Slikal: Osrednji prostor letnega stanovanja Slika2: Uporabnost - kombinacija umivalnika in Slika3: Zabava, druženje - prostor za odmor na
premožnejše meščanske bosanske hiše z "žarom" (mangalo) in oblazinjenimi klopmi(sečijami)podokenskimnizom. The central space in the summer quarters of a well-to-do Bosnian town house, with a brazier (mangala) and cushioned benches (sečija) under the row of windows.
lesene mizice (tahtapoša) nad stopnicami v sklopu lesene verande (divhane) v medresi na izviru reke Bune.
Utility - combination of a sink and wooden table (tahtapoša) above the stairs and within the wooden veranda (divhane) in the medresa by the spring of the river Buna.
verandi.
Entertainment, socialising - the space for leisure on the veranda.
Slika4: Vgradna oprema - omare (musandre) Slika5: Željapo zasebnosti-lesenamrežanaoknu Slika6: Skrb za osebno higieno - kopalnica za
oziroma lesena pregrada ob vhodni steni sobe.
Built-in equipment - the cupboards (musandras) and the wooden parapet by the entrance wall of the room.
(mušebak). Desire for privacy - wooden bars on the windows (mušebak).
zidno omaro s pečjo (furuno) in ročno prho.
Care for personal hygiene - bathroom behind the built-in cupboard with the furnace (furuna) and hand shower.
Fotografije Svrzine hiše v Sarajevu in medrese na Buni: Peter Marolt
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		Peter Marolt
TRAJNOSTNO OBLIKOVANJE NA PRIMERU TRADICIONALNE BOSANSKE HIŠE SUSTAINABLE DESIGN IN THE CASE OF THE TRADITIONAL BOSNIAN HOUSE
raziskava, research
povzetek
Raziskava opredeljuje tradicionalno bosansko hišo kot primer kakovostno oblikovanega bivalnega okolja. Arhitektura in zunanji prostor sta prilagojena bosanskemu človeku in sta rezultat človekovih fizičnih, predvsem pa duhovnih potreb. Bosanska hiša je preprosta in očiščena ornamenta, ki ni že del strukture. Likovno kakovost ji daje skladnost različnih materialov, konstrukcij, potrebno dinamiko pa previsni elementi, ki so hkrati del notranjega in zunanjega prostora. Previs nad pritličjem (doksat) posredno vpliva tudi na ulični prostor. Projektiran pogled na ulico, na tržni prostor (čaršijo) in/ali v zelenje vpliva na oblikovanje fasadnega ovoja, hkrati pa vpliva na dogajanje znotraj prostora.
Osrednji prostor sobe (halvata) premožnejše meščanske hiše je prazen, zato pa se lahko namembnost podnevi menja. Isti prostor podnevi služi kot dnevni prostor, ponoči pa kot spalnica. Opreme v sobi je glede na naše razmere malo, večina je "vgradne". To velja za omare (musandre), do neke mere pa tudi za sečije pod okenskim nizom. Trenutni rabi služi nizka premična mizica (sinija). Kavo kot izgovor za družabnost gostitelj "speče " na kahvodžaku, ognjišču z "napo" ali segreje na žarečem oglju na mangali sredi sobe. Izza z lesenimi letvicami zamreženega okna (mušebaka) pa opreza za mimoidočimi. Atrij, zaprto dvorišče (avlija), je vpeljan zaradi zagotavljanja zasebnosti, podobno kot to velja za delitev na tako imenovani moško in žensko hišo, hkrati pa služi za umazana opravila. Čistoča je na prvem mestu, na kar se navezuje tako vodnjak (ćesma) na dvorišču kakor tudi umivalnice v sklopu vzidanih omar oziroma kopalnice s pečjo (furuno) in "tušem". Kadar je le mogoče, sta ločena čisti in nečisti del bivališča. Oddvojena sta letna kuhinja in stranišče (letni mutvak in ćenif).
Premožna meščanska hiša je ločena na spodnji zimski in gornji letni del hiše, ki se ločita tudi po konstrukciji. Vpeljani so prostori, namenjeni druženju, zabavi in počitku - veranda z dvignjenim podom (divhana s kamerijo), ki posegajo v zunanji prostor bivališča. Tako doksat kakor tudi "veranda" pomenita podaljšek stanovanja, dnevnih prostorov, stik z zunanjim prostorom, predvsem pa sta posledicanačina življenja, ki temelji na druženju.
doseženi cilji, namen in rezultati
Nekatere prostorske forme kljubujejo času, kot to velja na primer za ovalno formo, ki jo najdemo kot obliko, ki je sinonim za obliko prostora v neugodnih življenjskih razmerah. Takšni primeri nas napeljujejo na misel, da seje mogoče tudi danes, v okviru današnjih tehnoloških možnosti, zgledovati po izročilu naših prednikov. Vsekakor analiziranje človekovih potreb, funkcionalna in tipološka analiza, posluh za oblikovanje prostora, predstavljajo temeljni kamen tudi za oblikovanje sodobne arhitekture.
problematika v arhitekturi, umestitev obravnavane teme v te tokove in njen pomen
Osnovno izhodišče, sprejemljivo tudi za današnji čas, je oblikovanje kakovostnega bivalnega okolja, ki ustreza potrebam sodobnega človeka, pri čemer velja prepoznati rahločutnost, občutek za skladnost različnih elementov in posluh za širše potrebe človeka, ki jih je s seboj prinesel Orient, kjer je kultura bivanja na prvem mestu.
ključne besede
bosanska hiša, meščanska hiša, organizacija prostora, kakovost bivanja, projektiran pogled, mesto druženja, zasebnost
summary
The research defines the traditional Bosnian house as an example of high quality in the design of residential environments. The Bosnian house is simple and devoid of ornamentation that isn't also part of the structure. Artistic quality is given by the harmony of various materials, structures, while the necessary dynamics is provided by overhanging elements that are simultaneously parts of the internal and external space. The overhanging over the ground floor (doksat) indirectly affects the street space. The designed view to the street, market space (čaršija) and/or greenery, affects the design of thefacade envelope, but also affects events within.
The central place of the room (halvata) in a well-to-do town house is empty, thus its function can change during the day. During the day the space is used as a living room and a bedroom during the night. In comparison to our conditions there isfairly littlefurniture in the room; most of it is "built-in". This applies to cupboards (musandra), to a certain extent also to the sečije below the windows. Temporary uses are serviced by the low mobile table (sinija). Coffee, is "baked" by the host on a kahvedžak: fireplace with a chimney cooker hood, or heated on a coal fed brazier mangala in the middle of the room. Passers-by can be observed from the window barred with a wooden grid (mušebak). The atrium, enclosed courtyard (avlija) was introduced to ensure privacy, but also to perform "dirty" tasks. Cleanliness is given high priority, which relates to the courtyard well (ćesma), as well as the washing niches in the built-in cupboards or the bathroom with thefurnace (furuno) and "shower". If possible the "dirty" and "clean" parts of the house are always separated. The summer kitchen and latrine are also separate (letni mutvak and ćenif). The well-to-do town house is divided into two floors, the lower, winter part, and upper, summer part, also distinct in structure. A special space is introduced for socialising, entertainment and leisure - the veranda with a raised floor (divhana with kamerija), which reaches to the outer part of the residence. Both the "doksat" and "veranda" are extensions of the home, the living room, they are connections to the outer space, but above all consequences of a lifestyle based on socialising.
intentions, goals and results
Certain spatial forms defy time, as can be seen in the oval form, seen as a form that is a synonym of spatial form for unfavourable living conditions. Such examples point out the fact that it is still possible, even today, within the framework of contemporary technological possibilities, to model our solutions on the heritage of our ancestors. Surely analysis of human needs, functional and typological analysis and sensitivity for spatial design are the foundation stonesfor designing contemporary architecture.
architectural issues, positioning the topic in ongoing debate and its' significance
The main guideline, acceptable even for the present time, is that quality living environments should be designed to suit modern day needs of humans, whereby it is necessary to recognise the finesse, feeling for harmony of different elements and wider human needs brought by the Orient, where living culture is given full advantage.
key words
Bosnian house, town house, spatial organisation, living quality, design aspect, social point, privacy