THE USE OF ILLICIT DRUGS, TOBACCO AND ALCOHOL IN SLOVENIA 2011–2012 Selected Statistical Data and Survey Methodology THE USE OF ILLICIT DRUGS, TOBACCO AND ALCOHOL IN SLOVENIA 2011–2012 Selected Statistical Data and Survey Methodology Ljubljana, 2015 THE USE OF ILLICIT DRUGS, TOBACCO AND ALCOHOL IN SLOVENIA 2011–2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Selected Statistical Data and Survey Methodology LIST OF USED ACRONYMS 5 LIST OF TABLES 8 FOREWORD 10 Original title: Uporaba prepovedanih drog, tobaka in alkohola v Sloveniji 1 METHODOLOGY 11 (2011–2012): metodologija raziskave in izbrani statistični podatki 1.1 SURVEY METHODOLOGY 11 Editors: Darja Lavtar, Katja Rostohar, PhD, Metka Zaletel, Ada Hočevar Grom 1.2 THE METHODOLOGY OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE 16 Authors: Darja Lavtar, Andreja Drev, Helena Koprivnikar, Maja Zorko, PhD, 1.3 THE METHODOLOGY OF THE ANALYSIS 16 Katja Rostohar, PhD, Romana Štokelj 2 ILLICIT DRUGS 21 2.1 CANNABIS 22 Translation: Mihaela Törnar and Poliglotka d. o. o. 2.1.1 OPINION ON RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH REGULAR CANNABIS USE 25 Design: o3, oglaševanje, d. o. o. 2.1.2 OPINION ON THE LEGALISATION OF CANNABIS USE 26 2.2 COCAINE 28 Publisher: National Institute of Public Health, Trubarjeva 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia 2.3 ECSTASY 29 Online source/ 2.4 AMPHETAMINE 30 e-source: www.nijz.si 2.5 LSD 31 Place and year 2.6 HEROIN 32 of publishing: Ljubljana, 2015 2.7 NEW DRUGS 33 2.8 POLYDRUG USE 35 3 TOBACCO 37 3.1 PREVALENCE OF SMOKING 37 3.2 REGULAR AND OCCASIONAL SMOKERS 39 3.3 THE USE OF VARIOUS TOBACCO PRODUCTS 41 CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji 3.4 AVERAGE NUMBER OF CIGARETTES SMOKED PER DAY 42 Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 4 ALCOHOL 43 613.81/.84(497.4)”2011/2012” 4.1 ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION 43 311:613.81/.84(497.4)”2011/2012” 4.1.1 ABSTAINERS AND PERSONS WHO CONSUMED ALCOHOL IN THE LAST YEAR 43 The USE of il icit drugs, tobacco and alcohol in Slovenia 2011-2012 [Elektronski vir] : selected statistical data and survey methodology / [authors Darja Lavtar ... [et al.] ; editors 4.1.2 EPISODIC HEAVY DRINKING 46 Darja Lavtar ... et al.]. - El. knjiga. - Ljubljana : National Institute of Public Health, 2014 4.2 NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION 48 ISBN 978-961-6911-46-7 (pdf) 4.3 ESTIMATED ACTUAL ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION 49 1. Lavtar, Darja 4.4 OPINION ON INDIVIDUAL ALCOHOL POLICY MEASURES 50 277296896 4.5 DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL 51 5 REFERENCES 52 Copyright ©2015 NIJZ All rights reserved. Reproduction of this document in part or in full in any manner and in any medium without the written consent of the authors is prohibited. Violations shall be prosecuted pursuant to the Copyright and Related Rights Act and the Penal Code of the Republic of Slovenia. LIST OF USED ACRONYMS 1KA – online tool for preparing surveys (One-Click Survey) ATADD – Survey on Tobacco, Alcohol and Other Drugs CAPI – Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing CATI – Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing ECHIM – European Community Health Indicators Monitoring EHIS – European Health Interview Survey EMCDDA – European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction ESPAD – European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs Eurostat – Statistical Office of the European Union HBSC – Health Behaviour in School-aged Children IVZ – National Institute of Public Health (now NIJZ – National Institute of Public Health) NIJZ – National Institute of Public Health OECD – Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PPS – Probability proportional to size SMART – Standardizing Measurement of Alcohol-Related Troubles SORS – Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia WHO – World Health Organisation 4 5 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1: The weighted structure of respondents to the ATADD according to chosen demographic criteria: gender, age, education and employment status 14 Figure 2-1: Lifetime prevalence of il icit drug use in the Slovenian population aged 15-64 21 Figure 2-2: Lifetime prevalence of il icit drug use in the Slovenian population aged 15-64 use by type of il icit drug 21 Figure 2-3: Comparison of shares (in %) of lifetime, last year or last month prevalence of cannabis use among the Slovenian population in 15-64, 15- 34 and 15-24 years age groups 23 Figure 2-4: Shares (in %) of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 according to their answer to the question “Is regular cannabis use risky” 25 Figure 2-5: Shares (in %) of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 according to their answer to the question “Should cannabis use be legalised” 27 Figure 2-6: The comparison of shares (in %) of lifetime, last year or last month prevalence of polydrug use among the Slovenian population in 15-64, 15- 34 and 15-24 years age groups 35 Figure 3-1: Shares (in %) of smokers, former smokers and never-smokers among the Slovenian population aged 15-64 37 Figure 4-1: Shares (in %) of abstainers and persons who consumed alcohol in the last 12 months among the Slovenian population aged 15-64 by frequency of consumption 43 Figure 4-2: The share (in %) of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 according to different opinions on the risk level in cases where a person drinks five or more units of alcohol every weekend 48 Figure 4-3: Estimated (registered and unregistered) consumption of pure alcohol per an adult (15 years or over) resident Slovenian in litres, 2011. Source: IVZ 49 Figure 4-4: Shares (in %) of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 according to their agreement or disagreement with individual alcohol policy measures. 50 Figure 4-5: Answers of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 to the question “How many units of alcohol do you believe a person is al owed to drink 2 hours before he or she starts driving?” shown in shares (in %) 51 6 7 LIST OF TABLES Table 1-1: Survey status and response rates 12 Table 2-11: Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of polydrug use in the Table 1-2: Number and share (%) of persons in the sample and population, total, by Slovenian population aged 15-64, total, by gender, age, education and gender, age, education and employment status 15 employment status 36 Table 2-1: Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of cannabis use in the Table 3-1: Shares (in %) of smokers, former smokers and never-smokers among Slovenian population aged 15-64, total, by gender, age, education and the Slovenian population aged 15-64, total, by gender, age, education and employment status 24 employment status 38 Table 2-2: Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of cannabis use in the Table 3-2: Shares of regular and occasional smokers (in %) in the Slovenian Slovenian population aged 15-34 years and 15-24 years, total and by gender 24 population and among smokers aged 15-64, total, by gender, age, Table 2-3: Shares (in %) of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 according to their education and employment status 40 answer to the question “Is regular cannabis use risky”, total, by gender, age, Table 3-3: Shares (in %) of users of various tobacco and tobacco related products education and employment status 26 among smokers aged 15-64, total and by gender 41 Table 2-4: Shares (in %) of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 according to their Table 3-4: The average number of cigarettes smoked per day among regular answer to the question “Should cannabis use be legalised”, total, by gender, smokers aged 15-64, total and by gender 42 age, education and employment status 27 Table 4-1: Shares (in %) of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 who have abstained Table 2-5: Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of cocaine use in the in the last 12 months and who consumed alcoholic beverages in the last 12 Slovenian population aged 15-64, total, by gender, age, education and months, total, by gender, age, education and employment status 45 employment status 28 Table Shares (in %) of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 who do not consume Table 2-6: Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of ecstasy use in the alcohol and of those who engaged in episodic heavy drinking in the last 12 Slovenian population aged 15-64, total, by gender, age, education and months, total, by gender, age, education and employment status 47 employment status 29 Table 2-7: Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of amphetamine use in the Slovenian population aged 15-64, total, by gender, age, education and employment status 30 Table 2-8: Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of LSD use in the Slovenian population aged 15-64, by gender, age, education and employment status 31 Table 2-9: Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of heroin use in the Slovenian population aged 15-64, total, by gender, age, education and employment status 32 Table 2-10: Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of new drug use in the Slovenian population aged 15-64, total, by gender, age, education and employment status 34 8 9 FOREWORD 1 METHODOLOGY This publication represents a statistical overview of the key results of the Survey on Tobacco, Alcohol and Other Drugs, which was carried out by the National Institute of Public Health in 2011 and 2012. The prevalence and patterns of the use of tobac-1.1 SURVEY METHODOLOGY co, alcohol and il icit drugs among the population, which are measured through surveys, are important indicators, which are used to monitor and assess the situation The target population, sampling frame and sampling plan in the field of addictions and which provide basic information on the patterns of use, risk behaviours, social and health correlates and the consequences of the use The target population is the Slovenian population aged 15-64 living in private of psychoactive substances. While health and health behaviour surveys, which also households. include questions on the use of tobacco, alcohol and il icit drugs, have been conducted among the Slovenian school-attending children and adolescents for sever-The sampling frame was the list of census districts and the Central Population al years (ESPAD – European School Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs since Register. The sample was prepared by the Statistical Office of the Republic of 1995 and HBSC – Health Behaviour in School-aged Children since 2002), the Survey Slovenia pursuant to the National Statistics Act. on Tobacco, Alcohol and Other Drugs among the general population aged 15-64 was conducted in Slovenia for the first time. Since the survey has been conduct-We used stratified two-stage sampling plan (probability proportional to size – PPS ed using the methodology of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug with replacement) (Kalton and Vehovar, 2001) and the stratification was done with Addiction (EMCDDA), the results are also comparable to similar surveys conduct-regard to size and type of the settlement and the statistical region. The sample was ed in other European Community member states. We considered both, the meth-explicitly stratified by size and type of settlement and implicitly by statistical re-odological guidelines for preparing the sample and the international y recognised gions. At the first level, 1,520 sampling units are chosen (groups of census districts) standards for questions on the use of il icit drugs, alcohol and tobacco. We expect and then in every chosen sampling unit 10 persons aged 15-64. The sample size is that in the future we will be able to implement the survey at regular intervals, as 15,200 persons (7,200 persons in 2011 and 8,000 persons in 2012). only in this way will we be able to analyse changes in the prevalence and patterns of drug use among the general population and among various population groups. The surveying period and the data collection mode This publication is intended for al who work in the field of psychoactive substanc-The survey was implemented in two parts, in 2011 and in 2012. The first surveying es addiction. It is the first basic presentation of the situation in an important field of was conducted between 6 October 2011 and 24 November 2011, where there were public health and provides a starting point for the understanding and deliberation 7,200 persons chosen for the sample. The second surveying took place between of the issue, while, at the same time, it also gives notice for an extensive publication, 3 April 2012 and 26 June 2012, where the number of chosen persons was slight-which will provide in-depth analyses of individual addictions, emphasise the main ly higher, i.e. 8,000 persons. The total sample thus included 15,200 persons aged problems and ultimately also include health protection proposals for this field. 15-64. Ada Hočevar Grom and Metka Zaletel The survey was conducted as a mixed-mode survey. The chosen persons were notified about the survey with a notification letter sent by the IVZ. The letter included information about the survey, the possibility of online completion of the questionnaire and about the foreseen visit of the interviewer or a telephone call (in case that the chosen person did not fil in the questionnaire online). 10 11 The survey thus included: Weighting ● Online survey prepared and implemented by the IVZ. The surveying was conducted with the help of the 1KA (www.1ka.si) online surveying application. Together The purpose of weighting is to improve the representativeness of the sample, so with the notification letter, al chosen persons also received a password for ac-that the sample represents the surveyed population as closely as possible. Every cessing the online survey. Online survey was available to persons, selected in the unit in the sample thus represents a specific number of target population units. sample, for the entire duration of data-col ection; ● Telephone survey, which was implemented by an outsourced provider. The sur-The final weight of every interviewed person is the product of the sample weight vey was implemented with the help of computer-assisted telephone interviewing (due to unequal probability of sample selection), non-response weight and calibra- (CATI). Telephone interviewing included al respondents, who did not fil in the on-tion weights, which enable adaptation to known population values with regard to line survey and whose telephone number was available; gender, age, educational level, the statistical region and settlement size. As regards ● Personal interviewing, which was also implemented by an outsourced provider. time, interviewing was conducted in two parts but weighting was conducted for the The survey was implemented with the help of computer-assisted personal inter-total interviewed population with the applied reference date of 1 January 2012. viewing (CAPI). Personal interviewing included al respondents, who did not fil in the online survey, all who were not available for phone interviews and those whose telephone number was not known. Response rates In both years, the sample included 15,200 persons, of which 1001 units were in-eligible, and the remaining 14,199 units were eligible. No contact was established with 1,501 units and 5,184 persons refused to participate in the survey. 7,514 surveys were completed with the chosen persons; of that 40.2% were completed online, 31.1% by telephone and 28.7% in person. The response rate in the survey was 52.9%. Table 1-1: Survey status and response rates Survey status Total Number of units in the sample (total) 15,200 Not eligible units (total) 1,001 Eligible units (total) 14,199 Non-contact units 1,501 Refusals and break-offs 5,184 Completed and valid questionnaires 7,514 Online interviewing 3,022 Telephone interviewing (CATI) 2,337 Personal interviewing (CAPI) 2,155 Response rate 52.9 % 12 13 Figure 1-1: The weighted structure of respondents to the ATADD according to cho-Table 1-2: Number and share (%) of persons in the sample and population, total, by sen demographic criteria: gender, age, education and employment status gender, age, education and employment status Sample data Weighted sample data / GENDER population data Share in the Number Share in the Female 48.6 % Number in sample in the population the sample [%] population [%] Male 51.4 % TOTAL 7,514 100.0 % 1,416,293 100.0 % Male 3,440 45.8 % 728,006 51.4 % GENDER Female 4,074 54.2 % 688,286 48.6 % 15–24 years 1,464 19.5 % 223,343 15.8 % 25–34 years 1,550 20.6 % 298,803 21.1 % AGE 35–44 years 1,590 21.2 % 301,006 21.3 % AGE 45–54 years 1,529 20.3 % 310,088 21.9 % 15—24 years 15.8 % 21.9 % 45—54 years 55–64 years 1,381 18.4 % 283,052 20.0 % 25—34 years 21.1 % 20.0 % 55—64 years Primary school 1,088 14.5 % 185,854 13.1 % or lower 35—44 years 21.3 % EDUCATION Secondary school 4,297 57.3 % 819,127 57.9 % Tertiary education 2,117 28.2 % 409,216 28.9 % Employed, self- 4,411 58.7 % 861,881 60.9 % employed, farmer Primary, secondary 1,281 17.1 % 196,670 13.9 % EMPLOYMENT or tertiary student STATUS EDUCATION Retired person 919 12.2 % 187,688 13.3 % Unemployed 674 9.0 % 128,154 9.1 % Primary school or lower 13.1 % Other 224 3.0 % 41,021 2.9 % Secondary school 57.9 % Tertiary education 28.9 % The weighted sample data, which correspond to population data, show the structure of the studied population. The Slovenian population aged 15-64 and living in private households comprises 51.4% men and 48.6% women. Slightly more than EMPLOYMENT STATUS one third (36.9%) are aged between 15 and 34 and 63.1% are aged between 35 and Employed, self-employed, farmer 60.9 % 64. Among the studied population, 13.1% have completed primary school, 57.9% Primary, secondary or tertiary student 13.9 % secondary school and 28.9% tertiary education. A good half (60.9%) of the studied Retired person 13.3 % persons were employed, self-employed or farmers, 13.9% were primary, second-Unemployed 9.1 % ary or tertiary students, 13.3% were retired, 9.1% unemployed. The remaining 2.9% Other 2.9 % were housewives, unpaid family workers or persons unable to work due to age, il - ness or disability (status other). Due to the small number of units, the data in this category is not presented hereafter. 14 15 1.2 THE METHODOLOGY OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE The 95% confidence interval was calculated for shares using the Wilson score method (Newcombe, 1998). Chi-square test and Column proportions test (z-test) were The questionnaire for the ATADD survey was prepared by the IVZ. Valid internation-used to establish variable correlations and statistical y significant differences be-al standards were considered for individual content areas, whereby we mainly fo-tween shares in individual groups whereas Independent sample T-test was used cused on the fol owing recommendations: to establish the differences between average values in groups. Analysis was per- ● EMCDDA: Handbook for Surveys on Drug Use Among the General population, formed by using SPSS (IBM Corporation, 2012) programme. The value of α ≤ 0.05 ● SMART: Drinking Population Surveys – Guidance Document for Standardized was set for the significance level for handling statistical y significant differences Approach in the framework of Standardizing Measurement of Alcohol-Related (hereafter referred to as differences). Troubles project, ● ECHIM: Final Report, Due to rounding up, the sums of shares may differ in particular groups (e.g. the ● EHIS: Conceptual Translation Cards and Guidelines, share can exceed 100%). ● Eurostat: Task Force on Core Social Variables: Final Report. Tobacco In light of the existing recommendations (e.g. ECHIM), we used the fol owing indica-1.3 THE METHODOLOGY OF THE ANALYSIS tors to assess the prevalence of tobacco use: share of smokers (those who smoked at the time of the survey, either regularly or occasional y), share of regular smok-The interpretation of results was based on the shares of categories, separate for ers (those who smoked regularly every day at the time of the survey), share of oc-demographic or other variables, including graphical representations. Data were ancasional smokers (those who smoked less frequently than every day at the time of alysed according to various demographic and socio-economic criteria, especial y the survey), share of former smokers, share of never-smokers, share of users of var-gender, age, education and employment status, and we thus studied risk behav-ious tobacco products (including electronic cigarettes) and the average number of iours in various target populations. smoked cigarettes among current regular smokers. Our calculations considered the instructions for noting the level of accuracy of sta-Drugs tistical estimates, which are provided by SORS publications, as well as Eurostat’s draft recommendations (Handbook on Precision Requirements and Variance The international EMCDDA standards were used to establish the prevalence of drug Estimation for ESS Household Surveys). If the table contains estimates with the use. Three standard time frames were thus used in the general population, i.e. life-number of units with a certain characteristic (expressed in percentages), publishing time prevalence (drug use at any point in one’s life), drug use in the last 12 months limitations are determined according to standard errors of share estimations. Only before the survey (last year use) and drug use in the last 30 days before the survey the data where the standard error of the share estimation is 5% or lower are pub- (last month use). We investigated prevalence and use of already established drugs lished here, which means that the estimation is of acceptable precision and there-as well as the occurrence and use of new drugs in the recommended age groups. fore published without limitations. If the table contains estimated population totals of (continuous) variables, averages of (continuous) variables or ratios of population totals of (continuous) variables, publishing limitations are determined with regard to the relative standard error or the coefficient of variation. Only the data where the coefficient of estimation variations is 10% or lower are published here, which means that the estimation is of acceptable precision and therefore published without limitations. 16 17 Alcohol The assessment of actual alcohol consumption In order to calculate indicators in the field of alcohol, we used various recommen-We considered registered alcohol consumption as wel as the consumption of alco-dations, which are in accordance with the EMCDDA, SMART and ECHIM standards. hol which is not registered by the national statistics (unregistered alcohol consump-The respondents were asked about the quantity and frequency of consumption of tion) for the assessment of actual alcohol consumption. For the calculation of reg-following alcoholic beverages: beer, wine, shandy, spirits, liqueur and mixed carbon-istered consumption of pure alcohol per capita in Slovenia we took into account ated alcoholic beverages. The analysis did not include the consumption of energy the data on industrial production of alcohol beverages (wine, beer and spirits), data drinks. We investigated various behaviours related to alcohol consumption, we cal-on farm production, data on import and export, and the data of the SORS on the culated the assessment of actual alcohol consumption (registered and unregistered stocks of alcoholic beverages for each individual year. Unregistered consumption of alcohol consumption), and we asked the respondents about their opinions on some pure alcohol per capita was assessed on the basis of respondents’ reports on the measures of alcohol policy. import of alcoholic beverages and on the basis of the data on local production of alcohol (wine, beer and spirits). We calculated individual types of alcohol (wine, beer, Calculating the amount of consumed alcohol spirits) into grams of alcohol and converted them into litres of pure alcohol (we took into account that the density of ethanol is 0.79 g/cm³). In calculating the quantity of consumed alcohol, we considered that 1 unit of alcohol contains 10 g of pure alcohol, and it is equal to 1 dl of wine, 2.5 dl of beer, 0.3 dl Opinion on some measures of alcohol policy of spirits, 5 dl of shandy, or 3.2 dl of a mixed carbonated alcoholic beverage (Kolšek, 2004; Zaletel-Kragelj et al., 2004; Kovše, 2012). The survey also included questions on respondent’s opinions on whether they agree or disagree with some measures of alcohol policy. SMART recommendations Determining episodic heavy drinking were followed. We considered international recommendations and thus determined episodic heavy drinking as consumption of six or more units of alcohol on a single occasion for men and four or more consumed units of alcohol on a single occasion for women (WHO, 2000; Zaletel-Kragelj et al., 2004; Kovše, 2012). Negative consequences of alcohol consumption SMART recommendations were used to determine negative consequences of alcohol consumption for the respondents. We studied self-evaluation of the influence of alcohol consumption on their family life, friendships, health, work or education and on financial status. In the next phase we studied the opinions on harmful consequences of episodic heavy drinking. 18 19 2 ILLICIT DRUGS The majority (83.9%) of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 have never tried illicit drugs and 16.1% have used an il icit drug (Figure 2-1). Among those who have used il icit drug at some point in their lives, the highest share (15.8%) used cannabis. Cocaine was used by 2.1% of the Slovenian population at least once in their lives and the same share used ecstasy, 1.0% used LSD, 0.9% amphetamines and 0.5% of the Slovenian population used heroin (Figure 2-2). Figure 2-1: Lifetime prevalence of illicit drug use in the Slovenian population aged 15-641 Have used illicit drug 16.1 % Have not used illicit drug 83.9 % Figure 2-2: Lifetime prevalence of illicit drug use in the Slovenian population aged 15-64 use by type of illicit drug2 Any illicit drug 16.1 % Cannabis 15.8 % Cocaine 2.1 % Ecstasy 2.1 % LSD 1.0 % Amphetamine 0.9 % Heroin 0.5 % 0 % 5 % 10 % 15 % 20 % 1 Any il icit drug includes: cannabis, cocaine, ecstasy, LSD, amphetamine or heroin. 2 Because an individual may have used more than one drug, the sum of shares of the use according to individual drugs does not equal the share of the use of any drug. 20 21 The estimated use of il icit drugs by number of population shows that approximate-Figure 2-3: Comparison of shares (in %) of lifetime, last year or last month preva-ly 226,000 Slovenians aged 15-64 have used an il icit drug at least once in their life-lence of cannabis use among the Slovenian population in 15-64, 15-34 and 15-24 time. The highest number of residents, i.e. approximately 223,000 have used can-years age groups nabis at least once in their lifetime. Approximately 29,000 people used cocaine and 29,000 used ecstasy. Approximately 14,000 of Slovenian residents have used LSD 15.8 % at least once in their lifetime, approximately 13,000 have used amphetamine and 15-64 years 4.4 % 2.3 % about 7,000 heroin. 28.7 % 15-34 years 10.3 % 5.3 % 2.1 CANNABIS 27.3 % 15-24 years 15.0 % 7.5 % Cannabis was the most commonly used drug in Slovenia; 15.8% of the Slovenian 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % population aged 15-64 have used cannabis at least once in their lifetime, 4.4% have Lifetime prevalence Last year prevalence Last month prevalence used it in the last year and 2.3% in the last month (Table 2-1, Figure 2-3). The average age of first cannabis use was 18 years. By education and employment status, the share of lifetime prevalence of canna-The share of those who have used cannabis at least once in their lives differed by bis use was the highest among people with tertiary education and among those in-gender, age, education and employment status. cluded in the educational process (primary, secondary or tertiary students) and the lowest among retired persons (Table 2-1). The share of lifetime prevalence of cannabis use was higher in men than in women; about one fifth (19.5%) of men and 11.8% of women aged 15-64 have used this Daily or almost daily (cannabis use 20 days or more in the last month) cannabis use il icit drug at least once in their lifetime (Table 2-1). The share of lifetime prevalence was reported by 0.4% of the Slovenian population aged 15-64. The estimated dai-of cannabis use was higher in the up to 34 years age groups than in the above 35 ly use by number of people has shown that about 6,350 people have used cannabis years age groups (Table 2-1, Table 2-2, Figure 2-3). The share of last year and last more than 20 times in the last month. month use was the highest among the young population, i.e. in the 15-24 years age group (Table 2-2, Figure 2-3). 22 23 Table 2-1: Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of cannabis use in the 2.1.1 OPINION ON RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH REGULAR Slovenian population aged 15-64, total, by gender, age, education and employ-CANNABIS USE ment status Prevalence The Survey on Tobacco, Alcohol and Other Drugs also included opinion questions Share [%] in the population Lifetime Last Last that al owed the Slovenian population to express their opinions on risks associated 12 months 30 days with regular cannabis use and on whether cannabis use should be legalised. TOTAL 15.8 % 4.4 % 2.3 % Male 19.5 % 5.9 % 3.3 % GENDER Female 11.8 % 2.8 % 1.2 % Approximately two thirds (65.1%) of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 respond-15–24 years 27.3 % 15.0 % 7.5 % ed that regular cannabis use is very risky; 22.7% responded that it is moderately 25–34 years 29.7 % 6.8 % 3.7 % risky and 9.1% that it is slightly risky. Only 3.1% of the Slovenian population respond-AGE 35–44 years 14.5 % 1.7 % 1.0 % ed that regular cannabis use is not risky (Figure 2-4). 45–54 years 7.5 % 0.8 % 0.4 % 55–64 years 2.5 % 0.2 % 0.1 % Primary school or lower 11.1 % 5.7 % 2.9 % Figure 2-4: Shares (in %) of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 according to EDUCATION Secondary school 14.8 % 4.5 % 2.6 % their answer to the question “Is regular cannabis use risky” Tertiary education 19.8 % 3.4 % 1.3 % Employed, self-employed, farmer 15.5 % 2.4 % 1.3 % Primary, secondary or 29.3 % 16.0 % 7.6 % High risk 65.1 % EMPLOYMENT tertiary student STATUS Moderate risk 22.7 % Retired person 1.5 % 0.0 % 0.0 % Slight risk 9.1 % Unemployed 19.9 % 6.9 % 4.7 % No risk 3.1 % Table 2-2: Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of cannabis use in the Slovenian population aged 15-34 years and 15-24 years, total and by gender Prevalence Share [%] in the population Lifetime Last Last Regular cannabis use was associated with high risks by a higher share of women 12 months 30 days than men, by a higher share of people older than 45 years than younger, and a high-Total 28,7 % 10,3 % 5,3 % 15–34 years Male 33,0 % 13,4 % 7,5 % er share of retired persons and employed than unemployed and those who were in Female 24,0 % 7,0 % 2,9 % the education process (primary, secondary or tertiary students). The highest share Total 27,3 % 14,9 % 7,5 % of the youngest age group (15-24 years) thought that regular cannabis use was not 15–24 years Male 31,0 % 17,4 % 9,5 % risky, also a higher share of people with primary and secondary education than Female 23,1 % 12,2 % 5,2 % those with tertiary education and higher thought the same way (Table 2-3). 24 25 Table 2-3: Shares (in %) of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 according to their Figure 2-5: Shares (in %) of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 according to answer to the question “Is regular cannabis use risky”, total, by gender, age, edu-their answer to the question “Should cannabis use be legalised” cation and employment status Share [%] in the population I agree 64.3 % I disagree 19.2 % Tvegana Zmerno tvegana Ni tvegana I neither agree TOTAL 65.1% 22.7% 12.2% nor disagree 16.5 % Male 59.2% 25.7% 15.1% GENDER Female 71.3% 19.5% 9.2% 15-24 years 48.5% 30.1% 21.4% 25-34 years 54.2% 30.5% 15.4% AGE 35-44 years 68.8% 20.8% 10.4% 45-54 years 73.5% 18.2% 8.3% 55-64 years 76.6% 15.7% 7.7% Men and age groups up to 34 years were keener to legal use of cannabis, than Primary school or lower 64.7% 20.3% 15.0% women and age groups of over 34 years. The oldest age group (55-64 years) was EDUCATION Secondary school 64.8% 22.5% 12.7% the least keen to legal cannabis use. According to education, those with tertiary ed-Tertiary 65.8% 24.4% 9.9% ucation and higher agreed with legal cannabis use in the highest share, and accord-Employed, self-employed, farmer 66.8% 22.5% 10.7% ing to employment status, those who were in the educational process (primary, sec-Primary, secondary or 47.3% 31.3% 21.5% EMPLOYMENT tertiary student ondary, tertiary) and the unemployed agreed with legal use in higher extent than Retired person 79.7% 15.2% 5.1% employed and retired persons (Table 2-4). Unemployed 57.7% 23.1% 19.2% Table 2-4: Shares (in %) of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 according to their answer to the question “Should cannabis use be legalised”, total, by gender, age, education and employment status 2.1.2 OPINION ON THE LEGALISATION OF CANNABIS USE Share [%] in the population I neither More than half (64.3%) of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 answered negatively I agree agree nor I disagree disagree to the question on whether cannabis use should be legal; 19.2% answered that can-TOTAL 19.2% 16.5% 64.3% nabis use should be legal and 16.5% gave neither a positive nor a negative answer Male 23.1% 17.6% 59.3% GENDER (Figure 2-5)). Female 15.0% 15.4% 69.6% 15-24 years 28.5% 22.2% 49.4% 25-34 years 26.4% 20.0% 53.5% AGE 35-44 years 18.4% 15.9% 65.7% 45-54 years 13.3% 14.3% 72.4% 55-64 years 11.5% 11.6% 76.9% Primary school or lower 15.1% 13.3% 71.7% EDUCATION Secondary school 18.6% 16.0% 65.4% Tertiary 22.2% 18.9% 58.9% Employed, self-employed, farmer 17.5% 16.6% 66.0% Primary, secondary or 31.6% 22.9% 45.5% EMPLOYMENT tertiary student Retired person 10.2% 11.1% 78.8% Unemployed 26.8% 15.2% 58.1% 26 27 2.2 COCAINE 2.3 ECSTASY 2.1% of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 have used cocaine at least once in 2.1% of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 have used ecstasy at least once in their lifetime, 0.5% have used it in the last year and 0.1% in the last month (Table their lifetime, 0.3% have used it in the last year and 0.1% in the last month (Table 2-5). The average age of first cocaine use was 21 years. 2-6). The average age of first ecstasy use was 19 years. The share of those who have used cocaine at least once in their lifetime differed by The share of those who have used ecstasy at least once in their lifetime differed by gender, age and employment status. gender, age and employment status. Men used cocaine in higher share than women did; thus this il icit drug was used Men used ecstasy in higher share than women did; thus this il icit drug was used by 2.8% of men and 1.2% of women aged 15-64 at least once in their lifetime (Table by 2.7% of men and 1.4% of women aged 15-64 at least once in their lifetime (Table 2-5). The share of lifetime prevalence of cocaine use was higher in age groups 15-25 2-6). The share of lifetime prevalence of ecstasy use was higher in age groups up and 25-35 years than in older age groups whereas the cocaine use in the last month to 34 years than in older age groups and it total ed 3.5% in age group 15-24 years was the highest among the youngest respondents (15-24 years) (Table 2-5). People and 5.4% in age group 25-34 years (Table 2-6). People who were unemployed and who were in the educational process (primary, secondary, tertiary) and those who those who were in the educational process (primary, secondary, tertiary) used ec-were unemployed used cocaine at least once in their lifetime in higher share than stasy at least once in their lifetime in higher share than those who were employed those who were employed (Table 2-5). (Table 2-6). Table 2-5: Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of cocaine use in the Table 2-6: Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of ecstasy use in the Slovenian population aged 15-64, total, by gender, age, education and employ-Slovenian population aged 15-64, total, by gender, age, education and employment status ment status Prevalence Prevalence Share [%] in the population Lifetime Last Last Share [%] in the population Lifetime Last Last 12 months 30 days 12 months 30 days TOTAL 2.1% 0.5% 0.1% TOTAL 2.1% 0.3% 0.1% Male 2.8% 0.7% 0.2% Male 2.7% 0.4% 0.2% GENDER GENDER Female 1.2% 0.3% 0.1% Female 1.4% 0.2% 0.1% 15-24 years 3.9% 1.9% 0.6% 15-24 years 3.5% 1.3% 0.5% 25-34 years 4.4% 0.6% 0.2% 25-34 years 5.4% 0.4% 0.3% AGE 35-44 years 1.7% 0.3% 0.0% AGE 35-44 years 1.5% 0.0% 0.0% 45-54 years 0.5% 0.1% 0.1% 45-54 years 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 55-64 years 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 55-64 years 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% Primary school or lower 1.8% 0.8% 0.2% Primary school or lower 1.6% 0.0% 0.0% EDUCATION Secondary school 2.0% 0.6% 0.2% EDUCATION Secondary school 1.9% 0.4% 0.2% Tertiary 2.3% 0.2% 0.0% Tertiary 2.6% 0.2% 0.1% Employed, self-employed, farmer 1.7% 0.3% 0.0% Employed, self-employed, farmer 1.8% 0.1% 0.0% Primary, secondary or 3.9% 1.5% 0.6% Primary, secondary or 3.5% 1.4% 0.6% EMPLOYMENT tertiary student EMPLOYMENT tertiary student Retired person 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Retired person 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Unemployed 4.7% 1.0% 0.2% Unemployed 4.6% 0.3% 0.3% 28 29 2.4 AMPHETAMINE 2.5 LSD 0.9% of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 have used amphetamine at least once 1.0% of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 have used LSD at least once in their in their lifetime, in the last year this il icit drug was used by 0.3% of people and in lifetime and 0.1% in the last year (Table 2-8). The average age of first LSD use was 20 the last month by 0.1% (Table 2-7). The average age of first amphetamine use was years. 19 years. The share of those who have used LSD at least once in their lifetime differed by The share of those who have used amphetamine at least once in their lifetime dif-gender, age and employment status. fered by gender, age and employment status. Men used LSD in higher share than women; thus, this il icit drug was used by 1.4% Men used amphetamine in higher share than women did; thus this il icit drug was of men and less than one percent of women aged 15-64 at least once in their life-used by 1.4% of men and less than one percent of women aged 15-64 at least once time (Table 2-8). The share of lifetime prevalence of LSD use was higher in age in their lifetime (Table 2-7). The share of lifetime prevalence of amphetamine use groups 25-34 and 35-44 years than in oldest age group (55-64 years) (Table 2-8). was higher in age groups 15-24 and 25-34 years than in age groups 35-44 and 45-According to employment status, the share of lifetime prevalence of LSD use was 54 years (Table 2-7). According to employment status, the share of lifetime preva-higher in unemployed than in employed and those who were retired (Table 2-8). lence of amphetamine use was higher in those who were in the educational process (primary, secondary, tertiary) and those who were unemployed than in those Table 2-8: Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of LSD use in the who were employed (Table 2-7). Slovenian population aged 15-64, by gender, age, education and employment status Table 2-7: Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of amphetamine use in Prevalence the Slovenian population aged 15-64, total, by gender, age, education and em-Share [%] in the population Lifetime Last Last ployment status 12 months 30 days TOTAL 1.0% 0.1% 0.0% Prevalence Male 1.4% 0.2% 0.1% Share [%] in the population GENDER Lifetime Last Last Female 0.6% 0.1% 0.0% 12 months 30 days 15-24 years 0.9% 0.4% 0.2% TOTAL 0.9% 0.3% 0.1% 25-34 years 1.6% 0.3% 0.0% Male 1.4% 0.5% 0.2% GENDER AGE 35-44 years 1.6% 0.0% 0.0% Female 0.5% 0.1% 0.1% 45-54 years 0.6% 0.0% 0.0% 15-24 years 1.9% 1. 0.5% 55-64 years 0.3% 0.0% 0.0% 25-34 years 2.3% 0.5% 0.3% Primary school or lower 0.5% 0.1% 0.0% AGE 35-44 years 0.5% 0.1% 0.0% EDUCATION Secondary school 1.1% 0.1% 0.1% 45-54 years 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% Tertiary 1.1% 0.1% 0.0% 55-64 years 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Employed, self-employed, farmer 0.9% 0.0% 0.0% Primary school or lower 0.7% 0.4% 0.1% Primary, secondary or 1.3% 0.7% 0.2% EDUCATION Secondary school 0.9% 0.4% 0.2% EMPLOYMENT tertiary student Tertiary 1.2% 0.2% 0.1% Retired person 0.3% 0.0% 0.0% Employed, self-employed, farmer 0.7% 0.0% 0.0% Unemployed 2.4% 0.3% 0.0% Primary, secondary or 2.3% 1.4% 0.8% EMPLOYMENT tertiary student Retired person 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Unemployed 2.0% 0.7% 0.3% 30 31 2.6 HEROIN 2.7 NEW DRUGS 0.5% of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 have used heroin at least once in their The term ‘new drugs’ encompasses a broad spectrum of psychoactive substanc-lifetime and 0.1% in the last year (Table 2-9). The average age of first heroin use was es that newly appeared on the drug market or their abuse appeared only recently 21 years. and they are thus not yet listed as il icit drugs. In July 2013, the Government of the Republic of Slovenia confirmed the Decree Amending the Decree on the Scheduling The share of those who have used heroin at least once in their lifetime differed by of Il icit Drugs by which 48 substances were listed as il icit drugs. At the time of the gender, age and employment status. implementation of the Survey on Tobacco, Alcohol and Other Drugs, mephedrone was the only new drug that had already been listed as an il icit drug in Slovenia. Men aged 15-64 years used heroin at least once in their lifetime in higher share than women of the same age (Table 2-9). The share of lifetime prevalence of hero-Less than one percent (0.6%) of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 have used in use was higher in age groups 25-34 and 35-44 years than in the oldest age group new drugs at least once in their lifetime. 0.3% of people have used new drugs in the (55-64 years) (Table 2-9). According to employment status, the share of lifetime last year and 0.1% in the last month (Table 2-10). The average age of first new drug prevalence of heroin use was higher in unemployed than in employed and those use was 21 years. Those who have already used any of the new drugs, most fre-who were retired (Table 2-9). quently reported using methylone and mephedrone. Table 2-9: Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of heroin use in the The share of those who have used new drugs at least once in their lifetime differed Slovenian population aged 15-64, total, by gender, age, education and employ-by gender, age and employment status. ment status Prevalence Men used new drugs in higher share than women did; thus new drugs were used Share [%] in the population Lifetime Last Last by 0.9% of men and 0.3% of women aged 15-64 at least once in their lifetime (Table 12 months 30 days 2-10). The share of lifetime prevalence of new drugs use was higher in youngest TOTAL 0.5% 0.1% 0.0% Male 0.7% 0.1% 0.0% age group (15-24 years) than in age groups above 34 years and it equal ed 1.8% GENDER Female 0.3% 0.0% 0.0% (Table 2-10). According to employment status, the share of lifetime prevalence of 15-24 years 0.7% 0.3% 0.1% new drugs use was higher in those who were in the educational process (primary, 25-34 years 0.8% 0.1% 0.0% secondary, tertiary) and in unemployed than in employed (Table 2-10). AGE 35-44 years 0.7% 0.0% 0.0% 45-54 years 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 55-64 years 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% Primary school or lower 0.8% 0.3% 0.1% EDUCATION Secondary school 0.5% 0.1% 0.0% Tertiary 0.3% 0.0% 0.0% Employed, self-employed, farmer 0.3% 0.0% 0.0% Primary, secondary or 0.6% 0.1% 0.0% EMPLOYMENT tertiary student Retired person 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% Unemployed 1.9% 0.3% 0.0% 32 33 Table 2-10: Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of new drug use in the 2.8 POLYDRUG USE Slovenian population aged 15-64, total, by gender, age, education and employment status Polydrug use refers to the use of two or more different drugs, including alcohol, Prevalence at one occasion. The Survey on Tobacco, Alcohol and Other Drugs did not include Share [%] in the population Lifetime Last Last questions on individual combinations of drugs that the individual may have used, 12 months 30 days so these cannot be described. TOTAL 0.6% 0.3% 0.1% Male 0.9% 0.4% 0.1% GENDER Female 0.3% 0.2% 0.1% Figure 2-6: The comparison of shares (in %) of lifetime, last year or last month 15-24 years 1.8% 1.2% 0.3% prevalence of polydrug use among the Slovenian population in 15-64, 15-34 and 25-34 years 1.0% 0.5% 0.2% 15-24 years age groups AGE 35-44 years 0.4% 0.0% 0.0% 45-54 years 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 55-64 years 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 6.4 % Primary school or lower 0.7% 0.2% 0.0% 15–64 years 2.3 % EDUCATION Secondary school 0.6% 0.3% 0.1% 1.3 % Tertiary 0.5% 0.2% 0.1% Employed, self-employed, farmer 0.3% 0.0% 0.0% 13.4 % 15–34 years 5.5 % Primary, secondary or 2.0% 1.4% 0.5% 2.9 % EMPLOYMENT tertiary student Retired person 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 15.5 % Unemployed 1.6% 0.6% 0.0% 15–24 years 8.0 % 3.9 % 0 % 5 % 10 % 15 % 20 % Lifetime prevalence Last year prevalence Last month prevalence 6.4% of the Slovenian population aged 15–64 reported lifetime prevalence of polydrug use. In the last year and in the last month polydrug use was reported by 2.3% and by 1.3 % of people respectively (Table 2-11, Figure 2-6). The average age of first polydrug use was 18 years. The share of those who reported polydrug use at least once in their lifetime differed by gender, age and employment status. Men reported polydrug use in higher share than women did; thus, 8.4% of men and 4.3% of women aged 15-64 reported lifetime prevalence of polydrug use (Table 2-11). The share of lifetime prevalence of polydrug use was higher in age groups up 34 35 to 34 years than in age groups above 35 years, the share of last year prevalence of 3 TOBACCO polydrug use was the highest in the youngest age group (15-24 years) (Table 2-11, Figure 2-6). According to employment status, the share of lifetime prevalence of polydrug use of new drugs was the highest in those who were in the educational process (primary, secondary, tertiary) (Table 2-11). 3.1 PREVALENCE OF SMOKING Table 2-11: Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of polydrug use in the Among the Slovenian population aged 15-64, slightly less than one fourth (24.0%) Slovenian population aged 15-64, total, by gender, age, education and employ-were smokers, slightly less than one fourth (23.1%) former smokers and slight-ment status ly more than one half (52.9%) never-smokers (Figure 3-1). The majority of the Prevalence Slovenian population aged 15-64 thus did not smoke (76.0%). Share [%] in the population Lifetime Last Last 12 months 30 days Figure 3-1: Shares (in %) of smokers, former smokers and never-smokers among TOTAL 6.4% 2.3% 1.3% Male 8.4% 3.3% 1.8% the Slovenian population aged 15-64 GENDER Female 4.3% 1.3% 0.7% 15-24 years 15.5% 8.0% 3.9% Smokers 24.0 % 25-34 years 11.9% 3.7% 2.2% Former smokers 52.9 % AGE 35-44 years 4.5% 0.9% 0.6% Never-smokers 23.1 % 45-54 years 2.0% 0.4% 0.1% 55-64 years 0.6% 0.1% 0.0% Primary school or lower 5.3% 2.6% 1.4% EDUCATION Secondary school 6.6% 2.5% 1.4% Tertiary 6.7% 1.9% 0.9% Employed, self-employed, farmer 5.3% 1.4% 0.8% Primary, secondary or 16.0% 8.4% 4.1% EMPLOYMENT tertiary student In Slovenia, approximately 340,000 residents aged 15-64 smoked, approximately Retired person 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 327,000 were former smokers and slightly more than 748,000 were never-smokers. Unemployed 9.3% 3.3% 2.3% The shares of smokers, former smokers and never-smokers differed with regard to gender, age, education and employment status (Table 3-1). The share of smokers was higher among men and unemployed, and lower among women and in the oldest age group (55-64 years), persons with tertiary education and among retired persons (Table 3-1). The share of former smokers was also higher among men and persons from the oldest age group (55-64 years) and retired persons. The share of former smokers was lower among women and persons with lowest level of education. As expected, the share was lower among persons from the youngest age group (15-24 years) or among primary, secondary and tertiary students, as smoking only begins to appear in this age group (Table 3-1). 36 37 The share of never-smokers was higher among women, persons from the youngest 3.2 REGULAR AND OCCASIONAL SMOKERS age group (15-24 years), persons with tertiary education and primary, secondary and tertiary students, and lower among men, persons with secondary education Regular smokers are smokers, who smoke every day, while persons, who do not and unemployed persons (Table 3-1). smoke regularly or every day, are cal ed occasional smokers. Table 3-1: Shares (in %) of smokers, former smokers and never-smokers among Among the Slovenian population aged 15-64, approximately one fifth (19.1%) the Slovenian population aged 15-64, total, by gender, age, education and em-smoked regularly and one twentieth (4.9%) occasional y (Table 3-2). The shares of ployment status regular and occasional smokers differed by gender, age, education and employ-Share [%] in the population ment status. The share of regular smokers was higher among men and unemployed Smokers Former Never- and lower among the persons with tertiary education. The share of occasional smokers smokers smokers was higher in youngest age group, which can be expected since smoking TOTAL 24.0% 23.1% 52.9% Male 26.8% 25.2% 48.0% habits are formed in that age, smoking is more often occasional and then it gradual-GENDER Female 21.1% 20.9% 58.1% ly develops into regular (Table 3-2). 15-24 years 25.2% 9.5% 65.3% 25-34 years 28.0% 21.1% 50.9% Among all smokers, approximately 80% smoked regularly every day and 20% AGE 35-44 years 22.9% 22.3% 54.8% smoked occasional y. The shares of regular and occasional smokers differed by gen-45-54 years 25.6% 26.5% 48.0% 55-64 years 18.4% 33.0% 48.5% der, age and employment status. The share of regular smokers was higher among Primary school or lower 27.8% 18.1% 54.1% men and lower as expected in youngest age group and in group of primary, second-EDUCATION Secondary school 27.6% 23.5% 48.9% ary and tertiary students (Table 3-2). Tertiary 15.1% 24.5% 60.3% Employed, self-employed, farmer 24.2% 24.0% 51.8% Primary, secondary or 23.3% 8.8% 67.9% EMPLOYMENT tertiary student Retired person 17.6% 33.0% 49.5% Unemployed 35.0% 24.2% 40.8% 38 39 Table 3-2: Shares of regular and occasional smokers (in %) in the Slovenian pop-3.3 THE USE OF VARIOUS TOBACCO PRODUCTS ulation and among smokers aged 15-64, total, by gender, age, education and employment status Smokers use diverse tobacco and tobacco related products (e.g. nicotine contain- Share [%] in the population Share [%] among smokers ing products, including electronic cigarettes) and may use one or several products. Regular Occasional Regular Occasional smokers smokers smokers smokers Table 3-3 shows tobacco and related products that were used by individuals, regu-TOTAL 19. 4.9% 79.7% 20.3% Male 22.2% 4. 82.8% 17.2% larly or occasional y. The majority of smokers (93%) used a single product, the oth-GENDER Female 15.9% 5. 75.6% 24.4% ers two or more, so the shares in total exceed 100%. 15-24 years 17. 7.7% 69.3% 30.7% 25-34 years 22.9% 5.1% 81.8% 18.2% Among smokers, a great majority (96%) used manufactured cigarettes and approx-AGE 35-44 years 18. 5 78.5% 21.5% imately one tenth (8.5%) rol -your-own cigarettes. A low share of users used other 45-54 years 21. 4. 82.5% 17.5% 55-64 years 15.7% 2. 85.2% 14.8% individual tobacco products or electronic cigarettes (Table 3-3). Primary school 22.1% 5.7% 79.6% 20.4% or lower EDUCATION The share of smokers of manufactured cigarettes, rol -your-own cigarettes, cigars Secondary school 22.3% 5.3% 80.9% 19.1% Tertiary 11. 3. 75.2% 24.8% and pipes differs by gender. The share of smokers of manufactured cigarettes was Employed, self-19. 4.5% 81.4% 18.6% higher among women, while the share of rol -your-own cigarettes, cigars and pipes employed, farmer was higher among men (Table 3-3). Primary, secondary 15.7% 7.5% 67.6% 32.4% EMPLOYMENT or tertiary student Retired person 14.4% 3. 82.2% 17.8% The share of smokers of manufactured cigarettes, rol -your-own cigarettes and Unemployed 29.3% 5.7% 83.7% 16.3% water-pipes differs by age. The share of rol -your-own cigarettes is higher in both younger age groups (15-24 and 52-34) (Table 3-3). Table 3-3: Shares (in %) of users of various tobacco and tobacco related products among smokers aged 15-64, total and by gender d n re Share [%] among -ow ipes r obacco smokers ctu nic fa ttes ttes ing, ng o ttes rpipes ffi anu ll-your pping t ectro ate M cigare Ro cigare Cigarillos Cigars Tobacco p Chew snu di El cigare W TOTAL 96.0 % 8.5 % 0.6 % 1.2 % 0.6 % 0.3 % 0.4 % 0.8 % Male 95.0 % 10.5 % 1.0 % 1.8 % 1.1 % 0.3 % 0.3 % 0.8 % GENDER Female 97.3 % 5.8 % 0.2 % 0.4 % 0.1 % 0.3 % 0.6 % 0.8 % 15-24 92. 18. 0. 1. 0. 0 0. 3 years 25-34 95.5 % 13.4 % 0.8 % 1.5 % 0.9 % 0.0 % 0.8 % 0.0 % years AGE 35-44 97.1 % 5.1 % 1.0 % 0.9 % 0.3 % 0.5 % 0.3 % 0.2 % years 45-54 96.2 % 4.1 % 0.5 % 1.1 % 0.0 % 0.2 % 0.6 % 0.2 % years 55-64 98.6 % 1.6 % 0.0 % 0.7 % 1.8 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.3 % years 40 41 3.4 AVERAGE NUMBER OF CIGARETTES SMOKED PER DAY 4 ALCOHOL The average number of cigarettes smoked per day was calculated for smokers of manufactured cigarettes and/or rol -your-own cigarettes, who smoke every day (regular smokers). The average number of smoked manufactured and/or rol -your-4.1 ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION own cigarettes per day was approximately 16. In comparison with men, women smoked less cigarettes per day (Table 3-4). The Survey on Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drugs asked respondents about their consumption of alcohol containing beverages (e.g. beer, shandy, wine, Breezer, Table 3-4: The average number of cigarettes smoked per day among regular cocktail, spirits, liqueur, must, etc.). We were interested in their drinking habits in smokers aged 15-64, total and by gender the last year, as wel as the harmful effects of alcohol consumption and their opin-Average number of cigarettes smoked per day (regular smokers) ion on alcohol policy. Persons, who did not consume alcoholic beverages in the last TOTAL 16.3 year, were classified as abstainers. The survey did not include questions on the con-Male 18.0 sumption of energy drinks. GENDER Female 13.8 4.1.1 ABSTAINERS AND PERSONS WHO CONSUMED ALCOHOL IN THE LAST YEAR Figure 4-1: Shares (in %) of abstainers and persons who consumed alcohol in the last 12 months among the Slovenian population aged 15-64 by frequency of consumption Daily or almost daily 5.3 % 2-3 times a week 13.4 % 19.4 % Abstainers 2-4 times a month 29.6 % 32.3 % Once a month or less In the last year, alcoholic beverages were consumed by 1,142,000 (80.6%) of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 and 275,000 abstained, which is less than one fifth (19.4%) of the population (Figure 4-1). Among men, 15.7% of the population abstained in the last year and among women 23.4%. 42 43 The shares of those who abstained in the last year differed by gender, age, edu-Table 4-1: Shares (in %) of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 who have ab-cation and employment status. The share of abstainers was higher among wom-stained in the last 12 months and who consumed alcoholic beverages in the last en (23.4%) and the older population. The share of abstainers was higher among 12 months, total, by gender, age, education and employment status the older population aged 45-64 (20.9% and more) than among the younger popu-Consumed alcoholic beverages lation aged 15-34 (17.4% and less). The share of abstainers was the highest among in the last 12 months S the population with primary school education or lower (34.5%) and the lowest Share [%] in the population ER es es es among the population with tertiary education (12.9%). The share of abstainers was IN th im e th or e im im L eek eek A higher among retired and unemployed persons (approximately 25.0%) compared STAB nce a mor A O mon mor 2-4 t a mon 2-3 t a w Four t a w or TOT to shares of abstainers among employed, self-employed and farmers (17.4%) and TOTAL 19.4% 32.3% 29.6% 13.4% 5.3% 80.6% those included in the educational process (13.3%) (Table 4-1). Male 15.7% 23.7% 32.9% 19.6% 8.1% 84.3% GENDER Female 23.4% 41.3% 26.1% 6.8% 2.4% 76.6% 15-24 years 13. 34.1% 37.9% 12.2% 2.2% 86. Among the Slovenian population aged 15-64 years who consumed alcoholic bever-25-34 years 17.4% 34.9% 33.8% 11.7% 2.2% 82.6% ages in the last year, the highest share pertained to those who drank once a month AGE 35-44 years 18.7% 35.2% 28.7% 12.5% 4.9% 81.3% or less (32.2%), 18.7% drank more than twice a week, out of which 5.3% drank four 45-54 years 20.9% 28.1% 27.8% 15.3% 7.9% 79.1% or more times a week (table 4-1). The frequency of alcohol consumption in the last 55-64 years 25.4% 29.5% 21.6% 14.8% 8.7% 74.6% year differs by gender, age, education and employment status. Among those who Primary school or lower 34.5% 27.5% 22.5% 8.8% 6.6% 65.4% drank more than twice a week, the share was higher among: EDUCATION Secondary school 19.3% 32.2% 29.7% 14.0% 4.9% 80. Higher education 12.9% 34.7% 32.6% 14.3% 5.6% 87. ● men (27.7%) in comparison to women (9.2%); Employed, self- ● oldest age groups (23.2% among 45-54 years age group and 23.5% among 55-64 employed, farmer 17.4% 32.7% 30.6% 14.2% 5.1% 82.6% years age group) in comparison to youngest age groups; Primary, secondary EMPLOYMENT or tertiary student 13. 33.5% 39.9% 11.9% 1.3% 86. ● those with secondary (18.9%) and tertiary or higher (19.8%) education in compar-Retired person 27.6% 31.2% 19.1% 12.9% 9.2% 72.4% ison to those with primary education or lower (15.4%); Unemployed 24.7% 30.4% 26.2% 11.8% 6.9% 75.3% ● retired persons (22,1%), employed (19.3%) and unemployed (18.7%) in comparison to those who were in the educational process (13.3%) (Table 4-1). 44 45 4.1.2 EPISODIC HEAVY DRINKING Table Shares (in %) of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 who do not consume alcohol and of those who engaged in episodic heavy drinking in the last 12 Episodic heavy drinking was defined as drinking 6 or more alcohol units on a sin-months, total, by gender, age, education and employment status gle occasion for men and 4 or more alcohol units on a single occasion for women.3 Share [%] in the population S y es es In the last year, 659,000 (46.5%) of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 engaged ERIN han im im r t th t in at least one episode of episodic heavy drinking. The shares were higher for men r th STA eek ost dail B eve o 3 o 3 aily o (55.8%) than women (36.6%). A N Less t once a mon 1 t a mon 1 t a w D alm TOTAL 19.5% 34.0% 34.0% 10.1% 2.0% 0.4% Male 15.8% 28.4% 39.0% 13.3% 2.9% 0.7% A more detailed analysis of episodic heavy drinking according to frequency in the GENDER Female 23.5% 39.9% 28.7% 6.7% 1.1% 0.1% last year is shown in the Table 4-2. One tenth (10.1%) of the Slovenian population 15-24 years 13.6% 19.7% 39.8% 22.1% 4.4% 0.2% aged 15-64 engaged in episodic heavy drinking once to three times a month in the 25-34 years 17.5% 27.6% 40.6% 11.6% 2.4% 0.3% last year. The share was higher among: AGE 35-44 years 18.8% 39.6% 33.2% 7.3% 1.0% 0.2% 45-54 years 21.0% 37.8% 31.6% 7.7% 1.6% 0.4% ● men in comparison to women; 55-64 years 25.6% 41.9% 25.7% 4.7% 1.1% 1.0% ● youngest population aged 15-24 and 25-34 in comparison to older age groups; Primary school or lower 34.7% 26.7% 25.2% 9.3% 3.6% 0.5% ● those with secondary education in comparison to those with primary education EDUCATION or lower and those with tertiary education or higher; Secondary school 19.4% 31.1% 35.4% 11.7% 2.0% 0.5% Tertiary 12.9% 43.3% 34.9% 7.4% 1.3% 0.2% ● those in the educational process in comparison to unemployed, employed and Employed, self-retired persons (Table 4-2). employed, farmer 17.5% 36.1% 35.4% 9.1% 1.6% 0.3% Primary, secondary EMPLOYMENT or tertiary student 13.4% 19.6% 42.5% 20.2% 4.1% 0.2% Retired person 27.7% 43.6% 23.5% 3.4% 1.1% 0.7% Unemployed 24.8% 27.7% 31.0% 12.8% 2.8% 0.9% 3 10 grams of pure alcohol equals 1 unit of alcohol, which is in 1 dl of wine or 2-5 dl of beer or 0.3 dl of spirits or 3,3 dl of mixed carbonated alcoholic beverage (Kolšek, 2014). 46 47 4.2 NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION 4.3 ESTIMATED ACTUAL ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION The research looked into some of the negative consequences of alcohol consump-The actual alcohol consumption per capita in Slovenia includes registered alcohol tion. Among the negative consequences of alcohol consumption, the respondents consumption as well as alcohol consumption that is not registered by the nation-who consumed alcoholic beverages in the last year evaluated the effect of their al-al statistics (unregistered alcohol consumption). In calculating registered consump-cohol consumption on their family life or life with a partner, relationships with tion of pure alcohol per capita, data on industrial production of alcoholic beverag-friends, health, work or studies and their financial situation. es (wine, beer and spirits), on production on farms, on import and export and data on inventories of alcoholic beverages are considered. Unregistered consumption of Approximately one fourth (25.9%) of Slovenian population reported that in the last pure alcohol per capita was in our research calculated on the basis of the respond-year they felt negative consequences of alcohol consumption in at least one of the ents’ reports on imported alcoholic beverages and home production of alcohol. above mentioned fields. Younger respondents aged 15-24 mostly reported financial problems, while older respondents aged 25-64 reported health issues. The share Among all types of alcoholic beverages, the respondents imported the highest of those reporting about the negative consequences of alcohol consumption was share of spirits and produced the highest share of wine. Based on reports provid-higher among: ed by the respondents on import and home production of alcoholic beverages, we ● men (34.8%) in comparison to women (15.5%); estimated that unregistered consumption of pure alcohol per capita in Slovenia ● young people aged 15-24 (46.1%) in comparison to older age groups; stands at 4.31 litres5. Adding this to the data on registered consumption of pure al- ● those with primary education or lower (30.7%) or secondary education (27.5%) in cohol per capita (persons aged 15 or over), we can estimate that the actual con-comparison to those with tertiary education or higher (21.2%); sumption of pure alcohol per capita among Slovenians aged 15 or more in 2011 ● those who were in the educational process (45.8%) and unemployed (34.8%) in amounted to 14.92 litres (Figure 4-3). comparison to employed (22.1%) and retired persons (15.3%). Figure 4-3: Estimated (registered and unregistered) consumption of pure alcohol Among the Slovenian population aged 15-64, 30.0% believed that people are exper an adult (15 years or over) resident Slovenian in litres, 2011. Source: IVZ posed to high risks of harmful consequences of alcohol consumption if they drink five or more units4 of alcohol every weekend and only slightly more than ten per-REGISTERED ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION + UNREGISTERED ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION = cent (10.9%), believed that people do not risk harmful consequences with such = 10.61 L + 4.31 L = drinking behaviour (Figure 4-2). = 14.92 L Figure 4-2: The share (in %) of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 according to INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION + PRODUCTION ON FARMS HOME PRODUCTION + different opinions on the risk level in cases where a person drinks five or more + (IMPORT – EXPORT) + (INVENTORIES AT THE START OF THE YEAR – + IMPORT = – INVENTORIES AT THE END OF THE YEAR) = units of alcohol every weekend = 4.22 L + 0.09 L = = 7.58 L + 3.74 L + 0.01 L – 0.72 L = = 4.31 L = 10.61 L High risk 30,0 % 10,9 % No risk Moderate risk 33,2 % 25,9 % Slight risk 5 In the case that the respondents’ reports on the quantity of imported, bought, obtained or home produced alcohol applied to their entire household, the estimation of unregistered alcohol consumption is overstated. From the col ected data we cannot assess the amount of the potential overvaluation of this estimation. 4 10 grams of pure alcohol equals 1 unit of alcohol, which is in 1 dl of wine or 2-5 dl of beer or 0.3 dl of 48 spirits or 3,3 dl of mixed carbonated alcoholic beverage (Kolšek, 2014). 49 4.4 OPINION ON INDIVIDUAL ALCOHOL POLICY MEASURES 4.5 DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL The research also included opinion questions that al owed respondents to express The research also looked into the opinion of respondents on driving under the in-their agreement or disagreement with individual alcohol policy measures. fluence of alcohol. The respondents were asked about their opinion on how much alcohol an individual may consume 2 hours before he or she starts driving. Figure 4-4: Shares (in %) of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 according to their agreement or disagreement with individual alcohol policy measures. Figure 4-5: Answers of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 to the question “How many units6 of alcohol do you believe a person is allowed to drink 2 hours before Random breath testing of drivers for he or she starts driving?” shown in shares (in %) alcohol should be implemented to a 84 % 16 % great extent throughout the year. The legal blood alcohol limit for drivers 60 % should be 0.0.. 70 % 30 % 55 % Men Women Politics is co-responsible for protecting 50 % people against harmful consequences of 63 % 37 % (their) alcohol consumption. 42 % 41 % If people drank too much, 40 % 38 % tax on alcoholic beverages should be 62 % 38 % increased. 30 % Alcohol marketing should be prohibited.. 58 % 42 % If people drank too much, the number of 20 % alcohol points of sale should be 49 % 51 % decreased. 13 % 10 % Alcohol is a consumer good like any 6 % other and thus does not require any 30 % 70 % 3 % special limitations. 1 % 1 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 25 % 50 % 75 % 100 % None One unit Two units Three units Four units or more I agree. I do not agree. 48% of respondents believed that 2 hours before an individual starts driving, he or she The highest share of respondents agreed with drink-driving countermeasures. 62% should not consume alcohol and 52% of the Slovenian population believed that a person of respondents also agreed with increasing a tax on alcoholic beverages and 58% may consume alcohol 2 hours before he or she starts driving. Among the latter, the major-with prohibiting alcohol marketing (Figure 4-4). ity (49%) believe that a person may consume one to two units of alcohol 2 hours before he or she starts driving. Approximately one third (30%) of respondents believed that alcohol was a consumer good like any other and thus did not require any special limitations (Figure 4-4). Women were stricter regarding drinking under the influence of alcohol in comparison to men. More than 17% of men and 7% of women thought that a person is al owed to drink Women, retired persons and employed mostly supported alcohol policy measures. two or more units of alcohol two hours before he or she starts driving. The strictness re-Population aged 35-64 supported alcohol policy measures in higher share than garding alcohol consumption and driving increased with respondents’ age. Approximately younger population aged 15-34. 20% of younger population (aged 15-34) and approximately 13% of older population (aged 35-54) thought that a person is al owed to drink two or more unit of alcohol before he or she starts driving. 6 10 grams of pure alcohol equals 1 unit of alcohol, which is in 1 dl of wine or 2-5 dl of beer or 0.3 dl of spirits or 3,3 dl of mixed carbonated alcoholic beverage (Kolšek, 2014). 50 51 5 REFERENCES ● Anderson, P., Baumberg, B. Alcohol in Europe: A public health perspective. London: Institute of Alcohol Studies. 2006. ● Drinking population surveys – guidance document for standardized ap- proach: Final report prepared for the project Standardizing Measurement of Alcohol Related Troubles (SMART). Available on 1. 7. 2013 at http://www.alcsmart.ipin.edu.pl/files/guidance_document.pdf ● European Community Health Indicators Monitoring. Available on 1 July 2013 at: http://www.echim.org/ ● European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Available on 1 July 2013 at: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/themes/key-indicators/gps ● European Commission, Fostering Good Health: Alcohol. Available on 1 July 2013 at: http://ec.europa.eu/health/alcohol/indicators/index_en.htm ● European Commission, Fostering Good Health: Il icit Drugs. Available on 1 July 2013 at: http://ec.europa.eu/health/drugs/policy/index_en.htm ● European Commission, Fostering Good Health: Tobacco. Available on 1 July 2013 at: http://ec.europa.eu/health/tobacco/indicators/index_en.htm ● Eurostat. 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Results of the Risk Factors for Noncommunicable Diseases in the Adult Population of the Republic of Slovenia Study 52 THE USE OF ILLICIT DRUGS, TOBACCO AND ALCOHOL IN SLOVENIA 2011–2012 Selected Statistical Data and Survey Methodology Document Outline Figure 1-1: The weighted structure of respondents to the ATADD according to chosen demographic criteria: gender, age, education and employment status Figure 2-1: Lifetime prevalence of illicit drug use in the Slovenian population aged 15-64 Figure 2-2: Lifetime prevalence of illicit drug use in the Slovenian population aged 15-64 use by type of illicit drug Figure 2-3: Comparison of shares (in %) of lifetime, last year or last month prevalence of cannabis use among the Slovenian population in 15-64, 15-34 and 15‑24 years age groups Figure 2-4: Shares (in %) of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 according to their answer to the question “Is regular cannabis use risky” Figure 2-5: Shares (in %) of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 according to their answer to the question “Should cannabis use be legalised” Figure 2-6: The comparison of shares (in %) of lifetime, last year or last month prevalence of polydrug use among the Slovenian population in 15-64, 15-34 and 15-24 years age groups Figure 3-1: Shares (in %) of smokers, former smokers and never-smokers among the Slovenian population aged 15-64 Figure 4-1: Shares (in %) of abstainers and persons who consumed alcohol in the last 12 months among the Slovenian population aged 15-64 by frequency of consumption Figure 4-2: The share (in %) of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 according to different opinions on the risk level in cases where a person drinks five or more units of alcohol every weekend Figure 4-3: Estimated (registered and unregistered) consumption of pure alcohol per an adult (15 years or over) resident Slovenian in litres, 2011. Source: IVZ Figure 4-4: Shares (in %) of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 according to their agreement or disagreement with individual alcohol policy measures. Figure 4-5: Answers of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 to the question “How many units of alcohol do you believe a person is allowed to drink 2 hours before he or she starts driving?” shown in shares (in %) Table 1-1: Survey status and response rates Table 1-2: Number and share (%) of persons in the sample and population, total, by gender, age, education and employment status Table 2-1: Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of cannabis use in the Slovenian population aged 15-64, total, by gender, age, education and employment status Table 2-2: Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of cannabis use in the Slovenian population aged 15-34 years and 15-24 years, total and by gender Table 2-3: Shares (in %) of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 according to their answer to the question “Is regular cannabis use risky”, total, by gender, age, education and employment status Table 2-4: Shares (in %) of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 according to their answer to the question “Should cannabis use be legalised”, total, by gender, age, education and employment status Table 2-5: Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of cocaine use in the Slovenian population aged 15-64, total, by gender, age, education and employment status Table 2-6: Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of ecstasy use in the Slovenian population aged 15-64, total, by gender, age, education and employment status Table 2-7: Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of amphetamine use in the Slovenian population aged 15-64, total, by gender, age, education and employment status Table 2-8: Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of LSD use in the Slovenian population aged 15-64, by gender, age, education and employment status Table 2-9: Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of heroin use in the Slovenian population aged 15-64, total, by gender, age, education and employment status Table 2-10: Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of new drug use in the Slovenian population aged 15-64, total, by gender, age, education and employment status Table 2-11: Lifetime, last year and last month prevalence of polydrug use in the Slovenian population aged 15-64, total, by gender, age, education and employment status Table 3-1: Shares (in %) of smokers, former smokers and never-smokers among the Slovenian population aged 15-64, total, by gender, age, education and employment status Table 3-2: Shares of regular and occasional smokers (in %) in the Slovenian population and among smokers aged 15-64, total, by gender, age, education and employment status Table 3-3: Shares (in %) of users of various tobacco and tobacco related products among smokers aged 15-64, total and by gender Table 3-4: The average number of cigarettes smoked per day among regular smokers aged 15-64, total and by gender Table 4-1: Shares (in %) of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 who have abstained in the last 12 months and who consumed alcoholic beverages in the last 12 months, total, by gender, age, education and employment status Table Shares (in %) of the Slovenian population aged 15-64 who do not consume alcohol and of those who engaged in episodic heavy drinking in the last 12 months, total, by gender, age, education and employment status