325
Phymosia (Malvaceae) a new genus for the 
flora of Africa, with nomenclatural notes 
Abstract
As part of ongoing studies of T unisian Malvaceae, a population of Phymosia 
umbellata was discovered in Monastir city. It represents the first generic record for 
the national and continental flora. Morphological characters, as well as ecological 
data are given. A list of all the accepted names in Phymosia, their synonyms and 
types is also provided, with nomenclatural notes about some accepted Phymosia 
species.
Iz vleček
Med dolgoročnimi raziskavami družine Malvaceae v T uniziji smo v mestu 
Monastir odkrili populacijo vrste Phymosia umbellata. Predstavlja prvi generičen 
zapis pojavljanja te vrste v nacionalni in kontinetalni flori. Predstavili smo 
morfološke značilnosti in ekološke podatke. Navajamo seznam vseh veljavnih 
imen rodu Phymosia, njihove sinonime in tipe z nomenklaturnimi pripombami o 
nekaterih vrstah rodu Phymosia.
Key words: Alien species,  
Phymosia umbellata, T unisia, 
typification.
Ključne besede: T ujerodne vrste, 
Phymosia umbellata, T unizija, 
tipizacija.
Received: 23. 3. 2020
Revision received: 28. 4. 2020
Accepted: 29. 4. 2020
1 Department PDTA, University of Rome Sapienza, Via Flaminia 72, 00196-Rome, Italy. E-mail: d.iamonico@yahoo.it
2 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences “A”, Laboratory of Botany, Cryptogamy and Plant Biology, University of Monastir, Avenue Avicenna, 5000-Monastir, 
T unisia. E-mail: ridha.elmokni@fphm.rnu.tn
Duilio Iamonico1 
 & Ridha El Mokni2 
DOI: 10.2478/hacq-2020-0008 19/2 
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Phymosia (Malvaceae) a new genus for the flora of Africa, with nomenclatural notes
Introduction
The first comprehensive revision of the tropical genus Phy-
mosia Desv. ex Ham., after its original publication (Ham-
ilton 1825: 49–50, who proposed the new genus based on 
calyx and fruit structures, segregating just the Linnaean 
Malva abutiloides L. which is, therefore, the holotype of the 
genus Phymosia), was made about 150 year later by Fryxell 
(1971), who recognized the following eight species: P . abu-
tiloides (L.) Desv. ex Ham., P . anomala Fryxell, P . crenulata 
(Brandegee) Fryxell, P . floribunda (Schltdl.) Fryxell, P . pau-
ciflora (Baker f.) Fryxell, P . rosea (DC.) Kearney, P . rzedows-
kii Fryxell, and P . umbellata (Cav.) Kearney. No infraspeci-
fic taxa were considered by Fryxell (1971).
As part of an ongoing study on the family Malvaceae 
(e.g., Iamonico 2010, 2014a, 2014b, 2016, 2018, Iamon -
ico & Peruzzi 2014, Iamonico & Valdés, 2017, Iamonico 
& Del Guacchio 2020) and the alien Flora of T unisia (El 
Mokni & Iamonico 2018a, 2018b, 2019, Iamonico & El 
Mokni 2017, 2019a, 2019b), field surveys allowed to find 
a population of Phymosia umbellata. The genus results 
new both for the Country and the whole Africa (SANBI 
2012). A description of the African population, as well as 
distribution and habitat in T unisia are provided. Nomen-
clatural notes on other Phymosia names were also given.
Materials and methods
The research is based on field surveys [collected specimens 
are deposited at HFLA and Herb. Univ. Monastir: TUNI-
SIA. Monastir: Monastir-South, gardens, 15 m a.s.l., 05 
Dec 2018, R. El Mokni & D. Iamonico s.n. (Herb. Univ. 
Monastir!); ibidem (HFLA!); ibidem, 08 Mar 2020 (Herb. 
Univ. Monastir!)], analysis of relevant literature, and exami-
nation of specimens preserved at BR, BM, GH, GOET , K, 
LINN, NY, and P (herbarium codes follow Thiers 2020+).
The articles cited through the text follow the Interna-
tional Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants 
(T urland et al. 2018, hereafter ICN).
The names (basionyms) are listed in alphabetical order.
Results and discussion
First record for Tunisian and African 
floras
Phymosia umbellata is a species native to Mexico (Fryxell 
1971), whereas it was recently found as alien in Europe, 
in Greece (Rodos Island; Galanos 2015), and Spain (Bar-
celona Province; Gómez-Bellver et al. 2016).
A single population of Phymosia umbellata was found at 
Monastir city , CE-T unisia (Figure 1), at elevation 15–20 m. 
It comprises 7 individuals which occupy an area of about 
20 m
2
. We observed the flowering time from December to 
January, whereas the fruiting time is February-March. This 
population represents the first record of the species for the 
Flora of Africa. At the current state of knowledge, we con-
sider Phymosia umbellata as a casual alien species for T uni-
sia and Africa. However, future monitoring will be carried 
out to check the eventual naturalization of the species.
Nomenclature
Note on the type of Malva rosea  
(≡ Phymosia rosea)
Candolle (1824: 435) validly described Malva rosea giv-
ing a short diagnosis, the provenance (“montium Novae-
Hispaniae”), and citing “fl. mex. ic. ined.”. These latter 
abbreviated words refer to Icones Florae Mexicanae, a 
series of paintings (included in the Torner’s collection) 
which would accompany the projected Mexican flora 
related to the Sessé and Mociño’s expedition aimed to 
explore the flora of Caribbean, Mexico and northern 
Central America (with forays also in Baja and Alta Cali-
fornia and as far north as Nootka and Alaska) (see Hunt 
Institute For Botanical Documantation 2020).
Fryxell (1971: 168) reported “Type: Calque des Des-
sins de la Flora du Mexique de Moçiño et Sessé . . . , 
No. 58 (F, G, US)”. This cited work was published by 
Candolle (1874) and includes a list of the taxa of Icones 
Florae Mexicanae which served as type of the taxa listed 
in his Prodromus, as reported in both the Title (“Calque 
des Dessins de la Flora du Mexique de Moçiño et Sessé qui 
ont servi de type espécies dans le systema ou le prodromus”) 
and the Introduction (Candolle 1874: 1) (see also Del 
Guacchio et al. 2016: 149). The “No. 58” cited by Fryxell 
(l.c.) refers to the number of planche reported by Can-
dolle (1874: 6; see https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/
item/175033#page/95/mode/1up) for Malva rosea. We 
verified that 58 is also the number of the painting of 
Icones Florae Mexicanae of Malva rosea.
Note, finally, that Candolle (1824) alwalys reported “v. 
s.” (vidi siccam) when he examined herbarium specimens 
[see for example Malvaviscus pilosus (DC.) Swartz; Can-
dolle 1824: 445], whereas this information was not given 
for Malva rosea.
All things considered, as in other cases [for example 
for Malvaviscus penduliflorus (Iamonico & El Mokni in 
prep.)], Candolle (1824: 435), by reporting “fl. mex. ic. 
ined.”, published its diagnosis of Malva rosea based on 

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the illustration of Icones Florae Mexicanae. The quota-
tion by Fryxell (1971: 168) of the herbaria F, K, and 
US likely indicates that he seen copies (we traced an 
illustration of Malva rosea at F (same of that included 
in Icones Florae Mexicanae, but non colored; see https://
fm-digital-assets.fieldmuseum.org/369/620/30485.jpg). 
Anyway, the image no. 58 of Icones Florae Mexicanae 
can be considered as the holotype of the name Malva 
rosea according to the Art. 9.1 of ICN, and the cosidera-
tions by McNeill (2014). 
Notes on the typification of 
Sphaeralcea crenulata (≡ Phymosia 
crenulata)
Fryxell (1971: 161) stated for Sphaeralcea crenulata 
“Type: MEXICO: Puebla: Barranca Cerro de Paxtle, Pur-
pus 2601 (UC)”. The typification is correct and is to be 
considered as lectotypification according to the Art. 7.11 
of ICN. Moreover, although Fryxell (1971: 161) did not 
report any barcode, there is only one specimen at UC 
(UC-124978) which label data correspond to those indi-
cated by the author.
Note that Fryxell (1971) also listed further two iden-
tical Purpus’ specimens at GH, and MO (barcode 
MO-531995), but we have not been able to trace the im-
ages of these exsiccata.
Typification of Sphaeralcea galeottii 
(= Phymosia umbellata)
Sphaeralcea galeottii was validly described by Turczaninow 
(1858) through a diagnosis, the provenance (“Oxaca Mex-
ici alt. 3000 ped.”), and the collector (“Galeotti n. 4102”).
Fryxell (1971: 163), by reporting “Type: Veracruz, 
Tlachichuca, al pié del Volcán, s.d., Galeotti 4102 (BR-3 
sheets)”, did not indicate which BR specimen was to be 
considered as type. According to the Arts. 7.11 and 9.17 
of ICN, a second-step typification is necessary.
W e traced the three BR specimens cited by Fryxell (1971: 
163), i.e. BR-0000005215393, BR-0000005178476, 
and BR-0000005179817. We here designate the speci-
men BR-0000005215393 as the lectotype of the name 
Sphaeralcea galeottii (second-step typification) since an 
image is online available just for it1. The other two BR 
specimens are isolectotypes. A further isolectotype was 
found at K (K-000328823).
1 Since the COVID-19 situation, we had not the possibility 
to obtain images of the other two specimens (BR-
0000005178476, and BR-0000005179817). 
Figure 1: Phymosia umbellata in T unisia: A) inflorescence with leaves, B) details of flower, C) schizocarps (photos by R. El Mokni).
Slika 1: Phymosia umbellata v T uniziji: A) socvetje z listi, B) podrobnosti cvetov, C) pokovec (fotografije R. El Mokni).

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Typification of Sphaeroma 
floribunda (≡ Phymosia floribunda )
Sphaeroma floribunda was validly published by Schlech-
tendal (1827: 53) who provided a short diagnosis, a de-
tailed description, the provenance (“Ad Oajaca”), and the 
collector (“Mühlenpfordt”
2
). Fryxell (1971: 160) given 
a wide discussion about the Mühlenpfordt’s collection, 
reaching to the conclusion that orginal material no longer 
exists since Mühlenpfordt’s specimens were included into 
the Halle’s herbarium at B, destroyed during the II World 
War. As a consequence, Fryxell (1971: 157) proposed a 
neotype “Oaxaca: Yavesía, Galeotti 4088 (BR)”. We traced 
three pertinent specimens at BR, collected by H. G. 
Galeotti and numbered as “4088”: BR-000000517838, 
BR-0000005188031, BR-000000517897. According to 
the Art. 9.17 of ICN a second-step typification is neces-
sary and we here select the specimen BR-000000517897 
as the other two BR specimens are isoneotypes. We found 
a further isoneotype at K (K-000328820).
Typification of Sphaeroma floribunda 
var. pauciflora (≡ Phymosia pauciflora )
Baker (1893: 365) proposed the name Sphaeroma flori-
bunda var. pauciflora on the basis of a Mexican collection 
by T. Coulter, numbered as “No. 800”. Fryxell (1971: 
163) reported: “Type: MEXICO: Hidalgo: Zimapan, 
Coulter 800” without indication of the herbarium. In the 
successive page of his work, Fryxell (1971: 164) listed 
three Coulter’s specimens at GH, F, and K, but he did 
not indicate which specimen was the type.
According to the Arts. 7.11, 9.17, and 9.22 of ICN the 
Fryxell’s typification proposal can be considered as valid 
and a second-step typification is here provided.
W e traced three specimens, one at GH (GH-00058142), 
and two at K (K000328821 and K-000328822), which 
are part of the original material used by Baker (1893: 
365) to describe Phymosia floribunda var. pauciflora. We 
here designate the specimen K-000328822 the lectotype 
of the name Sphaeroma floribunda var. pauciflora (second-
step typification), since it bears a part of one plant dis-
playing more characters. The other two specimens (GH-
00058142 and K-000328821) are isolectotypes.
Note that Fryxell (1971: 164) also listed a further 
Coulter’ specimen at F , but we have not been able to trace 
this exsiccatum.
2 Philipp August Friedrich Mühlenpfordt (1803–1891) was 
a German botanist, Professor of Zoology and Botany at the 
Polytechnical School of Hannover (Mühlenpfordt 1847).
Taxonomic treatment
A list of all the currently accepted Phymosia species, with 
homotypic synonyms and correct types is reported.
Phymosia abutiloides (L.) Desv. ex Ham., Prodr. Pl. Ind. 
Occid.: 49. 1825 ≡ Malva abutiloides L., Sp. Pl. Ed. 
2 2: 971. 1763 ≡ Sphaeralcea abutiloides (L.) G.Don, 
Gen. Syst. 1: 465. 1831 – Lectotype (designated Fryx-
ell, 1971: 157): [Icon] t. 1. f. 1 in Dillenius (1732). 
Image of the lectotype available at https://bibdigital.
rjb.csic.es/viewer/10700/?offset=#page=11&viewer=pi
cture&o=bookmark&n=0&q=
Chorology: Bahamas (at sea level) and Haiti (up to 1500 
m a.s.l.) (Fryxell 1971: 157).
Phymosia anomala Fryxell, Madroño 21(3): 167. 1971 
– Holotype: Mexico, Hidalgo, Real del Monte, Aug 
1946, Martínez 15054 (MO-1313132!). Image of the 
holotype available at http://legacy.tropicos.org/Im-
age/34333
Chorology: Endemic to Hidalgo and Michoacán, Mexi-
co (Fryxell 1971: 168).
Phymosia crenulata (Brandegee) Fryxell, Madroño 
21(3): 161. 1971 ≡ Sphaeralcea crenulata Brandgee, 
Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 3(8): 384–385. 1909 – Lec-
totype (designated by Fryxell 1971: 157, first-step; 
second-step, proposed here according to the Art. 9.17 
of ICN): Mexico, Puebla, Barranca Cerro de Pax-
tle, Jul 1907, Purpus 1601 (UC-124978!). Image of 
the lectotype available at https://plants.jstor.org/sta-
ble/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.uc124978?searchUri=fil
ter%3Dname%26so%3Dps_group_by_genus_speci
es%2Basc%26Query%3DSphaeralcea%2Bcrenulata; 
Isolectoypes: GH (not traced, fide Fryxell 1971: 163), 
and MO-531995 (image not traced, fide Fryxell 1971: 
163, but see the form at http://legacy.tropicos.org/
Specimen/2159962).
Chorology: Puebla, Mexico (Fryxell 1971: 163).
Phymosia floribunda (Schltdl.) Fryxell, Madroño 
21(3): 157. 1971 ≡ Sphaeroma floribunda Schltdl., 
Linnaea 11: 353. 1827 ≡ Malva floribunda (Schltdl.) 
Steud., Nomencl. Bot. (ed. 2): 2: 94. 1841 ≡ Sphaer-
alcea floribunda (Schltdl.) Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst. 
2: 789. 1843 – Neotype (designated by Fryxell 1971: 
157, first-step; second-step, proposed here accord-
ing to the Art. 9.17 of ICN): Mexico, Oaxaca, Yave-
zia, Nov 1840, Galeotti 4088 (BR-000000517897!) 
(Figure 1). Isoneotypes: BR-000000517838!, BR-

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Phymosia (Malvaceae) a new genus for the flora of Africa, with nomenclatural notes
0000005188031!, and K-000328820! (designated 
here, image available at http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/
getImage.do?imageBarcode=K000328820).
Chorology: North-central Oaxaca, Mexico (Fryxell 
1971: 161).
Phymosia pauciflora (Backer) Fryxell, Madroño 21(3): 
163. 1971 ≡ Sphaeralcea floribunda var. pauciflora Bak-
er, J. Bot. 31: 365. 1893 – Lectotype (designated by 
Fryxell 1971: 163, first-step; second-step, proposed here 
according to the Art. 9.17 of ICN): Mexico, Hidalgo, 
s.d., Coulter 800 (K-000328822!). Image of the lecto-
type available at http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getImage.
do?imageBarcode=K000328822; Isolectoypes: GH-
00058142! (image available at https://s3.amazonaws.
com/huhwebimages/0014D61A75A445F/type/
full/58142.jpg), K-000328821 (image available at 
http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getImage.do?image 
Barcode=K000328821), and F (not traced, fide Fryxell 
1971: 163).
Chorology: Mexico (Fryxell 1971: 163).
Phymosia rosea (DC.) Fryxell, Madroño 21(3): 168. 
1971 – Holotype: [icon] Malva rosea no. 58 in Icones 
Florae Mexicanae (unpublished). Image of the holotype 
available at https://huntbot.org/torner/sites/default/
files/illustration/0745.JPG
Chorology: Central America, from Guatemala to South 
Mexico (Fryxell 1971: 172).
Phymosia rzedowski Fryxell, Madroño 21(3): 172–173. 
1971 – Holotype: Mexico, 2 km a SE de San Pa-
blo Ixayoc, munic. de Texcoco, fondo de cañada con 
vegetatión de bosque de Alnus con Abies, Fraxinus, y 
Quercus, 2600 m a.s.l., 03 Aug 1967, Rzedowski 24187 
(ENCB-003465!). Image of the holotype available at 
http://collections.umontpellier.fr/
Chorology: Endemic to T excoco, Mexico; occurring only 
in its locus classicus (Fryxell 1971: 173).
Phymosia umbellata (Cav.) Kearney, Leafl. W. Bot. 
5(12): 190. 1949 ≡ Malva umbellata Cav., Icon. 1: 
64, t. 95. 1791 ≡ Sphaeralcea umbellata (Cav.) G. 
Don, Gen. Hist. 1: 465. 1831 ≡ Sphaeroma umbella-
tum (Cav.) Schltdl., Linnaea 11: 352. 1837 – Lecto-
type (designated by Fuertes & Fryxell 1993: 661–662): 
Spain, Ex. H. Matr. (Horti [Regi Botanici] Matriten-
sis), cultivated at the Botanic Garden of Madrid, 
1800, s.c. s.n. (MA-CAV-475960!). Image of the lec-
totype available at http://herbario.rjb.csic.es/zoom3.
php?filename=Malva_umbellata_475960; Isolecto-
types: MA-CAV-475959! (http://herbario.rjb.csic.es/
zoom3.php?filename=Malva_umbellata_475959), 
MA-CAV-475961! (http://herbario.rjb.csic.es/
zoom3.php?filename=Malva_umbellata_475961), 
 MA-CA V -475962! (http://herbario.rjb.csic.es/zoom3.
php?filename=Malva_umbellata_475962).
= Sphaeralcea galeottii Turcz., Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 31: 
186. 1858 – Lectotype (designated by Fryxell 1971: 
165, first-step; second-step typification, here pro-
posed): Mexico, Veracruz, Tlachichuca, al pié del Vol-
cán, s.d., Galeotti 4102 (BR-0000005215393!). Im-
age of the lectotype available at http://www.br.fgov.
be/research/COLLECTIONS/HERBARIUM/detail.
php?ID=444674; Isolectoypes: BR-0000005178476, 
BR-0000005179817, and K-000328823 (image avail -
able at http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getImage.do?image 
Barcode=K000328823).
Acknowledgements
Thanks are due to Directors and Curators of all the quot-
ed herbaria for their support. Special thanks to F . V erloove 
(Herbarium BR) for the images of the type of Sphaeroma 
floribunda (BR-000000517897, BR-000000517838, and 
BR-0000005188031).
Duilio Iamonico , https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5491-7568
Ridha El Mokni , https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3849-1039
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