nOXGBAnbHI nAM'^TKM cnoB'^HCbKoro hacy nniCHECbKoro APXEononHHoro KoMnnEKcy
Muxaüno ^ununnyn, ranuna Conoeiü
This article deals with the burial monuments (middle-late 7th c. - late 10th c.) that are located on the territory of the Plisnesk archaeological complex (Western Ukraine). The materials from two ancient burial grounds with the typical burial ritual and the separate ritual burial places of the Old Slavic sanctuary cult complexes are analysed. Close and distant analogies of burial monuments of Plisnesk are provided.
Key words: typical burial, ritual burial, burial ground, sanctuary, Raykovetska culture, the Slavs, Plisnesk archeological complex
1. BcTyn.
nnicHecbKMM apxeonoriHHMM KOMnneKC - ^e yHiKanbHa cyKynHicTb pi3H0Hac0BHX naM'HTOK, HKi 3apa3 3HaxogHTbCH Ha TepuTopii i b OKO^H^i cynacHoro xyTopa n^icHecb-Ko (ceno ^ig^ip^i, BpogiBcbKMM panoH, ^bBiBcbKa oönacTb, yKpaiHa), (puc. 1) (^khh-nqyK M. 2009r, 12). ronoBHe Mic^e b KoMnneKci nocigae ropogu^e cnoB'^HcbKoro nacy Ta gaBHbopycbKe niTonucHe MicTo n^icHecbK, HKe gBini 3ragyeTbcH b "noBicTi MUHynux niT" nig 1188 i 1232 pp. (^iTonuc PycbKun 1989, 347, 390) i b "CnoBi o nonKy IropeBiM" (CnoBo o noxogi IropeBiM 1999, 31). CnoB'^HcbKun nepiog po3BuTKy nnicHecbKa (cep. -KiH. VII - KiH. X ct.) xapaKTepu3yeTbcH 3apog^eHHHM i po3pocTaHHHM nonicHoi Mogeni ropogu^a (^ununqyK M. 1993, 23; ^ununqyK M. 2009r, 5 - 7, 12; ^ununqyK M. 20126, 210 - 212; Fylyptscuk 2012). flo noro cKnagy npoTHroM ^bo^o nacy opraHiHHo Bxogunu gBa rpyHToBi KpeMa^iHHi MorunbHuKu, a TaKo^ H3UHHU^bKe cBHTunu^e 3 KoMnneKcoM puTyanbHux 3axopoHeHb. BapTo 3a3HaHuTu, ^o Hami y^BneHHH npo HeKpononi b Me^ax ropogu^a Ta b noro HaH6nu^HiH oKpy3i ^e goHegaBHa 3BogunucH nume go 3HaHb npo KypraHHuM MorunbHuK KiH. X - non. XII ct. (yponu^e "nopy6u"), a TaKo^ npo KinbKa fpyHToBuX XpucTuHHcbKuX iH^yMa^iHHUX ^BUHTapiB XII-XIII ct., po3TamoBaHux Ha BucoKoMy nnaTo ropogu^a. OgHaK, ^i cTapo^uTHocTi gaBHbopycbKoro nepiogy, He Ma-roTb BigHomeHHH go noxoBanbHux naM'^ToK cnoB'^HcbKoro nacy.
nepmuM MorunbHuK IX-X ct. pa3oM 3 pemTKaMu ToronacHoro KpeMaTopiro 6yno BuHBneHo npoTHroM ce3oHiB 2001 Ta 2003 pp. (^ununnyK M. 2000, 12 - 13; $unun-qyK M. 2004, 333). flpyruM HeKpononb KiH. IX - non. X ct. BigHaMgeHo y 2007 p. nig Hac gocnig^eHHH o6opoHHoi cnopygu (Bany ^ 5) Ta BHyTpimHboi nacTuHu nno^agKu yKpinneHHH (^ununnyK M. 2009a, 141; ^ununnyK M. 20096, 21 - 22). ^k 3'HcyBano-ch, ^i BigKpuTTH Manu Hag3BuHaMHo Ba^nuBe 3HaHeHHH gna ^opMyBaHHH y^BneHb npo "TunoBi" 3axopoHeHHH gaBHix cnoB'aH. Binbme Toro, HoBoBuaBneHi MorunbHuKu cTa-HoBunu ^aKTuHHo nonoBuHy ycix BigoMux noxoBanbHux cTapo^uTHocTeM VIII-IX ct. yKpaiHcbKoro npuKapnaTTH.
Puc. 1. Tonoseode3UHHUü nnaH nnicHccbKoso apxeonosiHHOso KOMnncKcy ma Mic^e3Haxo^MeHHa noxoBaHb cnoB'aHCbKoso Hacy: 1 -pumyanbHi 3axopoHeHHay cKnadi "MepmoBHOso noacy" KynbmoBoso u,eHmpy, 2 - munoBi noxoBaHHX B yp. "3aMHucbKo", 3 - munoBi 3axopoHeHHay nidHiMMi oöopoHHo'i niHÜ ^ 4 (Bany ^ 5). Fig. 1. Instrumental plan of Plisnesk archaeological complex and location of the Slavic burials: 1 - ritual burials in the "sacrificial girth" of the cult centre, 2 - typical burials from "Zamchys'ko"tract, 3 - typical burials at the footstep of the defensive line ^ 4 (bulwark ^ 5).
^e 6inbm pigKicHMMM bhhbhhmch pMTyanbHi 3axopoHeHHH, HKi BxogMHM go CKna-gy KynbTOBoro Mic^H nnicHecbKa, BigKpuToro y 2009 p. (^MnunnyK M. 2010a, 20 - 28, 30; ^MnunnyK M. 20106), (guB.: puc. 1). flocnig^eHHH ^iei nacTMHM ropogu^a npoTH-roM 2009-2013 pp. gano goBoni ^iKaBi pe3ynbTaTu (^ununnyK M. 2010a, 20 - 28; $unu-nqyK M. 2011, 5 - 19; ^ununqyK M. 2012a, 21 - 35; ^ununqyK M. 2013, 120 - 129).
2. "TnnoBi" cnoB'aHCbKi noxoBaHHH.
nepmuM cnoB'HHCbKUM MorunbHUK nnicHecbKa po3TamoByBaBCH y niBgeHHo-3a-xigHiM HacTuHi TaK 3BaHoro "fluTUH^H" (yponu^e "3aMHucbKo"), Ha niBHin, y 6e3noce-pegHiM 6nu3bKocTi go Mic^eBo^o H3UHHu^bKo^o cBHTunu^a, ^o 3HaxoguTbCH b yponu-^i "OneHuH napK"1, (^ununnyK M. 2001, 12). MorunbHuK 6yB Bu^BneHuM b pe3ynbTaTi npoBegeHHH peKynbTUBa^iMHux po6iT Ta BuBHeHHH 3a6ygoBu IX-XIII cT. ^iei nacTuHu naM'HTKu (^ununqyK M. 2004, 328 - 334). CnonaTKy no^acTuno HaTpanuTu Ha 3anum-ku 13 iH^yMa^iMHux xpucTuHHcbKux noxoBaHb, HKi iHogi "npopi3anu" ^uTnoBo-roc-nogapcbKi i KynbToBi o6'eKTu paHimoro nacy. OgHuM 3 TaKux o6'eKTiB, ^o 3anHraB nig xpucTuHHcbKuMu 3axopoHeHHHMu, 6yB KpeMaTopiM gaBHix cnoB'^H (puc. 2). Moro pemT-ku npegcTaBneHi 3anumKaMu cnopygu np^MoKyTHoi ^opMu, 3 ge^o 3aoKpyrneHuMu KyTaMu. CBoiMu cTopoHaMu BoHa 3opieHToBaHa no oci niBHin-niBgeHb, 3 He3HaHHuMu BigxMneHHHMu Ha 3axig. fflupuHa KpeMaTopiro carana 0,8 m, goB^uHa 1,8 m, a rnu6uHa (Big piBHH BuHBneHHH) - 0,25-0,3 m. CTiHKu i gHo o6'eKTa Manu ToB^uHy 0,1 m i 6ynu BunaneHi go HepBoHyBaTo-nopHoro Konbopy. Ha Moro noBepxHi npocTe^yBanuca cnigu cBoepigHoro nigno^eHHH, mBugme 3a Bce ^upy. CaMe TyT Ta Ha piBHi geHHoi noBepxHi Bganoca BigHaMTu gpi6Hi Kanb^uHOBaHi KicTKu (3Hu^eHi KpeMa^iMHi 3axopoHeHHH). nopag 3 HMoro, a TaKo^ b ii 3anoBHeHHi, HKe npegcTaBneHe HopHuMu ryMycoBaHuMu cyrnuHKaMu i3 3HaHHuMu BKpanneHHHMu rnuHHHoi BuMa3Ku, Byrinna i 3onu, 3ycTpi-Hanuca ^parMeHTu KepaMiHHux rop^uKiB X ct. (^ununnyK M. 2001, 12 - 13; $unun-HyK M. 2004, 333). Ha KopucTb BKa3aHoi ^yHK^ii o6'eKTy (KpeMaTopiM) cBignunu cnigu nigno^eHHa Ha gHi i cTiHKax cnopygu, ii napaMeTpu, HaaBHicTb no6nu3y, Ha piBHi geHHoi noBepxHi, KpeMa^iMHux pemToK to^o (^ununnyK - fflyM 2006, 72). BigHaMgeHuM pyxo-muM MaTepian Ha piBHi, a TaKo^ b 3anoBHeHHi KpeMaTopiro, go3BonuB BigHecTu Hac Moro icHyBaHHa, a pa3oM 3 hum i 3Hu^eHux KpeMa^iMHux noxoBaHb go KiH. IX-X ct. Ha ^anb, 6inbme iH^opMa^ii npo xapaKTep 3axopoHeHb i Me^i caMoro MorunbHuKa, noKu ^o He-Mae. noganbmi gocnig^eHHa BHecyTb KopeKTuBu y ^e nuTaHHa. OgHaK, no3a BcaKuMu cyMHiBaMu, nepeg HaMu pemTKu TunoBux rpyHToBux KpeMa^iMHux 6e3iHBeHTapHux, mBugme 3a Bce aMHux 3axopoHeHb, nopyMHoBaHux cTapo^uTHocTaMu 6inbm ni3Hboro nepiogy. ^iKaBUM, go peHi, BugaeTbca toM ^aKT, ^o TepuTopia, Ha aKiM po3TamoBaHuM gocnig^yBaHuM MorunbHuK, e ogHiero 3 HaMBu^ux b Me^ax ^ino^o cnoB'aHcbKoro ro-pogu^a (fflyM 2004, fflyM, 2005). ^e 6inbmy yBary npuBepTae noKani3a^ia HeKponona caMe no6nu3y a3UHHU^bK0^0 cBaTunu^a. Mo^nuBo, y gaBHuHy icHyBanu neBHi 3B'a3Ku Mi^ cnoB'aHcbKuM KynbToBuM Mic^eM Ta ^UM MorunbHuKoM, aHanoriHHo aK y xpucTuaH-cbKiM ^epKBi HaM6inbm paHHi noxoBaHHa noKani3oByBanuca HaBKono ^epK0B ("^pu^ep-KoBHi 3axopoHeHHa") (ToMeHHyK 1997; ToMeHHyK 2000; ToMeHHyK 2005, 40-48).
HaneBHe, 6inbm npaBuno roBopuTu npo 3anumKu noxoBanbHoi o6pagoBocTi, KoTpi npooTe^yroTbca caMe Ha apxeonoriHHux MaTepianax, aHi® npo caMy o6pagoBicTb, aKa cKopime e cyKynHicTro gifioTB, noB'asaHux i3 saxopoHCHHaM noKiMHuKa.
Puc. 2. KpeMamopiü daBHix chob'xh Ha nepmoMy KpeMa^iÜHOMy HeKpononi nnicHecbKa (Mamepianu po3KonoK 2003 poKy).
Fig. 2. Crematorium of ancient Slavs in the first cremation necropolis of the Plisnesk (from materials of excavations in 2003).
flpyrMM KpeMa^iHHHH MorunbHUK Ha nnicHecbKy 6yno BigHangeHO b pe3ynbTaTi gocnig^eHHH ogHoro 3 HaH6inbmHX BaniB cnoB'^HCbKoro ropogu^a 5) (^MnunnyK M. 2009a, 141; ^MnunnyK M. 20096, 21 - 22). HaMararo^MCb CHHxpoHi3yBaTH o6opoHHy cnopygy i3 3a6ygoBoro HaninbHoi nacTMHM ^iei nno^agKM ropogu^a, BganocH bmhbhtm gBa TinonanbHi fpyHToBi noxoBaHHH. Bohu 3HaxogunucH b HMKax, giaMeTpu hkux CTa-HoBunu 0,20 M Ta 0,42 m BignoBigHo (^oto 1). 3anoBHeHHH ^ux hmok penpe3eHToBaHe Ka^b^uHOBaHUMu KicTKaMu, nepenaneHUMu rpygo^KaMu fpynTy Ta ByinuKaMu. Cepeg KicToK gpyroro 3axopoHeHHH BuginanucH ^parMeHTu nepena. 06pucu ^iei hmu 6ynu nogeKygu BuKnageHi gpi6HuM KaMiHHHM, 6e3 cnigiB BorHro. Bepynu go yBaru ynaMKu Kpy^anbHoi KepaMiKu, BigHangeHi nopyq 3axopoHeHb, a TaKo^ onpuparonucb Ha cTpa-Turpa^iHHi cnocTepe^eHHH, o6ugBa noxoBaHHH BigHeceHi go KiH. IX - non. X cT.
CKnagaeTbCH Bpa^eHHH, ^o gaHun KpeMa^iHHUH MorunbHuK (niBHiHHy nacTuHy HKoro oxonneHo B pe3ynbTaTi po3KonoK n'HToro Bany) Mir icHyBaTu npoTHroM I eTany ^yHK^ioHyBaHHH gocnig^yBaHoi o6opoHHoi niHii (gp. non. IX - non. X cT.) ($unun-qyK M. 2009a, 141; ^ununnyK M. 20096, 22). Buxoganu 3 gBox eTaniB ^yHK^ioHyBaHHH Bany, cnig BBa^aTu, ^o HeKpononb nepecTaB ^yHK^ioHyBaTu B^e npu 6ygiBHu^TBi ho-Bux o6opoHHux cnopyg. TaK, nig nac nepmoro eTany icHyBaHHH niHii 3axucTy, ^e moä-Ha gonycTuTu MMoBipHicTb hobux 3axopoHeHb Ha po3TamoBaHoMy no6nu3y MorunbHu-Ky. HaToMicTb, Konu 3aMicTb npuMiTuBHux gepeB'HHo-3eMnHHux yKpinneHb, npu6nu3Ho y nep. non. - cep. X ct. 6ynu no6ygoBaHi MacmTa6Hi gBopiBHeBi o6opoHHi cnopygu Bany ^ 5 (^ununqyK M. 2009b; ^ununnyK A. 2009a; ^ununnyK A. 20096 ) Ha HeKpononi (a6o npuHaMMHi Ha noro niBHi^Hin nacTuHi), noxoBaHHH nrogen, Ma6yTb, npunuHunu-ch. Ag^e nigTpuMaHHH ^yHK^ioHyBaHHH HoBoi o6opoHHoi cnopygu BuMarano, BigTaK,
0omo 1. KpeMa^iÜHi 3axopoHeHHa y nibuiMMi niuii 3axucmy ^ 4 (Bany ^ 5) ^nicHecbKo^o ap-
xeo^lo^lHHO^o KOMnneKcy.
Photo. 1. Cremation burials at the footstep of the defensive line ^ 4 (bulwark ^ 5) of Plisnesk archaeological complex.
KOH^eHTpa^ii BoiHiB He b npuöygoBax go Bany, HKi Ha nnicHecbKy, hk npaBuno, po3Ta-moByBanMCH Hepe3 Ko^ni 12-14 m, (hk ^e 6yno, npunycTUMo nig nac nepmoro eTany ic-HyBaHHH ninii 3axMCTy), a nepe6yBaHHH o36poeHHX nrogen, npMHaMMHi no ognoMy-gBox B Ko^HiM 3 125 6ohobhx KaMep HoBo36ygoBaHoi o6opoHHoi cnopygu. TaKe cKynneHHH BoiHiB HeogMiHHo BnnMHyno Ha ^0Ka^i3a^iro MorMnbHMKa, a6o 3HaHHoi Moro nacTHHM. BMxogHHM i3 nonicHoi cTpyKTypu MicTa, peKOHCTpyK^iH niHiM 3axMCTy 6yna hmmocb Ha KmTanT ygocKoHaneHHH ^iei Mogeni.
floBoni go6pi aHanorii KpeMa^iMHHM fpynToBMM MorMnbHMKaM nnicHecbKa mo^-Ha BigmyKaTM m Ha iHmux cnoB'HHcbKMX ropogu^ax yKpaiHcbKoro npuKapnaTTH. MoBa Mge npo PeBHHHcbKe Ta CTapo36apa3bKe yKpinneHi noceneHHH. Ha ^Hx naM'HTKax go-cnigHMKM BMHBHnM Ta cTa^i0HapH0 gocnigunu 3anHmKH H3HHHH^bKHx HeKpononiB. 3oKpeMa, goBoni go6pe BMBHeHMM e PeBHHHcbKMM MorunbHUK, hkmm 3HaxogHTbcH y niBgeHHo-cxigHiM nacTMHi yKpinneHb ropogu^a (TuMo^yK 1990, 38 - 39; MuxaMnuHa 2000; MuxaMnuHa 2007, 69; MuxaMnuHa 2008, 279). BnpogoB^ 1979-1980 pp. Ha Moro TepuTopii 6yno BigKpuTo 53 hmhux fpyHToBux KpeMa^iMHux noxoBaHb, KynbToBe Mic^e i HMy gnH cnanennH noMepnux. ^k BUHBunocH b ^po^eci po6iT, 3axopoHeHHH 3giMcHro-BanucH B Kpyrnux, pigme oBanbnux HMKax, HKi Manu nnocKe a6o oKpyrne gno Ta po3-mupeHHH y Bepxnix nacTunax. Ixhh rnu6uHa cHrana: 0,3-0,4 m Big piBHH BuHBnennH. B ycix HMax npocTe^eni 3anumKu Bornu^a y BurnHgi TeMnoro nacunenoro rpynTy, ne-peMimanoro 3 ByrinnHM, nonenoM i Kanb^UH0BaHUMU KicTKaMu. y pi3Hux Morunax 3y-cTpinanacH neognaKoBa KinbKicTb nepenanenux nrogcbKux pemToK: Big BenuKoi KynKu go KicTKoBoro noneny. B peBHHncbKux 3axopoHeHHHx BuHBneno ^parMenTu ninnoro i Kpy^anbHoro nocygy, na HKoMy iHKonu npocTe^yBanucH cnigu noBTopnoro nepe6y-BaHHH y Borni. Cepeg narpoMag^enoro KepaMinnoro MaTepiany nepeBa^ana KepaMiKa, c^opMoBana na mBugK0p0Ta^iMH0My Koni. Pa3oM 3 ^UM, nopHg 3ycTpiHanucH gpi6Hi mMaTKu o6naneHoi rnunu, iHKonu noogunoKi KaMeni, omnaKoBani ^parMenTu 3ani3Hux Ta cKnHHux Bupo6iB (MuxaMnuna 1997, 70; MuxaMnuna 2007, 69 - 70).
MaTepianu H3UHHU^bK0^0 neKpononH y PeBH0My garoTb nigcTaBu BBa^aTu, ^o noxoBanbHUM o6pHg nepeg6aHaB KpeMa^iro noMepnoro na cToponi. flnH ^bo^o Mana 6 cnyryBaTu neBna cnopyga y c^e^ianbH0 BigBegenoMy Mic^i. TaKuM o6'eKT BganocH Big-KpuTu y niBHinno-cxigniM nacTuni MorunbHUKa (TuMo^yK - PycanoBa -MuxaMnuna 1981, 87 - 88; MuxaMnuna - TuMo^yK 1983, 218 - 219). Moro ^opMa Ta K0HCTpyK^iH ge^o Bigpi3HHnucH Big KpeMaTopiro y nnicnecbKy. ^H cnopyga npegcTaBnena nignpH-M0KyTH0ro HMoro mupunoro 1,10 m, ^o BUTHrnyTa B3goB^ ninii cxig-3axig na 2,50 m, Ta rnu6uHoro 0,35 m Big gaBHboi noBepxni. ^k i y BunagKy 3 KpeMaTopieM y nnicnecbKy, nnocKe gno hmu Ta ii BepTUKanbni cTiHKu 6ynu cunbno BunanenuMu. Ha gni o6'eKTa gocnignuKu BUHBunu pemTKu noxoBanbnoro Bornu^a, ^o cKnaganocH 3 nepenanenux nrogcbKux KicT0K, o6naneHoro KaMinnH, ^parMenTiB ninnoro i Kpy^anbnoro nocygy IX-X ct. ToB^una ^bo^o mapy cHrana 0,20 m. 3Bepxy Bin nepeKpuBaBcH ^oBToro, nacu-Henoro ByrnuKaMu, rnunoro, T0B^uH0ro 0,15 m (TuMo^yK 1999, 33).
^K 6aHUM0, na gBox cunxponnux cnoB'HncbKux ropogu^ax (y nnicnecbKy Ta b PeBH0My) 3a^iKcoBaHo cnopygu gnH cnanennH noMepnux, a TaK0^ Kanb^UH0BaHi KicT-KU, HKi 3HaxogunucH na ixnix goniBKax. HaHBnicTb c^e^ianbH0 BigBegenoro Mic^H gnH TinocnaneHHH noMepnux xapaKTepno gnH MorunbHUKiB (b t.h. 6inbm pannix) 3 inmux TepuTopiM, ge icnyBaB o6pHg KpeMa^ii "na cToponi" (PycanoBa 1973, 37; PycanoBa 1976, 52; Cyx060K0B 1975, 54).
nogiÖHMM fpyHTOBMM HeKponoHb 3 TpynocnaneHHHM BigHangeHMH Ha ropogu-^i CTapMM 36apa^ (^roguHCbKa 1994, 137). MorunbHUK po3TamoByBaBCH y niBHin-Ho-cxigHiM oKo^H^i HaceneHoro nyHKTy, 3 niBHiHHoi CTopoHu 3aMK0B0i ropu, Ha niBOMy 6epe3i p. rHi3Hu. ^3UHHu^bKUH HeKpononb (hk i y BunagKy nnicHecbKa Ta PeBHoro) 3aHMaB npaKTUHHo HaMBu^y HacTUHy yKpinneHHH (3HaxoguBCH Ha TaK 3BaHoMy "flu-TUH^i" ropogu^a) (^roguHCbKa 1995, 66). M. ^roguHCbKa gocnig^yBana nepu^epiMHy Moro HacTuHy, ^o He 3a3Hana pyMHyBaHb KaMeHonoMHHMu. nno^a 3aKnageHux po3-KoniB 6yna He BenuKoro - Bcboro 32,7 kb m. OgHaK, Ha HiM Bce ^ BganocH BigHaMTu ciM cKynHeHb ^parMeHTiB KepaMiKu, nig hkumu i nopyH hkux Bu^BneHo Ka^b^uHOBaHi KicToHKu 3 ByrauKaMu. ^M Big noxoBanbHux ypH goc^igHu^H He BigHaMmna. npoTe, Ha Hamy gyMKy, Burnagae ManoBiporigHuM, ^o ypHu i3 Kanb^uHOBaHUMu KicTKaMu npo-cto 3HaxogunucH Ha piBHi geHHoi noBepxHi. y niBHiHHiM HacTuHi po3Kony 3HaxogunucH gBa BigKpuTi BorHu^a oBanbHoi ^opMu, po3MipaMu 1x0,70 m Ta 1x0,80 m, 3 tob^uhom nepenaneHoro mapy go 0,02 m. Bohu BKpuBanuca mapoM noneny 3 ByrnuKaMu, tob^u-Horo 0,02-0,03 m. nopyH 3 BorHu^eM 3a^iKcoBaHo cToBnoBy HMKy giaMeTpoM 0,10 m i rnu6uHoro 0,10 m. Bina hux, y niBHiHHo-3axigHiM HacTuHi po3Kony gocnigHu^H Bigmy-Kana gBi nnaMu nepenaneHoi 3eMni 3 BenuKuMu ^parMeHTaMu 3ropinoro gepeBa, KpeMa-^iMHUMu KicTKaMu Ta ByrinnHM (^roguHCbKa 1994, 137 - 138). OKpeMo cnig Big3HaHuTu, ^o no BciM nno^i po3Kony 6ynu po3cunaHi gpi6Hi Ta BenuKi HacTuHKu Byrinna. Ha gyMKy M. ^roguHCbKoi, H3UHHU^bKUM HeKpononb Hane^aB go "ni3Hboi ^a3u" paMKo-Be^bKoi■ KynbTypu i gaTyBaBca KiH. IX - nep. non. X cT. (^roguHCbKa 1994, 141).
TaKuM huhom, go HegaBHboro Hacy Ha TepuTopii yKpaiHCbKoro npuKapnaTTH Bi-goMuMu 6ynu HoTupu fpyHToBi KpeMa^iMHi MorunbHuKu KiH. IX-X cT. Bohu xapaKTe-pu3yroTbCH nogi6HuM o6pHgoM 3axopoHeHHH, 6nu3bKuMu Tonorpa^iHHuMu yMoBaMu po3TamyBaHHH. ^OKani3a^iH HeKpononiB Ha ^eHTpanbHUx HacTuHax ropogu^ b Hepro-bum pa3 nigTBepg^ye nonicHy cTpyKTypy ^ux yKpinneHux nyHKTiB. Binbme BigoMocTeM npo "TunoBi" cnoB'aHcbKi MorunbHUKu perioHy HaM He BigoMo. npoTe, npo6neMaMu Tonorpa^ii Ta xapaKTepy pemToK o6pHgy 3axopoHeHHH, BUBHeHHH noxoBanbHux naM'a-tok b t.h. nnicHecbKa, He o6Me^yeTbcH. MoBa Mge npo nuTaHHH feHe3u noxoBanbHoi o6pHgoBocTi ocTaHHboi HBepTi I Tuc. H.e.2. B ^bOMy nnaHi Big3HaHUMo, ^o pemTKu noxoBanbHux 3BUHaiB cnoB'HH ^bo^o Hacy, 3aranoM He Bigpi3HHroTbcH Big Mic^eBUx cTa-po^uTHocTeM nonepegHboro nepiogy, to6to Big rpyHToBux ypHoBux hu hmhux Kpe-Ma^iM npa3bKoi KynbTypu (Apxeonorua npuKapnaTbH, BonHHu u 3aKapnaTbH 1990, 62 - 63). Po3rnHgaroHu npa3bKi noxoBaHHH, Tpe6a b3htu go yBaru tom ^aKT, ^o bohu, hk i iHmi Tunu naM'HToK, e reHeTUHHo cnopigHeHi 3 paMKOBe^bKUMU. HaBiTb 6inbme, HUHi HeMae nigcTaB roBopuTu npo ^i cTapo^uTHocTi He iHaKme, hk npo gBa nepiogu po3BUT-Ky ogHiei gaBHboyKpaiHcbKoi KynbTypu (^ununHyK M. 2008, 97 - 98). ToMy, noxoBanbHi naM'HTKu, npegcTaBneHi gBOMa nnicHecbKUMu, PeBHHHcbKUM Ta CTapo36apa3bKUM He-KpononHMu, noxogHTb Big npa3bKux cTapo^uTHocTeM ^bo^o ^ perioHy.
HaneBHe, 6inbm npaBuno roBopMTM npo sanMmKM noxoBanbHoi o6pHgoBocTi, KOTpi npoGTe^yroTbca caMe Ha apxeonoriHHMx MaTepianax, aHi® npo caMy o6pHgoBicTb, HKa cKopime e cyKynHicTro gifioTB, noB'asaHMx i3 saxopoHCHHHM noKiÖHMKa.
3. PMTyanbHi 3axopoHeHHH.
iHmMM, goBoni HeTpagH^iHHHM TunoM noxoBaHb, BigoMUM 3a MaTepianaMM Kynb-TOBoro Mic^H nnicHecbKoro ropogu^a, öynu puTyanbHi 3axopoHeHHH. bohm noxog^Tb 3 TaK 3BaHoro "^epToBHoro noacy" cep/KiH. VII ct. - non. X ct., CTpyKTypHoro eneMeHTy H3MHHM^bK0^0 KynbToBoro ^eHTpy, BigKpuToro 2009 p. i gocnig^eHoro BnpogoB^ 20102013 pp. KynbToBi noxoBaHHa npegcTaBneHi TyT "TunoBUMu" KpeMa^iHMM Ta pigKicHU-MM ^parMeHToBaHMMM iH^yMa^iHHMMM pemTKaMM.
AHani3 cTpaTurpa^iHHUx i nnaHirpa^iHHUx gaHUx Hag "^epToBHUM noacoM" ga-roTb 3Mory cTBepg^yBaTU, ^o TinocnaneHHa He cTaHoBunu niTKo oKpecneHUx noxoBaHb B öyKBanbHoMy ceHci ^bo^o cnoBa. Bohm TicHo noB'H3yBanMcH i3 pemToro 3anoBHeHHH 3a-3HaHeHoro oö'eKTy, aKe npegcTaBneHe nepeBigKnageHUMU necoBUMU cyrnuHKaMU, cunb-ho HacuHeHMMM ByrinnaM Ta iH^yMa^iHHMMM ^parMeHToBaHUMU noxoBaHHHMU. BepxHi KoHTypu 3anoBHeHHa "^epToBHoro noacy" npocTe^yBanuca B^e Ha rnuöuHi 0,90 m Big piBHa cyqacHoi noBepxHi, a ToB^UHa carana go 0,75 m. Bu^e Hboro 3HaxogMBca Hacun 3 nepeBigKnageHMx necoBUx i onig3oneHMx fpyHTiB (pemToK oöopoHHoi cnopygu cep. -KiH. X ct.). Hu^Ha Me^a "^epToBHoro noacy" oKpecnroBanaca necoBoro nigocHoBoro. 3aranoM, ^opMa ^bo^o oö'eKTa b po3pi3i HaragyBana cerMeHTonogiÖHUM Hacun, aKUM nocTynoBo 3By^yBaBca go KpaiB (^ununnyK M. 20106, 139). OgHa noro cTopoHa o6-Me^eHa KpaeM niBgeHHoi nacTUHU MangaHHUKa (oBanbHoro BucTyny, aKUM aKpa3 i onu-cye puTyanbHa cnopyga), a iHma, TunbHa - BM3HaHanaca nepegHboro cTiHKoro gecTpyK-^iH Ha3eMHMx cnopyg KynbToBoro npM3HaHeHHa - 6ygMHKiB-KoHTMH) (puc. 3; ^oto 2). BapTo 3a3HaHMTM, ^o aHTpononoriHHi pemTKU He nomuproBanuca 3a Me^i oKpecneHUx npocTopoBMx paMoK. y pi3HMH Hac bohm 6ynM cuHxpoHHUMU go BKa3aHMx Bu^e goBrux Ha3eMHMx 6ygiBenb. To6to B^e 3apa3 Mo^Ha cTBepg^yBaTU ^aKT TicHoro 3B'a3Ky Mi^ KpeMa^iHHMMM i iH^yMa^iHHMMM pemKaMU Ta pi3HoHacoBMMM 6ygMHKaMM-KoHTMHaMM.
0omo 2. "XepmoßHuü noxc" (3a MamepianaMU docnidMCHb 2010poKy). Photo. 2. "Sacrificial girth" (materials from research in 2010).
Puc. 3. KynbmoBi noxoBaHHXy CKnadi "Mepm0BH0^0 noxcy" (oö'eKm Ns 3), 3a MamepianaMU po3Kony Ill 2009poKy. Fig. 3. Cult burials in the "sacrificial girth" (object N 3), from materials of excavation N3 in 2009.
AHanorii TaKoro po3TamyBaHHH KynbToBux cnopyg BigmyKaTu Ba^Ko. Ha caKpanbHuM xapaKTep goBrux Ha3eMHux 6yguHKiB 3BicHo HeogHopa3oBo BKa3yBanu 6araTo BHeHux. 3oKpeMa, B. TuMo^yK nucaB, ^o y ^ux cnopygax Mornu 3giMcHroBaTu-ch pi3HoMaHiTHi puTyanu (b ToMy Hucni i ^epTBonpuHomeHH^) (TuMo^yK 1976, 124 - 128; TuMo^yK 1989; TuMo^yK 2000, 228). OgHaK, go ^bo^o Hacy He 6yno BuHBneHo puTyanbHux KpeMa^iMHUx noxoBaHb 3a Me^aMu goBrux Ha3eMHux 6yguHKiB, hk i He 6yno BcTaHoBneHo neBHux 3B'H3KiB Mi^ humu Ta Mic^HMU TaKux 3axopoHeHb y cucTeMi H3UHHU^bKo^o cBHTunu^a.
IHmuM, goBoni yHiKanbHUM TunoM "noxoBaHb", BigHaMgeHUM nig Hac BUBHeHHH "^epToBHoro noacy", 6ynu KynbToBi ^parMeHToBaHi TinonoKnageHHH. Bohu, hk i KpeMa-^iMHi pemTKu, TaKo^ 3HaxogunucH no BciM rnu6uHi 3anoBHeHHH BKa3aHoro o6'eKTy, xoHa po3TamoByBanucH Bce ^ 6nu^He go goniBKu cnopygu. Bcboro y 2009 p. 6yno BigHaMgeHo 9 puTyanbHux iH^yMa^iMHUx "noxoBaHb". nonepegHiM aHani3 ^ux iH^yMa^iMHUx ^par-MeHTiB Ha npegMeT MexaHiHHux nomKog^eHb3 go3BonHe BucnoBUTu HU3Ky npuny^eHb.
TaK, no-nepme, Ko^He 3 TaKux "noxoBaHb", npegcTaBneHe oKpeMUMu ^parMeH-TaMu nomKog^eHux HacTUH cKeneTa hu cKeneTiB (Hanp. nox. ^ 1 - ^oto. 3; nox. ^ 6 - puc. 4; nox. ^ 7 - puc. 5). y geHKux "3axopoHeHHHx" KicTKu Hane^anu KinbKoM oco-6uHaM, npuHoMy pi3Horo BiKy. Tpe6a 3ayBa^uTu, ^o b Ko^HoMy TaKoMy "noxoBaHHi"
TpannHHHCH öinbini hm Menmi (JiparMCHTH Hepena. Bohu HacTo cynpoBog^yBanuca iHmuMu HacTUHaMu nrogcbKoro Tina: xpe-6^HMU, pe6paMu, Ta3oBUMu KicTKaMu Ta KiH^iBKaMU pyK i Hir. 3HaHHa KinbKicTb BUHBneHux KicToK 3a3Hana MexaHiHHux nomKog^eHb rocTpuMu pi^yHUMu Ta py-6aroHUMu MacuBHUMu npegMeTaMu (Hanp. nox ^ 9 - puc. 6; a6o ^parMeHTu KicToK, KoTpi He BBiMmnu y cKnag BigoMux noxoBaHb - puc. 7). flnH ^bo^o, Mo^nuBo (?), Mornu nocnyryBaTu gBa iHcTpyMeHTu, Big-HaMgeHi y cnoB'HHcbKux HamapyBaHHHx KynbToBoro Mic^H: BenuKUM Hi^ (kb. B. 3; rn. 0,45 m); Ta ^parMeHT ne3a coKupKu (kb. B 4; rn. 0,50 m). CTpaTurpa^iH 3anHraHHH o6ox apTe^aKTiB BKa3ye Ha ixHe BUKopu-cTaHHH y IX-X ct., a to m b 6inbm paHHiM Hac (^ununHyK M. 2010a, 25; ^ununHyK M. 2011). yBary npuBepTae BenuKUM Hi^, 3HaHHi po3Mipu HKoro (goB^uHa - 35 cm, b t.h. ne3a - 28 cm) Ta BignoBigHa Bara garoTb nigcTaBu npunycTUTu, ^o Moro BUKopucToByBanu gna 3giMcHeHHH ^epTBonpuHomeHb.
0omo 3. Kynbmoee irnymaufüne 3axopoHeHHH (Mamepianu bocnibMeHHH 2009 poKy). Photo. 3. Cult inhumation burial ^ 1 (materials from research in 2009).
Mm npcBenM nume nonepegHiM aHani3 KicTKCBMx pemTCK Ha npegMeT MexaHiHHux nomKcg^eHb. OcHCBHcro Moro MeToro 6yno BcTaHoBneHHH BuguMux nomKog^eHb, hk ^aKmy, Kompuü pa3oM i3 iH^opmaufem npo Mic^e po3mamy6aHHX 3axopoHeHb, eKa3yeae Ha 3diücHeHHX neeHux pumyanbHux aKmie. HaronocuMo, ^o "hmctmx" aHanoriM nogi6HMM KoMnneKcaM noKU-^o He BigoMo. ToMy, TaKi MaTepianu noTpe6yroTb HeogMiHHoi ^y6niKa^ii. B MaM6yTHboMy, Hag puTyanbHUMU saxopoHeHHHMU 6yge npoBegeHo aHTpononoriHHi gocnig^eHHH Ta TpaconoriHHy eKcnepTUsy. ^e gacTb 3Mory ToHHime BcTaHoBUTU BiK, cTaTb, xapaKTep MexaHiHHux nomKog^eHb To^o. TaKi 3aBgaHHH noKU ^o BuxogHTb 3a paMKU Hamoi po6oTM.
Puc. 4. AumpononasiHuuü Mamepian 3 KynbmoBoso in-^yMa^iÜH0^0 noxoBanna ^ 6 (docnidMenna 2009poKy). Fig. 4. Anthropological material from the cult inguma-tion burial» 6 (research of2009).
5 CM
nox. 9.
Puc. 6. MexauiHui nomKobMeuuH aHmpono^lo^iHHo^o Mamepiany 3 KynbmoBo^o iH^yMa^iÜHo^o noxoBaHHa ^ 9 (bocnibMeHHH 2009poKy). Fig. 6. Mechanical damages of the anthropological material from the cult ingumation burial ^ 9 (research of 2009).
Puc. 5. ÄHmpononosiHHuü Mamepian 3 KynbmoBoso iH-^yMa^iÜHo^o noxoBaHHa ^ 7 (docnidxeHHa2009poKy). Fig. 5. Anthropological material from the cult ingumation burial» 7 (research of2009).

______05. >r! 3. Kb, J A'.
M Bl/I plDIlJI cyH, riOB. (sanoBHeHHj)
Puc. 7. MexaHiHHi nomKobxeHHa aHmponono^iHHo^o Mamepiany, Bi^Haü^eHo^o b 3anoBHeHHi "xepmoBHo-^o noacy": KBadpam SAf (bocnibMeHHH 2009 poKy). Fig. 7. Mechanical damages of the anthropological material discovered in completing of the "sacrificialgirth": 3A' square (research of2009).
no-gpyre: HH3Ka KicTOK ko^hofo TpynonoKnageHHH oönaneHa Tiero hm iHmoro Mi-poro. flo Toro ^ bohm HacTO cynpoBog^yEanMCH ManuMM Ta cepegHiMU cKynneHHHMH BnacHe KpeMa^iHHHX pemToK. BapTo BKa3aTH i Ha 3HaHHy KinbKicTb gepeBHoro Byrinna, ^o TpannanocH no6nH3y noxoBaHb. Ihkohm Ha KicTKax npocTe^yroTbCH BigÖMTKM ropi-noro gepeBa. Bce ^e gae 3Mory cTBepg^yBaTM, ^o ^paiMeHToBaHi iH^yMa^ii 3HaxogHnH-ca y 6e3nocepegHiH 6nH3bKocTi go g^epena BorHro.
no-TpeTe: npaKTUHHo Ko^He ^epTBonpuHomeHHa neBHUM HMHOM "npHB'H3aHe" go cKynneHHH cepegHboro Ta BenuKoro KaMiHHa, aKe 3anHrano Ha ogHoMy piBHi Ta ne-peKpuBano ix. Mo^nuBo, ^o ^e Mornu 6yTH HeBigoMi HaM KOHCTpyK^ii, aKi cTaHoBunu co6oro aKMMcb KoMnneKc.
no-HeTBepTe: Man^e b Ko^HoMy "noxoBaHHi" BuaBneHo Ha6ip cynpoBigHUx pe-HeM, aKi Mornu Hane^aTM ixHiM BnacHUKaM (eneMeHTU ogary, npuKpac, nuBapHUx ^op-mohok, to^o). B KoHTeKcTi 3a3HaHeHoro nocTae nuTaHHa cniBBigHomeHHa iH^yMa^iM Ta KpeMa^iM. ^k BigoMo, TunoBUM cnoB'aHcbKUM eneMeHToM noxoBanbHoro o6pagy 6yno TinocnaneHHa. ToMy KpeMa^ii, ^o 3anaranu y 3anoBHeHHi ^epToBHoro noacy, 3 BenuKoro gonero BiporigHocTi Mo^Ha BigHecTU go cnoB'aH. 3 iHmoro 6oKy, npo xapaKTep KynbToBux ^epTBonpuHomeHb BigoMo He TaK y^e m 6araTo. Mo^nuBo, xona gy^e Ma-noMMoBipHo, ^o iH^yMa^iMHi MaTepianu Mornu i He Hane^aTu cnoB'aHcbKuM oco6uHaM. ^K^o ^ aHTpononoriHHuM aHani3 nigTBepguTb ixHiM 3B'a3oK i3 cnoB'aHcbKuMu cepia-mu ni3Himux nepiogiB (enoxu nomupeHHa xpucTuaHcTBa), to mu MaTuMeMo cnpaBy i3 puTyanbHuMu iH^yMa^iaMU, ^o Bupa^aTuMyTb KynbT npegKiB. Ha ^e BKa3ye M caMa noKani3a^ia iH^yMa^iMHUx pemToK y ^epToBHoMy noaci Ta ixHiM 3B'a3oK i3 KpeMa^iM-humu 3anumKaMu cnoB'aH. B TaKoMy BunagKy mu MaTuMeMo cnpaBy 3 goBoni cKnagHuM KynbToBuM giMcTBoM, HacnigKoM Horo, y "noxoBaHHax" TpannaroTbca ^paiMeHToBaHi TinonoKnageHHa, a6conroTHo 6inbma HacTuHa KicToK aKux BigcyTHa. HaBiTb 3Ba^aroHu Ha BenuKy KinbKicTb ^paiMeHTiB cKeneTy, aKi b cuny neBHux o6cTaBuH He giMmnu go Hac, He3po3yMinuM 3anumaeTbca npu3HaHeHHa pemToK Ko^Hoi oco6uhu, aKi He BBiMm-nu y cKnag TaK 3BaHux "noxoBaHb", a 3Haxogunucb oKpeMo. Mo^nuBo, caMe ^i 3anumKu M nocnyryBanu MaTepianaMu gna cnaneHHa, nig Hac BuKoHaHHa neBHux o6pagiB. npoTe, nume noganbmi gocnig^eHHa y ^bOMy HanpaMKy go3BonaTb nigTBepguTu hu cnpocTy-BaTu BucnoBneHy gyMKy (^ununnyK - ConoBM 2011; ^ununnyK - ConoBiM 2012; Co-noBiM 2012).
I3 3a3HaHeHoro BunnuBae buchobok npo TicHuM 3B'a3oK Mi^ ^paiMeHToBaHuMu iH^yMa^iMHUMU Ta KpeMa^iMHUMU "noxoBaHHaMu", aKi no3a BcaKuMu cyMHiBaMu Tpe6a BigHecTu go puTyanbHux ^epTBonpuHomeHb. Bohu 6ynu noB'a3aHi 3 KynbToM npegKiB i Bu3HaHanuca ^ynK^iero ^epToBHoro noacy, ^o y cBoro Hepry nepe6yBaB y TicHoMy B3aeMo3B'a3Ky 3 6yguHKaMu-KoHTuHaMu, aKi 3Haxogunuca no6nu3y - b HanpaMKy BHy-TpimHboi cTopoHu nno^agKu.
Pe3ynbTaTu nonboBux po6iT 2010-2012 pp. cyTTeBo po3mupunu Hami yaBneHHa npo ^eM caKpanbHuM o6'eKT. 3oKpeMa, y 2010 p. HoBoBigKpuTi TinonoKnageHHa 6yno o6'egHaHo y 5 KoMnneKciB 3axopoHeHb (^ununnyK M. 2011, 15 - 17). HuMany KinbKicTb iH^yMa^iMHUx i KpeMa^iMHUx noxoBaHb BuaBneHo TaKo^ BnpogoB^ 2011-2012 pp. (^ununnyK M. 2012a; ^ununnyK M. 2013). ^i MaTepianu, 3aranoM, BuaBunuca aHano-riHHuMu go tux, ^o 6ynu HarpoMag^eHi npoTaroM ce3oHy 2009 p.
Cnig 3a3HaHuTu, ^o nomyK aHanoriM nnicHecbKiM aHTpononoriHHiM KoneK^ii e BKpaM Ba^Koro cnpaBoro. Ag^e iH^yMa^iMHi pemTKu BnacHe cnoB'aHcbKoro HaceneHHa
BigoMi cyqacHiM Hay^i nume b nooguHoKux BunagKax. HacaMnepeg, ngeTbca npo 3Ha-xigKy i3 noceneHHH PamKiB III, ge y nigBanbHin HMi ^uTna ^ 56, Ha rnu6uHi 1 m 3Ha-xoguBcH Hepen oco6u (BiKoM 20-25 p.) 6e3 Hu^Hboi ^enenu i hocobux KicToK (BapaH 1988, 39, 107). nopag 3 hum ne^anu gBa po3gaBneHi ninHi rop^uKu, TunoBi gna npa3b-Ko-KopHa^bKoi KynbTypu Ta KicTKu gpi6Hux cBincbKux TBapuH. AHTpononoriHHun aHa-ni3 (npoBegeHuM B. flaneHKoM Ta 6. flaHunoBoro) cxunae ^axiB^iB go gyMKu, ^o Hepen Hane^aB go rpynu eBponeoigiB i e 6nu3bKuM go cnoB'HHcbKux cepin KuiBcbKoi Pyci. IHTep^peTa^iH 3HaxigKu He BuKnroHae n 6ygiBHuHoi ^epTBu, xoHa KynbT npegKiB Buga-eTbcH HaM 6inbm o6fpyHToBaHuM. ^iKaBo, ^o go HegaBHboro Hacy pamKiBcbKun Hepen 6yB eguHuM BigoMuM cnoB'HHcbKuM iH^yMa^iHHUM MaTepianoM, hkum BigHocuBca go VI-VII ct. (BapaH 1998, 37 - 38; BapaH B. - BapaH 2005, 56, 59).
fle^o ni3HimuM HacoM gaTyeTbca 3HaxigKa 3 flo6puHiB^iB. B HMi ogHiei 3 kohtuh (6yguHKy ^ 2) flo6puHiBcbKoro ropogu^a B. TuMo^yK BigHanmoB cKeneT gopocnoi oco6uhu y cKopHeHoMy nono^eHHi ("Ha TpoHi"). y 3anoBHeHHH hmu TaKo^ noTpanunu ynaMKu KepaMiKu, nepenaneHux KicToK TBapuH Ta iH. Ha gyMKy gocnigHuKa, ^eH KoMn-neKc cnig BigHecTu go IX ct. (Tumo^yk 1976, 122 - 124). PuTyanbHi TpynonoKnageH-HH BigoMi i B gaBHbopycbKun Hac. CBoro Hacy npo6neMi nrogcbKux ^epTBonpuHomeHb ^bo^o nepiogy 6araTo yBaru npuginunu I. PycaHoBa Ta B. TuMo^yK (PycaHoBa - Tumo-^yk 1993).
OKpeMy rpyny iH^yMa^iHHo^o MaTepiany, cxo^ux go nnicHecbKux 3axopoHeHb, Mo^yTb cTaHoBuTu ^parMeHToBaHi nrogcbKi pemTKu, BuHBneHi b pe3ynbTaTi po3KonoK 3uMHiBcbKoro ropogu^a. OgHaK ixne BigHomeHHH go naM'HTKu, hk i caMa ^yHK^iH oc-TaHHboi go cux nip He e go KiH^H 3po3yMinoro. TaK, oguH 3 ^yHgaMeHTanbHux gocnigHu-KiB 3uMHoro B. Aynix BBa^aB, ^o Ha ropogu^i 3HaxoguBcH agMiHicTpaTuBHun ^eHTp HeBenuKoro nneMeHi, HKe Bxoguno go gyni6cbKoro coro3y. TyT, Ha noro nepeKoHaHHH, Morna 6yTu nocTinHa cagu6a Bo^gH nneMeHi i noro gpy^uHu (oKpiM Toro, Ha ^aM'HT^i Mornu npo^uBaTu TaKo^ roBenipu, He BuKnroHeHo n KoBani) (Aynix 1969; Aynix 1972, 120, 123). 3 Hacy Buxogy MoHorpa^ii 3ragaHoro BHeHoro, y niTepaTypi 3aKpinunocH Te-nep B^e TeHgeH^iHHe yHBneHHH npo ropogu^e (ApxeonoruH npuKapnaTbH, BonHHu u 3aKapnaTbH 1990, 61; flaBHH icTopiH yKpaiHu 2002, 98). ^ume B. TuMo^yK nigKpecnro-BaB caKpanbHy ^yHK^iro oKpeMux cTpyKTypHux eneMeHTiB 3uMHiBcbKoro KoMnneKcy (Tumo^Yk 1995, 24). ^iKaBo, ^o ^03U^iH ocTaHHix gocnigHuKiB naM'HTKu cyTTeBo He 3MiHunacH. 3oKpeMa, T. MunHH i Hagani B6aHae b 3uMHoMy o6^uhhuh ^eHTp (MunHH 2004, 251; MunHH 2006; MunHH 2008, 10, 15; MunHH 2009, 238). Ha Hamy gyMKy, Hu3Ka o6'eKTiB Ta 3HaxigoK 3uMHiBcbKoro ropogu^a 3a npu3HaHeHHHM Ha6nu^eHi go tux, ^o mu BigHanmnu Ha KynbToBoMy Mic^i b nnicHecbKy. 3oKpeMa, yBary npuBepTae KicTHK nroguHu, "noxoBaHoi b ctohhomy nono^eHHi" Ha Kparo Mucy, npo ^o nucaB ^e O. ^UH-KanoBcbKun y 30-x pp. XX ct. (^UHKanoBCbKUH 1938). BogHoHac Tpe6a 3a3HaHuTu, ^o ^eH MaTepian TaK i He oTpuMaB geTanbHoi npuB'H3Ku. nopag 3 ^UM noxoBaHHHM, Ha ^no^ag^i ropogu^a 3a^iKcoBaHo BenuKy KinbKicTb ^parMeHToBaHux nrogcbKux KicToK Ta 6yguHKu-KoHTUH, ^o npoxogunu no Kparo no3goB^Hix cTopiH nnaTo. flo peHi, y goBroMy 6yguHKy BigKpuTo BorHu^a, HKi npegcTaBneHi gBomapoBUMu BigKnagaMu, BepxHin 3 HKux 6yB cBiTno-ciporo Konbopy 3 BKnroHeHHHMu gpi6Hux KycoHKiB nepenaneHux KicToK (Aynix 1972, 8, 24, 27 - 30). yBary npuBepTae TaKo^ HucneHHun iHBeHTap, B nepmy Hepry gopo^o^iHHUx peHen: npuKpac, ^parMeHTiB noacHux Ha6opiB, a TaKo^ nuBapHux ^opmohok (Aynix 1972, 40 - 86). flo peHi, BenuKa KinbKicTb pyxoMoro MaTepi-
any Mae aHanorii 3 apTe^aKTaMM i3 "^epTOBHoro noHcy" KynbTOBoro Mic^H nnicHecbKa4. KpiM Toro, Hag3BHHaHHo Ba^nMBMM e Te, ^o nepeBa^Ha öinbmicTb BMHBneHMX penen y 3HMHoMy CK0H^eHTp0BaHa B3goB^ KpaiB nnaTo (Aynix 1972, 117). BapTo 3ayBa^H-TM, ^o HKpa3 no Kparo Mucy b ypo^M^i "OneHMH napK" Ha nnicHecbKy i 3HaxogHTbCH "^epToBHMM none". I ^e oguH HeManoBa^HMM ^aKT: Ha 3HMHoMy He 3a^iKcoBaHo ^og-Hoi cnopygu, HKy 3 neBHoro gonero BiporigHocTi Mo^Ha 6yno 6 BigHecTu go B'i3gy (Aynix 1972, 19). ^K 6aHHMo, HaBegeHi gaHi garoTb nigcTaBu npunycTHTM, ^o nno^agKa ropo-gM^a B 3uMHoMy b HKicb Mipi Mana KynbToBe npu3HaHeHHH. TyT cnig HaronocuTu i Ha gaTyBaHHi BigHangeHux penen. B. Aynix BigHic Bu^BneHi MaTepianu go VI-VII ct., Togi HK ro. KyxapeHKo BKa3yBaB Ha Mo^nuBicTb npuHane^HocTi oKpeMux penen i go VIII ct. (KyxapeHKo 1961, 9). npo ge^o 3aHMÄeHe gaTyBaHHH ropogu^a nucaB i A. AH6a6iH (AH6a6MH 1975, 312-313). CaMe ToMy, onucaHi MaTepianu 3MMHo^o Mo^yTb 6yTM xona 6 HacTKoBo cuHxpoHHuMu go Tux, HKi BuHBneHi Ha KynbToBoMy Mic^i b nnicHecbKy.
BBa^aeMo 3a noTpi6He TaKo^ 3aK^eHTyBaTM Ha B3aeMo3B'H3oKy puTyanbHux Ti-nocnaneHb Ta/a6o KynbToBux ^parMeHToBaHux TinonoKnageHb "^epToBHoro noHcy" nnicHecbKa i3 cynpoBigHuM iHBeHTapeM, 3oKpeMa ^parMeHTaMu ninHoro i paHHboK-py^anbHoro nocygy, eneMeHTaMu noHcHux Ha6opiB, 36poero, npuKpacaMu to^o. Ta-kum 3b'h3ok npocTe^yeTbcH i Ha HM3^i iHmux naM'HToK. rapHuM nigTBepg^eHHM bu-cnoBneHoro Mo^yTb cnyryBaTu geHKi cKap6M nicocTenoBoi m cTenoBoi 3oh yKpaiHu. HanpuKnag, Ha ocHoBi geTanbHoro aHani3y peneM cTenoBux cKap6iB, r. Kop3yxiHa iH-TepnpeTyBana ix hk noxoBaHHH (Kop3yxMHa 1955, 61 - 82). TaKuMu, Ha ii gyMKy, 6ynM M MaTepianu BuHBneHi y rnogocax, Bo3HeceH^i Ta iH., xona gocnigHM^H M BBa^ana, ^o cTenoBi cKap6M Bigpi3HHnMCH Big nicocTenoBux eTHiHHoro Hane^HicTro: Hocii ocTaHHix 6ynM cnoB'HHaMu, Togi hk nepmux - KonoBuKaMu. CBoro Hacy nogi6Hoi ^03M^ü■ goTpu-MyBaBcH A. AM6po3, hkuM BigHocuB "cKap6M" nepe^enuHa, rnogoc i Bo3HeceHKM go ^apcbKMx noMuHanbHux KoMnneKciB, Tuny KoMnneKciB Ha HecTb Kronb-TeriHa b MoHro-nii (732 p.) (AM6po3 1982).
3a^ocTproroHM yBary Ha Bo3HeceHcbKiM ^aM'HT^i, Heo6xigHo BKa3aTM, ^o ii iHTep-npeTyBanu i npogoB^yroTb TpaKTyBaTu no-pi3HoMy (ETHoKynbTypHa KapTa 1985, 101). y niTepaTypi 3aKpi^MnacH BepciH BiMcbKoBoro Ta6opy (npuxogHroK 1980, 86). yKpi-nneHHH naM'HTKu, HKi 06MeÄ0ByBanM HeBenuKy nno^agKy (62x31 m), npegcTaBneHi 3aMKHeHMM BanoM, HacunaHuM i3 3eMni b nepeMimKy 3 KaMiHHHM. noMiTHoro e BigcyT-HicTb B'i3gy, a TaKo^ ^uTnoBux hu rocnogapcbKux cnopyg Ha oToneHiM BanoM nno-^ag^i. nig Hac gocnig^eHHH niBgeHHo-3axigHoi HacTuHu "Ta6opy" BuHBneHo HucneHHi KiHcbKi KicTHKu, nepeBa^Ho 3y6M i ^enenu, ynaMKu aM^op, to^o. niBgeHHime ^Mx KoMnneKciB 6ynM BigKpuTi gBi hmu, ogHa 3 hkux 3aKnageHa KaMiHHHM, a iHma - BMi^ana HucneHHi peHi. BuHBneHi MaTepianu A. CMineHKo iHTepnpeTyBana hk KoneKTuBHi noxo-BaHHH-cnaneHHH (CMineHKo 1975, 103 - 109). CaMa ^ cyKynHicTb KpeMa^iMHMx pemToK Ta g0p0^0^iHH0^0 iHBeHTapH (b ocHoBHoMy npegMeTiB 0C06MCT0^0 B6paHHH, 36poi i
SoKpeMa, M0Ba Mge npo npegMeTu o36poeHHa (TpunonaTeBi HaKCHeHHuKu cTpin aBapcbKoro Tuny: (OununHyK M. 2010a, 76, puc. 36 - 1, 3, 5; OununHyK M. 2011, 16, 18, 74, puc. 31 - 6-7), 6pcH3CBi nigBicHi 6namKM (OununHyK M. 2011, 76, puc. 33 - 8-9), 6pcH3CBi mecTurpaHHi b nepepisi 6pacneTM 3 noToB^eHuMu KiH^aMM (OununHyK M. 2010a, 86, puc. 46 -5-6), ^opMoHKu gna nuTTH (OununHyK M. 2010a, 77 - 81, puc. 37 - 1, puc. 38 - 1, C. 79, puc. 39 - 1, puc. 40 - 1, puc. 41 - 1, puc. 42 - 1; OununHyK M. 2011, 83 - 84, puc. 40 - 1-3, puc. 41 - 1-2), Ha aKux HaBiTb e cxo^i eneMeHTu, ^paPMCHT TurenbKa (OununHyK M. 2011, 16, 82, puc. 39 - 1) To^o.
cnopag^eHHH BOiHiB) BBiMmna b niTepaTypy nig Ha3Boro "Bo3HeceHcbKoro cKap6y". Ha gyMKy O. npuxogHroKa, peHi 3 Bo3HeceHcbKoro noxoBaHHH go3BonHroTb BigHecTu Moro Ta caMy naM'HTKy go KiH^H VII-VIII ct. Ctocobho eTHiHHoi Hane^HocTi ^ux cTapo^uT-HocTeM, TO BHeHUM BU3HaBaB nepeBary cTenoBoro eTHiHHoro KOMnoHeHTy (npuxogHroK 1980, 90 - 91), ^o, B cBoro Hepry, cynepeHuno HaMaraHHHM A. CMineHKo noB'H3aTu ^i KOMnneKcu i3 cnoB'HHcbKUMu nneMeHaMu ynuHiB. ^k 6aHUMo, He 3Ba^aroHu Ha HaBegeHi o3HaKu naM'HTKu Ta tom ^aKT, ^o A. CMineHKo cnpaBegnuBo Big3HaHana 3b'h3ok cKap-6y i3 noxoBaHHHMu, Ha nepeKOHaHHH BHeHoi, hk i hu3ku iHmux ^axiB^iB, Bo3HeceHKa HBnana co6oro 3BUHaMHUM yKpinneHuM Ta6ip 6e3 puTyanbHoro nigTeKcTy. HaM6nu^Horo aHanoriero go Hboro, Ha gyMKy gocnigHU^i e rnogocbKa naM'HTKa. CaMe TyT BigKpuTo noxoBaHHH BiMcbKOBoro Bo^gH, 3giMcHeHe 3a o6pHgoM, aHanoriHHUM go KOMnneKciB Bo3HeceHcbKoro noceneHHH. y HMi, giaMeTpoM noHag 1,0 m i rnu6uHoro 0,70 m, buhb-neHo HucneHHi nrogcbKi nepenaneHi KicTKu, nopyH 3 hkumu ne^anu gopo^o^iHHi peHi, HepigKo onnaBneHi y BorHi (CMineHKo 1975, 109 - 110).
Mu BBa^aeMo, ^o MaTepianu Bo3HeceHKu Ta rnogoc HocHTb puTyanbHuM xapaK-Tep. Ag^e, aHi TaK 3BaHi "yKpinneHHH" rnogoc, aHi Kinb^eBa 3aMKHyTa "niHiH o6opoHu" Bo3HeceHKu, He garoTb nigcTaB roBopuTu npo "BiMcbKOBy" ^yHK^iro ^ux naM'HTOK. Ha ixHiM TepuTopii 3HaxogunucH KpeMa^iMHi noxoBaHHH, nopyH 3 KOTpuMu BigHaMgeHo cynpoBigHUM iHBeHTap. CaMe ^e i go3BonHe BBa^aTu ix KynbTOBUMu 3axopoHeHHHMu, HKi neBHUM HUHOM 3HaxogHTb aHanorii go pemTOK KynbTy npegKiB, npegcTaBneHoro y "^epTOBHOMy" noHci nnicHecbKoro KynbTOBoro ^eHTpy.
4. Bmchobkm.
Ha TepuTopii nnicHecbKoro ropogu^a po3TamoByroTbcH gBa MorunbHUKu, TunoBi gnH paMK0Be^bK0i■ KynbTypu npuKapnaTTH. nepmuM HeKpononb 3HaxoguBcH y 6e3noce-pegHiM 6nu3bKocTi go H3UHHU^bK0^0 KynbTOBoro Mic^H (ypoHu^e "OneHUH napK"), Ha TepuTopii niBgeHHo-3axigHOi HacTUHu TaK 3BaHoro "fluTUH^H" nnicHecbKa (ypoHu^e "3aMHucbKo"). MorunbHUK 3aMMaB ogHe 3 HaMBu^ux Mic^b y Me^ax Bcboro ropogu^a. nig Hac Moro gocnig^eHHH 6yno BUHBneHo yHiKanbHy cnopygy - KpeMaTopiM, ^yHK^i-oHyBaHHH HKoro, HK i caMoro MorunbHUKa, npunagae Ha KiH. IX-X ct. PemTKu gpyroro MorunbHUKa KiH. IX - noH. X ct. 6yno BigKpuTo y nigHi^^i o6opoHHOi niHii ^ 4 (Bany ^ 5). Po3KonaHi noxoBaHHH oHeBugHo, cniBicHyBanu 3 nepmuM nepiogoM ^yHK^ioHy-BaHHH Bany. B pe3ynbTaTi 3aMiHu cTapux yKpinneHb, npu cnopyg^eHHi HOBoi niHii 3a-xucTy M ygocKOHaneHHH nonicHoi cTpyKTypu MicTa, MorunbHUK, a6o npuHaMMHi 3HaHHa Moro HacTUHa, y ^b0My Mic^i npunuHunu cBoe icHyBaHHH.
XapaKTepHUM gnH o6ox H3UHHU^bKUx HeKpononiB 6yB KpeMa^iMHuM rpyHTOBuM HMHUM 6e3iHBeHTapHuM o6pHg noxoBaHHH, hkuM cboImu BUTOKaMu caraB gocTOBipHo cnoB'HHcbKoro 3BUHaro, npocTe^eHoro b npa3bKux cTapo^uTHocTHx. Tonorpa^iH mo-runbHUKiB y nnicHecbKy (oco6nuBo nepmoro - b yp. "3aMHucbKo"), a TaKo^ pemTKu o6pHgy 3axopoHeHHH, 3HaxogHTb aHanorii cuHxpoHHUM cnoB'HHcbKUM HeKpononHM Ha ropogu^ax b PeBHOMy Ta y CTapoMy 36apa^i.
IHmuM, goBoni HeTpagu^iMHUM TunoM nnicHecbKux noxoBaHb 6ynu puTyanbHi 3axopoHeHHH, HKi penpe3eHT0BaHi KpeMa^iMHUMU M ^parMeHTOBaHUMu iH^yMa^iMHUM pemTKaMu nrogcbKux oco6uh. Bohu MaroTb BigHomeHHH go gaBHboro cnoB'HHcbKoro KynbTy npegKiB. BuHBneHi npoTHroM 2009-2012 pp. KynbTOBi iH^yMa^iMHi noxoBaHHH,
HK npaBuno, 6ynu cunbno ^parMenToBanuMu, naneBne BnacnigoK pi3H0MaHiTHux Kynb-T0Bux giMcTB. 3axopoHeHHH cynpoBog^yBanucH neBHUM iHBenTapeM (npegMeTaMu o36poeHHH, eneMeHTaMu noHcnux Ha6opiB, npuKpacaMu, npegMeTaMu Bupo6HU^TBa To^o). Hapa3i Ba^Ko BigmyKaTu npHMi ananorii go puTyanbHux 3axopoHeHb nnicnecb-Koro KynbT0Boro Mic^H. nogi6Hy ^yHK^iro, npaBga, Mornu "BUKonyBaTu" ^parMenTo-Bani iH^yMa^iMHi MaTepianu 3 3uMHiBcbKoro ropogu^a, ^o na Bonuni. 3pemToro, cKna-gaeTbcH Bpa^ennH, ^o e 6araT0 cninbnux puc Mi^ KynbT0BUM Mic^eM y nnicnecbKy Ta paHHbocnoB'HHcbKUMu K0MnneKcaMu 3uMHoro. Mo^na npunycTUTu, ^o o6ugBi HacTUHu ^ux naM'HT0K Manu nogi6Hy ^yHK^iro. 3 inmoro 6oKy, neBny cxo^icTb go Kpe-Ma^iMHUx puTyanbHux 3axopoHeHb "^epT0BHoro noHcy" nnicnecbKoro caKpanbnoro ^eHTpy Mo^na npocTe^uTu y "cKap6ax" Tuny Bo3HeceHKu, rnogoc to^o. noganbmi gocnig^eHHH KynbT0Boro Mic^H b nnicnecbKy gagyTb nigcTaBu gonoBHUTu, nigTBepgu-TU HU cnpocTyBaTu BucnoBneni naMu cyg^ennH.
niTEPATyPA
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Burial Monuments of the Slavic Times in the Plisnesk Archeological Complex
Mihajlo Filipčuk, Galina Solovij
There are two burial grounds on the territory of the Plisnesk site of settlement, which are typical for the Raykovetska culture. The first necropolis was situated near the pagan cult site in Pre-Carpathian region ("Olenyn Park" tract), on the territory of the so-called "Dytynets" of Plisnesk (the "Zamchys'ko" tract). The burial ground occupied one of the highest locations within the whole site of settlement. A unique structure, a crematorium, was discovered during the research, and its functioning, as well as that of the burial ground itself, is dated back to the late 9'h-10th c. The remnants of the second burial ground of the late 9'h-10th c. were discovered at the footstep of the defensive line ^ 4 (bulwark ^5). The discovered burials obviously date back to the first period of the functioning of the bulwark. The existence of the burial ground, or at least of its considerable part, came to an end as a result of the substitution of the old fortification, when a new defensive line was constructed and the polis structure was being improved.
The cremation ground hole burial ritual was typical of both pagan necropolises; it is traced back to Slavic tradition observed in Prague antiquities. The topography of burial grounds in Plisnesk (especially the first one, the "Zamchys'ko" tract), and also the remains of the burial ritual, find their analogies in synchronous Slavic necropolises in the sites of settlement Revne and Staryy Zbarazh.
Another non-conventional type of the Plisnesk burial grounds was ritual burials presented by cremated and fragmentary inhumation remains of human beings. They are connected with the Old Slavic ancestor cult. The cult inhumation burials discovered in 2009-2012 were fragmental, probably as a result of the cult ceremonies. The burials were attended with certain objects (armaments, elements of belt sets, jewellery, production objects, etc.). Thus far, it is difficult to find direct analogies of the Plisnesk cult site. The fragmental inhumation materials from the Zymno site of settlement in Volyn', however, possibly functioned in a similar way. In any case, there seem to be many common features between the cult site in Plisnesk and the Early Slavic complexes of Zymno. It may be presumed that the both parts of these monuments performed a similar function. In contract, a certain similarity with the ritual cremation burials of the "sacrificial zone" of the Plisnesk sacral centre can be found in the "treasures", such as Voznesenka, Hlodosy, etc. Further study of the cult site in Plisnesk will provide evidence for the complementation, confirmation or refutation of our statements.