jfc REPUBLIKA SLOVENIJA STATISTIČNI URAD REPUBLIKE SLOVENIJE STATISTICAL OFFICE OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA The Sustainable Development Indicators for Slovenia second, updated issue Ljubljana, November 2010 jMLLECTIO^ BROCHURES STATISTIČNI URAD REPUBLIKE SLOVENIJE STATISTICAL OFFICE OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA r> J~r~ < ' 'T »J The Sustainable Development Indicators for Slovenia second, updated issue Authors Mojca Suvorov, Teja Rutar, Mojca Žitnik Printed by Demat d. o. o. The publication is available at www.stat.si/eng/pub.asp Information: Information Centre phone:+ 386 1 241 51 04 e-mail: info.stat@gov.si CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 308(497.4) 311:308(497.4) SUVOROV, Mojca The sustainable development indicators for Slovenia / [authors Mojca Suvorov, Teja Rutar, Mojca Žitnik]. - 2nd, updated issue. -Ljubljana : Statistični urad Republike Slovenije = Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, 2010. - (Collection Brochures / Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia) ISBN 978-961-239-218-5 1. Gl. stv. nasl. 2. Rutar, Teja 3. Žitnik, Mojca, 1970253369856 Issued and published by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Vožarski pot 12 - © SURS - Use and publication of data is allowed provided the source is acknowledged - Printed in 90 copies Foreword The key milestone in the field of sustainable development was the United Nations conference on environment and development held in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro. There the plan on how to achieve sustainable development in the 21st century, Agenda 21, was adopted. Prior to the conference, sustainable development was defined as the »development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs«. In Rio, however, it was for the first time pointed out that the policies of economic development must necessarily include environmental and social aspects. Since then, researchers, environmental organisations, governments and international agencies have been trying to find the answer to the question: How to measure sustainable development? There are many sets of indicators for sustainable development in the world today, both at the national and also at the international levels, and they are based on various concepts. Such sets often arise from the need to monitor the implementation of sustainable development strategies. In the past two years, the understanding of development and sustainability has changed considerably as the narrow vision of development which emphasized only the economic development is lately being superseded by the new criterion of development: general well-being of people. Well-being is namely much more: in addition to material goods, it relates also to health, the environment, social relationships, personal activities, education and culture. Our aim was to include all these findings in this publication. Moreover, since sustainable development and general well-being cover all aspects of life and living, we wanted, with the help of indicators, to reveal how each of us can contribute to the achievement of our common goals. In this publication indicators are grouped into three sections: Well-being, Balance and modesty and Intergenerational cooperation. According to the group that participated in formulating the set of presented indicators, these objectives are of key importance to sustainable development in Slovenia. We deliberately did not want to present judgements on the success or failure regarding the implementation of the objectives in specific areas. Yet we encourage you to create your own opinion, also with the help of this publication. VmŠL Irena Križman Director-General CONTENTS THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS FOR SLOVENIA....................9 WELL-BEING..............................................................................................................11 QUALITY OF NATURAL RESOURCES................................................................................ 11 AIR QUALITY............................................................................................................................ 12 Chart 1: Exceeding the daily concentration limit of particulate matter PM10, Slovenia, 2009 ....................................................................................................................................... 12 Table 1: Average annual concentrations of particulate matter PM10, Slovenia ........................12 DRINKING WATER QUALITY................................................................................................. 13 Chart 2: Faecal contamination of drinking water with E.coli by size class of water supply systems and by regional institutes of public health, Slovenia, 2007.............. 13 Table 2: Faecal contamination of drinking water with E.coli, Slovenia.....................................13 ORGANIC FARMING............................................................................................................... 14 Chart 3: Agricultural holdings with organic farming or in conversion and utilised agricultural areas with organic farming or in conversion, Slovenia....................14 Table 3: Agricultural holdings with organic farming or in conversion and utilised agricultural areas with organic farming or in conversion, Slovenia....................14 ECONOMIC GROWTH......................................................................................................... 15 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT............................................................................................. 15 Chart 4: Real GDP growth per capita, 1995 = 100, Slovenia........................................................15 Table 4: GDP at current prices, Slovenia.........................................................................................15 HOUSEHOLD INCOME.......................................................................................................... 16 Chart 5: Average annual available assets of households per household member, Slovenia .....................................................................................................16 Table 5: Average annual available assets of households, Slovenia..........................................16 CONTENTS SAFETY................................................................................................................................... 17 LABOUR FORCE...................................................................................................................... 17 Chart 6: The average registered unemployment rate, Slovenia.................................................17 Table 6: Persons in employment, Slovenia......................................................................................17 ACCESS TO SOCIAL PROTECTION.................................................................................... 18 Chart 7: Expenditure on social benefits by social protection function (risk), Slovenia, 2008....................................................................................................................................... 18 Table 7: Expenditure on social benefits, Slovenia.........................................................................18 ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE.................................................................................................. 19 Chart 8: People per physician in out-patient health care, Slovenia...........................................19 Table 8: Physicians in out-patient health care, Slovenia..............................................................19 ACCESS TO EDUCATION......................................................................................................20 Map 1: Students in tertiary education and scholarship recipients among them, statistical regions, Slovenia, 2009....................................................................................................20 Table 9: The number of students in tertiary education per 1,000 population, statistical regions, Slovenia...............................................................................................................20 CRIME....................................................................................................................................... 21 Chart 9: Convicted persons in total population, Slovenia ...........................................................21 Table 10: People convicted at general jurisdiction courts, Slovenia ..........................................21 BALANCE AND MODESTY.......................................................................................23 NATURAL RESOURCES........................................................................................................23 ENERGY CONSUMPTION...................................................................................................... 24 Chart 10: Final energy consumption per capita and share of renewables in final energy consumption, Slovenia.............................................................................................24 Table 11: Renewables in final energy consumption, Slovenia....................................................24 WATER CONSUMPTION FROM PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY................................................ 25 Chart 11: Water supplied from public water supply, in households per capita, Slovenia .....25 Table 12: Water supplied from public water supply, Slovenia.....................................................25 MUNICIPAL AND FOOD WASTE GENERATION................................................................ 26 Chart 12: Municipal waste generated per capita, Slovenia........................................................26 Table 13: Municipal waste generated, Slovenia............................................................................26 PASSENGER TRANSPORT.....................................................................................................27 Chart 13: Passenger cars used by natural persons per 1,000 population and passenger-kilometres in public road passenger transport, Slovenia.................................27 Table 14: Passenger cars used by natural persons and passengers in public road passenger transport, Slovenia ................................................................................27 CONTENTS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT.......................................................................................28 EXPENDITURE ON DEVELOPMENT.....................................................................................28 Chart 14: Sources of funds for research and development in the business sector, Slovenia, 2008.......................................................................................................................................28 Table 15: Gross domestic expenditure on research and development in the business sector, Slovenia ........................................................................................................28 POPULATION, GENDER EQUALITY AND POVERTY........................................................29 TOTAL INCREASE OF POPULATION...................................................................................29 Chart 15: Increase of population per 1,000 population, Slovenia..............................................29 Table 16: Increase of population, Slovenia.....................................................................................29 EARNINGS OF MEN AND WOMEN......................................................................................30 Chart 16: Difference between average gross earnings of men and average gross earnings of women, Slovenia - provisional data................................................................30 Table 17: Average monthly gross earnings, Slovenia - provisional data..................................30 AT-RISK-OF-POVERTY RATE.................................................................................................. 31 Chart 17: At-risk-of-poverty rate (income in cash), Slovenia.......................................................31 Table 18: At-risk-of-poverty rate (income in cash), Slovenia, 2008 .............................................31 INTERGENERATIONAL COOPERATION.................................................................33 INTENSITY OF USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES..............................................................33 ENERGY INTENSITY............................................................................................................... 34 Chart 18: Energy intensity - primary energy supply/GDI^ constant 2000 prices, Slovenia..........................................................................................................34 Table 19: Total primary energy supply, Slovenia...........................................................................34 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS.........................................................................................35 Chart 19: Sources of greenhouse gas emissions, Slovenia, 2008 ..............................................35 Table 20: Greenhouse gas emissions, Slovenia.............................................................................35 CONSUMPTION OF MINERAL FERTILISERS IN AGRICULTURE................................... 36 Chart 20: Consumption of macro plant nutrients in agriculture per hectare of utilized agricultural area in agriculture, Slovenia.....................................................................36 Table 21: Consumption of mineral fertilizers and macro plant nutrients in agriculture, Slovenia.......................................................................................................................36 INTENSITY OF WOOD REMOVALS.....................................................................................37 Chart 21: Intensity of wood removals, Slovenia.............................................................................37 Table 22: Annual increment and removals of wood, Slovenia ....................................................37 CONTENTS GOVERNMENT DEBT...........................................................................................................38 GOVERNMENT DEBT............................................................................................................. 38 Chart 22: General government debt, % GDI? Slovenia................................................................38 Table 23: General government debt, Slovenia...............................................................................38 CARE FOR ALL GENERATIONS..........................................................................................39 THE AGE DEPENDENCY........................................................................................................ 39 Chart 23: The age dependency ratios, Slovenia ...........................................................................39 Table 24: The age dependency ratios, Slovenia............................................................................39 CHILDCARE.............................................................................................................................40 Chart 24: Children in kindergartens, Slovenia..............................................................................40 Table 25: Children in kindergartens, Slovenia...............................................................................40 CARE FOR THE ELDERLY......................................................................................................41 Chart 25: Reasons for admissions of people in old people's homes, Slovenia, 2009 .............41 Table 26: People in care in old people's homes, Slovenia ...........................................................41 METHODOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS....................................................................42 DEFINITIONS.............................................................................................................42 STATISTICAL SIGNS.................................................................................................46 ABBREVATIONS AND UNITS OF MEASUREMENT................................................46 LITERATURE AND SOURCES...................................................................................47 THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS FOR SLOVENIA The idea of establishing a key set of national sustainable development indicators at the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia is not a new one. It was realized under the international project with financial support from Eurostat. One of the aims of the project was to improve the visibility and proper identification of the concept of sustainable development in Slovenia. We want to present the idea of sustainable development with a set of indicators in a non-technical way to the general public. The first set of sustainable development indicators was formulated at the workshop which was organized by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia in April 2009. Representatives from the ministries, agencies, research institutes, NGOs and the statistical office participated in this event. Together we tried to find the answers to the questions regarding which are the key areas and key objectives of sustainable development in Slovenia. We formulated the following five key objectives of sustainable development in Slovenia: prosperity, long-term balance, modesty, cooperation and integrity. For each objective target indicators that could measure the progress or suggest what was happening in a given area were proposed. During further consultation and coordination we linked together and identified key objectives and indicators. The final set of indicators was grouped into three sections: Well-being, Balance and modesty and Intergenerational cooperation. We tried to describe each field through environmental, economic and social aspects. The first brochure presenting sustainable development indicators for Slovenia was published in May 2010 when mostly data for 2008 were available. The global financial crisis, however, has seriously affected the events and conditions in the world as well as in Slovenia and therefore 2009 greatly differed from the previous years. This is the reason why we decided to publish a new issue of the publication with more recent information. Since we want to monitor sustainable development in Slovenia, the publication does not cover international comparisons. Only the indicators that were calculated from the latest data available during the preparation of this publication are presented, therefore data for 2009 prevail. Each indicator is presented with a time series, which mostly covers the last three years and also the base years in the past (2000, 2005, etc.). The main messages shown by indicators are pointed out in coloured frames. The colours illustrate the fields of statistics to which the indicators are classified: the environment and natural resources field is coloured green, economy is violet, and demography and social statistics is orange. WELL-BEING When talking about the well-being of people, one must distinguish between the current well-being and the assessment of its sustainability. Well-being namely does not refer only to material goods, but also (or above all) to human welfare, living and relationships. The main themes which must be considered when talking about well-being of people are: the standard of living viewed in a material way, health, education, personal activity including work, voting rights and management, social ties and relations, the environment as well as feeling (un)safe in the material and in the physical sense. QUALITY OF NATURAL RESOURCES »Ambient air pollution by particulate matter PM10 is slowly decreasing.« »The microbiological quality of drinking water is not improving significantly.« »The increase in the number of organic farms is slowing down.« ECONOMIC GROWTH »The gross domestic product was increasing steadily until 2008 and decreased in 2009.« SAFETY »Average annual available assets of households are increasing.« »The average registered unemployment rate was decreasing until 2008 and increased in 2009.« »In 2009, the number of convicted persons decreased for the first time in the reference period.« »Expenditure on social benefits keeps increasing.« »The number of physicians in out-patient health care is not changing significantly.« »The number of students slightly increased after it had been decreasing for two years.« QUALITY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AIR QUALITY Chart 1: Exceeding the daily concentration limit of particulate matter PM1011, Slovenia, 2009 number of days »Ambient air pollution by particulate matter PM10 is slowly decreasing.« Koper Iskrba Nova Ljubljana Murska Maribor Gorica Sobota - Rakičan Celje Trbovlje Zagorje measuring place 11 The limit of the daily concentration of particulate matter PM]0 (50 pg/m3) must not be exceeded more than 35 times per calendar year; the 35-day's limit is marked with a red stripe. Source: ARSO Table 1: Average annual concentrations of particulate matter PM11, Slovenia pg/m3 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Ljubljana 37 33 32 30 29 Maribor 43 43 40 34 30 Celje 43 35 32 30 31 Murska Sobota - Rakičan 37 34 30 30 29 Koper 31 29 25 24 Nova Gorica 34 34 33 31 28 Trbovlje 55 40 37 38 33 Zagorje 52 46 41 43 36 Iskrba 16 14 15 16 16 ... not available 11 The annual threshold value of particulate matter concentration is 40 pg/m3. Source: ARSO ■ The highest particulate matter concentration levels occur in urban areas, which are affected by traffic and industry. Increased concentrations of these particles occur primarily during the winter when the pollutants accumulate in the basins due to the temperature inversion and the impact of individual fireplaces. ■ Ambient air pollution levels for particulate matter PM]0 decreased in the 2005-2009 period. In 2009, the annual threshold value in the shown measuring places was not exceeded, but there were some measuring places with exceeded maximum number of days with the exceed the daily threshold value of particulate matter PM]0. The daily threshold value of PM]0 was most often exceeded in Zagorje (56 days) and Trbovlje (48 days). QUALITY OF NATURAL RESOURCES DRINKING WATER QUALITY Chart 2: Faecal contamination of drinking water with E.coli by size class of water supply systems and by regional institutes of public health, Slovenia, 2007 unsuitable samples (%) 60- »The microbiological quality of drinking water is not improving significantly.« 30 n - ~L 1 1 ■ 1 ■ Celje Ravne na Maribor Kranj Ljubljana Slovenija Murska Nova Novo Koper Koroškem Sobota Gorica mesto I I small (50-1,000) □ medium (1,001-10,000) ■ large (> 10,000) Source: IVZ Table 2: Faecal contamination of drinking water with E.coli, Slovenia unsuitable samples (%) Water supply systems 2004 2005 2006 2007 Small (50-1,000 population) 29.0 28.0 24.1 24.5 Medium (1,001-10,000 population) 6.7 5.8 4.6 5.3 Large (> 10,000 population) 2.6 1.7 0.4 2.1 Source: IVZ ■ During the 2004-2007 period the level of pollution of drinking water due to the presence of E.coli did not improve significantly. The trend of diminishing the faecal contamination is favourable only in medium and large water supply systems. The decrease in the share of unsuitable samples in small water supply systems was the result of the decrease in the number of samples taken in 2006 and 2007. ■ In 2007 the share of unsuitable samples due to E.coli depended on the size class of the water supply systems. Most of the unsuitable samples occurred in the small water supply systems (supplying from 50 to 1,000 people), namely almost 25%. ■ Small water supply systems were subject to the largest faecal contamination, particularly those in the west and south of Slovenia (i.e. areas of the Institutes of Public Health of Koper, Nova Gorica and Novo mesto). These small water supply systems also proved to be especially problematic, as in most cases these systems are not managed properly, the resources and equipment are poorly maintained and they have no specific water protection zones. QUALITY OF NATURAL RESOURCES ORGANIC FARMING Chart 3: Agricultural holdings11 with organic farming or in conversion, and utilised agricultural areas with organic farming or in conversion, Slovenia »The increase in the number of organic farms is slowing down.« 4 o ------ 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 year — share of utilised agricultural areas share of agricultural holdings 11 Data on the number of agricultural holdings are available only for 2003, 2005, 2007 (from the Farm Structure Survey) and 2010 (from the Agricultural Census). Therefore in the calculation of the share of holdings with organic farming or in conversion in the interim years the number of agricultural holdings of the previous year was used. Sources: SORS, MKGP Table 3: Agricultural holdings with organic farming or in conversion, and utilised agricultural areas with organic farming or in conversion, Slovenia 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Agricultural holdings with organic farming 1,220 1,393 1,610 1,789 1,853 in conversion 498 483 390 278 243 Utilised agricultural areas (ha) with organic farming 15,991 20,151 23,560 26,125 25,816 in conversion 7,178 6,680 5,762 3,711 3,572 Source: MKGP ■ The number of agricultural holdings with organic farming was increasing constantly in the 2005-2009 period. On the other hand, the number of newly registered agricultural holdings in conversion was decreasing. In 2009, there were almost 4% more agricultural holdings with organic farming than in 2008. ■ In 2009, utilised agricultural areas with organic farming were around 1% smaller than in 2008. Utilised agricultural areas with organic farming increased by over 61% in the 2005-2009 period, even though among total utilised agricultural areas this share remained low. Together with utilised agricultural areas in conversion, it represented about 6% of total utilised agricultural areas. The largest share of utilised agricultural areas with organic farming was represented by grassland and pastures (almost 88%). ECONOMIC GROWTH GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT Chart 4: Real GDP growth per capita, 1995=100, Slovenia 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 year »The gross domestic product was increasing steadily until 2008 and decreased in 2009.« Source: SORS Table 4: GDP at current prices, Slovenia mrd. EUR 2000 2005 2007 2008 2009 GDP at current prices Source: SORS 21.6 28.8 34.6 37.3 35.4 ■ GDP, which measures the incomes and expenditure of the domestic economy, showed economic growth until 2008, which was followed by a downturn in 2009. ■ GDP at current prices was increasing steadily during the 2000-2008 period. In 2009, however, it decreased to around EUR 35 billion and was in nominal terms around 5% lower than in 2008. ■ The real GDP growth per capita also remained positive until 2008. Real GDP per capita increased by about 70% between 1995 and 2008. In 2009 it was 9% lower than in the previous year. ECONOMIC GROWTH HOUSEHOLD INCOME Chart 5: Average annual available assets of households per »Average household member, Slovenia annual available assets of households are increasing.« 2,000 Source: SORS Table 5: Average annual available assets of households, Slovenia _1000 EUR 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 Average annual available assets of households 12 16 17 18 20 Source: SORS ■ Available assets (income in cash) within a household are all available financial assets that a household has at its disposal in the reference period. ■ In the 2000-2008 period, the amount of these assets was increasing steadily. This increase amounted to almost 70%. In 2008, average annual available assets of households amounted to approximately EUR 20,000 or on average to about EUR 7,600 per household member. ■ In 2008, the highest shares of all money assets available to households were those of incomes from work under employment (over 55%) and pensions with supplements (almost 22%). The remaining shares were incomes from self-employment, other social incomes and family allowances, receipts from sale and other receipts. SAFETY LABOUR FORCE Chart 6: The average registered unemployment rate, Slovenia 15 12 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 year »The average registered unemployment rate was decreasing until 2008 and increased in 2009.« Source: SORS Table 6: Persons in employment, Slovenia 1000 2000 2005 2007 2008 2009 Persons in employment 801 813 854 879 858 Source: SORS ■ The number of persons in employment, i.e. persons in paid employment and self-employed persons, was in the 2000-2009 period fluctuating on the monthly basis, but on average the number kept increasing until 2008, when it started to decrease. In 2009 there were about 858,000 persons in employment in Slovenia, which was 2.4% less than in the previous year. ■ The unemployment rate, which shows the share of registered unemployed persons among the labour force, was also fluctuating on the monthly basis. The highest average registered unemployment rate in the 2000-2009 period was recorded in 2000 when it started to decrease until 2009 when it started to increase. In 2009, the average annual registered unemployment rate was over 9% (over 8% for men and over 10% for women). In the same year, the average annual registered unemployment rate was 2.4 percentage points higher than in 2008 and 2.7 percentage points lower than in 2000. During the 2000-2009 period, the lowest registered unemployment rate was recorded in September 2008, when it was slightly above 6%. SAFETY ACCESS TO SOCIAL PROTECTION Chart 7: Expenditure on social benefits by social protection function (risk), Slovenia, 200811 8.0% 11 Provisional data. Source: SORS 39.0% »Expenditure on social benefits keeps increasing.« □ old-age □ sickness and health care I_I family and children N_ □ disability n survivors □ unemployment n social exclusion not elsewhere classified Table 7: Expenditure on social benefits, Slovenia mrd. EUR 2000 2005 2006 2007 200811 Expenditure on social benefits 4.4 6.5 6.9 7.2 7.8 11 Provisional data. Source: SORS ■ Expenditure on social benefits was increasing constantly in the 2000-2009 period. In 2008 the means for social protection increased by almost 9% over the previous year and were around 79% higher than in 2000. ■ In 2008, the largest amount of means was earmarked for the old age function (over 38%), consisting of old-age pensions and disability pensions and provision of goods and services to the elderly. These benefits were followed by those for the sickness and health care function (almost 34%) consisting of compensation in the case of sick leave, health care and pharmaceutical products. SAFETY ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE Chart 8: People per physician in out-patient health care, Slovenia number 1,500-, 1,200 : = »The number of physicians in out-patient health care is not changing significantly.« 2004 2005 2008 2009 Table 8: Physicians1 in out-patient health care, Slovenia 2000 2005 2007 2008 2009 Physicians 1,493 1,577 1,516 1,505 1,569 11 Full-time equivalent. Source: IVZ ■ During the 2000-2009 period, the number of physicians in out-patient health care, which is divided into the primary and secondary levels, was fluctuating. In total, however, it increased by about 5%. ■ In 2009, health care at primary level was performed mainly by general practitioners (over 61%), physicians for preschool children (just under 10%) and physicians for school children and youth (just over 10%). ■ The number of people per physician was also fluctuating. On average, in 2009 a physician in out-patient health care provided his or her services to 1,302 people. SAFETY ACCESS TO EDUCATION Map 1: Students in tertiary education per 1,000 population, statistical regions, Slovenia, 2009 »The number of students slightly increased after it had been decreasing for two years.« number of students per 1,000 population11 I I 55 or less 56-57 58 or more " As of 31 December Source: SORS Table 9: The number of students in tertiary education per 1,000 population, Slovenia per 1000 population 2000/01 2005/06 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 Students in tertiary education 46 57 57 56 56 Source: SORS ■ The number of students enrolled in tertiary education in the 2000-2009 period increased by almost 26%. In 2009, after two years of decreasing, their number increased slightly (by 0.4%). ■ In the academic year 2009/10, almost 115,000 students were enrolled in tertiary education, which is 56 students per 1,000 population. Of all students enrolled in tertiary education, almost 86% were studying at universities and single higher education institutions, and over 14% at vocational colleges. 70% of students studied full time, of whom 41% were men and 59% were women. Others studied part time; among them 56% were men and 44% were women. ■ The highest number of students per 1,000 population in 2009 was recorded in the Goriška region, followed by Jugovzhodna Slovenija and the Savinjska region; the lowest number was recorded in the Pomurska region. SAFETY CRIME Chart 9: Convicted persons in total population, Slovenia % 0.6 0.5 0.3 »In 2009, the number of convicted persons decreased for the first time in the reference period.« 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 year Source: SORS Table 10: People convicted at general jurisdiction courts, Slovenia 2000 2005 2007 2008 2009 Adults Juveniles 6,304 591 7,718 498 8,685 459 8,739 489 8,035 418 Source: SORS ■ In the 2000-2009 period the number of convicted adults showed an upward trend, while the number of convicted juveniles remained at the same level. ■ In 2009, criminal proceedings against 15,705 adults and 737 juveniles were concluded at regional and district courts. 8,035 adults (51%) were convicted and 418 juveniles (57%) were imposed an educational measure or a sentence. ■ The most frequent criminal offences among adult perpetrators were larceny (almost 14% of the convictions), grand larceny (over 10%) and fraud (nearly 9%). As regards juvenile perpetrators, most measures or sentences were imposed for grand larceny (around 21%), larceny (over 15%) and simple assault (over 9%). ■ In 2009 the most frequently imposed sentence among adults was a prison sentence (almost 94%), followed by a fine (almost 5%). The majority of juvenile perpetrators were given the sentence of supervision by a social assistance authority, namely in almost 51% of cases. Photo: Sokol Photo: Daniel Novakovič/STA BALANCE AND MODESTY In order to maintain long-term balance it is necessary to already at present achieve balance between the needs of humanity and the capacity of nature, taking into account modesty and awareness of the limits of available resources such as water, food and energy. Investments in research and development and promoting innovations can contribute to such technological development that will enable low consumption of natural resources. And last but not least, gender equality and fair distribution of resources should also be mentioned. NATURAL RESOURCES »The share of renewables in final energy consumption increased in the past year.« »Water consumption in households has been slightly decreasing.« »The amount of food waste in municipal waste is increasing.« »The number of passenger cars up, the number of passengers in public road passenger transport substantially down.« RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT »Funds for research and development in the business sector are increasing.« POPULATION, GENDER EQUALITY AND POVERTY »Natural increase has been positive in the recent years.« »The difference between gross earnings of men and gross earnings of women diminished in the past year.« »At-risk -of-poverty rate is the highest among women aged 65 + .« NATURAL RESOURCES ENERGY CONSUMPTION The share of renewables in final energy consumption increased in the past year.« I I final energy consumption per capita — renewables in final energy consumption Source: SORS Chart 10: Final energy consumption per capita and share of renewables in final energy consumption, Slovenia toe/capita 3-, % r12 Table 11: Renewables in final energy consumption, Slovenia _1000 toe 2000 2005 2007 2008 2009 Final consumption - TOTAL 4,638 5,182 5,189 5,519 4,891 renewables and waste 433 450 432 437 434 Source: SORS ■ Between 2002 and 2008 the final energy consumption in Slovenia showed an upward trend. In 2009 the final energy consumption decreased by 11% over the previous year. ■ The share of renewable energy resources (including waste) in final energy consumption has been decreasing in the recent years. In 2009 it represented almost 9% (75% of this share was represented by the consumption of biomass in households). NATURAL RESOURCES WATER CONSUMPTION FROM PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY Chart 11: Water supplied from public water supply, in households per capita, Slovenia 50-, »Water consumption in households has been slightly decreasing.« 20-- 10-- o J—-—-—-—-—-—-—---1— 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 year Source: SORS Table 12: Water supplied from public water supply, Slovenia mio. m3 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Water supplied from public water supply - TOTAL 165 168 171 169 167 to households 85 86 88 89 85 Source: SORS ■ During the 2005-2009 period, consumption of water from public water supply was increasing until 2007, then it started to decrease. In 2009, around 167 million m3 of water were supplied from the public water supply system, which was over 1% less than in the previous year. ■ In the past year, water consumption in households slightly decreased. In 2009, households used over 85 million m3 of water or 41.8 m3 per capita, which was 114.5 litres per day. NATURAL RESOURCES MUNICIPAL AND FOOD WASTE GENERATION Chart 12: Municipal waste generated per capita, Slovenia kg/capita 500 -, 400-- 200 — 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 »The amount of food waste in municipal waste is increasing.« Source: SORS Table 13: Municipal waste generated, Slovenia 1000 t 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Municipal waste generated - TOTAL 845 866 886 923 913 biodegradable kitchen waste, edible oils and grease 19 23 21 33 40 Source: SORS ■ During the 2005-2008 period the amount of municipal waste increased while in 2009 it decreased. ■ In 2009, almost 913,000 tonnes of municipal waste (or 447 kg per capita) were generated, which was over 1% less than in the previous year and over 8% more than in 2005. ■ Compared to the base year, the amounts of biodegradable kitchen waste, edible oils and grease increased considerably. In 2009, almost 40,000 tonnes of food waste were generated, which was 21% more than in 2008 and 2-times more than in 2005. In 2009, food waste represented over 4% of all municipal waste. NATURAL RESOURCES PASSENGER TRANSPORT Chart 13: Passenger cars used by natural persons per 1,000 population and passenger-kilometres in public road passenger transport, Slovenia mio. pkm per 1000 population 600 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 — passenger-kilometres — all passenger cars used by natural persons Sources: SORS, MNZ »The number of passenger cars up, the number of passengers in public road passenger transport substantially down.« Table 14: Passenger cars used by natural persons and passengers carried in public road passenger transport, Slovenia 1000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Passenger cars used by natural persons Passengers carried in public road passenger transport (without urban passenger transport) 910 39,759 931 37,964 962 38,532 989 38,751 1,003 36,720 Sources: SORS, MNZ ■ In the 2005-2009 period the number of cars used by natural persons increased by more than 10%. At the end of 2009 there were 490 registered passenger cars used by natural persons per 1,000 population. ■ In the 2005-2009 period the number of passengers in public road passenger transport decreased by almost 8%. The number of passengers was decreasing until 2006, when it slowly began to increase until 2009 when it decreased again. In 2009 almost 37 million passengers were carried in road public transport, which was over 5% less than in 2008. ■ In the 2002-2009 period, the number of passenger-kilometres decreased by over 32%. The decrease was most intensive until 2005, and then it slowed down. In 2009 almost 777 million passenger-kilometres were made, which was almost 5% less than in the previous year. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURE ON DEVELOPMENT Chart 14: Sources of funds for research and development in the business sector, Slovenia, 2008 90% □ business enterprises ■ government I funds from abroad »Funds for research and development in the business sector are increasing.« Source: SORS Table 15: Gross domestic expenditure on research and development in the business sector, Slovenia _mio. EUR 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 Expenditure on research and development 144 243 291 299 398 Source: SORS ■ Expenditure on research and development in the business sector was increasing in the 2000-2008 period. In 2008, expenditure was in nominal terms almost 176% higher than in the base year. ■ In 2008, EUR 617 million were spent in Slovenia on research and development in all sectors, which was 23% more than in the previous year. The increase was the largest in the business sector. In 2008 almost EUR 400 million were spent in this sector, which was 33% more than in 2007. ■ In 2008, 90% of funds for research and development in the business sector were contributed by business enterprises, almost 6% were contributed by the government, almost 4% of funds were those from abroad and less than 0.5% from private non-profit organisations. POPULATION, GENDER EQUALITY AND POVERTY TOTAL INCREASE OF POPULATION Chart 15: Increase of population per 1,000 population, Slovenia »Natural increase has been positive in the recent years.« 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 year — total increase Sources: SORS, MNZ natural increase net migration Table 16: Increase of population, Slovenia 2000 2005 2007 2008 2009 Total increase 2,207 5,768 15,489 22,093 14,614 Natural increase -408 -668 1,239 3,509 3,106 Net migration 2,615 6,436 14,250 18,584 11,508 Sources: SORS, MNZ ■ The total increase of population in Slovenia was always positive during the 2000-2009 period. ■ Until 2005 the total increase of population was positive mainly due to positive net migration (the natural increase was negative until then). Even though the natural increase began its slow rise until 2008, net migration still represented the largest share in the total increase of population. In 2009 natural decrease at annual level was recorded. ■ Net migration was positive primarily due to immigration of foreigners. In 2009, for instance, more than 27,000 people with foreign citizenship immigrated to Slovenia, while over 15,000 people with foreign citizenship emigrated from Slovenia, which was twice as many as in the previous year. Among the immigrant population younger men prevailed. POPULATION, GENDER EQUALITY AND POVERTY EARNINGS OF MEN AND WOMEN Chart 16: Difference between average gross earnings of men and average gross earnings of women, Slovenia - provisional data % 10 »The difference between gross earnings of men and gross earnings of women diminished in the past year.« 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Source: SORS Table 17: Average monthly gross earnings, Slovenia - provisional data EUR 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Average monthly gross earnings of men 1,216 1,284 1,370 1,481 1,499 Average monthly gross earnings of women 1,132 1,196 1,263 1,369 1,454 Source: SORS ■ The ratio of average gross earnings of men and women did not change significantly in the 2005-2008 period. Namely, women were receiving on average about 7% lower gross earnings. In 2009, that gap decreased by 4.6 percentage points; namely the average monthly gross earnings of women reached almost 97% of those of men. ■ In 2009 the average annual gross earnings of men calculated at monthly level amounted to EUR 1,499, while the average annual gross earnings of women calculated at monthly level amounted to EUR 1,454. ■ In 2009, the difference between the gross earnings of men and women was the highest in the activity human health and social work and it was by around 30% in favour of men. The difference between male and female earnings was the lowest in real estate activities, by over 7% in favour of men. In 2009, women had higher gross earnings than men in construction (by over 26%), in water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities (by almost 16%) and in transportation and storage (by almost 11%). POPULATION, GENDER EQUALITY AND POVERTY AT-RISK-OF-POVERTY RATE Chart 17: At-risk-of-poverty rate (income in cash), Slovenia % 15-, »At-risk -of-poverty rate is the highest among women aged 65 + .« 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 year Source: SORS Table 18: At-risk-of-poverty rate (income in cash), Slovenia, 2008 0-17 years men women 18-64 years men women 65+ men women Income in cash 11 13 10 12 28 Source: SORS ■ In 2008 the at-risk-of-poverty rate was 0.8 of a percentage point higher than in the previous year and it amounted to 12%. This means that 12% of people in Slovenia lived below the at-risk-of-poverty threshold. The monthly at-risk-of-poverty threshold for a one-member household was EUR 545. ■ Had the social transfers (family and social benefits) not been considered as income, the at-risk-of-poverty rate would have almost doubled and amounted to 23%. By subtracting pensions from income, the at-risk-of-poverty rate would have increased to as much as 39%. It would have increased in all age groups, the most in case of people over the age of 65 for whom it would have risen to 85%. % 11 INTERGENERATIONAL COOPERATION The most important question regarding intergenerational solidarity and cooperation is: What are we going to leave behind for our children - in environmental, material and social terms? Scarcity of natural resources is a fact and the intensity of exploitation is our choice. Intergenerational solidarity means sharing of material goods and burdens among generations and also creating opportunities to provide decent living conditions. INTENSITY OF USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES »Energy intensity is decreasing.« »Greenhouse gas emissions are increasing.« »Consumption of mineral fertilizers in agriculture is decreasing.« »The intensity of wood removals slightly decreased in the past year.« GOVERNMENT DEBT »General government debt is increasing.« CARE FOR ALL GENERATIONS »The total age dependency ratio has been increasing in recent years.« »The share of children in kindergartens is constantly increasing.« »The number of people in old people's homes is increasing.« INTENSITY OF USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES ENERGY INTENSITY Chart 18: Energy intensity - primary energy supply/GDP, constant 2000 prices, Slovenia toe/mio. EUR 2000 400 280 200 »Energy intensity is decreasing.« 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 year Source: SORS Table 19: Total primary energy supply, Slovenia _1000 toe 2000 2005 2007 2008 2009 Total primary energy supply 6,487 7,307 7,336 7,749 6,990 Source: SORS ■ Slovenia has relatively high energy intensity. Nevertheless, in view of primary energy supply it has been declining since 2001. In total, in the 2000-2009 period, it decreased by almost 17%. In 2009 it amounted to 293 toe/mio. EUR (measured at constant 2000 prices), which was 2% less than in 2008. ■ Total energy supply was increasing steadily over the 2000-2008 period, but it decreased in 2009 when it amounted to almost 7 million toe, which was 10% less than in 2008. INTENSITY OF USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS Chart 19: Sources of greenhouse gas emissions, Slovenia, 2008 82.1 % □ energy (fuel combustion in energy industries, manufacturing industries and construction, transport and other sectors) □ agriculture industrial processes and solvent and other product use ■ □ »Greenhouse gas emissions are increasing.« Source: ARSO Table 20: Greenhouse gas emissions, Slovenia equivalent Gg 1986 2005 2006 2007 2008 Greenhouse gas emissions - TOTAL 20,228 20,217 20,445 20,571 21,285 CO2 without LUCF 16,287 16,626 16,806 16,930 17,900 methane (CH4) 2,263 2,161 2,215 2,190 2,071 nitrous oxide (N2O) 1,391 1,207 1,229 1,228 1,157 F-gases (HFCs, PFCs, SF6) 286 230 232 224 158 Source: ARSO ■ Slovenia ratified the Kyoto Protocol and committed itself to reducing the quantity of greenhouse gas emissions until 2012 by 8% compared to the base year (1986). However, in the 1986-2008 period, in Slovenia these emissions increased by 5.2%. In 2008 greenhouse gas emissions amounted to 21,285 Gg in CO2 equivalents, which was 3.5% more than in the previous year. ■ In 2008, the largest contributor to the emissions of greenhouse gases was carbon dioxide - CO2 (over 84%), which results mainly from fuel combustion, followed by methane - CH4 (almost 10%), mostly deriving from waste and agriculture, and nitrogen dioxide - N2O (over 6%), mostly deriving from agriculture and transport. At the end were the emissions of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluo-ride (SF6), which were very small (0.8%), but due to their high greenhouse gas potential, their contribution to global warming was significant. ■ The highest share of these gasses was released into the atmosphere from the field of energy, which includes fuel combustion in energy industries, manufacturing industries and construction, transport and other sectors (82%), followed by agriculture (9%), industrial processes (6%) and wastes (3%). INTENSITY OF USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES CONSUMPTION OF MINERAL FERTILISERS IN AGRICULTURE Chart 20: Consumption of macro plant nutrients in agriculture per hectare of utilised agricultural area, Slovenia 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 year — macro plants nutrients, total N K20 P205 »Consumption of mineral fertilizers in agriculture is decreasing.« Source: SORS Table 21: Consumption of mineral fertilizers and macro plant nutrients in agriculture, Slovenia 1000 t Mineral fertilizers Macro plant nutrients (N, P2O5, K2O) 2000 2005 2007 2008 2009 174 150 150 135 119 75 59 58 52 44 Source: SORS ■ In 2009 the agricultural producers used around 119,000 tons of mineral fertilizers, which was almost 12% less than in 2008. These fertilisers contained around 44,000 tons of macro plant nutrients (N, P2O5, K2O), which was almost 14% less than in 2008. From 2000 onwards the usage of macro plant nutrients decreased by over 40%. ■ In 2009 the average consumption of macro plant nutrients per hectare of utilised agricultural area was 95 kg or almost 10% less than in 2008. The consumption of the nitrogen plant nutrient (N) increased (by 18%), while the consumption of phosphorus plant nutrient (P2O5) decreased by 33% and that of potassium plant nutrient (K2O) by 39%. INTENSITY OF USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES INTENSITY OF WOOD REMOVALS Chart 21: Intensity of wood removals, Slovenia 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 year Sources: Slovenian Forest Service, SORS Table 22: Annual increment and removals of wood, Slovenia »The intensity of wood removals slightly decreased in the past year.« mio. m3 2000 2005 2007 2008 2009 Increment 6.9 7.6 7.8 7.9 8.0 Removals 2.6 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.4 Sources: Slovenian Forest Service, SORS ■ Areas covered with forest are increasing steadily in Slovenia. According to the Slovenian Forest Service, in 2009 forests covered 58.5% of the territory of Slovenia. ■ The increase in forest areas also increases the increment of wood. In 2009, the natural increment was nearly 8 million m3 of wood, which was 1.5% more than in the previous year or over 16% more than in 2000. ■ Removals of wood in 2009 amounted to over 3 million m3 of wood, which was 1.5% less than in 2008 and over 29% more than in 2000. ■ Faster growth of removals than of increment is shown in higher intensity of wood removals, which shows the relation between increment and removals. The intensity of wood removals was changing through years and it was the highest in 2006 when it amounted to almost 49%. In 2009 it amounted to over 42%, which was 1.3 percentage points less than in 2008. GOVERNMENT DEBT GOVERNMENT DEBT Chart 22: General government debt, % GDP, Slovenia 40 25 20 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 year »General government debt is increasing.« Source: MF Table 23: General government debt, Slovenia mrd. EUR 2000 2005 2007 2008 2009 Debt 5.0 7.8 8.3 12.5 Source: MF ■ During the 2000-2009 period, the general government debt was mostly increasing, except in 2007 when it decreased by almost 3% over the previous year. In 2009, it increased again and amounted to EUR 12.5 billion, which was over 49% more than in the previous year and 2.5-times more than in 2000. ■ General government debt expressed as a percentage of GDP increased from 2000 to 2002 and then it began to decrease until 2008. The decrease was fastest after 2006 when it amounted to almost 27% of GDP. In 2009 the debt increased greatly and it amounted to almost 36% of GDP, which was 13.3 percentage points more than in 2008 and 9.1 percentage points more than in 2000. CARE FOR ALL GENERATIONS THE AGE DEPENDENCY Chart 23: The age dependency ratios, Slovenia 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Source: SORS Table 24: The age dependency ratios, Slovenia »The total age dependency ratio has been increasing in recent years.« 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 year — the total age dependency ratio the young-age dependency ratio the old-age dependency ratio 2000 2005 2007 2008 2009 The old-age dependency ratio 20.2 22.2 23.1 23.6 23.8 The young-age dependency ratio 22.5 20.1 19.8 20.1 20.2 Source: SORS ■ The total age dependency ratio (of the old and young) did not change significantly during the 1996-2009 period and ranged between 42.1 and 44.0. Between 1996 and 2003 it declined and in 2003 it reached its lowest value. Then it started to rise again. ■ In 2009 the young-age dependency ratio was over 20 and the old-age dependency ratio was almost 24. Thus Slovenia had, per 100 working age population, 20 persons under the age of 15 and 24 persons over the age of 65. ■ The total age dependency ratio was 44 in 2009. Thus 44 people aged 0-14 and 65+ depended on 100 people in their working age. CARE FOR ALL GENERATIONS CHILDCARE Chart 24: Children in kindergartens, Slovenia 60. - »The share of children in kindergartens is constantly increasing.« 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 year Source: SORS Table 25: Children in kindergartens, Slovenia 1000 2000/01 2005/06 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 Children 65 57 61 66 71 Source: SORS ■ The share of children enrolled in kindergartens keeps increasing each year. From the school year 2003/04 to the school year 2009/10 it increased by 13.3 percentage points. ■ In the school year 2009/10 over 71,000 children were enrolled in kindergartens, which was almost 74% of all children of the proper age. Compared to the previous school year, the number of children particularly increased in the 1st age period (children up to 3 years of age) which recorded an increase of over 12%. In the 2nd age period (children aged 3 up to entering elementary school) the number of children increased by 6%. ■ In accordance with the 2002 Barcelona objectives, by 2010 EU Member States should provide 33% inclusion of children younger than 3 years in kindergartens and 90% inclusion of children aged from 3 years up to entering elementary school. In the school year 2009/10 over 53% of children younger than 3 years were enrolled in kindergartens. We still have not achieved the second goal. In the 2nd age group the share of the enrolled was 87.5%. CARE FOR ALL GENERATIONS CARE FOR THE ELDERLY Chart 25: Reasons for admission of people in old people's homes, Slovenia, 2009 64% I I age (sick) I I serious physical illness I I age (healthy) □ serious mental illness I I unsettled housing conditions I I unsettled family conditions □ other 6.8% »The number of people in old people's homes is increasing.« 11.7% 9.8% Source: SORS Table 26: People in care in old people's homes, Slovenia 1000 2000 2005 2007 2008 2009 People in care 12 14 14 15 16 Source: SORS ■ In the 2000-2009 period the number of people in care in old people's homes increased by almost 36%. In 2009 there were over 16,000 people in care, which was over 6% more than in 2008. ■ In 2009 people aged 80 and over dominated in old people's homes, namely with almost 63%. The share of this group increased further over the 2008 figure. Of all the people in care almost 75% were women. ■ Almost 76% of the elderly were admitted to the old people's home because of their age, 64% of those were ill. Other common causes for admission of the elderly were a serious physical illness (almost 10%) and a serious mental illness (almost 7%). METHODOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS The methodology of the Labour Force Survey was changed in 2005; therefore the already published data had to be recalculated. The methodology of the survey on students enrolled in tertiary education was being changed through the years (inclusion of additional levels of study). In 2008 some innovative companies that perform the research and development activity, but have not reported it until then, were included in the survey on research and development activities in the business sector. In 2008 the new statistical definition of population was introduced. It is now harmonized with the definition of population and migrants in the Regulation on Community Statistics on Migration and International Protection. Use of this definition applies for 2008 and subsequent data. The source for calculating the at-the-risk-of-poverty rate is the data from the Survey on Living Conditions (SILC). This survey is a source of data for calculating the income and poverty indicators for EU Member States and is based on European Commission regulations. In Slovenia we started conducting this survey in 2005. Before that the data from the Household Budget Survey (HBS) were used for this purpose. Due to different methodologies the data acquired before 2005 and those acquired after 2005 are not directly comparable. DEFINITIONS WELL-BEING QUALITY OF NATURAL RESOURCES Particulate matter (PM10) is according to the Decree on Sulphur Dioxide, Nitrogen Oxides, Particulate Matter and Lead in Ambient Air (OJ RS, No. 52/2002) defined as particles in the air which pass through a size selective inlet with a 50% efficiency cut-off at 10 |jm aerodynamic diameter. Drinking water must conform to regulations of the Rules on Drinking Water (OJ RS, No. 19/2004, 35/2004, 26/2006, 92/2006, 25/2009) on the cleanliness of water in terms of microbiological, physical, chemical and radiological content, pesticides and poisons. These regulations prescribe a level of cleanliness of water intended for supply as public drinking water or water for the production of food intended for sale. Organic production is according to Council Regulation (EC) No 834/2007 on Organic Production and Labelling of Organic Products an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices, a high level of biodiversity, the preservation of natural resources, the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products produced using natural substances and processes. Utilised agricultural area is land which agricultural enterprises and family farms use for crop production in a year. This is arable land, permanent crops and permanent grassland. DEFINITIONS ECONOMIC GROWTH Gross domestic product equals value added at basic prices by activities, increased by taxes on products, and reduced by subsidies on products. Gross domestic product thus equals the sum of value added at basic prices of all domestic (resident) production units and net taxes on products (taxes less subsidies on products). By the expenditure approach, gross domestic products equals total domestic consumption and surplus of exports and imports of goods and services with the rest of the world. Domestic consumption includes resident households expenditures (national concept), expenditures of NPISH and general government and gross capital formation. Gross domestic product by the income approach equals the sum of compensation of employees, net taxes on production (taxes on production less subsidies on production) and gross operating surplus and mixed income. SAFETY The labour force is the sum of persons in employment and unemployed persons. Persons in employment included in SRDAP are persons who are at least 15 years old, who work (have an employment relationship) on the territory of Slovenia and who have compulsory social insurance. They can be persons in paid employment with employment contracts (for fixed or unspecified period of time, full-time or part-time) or self-employed persons who have compulsory social insurance. These persons are kept in SRDAP until they retire. Persons in paid employment are also persons working for self-employed persons, own account workers performing their activity as the only or principal occupation, and persons using supplementary work of other people. The registered unemployment rate is the percentage of unemployed persons registered at the Employment Service of Slovenia among the labour force (by residence). Social protection by ESSPROS methodology encompasses all intervention from public or private bodies intended to relieve households and individuals of the burden of a defined set of risks or needs, provided that there is neither a simultaneous reciprocal nor an individual arrangement involved. The risk or needs (functions) are Sickness/Health care, Disability, Old age, Survivors, Family/Children, Unemployment, Housing and Social exclusion not elsewhere classified. Number of physicians, calculated from working hours, is the ratio between the actual number of hours performed by physicians and the standard of 1,430 hours per physician per year. A convicted person is an adult who has been recognised as being liable and against whom penal sanctions have been imposed. Penal sanctions are sentences, admonitory sanctions and security measures. Juvenile perpetrators of criminal offences are persons who had reached the age of 14 years but not yet 18 years at the time of committing a criminal offence and against whom criminal proceedings through the public prosecutor or through a senate have been concluded. DEFINITIONS BALANCE AND MODESTY NATURAL RESOURCES Renewables comprise solid biomass, biogas, and industrial and municipal waste. Municipal waste is waste from households, as well as other waste from production, trade, service or other activity, which, because of its nature or composition, is similar to waste from households. Passenger-kilometres (pkm) are the aggregate product of the number of passengers multiplied by the distances they have travelled. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Scientific research and experimental development (R&D) comprise creative and systematic work intended to increase knowledge of human beings, culture and society, and usage of this knowledge for the development of new applications. Scientific research and experimental development cover three activities: basic research, applied research and experimental development. POPULATION, GENDER EQUALITY AND POVERTY Natural increase is the difference between the number of live-born children and the number of deaths for a given area in the calendar year. Net migration is the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants for a given area in the calendar year. Total increase is the sum of natural increase and net migration for a given area in the calendar year. Average monthly earnings are average amounts received for a month of work by persons in paid employment working for legal persons. At-risk-of-poverty rate is the percentage of persons living in households where the equivalised total disposable household income is below the threshold. INTERGENERATIONAL COOPERATION INTENSITY OF USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES Greenhouse gas emissions are gases in the atmosphere which restrain thermal radiation of the Earth: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). Energy intensity is the ratio of energy quantity (total primary energy supply or total final consumption) and gross domestic product at constant prices. Energy intensity decreases with energy efficiency improvements. Total primary energy supply is the quantity of energy consumed within the borders of a country. It is calculated: indigenous production + imports - exports - international marine bunkers ± stock changes. Mineral fertilisers are chemical compounds and substances, irrespective of their physical form, which contain plant nutrients and which are produced in industrial processes. DEFINITIONS Plant nutrients are substances which plants feed on or need for their development. We present only data on three macronutrients, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P2O5) and potassium (K2O). CARE FOR ALL GENERATIONS The young-age dependency ratio (burden of the working age population with age dependent »young« residents) is the number of people aged 0 to 14 in comparison with the number of people at working age (15-64) in a country or territorial unit. The old-age dependency ratio (burden of the working age population with age dependent »old« residents) is the number of people aged 65 and over in comparison with the number of people at working age (15-64) in a country or territorial unit. The total age dependency ratio (burden of the working age population with age dependent »young« and »old« residents) is the number of people aged 0 to 14 and 65 and over in comparison with the number of people at working age (15-64) in a country or territorial unit. STATISTICAL SIGNS ... not available + and more (years, members, etc.) 11 footnote ABBREVATIONS AND UNITS OF MEASUREMENT ARSO Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia EU European Union GDP gross domestic product HBS House Budget Survey IVZ Institute of Public Health of the Republic of Slovenia LUCF Land Use Change and Forestry MF Ministry of Finance MKGP Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food MNZ Ministry of the Interior NGOs Non-governmental organizations SILC Survey on Income and Living Conditions SORS Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia SRDAP Statistical Register of Employment CH4 methane CO2 carbon dioxide E.coli Escherichia coli F-gases fluorinated greenhouse gases HFCs hydrofluorocarbons K2O potassium oxide N nitrogen N2O nitrous oxide PFCs perfluorocarbons PM 10 particulate matter PM10 PO 25 phosphorus pentoxide SF6 sulphur hexafluoride CO2 equivalent Gg gigagram of carbon dioxide equivalent EUR euro ha hectare kg/ha kilogram per hectare l/day litre per day m3 cubic metre m3/cap. cubic metre per capita mio. million pkm passengers kilometres mrd. billion (1,000 million) t tonne toe tonne of oil equivalent toe/cap. tonne of oil equivalent per capita toe/mio. EUR 2000 tonne of oil equivalent per million (constant prices of the year 2000) % percentage ^g/m3 microgram per cubic metre LITERATURE AND SOURCES Environmental indicators in Slovenia - Drinking water quality. (2009). Ljubljana: Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 20. 9. 2010 from the website: http://kazalci.arso.gov.si/?data=indicator&ind_id=151&langjd=94&menu_group_id=17 Environmental indicators in Slovenia - Air pollution with particulate matter PM10 and PM25. (2009). Ljubljana: Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 20. 9. 2010 from the website: http://kazalci.arso.gov.si/?data=indicator&ind_id=232&langjd=94&menu_group_id=16 Poročilo o kakovosti zraka za leto 2009. (2010). Ljubljana: Agencija Republike Slovenije za okolje. Retrieved on 28. 9. 2010 from the website: http://www.arso.gov.si/zrak/kakovost%20zraka/poro%C4%8Dila%20in%20publikacije/ kakovost%20zraka%20porocilo2009.pdf Demography and social statistics. Economy. Environment and natural resources. General. SI-STATData portal. Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 6. 10. 2010 from the website: http://www.stat.si/pxweb/dialog/statfile1.asp Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Slovenia. (2009). Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 23. 9. 2010 from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/pub_letopis_prva.asp Organic farming, Slovenia, 2009 - final data. First release. (30. 7. 2010). Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 24. 9. 2010 from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=3291 Household budget survey, Slovenia, 2008 - final data. First release. (30. 7. 2010). Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 24. 9. 2010 from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=3318 Expenditure and receipts of social protection schemes, 2008 - provisional data. First release. (23. 7. 2010). Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 24. 9. 2010 from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=3297 Student enrolment in tertiary education in the academic year 2009/10 - final data. First release. (14. 5. 2010). Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 24. 9. 2010 from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=3124 Adults and juveniles against whom criminal proceedings through a senate have been legally concluded, Slovenia, 2009 - final data. First release. (6. 8. 2010). Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 27. 9. 2010 from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=3293 Public water supply, Slovenia, 2009 - final data. First release. (18. 8. 2010). Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 27. 9. 2010 from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=3327 Research and development activity, Slovenia, 2008 - final data. First release. (6. 1 1. 2009). Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 27. 9. 2010 from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=2742 Research and development activity, Slovenia, 2007 - final data. First release. (26. 2. 2009). Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 27. 9. 2010 from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=2179 Research and development activity, Slovenia, 2006 - final data. First release. (19. 2. 2008). Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 27. 9. 2010 from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=1464 Research and development activity, Slovenia, 2005. First release. (19. 1. 2007). Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 27. 9. 2010 from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=684 Structure of earning statistics, Slovenia, 2009 - provisional data. First release. (29. 9. 2010). Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 30. 9. 2010 from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=3434 Structure of earning statistics, Slovenia, 2008 - provisional data. First release. (29. 1. 2010). Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 17. 9. 2010 from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=2913 Structure of earning statistics, Slovenia, 2007 - provisional data. First release. (28. 9. 2009). Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 17. 9. 2010 from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=2642 Structure of earning statistics, Slovenia, 2006 - provisional data. First release. (30. 9. 2008). Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 17. 9. 2010 from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=1890 Structure of earning statistics, Slovenia, 2005 - provisional data. First release. (13. 12. 2007). Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 17. 9. 2010 from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=1334 Kindergartens, Slovenia, school year 2009/10 - final data. First release. (25. 5. 2010). Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 24. 9. 2010 from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=3139 Public social welfare institutions, Slovenia, 2009 - final data. First release. (27. 9. 2010). Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 30. 9. 2010 from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=3435 Gross domestic product. Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 4. 10. 2010 from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/tema_ekonomsko_nacionalni_bdp1.asp Government deficit and debt. Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 4. 10. 2010 from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/indikatorji.asp?ID=28