species listed in table 1 are autochthonous species in europe, but some are invasive alien species (Kenis et al., 2016). it was shown that invasive alien species can be an important food source for the Swd (Kenis et al., 2016). P. serotina was shown to have 70% of damage (Poyet et al., 2014), while Phytolacca americana had the highest number of eggs on the fruits in a survey of 33 host species (Poyet et al., 2015). with the increasing disturbance by wind and bark beetles in the forests of Slovenia (de Groot & ogris, 2019; zGS, 2019), many more forest gaps will develop. these gaps are suitable places for invasive alien species to grow when spread by wind or birds and support the Swd populations. on the other hand, orna- mental plants which become invasive are introduced into Slovenia via the trade (de Groot et al., 2017). these species, which might escape into the forests and other habitats can also become host plants for the Swd and therefore support the populations of Swd. the european list of wild hosts mentioned in table 1 were mainly sampled in France, italy, Switzerland and the netherlands (Poyet et al., 2015; Kenis et al., 2016). A majority of the host plant species which are found in these countries have related species in the countries of the Southern europe. this would mean that the shown number of potential hosts can be still increased by species which are not yet surveyed. it is therefore expected that the total number of 72 wild host species for Slovenia and 101 species for europe will still increase. one of the advantages to be a polyphagous species is that the host species are spread in time. Kenis et al. (2016) and Poyet et al. (2015) showed already that with the com- bination of plant species the berries are available throughout the year. Most species are fruiting during spring and summer. the winter is a period with not so many berries available. Plant species like Duchesnea indica, Prunus laurocerasus, Rosa canina, Lonicera nitida, Viscum album and Aucuba japonica contain or can contain berries also during the winter which could sustain the population till the next year (Poyet et al., 2015; Kenis et al., 2016). the number of wild hosts of the Swd is expected to grow in the future. Given the trends, this could have detrimental effects on crops and economy due to the expected positive influence on the Swd population levels. Implications for management Slovenia is known for its large forest cover (almost 60%). Most of the forest con- tains host species which are presented in this study. Knowing that there is a lot of host availability in the forest, it becomes clear that the population of Swd could be sustained also from the forests. it remains therefore a question what we could do to Maarten de Groot, Andreja Kavœiœ, Jaka Razinger: Confirmed and potential wild hosts of the spotted wing drosophila 127 minimize the spillover effect from the forest to the orchards. Kenis et al. (2016) pro- posed to control the amount of wild host in the vicinity of the fruit orchards, but in light of recent research the Swd flies can migrate over long distances (tait et al., 2018); therefore this action will not have much effect. instead, it is important to be aware, if there are many wild hosts in the vicinity of orchards and adapt management strategies accordingly. For instance, one could try to use early ripening fruit as crops, as the highest abundance of Swd is reached in the late summer (Seljak et al., 2015; tonina et al., 2018). Another option is to start growing less susceptible fruit (wang et al., 2019). A third option would be that in areas with a high amount of wild hosts, monitoring would be intensified and used to time the application of insecticides on the crops to prevent damage by the Swd. A fourth option is to use appropriate nets (1 mm mesh or finer) covering entire orchards. this is mostly applicable for newly established orchards, whereas older orchards could be partially protected by the use of lateral netting (Cini et al., 2012; Leach et al., 2016; weber et al., 2016). our study shows a list of potential host species which can be or already are attacked by the Swd in Slovenian forests and other habitats of wild hosts. we show that many wild hosts are available in Slovenia for the Swd outside crop areas. However, there are concerns that invasive alien plants’ abundance and distribution will increase in the coming years and therefore facilitate the population of Swd. on the other hand, climate change can increase disturbance in the forest and increase the amount of hosts in gaps like Rubus. Furthermore, it can also decrease the Swd development time and therefore increase the number of Swd generations. in this study the host species of Swd are pin pointed, however to understand the distribution of the host plant would give a better insight on the distribution, abundance and risk of Swd in Slovenia. inte- grating wild hosts of the Swd in regard of risk maps and planning of orchards, and the use of very fine protective netting in the development of management strategies for this pest are becoming important aspects in the control of this pest in the future. Acknowledgments we would like to thank zavod za Gozdove Slovenije (zGS) for the help for col- lecting berries in the field and dr. darinka Koron, dr. nika weber and dr. Lado Kutnar for their constructive comments. the research was performed within the project “obvladovanje plodove vinske mušice (Drosophila suzukii) z metodami z nizkim tveganjem” financed by the Slovenian research Agency (ArrS) (grant v4- 1802; Agrobiodiversity program group, grant P4-0072) and the Administration of the republic of Slovenia for Food Safety, veterinary Sector and Plant Protection (UvHvvr), Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food (MKGP). Literature Arnó J., Solà M., Riudavets J., Gabarra R. 2016. Population dynamics, non-crop hosts, and fruit susceptibility of Drosophila suzukii in northeast Spain. Journal of Pest Science, 89, 3: 713-723. 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PlaNt3 1Chair of animal Physiology and ethology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, koroška cesta 160, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia e-mail: dusan.devetak@guest.arnes.si 2National Museum of Natural history, Bulgarian academy of Sciences, tsar Osvoboditel Blvd 1, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria e-mail: ana.diaphana@gmail.com 314 West road, Bishops Stortford, hertfordshire, CM23 3QP, United kingdom e-mail: cpauk1@ntlworld.com Abstract - Brown lacewings are insufficiently investigated in the Balkan Peninsula. the brown lacewing Megalomus tineoides rambur, 1842 is reported for the first time for albania and North Macedonia. the male genitalia, variability of the pattern of the wing markings and natural habitats of this species are illustrated. key WOrDS: Neuropterida, hemerobiids, albania, North Macedonia Izvleček – rJavi MreŽekrileC MEGALOMUS TINEOIDES raMBUr, 1842 Na BalkaNSkeM POlOtOkU (NeUrOPtera: heMerOBiiDae) Na Balkanskem polotoku so rjavi mrežekrilci (hemerobiidae) razmeroma slabo raziskani. Poročamo o prvih najdbah vrste Megalomus tineoides rambur, 1842 za albanijo in Severno Makedonijo. v članku so predstavljeni genitalije samca, varia- bilnost barvnega vzorca v krilih in naravni habitati vrste. klJUčNe BeSeDe: Neuropterida, rjavi mrežekrilci, albanija, Severna Makedonija Introduction the family hemerobiidae, brown lacewings, with approximately 550 species, is distributed worldwide (Monserrat 1990, Oswald 1993, aspöck et al. 2001, tauber et 131 ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA, DECEMBER 2020 Vol. 28, øt. 2: 131–139 al. 2009). adult brown lacewings are omnivorous, but a major portion of their prey consists of aphids, phylloxerids and spider mites which makes them important in the biological control of pest arthropods (New 1975, Stelzl 1991, Canard 2001, Devetak & klokočovnik 2016). in europe (in the sense of aspöck et al. 2015) there are 62 brown lacewing species listed, with 43 species in 7 genera in the Balkan Peninsula (aspöck et al. 2001, Popov & letardi 2010). the brown lacewing genus Megalomus rambur, 1842 containing approximately 40 species is widely distributed in North and South america, europe, northern africa and asia, but absent from australia and sub-Saharan africa (kimmins 1935, Monserrat 1990, Oswald 1993). in the Balkan Peninsula, the genus is represented by all four european species: Megalomus tortricoides rambur, 1842, M. hirtus (lin- naeus, 1761), M. tineoides rambur, 1842 and M. pyraloides rambur, 1842 (aspöck et al. 2001, Popov & letardi 2010). When taking into account the morphology of the male genitalia as a criterion for identification, Megalomus tineoides is clearly separated from other three closely related european species (kimmins 1935, aspöck et al. 1980, Makarkin 1986). knowledge of the ecology and distribution of M. tineoides is poor; usually only single specimens have been collected. the species is distributed in southern parts of europe (including south of Switzerland), North africa and western parts of asia: turkey, armenia and russian Federation (Dagestan) (Makarkin 1986, aspöck et al. 2001, Canbulat 2007, arı 2014). in the Balkan Peninsula M. tineoides has been reported in Bulgaria (Dobosz & Popov 2018), Croatia (aspöck et al. 1980, Devetak 1992a,b), Greece (aspöck 1962, aspöck et al. 1980), and Serbia (Podlesnik et al. 2019). although the Balkan neuropterid fauna has been studied intensively in recent years (e.g. Devetak & rausch 2016, Dobosz & Popov 2018, Devetak & Jakšić 2019) the brown lacewing fauna in the peninsula is still poorly known (see klokočovnik et al. 2014 and Devetak & rausch 2016 for albania, Podlesnik et al. 2019 for Serbia). the aim of this study is to present first records of the occurrence of the brown lacewing Megalomus tineoides in two countries in Southern europe and summarize new and existing data on the distribution and ecology for the species in the Balkan Peninsula. Material and methods Specimens were collected using portable light traps with 8 Watt actinic (368 nm) and 8 Watt black light luminescent tubes, all powered by 12 volt batteries. addition- ally, a Finnish tent trap with a 160 Watt Mv bulb at the top of the pole and a 20 Watt (368 nm) black light lamp over the catching pot below were used. an additional 20 Watt (368 nm) lamp was also positioned about 70 m from the tent trap. all traps ran throughout the night. Specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol and deposited in the first author’s col- lection. reliable identification of Megalomus-specimens is only possible by means of examination of male genitalia (Figs. 1,2). Genital preparations of voucher specimens were made by clearing the apex of the abdomen in saturated kOh solution. For iden- tification we used the fundamental literature: aspöck et al. (1980), Makarkin (1986). Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 132 Photos of the genital preparations and the wings were taken with a stereoscopic zoom microscope Nikon SMZ 800 with a mounted digital camera Nikon DS-Fi2 and processed with NiS-elements D 4.20 software (Nikon, 2011). the map of distribution of the species was created with rStudio (2020) using the ggplot2 (Wickham et al. 2020) and ggmap (kahle et al. 2019) packages. Results Megalomus tineoides Rambur, 1842 literature records aspöck (1962): Greece: litochoro. aspöck et al. (1980): Croatia: Split; Greece: Crete. Devetak (1992b): Croatia: Split. Dobosz & Popov (2018): Bulgaria: Struma valley: Skakavitsa railway Station; Sandanski; karlanovo: Ne of Melnik; Melnik; Black Sea Coast: Obzor. Podlesnik et al. (2019): Serbia: trnava village near Preševo. Material examined (Figs. 1-4) in a period 2015-2019 a total of 25 males were collected in albania, North Mace- donia and Serbia. albania: Dibër County; Mt. thanës, near Bulqizë town, above Plani i Bardhë village, 767 m, 41°28'34.3"N 020°09'19.4"e, 30.iX.2018, 3 ♂, leg. a. Nahirnić & S. Beshkov. Duøan Devetak, Ana Nahirniå, Colin W. Plant: The brown lacewing Megalomus tineoides Rambur, 1842 in the Balkan Peninsula 133 Fig. 1. Male genitalia of Megalomus tineoides, Demir kapija, North Macedonia. Photo: D. Devetak. Fig. 2. Male genitalia of M. tineoides, Mt. Mali me Gropë, albania; 5-6 denticles are visible at the tip of the ectoproct. Photo: D. Devetak. Fier County: near ardenica monastery, above kolonjë town, 127 m, 40°49'35.4"N 019°35'17.5"e, 2.Xi.2018, 3 ♂, leg. a. Nahirnić & S. Beshkov. Gjirokastër County: Përmet municipality, near Benjë-Novoselë village, 437 m, 40°14'39''N 020°25'22''e, 20.X.2017, 1 ♂, 2 ♀, leg. a. Nahirnić & S. Beshkov. lezhë County: Munellë Mt., above Mesul village, 1400 m, 41°56'56.8"N 020°05'33.4"e, 7.vii.2019, 1 ♂ (darker individual), leg. a. Nahirnić & S. Beshkov. Shkodër County: Bjeshkët e Nemuna Mts. (=Prokletije Mts), Malësi e Madhe municipality, above the Cemi Selcës river valley near Gropat e Selcës village, 1236 m a.s.l., 42°32'26"N 019°41'45"e, 16.viii.2018, 2 ♂, leg. S. Beshkov, a. Nahirnić & C. W. Plant. tirana County: Dajt Mt., Qafa e Mollës Pass, 675 m, 41°21'51.5"N 019°57'55.7"e, 1.Xi.2018, 1 ♂, leg. a. Nahirnić & S. Beshkov; 30.iX.2019, 1 ♂, leg. a. Nahirnić & S. Beshkov. tirana County: Mt. Mali me Gropë (=Mt. Mali me Gropa), southern slopes, north- west from Burimas village above Shëngjergi village (Fig. 5), 1400 m a.s.l., 41°21'11.34''N 020°02'38.23''e, 13.viii.2018, 1 ♂, leg. C.W. Plant & S. Beshkov. vlorë county: ionian Sea Coast, Palasë village near Dhërmi, 274 m, 40°10'35''N 019°36'21''e, 6.vi.2016, 2 ♂, leg. a. Nahirnić & S. Beshkov. First records in albania. Serbia: Preševo town, 2 km W trnava village, 696 m, 42°16'33''N 021°36'57''e, light trap, 18.iX.2015, 1 ♂, a. Nahirnić & S. Beshkov leg. Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 134 Fig. 3. Wings of M. tineoides, Preševo, Serbia with typical light pattern of the wings. Photo: D. Devetak. Fig. 4. Wings of M. tineoides, Demir kapija, North Macedonia with darker pattern of the wings. Photo: D. Devetak. North Macedonia: vardar region: Demir kapija, Besvica village e, gorge of Besvički dol river, 255 m, 41°22'58"N 022°11'45"e, light traps; 05.v.2017, 1 ♂; 28.X.2018, 6 ♂; 13.vii.2019, 3 ♂; all a.Nahirnić & S.Beshkov leg. (Fig. 6). First record in North Macedonia. Distribution of the species in the Balkan Peninsula is shown in Fig. 7. in Demir kapija, North Macedonia, two dozen Megalomus-females and a few males of Megalomus tortricoides were also collected. Some of the females were typical for one of the two species, but the identity of the rest was uncertain, due to the co-occurrence of the two species. Variability of the wing pattern a male from the site at Preševo, Serbia has wings with light markings, typical for M. tineoides (Fig. 3). in contrast, a male from Mt. Mali me Gropë, albania and most of males from North Macedonia (Fig. 4) have much darker pattern of the wings which is not a typical characteristic for this species. Ecology in Mt. Mali me Gropë, albania the male was collected on the southern slopes of the mountain, characterized by dry rocky grasslands with sporadic shrubs and screes, limestone (Fig. 5). in Mt. thanës, albania M. tineoides was collected on dry rocky grasslands on serpentinites. Near ardenica, albania it was collected in maquis. in Mt. Munellë, albania its habitat was mountain grasslands on lime- stone. Duøan Devetak, Ana Nahirniå, Colin W. Plant: The brown lacewing Megalomus tineoides Rambur, 1842 in the Balkan Peninsula 135 Fig. 5. Dry rocky grasslands with sporadic shrubs, Mt. Mali me Gropë, albania. Photo: a. Nahirnić. Fig. 6. Pseudomaquis and rocky grasslands with sporadic shrubs, vicinity of Besvica village, Demir kapija, North Macedonia. Photo: a. Nahirnić. in Demir kapija, North Macedonia M. tineoides occurred in dry rocky grasslands, pseudomaquis and transition from dry rocky grasslands with sporadic shrubs to pseu- domaquis, i.e. mixed sclerophyllous evergreen and deciduous shrub thickets consisting of Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean xerophilic shrubs and small trees (in Demir kapija: Fraxinus ornus l., Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb., Juniperus oxycedrus l., Pal- iuris spina-christi Mill., Pistacia terebinthus l., Phillyrea latifolia l., and Quercus pubescens Willd.) (Fig. 6). Beshkov & Nahirnić (2016) described the habitat at the collecting place near Preševo, Serbia as conforming to the Serbian eUNiS habitat classification (lakušić et al. 2005) as e1.2B2 [Serpentine Steppe on shallow, rocky soil] in a forest belt of Quercus pubescens Willd. and Q. petraea (Matt.) liebl. and thickets as a result of degradation of that forest. Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 136 Fig. 7. the present known distribution of M. tineoides in the Balkan Peninsula. Orig. D. Devetak. Discussion in this paper, the occurrence of the brown lacewing M. tineoides in albania and North Macedonia is confirmed for the first time. the distribution of this species in Bulgaria has been mapped very recently by Dobosz & Popov (2018). in various parts of europe, this species occurs on shrubs and rarely on trees, espe- cially on oaks (Quercus) (aspöck et al. 1980). in fact, M. tineoides is the species that does not reveal correlation with any plant specific substrate species (Monserrat & Marín 1996), it is collected mostly at light. in this paper, the habitats of the species, i.e. dry grasslands and mixed sclerophyllous evergreen and deciduous shrub thickets (pseudomaquis) in North Macedonia and serpentine steppes in Serbia are described in detail. Acknowledgements We are indebted to roland Dobosz (Bytom, Poland) for confirmation of the iden- tification of a few specimens in North Macedonia. We are grateful Stoyan Beshkov (Sofia, Bulgaria) for assistance in field. this research was supported partly by the Slovenian research agency – the research Programme Computationally intensive Complex Systems (Grant. No. P1-0403) and infrastructure research Programme COre@UM (Grant. No. i0-0029). References Arı, I., 2014: a checklist of turkish neuropteran species (insecta: Neuroptera) with remarks on provincial distribution in turkey. Acta Entomologica Slovenica 22(1): 59–86. Aspöck, H., 1962: Bemerkungen über einige europäische arten des Genus Megalomus rambur und deren verbreitung in Österreich (Neuropt. Planipennia). Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Österreichischer Entomologen 14 (2): 48-52. Aspöck, H., Aspöck, U., Hölzel, H., Rausch, H., 1980: Die Neuropteren Europas. 2 vols. krefeld: Goecke & evers. Aspöck, H., Hölzel, H., Aspöck, U., 2001: kommentierter katalog der Neuropterida (insecta: raphidioptera, Megaloptera, Neuroptera) der Westpaläarktis. Denisia 02: 1-606. 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Plant: The brown lacewing Megalomus tineoides Rambur, 1842 in the Balkan Peninsula 139 Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 140 ADDITIONS TO THE CRAMBIDAE (INSECTA: LEPIDOPTERA) FAUNA OF CROATIA AND BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA Toni Koren1 & Dejan Kulijer2 1Association Hyla, i. lipovac 7, Hr-10000 Zagreb, Croatia, e-mail: koren.toni1@gmail.com 2national Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Zmaja od Bosne 3, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, e-mail: dejan.kulijer@gmail.com Abstract - During recent surveys of lepidoptera in southern Croatia and Bosnia & Herzegovina, several Crambidae species that were not previously recorded in those countries were encountered. one species, Friedlanderia cicatricella (Hübner, 1824), is recorded for the first time in Croatia while five are recorded for the first time in Bosnia & Herzegovina: Euclasta splendidalis (Herrich-Schäffer, [1848]), Dolicharthria bruguieralis Zeller, 1847, Chilo phragmitella (Hübner, [1810]), Scle- rocona acutella (eversman, 1842) and Duponchelia fovealis Zeller, 1847. All of the species were recorded is southern Dalmatia & Herzegovina, showing the importance of the area for the Crambidae fauna and the need of further faunistical surveys. Key worDS: grass moth, Hutovo blato, neretva river delta, wetlands, invasive species Izvleček – PriSPeVKi K FAVni DruŽine CrAMBiDAe (inSeCTA: lePi- DoPTerA) HrVAŠKe Ter BoSne in HerCeGoVine Med nedavnimi raziskavami metuljev na jugu Hrvaške ter v Bosni in Hercegovini je bilo najdenih več vrst družine Crambidae, ki v teh državah prej niso bile zabeležene. ena vrsta, Friedlanderia cicatricella (Hübner, 1824), je bila prvič zabeležena na Hrvaškem, medtem ko je bilo v Bosni in Hercegovini prvič zabeleženih pet vrst: Eu- clasta splendidalis (Herrich-Schäffer, [1848]), Dolicharthria bruguieralis Zeller, 1847, Chilo phragmitella (Hübner, [1810]), Sclerocona acutella (eversman, 1842) in Duponchelia fovealis Zeller, 1847. Vse vrste so bile zabeležene v južni Dalmaciji in Hercegovini, kar kaže na pomen območja za favno družine Crambidae in potrebo po nadaljnjih favnističnih raziskavah. Ključne BeSeDe: travniške vešče, Hutovo blato, delta reke neretve, močvirja, in- vazivne vrste 141 ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA, DECEMBER 2020 Vol. 28, øt. 2: 141–147 Introduction The large and diverse superfamily Pyraloidea in europe contains more than 850 species (Karsholt, & razowski 1996). in the Balkan peninsula, no less than 569 species are known so far, of which 310 belong to Crambidae and 259 to Pyralidae fa- milies (Plant & jakšić 2018). with recent checklists (Gumhalter 2019a, b) and species’ overviews, this superfamily becomes, if not one of the best studied microlepidoptera superfamilies in the Balkan peninsula, the superfamily for which most comprehensive data is available (see Plant & jakšić 2018). Still, most of the available data is based on literature records (Plant & jakšić 2018; Gumhalter 2019a) while new data remain scarce. in recent years, many new Crambidae species were recorded for the fauna of Croatia (e.g. Koren 2012, 2020; Gumhalter 2019a) while the data for the Crambidae fauna of Bosnia & Herzegovina are based only on old historical records (lelo 2004; Plant & jakšić 2018). Materials and methods During recent surveys of Croatia and Bosnia & Herzegovina, Crambidae were collected along with other lepidoptera families. Moths were surveyed using pyramidal uV light traps in neretva river delta and Stolac (Fig. 1). Five traps were in operation for 4h after dusk at each locality. in Hutovo blato nature park and Klek peninsula (Fig. 1) automatic heath traps with uV lights were operated during the whole night. The collected specimens were set, identified and stored in the private collection of the author (Koren, Zagreb). For identification of species, we used Slamka (2006, 2008, 2013) and leraut (2012). Results For each species, the exact locality, coordinates, date and additional notes are pro- vided. Friedlanderia cicatricella (Hübner, 1824) (Fig. 2) Material examined: Croatia, neretva river delta, Pižinovac village, road east of the village surrounded by reeds and maquis, 42.984711° n, 17.544549° e, 16.viii.2020, 5 ex., leg. T. Koren. Notes: new for the fauna of Croatia. This species is present in the surrounding countries, but has never before been found in Croatia (Slamka 2008; Gumhalter 2019a, b), so the record from Croatia fills its distributional gap in the Balkans. it is a wetland species that inhabits moist meadows and floodplains around rivers and lakes (Slamka 2008). This is in accordance to the habitat in which it was recorded, edge of channels surrounded by reeds. Several males and females were observed and collected on the site, indicating a resident population in the area. This also indicates the impor- tance of the neretva river delta which has so far not been part of systematic lepidoptera surveys, and only a limited number of Crambidae species have been recorded in the Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 142 area (Gumhalter et al. 2018). Further surveys in the delta will probably reveal more localities for this wetland species. Chilo phragmitella (Hübner, [1810]) Material examined: Bosnia & Herzegovina, Stolac, forest edge nw of the set- tlement, 43.087647° n, 17.936115° e, 104 m a.s.l., 3.viii.2016, 2 ex., obs. T. Koren. Notes: new for the fauna of Bosnia & Herzegovina. This is a wetland species widely distributed in europe but missing from some Balkan countries (Slamka 2008; Plant & jakšić 2018). it is generally common in the areas where it occurs, and is easily attracted to light traps. Euclasta splendidalis (Herrich-Schäffer, [1848]) Material examined: Bosnia & Herzegovina, Hutovo blato nature Park, Karaotok, bank of a canal surrounded by reeds, bushes and trees, 43.065995° n, 17.754760° e, 5 m a.s.l., 05.ix.2020, 2 ex., leg. D. Kulijer. Notes: new for the fauna of Bosnia & Herzegovina. This species has only recently been recorded in southern Croatia in the neretva river delta, which represents the Toni Koren, Dejan Kulijer: Additions to the Crambidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera) fauna of Croatia and Bosnia & Herzegovina 143 Figure 1. Map of surveyed localites. Slika 1. Karta raziskanih lokalitet. northernmost record in the Balkan peninsula (Koren 2012; Gumhalter et al. 2018). The record from Hutovo Blato in Bosnia & Herzegovina was expected as the area is very close to neretva river delta and it is part of the same wetland system. Two spec- imens were collected by a heath moth trap in the bank of the canal surrounded by reeds, bushes and trees (Fig. 3). This is in accordance with known habitats in Croatia in the neretva river delta. Dolicharthria bruguieralis (Duponchel, 1833) Material examined: Bosnia & Herzegovina, neum, Klek peninsula, edge of opuće village, 42.927041° n, 17.571990° e, 10.ix.2020, 2 ex., leg. D. Kulijer. Notes: new for the fauna of Bosnia & Herzegovina. This is a Mediterranean species commonly found alongside the Adriatic coast, especially in garrigue habitat. it has been recorded in most of the Balkan states (Plant & jakšić 2018). Additional records are expected for Herzegovina area in the future. Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 144 Figure 2. Friedlanderia cicatricella from the neretva river delta, close to Pižinovac village. Photo by T. Koren. Slika 2. Friedlanderia cicatricella z delte reke neretve, blizu vasice Pižinovac. Fotografiral T. Koren. Toni Koren, Dejan Kulijer: Additions to the Crambidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera) fauna of Croatia and Bosnia & Herzegovina 145 Figure 3. Habitat of Euclasta splendidalis in Hutovo blato nature park. Photo by D. Kulijer. Slika 3. Habitat vrste Euclasta splendidalis v naravnem parku Hutovo blato. Fo- tografiral D. Kulijer. Duponchelia fovealis Zeller, 1847 Material examined: Bosnia & Herzegovina, neum, on the wall of a store, 42.924300° n, 17.616814° e, 10.viii.2012, 2 ex., obs. T.Koren. Notes: new for the fauna of Bosnia & Herzegovina. This is an invasive pest species attacking strawberry (Fragaria spp.) plants. it was firstly recorded in europe in italy in 1988 (Bonsignore et al. 2008). Afterwards it has quickly spread across most of europe, Turkey, united States and Canada (efil et al. 2014). in the Balkan peninsula it has so far been recorded in Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia, Macedonia, Al- bania and Greece (Plant & jakšić 2018). Additional records are expected for Herze- govina area in the future. Sclerocona acutella (Eversman, 1842) Material examined: L 2: Bosnia & Herzegovina, Stolac, forest edge nw of the settlement, 43.087647° n, 17.936115° e, 104 m a.s.l., 3.viii.2016, 2 ex., obs. T. Ko- ren. Notes: new for the fauna of Bosnia & Herzegovina. This is a rather widespread wetland species, present in most Balkan countries (Plant & jakšić 2018). Further records are expected from other parts of Bosnia & Herzegovina as well. Discussion with this small, initial contribution, the number of recorded Crambidae species for Bosnia & Herzegovina rises from 152 (Plant & jakšić 2018) to 157. This is still far from the fauna of Croatia which now contains 210 species (Plant & jakšić 2018; Gumhalter 2019a, b; Koren, 2020). This indicates that the Crambidae moth fauna of Bosnia & Herzegovina is under-recorded in comparison with Croatia and other neigh- bouring countries. Four out of the six species mentioned here can be regarded as wet- land specialists, indicating the importance of such habitats in both countries. Both Hutovo blato in Bosnia & Herzegovina and neretva river delta in Croatia are parts of the same neretva river drainage, which is one of the largest wetlands in the region. it is important to additionally protect and preserve such habitat for the long-term survival of its overall biodiversity of flora and fauna. The survey of moth fauna of the neretva river delta commenced in 2020 (Koren, unpublished); it is highly desirable to start a similar survey in Hutovo blato in order to investigate the lepidopteran fauna to an ad- equate level to be able to provide advice on the protection of the area. Additional moth surveys of different parts of both countries will, without doubt, generate further new species records and expand knowledge of the distribution of other rare species. Acknowledgments we are grateful to the Public institution for Management of Protected natural Areas of the Dubrovnik-neretva region for financing the moth surveys in the neretva river delta, Croatia. we are also grateful to the reviewer Colin w. Plant (Bishops Stortford, uK) for linguistic corrections and valuable comments to the manuscript. Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 146 References Bonsignore C.P., Vacante V. A., 2020: new emergency for Strawberry? Protezine delle Colture, 3: 40-43. Efil L., Özgür O. & Efil F., 2014: A new pest, Duponchelia fovealis Zeller, on strawberries in Turkey: damage, distribution and parazitoid. Journal of Ento- mology and Zoology Studies, 2: 328-334. Gumhalter D., 2019a: First checklist of pyraloid moths (lepidoptera: Pyraloidea) in Croatia. Zootaxa, 4604: 59-102. Gumhalter D., 2019b: A revised checklist of pyraloid moths (lepidoptera: Pyraloidea) in Croatia. Natura Croatica, 28: 271-288. Karsholt O. & Razowski J., 1996: The lepidoptera of europe (A Distributional Checklist). Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 280 pp. Koren T., 2012: The western most record of Euclasta splendidalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1884) (lepidoptera: Crambidae) in europe. Polish Journal of Entomology, 81: 331-334. Koren T., 2020: Three montane grass moths (lepidoptera: Crambidae) new to the fauna of Croatia. Acta Entomologica Serbica, 25: 29-34. Koren T. & Zadravec, M., 2018: Three grass moths (lepidoptera: Crambidae) new to the fauna of Croatia. Natura Croatica, 27: 239-242. Lelo S., 2004: revizija rebelovog popisa leptira Bosne i Hercegovine. Coron’S d.o.o., Sarajevo. Leraut P., 2012: Moths of europe, Volume 3: Zygaenids, Pyralids 1 and Brachodids. Verrieres-le Buisson. nAP editions, 599 pp. Plant C.W. & Jakšić P., 2018: A provisional checklist and bibliography of the Pyraloidea of the Balkan Peninsula (lepidoptera: Pyralidae & Crambidae). Ata- lanta, 49: 219-263. Slamka F., 2006: Pyraloidea of europe (lepidoptera) 1. Pyralinae, Galleriinae, epi- paschiinae, Cathariinae & odontiinae. Bratislava: František Slamka, 138 pp. Slamka F., 2008: Pyraloidea of europe (lepidoptera) 2. Crambinae & Schoenobiinae. Bratislava: František Slamka, 224 pp. Slamka F., 2013: Pyraloidea of europe (lepidoptera) 3. Pyraustinae & Spilomelinae. Bratislava: František Slamka, 357 pp. Received / Prejeto: 30. 9. 2020 Toni Koren, Dejan Kulijer: Additions to the Crambidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera) fauna of Croatia and Bosnia & Herzegovina 147 Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 148 RediscoveRy and distRibution of thoR's fRitillaRy BOLORIA THORE (hübneR, 1803) (lepidopteRa: nymphalidae) in slovenia Rudi VeRoVnik1, Primož GloGoVčan2, Stanislav Gomboc3 1Univerza v ljubljani, biotehniška Fakulteta, oddelek za biologijo, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 ljubljana; e-mail: rudi.verovnik@bf.uni-lj.si 2čirče 63, 4000 kranj; e-mail: primoz.glogo@gmail.com 3Gančani 110, 9231 beltinci, e-mail: stanislav.gomboc@siol.net abstract Thor's Fritillary (Boloria thore) has been considered extremely rare and localised at the south-eastern edge of its distribution in the alps, especially in Slovenia. Despite surveys focused on sites with historical records (Julian alps, karavanke mts.), there is almost a century long gap with no observations. its discovery on the south-eastern slopes of mt. košuta (karavanke mts.) in 2004 was therefore unexpected, however within the known historical range of the species in the region. Since its re- discovery, the species has been observed at several new localities in the karavanke mts. and Julian alps. These records are presented and habitat requirements as well as potential threats for the species are discussed. key woRDS: Papilionoidea, montane species, habitat, endangerment izvleček PonoVno oDkRiTJe TemneGa TRaTaRJa BOLORIA THORE (HübneR, 1803) (lePiDoPTeRa: nymPHaliDae) in nJeGoVa RazšiR- JenoST V SloVeniJi Temni tratar (Boloria thore) velja na jugovzhodnem robu svoje razširjenosti v al- pah, zlasti v Sloveniji, za izredno redko in lokalno razširjeno vrsto. kljub načrtnemu pregledu znanih zgodovinskih lokacij (Julijske alpe, karavanke) ga pri nas skoraj 100 let nismo našli. njegovo ponovno odkritje na jugovzhodnih pobočjih košute (karavanke) leta 2004 je bilo nepričakovano, pa čeprav znotraj znanega zgodovinskega območja razširjenosti vrste v regiji. od ponovnega odkritja je bila vrsta potrjena na več novih lokacijah v karavankah in Julijskih alpah. Te najdbe predstavljamo v pri- spevku, kjer razpravljamo še o habitatu in potencialni ogroženosti te vrste. klJUčne beSeDe: Papilionoidea, montanske vrste, življenjski prostor, ogroženost 149 ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA, DECEMBER 2020 Vol. 28, øt. 2: 149–158 introduction Thor’s fritillary is a boreo-alpine species distributed in the northern Palaearctic region from Japan in the east (Tuzov & bozano 2006), throughout northern asia to boreal northern europe with a disjunct range in the alps (Tolman & lewington 2008). Here it is distributed mainly in the central and eastern alps, reaching the northern Piedmont region at the south-western edge of the distribution (mérit & manil 2016). it is more widespread in the northern part of the alps (e.g. bavaria - nunner 2013), becoming much scarcer towards south (e.g. South Tyrol – Huemer 2004, Dolomites - bonato et al. 2014). it is a predominantly woodland species favouring coniferous forest clearing or open coniferous or mixed woods in the montane belt in the alps (Pro natura 1987, weidemann 1995). it is often found on shaded clearings, along dump forest edges, ravines and mountain streams with abundance of nectar sources (Pro natura 1987, Tolman & lewington 2008, nunner 2013). adults have a slower and more gliding flight compared to other species in the genus and are often visiting flowers, or perching on low bushes and young firs (Gorbunov & kosterin 2007). Flight period in the alps is from mid-June to beginning of august depending on altitude and season (Tolman & lewington 2008). Due to large fluctuations in numbers of adults a biannual lifecycle has been anticipated (Pro natura 1987), however not confirmed (Huemer 2004). The larvae feed on different Viola spp., in the alps most commonly on Viola biflora l. (Pro natura 1987). The species in general is not considered threatened in europe (van Swaay et al. 2010), however local populations at the edge of the distri- bution can be affected by afforestation of clearings, intensive forest management, overgrowing of open forest areas or development of infrastructure (ski pists, etc.) (nunner 2013). only three historical records were published for Thor's Fritillary in Slovenia. it was first reported by Hafner (1909) in his comprehensive overview of the fauna of the krain region based on specimens collected by Hans kautz in the northern Julian alps in Pišnica Valley (18.6.1908) and at erjavčeva hut near Vršič Pass (9.7.1908) (also mentioned in Rebel 1910). additionally, it was reported from mt. baba in kar- avanke mts. (18.7.1906) (Galvagni 1910), however without precise information on the locality. it is likely, that the species was found on the southern side of the mountain (in Slovenia) as Galvagni mentions mojstrana town as a starting point of his explo- rations (Galvagni 1910). There is also an additional record for mt. Stol in the same range based on a specimen in Vienna natural History museum (Verovnik et al. 2005), however it is likely that the specimen was collected on the northern (austrian) side of the mountain where the species is known to occur in nearby bärental (Thurner 1948). Thurner (1948) also mentions the species from Quadia alm in close proximity of the Slovenian border near mt. Golica, and several other mountain ranges in carinthia (koralpe, Saualpe, Dobratsch, carnic alps). in koralpe, just north of the Slovenian border near Drava River, the species was reported from both the carinthian and Styrian part of the range (Höfner 1885, 1903, 1911, kühnert 1966, 1978). no published Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 150 records from Friuli region could be retrieved, but species was known to occur near Fužine lakes close to Slovenian border (štanta Radovan, pers. observ.). Thor’s Fritillary was rediscovered in Slovenia in 2004 at Dolge njive pastures be- low mt. košutnik in the eastern part of karavanke mts. (Gomboc, pers. observ.) and at several nearby sites in the subsequent years (Verovnik et al. 2012). a more detailed account of these records and additional records from western karavanke mts. and Ju- lian alps are discussed in our overview. methods Focused species surveys for Thor’s fritillary were based on historical records and presence of the potentially suitable habitat, mainly along streams and forest roads since the year 2000. maps with orthophoto images, such as Geopedia (http://www.geo- pedia.si/) and atlas okolja (http://gis.arso.gov.si/atlasokolja/) were also used for de- tection of the potential habitats. butterflies were netted and released after examination, Rudi Verovnik, Primoæ Glogovœan, Stanislav Gomboc: Rediscovery and distribution of thor's fritillary Boloria thore 151 fig. 1: The distribution of the Thor’s fritillary (Boloria thore) in south eastern alps. new records (green dots) are added to the known locations (red squares) based on literature data and database queries (see methods). sl. 1: Razširjenost temnega tratarja (Boloria thore) v jugovzhodnih alpah. novi podatki (zelene točke) so dodani k znanim lokacijam (rdeči kvadratki) iz literature in baz podatkov (glej metode). or were observed without disturbance. adults and habitats were documented by pho- tographing. Distribution map (Fig. 1) was prepared in eSRi arcGiS Pro software, based on observation presented in this contribution, the literature data, and records from databases zoboDaT (https://www.zobodat.at/), GbiF (https://www.gbif.org/), and observation (https://observation.org/). Results Since the year 2000, which marks the large scale faunistic surveys for the butterfly atlas of Slovenia (Verovnik et a. 2012), but also earlier, the first author visited all three historical sites (Velika and mala Pišnica Valleys, Vršič pass, mt. baba) with the former presence of Thor’s fritillary on several occasions, however without any success. apart from the open forest and small streams on the northern side of the Vršič pass, no potentially suitable habitat was found. The known site at nearby lago di Fusine in italy was also visited with a single observation in 1999 (see Table 1). in the last decade the open forests near the lake were greatly reduced and large intensive pastures have been established, so no additional observations were made. Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 152 fig. 2: Thor’s fritillary (Boloria thore) underside. Photographed at the quarry below mt. košutnik. (photo: Rudi Verovnik) sl. 2: Temni tratar (Boloria thore), spodnja stran. Fotografiran pri kamnolomu pod košutnikom. (foto: Rudi Verovnik) Rudi Verovnik, Primoæ Glogovœan, Stanislav Gomboc: Rediscovery and distribution of thor's fritillary Boloria thore 153 table 1: list of localities and dates of the recent observations of Thor’s fritillary (Boloria thore) in south-eastern alps. tabela 1: Seznam lokalitet in datumov novejših najdb temnega tratarja (Boloria thore) v jugovzhodnih alpah. date locality lat (wGS84) lon (wGS84) altitude (m) 31.7.2004 Si, Tržič, mt. košuta, upper part of the Dolge njive pastures along the dry stream in the woods 46°26′18″ 14°25′10″ 1465 12.7.2006 Si, Tržič, mt. Veliki Javornik, along the road 500 m Gaberčev rovt pastures 46º 22′ 38″ 14º 23′ 16″ 1440 12.7.2006 Si, Tržič, mt. Veliki Javornik, glades and pastures at the saddle n of the mountain 46º 22′ 47″ 14º 24′ 17″ 1470 12.7.2006, 4.7.2014, 19.6.2018, 7.7.2018 Si, Tržič, mt. Veliki Javornik, along a small stream in the valley e of konjščica peak 46º 23′ 04″ 14º 23′ 29″ 1380 6.7.2006 Si, Tržič, mt. košuta, clearings along the road south east of the črna Peč peak 46º 25′ 21″ 14º 25′ 12″ 1210 19.6.2018 Si, Tržič, mt. košuta, along the stream and road in the valley n of košutnik hut 46º 25′ 51″ 14º 24′ 01″ 1140 6.7.2006, 2.7.2007, 15.6.2011, 11.7.2015, 19.6.2018 Si, Tržič, mt. košuta, along the road near the small abandoned quarry 46º 26′ 05″ 14º 24′ 38″ 1290 6.7.2006 Si, Tržič, mt. košuta, lower part of the Dolge njive pastures and along the dry stream 46º 26′ 15″ 14º 24′ 56″ 1380 24.7.2018, 25.6.2019, 9.7.2020 Si, kranjska Gora, mt. Trupejevo Poldne, first part of the Železnica valley 46º 30′ 43″ 13º 50′ 37″ 1500 27.6.1999 iT, Fusine in Valromana, lago di Fusine, small glade south-west of the upper lake 46° 28′ 29″ 13° 39′ 54″ 930 29.6.2019 iT, mt. Jerebica, clearing along the track w of Jezerski pass 46° 23′ 39″ 13° 32′ 45″ 1610 The rediscovery of Thor's Fritillary in 2004 was completely coincidental, during an inventory of grasshoppers and butterflies. only a single worn individual was observed in open spruce forest near dry stream at Dolge njive pastures. a more detailed survey of the wider region between mt. košuta and mt. Storžič followed in 2006 when the species was recorded at six additional sites. main common characteristics of the localities are the presence of open coniferous woods with open areas along roads and in most cases also small streams. abundance of flowering plants was noted along the streams and on road verges providing the necessary nectar sources for the adults. we noticed different Cirsium sp., Knautia sp., and Thymus sp. as the main nectar source of the adults. The males commonly perched on small spruces or bushes 2 to 3 meters above the ground, sometimes returning to the same perch when disturbed. They were also ob- served patrolling along streams or roads, while females were busier visiting the flowers. mostly, they were present in low numbers from 1 to 5 specimens per site, however in 2006 they were common near the small abandoned quarry below mt. košuta (Fig. 2). closely related, montane woodland habitat specialist, Titania's fritillary (Boloria titania (esper, 1793)) has been found cohabiting at most of these sites. in 2018 the species has finally been discovered also in the western karavanke mts., much closer to the historical mt. baba locality, in Železnica Valley. The first Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 154 fig.3: Habitat of Thor’s fritillary (Boloria thore) in the lower part of the Železnica Valley, western karavanke mts. (photo: Primož Glogovčan) sl. 3: Življenjski prostor temnega tratarja ((Boloria thore) v spodnjem delu doline Železnica, zahodne karavanke. (foto: Primož Glogovčan) author visited the valley on two previous occasions, but possibly too late in the season, as only Titania's fritillary was recorded. The habitat is otherwise ideal for both fritillaries with open fir and larch woods on both slopes and glades along the stream and the narrow road meandering through the valley (Fig 3). The presence of the species was confirmed also in both consecutive years, with largest abundance of about a dozen of specimens seen in 2020. The discovery of the species at the mt. Jerebica (Jezerski pass) in the western Julian alps just across the border in italy was a bigger surprise, as the habitat there is steep grassy slope with dwarf pine and small fir trees near the ridge surrounded by otherwise dense montane forest with no stream in vicinity. Such habitat combination is widespread throughout Julian alps in particularly on the eastern and northern edge of the range. approximately ten adults were observed, some feeding on thistles Adenostyles alliariae (Gouan) a.kern. (Fig. 4). discussion Given the recent records, the Thor’s fritillary is obviously not that extremely rare in south-eastern alps as adjudging from the long gap between historical and recent Rudi Verovnik, Primoæ Glogovœan, Stanislav Gomboc: Rediscovery and distribution of thor's fritillary Boloria thore 155 fig.4: Thor’s fritillary (Boloria thore) feeding on Adenostyles alliariae near Jezerski pass, mt. Jerebica in western Julian alps. (photo: Primož Glogovčan) sl. 4: Temni tratar ((Boloria thore) se hrani na Adenostyles alliariae v bližini Jez- erskega prelaza pri Jerebici v zahodnih Julijskih alpah. (foto: Primož Glogovčan) observations (Verovnik et al. 2012). This could be explained by its low detectability due to short flight period, low adult abundance (possibly due to biannual life cycle (Pro natura 1987)), and extremely localised distribution linked to availability of suit- able open coniferous forest habitat. our records span form mid-June to end of July, which is in line with observations elsewhere in the alps (Pro natura 1987, Tolman & lewington 2008), however locally the adults are on the wing not more than three weeks with a peak of occurrence in Slovenia at the beginning of July. The species is possibly more widespread in the south-eastern alps and we expect its wider distribution in the karavanke mts., northern Julian alps, and anticipate its possible occurrence also in the Pohorje mts. further eastwards. namely, the Thor’s fritillary has been recorded from nearby koralpe (Höfner 1885, 1903, 1911, kühnert 1966, 1978) and both ranges share at least one boreo-alpine butterfly species Argiades optilete (knoch, 1781) (kühnert 1978, Jež 1983). Potentially suitable habitats for Thor’s fritillary are present on the northern side of the Pohorje mts. but so far no focused search has been undertaken. The geographically even closer to koralpe are kozjak mts. at the border with austria, but they are probably too low and with a predominantly southern exposition, therefore not likely to have any suitable habitat for the species. The Thor’s fritillary is listed as vulnerable in the alpine region in the first published Red list of butterflies of Slovenia (carnelutti 1992) with a note, that it has not been observed for a ‘while’. in the atlas of threatened butterflies of Slovenia (čelik & Re- beušek 1996) it is considered extinct and was therefore not evaluated for the official red list of the lepidoptera of Slovenia (official Gazette 2004). The status of a vul- nerable species has been proposed also in the Slovenian butterfly atlas (Verovnik et al. 2012) due to extreme localised distribution. Taking into consideration our recent findings we are inclined to lower its extinction risk to near threatened, as we show that the Thor’s fritillary has a wider distribution in Slovenia and is predominantly distributed in areas with low human impact. Still majority of the populations are highly localised and possibly isolated, thus vulnerable to local habitat change (e.g. road construction, logging, afforestation) and over-collecting. although climate change could also be considered a long term threat for such montane butterflies (Settele et al. 2008), a much more detailed survey and a longer time span would be required to substantiate this. The current forest management, particularly in the karavanke mts., is suitable for long term maintenance of the habitat for the Thor’s fritillary with large areas of open spruce woods, clearings, and fellings. 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Received / Prejeto: 6. 10. 2020 Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 158 NEW LOCALITIES FOR RARE BUTTERFLIES MUSCHAMPIA CRIBRELLUM AND MELITAEA ORNATA (LEPIDOPTERA: HESPERIIDAE, NYMPHALIDAE) IN SERBIA Mihailo Vujić, Milan Djurić, ivan ToT HabiProt, Cankareva 9/13, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia, e-mails: mihailovujic01@gmail.com; milandju8@gmail.com; ivan@habiprot.org.rs Abstract – During project related field survey, performed from 9th to 13th of May, 2020, in southeastern Serbia, two rare butterfly species were registered at locality izvor, at rudina planina Mt. – Melitaea ornata and Muschampia cribrellum. New records of these species and confirmation of M. ornata at locality Šaprance suggest huge potential and invite further faunistic research in southeastern Serbia. Key worDS: Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae, Nymphalidae, fauna, Serbia Izvleček – NoVA NAjDiŠČA reDKiH MeTuLjeV MUSCHAMPIA CRIBREL- LUM iN MELITAEA ORNATA (LePiDoPTerA: HeSPeriiDAe, NyMPHALi- DAe) V SrBiji Med terenskimi raziskavami povezanimi s projektom, ki so potekale od 9. do 13. maja 2020 v jugovzhodni Srbiji, smo na najdišču izvor na rudini planini našli dve redki vrsti metuljev – Melitaea ornata in Muschampia cribrellum. Nove najdbe teh vrst in potrditev vrste M. ornata na najdišču Šaprance kažejo na velik potencial in vabijo k nadaljnim favnističnim raziskavam v jugovzhodni Srbiji. KLjuČNe BeSeDe: Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae, Nymphalidae, favna, Srbija At locality izvor, on rudina planina Mt. in southeastern Serbia (42.513227 N 22.519799 e, 954 m.a.s.l.), we recorded two rare butterfly species – Melitaea ornata Christoph, 1893 and Muschampia cribrellum (eversmann, 1841). Spinose skipper (Muschampia cribrellum) is a rare and local species from family Hesperiidae. its range includes large part of Asia and only small part of europe, and its presence was confirmed from romania, Bulgaria, North Macedonia and Serbia. (Tolman & Lewington 2008; Dincă et al. 2010; Haahtela et al. 2011). in Bulgaria 159 ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA, DECEMBER 2020 Vol. 28, øt. 2: 159–164 and North Macedonia, this species was registered at several dry steppe-like localities, similar to that in Serbia (Dincă et al. 2010). The species was found in Serbia only re- cently, and thus far was recorded only from few localities in Stara Planina Mt. (Popović et al. 2013). New record from izvor village at rudina Planina Mt. is also the southernmost point of its distribution in Serbia. Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 160 Figure 1. Melitaea ornata, Šaprance village: 10.05.2020. (photo: M. Djurić). eastern Knapweed Fritillary (Melitaea ornata) is a rare and local species of butterfly from family Nymphalidae whose distribution in europe is not well understood due to confusion with similar species Melitaea phoebe (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775), but also because certain authors ignore its presence in europe (russell & Ten- nent 2016). The most reliable method for identification of this species is observation of caterpillars, since they have red head, unlike congenial species M. phoebe whose caterpillars have black head. The other possibility is to perform DNA analysis. russel et al. (2014) also described a potential hybridization of these species. Although the range of M. ornata isn’t well known, this species is registered in many european countries, including Balkan Peninsula. This species was registered both in Bulgaria and North Macedonia, which are closest records to the localities in Serbia (russel & Pateman 2019). Melitaea ornata Christoph, 1893 Literature records: Stara Planina Mt. (jakšić 2011), record very dubious (russell & Tennent 2016); Stara Planina Mt. (russell, pers. comm.); Trgovište, Šaprance (Popović & Verovnik 2018). Mihailo Vujiå, Milan Djuriå, Ivan Tot: New localities for rare butterflies Muschampia cribrellum and Melitaea ornata 161 Figure 2. - Melitaea ornata, izvor village, 12.5.2020. (A-B); Muschampia cribrel- lum, izvor village, 12.5.2020. (C-D) (photos: i. Tot). New records: 12.05.2020, izvor village, leg. Tot i. & Vujić M. (Figure 2 A-B); The species has been confirmed in already known locality close to Šaprance village: 10.05.2020, leg. Djurić M. (Figure 1). Muschampia cribrellum (eversmann, 1841) Literature records: Dimitrovgrad, Vidlič Mt. (Dincã et al. 2010) This publication includes the first record for Serbia, leg. Dodok i., 17.05.2007.; Stara Planina Mt., vil- lages Dojkinci, Gornji Krivodol (Popović et al. 2013; Popović & Djurić 2014; Beshkov 2017). online databases: a few records on Stara Planina Mt., villages rsovci, Dojkinci, Gornji Krivodol (Miljević & Djurić 2014–2020; Popović et al. 2020), Svrljiške planine (Popović et al. 2020) New record: 12.05.2020, izvor village. leg. Vujić M. (Figure 2 C-D). Notes New records extended the known distribution of both mentioned species. For M. cribrellum this is the southernmost record in Serbia that substantially extends its known distribution towards south and connects localities at Stara Planina and North Macedonia. For M. ornata this is the easternmost record in Serbia, although this species is probably much more widespread in Bulgaria and Serbia (Figure 3 A). in both cases for Serbia these are earliest records in the season. Conclusion in just a few field days spent in southeast Serbia a lot of rare butterflies and other insects were recorded. Among them special attention deserve rare and extremely Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 162 Figure 3. The distribution map of Melitaea ornata and Muschampia cribrellum in Serbia (A) and habitat of both mentioned species at rudina Planina Mt., izvor village (B) (photo: M. Vujić). local species, such as Melitaea ornata and Muschampia cribrellum, so far known just from a few localities in the country. New records of these species and confirmation of M. ornata at locality Šaprance undoubtedly suggest huge potential and invite further insect research in southeast Serbia. Among visited localities special attention deserves izvor village at rudina Planina Mt. (Figure 3 B), due to existence of inter- esting habitats where many rare species were registered, inter alia M. ornata and M. cribrellum. Literature Beshkov, S. 2017: Contribution to knowledge of the Lepidoptera fauna of the Balkan Peninsula. The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation, 129, 9–33. Dincã, V., Kolev, Z. & Verovnik, R. 2010: The distribution, ecology and conservation status of the Spinose Skipper Muschampia cribrellum (eversmann, 1841) at the western limit of its range in europe (Hesperiidae). Nota lepidopterologica, 33 (1), 39–57. Haahtela T., Saarinen K., Ojalainen P. & Aarnio H. 2011: Butterflies of Britain and europe – a photographic guide, A & C Black, London, pp 383. Jakšić, P. 2011: Butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea) new to the Serbian fauna. Biologica Nyssana 2 (1), 45-50. Koren, T. & Štih A. 2013: on the occurrence of eastern knapweed fritillary, Melitaea ornata (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in Croatia, Phegea 41 (3), 63-33. Miljević, M. & Djurić, M. [eds.] (2014–2020) Alciphron – database on insects of Serbia (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) HabiProt, http://www.alciphron. habiprot.org.rs [last visited on 17.5.2020] Popović M., Djurić M. 2014: Butterflies of Stara planina (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea), Belgrade: Srbijašume & HabiProt, pp. 208. Popović M., Djurić M., Franeta F., Verovnik R. 2013: on the extremely rich but- terfly fauna (Lepidoptera: rhopalocera) of the south-eastern foothills of Stara Planina Mts in Serbia, Phegea 41 (4): annex 1-7. Popović M., Vasić N., Koren T., Burić I., Živanović N., Kulijer D., Golubović A., 2020: Biologer: an openplatform for collecting biodiversity data. Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e53014  Popović, M. & Verovnik, R. 2018: revised checklist of the butterflies of Serbia (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). – Zootaxa 4438 (3): 501-527. Russell, P., Pateman, J. & Verovnik, R. 2014: First record of Melitaea ornata Christoph, 1893, from Slovenia, with notes on its confirmed distribution and hybridisation with M. phoebe ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775). Entomologist’s Gazette, 65, 135–153. Russell P. & Tennent W.J. 2016: A synonymic list of names associated with western Palearctic Melitaea phoebe (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) species group taxa (M. phoebe; M. punica oberthür, 1876; M. ornata Christoph, 1893) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae), Nota Lepidopterologica 39 (1), 27-56. Mihailo Vujiå, Milan Djuriå, Ivan Tot: New localities for rare butterflies Muschampia cribrellum and Melitaea ornata 163 Russel P. & Pateman J. 2019: Confirmation of the presence of Melitaea ornata Christoph, 1893 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in Croatia and Bosnia and Herze- govina with its host-plants. Entomologist’s Gazette, 70 (2), 79–92. Tolman, T., & Lewington, R. 2008: Collins butterfly guide: the most complete field guide to the butterflies of Britain and europe. London: HarperCollins Publishers, pp 384. Received / Prejeto: 19. 5. 2020 Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 164 NOVE NAJDBE REDKE VRSTE PRETNERIA METKAE BOGNOLO, 2000 (COLEOPTERA: CHOLEVIDAE: LEPTODIRINAE) Bojan Kofler Podlubnik 301, SI – 4220 Škofja loka, e-mail: bojan.kofler@ telemach.net Izvleček – redka vrsta Pretneria metkae je bila na Triglavu (2863 m) najdena na 4 lokacijah: Ivačičevi jami (Kat. št.: 2399), Snežni konti pod Malim Triglavom, Kotlu pod severnim ostenjem Kredarice in na poti med Domom Planika in Triglavsko škrbino. Ključne BeSeDe: Coleoptera, Cholevidae, leptodirinae, Pretneria, favna, Slovenija Abstract – neW fInDS of THe rAre SPeCIeS PRETNERIA METKAE Bo- Gnolo, 2000 (ColeoPTerA: CHoleVIDAe: lePToDIrInAe) Pretneria metkae, a rare species, was found in 4 locations on the Mt. Triglav (2863m): Ivačičeva jama (Cad. no.:2399), Snežna konta under Mali Triglav, Kotel under north face of Kredarica and on the path between Dom Planika and Triglavska škrbina. Key WorDS: Coleoptera, Cholevidae, leptodirinae, Pretneria, fauna, Slovenia Metkina pretnerija (Pretneria metkae) velja za redko vrsto hrošča podzemljarja. od najdbe prvega primerka leta 1938 je do njenega opisa leta 2000 poteklo kar 62 let. Šele Bognolo je zbral dovolj materiala za opis nove vrste. V njem (Bognolo, 2000) navaja 3 najdišča (Triglav 2200 m; Triglav, Kredarica, 2300-2500 m in Pršivec, jama za Križem kat. št.: 642). Za prvi dve najdišči ne podaja nobenih natančnejših podatkov o njuni lokaciji. V svoji reviziji rodu Pretneria (Bognolo, 2016) povzema prejšnje podatke in ne navaja novih. Tudi avtor tega prispevka v strokovni literaturi ni našel poročil o novih najdbah vrste. 165 ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA, DECEMBER 2020 Vol. 28, øt. 2: 165–168 Biološke raziskave pod vrhom Triglava je avtor prispevka opravil v letih 2009 - 2013 in 2015 - 2018. Pri lovu je uporabil metodo talnih pasti. Vrsto je našel na štirih lokacijah: Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 166 Slika 1: Vhod v Ivačičevo jamo (foto Miroslava Kofler) Slika 2: Snežna konta pod Malim Triglavom (foto Miroslava Kofler) V Ivačičevi jami (Kat. št.: 2399) (slika 1), ki se odpira v južnem ostenju Kredarice, se je večje število primerkov ulovilo v talno past, nastavljeno v zadnjem delu te ledene jame in sicer na začetku strmine, ki vodi do jamskega okna. Spremljajoča favna hroščev: Nebria (Oreonebria) diaphana bohiniensis Müller, 1928. V Snežni konti pod Malim Triglavom (slika 2) so se primerki ulovili zgolj v grušču na dnu kake 4 metre globoke, skoraj navpične razpoke. Spremljajoča favna hroščev: Nebria (Oreonebria) diaphana bohiniensis Müller, 1928, Nebria (Alpaeus) germari germari Heer, 1837. Bojan Kofler: Nove najdbe redke vrste Pretneria metkae Bognolo, 2000 (Coleoptera: Cholevidae: Leptodirinae) 167 Slika 3: Kotel pod sever- nim ostenjem Kredarice (foto Miroslava Kofler) V Kotlu pod severnim ostenjem Kredarice (slika 3) je avtor vrsto iskal s talnimi pastmi v številnih 4 - 10 metrov globokih breznih, pa tudi zunaj v grušču, neposredno ob zaplatah snega. našel je nekaj primerkov v breznih, nobenega pa v pasteh izven brezen. Spremljajoča favna hroščev: Anophthalmus nivalis nivalis G. Müller, 1922, Anophthalmus ravasinii alpestris Daffner,1996, Nebria (Alpaeus) germari germari Heer, 1837, Nebria (Oreonebria) diaphana bohiniensis Müller, 1928. Ob poti od Doma Planike proti Triglavski škrbini je avtor v manjši kotanji ujel na talno past en sam primerek. Spremljajoča favna hroščev: Nebria (Alpaeus) germari germari Heer, 1837. Ulov/ preiskani material: Slovenija, julijske Alpe, Kredarica, Ivačičeva jama (Kat.št.: 2399), 2435 m: 17.9.2012 - 4.9.2013, 2♂, 5♀; 4.9.2013 - 31.8.2015, 8♀. leg., det., coll. B. Kofler (Zbirka CBKS, Škofja loka). Slovenija, julijske Alpe, Snežna konta pod Malim Triglavom, 2313 m: 2.8.2016 - 30.8.2017, 1♂, 3♀. leg., det., coll. B. Kofler (Zbirka CBKS, Škofja loka). Slovenija, julijske Alpe, Kotel pod Kredarico, 2371 m: 2.8.2016 - 30.8.2017, 2♂, 1♀. leg., det., coll. B. Kofler (Zbirka CBKS, Škofja loka). Slovenija, julijske Alpe, Dom Planika pod Triglavom, 2399 m: 3.8.2016 - 31.8.2017, 1♀. leg., det., coll. B. Kofler (Zbirka CBKS, Škofja loka). Komentar: Hrošč podzemljar metkina pretnerija poseljuje mrzle visokogorske jame, brezna in manjše prostore v razpokani kamenini, za katere so značilne nizka temperatura in visoka relativna vlaga zraka, ter dolgotrajna ali stalna prisotnost snega oziroma ledu. Med raziskavo je bilo daleč največ primerkov metkine pretnerije ulovljenih na koncu 130 m dolge in 18 m globoke Ivačičeve jame. ostale, skromnejše najdbe izvirajo iz globokih razpok in manjših brezen. Vabe, ki so bile postavljene plitvo v tleh so bile neuspešne. Izjema je najdba enega samega primerka v pasti na dnu plitve vrtače v bližini Doma Planika. Literatura Bognolo, M., 2000: Il genere Pretneria (Coleoptera: Cholevidae). Boll. Soc. entomol. ital., 132 (1): 29-42 Bognolo, M., 2016: revision of the genus Pretneria Müller, 1931 (Coleoptera, Cho- levidae, leptodirinae). Atti Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Trieste 58: 85-123 Jamarska zveza Slovenije, 2018: Kataster jam, ljubljana Prejeto / Received: 14. 9. 2020 Acta entomologica slovenica, 28 (2), 2020 168 ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA SLOVENICA PRIRODOSLOVNI MUZEJ SLOVENIJE SLOVENSKO ENTOMOLOØKO DRUØTVO ØTEFANA MICHIELIJA LJUBLJANA, DECEMBER 2020 Vol. 28, øt./No. 2 RD U ŠO TVK OŠ O L ŠTO EM FO AT NN AE MO ICK S H N IEE LV IO JL AS ISSN 1318-1998 CODEN: AESLFM Vsebina / Contents S. Polak: Razširjenost jamskih hroščev podzemljarjev rodu Prospelaeobates (Coleoptera; leiodidae; leptodirini) in njihovo življenjsko okolje Distribution of the subterranean beetle genus Prospelaeobates species (Coleoptera; leiodidae; leptodirini) and their habitat................................85 Ž. PReDovnik, J. RekelJ, S. GomboC: Reisseronia lesari sp. nov., R. gertrudae Sieder, 1962 and R. tarnierella (bruand, 1850) in Slovenia (lepidoptera: Psychidae) Reisseronia lesari nova vrsta, R. gertrudae Sieder, 1962 in R. tarnierella (bruand, 1850) v Sloveniji (lepidoptera: Psychidae) ......97 m. De GRoot, a. kavčič, J. RazinGeR: Confirmed and potential wild hosts of the Spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) in Slovenia Potencialni in potrjeno napadeni divji gostitelji plodove vinske mušice (Drosophila suzukii) v Sloveniji................................................................121 D. Devetak, a. nahiRnić, C. W. Plant: the brown lacewing Megalomus tineoides Rambur, 1842 in the balkan peninsula (neuroptera: hemerobiidae) Rjavi mrežekrilec Megalomus tineoides Rambur, 1842 na balkanskem polotoku (neuroptera: hemerobiidae) .............................131 t. koRen, D. kuliJeR: additions to the Crambidae (insecta: lepidoptera) fauna of Croatia and bosnia & herzegovina Prispevki k favni družine Crambidae (insecta: lepidoptera) hrvaške ter bosne in hercegovine ............................................................141 R. veRovnik, P. GloGovčan, S. GomboC: Rediscovery and distribution of thor’s fritillary Boloria thore (hübner, 1803) (lepidoptera: nymphalidae) in Slovenia Ponovno odkritje temnega tratarja Boloria thore (hübner, 1803) (lepidoptera: nymphalidae) in njegova razširjenost v Sloveniji..............149 FavniStični zaPiSki / FauniStiCal noteS m. vuJić, m. DJuRić, i. tot: new localities for rare butterflies Muschampia cribrellum and Melitaea ornata (lepidoptera: hesperiidae, nymphalidae) in Serbia nova najdišča redkih metuljev Muschampia cribrellum in Melitaea ornata (lepidoptera: hesperiidae, nymphalidae) v Srbiji........................159 b. koFleR: nove najdbe redke vrste Pretneria metkae bognolo, 2000 (Coleoptera: Cholevidae: leptodirinae) new finds of the rare species Pretneria metkae bognolo, 2000 (Coleoptera: Cholevidae: leptodirinae) ....................................................165 2