111 Breeding of Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus on Skadar Lake Gnezdenje kodrastega pelikana Pelecanus crispus na Skadarskem jezeru Darko Savelji}1, Borut Rubini}2, Martin Schneider-Jacoby3 & Ondrej Vizi4 1 National Institute for Nature Conservation, Trg Be}ir bega Osmanagi}a 16, P.O. Box 2, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro, e-mail: dasav@cg.yu 2 Dru{tvo za opazovanje in prou~evanje ptic Slovenije (DOPPS – BirdLife Slovenia), Tr`a{ka cesta 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, e-mail: borut.rubinic@dopps-drustvo.si 3 Euronatur, Konstanzer Str. 22, D-78315 Radolfzell, Germany, e-mail: martin.schneider-jacoby@euronatur.org 4 Natural History Museum of Montenegro, Trg Be}ir bega Osmanagi}a 16, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro, e-mail: vizi@cg.yu Kongres ornitologov Slovenije ob 25. obletnici DOPPS Slovene Ornithologists’ Congress at the 25th anniversary of DOPPS – BirdLife Slovenia Historical data on Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus breeding at Skadar Lake, the largest lake in the Balkans, are presented. Breeding was first confirmed in 1894 but there is then a gap in the literature relating to nesting of this species at the Lake from 1896 to 1965. Intensive research started in 1972 and still continues. The size of the breeding population reached a maximum in 1977 with 52 pairs. The Dalmatian Pelicans at Skadar Lake nest on the floating peat islands with the exception of two years when they nested on the rocky island. Most of the data gathered relate to the Pan~eva oka ornithological reserve. Although their population is estimated as stable in the Mediterranean area, the population at Skadar Lake is still highly endangered, although with a small tendency to growth. The most significant impact on the success of this species’ nesting at the Lake results from flooding of nests and human disturbance. Key words: Dalmatian Pelican, Pelecanus crispus, breeding, Skadar lake, Montenegro, population dynamics Klju~ne besede: kodrasti pelikan, Pelecanus crispus, gnezdenje, Skadarsko jezero, ^rna gora, populacijska dinamika Acrocephalus 25 (122): 111 – 118, 2004 1. Introduction Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus is a globally threatened species. It was formerly listed as vulnerable and recently reassessed as conservation dependent, mostly due to an increase of population based on active preservation, particularly at its largest colony of 500 pairs on Mikri Prespa Lake in Greece (Crivelli et al. 2000, BirdLife International 2001). The species’ breeding population is local and confined to SE Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia. The world population is estimated to have stabilized at between 15,000 and 20,000 individuals (BirdLife International 2002). The latest estimates of breeding population range from 4,031 to 5,196 pairs (Crivelli et al. 2000, Wetlands International 2002). Only about 15% of the global population breeds in the Mediterranean region: 15 – 20 pairs in Montenegro, 50 pairs in Albania, 500 pairs in Greece, and 120 pairs in Turkey (Hoffman et al. 1996). The Mediterranean population is considered to be stable (Perennou et al. 2000). In Montenegro, Dalmatian Pelican was recorded for the first time in 1891 by Brusina (1891), who recorded the species on Skadar Lake. There are no records from Skadar Lake for the period between 1896 and 1965. The first serious investigations were conducted in 1972, with annual censuses up to the 1990’s. Since then, breeding of Dalmatian Pelicans has not been confirmed on Skadar Lake (unpubl. data). In this study, records of breeding Dalmatian Pelicans on Skadar Lake in Montenegro are presented, from the first breeding record by Führer (1894) to the most recent records in 2003. Data on breeding of Dalmatian Pelican on Skadar Lake are summarized for the first time. 112 2. Study area and methods 2.1 Study area Skadar Lake is situated in the very south-eastern part of Montenegro (19º30’ N, 42º30’ E). It is the largest lake on the Balkan Peninsula with a water surface of between 354 and 505.8 km2, according to the season and water level. It is 44 km long and 15 km wide. Its main water source is the Mora~a river, which provides more than 60% of the lake’s water. Besides the Mora~a there are many other smaller rivers and sublacustric springs flowing into the lake. Occasionally it is provided with water from the river Drim that flows into the river Bojana, by which the lake is connected to the Adriatic Sea (Buri} & Radulovi} 1983). Skadar Lake is situated in a crypto-depression with an average depth between 5 and 6 m. Its maximum depth is found in the sublacustric spring Radu{ that is more than 90 m in depth. Water temperature can reach 30°C in summer (Buri} & Radulovi} 1983). Two thirds of the lake area is situated in Montenegro and one third in Albania. The Montenegrin part was declared as a national park in 1983 and got IBA status in 1989 (Grimmett & Jones 1989). Since 1995 this part of the lake is also a Ramsar site. The Albanian part of the lake remains without any legal protection. 281 species of birds have been recorded on Skadar lake (Dhora & Savelji} 2001). With about 2,000 breeding pairs of Pygmy Cormorants Phalacrocorax pygmeus Skadar Lake hosts the second largest European colony of this globally threatened species (Vasi} et al. 1992, own data). It is known as the westernmost breeding site of the Dalmatian Pelican in the world and is one of the most important wetlands for wintering water- birds in the Mediterranean basin, where more than 250,000 water-birds are counted annually (Vasi} & Vizi 2000). 2.2 Methods In spring 2002 we counted nesting Dalmatian Pelicans in Pan~eva oka from a small aeroplane flying over the colony at a height of 300 m. In spring 2003 we visited the same colony twice (May and June) with a boat and approached the inaccessible pelican nests by foot and by swimming. Young pelicans were counted. Records for the previous years were summarized from published sources. 3. Results 3.1. Historical data The presence of Dalmatian Pelicans at Skadar Lake was first recorded by Brusina (1891). In 1894 in Hum bay (from 1968 the ornithological reserve Pan~eva oka) 29 pairs were recorded building nests (Führer 1894). As Führer (1894) explains, he took eggs from 15 nests, leaving the eggs from the remaining 14 nests untouched. The latter nests were later destroyed by flooding (Führer 1894). In 1896 Reiser & Führer (1896) again recorded a colony of 20 pairs (Table 1). From then until 1972 detailed research on the birds of Skadar Lake is lacking and records on the presence of pelicans are also lacking. Only in 1965 were 42 pelicans recorded in the mating season at the former breeding place (Ivanovi} 1970). The colony was then disturbed by hunters. Intensive research on Dalmatian Pelican started in 1972 (Vizi 1975; Table 1). In May 1972 the colony was visited for the first time and 20 nests with 16 to 18 young birds were recorded. In subsequent years severe disturbance of the colony by predators and flooding was recorded (Vizi 1975). The original colony location, Pan~eva oka, was displaced in 1975, because of human disturbance, to another place, Crni `ar, an area consisting of floating peat islands and floating vegetation, situated about 1.5 km to the south (Vizi 1979). Until 1977, when a maximum of 52 pairs was reached, the number of nesting pelicans had been increasing. In 1978 the colony was once more destroyed by high water levels (Vizi 1979). During the 80’s pelicans were mainly nesting on both Crni `ar and on Pan~eva oka. 3.2. Recent status In the 1990’s, the number of successfully fledged pelicans was low, although disturbances were not recorded. In 1990, 21 pairs were recorded on Crni `ar, but all the eggs and a young bird were later destroyed by hail. During 1991 and 1992 the colony was located on the stone island of Grmo`ur. Continuous disturbance by tourists resulted in complete abandonment of the colony in subsequent years (Vizi 1995a). Between 1993 and 2001 nesting of Dalmatian Pelicans has not been recorded on Skadar Lake. The first recent record of nesting pelicans on Skadar Lake was confirmed on 11 Jul 2002 when five D. Savelji} et al.: Breeding of Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus on Skadar Lake 113 pairs, followed by two fledged young, were seen at the colony in Pan~eva oka. At the same place, during two visits in 2003, seven pairs with 10 fledged young were recorded only 20 m away from the nesting rafts, which were set there according to Perennou et al. (2001) (Table 2). 3.3. Nesting ecology Dalmatian Pelicans have bred on three ecologically different sites on Skadar Lake. The first and most frequently occupied nesting locality is Pan~eva oka. Pan~eva oka (meaning “Pelican’s springs” in local language) is a vast complex of dead and live flooding vegetation that has formed up to 11 m deep layers of Acrocephalus 25 (122): 111 – 118, 2004 Year / leto No. of breeding pairs / {t. gnezde~ih parov No. of young / {t. mladi~ev Breeding success/ gnezditveni uspeh (young/pair) Type of disturbance/ tip motenj Nesting location/ lokacija gnezdi{~ Source / vir 1894 29 – – E, F Pan~eva oka Führer (1894) 1896 20 – – Pan~eva oka Reiser & Führer (1896) 1965 21 – – H Pan~eva oka Ivanovi} (1970) 1967 30 – – – Terasse & Toillard (1967) 1972 20 16 – 18 0.8 − 0.9 Pan~eva oka Vizi (1975) 1973 24 18 0.7 Pan~eva oka Vizi (1975) 1974* 16 0 0.0 P Pan~eva oka Vizi (1975) 1975 29 11 0.4 Crni `ar Vizi (1979) 1977 52 46 0.9 Crni `ar Vizi (1979) 1978* – 0 0.0 F Crni `ar Vizi (1979) 1979 – 3 ? – Vizi (1979) 1983 11 6 0.5 Crni `ar, Pan~eva oka O. Vizi 1984 11 5 0.4 Crni `ar, Pan~eva oka O. Vizi 1986 8 9 1.1 Crni `ar O. Vizi 1987 14 19 1.4 Crni `ar O. Vizi 1989 29 7 0.2 Crni `ar O. Vizi 1990* 21 0 0.0 G Crni `ar O. Vizi 1991 7 2 0.3 T Grmo`ur Vizi (1991 & 1995b) 1992 15 11 0.7 T Grmo`ur Vizi (1995b) 2002 5 2 0.4 Pan~eva oka Vizi (2003) 2003 7 10 1.4 Pan~eva oka this work / to delo Average (SD) 19.0 (±11.7) 9.8 (±11.2) Table 1: Number of breeding pairs of Dalmatian Pelicans Pelecanus crispus on Skadar Lake from 1894 to 2003 with number of successfully fledged young, breeding success, type of disturbance (F – flood, H – hunting, E – egg collecting, P – predation, G – hail, T – tourism), and nesting location (* years when all the eggs and/or young were completely destroyed but there were pairs present, ? exact number not known, – missing data). Tabela 1: [tevilo gnezde~ih parov kodrastega pelikana Pelecanus crispus na Skadarskem jezeru med letoma 1894 in 2003 s {tevilom uspe{no speljanih mladi~ev, uspe{nostjo gnezdenja in tipi motenj (F – poplave, H – lov, E – jemanje jajc, P – plenilstvo, G – to~a, T – turizem) in lokacijo gnezdi{~ (* leta, ko so bila v celoti uni~ena jajca in/ali mladi~i, a so pari ostali v obmo~ju, ? ni natan~nega {tevila parov, – ni podatkov). 114 peat-moss. It consists of floating peat islands accessible only with difficulty, freshwater pools, and thick Salix vegetation. Among other vegetation found there is Salix alba, S. fragilis, Typha angustifolia, and T. latifolia. The pelican colony is situated on a floating island of peat on the southern edge of the Pan~eva oka complex and is surrounded by large colonies of Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo, Pygmy Cormorants Ph. pygmeus, Little Egrets Egretta garzetta and Squacco Herons Ardeola ralloides. The Pelican colony is situated in the basin, not far from the open water. The second breeding site was in Crni `ar. The area covers a few km2 and lies to the south of Pan~eva oka. It is a complex of mostly live floating vegetation formed mainly by Nuphar luteum, Nymphea alba, Phragmites australis and Trapa natans. Numerous small islands are formed by dead vegetation and peat. The larger islands were also formed from Salix alba and S. fragilis. The pelican colony was situated on an island of dead vegetation, surrounded by a colony of Common Sterna hirundo and Whiskered Terns Chlidonias hybridus and a few other water-bird species. The third locality where pelicans were found breeding in 1991 and 1992 is Grmo`ur island. This rocky island is found close to the north-west shore of the lake, near Virpazar. The island is a few hundred square metres in area. Vegetation, present mainly on the highest points of the island, consisted of a few Ficus carica, Punica granatum and Vitex agnus-castis plants. Pelicans’ nests were situated close to the water, only a few metres from the shore. 4. Discussion Historical data and recent observations of Dalmatian Pelicans at Skadar Lake show large changes in population numbers. The average breeding population per year is 19 pairs, making it one of the smallest colonies in the Western Palearctic. Regardless of its small size, the species’ population has survived more than 100 years in the area. The absence of nesting was recorded only between 1993 and 2001, most probably due to the increased boat traffic and other intensive human disturbance. With diminution of human activities, the pelican nesting population started to breed again, but still in a very low numbers. Nests of pelicans on Skadar Lake were typically situated on floating islands of dead vegetation (mostly peat islets). Only in 1991 and 1992 was the rocky island used as a breeding site. The shallow freshwater lake, rich in fish, reed beds and floating water plants provides good foraging and nesting possibilities. D. Savelji} et al.: Breeding of Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus on Skadar Lake Table 2: Comparison of breeding habitat, food prevalence and types of threat to Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus during the breeding period between different breeding localities throughout the area of distribution of the species Tabela 2: Primerjava gnezditvenega habitata, prevladujo~e hrane in tipov ogro`anja kodrastega pelikana Pelecanus crispus v gnezditvenem obdobju med razli~nimi gnezditvenimi lokacijami v obmo~ju raz{irjenosti vrste Locality/ lokaliteta Habitat / habitat Food / hrana Threats / tipi ogro`anja Source / vir Skadar (Montenegro) Peat and reed rafts, solid rocky island Scardinius erythrophtalmus, Rutilus rubilio, Anguilla anguilla, Carassius auratus gibellio Flood, hail, human disturbance, predators (Corvus corone cornix) Vizi (1981) Mikri Prespa (Greece) Reedbeds, reed islets, artificial islands Alburnus alburnus, Rutilus rubilio Flood, degradation and erosion of reed islets, human disturbance, predators (Vulpes vulpes) Crivelli (1987), Catsadorakis et al. (1996), Catsadorakis & Crivelli (2001) Amvrakikos (Greece) ? Anguilla anguilla ? Crivelli (1987) Karavasta (Albania) Reedbeds, reed islets, artificial islands Anguilla anguilla, Mugil spp., Gobius bucchichi, Belone belone Hunting, collecting chicks, destruction of nests, human disturbance, flood Peja et al. (1996), Bino (2000) 115 Acrocephalus 25 (122): 111 – 118, 2004 Locality/ lokaliteta Habitat / habitat Food / hrana Threats / tipi ogro`anja Source / vir Tengiz- Kurgal’d`in Lakes (Kazakhstan) Steppe covered sandy/silty islands Cyprinus carpio, Carassius carassius, C. auratus, Rutilus sp., Perca fluviatilis, Esox lucius, Tinca tinca, Gasterosteus spp. ? Andrusenko (1994) Sarakamy{ (Turkmenistan) Flat muddy/sandy islands with or without sparse vegetation, temporary islands Cyprinus carpio, Styzostedion lucioperca, Silurus glanis, Abramis brama, Pelecus cultratus, Aspius aspius, Barbus barbus Flood, predators (Canis lupus, Sus scrofa) Poslavski & Chernov (1994) Ili Delta (Kazakhstan) Sandy islands, rocky island, rafts of reed ? Predators (Corvus corone cornix, Larus cachinnans, Silurus glanis), reed cutting, drying of lakes, fire, poaching, pesticide intoxication, lack of food @atkanbaev (1994a & b), B. Rubini~ Caspian Sea, Volga Delta (Russia) Reed beds, sandy islands Cyprinus carpio, Abramis brama, Perca fluviatilis, Rutillus rutilus, Blicca bjoerkna, Neogobius spp., Cobitis caspia Flood, predators (Sus scrofa, Vulpes vulpes, Corvus corone cornix, Larus cachinnans), human disturbance Krivonosov et al. (1994), Roma{ova (1994) N Kazakhstan Poacae, Chaenopodiaceae, reed, Tamarix Carassius carassius, C. syratuys Lack of food, predators (Larus cachinnans, L. ichthyaetus, Aquila heliaca, A. chrysaetos, Haliaetus albicilla, Canis lupus) Gordienko (1994) S Tyumen (Russia) Dead floating vegetation, reed beds Carassius carassius Shooting of breeding birds Azarov (1994) Saltaim-Tengiz Lakes (Russia) Dead floating vegetation, silty sand-bar ? Predators (Larus spp.) Blinov et al. (1994) Alakol’ Lake (Kazakhstan) Reed rafts, rocky island ? Shooting, human disturbance, drying, fires Annekov (1994), N.N.Berezovikov (pers comm.) Manych, Manych Gudilo lakes, Kalmykija (Russia) Temporary islands, floating reed Cyprinus carpio, Stizostedion spp., Pungitius pungitius Human disturbance, flood Kazakov et al. (1994), Linkov (1994) (continuation of table 2 / nadaljevanje tabele 2) 116 D. Savelji} et al.: Breeding of Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus on Skadar Lake Similar nesting requirements have been recorded all over the species’ range (Table 2). Additional feeding sites used by pelicans are in the Bojana Delta, Ulcinj saltpans and [asko Lake. The recorded breeding success of 0.0 – 1.4 successfully fledged young per pair in the period 1972 – 2003 is similar to the range of breeding success in other Dalmatian Pelican colonies (Table 3). However, the Dalmatian Pelican at Skadar Lake is endangered, as only a few pairs have survived, most probably quite old birds. It will take several years with good breeding success to close the age gap in the population. Dalmatian Pelican’s food at Skadar Lake consisted of the commonest fish species of the area, Scardinius erythrophtalmus, Rutilus rubilio, Anguilla anguilla, and Carassius auratus gibellio (Vizi 1981, own data), similarly to that recorded by other authors in different areas (Table 2). The types of disturbance at Skadar Lake are similar to those recorded at other breeding places (Table 2). The most common cause of destruction of eggs and young was flooding. Other causes were human disturbance and predation by aerial predators. Natural disturbance factors have caused lower breeding success, substitutive or late broods, and nest site changes between nesting seasons (Table 3). In the years of most intense human disturbance between 1993 and 2001 no breeding was recorded on the Lake. It may well be, therefore, that the most important factor of disturbance, limiting nesting pair numbers, is the above mentioned human disturbance. During the last few years, the National Park earned money by selling hunting licenses. As the hunting season in Montenegro on waterfowl starts at 15 Aug and ends not before 15 Mar for Garganey Anas querquedula, all water birds are extremely shy. We suppose that a total lack of effective protection is a reason for the low number of breeding Dalmatian Pelicans at Skadar Lake. For example, at the same time as the decrease in the Skadar population, the population at the smaller but ecologically similar Mikri Prespa Lake increased significantly. Effective protection at Skadar Lake would therefore not only provide more stable conditions for the nesting pelicans but very likely also result in an increase of the breeding population, like that on the nearby Mikri Prespa Lake in Greece. Locality / lokaliteta Years of research/ leta raziskav Breeding success/ gnezditveni uspeh Source / vir Skadar (Montenegro) 1972 – 2003 0.0 – 1.4 this work / to delo Mikri Prespa (Greece) ? 1.0 – 1.2 Crivelli (1987) Amvrakikos (Greece) ? 0.6 – 0.9 Crivelli (1987) Karavasta (Albania) 1992 – 1993 0.5 – 0.8 Peja et al. (1996) Camalti Tuzlasi (Turkey) 1982 – 1993 0.0 – 0.8 Peja et al. (1996) Tengiz-Kurgal’d`in (Kazakhstan) 1974 – 1990 0.2 – 1.4 Andrusenko (1994) Volga Delta (Russia) 1974 – 1990 0.0 – 1.1 Krivonosov et al. (1994) N Kazakhstan 1983 – 1989 0.8 – 1.1 Gordienko (1994) Bol{oe Beloe Lake (Russia) 1982 – 1987 0.7 – 1.6 Azarov (1994) Tundrovo Lake (Russia) 1986 – 1987 1.2 – 1.8 Azarov (1994) Omelina Lake (Russia) 1990 1.2 Azarov (1994) Table 3: Breeding success (fledglings per pair) of Dalmatian Pelicans Pelecanus crispus on different breeding localities Tabela 3: Gnezditveni uspeh ({tevilo speljanih mladi~ev na par) kodrastega pelikana Pelecanus crispus na razli~nih gnezditvenih lokalitetah 117 Acrocephalus 25 (122): 111 – 118 , 2004 The Albanian proposal to declare Skadar Lake and the Bojana (Albanian Buna) River as a Ramsar site and as a protected area consisting of different categories of protected areas is a great step forward in conservation efforts on Skadar Lake. Only a clear zoning concept on Lake Skadar and a hunting ban at the most important waterfowl sites in Montenegro and Albania could, however, save the extremely small population of the Dalmatian Pelican (see also Schneider-Jacoby 2000 & 2001). Acknowledgement: We would like to thank to Rockefeller Brothers Fund and DEG for supporting the flight over Lake Skadar and the Bojana−Buna Delta in 2002, UNDP Office in Podgorica for financial support and for assistance for rafts and monitoring of Dalmatian Pelicans on Skadar Lake. 5. Povzetek Predstavljena je zgodovina gnezdenja kodrastega pelikana Pelecanus crispus na Skadarskem jezeru. Prvi~ je bilo gnezdenje pelikanov na tem najve~jem balkanskem jezeru ugotovljeno leta 1894. Za njihovo gnezdenje na jezeru med letoma 1896 in 1965 ni literaturnih podatkov. Intenzivnej{e raziskave so se za~ele leta 1972 in trajajo {e danes. Maksimalno velikost je gnezde~a populacija pelikanov dosegla v letu 1977, in sicer 52 parov. Kodrasti pelikani so gnezdili na Skadarskem jezeru na plavajo~ih oto~kih {otnega mahu, z izjemo dveh let, ko so gnezdili na skalnatem oto~ku. Ve~ina zbranih podatkov se nana{a na ornitolo{ki rezervat Pan~eva oka. Kljub temu da je sredozemska populacija kodrastega pelikana stabilna, so skadarski pelikani zelo ogro`eni. V zadnjih nekaj letih pa je vendarle zaznati trend po~asne rasti gnezde~e populacije. Glavna omejitvena dejavnika gnezditvenega uspeha kodrastih pelikanov na Sakadarskem jezeru sta poplavljanje gnezd in vznemirjanje s strani ~loveka. 6. References Andrusenko, N.N. (1994): Ecology of Pelecanus crispus in the Tengiz-Kurgaldzhin depression. pp. 69–75 In: Crivelli, A.J., Krivenko, V.G. & Vinogradov, V.G. (eds.): Pelicans in the former USSR. – IWRB Publ. 27, Gloucester. Annekov, B.P. (1994): Trends in the breeding distribution of Pelecanus onocrotalus and P. crispus on the Alakol’ Lakes, Kazakhstan. pp. 64–66 In: Crivelli, A.J., Krivenko, V.G. & Vinogradov, V.G. 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