Zbornik gozdarstva in lesarstva 91 (2010), s. 89-92
GDK: 145.7 Dasineuragleditchiae+41(497.4)(045)=163.6
Prispelo / Received: 24.05.2010	Znanstvena novica
Sprejeto I Accepted: 02.06.2010	Scientific note
Dasineura gleditchiae (Osten Sacken, 1866) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), honeylocust pod gall midge: a new invasive species in Slovenia
Maja JURC, Dušan JURC" Abstract
A strong attack of honeylocust pod gall midge {Dasineura gleditchiae) on honeylocust {Gleditsia triacanthos) in Ljubljana, it's surrounding area and in Maribor was found in May 2010. The insect was found on all surveyed locations but the attack was stronger on "Sunburst" horticulture variety than on seed-grown trees. From the intensity of the infestation and the overall spread of the honeylocust pod gall midge, it is concluded that it was introduced some years before. At the end of May, the midge finished its first reproduction cycle in this year and adults massively emerged from the pods. The characteristics of morphology, life cycle and possibilities of suppression of honeylocust pod gall midge are described. This is the first report of Dasineura gleditchiae from Slovenia.
Key words: gall midges, zoocecidium, new record, fauna, Slovenia
Dasineura gleditchiae (Osten Sacken, 1866) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), gledičevkina
listna hržica: nova invazivna vrsta v Sloveniji
Izvleček
Ugotovili smo močan napadgledičevkine listne hržice (Dasineura gleditchiae) na trnati gledičevki (Gleditsia triacanthos) v Ljubljani, njeni okolici in v Mariboru v maju 2010. Našli smo jo na vseh pregledanih lokacijah, vendar je bil napad močnejši na okrasni obliki »Sunburst« kot na drevesih, vzgojenih iz semena. Zaradi intenzivnosti napada in splošne razširjenosti glidičevkine listne hržice sklepamo, da je bila vnesena že pred nekaj leti. Ob koncu maja so hržice zaključile prvi življenjski krog v tem letu in odrasle so množično zapuščale šiške. Opisane so morfološke značilnosti, življenjski krog ter možnosti zatiranja glidičevkine listne hržice. To y'e prvoporočilo opojavu hržice Dasineura gleditchiae v Sloveniji.
Ključne besede: hržice, šiška, nova najdba,favna, Slovenija
1 Introduction
Austria it was found in the year 2000, in France in 2005
1 Uvod	(but the pest was probably present earlier), in Turkey in
2005 and in Denmark in 2006 (FISCHER / PIVOT 1992, SIMOVA-TOŠIČ / SKUHRAVA 1995, LABANOWSKI
Thehoneylocustpodgallmidge Dasineuragleditchiae	/ SOIKA 1997, DEL ESTAL / SORIA / VINUELA
(Osten Sacken, 1866) originates from the eastern part of	1998, DINI-PAPANASTASI / SKARMOUTSOS 2001,
North America where it is monophagous on honeylocust	LAMBINON / SCHNEIDER / FEITZ 2001, STEYRER
{Gleditsia triacanthos L.) leaves. It was introduced to	et al. 2002, BAYRAM / SKUHRAVA / COBANOGLU
Europe with seedlings imported to Netherlands in 1975	2005, LAROUSSE 2005, SKUHRAVA / SKUHRAVY
and is now regarded as an invasive species (EPPO 2008).	/ J0RGENSEN 2006, HRUBIK 2007, EPPO 2008,
From the Netherlands, it was transported with seedlings of	SANCHEZ GARCIA 2008). It was regarded as a common
Gleditsia triacanthos to other European countries in the last	pest of ornamental honeylocust trees in Zagreb, Croatia in
two decades of the 20*^ century. It was found in Italy in 1980	2004 (MATOŠEVIČ 2004). To our knowledge, there is no
(Toscana, Friuli Venezia-Giulia), in the United Kingdom in	report of Dasineura gleditchiae in Slovenia and it was not
1983, in Switzerland in 1990, in Hungary in 1992, in Serbia	listed in the gall midge catalogue of Slovenia (SIMOVA-
in 1993, Poland in 1994-1996, and Slovakia in 1996. In	TOŠIČ / SKUHRAVA / SKUHRAVY 1996). Since in all
' prof. dr. M. J., UL, BF, Oddelek za gozdarstvo in obnovljive gozdne vire. Večna pot 83, SI-1000 Ljubljana, maja.jurc@bf.uni-lj.si ^ doc. dr. D. J., Gozdarski inštitut Slovenije, Večna pot 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, dusan.jurc@gozdis.si
neighbouring countries the honeylocust pod gall midge is well established, it was also expected to be found in Slovenia.
In May 2010, we surveyed honeylocust trees in Ljubljana and the surrounding area (about one hundred trees were inspected on 12 locations) and discovered the presence of honeylocust pod gall midge throughout the area. Thomless and yellowish trees of Gleditsia triacanthos "Sunburst" horticultural variety were heavily attacked; seed-grown trees were less affected. Some trees had leaves with most of the leaflets galled but, in general, we could find some galls on every surveyed honeylocust tree. On of May 2010, the majority of the galls contained pupae and numerous adults emerged after keeping the galls for one day in eclector (Fig. 1-6). Besides, numerous galled leaves on old, seed-grown honeylocust trees were found in the centre of the town Maribor on 27*^ May 2010. Compared to the infestation in Ljubljana, the trees in Maribor bear more galls, indicating older infestation or better ecological conditions for the development of honeylocust pod gall midge.
2 Biology
2 Biologija
Dasineura gleditchiae is host specific for Gleditsia triacanthos and its larvae cause galling of young, unexpanded leaflets. As the pest matures, the galls turn brown and abscise, leaving naked branches and reducing the aesthetic value of the attacked trees. Adult midges deposit eggs on new foliage along the rachis or on the edges of developing leaf buds in early spring. The eggs usually hatch in two days; the young larvae crawl along the leaf and begin feeding. Only one larva is required to initiate galling of the leaf, but the gall can contain up to five larvae. Leaf galls (zoocecidia) may be folded, partially podded, or the entire leaf may form a pod. The leaf gall dies and drops once the larvae pupate and emerge. Pupation occurs within the galls and lasts approximately four to six days in summer. Generation time ranges from 21-30 days with several overlapping generations per year. Adults probably do not feed. Localized die-back of young branches is often associated with high infestation levels on susceptible horticultural varieties of honeylocust (THOMPSON et al. 1998).
flattened with a pebbled integument. The colour varies from white to orange; the head is small and retractable. Before pupation, the larvae are about 2.4 mm long. Pupae are approximately 2.43 mm long, firstly white but progressing to light orange or red at eclosion. Adult males are 1.8-2.1 mm long, and females 2.2-2.5 mm. Adults have moniliform antennae with 12 flagellar segments, compound eyes of the holoptic type and no ocelli. The mouth parts are reduced (THOMPSON e?«/. 1998).
3 Suppression
3 Zatiranje
Because of the use of honeylocust in urban environments and the high toxicity of the effective insecticides, suppression is not advised. In nurseries or in other controlled environments, pest presence can be established by the use of sticky traps and spraying should be performed when the gall midge is present. The insecticides currently being used in the USA and also registered in Slovenia for control of the midge are as follows: imidacloprid (Confidor 200 SL, produced by Bayer; Kohinor SL 200, produced by Makhtesim-Agan), dimetoate (Perfekthion, produced by BASF), lambda-cyhalothrin (Karate zeon 5 CS, produced by Syngenta) (ROSETTA / BELL / COLLINS 2010). The discovery of female-produced sex pheromones offers an effective lure for the use in combination with sticky traps for monitoring and suppression ofthe midge (MOLNÄR et al. 2009).
4 Acknowledgements
4 Zahvala
We thank reviewers prof. Dušan Devetak, PhD, and Gregor Urek, PhD, for improvements of the text. The work was financed by the Programs P4—0107 and P4—0059.
3 Description
3 Opis
The eggs are elongated, ovoid and opaque-white, and unsculptured. The first instar larvae are cylindrical, white, second and third instars are elongated and dorso-ventrally
Figure 1. Partially podded leaf of Gleditsia triacanthos attacked by Dasineura gleditehiae
Slika 1. Z Dasineura gleditehiae napaden list Gleditsia triaeanthosje delno spremenjen v šiško
Figure 2. Galls are dying in the time of adults emergence (two pupae exuviae are visible)
Slika 2. Šiške odmirajo v času izleganja adultov (opazni sta dve bubini ovojnici)

Figure 3. White, flattened larva before pupation Slika 3. Bela, sploščena ličinkapred zabubljenjem
Figure 4. Pupa is red before eclosion Slika 4. Bubaje rdečapred izleganjem
Figure 5. Adult female Slika 5. Odrasla samica
Figure 6. Adult male Slika 6. Odrasel samec
4 References
4 Viri
BAYRAM, S. / SKUHRAVA, M. / COBANOGLU, S., 2005. Cystiphora sonchi (Vallot, 1827) waADasineura gleditchiae (Osten Sacken, 1866) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), two new records from Turkey. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi 29(4), 247-254.
DEL ESTAL, P. / SORIA, S. / VINUELA, E., 1998. Nota de la presencia en Espana de Dasineura gleditchiae (Osten Sacken), sobre acacia de tres espinas. Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal. Plagas 24, 225-230.
DINI-PAPANASTASI, O. / SKARMOUTSOS, G., 2001. Relative susceptibility of ten honeylocust {Gleditsia triacanthos L.) clones to attack by the honeylocust pod gall midge {Dasineura gleditschiae Osten Sacken) in Northern Greece. Proceedings International Conference Forest Research: a challenge for an integrated European approach (2001-0827/09-01, Thessaloniki, GR), 333-336.
EPPO, 2008. EPPO Reporting Service No. 11, Paris, 2008-1101
FISCHER, S. / PIVOT, D., 1992. Apparition en Suisse de la cecidomyie Dasineura gleditchiae O. S. (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) ravageur du fivier commun Gleditsia triacanthos. L. Rev. Suisse de Viticulture, Arboriculture et Horticulture 24: 203-204.
HRUBIK, P., 2007. Alien insect pests on introduced woody plants in Slovakia. Acta entomologica serbica 12, 1: 81-85.
LABANOWSKI, G. / SOIKA, G., 1997. New and lesser known pests occurring on ornamental trees and shrubs. Progress in Plant Protection 37, 1: 218-223.
LAMBINON, J. / SCHNEIDER, N. / FEITZ, F., 2001. Contribution ä la connaissance des galles de Dipteres (Insecta, Diptera) du Luxembourg. Bulletin de la Societe des Naturalistes luxembourgois 102, 51-76.
LAROUSSE,T., 2005. Rapport Annuel Qualite et de la Protection des Vegetaux. Annee 2005. Production Horticole. Pepinieres Ligneuses Ornementales, 33 pp. http://www.srpv-midi-pyrenees.eom/pages2007/exp_zna/contenu/images _exp _ zna/situa_phyto_2005/ph_pepi_ornem.pdf
MATOŠEVIČ, D., 2004: Štetni kukci drvenastih biljnih vrsta zelenilaZagreba. Rad. Sumar. Inst. 39, 1: 37-50.
MOLNÄR, B. / KARPATI, Z. / SZÖCS G. / HALL, D.R., 2009. Identification of female-produced sex pheromone of the honey locust gall midge, Dasineura gleditchiae. J. Chem. Ecol. 35:706-714.
ROSETTA,R.L./BELL,N.C./COLLINS,T.L.,2010.Monitoring and control of honey locust pod gall midge, (accessed 20th May 2010) http://oregonstate.edu/dept/nurspest/Honey_ Locust%20_Pod%20_Gall%20_Midge.htm
SANCHEZ GARCIA, I., 2008. Primeras citas de Dasineura gleditchiae (Osten Sacken, 1866) (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) para Andalucia (Espaiia). Boletin Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, no. 43, p 94.
SIMOVA-TOŠIČ, D. / SKUHRAVA, M., 1995. The occurrence and biology of Dasineura gleditchiae O. S. (Dipera, Cecidomyiidae) in Serbia. Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem. 59: 121-126.
SIMOVA-TOŠIČ, D. / SKUHRAVA, M. / SKUHRAVY, V.,
1996: Gall Midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of Slovenia. Scopolia 36: 1-23. SKUHRAVA, M. / SKUHRAVY, V. / JORGENSEN, J., 2006. Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of Denmark. Entomologiske Meddelelser 74 (special issue), 1-94. STEYRER, G. / CECH, T.L. / FÜRST, A. / KREHAN, H. / KRENMAYER, W. / KRISTÖFEL,F. / PERNY, B. / SCHAFFER, H. / STAGL, W.G. / TOMICZEK, C., 2002. Forest protection situation 2001 in Austria - surveys and diagnosis of the BF W and documentation of forest damaging factors 2002. Forstschutz Aktuell no. 28, 66 pp. THOMPSON, P. B. / PARRELLA, M.P. / MURPHY, B.C. / FLINT, M.L., 1998. Life history and description of Dasineura gleditchiae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in California. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 74, 2:85-98.