Cbctbt Ha aeMOHHTe b c.iobo h o6pa3
Heema Todopoea-nupeoea
The author analyzes the historical changes of human notions and perceptions about demonic creatures from ancient times till the present days. The world of demons has always been "densly populated", although one sort of its "inhabitants" could be replaced with another or could be described in another way by different generations in different historical periods. It is stressed that people believe in demons even today, although "modern" demons can have a quite different appearance and different kinds of activities, especially in big cities.
(H Ka3Bame My Hcyc: H3ne3 ot HOBeKa, nymo HeHHCTa.) H nocne Hcyc ro nonHTa: KaK th e HMeTO? A toh My Ka3a: .HereoH mh e HMeTO; sa^omo CMe MHosrna.
Mapxo 5: 8, 9
CBeTtT Ha neMOHHTe BHHarH e 6nn npeHaceneH, MaKap He BHn,T h xapaKTep,T Ha HeroBHTe "xHTenH" ce e npoMeHan b HcT0pHHecK0T0 BpeMe Ha HOBeHecTBOTO. HaKora noBeneTO ot tax ca 6HnH 6oroBe, ho panKO ca 6HnH B,3npHeMaHH caMO b no3HTHBeH cmhcm. npencraBaTa 3a npoTHBopeHHBaTa hm nBOHHcraeHa npHpona e MOTHBHpana HOBemKaTa aKTHBHocT enHOBpeMeHHO b nBe nocoKH - na H3pa3H noHHT h 6naronapHocT 3a OKa3aHaTa n0M0^ h na npenna3H Hepa3yMHHTe ot 3n0BpenHH BnHAHHa.
Cnen ycTaHOBaBaHeTO h pa3npocTpaHeHHeT0 Ha MOHOTeHcTHHHHTe penHrHH, b nHcMeHHTe HHTepnpeTanHH Ha CBe^eHHTe KHHrH Tpatao ce 3aKpenocTaBa mactoto Ha neMOHHTe. He3aBHcHM0 ot TexHHa npoH3xon, c,^hoct h ^yHKUHH, Te ce B,3npHeMaT KaTO aHTaroHHcTH Ha Bora, n0K0nK0T0 ce cB,p3BaT caMO c n^Bona h HeroBHTe 6e3KpaftHH npeB,nn,^eHHa. HMeHHO 3aT0Ba Te ce onpenenaT KaTO "HH3mH" h BeHe H3pa3aBaHeT0 Ha noHHT e He caMO HeHyxHO, ho h epeTHHHO. HanHHHeTO Ha neMOHHTe He ce ocnopBa, ho 0TH0meHHeT0 k,m Tax b o^HnHanHaTa 6orocnoBcKa nHTepaTypa e enH03HaHH0 - nnenHpa ce 3a npenna3BaHe ot taxhoto BnHAHHe B,pxy HOBeKa h ce KOMeHTHpaT pa3nHHHH HaHHHH 3a np0r0HBaHeT0 hm. ^0Ka3aTencTBaTa 3a taxhoto c,^ecTByBaHe ce H3BexnaT ot caMHa 6H6neftcKH TeKcT (cpB. MapKO 7: 24-30; 9: 17-29), a BnHAHHeTO hm B,pxy xopaTa ce T,pcH b HexenaTenHHTe npoMeHH, kohto ce Ha6nronaBaT y KOHKpeTHH HHnHBHnH. Te3H npoMeHH 3acaraT KaKTO ^H3HHecK0T0 hm c,cT0AHHe (npHno6HBaHe Ha cBp,xecTecTBeHH cHnH, enHnenTHHHH npHnan^H, 3aM,rnaBaHe Ha c,3HaHHeT0, HeHyBcTBHTenHocT k,m 6onKa h t.h.), TaKa h MeHTanHH npoMeHH, k,m kohto ce OTHacaT rnaconanHATa, cBp,xecTBecTBeH0T0 3HaHHe,
ncnxnnecKa Mom (BK.ronHTe.H0 Te.enaTHA h achobh^ctbo). noc.e.HHTe ce CbnpoBOxiaT ctc CTpax ot Hcyc h 6oroxy.ncTBeHH npoABH. H36aB.eHHeT0 ot tax e bmmoxho caMO "b HMeTO Ha Hcyc".
TBtp^e pa3.HHHa ot KaHOHHnHaTa xpHCTHAHCKa HHTepnpeTannfl e ^o.K.opHaTa npe^CTaBa 3a .eMOHHTe h cbOTBeTCTByBamnTe h ycTHH HHTepnpeTanHH Ha TAxHaTa C^^HOCT h h3abh. B tax .eMOHHTe npcMxaBaT .a npHCbCTByBaT c^c CTapaTa ch ^BOHHCTBeHa npnpo.a, 6.aro.apeHHe Ha koato ynacTByBaT b pa3.nneH THn B3anM00TH0meHHfl c xopaTa. Te3H B3aHM00TH0meHHA ce pea.H3HpaT b np0CTpaHCTB0T0 h BpeMeTO Ha pmyana h no cnenn^nnHHTe 3a Hero HopMaTHBHH npe^nncaHHA 3a HOBemKOTO noBe^eHne. B^b ^o.ktophha KOHnemyMeH MO^e. ce 3ana3Ba x0pn30HTa.HaTa ^ByflA.6a Ha CBeTa, npn K0eT0 Bor, xpncTnaHCKHTe CBeTnn h bchhkh ^eMOHHHHH c^mecTBa xnBeAT "TaM, OTBtfl". BepTHKa.HaTa xpHCTHAHCKa K0CM0]0rHA ce Hac.arBa Btpxy HeA, ho He a npoMeHA cbmecTBeHO, .oko.koto "PaAT=rope" h "A^tT=^o.y" ce ocmhc.at KaTO chhohhmh Ha "oha cbat=otb^^".
npn TaKa npen.eTeHHTe 3aBapeHH h npH.o6HTH ot xphcthahctboto npe.CTaBH 3a CTpyKTypaTa Ha CBeTa h "xnTe.HTe" Ha ".pyrHA cbat" He e bmmoxho .a ce o6oco6h CTpora nepapxna Ha "oTB'b.HHTe xHTe.n". Eto 3amo e MHoro Tpy^HO .a ce onpe.e.H "HH3mn" .h ca "HH3mHTe" .eMOHH h.h He b CMHaHHeTO, K0eT0 rn e h3bhkmo Ha xhbot h e ^a.0 KOHKpeTHHTe hm o6pa3H. A mo ce OTHacA .0 ACHOBH^CKnTe, Te.enaTHHHH h np. cn0C06H0CTH Ha hakoh xopa, KaKTO h .o He06HKH0BeHHTe hm .enHTe.CKH bmmoxhocth, to Te He caMO ne He ca pe3y.TaT ot B.HAHHeT0 Ha 3.h ^yxoBe Btpxy HOBemKaTa ncnxHKa, ho ".ap 6oxn", KbM kohto bchhkh 0CTaHa.H TpA0Ba .a ce OTHacAT c He06x0^HM0T0 yBaxeHHe.
Eo.AMaTa xH3HeycT0nnHB0CT Ha ^eMOHHHHHTe nepcoHaxH e e^Ha ot npHHHHHTe 3a flt.roro^HmHaTa 6op6a Ha 60r0C.0BHTe c T.Hap. "cyeBepHA h npe.pa3C,b.,bnH", 0C06eH0 C.e. H3.H3aHeT0 Ha TexHHTe "cnnc^nn"1 b Kpaa Ha XV h Hana.0T0 Ha XVI BeK. Ta3H 6op6a ce bo.h no pa3.nneH HanHH npn KaTO.nnHTe h npaBOC.aBHHTe xphcthahh, pa3.nneH e tohhhat xapaKTep h b pa3.HHHHTe CTpaHH, ho ta HHKora He 3aBtpmBa. ^eMOHHTe npcMxaBaT .a ch "xHBeAT" h .Hec b OTpe.eHHTe hm ot noBemKaTa mhCM h nyBCTBO MecTa, .a ynacTByBaT b 0npe.e.nAHeT0 Ha noBemKaTa Cb.6a h.h .a ce HaMecBaT b HeA no e^HH h.h .pyr HanHH. ^Hec o6ane Te MoraT .a HMaT cbBtpmeHO pa3.nneH o6.hk h npoABH, .oko.koto Btpxy taxhoto ^opMHpaHe b.haat h hakoh ot CbBpeMeHHHTe HaynHH, Te0C0^CKH h.h OKy.THH npe.CTaBH 3a CBeTa oko.o Hac. H3pa3HTe, kohto onHCBaT TAxHaTa c^mHOCT flHec, ca pe3y.TaT He caMO ot pa3BHTHeT0 Ha no3HTHBHCTnnHHTe MaTepHa.HCTHnHH H.en 3a 3ao6HKanamaTa hh conna.Ha h npnpo^Ha cpe.a C.e. BTopaTa no.OBHHa Ha XIX BeK, ho h ot btophhhoto BnHCBaHe Ha Te3H H^en b .orHKaTa Ha cb3flaBamHTe ce ^Hec (cjie^ BTopaTa no.OBHHa Ha XX BeK) Mex^HHHH ^Hcnnn.HHH ot THna Ha ncHxoTpoHHKaTa, napancnxo.orHATa h ^p. no^.
H TaKa, n0CTeneHH0 ce onepTaBa ochobhhat npo6.eM, kohto Me 3aHHMaBa b TOBa H3.0XeHHe - KaKBH ca KOHKpeTHHTe H3MepeHHa Ha OTHOmeHHeTO npHeMCTBeHOCT/pa3BHTHe
1 HMaM npe^ bh^ H3.H3aHeT0 Ha 3HaMeHHTHTe OTneTH Ha "Mar^e6yprcKHTe uemypHaTopH" ("Centuriatores Magdeburgi), 0Tpa3eHaTa b "HyKa Ha BemHUHTe" ("Malleus Maleficarum, 1487 ro^.) 6op6a npoTHB MarbocHHnecTBOTO bib bchhkhtc My ^opMH h orpoMHOTO KOJiHnecTBO "fleM0H0]i0rHnHa jiHTepaTypa", ny6jiHKyBaHa b KpaA Ha XV h Hana]0T0 Ha XVI BeK. Bhx ncwpo6eH aHa]H3 Ha T03H THn ]HTepaTypa y flx. KoKKbApa. Hctcpha ^c.bK]cpHCTHKH b EBpcne, M., 1960, 60-92.
B npe^CTaBHTe 3a ^eMOHHTe ot BpeMeTO, KoraTO ^onKnoptT e lOMHHHpa^a KynrypHa cHcTeMa io iHec.
PemeHHeTO Ha tosh npoöneM cecbitpxa b OTroBopa Ha BtnpocH KaTo: KaKBa nacT ot cTapHTe HieH ce sanasBaT, KaKBa nacT ot tax ce TpaHc^opMHpaT, sa ia ce aianrapaT b npoMeHeHHH KynrypeH KOHTeKcT h KaKBa nacT e pesynraT ot HOBHTe npeicTaBH sa cBeTa h HeroBOTO ycTpoöcTBO. TesH BtnpocH MoraT ia ce saiaiaT k^m pasnHHHH leMO-HHHHH nepcoHaxH, ho as ^e ce orpaHma caMO Btpxy eiHH THn ot tax - caMOiHBH, caMO-BHnH, BHnH - kohto e locTaT^HHO mHpoKO pasnpocTpaHeH cpei bchhkh mxhh cnaBAHH.
Bhx HcKana ia sanoHHa c eiHH npHMep (KOHKpeTHO onHcaHHe Ha ABneHHe h HeroBHTe bmmoxhh oöactohha), sa la onepTaa nocoKHTe Ha no-HaTarbmHHTe pasctxieHHH b paöoTaTa.
HeoTiaBHa (npes m. mhh, 1995 roi.) b cnHcaHHe "6 nyno"2, KoeTO HsnHsa b Benrpai, ce noMecTBa eiHa cHHMKa h ce saiaBa Btnpoca: KaKBO e TOBa? 3a TOBa KaKBO ce Brassa Ha cHHMKaTa HMaMe pasKasa Ha MaiaH .HasapeBrih: "nojaBy caM npHMeTHO cacBHM cnynajHO. OTHmao caM y BohaaK ia HcTepaM OBne h, npocTO ce sanaaHO, BHieBmH HeoÖHnaH npcTeH oi TaMHO seneHe TpaBe Kpaj jeiHor cTaöna m^HBe noxerane. CTaöno je cTapo oko 30 roiHHa, a npcTeH SHaTHO Behe TpaBe Hero Ha ipyrHM MecTHMa h 6oje Kao ia je oí nnacTHKe, mHpoK je 20 caHTHMeTapa. HrnaB npcTeH HMa npe^HHK oko HeTHpH MeTpa. Oho mTO Me je HajBHme sanyiano y HHTaBOM cnynajy je to mTO je npcTeH noTnyHO npaBHnHor KpyxHor oönHKa, Kao ia je mecTapoM HcnHcaH Ha seM^HmTy. 3any5eH, Hcnpmao caM o TOMe yKyhaHHMa, a oiMax noTOM nosBao h cyceie ia BHie OBy HeoÖHHHy nojaBy. Y6pso ce y mom BohaaKy Hcnoi Kyhe OKynHno locTa nocMaTpana, a HajcTapHjH Medy aHMa peKome KaKO HHKaia HHcy BHienH HHmTa cnHHHO."3 TOBa c^ÖHTHe cTaBa b c. .HyxHHne, KpaH KparyjeBan.
PasnonaraMe h c iBe bmmoxhh oöactohha Ha HaönroiaBaHOTO ABneHHe.
Cnopei ntpBOTO ot tax, TOBa 6es cbMHeHHe e "bhjhho kojo" (cnopei ôtnrapcKHHT BapHaHT Ha HasBaHHeTO "caMOiHBcKO xopH^e" HnH "caMOiHBcKO HrpH^e"). OÖAcHeHHeTO e laieHO ot HSBecTHHA nyxHHHKH AcHOBHien Boroje BopdeBHh: "To je, BaH cBaKe cyMae, BHnHHO Kono. Ja to Hajöo^e SHaM, jep caM ce TemKO pasöoneo 1965. roiHHe, caMO iBe cTOTHHe MeTapa la^e oí MecTa Ha KojeM cy ce caia nojaBHnH HeoÖHHHH KpyroBH Ha seMjtHmTy. Taia caM jeiBa npexHBeo, anH h cxBaTHO ia Mory
4
onasHTH HemTO mTO ipyrH ayiH He Mory.
Cnopei BTopoTO ot tax, TOBa e "oracaK TajaHCTBeHe CBeMHpcKe jeTejHue", sa^OTO TOBa e mhcto, K^ieTO ca cnHpanH KocMHnecKH KopaÖH, npeHaca^H HSBtHseMHH cbinecTBa Ha Öopia ch. OÖAcHeHHeTO e laieHO ot BojHcnaB MaiaiHHOBah - HSBecTeH ÖHoeHeproTepaneBT ot KparyjeBan: "Ja caM h paHHje tbpiho ia cy nnaHHHe PTaa, PyiHHK, a HapoHHTO OKonHHa KparyjeBna, MecTa Ha KojHMa cy KocMHHKa spaneaa Hajjane HspaxeHa. MHcnHM ia to OBa nojaBa y ^yxHHnaMa Hajöo^e noTBpdyje, jep ce OBO ceno HeKaKO h HanasH Ha penanHjH KparyjeBan-PyiHHK. HemTO cthhho loradano ce npe HeKonHKO roiHHa Ha nnaHHHH PTaa, Kaia ce Ha OBy nnaHHHy cnycTHO kocmhhkh 6poi c BaHseMa^nHMa."5
2	T. HasapeBHh. BaHseMan^H y fflyMaflHjH. - "6 qyno", 1995, 6p. 10, 34-35.
3	naK TaM, c.34
4	naK TaM
5	naK TaM.
CtBceM OHeBH^HO e, ne nBeTe o6acHeHHa 3a Ha6ironaBaH0T0 aBieHHe HMaT pa3.HHeH nporaxon (HacieneHOTO ^oikiopho 3HaHHe 3a BHjHTe h cbBpeMeHHaTa HH^opMaiHa 3a H.HO [UFO], pa3npocTpaHaBaHa ot bchhkh MacMenHH h ot cneiHaiH-3HpaHaTa b Ta3H TeMaTHKa iHTepaTypa) h ce nopa^naT b pa3iHHeH coiHaieH KOHTeKCT -ceiCKH (3a ntpBOTO o6acHeHHe)H rpancKH (3a BTopoTO o6acHeHHe). Te o6ane ctiecTBy-BaT e^HOBpeMeHHO b ctBpeMeHHaTa Kyirypa h ca aBHO n0Ka3aTeiCTB0 3a TOBa KaK HOBHTe npe^CTaBH ctxHTeiCTByBaT ctc CTapHTe, noKaTO HMa coiHaiHa n0Tpe6H0CT ot Tax.
npHBe^eHHaT npHMep n0Ka3Ba enHa b^3moxhoct 3a He3aBHCHMH enHa ot npyra HHTepnpeTaiHH Ha enHO h ctio aBieHHe, noponeHH BtB ^o.KjopeH h He^o.KjopeH KyiTypeH KOHTeKCT. CtiecTByBaT o6ane h bmmoxhocth, npH kohto ctBpeMeHHOTO TMKyBaHe 3ana3Ba HacT ot ^oikjophoto, KaTO ro BHß0H3MeHa no onpeneieH HaHHH. noHaKora ce 3ana3Ba Ha3BaHHeT0 Ha aBieHHeTO, KaTO My ce npHnaBa npyr cmhcm, a npyr ntT ce npoMeHa Ha3BaHHeT0, ho ce 3ana3BaT HaKOH ot CTapHTe My xapaKTepHCTHKH. Ha3BaHHaTa Ha caMOßHBHTe h BHiHTe Haö-HecTO ce 3ana3BaT, ho b HaKOH npoaBH Ha ctBpeMeHHHTe noiTtpraöcTH lecHO MOxeM na pa3n03HaeM CTapna naKOCTHHK KapaKOH^xyna, a b Te3H Ha HaKOH BHnoBe 3om6h - ctOTBeTHHTe BapHaHTH Ha BaMnHpa. He Tpa6Ba na 3a6paBaMe h BMMO^HOCTTa 3a KOHTaMHHaiHH b caMOTO Ha3BaHHe -cpaBHH HanpHMep, "eHeprHeH BaMnHp".
Ha bchhkh ^oiKiopHCTH e H3BecTH0 onHcaHHeTO Ha HamHTe 6a6H ot ceio 3a CaMOflHBHTe H CaMOBHJHTe, 3a HaHHHHTe, no KOHTO Te BIH3aT B KOHTaKT C xopaTa. B HaH-o6iiHa 6tjirapcKH HHBapHaHT Ha TOBa onHcaHHe, caMOßHBHTe ca KpacHBH neBoiiKH, o6.eneHH b ntirH 6eiH pokih ctc ceneMiBeTHH noacH. KocHTe hm ca ^MrH h ce HOcaT pa3nieTeHH. Te xHBeaT Haö-HecTO KpaH boahh h3tohhhih (KianeHiH, peKH h t.h.)6, b CKaiH, HaKpaa Ha ropaTa hjih b caMOTHO ntpBO (Haö-HecTO opex), KoeTO ce HaMHpa b ropaTa hjh HaKtne h3 iHBanHTe KpaH ce.OTO. XopaTa He MoraT na rH BHnaT h 3aT0Ba HecTO H3BtpmBaT nperpemeHHa cnpaMO Tax - pa3BaiaT hm x0p0T0 hjh hm pa36yTBaT Tpane3HTe, HacTtnBaT rH hjh hm 6yTaT iroiKa c 6e6e, T.e. pa3rHeBaBaT rH h nojiyHaBaT ctOTBeTHOTO HaKa3aHHe 3a TOBa - "caMOßHBCKaTa 6oiecT" ("cTtnKaHo", "BtHKamHo", "caMO^HBCKO Hara3eH0", "Hara3yiie", "BeTpHiia" h np.). B 6aaHHaTa 3a Ta3H 6ojiecT HecTO ce cnoMeHaBaT Bt3M0XHHTe "rpexoBe"7 KtM caMOßHBHTe h ce H3M0.Ba ot caMO^HBHTe npomKa Ha HOBemKOTO HeBexecTBO (HOBeKtT He 3Hae, ne Te ca TaM) h HectBtpmeHCTBO (HOBeKtT He MOxe na rH bh^h). Te MoraT caMH na noHCKaT cpeia c HOBeKa h b pe3y.TaT Ha TOBa pa3no.araMe h c MHoro6poïHH pa3Ka3H 3a cpeiH ctc caMO^HBH KpaH caMOTHH koih6h, nycTH ntTHia, BoneHHiH h t.h. HaH-HecTO cpeiaTa CTaBa HOieM, HOBeKtT npHCtCTByBa Ha "caMOßHBCKO xopo" hih "caMOßHBCKa CBaT6a" h ce ct6yxna no ntpBH neTiH HaKtne naieH ot CBoa noM. H TyK HMa nBa BapHaHTa - hih HOBeKtT e^BaM ce e OTtpBai ot ynaBaHe, nanaHe b nti60Ka nponacT h npyra HeiacTHa,
6	E. MHieBa. HeBHnHMH hgihh rocTH. C., 1994, 15-17. ToBa naBa GCHGBaHHe Ha aBTGpa na GnpeneJiH CaMG^HBHTe KaTG "BGnHH neMGHH", HG B MH0r06p0HHH TepeHHH MaTepHajiH, kohto ce ctxpaHaBaT B ApxHBa Ha HHCTHTyra 3a ^gjikigp npH EAH HaMHpaMe h onHcaHHa Ha TaxHOTO MecTGXHBeeHe, KGeTG He rH CBtp3Ba HenpeMeHHG C BGnHH H3TGHHHUH.
7	"CaMonHBH, caMGBHiH/ Ktne CTe GnHiH,/ KaKBG ere npaBHJiH?/ Ktne 6exTe?/ Ha Gpo jih 6exTe,/ Ha CBaT6a jih 6exTe,/ Ha KptiieHe jih 6exTe?/ KaKBG bh cropH HBaH?/ flajiH bh TaHeii npeKHHa?/ flajiH bh HeBecTa 6yTHa?/ flajiH bh neTe H3 KGmqe H3^tpjiH?/ flaiH bh Ha Tpane3a onH no BtHKa?/ OnpGCTeTe My..." - otkbc GT cjiGBecHHa TeKCT Ha 6aeHe npoTHB "BeTpHia", 3anHcaHG ot TMHrpa HBaHGBa MianeHGBa, pon. 1917 ron, G6p.IV kj, 3eMeneJiHe; 3anHcaH0 b c. fltJirH ne., OKp. MHxaHJiGBrpancKH (nHec g6ji. MoHTaHa) npe3 1982 ron. GT H. TonopoBa.
h^h e no^ynm HaKaKBa ^ap6a (acHOBH^CKa h^h ^enHTe^CKa). CaMO^HBHTe ce B^ro6BaT
o
noHHKora b OBnapH h MoraT CTaHaT TexHH HeBecTH.
H^eHTHneH e c^ynaaT c bhjhtc b cp^6cKHTe h xtpBaTCKH (^o^ktophh BapHaHTH Ha
to3h ^eMoHHneH nepcoHax. Eto e^Ho KoHKpeTHo onHcaHHe Ha cpema c Tax h
npoH3TeKHHTe ot Hea noc^e^cTBHa 3a noBeKa: "TeK mTo je npom^a noHoh Ka^ cmo
cthoh y BHHorpa^. Ha caMoM yna3y, no^ je^HHM opaxoM, Ha MecenHHH npHMeTHM KaKo
ce HemTo Kpehe y Kpyr. Homhc^hm je HeKa xHBoTHaa. BpaTy Pa^HmH HHmTa He
npHnaM, mh npHMehyjeM oh HHmTa o^ Tora He bh^h. Ka^a cmo ce npHMHpmH,
npHMeTHM oko ^pBeTa Hrpa ko^o npe^ennx ^eBojaKa. ftHxoBe xa^HHe npecHjaBme
cy ce Kao cpe6po, a HajM^ada h Haj^enma o^ anx Maxa^a mh je pyKoM h no3HBMa ^a hm
ce npH^pyxHM y Ko^y. npoTp^ao caM ohh h ynHTao 6paTa ^h h oh hcto to bh^h, mh
oh ce HacMejao h peKao KaKo ja to cBe H3MHm^aM. nprnieraH cmo Ha HMnpoBH3oBaHe
KpeBeTe y BHHorpa^cKoj ko^h6h, mh no^ yTHcKoM BHdeHor npraopa MeHH caH HHje
^o^a3Ho Ha ohh. Ctmho cy y Moje ^enanKe mhmh ^o^a3H^e npe^ene ^eBojKe Ha
MecenHHH. Cyrpa^aH caM ce TemKo pa36oaeo. flyro caM ^e6^eo H3Medy xHBoTa h cmpth,
• ,,9
a Ka^a caM ce o^ Tora onopaBHo, oTnone.ro je MHoro Tora ^a mh ce npHKa3yje.
A cera ^a bh^hm KaK ce onHcBaT Te3H ^mohh^hh c^mecTBa ot cbBpeMeHHHTe eKcTpaceHcH h xopaTa, kohto cno^enaT TexHHTe Bmrae^H 3a cBeTa oko^o Hac.
B cnHcaHHe Stella (Tajanstveni svijet na granici znanosti), KoeTo H3^H3a b 3arpe6, MoxeM ^a nponeTeM c^e^HoTo onHcaHHe:
"Vile su aktivan dio prirodnog svijeta čiji glavni zadatak predstavlja apsorbiranje životne energije, chija ili prane od Sunca te njeno rasporedivanje fizičkome svijetu oko nas. U njihove dužnosti i konkretnije zadatke spada i bavljenje strukturom i bojama cvijeca te briga oko biljnog korijena kao i potpomaganje razvitka minerala, povrca i životinjskog carstva.
Prema svojoj prirodi i "prebivalištu" smatraju se stanovnicima astralne razine što znači da su u principu nevidljive za ljudsko oko te da mogu poprimiti oblik po želji, iako se drže odredenih obljubljenih oblika.
Usprkos tome što je grada njihova tijela toliko delikatna i nježna mogu se, u situacijama kada žele biti opažene materijalizirati što se dešava kada se pulsirajuca sfera žive svjetlosti s jarkom jezgrom koja čini njihovo normalno stanje, kondenzira.
Pri materijalizaciji svoga lika koriste kolektivnu svijest te podržavaju odredene oblike koji im odgovaraju u prirodi."10
^o ce oTHaca ,ro oTHomeHHeTo Ha BH^HTe k^m xopaTa, to b noBenero cnynaH ce cMaTa, ne Te H36araaT KoHTaKTHTe c xopa, 3amoTo noBemKoTo noBe^eHHe h xenaHHa necro ca arpecHBHH h o6pa3yBaT acTparaH noTouH, kohto hm npenaT. Ot #pyra cTpaHa, o6ane, HaKoH bh^h HMaT xenaHHe ^a noMaraT Ha xopaTa h ce cnpHaTenaBaT c ot^^hh hh^hbh^h - Haft-necTo c oHe3H ot Tax, kohto HcKaT hcthhckh ^a pa36epaT ^pyrHTe xopa h H3pa3aBaT ^o6pH nyBCTBa. Brarn-e MoraT ^a ^eMoHCTpHpaT cBoeTo npHCbCTBHe, KaTo npeHacaT pa3HH Hema oT^anene h^h ^a ynacTByBaT b cnHpHTHnecKH ceaHcH, KaTo ^aBaT ottoboph c y^apH no MacaTa.11
8	E. M^eBa. UHt. cm., c. 16; bhx h npHJioxeHHa TeKcr "OBiap h caMo^HBa" Ha c. 46-47.
9	T. Ha3apeBHh...c.34
10N. Horvat, S. Erega. Tko su vile. - "Stella (Tajanstveni svijet na granici znanosti)", 1995, br. 17, 42-43.
11 naK TaM, c. 42.
BtnpoctT 3a caMOTO ct^ecTByBaHe Ha BHnHTe ce nocTaBa no cnenHHa HaHHH:
"Napokon, ako smo okruženi nevidljivim radio valovima i zračenjima zašto onda ne bismo
bili okruženi nekom vrstom nevidljivih stvorenja koja egzistiraju na sasvim različit način
12
od nas, naročito ako se mnogi ljudi kunu u njihovo postojanje.
B onHcaHHHTa Ha 6tnrapcKHTe eKCTpaceHCH caMonHBHTe othobo npHCtCTByBaT c
^BOHHCTBeHaTa ch npHpona, ho ta panKO ce o6ct.xna ot enHH h ct^H HOBeK. MHeHHATa
3a tax ca pa3neneHH b nBeTe pa3nHHHH ieHH0CTHH nocoKH h TOBa OKa3Ba BnHaHHe Btpxy
KOHKpeTHHa o6pa3 Ha caMO^HBHTe, koHto ce H3rpaxna b TexHHTe pa3Ka3H 3a tax.
Cnopen enHH eKCTpaceHCH, caMonHBHTe ca "HH3mH acTpanHH Tena, kohto ce
noflBHBaT Ha hakoh xopa, kohto ca nonarnHBH Ha TaKHBa BH3yanHH KOHTaKTH. KoraTO
HOBeK ce 6oh ot tax, Te ce noaBaBaT no-HecTo; aKO He ce 6oh - Te He My ce noaBaBaT. Te
ce noHBHBaT TaM, KtneTO HMa CTpax... ToBa (bchhkh Te3H ct^ecTBa - H.T.) ca
pa3HOBH^HOCTH Ha acTpanHHTe Tena. Pa3HOBHnHOCTH. npocTO HaH-p a3nHHHH BHnoBe. Te
ce nonnaBaT Ha onpeneneHa MaTepHanraaiHa npH onpeneneHH ycnoBHa nonxona^H 3a
tax - CTpax, nenpecHa, ctMHeHHa, bchhkh HeraTHBHH CTpaHH Ha HOBemKHa xapaKTep. H
KoraTO enHH HOBeK e ya3BHM, b cmhcm nonaTnHB Ha TaKtB KOHTaKT, MOxe h na rH BHnH.
Ho He bchhkh MoraT na rH BHnaT. hhkoh MoraT na rH HyaT, npyrH MoraT na rH
noHyBCTByBaT, TpeTH MoraT na rH ctHyBaT. Btnpoc Ha KOHieHTpaiHa npH BceKH HOBeK
e na nonyHH HaKaKBa BH3yanHa HnH cnyxoBa npencTaBa 3a tax. HnH npocTO KaTO mhcm
na MHHe, HnH npocTO KaTO nontx na rH yceTH. HaH-pa3nHHHH BHnoBe HMa h Te ce
npoaBABaT no pa3nHHeH HaHHH b 3aBHCHMOCT ot HOBeKa. BceKH rH Bt3npHeMa cnopen
CBoaTa co6cTBeHa MHCbn h KOHieHTpaiiHa Ha MHCtnTa. npH Bt3npHeMaHeT0 Ha Te3H
eHeprHH, BceKH e HHnHBHnyaneH. He BceKH MOxe na BHnH enHa caMonHBa, ho HMa
TaKHBa, kohto MoraT na a BHnaT. He BceKH MOxe na ce c6n,CKa C Hea, ho HMa h TaKHBa,
kohto MoraT na a noKOCHaT. He BceKH MOxe na a Hye, ho HMa h TaKHBa, kohto MoraT na
HyaT rnaca H. KaKBO no-KOHKpeTHO Bh HHTepecyBa 3a caMonHBHTe? flanH ca peaneH
^aKT? fla, peaneH $aKT ca. flpyrH BtnpocH HMaTe nH?"13
Cnopen npyrH eKCTpaceHCH caMonHBHTe ca "Btnnt^eHHe Ha hakoa ot
noHH3mHTe eHeprHH, kohto ca no6nrao no Hac. KonKOTO h na ca HH3mH, Te Bce naK ca
noBHcmH ot Hac, 3a^OTO ca b acTpana. Te ca H3npaTeHH npH Hac ot HaH-BHcmaTa
eHeprHa, ot Hamna Bor, 3a^OTO ca ce HaMHpaT no-6nH3O h no-6,p3O MoraT na noHnaT
npH Hac; H3npaTeHH ca na hh noMaraT na pa3BHeM HamHTe nyxoBHH 3anox6H h na ce
»14
yc,B,pmeHCTBaMe, 3a na npeMHHeM 3aenHO c tax Ha no-BHcme eHeprHHHO hhbo.
npHBeneHHTe npHMepH-onHcaHHa acho noKa3BaT, He pa3BHTHeTO Ha npencTaBHTe 3a to3h THn neMOHHHHH ct^ecTBa ce oc,^ecTBa non ctBMecTHOTO BnHaHHe Ha HaKonKO ^aKTopa. KaTO HacneneHH ot ^onKnopa pa3no3HaBaMe He caMO Ha3BaHHeTO, ho h aMČHBaneHTHaTa hm c,^hoct, MaKap He nocnenHaTa ce ocMHcna no hob HaHHH. Te ce
12 naK TaM, c. 43
13HHTepBro c eKCTpaceHca Pooh^ XpHCTOBa MHTeBa, pon. 1959 ron. b rp. _3m6oh, o6p. BHome, crpoHTeneH HHxHHep, 3an. npe3 1993 ron ot H. TonopoBa. CBeneHHaTa ca naneHH no BpeMe Ha ceaHC, b koHto eKCTpaceHCtT-KOHraKTbop pa3roBapa C "BHomHTe eHeprHH" h OTroBopHTe Ha MOHTe BtnpooH nonyHaBaM nHpeKTHO ot "tax". B cnyHaa e BaxHO ot^o h CBeneHHeTO, He cnen ope^a c "acrpanHHTe Tena" "Te" c,BeTBaT HOBeKa na oe H3Ktne BenHara, 3a na He npoHHKHe "nomara eHeprHa" ntn60K0 h na He o6tpKa noHXHHeoKOTO My h $H3HHecK0 otcroaHHe. 3ananeHa oBe^ b oraaTa Ha KOHTaKra npenna3Ba ot nono6HH HexenaHH ope^H.
14HHTepBro o eKOTpaceHca XpHOTO HBaHOB TeoprHeB, pon. 1946 ron. b rp. Co^ha, o6p. HKOHOMHHeoKH TexHHKyM, oHeTOBonHTen, 3an. npe3 1995 ron ot H. TonopoBa.
onncBaT KaTO e^HOBpeMeHHO oTSaraa^H xopaTa h rbpce^H KOHTaKT c tax, KaTO acTpa^HH Teaa, kohto ce MaTepHaaH3HpaT caMO npe^ rana^HaaHTe b HeraTHBHH eMOnHOHaaHO-ncHXHHecKH ctcTOHHHH xOpa h KaTO eHeprHH, H3npaTeHH ot Eoi\ 3a ^a hh no^noMoraaT no ntTH Ha ^yxoBHOTO ycbBtpmecTByBaHe. Bepoarao no^ BanaHHe Ha KaHOHHHHaTa xpHcTHHHcKa HHTepnpeTanHH ce e yTBtp^Ha "HH3mHa" hm cTaTyc b nepapxHHTa Ha "eHeprHHTe" h "acTpaaHHTe" Teaa, 3a^OTo ^opH b no3HTHBHaTa hm xapaKTepHcTHKa npHCbCTByBa onpe^eaeHHero "HH3mH eHeprHH". CtBtpmeHO hobo h ctBpeMeHHO no 3ByneHe e onHcaHHeTO Ha BtHmHHH hm bh#. "EHeprHHHaTa" c^^hoct Ha caMo^HBHTe h BH^HTe ce pa36pHpa b KOHTeKcTa Ha rarpaxaa^Ha ce b nocae^Ho BpeMe KOHnenTyaaeH Mo^ea Ha xopaTa cBtp3aHH c napaHopMaaHHTe HBaeHHa h b aorHKaTa Ha HeroBaTa noHHTHHHa napa^Hma.15
B 3aKaroneHHe 6hx HcKaaa ^a Kaxa, ne Ha6aroaeHHHTa Btpxy TpaHc^opManHHTe Ha to3h THn noBemKH npe^CTaBH b KOHTeKcTa Ha npoMeHH^aTa ce conHOKyaTypHa cpe^a HMa cmhcm 3a a^eKBaTHOTO npe^cTaBHHe Ha KyaTypHHTe peaaHH b thxhoto rtBKaBO ^HHaMHHHO 0HTHe.
15 3a KOHnenTyaaHHH Mo^ea Ha ctBpeMeHHHTe eKcrpaceHcH h MexaHH3MHTe, no kohto ce o^opMH HeroBaTa BtTpemHa cMHcaoBa aorHKa bhx y H. ToflopoBa. napaHopMaarnrre HBaeHHH b nepHo^a Ha npexoji (no MaTepHaaH, ^oKyMeHTHpaHH npe3 nocae^HHTe HHKoaKo ro^HHH b EtarapHH h MrocaaBHa) - B: npexo^tT b EtarapHH npe3 norae^a Ha conHaaHHTe HayKH, AKa^eMHnHo H3^aTeacTBo "npo(£. MapHH Aphhob", co^hh, 1997, 141-161
The World of Demons in Stories and Images
Iveta Todorova - Pirgova
In this paper are analyzed some historical changes of human notions and perceptions about demonic creatures from the ancient times till the present days. These notions are considered as related to an analytical dichotomy inherited / assumed in both the rural and the urban context. The world of demons has always been "densly populated" although one sort of its "inhabitants" could be replaced with another or could be described in another way by the different generations in different historical periods. In the very beginning, many of the "present" demons were Gods, but were very rarely perceived only in a positive sense. The idea of their ambivalent nature has motivated human activities in two directions: a) a person (or a community) had to express respect and gratitude for assistance rendered; b) a person (or a community) had to protect "unwise people" from harmful influences. After the establishment of the monotheistic religions with Holy books, the establishment of the monotheistic religions with their Holy books, the "place" of demons was strictly fixed. Regardless of their origin, essence and functions, demons were considered as God's antagonists, as associated with Devil and his assistants. So to express respect toward demons is not only unnecessary but also heretical. People just had to be preserved from demonic temptations of the "evil". Folkloric concepts and interpretations connected with demons are rather different from the canonical religious ones. Religious images and ideas are accepted and adapted in folklore, but they are transformed in a central way. In folklore texts demons continue to exist with their ambivalent nature. This nature provokes a certain type of demons / people relationship realized first of all in ritual practices. Demons "live" even today in their specific places and participate in determining (or changing) a human life, although "modern" demons can have a quite different appearance and different kinds of activities, especially in big cities. Their contemporary descriptions can be impacted by some scientific, theosophical or individual understanding of some "strange" religious doctrines. Explanations of demonic existence could be influenced also by some "new scientific descriptions", as for instance, para-psychology psychotronics, etc. So, some of the old images of the demons are perceived but some of them are modified in order to be adapted to a contemporary socio-cultural situation. The authoress endeavours to observe and analyze such a process using as an example one of the most popular demons among the South Slavs, the so-called vila (samovila, samodiva) documented from the last century in the last few years, among the people with so-called extraordinary abilities, the authoress makes conclusions on the specific transformations of the ideas and images of vila, samovila as reflected in folk stories about these demonic creatures. The way of speaking about them is also changed in order to be understandable in a new cultural environment. The examples which are used in the paper are drawn from Bulgaria, Serbia and Croatia and they are given in the respective languages, without translation.