A NNALE Anafi za istrsiçe in mediterans((e študije SlnnaCi di Studi istriani e mediterranei Armais for Istrian and Mediterranean Studies Séries tiistoria 9{aturafis, 13, 2003, 2 UD K 5 Annales, Ser. hist. nat., 13, 2003, 2, pp. 137-312, Koper 2003 ISSN 1408-533X Anadi za istrs/(e in mediteransf(e študije AnnaCi di Studi istriani e mediterranei ftnnaCs for lstrian and Mediterranean Studies UD K 5 Annales, Ser. hist. nat., 13, 2003, 2, pp. 137-312, Koper 2003 • s 1 / 2 ISSN 1408-533X 4 UD K 5 ISSN 1408-533X Anali za istrske in mediteranske študije Annali di Studi istriani e mediterranei Annals for istrian and Mediterranean Studies series historia naturalis, 13, 2003, 2 KOPER 200 3 ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. - 12 - 2002 • 2 Anali z a istrske in mediteranske študije - Annali di Studi istriani e mediterranei - Annals for istrian and Mediterranean Studies Annales, Ser. hist, nat., 13, 2003, 2 ISSN 1408-5 3 3X U D K 5 Letnik 13, leto 2003, številka 2 UREDNIŠKI ODBOR / dr. Roderick M. 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Anali za istrske in mediteranske študije - Annali di Studi tsiriani e mediterranei - Annals for Istrian and Mediterranean Studies UDK 5 Letnik 1 3, Koper 2003, številka 2 ISSN 1408-533X VSEBINA/INDIC E GENERAL E / CONTENT S RLCENTNE SPREMEMB E V SREDOZEMSKI RIBJI FAVNI CAMBIAMENTt RECENT t NELLA FAUNA ITTICA MEDITERRANEA RECENT CHANGES iN MEDITERRANEAN FISH FAUNA Jakov Duičič, Armin Pailaoro & Lovrenc Lipej Lessepsian fish migrants reported in the Eastern Adriatic Sea: an annotated iist 137 Lesepske ribje selivke, ugotovljene v vzhodnem jadranu: dopolnjen seznam vrst Farid Hemida, Daniel Golani, Youssouph Diatta & Christian Capape Occurrence of the Tripletail, Lobotes surinamensis (Bioch, 1790)(0steichthyes: Lobotidae) off the coast of Algeria (southern Mediterranean) ....145 O pojavljanju vrste Lobotes surinamensis (Blodi, ? 790} (Osteichthyes: Lobotidae) v alžirskih vodah (južno Sredozemlje) Jakov Dulčii, Armin Pailaoro, Vlado Onofri, Davor Lučic & Ivan Jardas New additional records of Imperial Biackfish, Schedophilus ova!is (Cuvier, 1833), White Trevally, Pseudocaranx dentex (Bloch & Schneider, 1801), and Atlantic Pomfret, Brama brama {Bonnaterre, 1788), in the Eastern Adriatic 149 Novi podatki o vrstah Schedophilus ovalis (Cuvier, 1833), Pseudocaranx dentex (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) in Brama brama (Bonnaterre, 1788), ujetih v vzhodnem jadranskem morju SREDOZEMSKI MORSK I PSI SQUALI MEDITERRANEI MEDITERRANEAN SHARKS Christian Capape, Olivier Gueiorget, Joan Barrull, Isabel Mate, Farid Hemida, Rabea Seridji, jalil Bensad &, Mohamed Nejmeddine Brada I Records of ther Bluntnose six-gill shark, Hexanchus griseus (Bonnaterre, 1788)(Chondrichthyes: Hexanchidae) in the Mediterranean sea: A historical survey 157 Zgodovinski pregled podatkov o pojavljanju morskega psa šesteroškrgarja Hexanchus griseus (Bonnaterre, 1788) (Chondrichthyes: Hexanchidae) v Sredozemskem morju Alessandro De Maddalena & Marco Zuffa A gravid female Bramble shark, Echínorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre, 1788), caught off Elba island (Italy, northern Tyrrhenian Sea) 167 Breja samica bodičastega morskega psa Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre, 1788) ujeta v bližine Elbe (Italija, Tirensko morje) Hakan Kabasakal Historical records of the Great White Shark, Carcharodon carcharías (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lamnitormes: Lamnidae), from the Sea of Marmara 173 Zgodovinski podatki o pojavljanju belega morskega volka Carcharodon carcharías (Línné, 17S8)(Lamniformes, Lamnidae) v Marmarskem morju Christian Capapé, Olivier Guélorget, Christian Reynaud, Adam Marques, Jean Luc Bochereau & Jeanne Zouali Effects of reproductive factors on interrelation­ships between three deep water sharks from northern Tunisia (central Mediterranean) 181 Učinki reprodukcijskih dejavnikov na medselx>jne odnose med tremi vrstami globokomorskih psov v obalnih vodah Tunizije Alen Soldo Status of sharks in the Mediterranean 191 Status morskih psov v Sredozemskem morju Gianluca Cugini & Alessandro De Maddalena Sharks captured off Pescara (Italy, western Adriatic Sea) 201 Morski psi, ujeti v bližini Pescare (Italija, zahodni Jadran) FAVNA FAUNA FAUNA Floriana Aleffi, Nicola Bettoso, Vivianne Solis-Wetss Spatial distribution of soft-bottom polychaetes along the western coast of the northern Adriatic Sea (Italy) 211 Prostorska razširjenost mnogoščetincev (Polychaeta) na mehkem dnu vzdolž zahodne obale severnega Jadranskega morja (Italija) ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 13 • 2003 • 2 Anali za istrske in mediteranske študije - Anna I i di Studi isfriani e mediterranei - Annais for istrian and Mediterranean Studies Tanja Pipan & Anton Brancelj Fauna of epikarst - Copepoda (Crustacea) in percolation water of caves in Slovenia 223 Favna epiki asa -Copepoda (Crustacea) v prenikajoči vodi kraških jam v Sloveniji Andrej Cogala Heteroptera of Slovenia, I,: Dipsocoromorpha, Nepomorpha, Gerromorpha and Leptopodomorpha 229 Heteroptera Slovenije, L: Dipsocoromorpha, Nepomorpha, Cerromorpha in Leptopodomorpha Boris Krystufek & Franc Janžekovič Najdba etruščanske rovke Suncus etruscus (Savi, 1822) na otoku Lošinju (HrvaŠka) 241 Record of the pigmy white-toothed shrew Suncus etruscus (Savi, 1822) on the Island of Lošinj (Croatia) GEOLOGIJ A GEOLOGIA GEOLOGY Stefano Furlani Shore platforms along the northwestern Istrian coast: an overview 247 Obrežne ploščadi vzdolž severozahodnega dela istrske obale: pregled Alberto Rosset, Davide Lenaz, Giorgio Tunis, Angelo De Min & Alessandro Tosone Preliminary characterization of magmatic clasts of flysch conglomerate from the vicinity of Bovec (Slovenia) 257 Predhodna opredelitev magmatskih delcev flišnega konglomerata v bližini Bovca MISCELLANEA Loredana Rizzi Longo, Marialuisa Pizzulin Sauii, Fabrizio Martini & Francesca Larese Filon The allergenic flora of Trieste (NE Italy) 265 Tržaška alergena flora Mateja Germ, Alenka Gaberščik, Tadeja Trošt Sedej, Zdenka Mazej & lože Bavcon The effects of UV-B radiation on aquatic and terrestrial primary producersVpliv UV-B sevanja na vodne in kopenske primarne proizvajalce 281 jurij Planinšec & Rado Pišot Nexus between the motor performance and cognitive abilities of pre-school girlsPovezanost med motorično učinkovitostjo in kognitivnimi sposobnostmi predšolskih deklic 289 DELO NAŠI H ZAVODO V IN DRUŠTEV ATTIVITA DEI NOSTRIISTITUTI E DELLE NOSTRE SOCIETA ACTIVITIES BY OUR INSTITUTIONSASSOCIATIONS AND First steps in establishing the Slovenian National Bioplatform (Aleš Gnamuš & Lovrenc Lipej) 297 Report on activities on long-term conservation of the Posidonia ocean ica meadow in Slovenia (Robert Turk) 298 Quanto vale la costa di Muggia? La parola agli esperti (Stefano Furlani) 300 Fondazione Cetacea Onlus (Marco Affronte) 302 Morigenos - društvo za raziskovanje in zaščito morskih sesalcev (Tilen Genov) 304 Mednarodna konferenca o epikrasu (Interdisciplinary Workshop on Epikarst) (Tanja Pipan) 305 Dvajset let Ornitofoškega društva ixobrychus iz Kopra (Lovrenc Lipej) 305 Kazalo k slikam na ovitkuIndex to pictures on the cover 308 308 Navodila avtorjemInstructions to authors 309 311 RECENTNE SPREMEMBE V SREDOZEMSKI RIBJI FAVNI CAMBIAMENTJ RECENT! NELLA FAUNA ITTICA MEDITERRANEA RECENT CHANGES IN MEDITERRANEAN FISH FAUNA review article DDK 597.5:591.9(262.3-1 2) received: 2003-10-01 LESSEPSIAN FISH MIGRANTS REPORTED IN THE EASTERN ADRIATIC SEA; AN ANNOTATED LIST jakov DULCIC & Armin PALLAORO institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, HR-21000 Split, P.O.BO X S00 E-mail: dulcic@izor.hr Lovrenc UPEJ National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station, Sl-6330 Piran, Fornace 41 ABSTRACT At least nine Lessepsian fish migrants have been so far recorded in the eastern part of the Adriatic: Pampus ar­genteus, Hemiramphus far, Paraexocoetus mento, Saurida undosquamis, Sphyraena chrysotaenia, Epinephelus coioides, Lesognathus klunzingeri, Stephanolepis diaspros and Siganus rivulatus. The Adriatic Sea is becoming an area of the Lessepsian migrants' westward distribution path, which has provided us with some important information on their westward spreading. Key words: ichthyofauna, Lessepsian migration, eastern Adriatic, Mediterranean, Red Sea PESCI MICRANT I LESSEPSIAN1 RÍTROVAT I IN ADRIATIC O ORIENTALE : LISTA 1NTECRATA SI NT ESI II ritrovamento di almeno nove specie ittiche lessepsiane é stato fin'ora segnalato nella parte orientale del mare Adriático: Pampus argenteus, Hemiramphus far, Paraexocoetus mento, Saurida undosquamis, Sphyraena chrysotae­nia, Epinephelus coloides, l.eiognathus klunzingeri, Stephanolepts diaspros e Siganus rivulatus. II mare Adriático sta diventando una delle aree di espansione verso occidente dei migranti lessepsiani e sono state fornite a !cune impor­tanti annotazioni e studi riguardo l'espansione verso occidente di nove specie. Parole chíave: ittiofauna, migrazione lessepsiana, Adriático orientale, Mediterráneo, Mar Rosso ANNALCS • See. hist, na t • 13 • 2003 • 2 lakov DUIC1C elaI.: LfSSEPSIAN FISH MIGRANTS REPORTED IN THE LA5TLRN ADRIATIC SEA: AN ANNOTATED LIST. \17A44 INTRODUCTIO N According to various marine biological surveys, at least 60 exotic fish species of indo-Pacific origin have been recorded for the Mediterranean after the opening of the Suez Canal (Orsi Relini, 2001; Golani et al, 2002). Fish and decapod crustaceans as well as mol­luscs have advanced beyond the limits of the Levant ba­sins. The term "Lessepsian migrant" was coined by Por (1969) to characterize the Red Sea species that have passed through the Suez Canal and settled in the Eastern Mediterranean. The spreading of lessepsian fish migrants has already been recorded for the Aegean and Ionian Seas and considerable numbers have reached the Greek, Turkish and Cyprus coasts (Papaconstantinou, 1990; Golani, 1998, 2000; Corsini & Economidis, 1999; Taskavak et al., 2000; Basusta ef a/., 2002), while only a few species have been recorded further west and north (Tortonese, 1967; 1970; Papaconstantinou, 1988; also in Golani, 1998; Golani ef a/., 2002). Certain changes have been recorded in the Adriatic ichthyot'auna, and some Lessepsian fish species were re­cently reported (in Dulcic ef al., 1999; DulCic & Grbec, 2000; Dulcic ef al., 2002; Lipej & Du!LiL, in press). Owing to the several studies recently carried out in the Adriatic, we now have a fairly accurate overview of the exotic species in this basin. O n the basis of the above considerations, the purpose of this paper was to exam­ine the distribution and abundance of Lessepsian mi­grants (immigrants) in the Adriatic Sea, especially along the eastern coast (Albanian, Montenegrin, Croatian, Slovenian and Italian waters), taking into account some data on their presence and abundance and on the varia­tion of some abiotic parameters in recent years. MATERIAL AN D METHODS This study was based mainly on scientific literature and material collected within the framework of research projects conducted by various national research institu­tions. Other data sources were sports and professional fishermen who have supplied specimens for identifica­tion. During this study, data from literature concerning the spreading of Lessepsian migrants in the Mediterra­nean were also analysed. The greater pari of the mate­rial is being kept by different Adriatic institutions. A N ANNOTATE D LIST OF LESSEPSIAN MIGRANT S IN THE ADRIATIC SEA Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen, 1788) A specimen of butterfish (Stromatesdae) was caught off Rijeka (northern Adriatic) in 1896 and was initially identified as Stromateus fiatoia (Fig. 1). This specimen (Fig. 2), which is kept in the collection of the Zoological Museum in Zagreb, was identified as Pampus argenteus by Sofjan (1948); however, he was doubtful about his identification because P. argenteus is an Indo-Pacific species, occurring mainly in South-east Asia and in the East China Sea. Also, Soljan did not provide any de­scription of the specimen to justify his identification, which remained doubtful until a recent examination of the specimen allowing to confirm Soljan's provisional identification. It is suggested that the specimen could have entered the Mediterranean Sea by following slow-moving vessels or with pelagic medusae, floating wreckages or drifting seaweed. This record, which dates from 1896, represents the first Lessepsian migrant in the Mediterranean Sea (Dulck: e! al., in press}. Herniramphus far (Forsskal, 1775) Herniramphus far is widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific from the Red Sea and east Africa to the Philip­pines and Samoa (Golani, 2002). In the Mediterranean, it was recorded first in the Eastern Levantine Basin as H. marginatus (Steinitz, 1927), and then successively off Syria, Rhodes and Egypt (in Golani ef al., 2002). A specimen of this species was aiso recorded along the Albanian coast {Colette & Parin, 1986). Paraexocoetus mento (Valenciennes, 1846) Paraexocoetus mento is widely distributed in the indo-Pacific from the Red Sea to Fiji (Golani ef at., 2002). In the Mediterranean, it was first recorded in the Eastern Levantine Basin (Bruun, 1935) and then succes­sively in the waters of Rhodes and Libya (in Golani ef a/., 2002). This species, too, was recorded in Albanian coasta! waters (Parin, 1986). Sauridii undosquamis {Richardson, 1848) Saurida undosquamis is widely distributed in the indo-Pacific from the Red Sea and eastern Africa to Australia and southern Japan (Golani etai, 2002). In the Mediterranean, it was first of all recorded in Israel (Ben-Tuvia, 1953) and then successively in the waters of Cy­prus, Turkey, Greece, Libya, Dociecaneses, Crete and Egypt (in Golani ef at., 2002), It is very important com­mercial fish, caught by trawl in large quantities in the eastern Basin. A single specimen (28 cm total length) has been recorded off the Albanian coast by Rakaj (1995). Sphyraena chrysotaenia Kiunzinger, 1884 The obtuse barracuda Sphyraena chrysotaenia has a wide distribution and is found in the eastern Mediterra­nean (Israel, Lebanon and Egypt), in the Indo-Pacific, from the Red Sea, Persian Gulf and East Africa through­ Jakov DUlCi C el at: LESSEPStAN fISH MIGRANTS REPORTED !N THE EASTERN ADRIATIC. SEA: AN ANNOTATED LIST, 137-144 Fig. 1: Records of nine Lessepsian migrants found in the Adriatic Sea. SI. 1: Podatki o devetih tesepskih migrantih, ugotovljenih v jadranskem morju. out Indian Ocean to Australia and japan (Ben-Tuvia, Adriatic) at a depth of 6 m together with several speci­1 %6) . it has also been observed in Turkish waters, from mens of S. sphyraena (Pallaoro & DulfiC;, 2001). The Malta, Eastern Aegean Sea, Western Aegean Sea, Ionian specimen was preserved in formalin and deposited in Sea and in the Italian and Tunisian coastlines (Golani, the collection of the institute of Oceanography and 1998). O n 10 August 2000, a 123 mm total length Fisheries in Split. This is the northernmost record of this specimen of this species was captured with a small species in the Mediterranean area. beach seine in the Bay of Gornji Molunat (southern ANNALE S • Ser. hist. nat. • 13 • 2003 • 2 Jakov DUiČlČ et.s/.: l.ESStPSIAN EISH MIGRANTS REPORTED iN TESE EASTERN ADRIATIC SEA: AN ANNOTATED UST. ! 37-144 Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1822) The orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides occurs in the Red Sea, southwards to (at !east) Durban, and eastwards to Ryukyu islands, Paiau, and Fiji (Golani eta/., 2002). The first specimen recorded in the Mediter­ranean Sea was misidentified by Ben-Tuvia & Lourje (1969) as Epinephelus tauvina. Another specimen was also caught in Haifa Bay; the local fishermen claimed that this species was caught only on rare occasions (Coiani, 1998). It is very rare and only few specimens have been collected in the Mediterranean (Coiani et 2002). An orange-spotted grouper specimen of 12 cm total length was caught by fishing net on 16 May 1998 about 0.9 km from Trieste, northern Italy, and then maintained at the Civic Marine Aquarium of Trieste (presently the specimen measures 52 cm total length) (Parenti & Bressi, 2001). This is the northernmost record of this species in the Mediterranean Sea. Leiognathus klunzingeri (Steindacbner, 1898) The ponyfish Leiognathus klunzingeri has been re­ported only from the Red Sea, but as Leiognathus badly needs taxonomic revision, the distribution range might change (Coiani et ai, 2002). In the Mediterranean, it was first recorded in Syria (Gruvel, 1931); successively in the waters of Israel, Rhodes, Turkey, Lampedusa Is­land, NE Greece and Egypt (in Golani ei a/., 2002). It is very common in the Eastern Mediterranean and caught in large numbers as bycatch in trawl. O n 29 June 2000, an 85 mm total length specimen of ponyfish was cap­tured by beach seine in Saplunara Bay (Mljet Island, southern Adriatic) at a depth of 4 m on sandy bottom (Dulcic & Pailaoro, 2002). It has been deposited in the ichthyological collection of the Institute of Oceanogra­phy and Fisheries in Split. This is the northernmost rec­ord of this species in the Mediterranean Sea. Stephanoiepis diaspros fraser-8 runner, 1940 The filefish Stephanoiepis diaspros has been reported from the Red Sea to the Arabian Gulf (Golani et a/., 2002). In the Mediterranean Sea, it was first recorded in the Eastern Levantine Basin (Steinitz, 1927); successive in the waters of Syria, Cyprus, Rhodes, Gulf of Gabes (Tunisia), Gulf of Taranto (Italy), Crete, Saronikos Gulf and Gulf of Palermo (Sicily) (in Golani et a/., 2002). It is very common in the Mediterranean Sea. O n 23 August 2002, a 77.3 mm total length specimen of 5. diaspros was found at Ulcinj fish market (southern Adriatic, Montenegro) (DulcSici & Pailaoro, in press, a). According to the Ulcinj fishermen, it had been captured with a beach seine in the area of Hrid Deran, at a depth of about 20 m on the rocky-sandy bottom. The specimen was preserved in formalin and deposited in the ichthy­ological collection of the Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries in Split (Fig. 3). This is the northernmost record of this species in the Mediterranean area and the first re­cord of a species from the family Monacanthidae for the Adriatic Sea. Fig. 2: A specimen of Pampas argenteus (Euphrasen, 1788) kept in the Natura! History Musem in Zagreb. (Photo: I. Jardas) Si. 2: Primerek vrste Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen, 1788), shranjene v zbirki Hrvatskega prirodoslovnega muzeja v Zagrebu. (Foto: I. jardas) jakov DUI.CIC etui.: USSiPSiA N FISH MIGRANTS REPORTED IN THE EASTERN ADRIATIC SEA: AN ANNOTATED !1ST, 137-344 Siganus rivulatus Forsskai, 1775 The rabbitfish Siganus rivulatus has been reported from the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden (Golani et al., 2002). In the Mediterranean, it was first recorded in the Eastern Levantine Basin (Steinitz, 1927); successively in the waters of Syria, Cyprus, Aegean Sea, Libya, Tunisia and Ionian Sea (in Golani et a/., 2002). It is very com­mon in the eastern Mediterranean and caught in large quantities by trammel net and purse seine. O n 5 Octo­ber 2000, two specimens of Siganus rivulatus {111-149 mm total length) were captured by the beach seine be­tween 07:00 to 09:00 near the islet of Bobara, southern Adriatic (Croatian coast, near Cavtat) at a depth of 15 m on sandy bottom covered by algae and seagrass (Dulii i & Pailaoro, in press, b). They were deposited in the Ichthyological Collection of the institute of Oceanogra­phy and Fisheries in Split. This is the northernmost rec­ord of this species in the Mediterranean area. DISCUSSIO N Up to date, nine Lessepsian migrants (Tab. 1) have reached the Adriatic Sea. The importance of consecutive records in determining the rate of establishment of Lessepsian fish migrant populations cannot be overem­phasized. It is natural for first records to be published immediately upon discovery and to receive a great deal of attention. But second and subsequent records can certainly add to our knowledge of a migrant species' establishment. There are seven Lessepsian migrant fish species that have been recorded only as single speci­mens: P. argenteus, H. far, S. undosquamis, 5. chrvso­taenia, E. coioides, L klunzingeri and S. diaspros. There have been no data on the number .'of; recorded speci­mens for the species P. mento, while''two': specimens were observed for S. rivulatus. In order to understand whether these records constitute an abortive episode or rather the founder trailbiazers of a sustainable popula­tion, it is necessary to report consecutive records. In those cases, where subsequent reports include an exten­sion of the species' distribution, it is clear that there will be second and third records as well. There are still no such cases for the Lessepsian fish species found in the Adriatic Sea. However, second and subsequent records that do not extend the distribution often receive less at­tention and may not necessarily be published (Golani, 2002). lessepsian fish migrant species may be charac­terized according to several traits, namely abundance, habitat, feeding habits and size (Golani, 2002). Nine Lessepsian fish migrants have brought up (to­gether with previous mentioned species in Dulcic et al., 2002) the number of species recorded for the Adriatic to 432 and 122 families. The record of P. argenteus dated from 1896 represents the first Lessepsian migrant in the Mediterranean Sea. The occurrence of the orange-spotted grouper E. coioides in the Gulf of Trieste (Parenti & Bressi, 2001) is very interesting indeed, since it had been previously recorded only from the coastal waters of Israel and is considered a rare and recent invader (Golani, 1998). Other seven species were amongst the first ErHhrean irwaders of the Eastern Mediterranean more than thirty years ago, when recorded as common or very common fish species in the Aegean coastal wa­ters and off Anatolian coast (Ben-Tuvia, 1966). Tem­perature is the most important abiotic factor in deter- Tab. I: List of Lessepsian migrants fished in the Adriatic Sea. Legend: 1 - occurrence: VR - very rare; 2 - habitat: P - pelagic, IP - inshore pelagic, BP - bentho-pelagic, B -ben­thic, R - rocky; 3 - feeding habits: El - feeders of fish and benthic invertebrates, PL - planktivores, Bl - benthic in­vertebrates, H - herbivores; 4 - size: S - small, M - medium; 5 - area : GT - Gulf of Trieste, NA - northern Adriatic, MA - middle Adriatic, SA -southern Adriatic; 6 - first record; 7 -source. Tab. 1: Seznam lesepskih selivk, ugotovljenih v jadranskem morju. Legenda: 1 - pojavljanje: VR - zelo redko; 2 - habitat: P - pclaški, IP - obalno pelaški, BP - bento-pelaški, B -ben­toški, R - skalnati; 3 - prehranjevalne navade: Ft -ribe in bentoški nevretenčarji, PL - planktivori, BI -bentoški ne vre ten carji, H - rastlinojedi; 4 -velikost: S - majhne, M - srednje velike; 5 - območje: GT -Tržaški zaliv, NA ­severni jadran, M A -srednji jadran, S A -južni jadran; 6 - prvi zapis; 7 -vir. Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen, 1788) VR P ? M NA 1896 Dulčič et al. (in press) Hemiramphus far (Forsskái, 1775) VR IP PL 7 SA 7 Coilette & Parin (1986) Paraexocoetus mentó (Valenciennes, 1846) ? IP PL ? SA ? Parin (1986) Saurida undosquamis (Richardson, 1848) VR B F! ? SA ? Raka j (1995) Sphyraena c.hrysotaenia Klunzinger, 1884 VR BP Fl M SA 2000 Paliaoro & Dulčič (2001) Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1822) VR B Fl M GT 1998 Parenti & Bressi (2001) Leiognathus klunzingerí (Steindachner, 1898) Stephanolepis diaspros Fraser-Brunner, 1940 VR VR B R Bl Bl S S SA SA 2000 2002 Dulčič & Paliaoro (2002) Dulčič & Paliaoro (in press, b) Siganus rivulatus Forsskái, 1775 VR B H M SA 2000 Dulčič & Paliaoro (in press, a) ANNALES • Scr. hist nat. • 13 • 2003 • 2 lafcov DULČIČ at si: LESSEPSIAN FISH MIGRANTS REPORTED IN THE EASTERN ADRIATIC SEA: AN ANNOTATED L!$T7I37-144 Fig. 3: A specimen of Stephanolepis diaspros Fraser-Brunner, 1940 caught in the waters off Utcinj (Monte­negro). (Photo: A. Pallaoro) Si. 3: Primerek vrste Stephanoiepis diaspros Fraser-Brunncr; 1940, ujet v vodah blizu Ulcinja (Črna gora). (Foto: A. Pallaoro) mining the dispersal of Lessepsian fish (Golani, 2002). It is not really known what is the impact of the Lessepsian migrant in the Adriatic environment and at this stage it is very hard to perform any direct study to assess possible impact. According to Colani (1993), however, the im­pact' of Lessepsian migration on the Levantine basin ecosystem lias been immense. Some authors reported that the diet of Lessepsian predators, such as the brush-tooth lizardfish S. undosquamis, consisted mainly of other Lessepsian fish species (L. klunzingen) and Lessep­sian crustaceans (Golani, 1993). Golani & Galil (1991) compared the feeding habits of the two indigenous mullets Mullus barbatus and M. surmuletus to that of the two confamilial Lessepsian migrant Upeneus mollucen­sis and U. pori. The authors found a high rate of similar­ity in the diet of all four species. Golani (1994) showed that niche partitioning of the eastern Mediterranean mullets is achieved on the bathymetrical axis; Lessep­sian mullets occupy shallow waters (20-50 m), while in­digenous species dominate at greater depths. However, due to lack of knowledge concerning bathymetric distri­bution of the indigenous mullets in the eastern Levant, prior to the Lessepsian invasion, it cannot be determined whether a habitat displacement has taken place in this region. An opposite trend has been observed regarding lizardfishes (Synodontidae); the indigenous species Syriodus saurus occupies shallower water than the Lessepsian migrants, undosquamis (Golani, 1993). Changes in the Adriatic ichthyofauna have been as­sociated with climatic and oceanographic changes (Dulcic et a!., 1999; Duieid & Grbec, 2000; Lipej & Dulcic, in press). Oceanographic changes in the Adri­atic can be associated with the climate in the Mediter­ranean; this is a consequence of the changes in distribu­tion of air pressure over the wider Mediterranean, which causes the horizontal air pressure to vary between the northern and southern Adriatic and hence influences the intensity of water exchange between the Adriatic and the eastern Mediterranean (Grbec eta/., 1998). Because the incoming Mediterranean water in the Adriatic carries nutrient-rich water that affects primary and secondary production, climate change, via its oceanographic influ­ence, can play an important role in the Adriatic ecosys­tem. The incoming Ionian water (Adriatic ingression) is also warmer, and many fish species move towards higher latitudes. Therefore, the strong year-to-year changes in sea surface temperatures, which are closely related to climatic fluctuations, can well be responsible for such range extensions. A general summary of the oc­currence of fish species in the Adriatic over the last 25 years is that numbers of thermophilous species have in­creased, that several species, fairly rare or very rare until now, are more abundant, while others are new to the zone (in Dulfici et a!., 1999; Dulcic & Grbec, 2000; Li­pej & Dulcic, in press). The last decade has witnessed an upsurge of com­prehensive studies on the phenomenon of Lessepsian fish migration. The Adriatic Sea is obviously becoming an area of the Lessepsian migrants' westward distribu­tion path, which has provided us with some important information on their westward spreading. W e are look­ing forward to the continuation of this scientific effort and hope for further cooperation amongst ichthyologists of the Levant and Adriatic Sea in the study of Lessepsian migration. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to thank Mr. Tihomir Makovec and Mr. Alen Soldo for their help in preparing photographs and figures. This contribution originated on the basis of the results of a bilateral Slovenian-Croatian "Climate change and Adriatic ichthyofauna" research project. Jakov OULČIC « a!.: lESSt'PSMN f )SH MIGRANTS REPORTED IN THE EASTERN ADRIATIC SEA: AN ANNOTATED UST, 137-14( ai : O N THE OCCURRENC E O E TH E TRIPt ETAIL, LO BOTE S SURINAMENSI S (BLOCH , 1790) (OSTEICHTHYES : lOBOTIDAE ) H5-H 5 Eischer ef al. (1981) reported the species along the eastern tropical Atlantic shore from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Gulf of Guinea. However, they noted that the species was captured only occasionally and that it seemed not to be very abundant in the area in spite of its commercial value, as its flesh is appreciated by local consumers. The species was reported off Guinea-Bissau (Sanchks, 1991), but not off Senegal (Cadenat, 1951; 5.ret & Opic, 1990; N'Dao, 1997; Diatta eta!., 2002). The information recently provided by fishermen, how­ever, suggests its possible occurrence off the Cape Verde Peninsula. Moreover, I . surinamensis has not been re­ported from waters off Mauritania (Maigret & Ly, 1984). Consequently, a progressive Mediterranean invasion by this species from the eastern Atlantic, as was the case with other fish species (Massuti & Stefanescu, 1993; Pizzicori et a!., 2000; Quignard & Tomasini, 2000; Hemida ef at., 2002), remains speculative. In the Mediterranean, Tortonese (1975) noted that the Tripletail was occasionally captured off Sicily (Do­derlein, 1875) and Calabria (Bint, 1968). H e added that the species was also recorded off Rhodes, Greece, Tur­key and Lebanon. Roux (1986) reported the occurrence of L surina­mensis "in the Mediterranean and off Madeira and the Azores" and "elsewhere in ail warm seas", but did not refer to any abundance of the species in these areas. Golani (1996, 1997) reported the species from the wa­ters off Israel, and Brada'i (2000) from Tunisian waters. It is possible that the recent finding of L surinamen­sis in this area of the southern Mediterranean is due to an increase in the population and possible climatic changes, which led to other changes in intra-Mediterranean fish species distribution (Francour et a!., 1994; Quignard & Tomasini, 2000). Moreover, Quignard & Tomasini (2000) noted: "The discovery of a large number of other species outside their usual area of distribution may be due to an in­crease of traditional prospection, or to the use of newer techniques...., which allow the exploration of otherwise inaccessible habitat", in agreement with Golani (1996) and Golani & Sonin (1996). This is probably the case of L. surinamensis from the Algerian coast, where the in­formation given by fishermen showed that Tripletails are not uncommon in local waters. Captures of specimens are apparently observed throughout the year. A sustain­able Tripletail population could be established off the Algerian coast, but identification is needed in order to confirm this opinion. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to thank the fishermen of Annaba (Algeria) and the Veterinary Department of Algiers fish market for providing them with the Tripletail specimen. They also thank the fishermen of Ouakam, Soumb^di­oune, Kayar and Hann (Senegal) for information on the occurrence of the species in the Senegalese waters. O POJAVLJANJ U VRSTE LOBOTES SURINAMENSIS {BLOCH , 1790) (OSTEICHTHYES : LOBOTIDAE ) V ALŽIRSKI H VODA H (JUŽN O SREDOZEMLJE ) Farid HEMIDA Laboratoire Halieutique, institut des Sciences de la Nature, Université des Sciences et Techniques Houari Boumédienne, ß. P. 32, El Aiia, 16 111 Bab L2ZOuar, Alger, Algérie Daniel GOLANI Department of Evolution, Systematics and Ecology, The Hefarew University of Jerusalem, 11-91904 Jerusalem, Israel Youssouph DIATTA Département de Biologie animale, faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, 8. P. 5005, Dakar, Sénégal Christian CAPAPÉ Laboratoire d'Ichtyologie, Université Monlpellier M, Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, F-34 09S Montpellier cedex 05, France E-mail: capapei0univ-montp2.fr POVZETEK Avtorji članka nas seznanjajo z novim podatki o pojavljanju vrste L oboles surinamensis (Bloch, 1790) iz obrežnih alžirskih voda (južno Sredozemlje). V članku opisujejo to sicer redko ribjo vrsto in razpravljajo tako o njenem pojavljanju kot razširjenosti v Sredozemskem morju. Ključne besede: teleost, Lobotidae, Lobotes surinamensis, razširjenost, Alžirija, Sredozemlje ANNALES • Ser. hist. nal. • 13 • 2003 • 2 Farid HEM1DA er ai.: O N THF OCCURRENC E OF THE TRIPLE J All., LOSOTE S SUR1NAMENSI5 {BLOCH , 1790) ( O ST EIGHTH YES: LOSOTlDAf ) HS-1'16 REFERENCES Anonymous (1993): Quatre poissons mystere. Apnea, .52, 8-9. gen-Tuvia, A. (1953): Mediterranean fishes of Israel. Bull. Fish. Stat, 8, 1-40. Birti, G. (1968): Un Pesce Perciforme raro per i mari itaiiane {Lobotes surinamensis Bloch, 1790). Atti Soc. Pelorit. Sei. Fis. Mat. Nat , 14 (1-2), 49-53. Bradai, M. N. (2000): Diversité du peuplement ichtyque et contribution a la connaissance des sparidés du golfe de Gabes, Ph.D. Thesis. University of Sfax, Tunisia, 600 pp. Cadenat, j. (1951): Poissons de mer du Sénégal. Initia­tions africaines, III. Inst. Fr. Afr. noire, Dakar, 1950 [1951], 1-345. Diatta, Y., F. L. Clotilde-Ba & C. Capapé (2002): Le ré­gime alimentaire de Octopus vulgaris et de ses prédateurs potentiels devant le Sénégal. In: Caveriviere, A-, M. Thiam & D. jouffre (eds.): Actes du Colloque "Le poulpe, Octopus vulgaris, Sénégal et côtes ouest­africaines". Centre de recherches océanographiques de Oakar-Thiaroye, 14-18 février 2000. IRD éditions, col­lection "Colloques et Séminaires", Paris, p. 87-104. Doderlein, P. (1875): Descrizione di una specie del genere esotico Lobotes preso neiîe acque dei Contorno Palermo. Atti Accad. Sei. Palermo, 5 (3), 1-12. Fischer, W. , G. Bianchi & W . B. Scott (1981): Fiches FA O d'identification des especes pour les besoins de la peche. Atlantique centre-est; zones de peche 34, 47 (en partie). Canada Fond de Dépôt. Ottawa, Ministere des Pecheries et Océans du Canada, en accord avec l'organisation des Nations-Unies pour l'Alimentation et l'Agriculture, Vol. 165, pag. var. Francour, P., C. F. Boudouresque, |. G. Harmelin, M. L. Harmelin-Vivien & J. P. Quignard (1994): Are the Mediterranean waters becoming warmer? Information from biological indicators. Mar. Poll. Bull., 28, 523-526. Golani, D. (1996): The marine ichthyofauna of the East­ern Levant. History, inventory and characterization. !sr. J. Zoo!., 42, 15-55. Goiani, D. (1997): Handbook of the Fishes of Israel. Keter Publishing House, Jerusalem, 269 pp. (in Hebrew) Golani, D. & O. Sonin (1996): The occurrence of the tropical west African marine fishes Acanthurus mon­roviae (Acanthuridae) and Arius parkii (Ariidae) in the Levant, j. Ichthyol. Aquat. Biol., 2(1), 1-3. Hemida, F,, R. Seridji, N. Labidi, J. Bensaci & C. Capapé (2002): New data on Carcharhinus spp (Chondrichthyes: Carcharhintdae) from off the Algerian coast (southern Mediterranean). Acta Adriat, 43(2), 83-93. Maigret, J & 8. ty (1986): Les poissons de mer de Mau­ritanie. CNRO P - Sciences nat., publications, Nouadhi­bou - Compiegne, 213 pp. Massuti, E, & C. Stepanescu (1993): First record of Se­rióla fasciata (Bioch, 1793) (Osteichthyes: Carangidae) in the Mediterranean. J. Fish BtoL, 42, 143-144. N'Dao M. (1997): Observations sur les débarquements de Poissons Téléostéens effectués au site de Soumbédi­oune (Sénégal, Atlantique oriental tropical). PhD. The­sis. University Cheikh Anta Dtop of Dakar, Dakar, Sene­gal, 93 pp. Pizzicori P., L. Castriota, G. Marino & F. Andaloro (2000): Serióla carpenterr. a new immigrant in the Mediterranean from the Atlantic Ocean, j. Fish Biol., 57, 1335-1338. Quignard, }. P. & J. P. Tomasini (2000): Mediterranean fish biodiversity. Biol. Mar. Medtt., 7(3), 1-66. Roux, C. (1986): Lobotidae. in: Whitehead, P. j. P., M. L. Bauchot, j. C, Hureau, j. Nielsen & E. Tortonese (eds.): Fishes of the North-western Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Vol. II. UNESCO , Paris, p. 854-855. San ches, J. G. (1991): Catalogo dos principáis pexes marinhos da República da Guiné-Bissau. Pubf. INIP, 16, 1-496. Schmid, H. & f. E. Randall (1997): First record of the tri­plerai Í, Lobotes surinamensis (Pisces: LobotSdae), from the Red Sea. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 16, 353-355. Séret, B & P. Opic (1990): Poissons de mer de l'ouest africain tropical. Init-Doc. ORSTOM , Paris, p. i-vi + 1­ 416. Tortonesc, E. (1975): Osteichthyes, Pesci ossei, parte 2, In: Fauna d'Italia, 12, 1-686. original scientific article UD K 597.5:591.9(262.3-11} received: 2003-11-05 NE W ADDITIONAL RECORDS OF IMPERIAL BLACKFISH, SCHEDOPHILUS OVALI5 (CUVIER, 1 833), WHITE TREVALLY, PSEUDOCARANX DENTEX (BLOCH & SCHNEIDER, 1801), AND ATLANTIC POMFRET, BRAMA BRAMA (BONNATERRE, 1788), IN THE EASTERN ADRIATIC jakov OULC.IC & Armin PALLAORO Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, HR-2SOOG Split, P.O.BO X 500 E-mail: dulcic@iior.hr Vtado ONOFRI & Davor LUClC Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Dubrovnik Laboratory, HR-20000 Dubrovnik Ivan JARDAS Institute of Oceanography and fisheries, HR-21000 Split, P.O.BO X 500 ABSTRACT The imperial black fish, Schedophilus ova I is, white trevally, Pseudocaranx dentex, and Atlantic pom fret, I'ram a brama, specimens were caught in the eastern Adriatic. The main morphometric and meristic data are given. In spite of a number of scientific records regarding these species, we could still treat the imperial blackfish and white trevally as very rare species, and the Atlantic pomfret as a rare species in the Eastern Adriatic. Key words: imperial blackfish, white trevally, Atlantic pomfret, additional records, Eastern Adriatic NUOV E TESTÍMONIANZ E AGGIUNTIV E DI CONTROFOL O ViOLA , SCHEDOPHILUS OVALIS (CUVIER, 1 833), CARANC O DENTICE, PSEUDOCARANX DENTEX (BLOC H & SCHNEIDER , 1801) E PEŠCE CASTAGNA , BRAMA BRAMA (BONNATERRE , 1788), IN ADRIATIC O ORIENTAL E SINTESi Esemplari di controfolo viola, Schedophilus oval is, carango dentice, Pseudocaranx dentex, e pešce castagna, Brama brama, sorto stati catturati in Adriático oriéntale. L'articolo ríporta i pib importanti dati morfometrici e meri­stici. Conformemente a un numero di dati scientifici gli autori continuano a considerare controfolo viola e carango dentice specie moito ra re, mentre il pesce castagna risu lta essere una spe cíe rara nell'Adriatico orientáis. Parole chiave: controfolo viola, carango dentice, pesce castagna, testimonianze aggiuntive, Adriático orientale ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 13 - 2003 • 2 Jakov OULCiČ M al.: NE W ADDITIONAL RECORDS O f IMPERIAL 8 L AC Kf iS H. SCHEDOPHILUS OWVUStCUV'SER, 1SJ3I H9-I5<1 INTRODUCTiO N The imperial blackfish, Schedophilus oval is {Cnvier, 1833), is a marine and benthopelagic-species living in the Eastern Atlantic from Spain and throughout most of the Mediterranean southward, while in the Western Central Atlantic some small specimens have been re­corded off Bermuda (Haedrich, 1986a; jardas, 1996). It could also be found in Australia {Haedrich, 1990). This species is rare in the Adriatic Sea (jardas, 1985, 1996). The white trevally, Pseudocaranx dentex (Bloch & Schneider, 1801), is a reef-associated, marine and brackish species living at depths ranging from 80 to 200 m (Smith-Vaniz, 1986; jardas, 1996). it lives in the Western Atlantic (from Bermuda, North Carolina and south to southern Brazil), in the Eastern Atlantic (Azores, Madeira, Canaries, Cape Verde, Ascension and Saint Helena Island), in the Mediterranean, in the Inclo-Pacific (South Africa, Japan, Hawaii, Australia, lord How e and Norfolk Islands), in New Zealand, and in New Caledo­nia (Smith-Vaniz, 1986; Jardas, 1996). This species is very rare in the Adriatic Sea (jardas, 1985, 1996). The Atlantic pomfret, Brama brama (Bonnaterre, 1788), is a bathy- and epipelagic species occurring at depths ranging from 0 to 1,000 m. This oceanic and highly migratory species lives in the South Pacific, In­dian Ocean, Western Atlantic (from Nova Scotia, Can­ada and Bermuda to Belize and the Antilles), and in the Eastern Atlantic (from central Norway southward to Al­goa Bay and South Africa) (Haedrich, 1986b; Jardas, 1996). It could also be find in Australia (May and Max­well, 1986), Ne w Zealand (Paulin ef a/„ 1989) and Chile (Frimodt, 1995). This species is fairly rare in the Adriatic Sea (Jardas, 1985, 1996). The data on biology and ecology of the above men­tioned species in the Adriatic are very scarce. The aim of this paper is to provide first data on the morphometric and meristic characteristics of these species for the Adri­atic Sea, some preliminary data on food items and data on their additional occurrence in the Eastern Adriatic. MATERIAL AND METHODS A specimen of the imperial blackfish (Fig, 1) was caught on 28 July 2003 with "brankarela" (ripping hook mounted together on the iron or wooden stick) in the open waters of Southern Adriatic, 35 Nm SE from Du­brovnik (Southern Adriatic), at about 1,000 m depth (Fig. 4: location A). A specimen of the Atlantic pomfret (Fig. 2) was caught on 30 August 2002 with bottom trawl in the Pomo Pit, at about 150 m depth (Fig, 4: location C). A specimen of the white trevally (Fig. 3) was caught on 30 October 2001 with trammel bottom set in Gvozde­nac Cove (Vis Island) at 20 m depth (Fig, 4: location B). The specimens were identified according to jardas (1996). They are deposited (in jars with formaldehyde) in the ichthyoiogica! Collection of the Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries in Split, Croatia. The specimens were preserved in 4 % buffered for­maldehyde, subsequently measured to the nearest 0.1 mm, and weighed to the nearest 0.1 g. Meristic charac­teristics considered were dorsal, anal, pectoral, ventral, caudal fins, and number of scales in the longitudinal line. Immediately after capture, fish were dissected and fig. 1: Schedophilus ovalis caught in the Southern Adriatic. (Photo: V. Onofri) SI. 1: Schedophilus ovalis, ujet v južnem jadranskem morju. (Foto: V. Onofri} Fig. 2: Brama brama caught in Pomo Pit (Photo: A. Patlaoro) SI. 2: Brama brama, ujeta v kotanji Pomo. (Foto: A. Pallaoro) Fig. 3: Pseudocaranx dentex caught near Island Vis. (Photo: A. Pallaoro) SI. 3: Pseudocaranx dentex, ujet v bližini Visa. (Foto: A. Pallaoro) Jota v DULČI Č el ai: Ni W ADDITIONA L RECORD S O í IMPERIA L BLACKFISH , SCHEDOPHIIUS OVAUS (CUVKR , I8JJJ , .... 149-154 the gut removed and preserved in 4 % formalin solution caught in the vicinity of Korcula island (Southern Adri­to prevent food digestion. In the laboratory, identifica-atic). The second specimen (without measures) of this tion of prey was carried out to the species level when-species was captured together with 5. medusophagus in ever possible. the Peljesac Channel (Southern Adriatic) In 1982 (at a depth of 2 m, T-25 °C ) where Peiagia noctiluca were RESULTS AND DISCUSSION also present {Onofri, 1986). O n 26 June 1979. a single specimen {third record) of the imperial blackfish was In Table 1, the main morphometric and meristic data caught with deep bottom trawl in the open waters of of the three mentioned species are presented. Southern Adriatic, about 20 Nm SE from Dubrovnik at a The specimen of the imperial blackfish was caught depth of about 1,000 m. Total length of the caught in the open waters of Southern Adriatic, at about 1,000 specimen was TL = 25.2 cm {no data on its weight and m depth (T=25 °C). This species prefers deep water at sex) (D. Viiidc , pers, comm.). W e assume that these pe­the edge of continental shelves and around oceanic is-riodical occurrences could be explained by the Adriatic lands; larger specimens dwell near the bottom (jardas, !agressions, NAO i (North Atlantic Oscillation Index) and 1996). According to literature, this record is the fourth warming of Adriatic waters (Dulčlč et at., 1999). Obser­so far of this species in the Adriatic Sea. !n the Adriatic, vations on the Adriatic ichthyofauna (period 1973-1998) S. ovalis was recorded for the first time by Kolombatovic showed changes in the quantitative and qualitative (1902) who named it Centrophilu.s corcyrensis, as it was composition of the fish fauna. The number of thermo- Tab. 1: Morphometric (in mm) and meristic data of the imperial blackfish, white trcvally and Atlantic pomfret in the Eastern Adriatic. Tab. 1: Morfometrični (v mm) in meristični podatki o vrstah Schedophiius oval is, Pseudocaranx dentex in Brama brama, ujetih v vzhodnem jadranskem morju. Species Schedophiius ovalis Pseudocaranx dentex \ Brama brama Weight (g) 820.8 142.3 j 644.2 Morphometric characters (mm) Total length (TL) Standard length {SLÍ 387.5 311.8 226.7 193.4 406.2 308.6 Head length (C) 83.8 593.4 79.2 Predorsal length U..PD) 69.3 68.5 95.8 First dorsal fin length (LD1) 191.2 24.2 153.4 Second dorsal fin length (LD2) . 72.1 - Preanal length (LPA) 168.4 113.8 145.3 Anal fin length (LA) Prepectoral length ÍLPP) 80.8 77.7 53.9 57.3 105.7 84.1 Pectoral fin length (LP) 72.1 56.5 110.3 Preventral length (LPV) 84.1 55.9 102.7 Ventral fin length (LV) 55.2 26.9 29.4 Caudal fin length {LC) 98.2 48.2 136.2 Eye diameter (O) 18.6 13.3 19.2 Interorbitai length (lO) 37.2 15.6 25.2 Preorbital length (PO) 14.0 24.1 19.9 Postorbital length (OLO ) 51.2 21.9 40.1 Maximal body height (H m3J 128.3 71.4 130.9 Minimal body height (H,„,„) 32.8 8.6 20.2 First dorsal fin (D1) VII/3 0 VIII 111/33 Second dorsal fin (D2) - I/2 5 - Anal fin (A) 111/22 II + 1/21 II /28 Pectoral fin (P) Ventral fins (V) Cauda! fin (C) 21 1/5 4 + 16 + 4 I /2 0 I/ 5 9 + 8 + 9 20 1/5 5 + 17 + 5 Linea lateralis (LI) 95 28 83 ANNALE S • Ser, hist. nat. • 13 • 2003 • 2 JATOV OULČIČ EI al.: NE W AQDITSONAI RECORDS O F IMPERIAL 8LACKFISH, SCHEDOPHIl U S O VAJ./5 (CUVIFR, 1833) 1 <19-15 4 phi lie species has increased; several species, scarce or rare until now, are move abundant, while others are new records (Dulcic ef at, 1999). The authors {ibid.) believe that the occurrence of the imperial hlackfish and Cor­nish blackfish S. medusophagus in the Adriatic waters is the result of water warming. The northward extension of 5. ovalis to the Bay of Biscay (Quero ef a/., 2000) and recent occurrences of young S. ovalis along the French Mediterranean coasts (Francour & javel, 2003) could support this hypothesis. Francour & javel (2003) assume that the observations of small to medium sized S. ovalis they made in 2000-2001 in the Alpes-maritimes de­partment (Cannes, Antibes, Beaulieu/Mer) could be also explained by the present water warming (Francour ef al., 1994). According to Orsi-Reiini et al. (1990), the size of the imperial blackfish specimen of about 45 cm TL cor­responds to the first year of its life, and taking this into consideration, the caught specimen from our study is a juvenile (0+). The results of Deudero ef al. (1999) con­firm the rare observations of the imperial blackfish made by Relini et al. (1994) in the Ligurian Sea. Moreover, only 3 catches of this species have been reported from the Balearic Sea (Massuti & Stefanescu, 1994). Several different groups of organisms were foLind in the stomach of the specimen: Narcomedusae (7 speci­mens of Soimissus albescens), Decapoda (12 pieces of legs and remains of carapax), Chaetognatha (1 specimen of Sagitta sp.), TLinicata (Appendicular^, 3 specimens of Oikopleura iongicauda, some parts of Pyrosoma com­munity), and fish scales (n=5). Maul (1964) found sev­eral indigested Pyrosoma sp. in the stomachs of the black imperial fish. Orsi-Relini el al. (1990) also found a lot of Pyrosoma sp., as well as 8 specimens of pteropod Cymbulia peroni (in one stomach) and euphausiidae shrimp Meganychtiphanes norvegica (in one stomach). Relini ef al. (1994) discovered undigested pyrosomes and few fragments of jelly plankton in the stomachs of young black imperial fish. The meristic and morphometric data on the imperial blackfish presented in Table 1 are the first for this spe­cies from the Adriatic Sea and are in agreement with the data presented for the specimen from the Corvo Island (Azores) (www.fishbase.org) and with partially presented data by Haedrich (1986a). The specimen of white trevally caught during this study is the fourth of this species in the Eastern Adriatic. P. dentex was recorded for the first time in the Eastern Adriatic near Duba area (Peljesac Peninsula). This specimen was (TL=34.4 cm) caught on 11 July 1986 at 6 m depth with a net called "prostica" (Pallaoro & Jardas, 1996). Second specimen was caught with long line near Lastovo Island in 1986 (Milisic, 1994). Third specimen was captured in November 2001 near Vis Island (TL­ 35.8 cm) with trammel bottom set (Matic, pers. comm.). The meristic and morphometric data for the white trevally presented in Table 1 are the first for this species from the Adriatic Sea and are in agreement with the data presented for the specimen from Branco Islet (Cape Verde Islands) {www.fishbase.org) and the data pre­sented by Smith-Vaniz (1986). W e found digested fish larvae and postlarvae and specimens of Mysidacea in the caught specimen's stom­ach (we were unable to determine any species, since the material was completely digested). This species feeds on plankton by ram-filtering and suction on bottom inver­tebrates (Smith-Vaniz, 1986). Russell (1983) reported that this species (Coat Island, northeastern coast of Ne w Zealand) feeds on euphausiids (larvae), amphipods (ju­veniles and adults), copepods (jLivenile and adults) and gastropods (juvenile and adults). Its diet is also com­posed of squid, cuttlefish, finfish, crabs, shrimps, sea stars, sea urchins and bivalves (www.fishbase.org). Records of the Atlantic pomfret in the Adriatic are not as scarce as of the previous two species. It should be pointed that al! records of this species were made in relatively shallow waters, in spite of the fact that this bathy- and epipelagic species could be found at depths of 1,000 m. It is highly migratory and occasionally comes close to shore. It is a seasonal migrant occurring in small schools and its movements are apparently tem­perature-related (iardas, 1996). Three records for the Eastern Adriatic were reported in local newspapers (in 1980, 1981 and 1982. near the town of Rijeka), while one record was made by Pallaoro & jardas (1996) in the Kastela Bay-Split area on 7 February 1984 01=45.7 cm). On e specimen is deposited in the Ichthyologscal Col­lection of the Natural History Museum in Rijeka (Croa­tia) without any data (Kovacic, 1998). Two larval stages fig. 4: Map with the locations of records (A -Schedo­philus ovalis, B -Pseudocaranx dentex, C -Brama bra ma). Si. 4: Zemljevid z lokacijami zabeleženih vrst (A -Schedophilus ovalis, B -Pseudocaranx dentex, C -Brama brama). lakov DULČI Č el ah NE W ADDITIONA L RECORD S O F IMPERIAL HI.ACKFiSH, SCHEDOPHILUS OVAUS !CUVIÖ4, 1833), .... t«-15 4 were recorded for the first time in the River Neretva Es­tuary at a depth of 22 rn (TL-4.36 mm and Tl=5.Q0 mm) (Dulcic, 1999). The meristic and morphometries data for the Atlantic pomfret presented in Table 1 are the first for this species from the Eastern Adriatic and are in agreement with the data presented by Haedrich (1986b), while they slightly differ from those regarding the specimen from Boavista island (Cape Verde Islands) (www.fishbase.org). W e found only two specimens of Argentina sphy­raena fish in the stomach of the caught Atlantic pomfret from Pomo Pit. Haedrich (1986b) described the Atlantic pomfret as an opportunistic feeder on small fishes, cephaiopods, amphipods and euphausiids. According to Morovic (1973), the rarity of certain fish species could be evaluated from the records in sci­entific literature. Same author have pointed that if the species is recorded less than five times, it should be treated as a very rare species. According to this sugges­tion we could treat the imperial blackfish and white tre­vally (4 records in scientific literature until now) as very rare species in the Eastern Adriatic, and the Atlantic pomfret as a rare species. W e must also be careful with tools (gears) for providing target species if wishing to evaluate their rarity, as it is hard to sample the imperial blackfish (during different life phases) using conven­tional methods. FADs (Fishing Attractive Devices) pro­vide a useful tool for studying the mentioned species (Deudero et al., 1999), so it could be proposed for next studies on fish assemblages in the Adriatic. The status of investigated species needs to be evalu­ated on a continuous basis, as it is becoming increas­ingly apparent that uncommon species, and particularly those on the edge of their distribution, can be essential indicators of environmental change (Swabby & Potts, 1990). NOV I PODATK I O VRSTA H SCHEDOPHILUS OVAUS (CUVIER , 1833), PSEUDOCARANX DENTEX (BLOC H & SCHNEIDER , 1801) IN BRAMA BRAMA (BONNATERRE , 1788), UJETI H V VZHODNE M JADRANSKE M MORJ U Jakov DULČIČ & Armin PALLAORO inštitut za oceanograftj'o in ribištvo, HR-21000 Split, P.O.BO X 500 E-mail: duicic@izor.hr Vlado ONOFRI & Davor LUČIČ Inštitut za oceanografijo in ribištvo, Laboratorij v Dubrovniku, HR-2Q000 Dubrovnik Ivan JARDAS Inštitut za oceanografijo in ribištvo, HR-21000 Split, P.O.BO X 500 POVZETEK V vzhodnem Jadranu so bile v zadnjih dveh letih ujete vrste Schedophilus ovalis, Pseudocaranx dentex in Brama brama, v tem morju sicer neobičajne ribe. V članku so podani morfometrični in meristični podatki vseh treh vrst. Kljub dejstvu, da o njih obstaja vrsta znanstvenih zapisov, smemo reči, da sta Schedophilus ovalis in Pseudocaranx dentex zelo redki, Brama brama pa redka vrsta v vzhodnem Jadranu. Ključne besede: Schedophilus ovalis, Pseudocaranx dentex, Brama brama, novi podatki, vzhodni Jadran ANNALES - Ser. hist. nat. • 13 • 2003 • 2 UtwDUlCI C B( ai:NEW ADDITIO N A! RECORD S O F IMPERIAL BEACKFLSH, SCHEOOPHILUS OVAl !5 ICUVIER, 18331, ... H'J-1 S'I REFERENCES Deudero, S., P. Mereila, B. Morales-Nin, E. Massutf. & F. Alemany (1999): Fish communities associated with FADs. Sci. Mar., 63, 199-207. Dulcic, j. (1999): First record of larval Brama brama (Pi­sces: Bramidae) and Coryphaena hippurus (Pisces: Co­ryphaenidae) in the Adriatic Sea. j. Plankton Res., 6, 1171-1174. Dulcic, J., B. Crbec & L. Lipej (1999): Information on the Adriatic ichthyofauna •••- Effect of the water warming? Acta Adriat., 40, 33-43. Francour, P. & F. Javel (2003): Recent occurrences of young Scbedophilus ovalis (Centrolophidae) along French Mediterranean coasts. Cybium, 2.7, 57-58. Francour, P., C. F. Boudouresque, j. G. Harmeiin, M . Harmelin-Vivien. & J. P. Quignard (1994): Are the Mediterranean waters becoming warmer? Information from biological indicators. Mar. Poll. Bull., 28, 523-526. Frimodt, C. (1995): Multilingual illustrated guide to the world's commercial coldwater fish. Fishing News Books, Osney Mead, Oxford, England. 215 pp. Haedrich, R. L. (1986a): Centrolophidae. In: Whitehead, P. ). P., M. L. Bauchot, J. C. Hureau, J. Nielsen & E. 'fortonese (eds.): Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Vol. 2. UNESCO , Paris, p. 1177­1182. Haedrich, R. L. (1986b): Bramidae. in: Whitehead, P. J. P., M. L. Bauchot, J. C. Hureau, J. Nielsen & E. Tor­tonese (eds.): Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Vol. 2. UNESCO , Paris, p. 847-853. Haedrich, R. L. (1990): Centrolophidae. In: Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). In: Quero, j. C., J. C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post. & L. Sal­danha eds.): JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris, and UNESCO , Paris, p. 1011-1013. http./'/www.fislibase.org/search.html Jardas, L (1985): Pregled riba fsensu laio) jadranskog mora (Cyclostomata, Seiachii, Osteichthyes) s obzirom na taksonomiju i utvrdeni broj. Biosistematika, 11, 45­ 74. Jardas, 1. (1996): Jadranska ihtiofauna. Skolska knjiga, Zagreb, 533 pp. Kolombatovic, {. (1902): Contribuzioni alia Fauna ciei vertebrati del la Dalmazia. Clas. naravoslov. drustva, 13, 22-37. Kovacic, M . (1998): Ichthyological collection (Cyclos­tomata, Seiachii, Osteichthyes) of the Natural History Museum Rijeka. Prirodoslovna istrazivanja Rijeckog po­druCja, 1, 685-698. Massuti, E. & C. Stefanescu (1994): Sobre la presencia de dues espfecies de peixos pelagics associais a objec­tens flotants en el Mar Catala. Boll. Soc. Hist. Nat. Balears, 37, 117-123. Maui, P. (1964): Observation on young live Mupus maculants and Mupus ovalis. Copeia, 1964, 93-97. May, J„ L. & J. G. H. Maxwell (1986): Trawl fish from temperate waters of Australia. CSIRO Division of Fish­eries Research, Tasmania, 492 pp. MiliSic, N. (1994): Sva riba Jadranskog mora. NIVA, Split, 463 pp. Morovic, D. (1973): Rijetke ribe u Jaclranu. Pomorski zbornik, 1 1, 367-383. Onofri, I. (1986): The rare saw-cheeked fish (Scbedo­philus medusophagus Cocco, 1839) (Pisces, Centrolo­phidae) in central Adriatic. Zbornik Matice srpske za pri­rodne nauke, 70, 135-141. (in Serbian) Orsi-Relini, L., B. Fida & M. Relini (1990): Notes about Scbedophilus ovalis (Osteichthyes, Centrolophidae) in the Ligurian Sea. Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Médit., 31, p. 272. Paliaoro, A. & J. Jardas (1996): ichthyological Collec­tion of the Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries in Split (Croatia). Na t Croat, 3, 177-219. Quero, C., M. H. Du Butt, \. L. Laborde & ]. J. Vayne (2000): Observations ichtyoiogiques effect.uees en 1999. Ann. Soc. Sci. nat. Charente-MariL, 8, 1039-1045. Relini, M . L., L. Relini & G. Relini (1994): An offshore buoy as a FAD in the Mediterranean. Bull. Mar. Sci., 55, 1099-1105. Russell, 8. C. (1983): The food and feeding habits of rocky reef fish of north-eastern New Zealand. N. Z. J, Mar. Freshw, Res., 17(2), 121-145. Smith, M . M. (1986): Bramidae. In: Smith, M. M . & P. C. Heemstra (eds.): Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Veriag, Ber­lin, p. 633-636. Smith-Vaniz, W . F. (1986): Carangidae. In: Whitehead, P. J. P., M. L. Bauchot, J. C. Hureau, J. Nielsen & E. Tortonese (eds.): Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Vol. 2. UNESCO , Paris, p. 815-845. Swabby, S. E. & G. W . Potts (1990): Rare British marine fishes - identification and conservation, j. Fish. Biol., 37, 133-143. SREDOZEMSKI MORSKI PSI SQUALI MEDITERRANEI MEDITERRANEAN SHARKS ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 13 • 2003 • 2 original scientific "article UD K 597.3(262X091 ) received: 2003-10-06 RECORDS OF THE BLUNTNOSE SIX-GILL SHARK, HEXANCHUS GRISEUS (BONNATERRE, 1788) (CHONDRICHTHYES: HEXANCHiDAE) IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA: A HISTORICAL SURVEY Christian CAPAPÉ & Olivier CUELORCET Laboratoire d'Ichtyologie, Université Montpellier il, Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, F-34 095 (Montpellier cedex 05, trance E-mail: capape@univ-montp2.fr loan BARRULL & Isabel MATE laboratorio Vertebráis, Seccio ictiología, Museu de Zoología, L.'-08080 Barcelona, Apartat de Correus 593, Spain Farid HEMIDA, Rabea SERIDJI & Jalil BENSACI Laboratoire Halieutique, Faculté des Sciences Biologiques, Université des Sciences et Techniques Houan Boumedrenne, BP 32, (:;! Aiia, 16111 Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Aigeria Mohamed Ne/meddine BRADAI' institut National des Sciences et Technologies de !a Mer, Centre de Sfax, BP 1035, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia ABSTRACT Captures of the bSuntnose sixgil! shark Hexanchus griseus, based on a literature review and on original data col­lected from different areas, especially off the coasts of France, Spain, Italy, Malta and Tunisia, offered an opportunity to enlarge and improve upon current knowledge about some aspects of its distribution in the Mediterranean Sea. At present time, the relative abundance of H. griseus in this sea and particularly along the Algerian coast could be pro parte explained by migrations from the eastern Atlantic through the Strait of Gibraltar into the Mediterranean Sea. furthermore, it appears that H. griseus probably lives and reproduces off the Maghrébine shore. Key words: Chondrichthyes, Hexanchidae, Hexanchus griseus, distribution, Mediterranean Sea SEGNALAZION l DI SQUAL O CAPOPiATTO , HEXANCHUS GRISEUS (BONNATERRE , 1788) {CHONDRICHTHYES : HEXANCHIDAE ) IN MEDITERRANEO : REViSîON E STORIC A SINTESI Catture di squalo capopiatto Hexanchus griseus, básate su dati di letteratura e dati original! provenienti da di­verse aree, specialmente da accrue a I largo di Francia, Spagna, Italia, Malta e Tunisia, offrono I'opportunitk per a I lar­gare e migliorare l'attuale conoscenza di alcuni aspetti della distribuzione di tale specie in Mediterráneo. Alio stato attuale, I'abbondanza. relativa di H. griseus in questo mare e specialmente lungo le coste algerine pud essere pro parte spiegata grazie alie migrazioni dall'Atlantico orientale al Mediterráneo attraverso lo stretto di Gibilterra. Pare inoltre che H. griseus viva e si riproduca a I largo della costa magrebina. Parole chiave: Hexanchus griseus, revislone storica, distribuzione, Mediterráneo ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 13 • 2003 • 2 Christian CAPAP E et si: RECORD S OF THE BLUNTNOS E SIX-GU I SHARK . HEXANCHUS GRISEU S (BONNATERRE , "17681 .... ! 57-166 INTRODUCTIO N MATERIAL AND METHODS The bluntnose six-gill shark, Hexanchus griseus, is widely distributed in temperate and tropical waters and occurs in both eastern and western Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans and in the Mediterranean Sea (Com­pagno, 1984). In this sea, the species is reported in ich­thyological treatises (Cadenat & Biache, 1981; Boese­man, 1984; Fischer et al., 1987; Moreno, 1995; Notar­bartolo di Sciara & Bianchi, 1998) or papers (Capape, 1989; Quignard & Tomasini, 2000). It is also reported from restricted areas in the western Mediterranean ba­sin, off Spain (Lozano Rey, 1928; Barrull & Mate, 1996a, b, 2002; Barrull ei a/., 1999), France (Moreau, 1881; CapapL et al., 2000), Italy (Arcidiacono, 1931; Tor­tonese, 1956; Bini, 1967; De Maddalena, 2001), Croatia (Soljan, 1975), Greece (Economidis, 1973; Economidis & Bauchot, 1976), as well as the eastern basin, off Israel (Ben-Tuvia, 1971; Golani, 1996, 1997) and Lebanon (Mouneimne, 1977). Off the Maghrebine shore, H. griseus was considered to be a rare species off both the Algerian (Dieuzeide et al., 1953) and Tunisian coasts (Capape, 1989; Bradai, 2000). However, the research conducted at fishing sites located along the Algerian coast offered the opportunity to report herein abundant captures of H. griseus. Mediterranean distribution of the bluntnose six-gill shark is dealt in this paper, based on a literature review and original data collected from different areas, espe­cially off the coasts of France, Spain, Italy, Malta, Alge­ria and Tunisia. N 0° 8 •38° A 20 0 k m , ' ft/^Tene s Ouahran A L 35* MOROCC O Both literature and original records collected from different areas of the Mediterranean Sea are given (Tab. 1) and, whenever possible, sex, total length in millime­tre following Compagno (1984), total weight in kg, method of capture, capture date, fishing site and/or area, the country and the reference with name(s) of author(s) in case of previous data. With special regard to the Algerian coast (Tab. 1: re­cords No. 113 and 114), investigations were conducted from 1996 to 2000. Ail the observed specimens were caught by longline at a depth between 30 and 700 m (Figs. 1, 2). Unfortunately, the fishermen eviscerated them when landed on the boat deck. The specimens were sexed. The relationship total weight vs. total length was studied for both males and females concerning the specimens of other Mediterranean areas. The linear re­gression was expressed in decimal logarithmic co­ordinates. Correlations were assessed by least-squares regression. RESULTS Off the Mediterranean coasts, to our knowledge, 114 records of H. griseus have been reported to date (Tab, 1). One hundred and one records were made in the western basin and 13 in the eastern one. Eleven coun­tries were concerned by these records: Spain (41}, Italy (25), France (18), Tunisia (11), Turkey (4), Algeria (2), ~ 10°1 t,-?0° B E j , ~ ~ ­ innaba y Tunisi I qi e r s a G L R | A Gabesjf* GG Fig. 1: Map of the Maghrebine shore, indicating the places where one or more captures were made off the Alge­ rian (black squares) and Tunisian coasts (black stars). A: Easternof Esquerquis; CC: Culf of Gabes. SI. 1: Zemljevid magrebske obale z oznakami, kjer so v bližinizvezdice) ujeli enega ali več morskih psov šesteroškrgarjev. A:hodno območje; BE: Banc des Esquerquis; GG: Gabeški zaliv. area; B: Central area; C: Western area; BE: Bank alžirske (črni kvadrati) in tunizijske obale (črne vzhodno območje; B: osrednje območje; C: za­ Chriyian CA P APE el al.: RECORD S O f THE BLUNTNOS E SiX-GILL SHARK , HE X ANCHU 5 GRJSEU 5 (BON N ATLRRL, 17RS) ..., -iS7-K-.fi Monaco (2), Malta (2), Greece (2), Israel (2) and Croatia (5), Seventy-seven fishing sites were reported. In all, 202 specimens were sexed, 128 of which were females and 74 males. The sharks were captured by trawling (33), longiines (19), anglers (4), giil-nets (5), seining (1). Moreover, five specimens were beaching and six float­ing. Eight captures were made at depths less than 100 m, a single between 3.6 and 5.4 m, eight, ranged from 100 to 200 m depth, and 16 from 500 m to 2000 m maximum. The smallest specimen (Tab. 1: No. 6), a fe­male 556 mm TL, was caught off Marbella (Lozano Rey, 1928). The largest specimens were two males (Tab, 1: No. 86 and 87), both having 5 m T t and weighing 600 kg and 500 kg respectively. They were caught off the Island of Minorca and off Bosa, Sardinia. Among these records, the females were globally larger than the males. Free-swimming specimens recorded off the Mediter­ranean coasts by Lozano Rey (1928), Capape ef a/. (2000) and Barrull & Mate (2000) are included in Table 1 (No. 35 and 58). They exhibited an unhealed scar on the ventral surface and a residual internal vitelline vesi­cle. They suggested that birth occurred between 556 and 603 mm TL in the Mediterranean Sea. The relationship total weight vs total length for both males and females from the Mediterranean coast (Fig. 3) is: log T W = 3.137 log TL -8.61 33; r = 0.957; n = 29. The heaviest specimen was a male, 4000 mm TL, caught off Izmir, Turkey (Tab. 1: No. 57), weighing 1000 kg according to Mater ef al. (2000). However, this weight suggests an overestimation because specimens of larger size, 5000 mm TL (Tab. 1: No. 88 and 89), did not: exceed 600 kg. I Fig, 2: Hexanchus griseus male, 1300 mm total length„ captured off central Algerian area and observed at the Algiers fish market. (Photo: F. Hemida) SI. 2: Samec morskega psa šesteroškrgarja Hexanchus griseus, celotna dolžina 1300 mm, ujet v vodah blizu osrednje alžirskega območja in opažen na alžirski ribji tržnici. (Foto: F. Hemida). In Tunisian waters, the female caught at the level of Bank of Esquerquis (Tab. 1: No. 38) was 4650 mm TL and contained 57 ripe oocytes in the ovaries; the female caught in the Gulf of Gabfes (Tab. 1: No. 63) was 3940 mm TL and contained 100 ripe oocytes. The two females from Tunisian waters were caught in April and probably at the time of ovulation. The neo­nates were captured off Sete, southern Fiance, and off Catalonia, northern Spain, between November and April. DISCUSSION Records of bluntnose six-gill sharks were more nu­merous in She western Mediterranean basin than in its eastern part. This suggests that in the latter area, the species was less abundant and/or the waters were less exploited and/or information reported to a lesser extent. formerly, the species had been abundant in the northern Mediterranean, especially along the French coast, where a decline of these populations has actually been observed off Sete (CapapL et al., 2000) and off the marine area of Nice. Information provided by fishermen showed that the species was rarely caught in the latter area in recent times, and specific six-gill shark fishing was cancelled. However, the species continued to be regu­larly and commonly caught off the coast of Croatia (jar­das, pers. comm.), off Italy (Barrull & Mate, 2000; Tab. 1) and off Spain (Barrull & Mate, 1996, 2000; Tab. 1). By contrast, the bluntnose sixgill shark had been considered a rare species off the Algerian coast (Dieu­zeide et al., 1953), but this opinion has not been cor­roborated to date. At present, the relative abundance of the species in Algerian waters is probably due to the de­velopment of fishery activities in the area and the re­search conducted since 1996 on Algerian elasmobranch species (Hemida, 1998; Hemida & Labidi, 2001; Hemida & Capape, 2002). This phenomenon could not be conjunctiva! and fortuitous. Captures were signifi­cantly more abundant in both western and eastern areas than in the central area (Fig. 1). Furthermore, H. griseus is commonly caught off Annaba, city located 100 km from the Tunisian border, according to information pro­vided by fishermen. The captures extended in the Tuni­sian adjacent waters suggest that off the Maghrebin shore, a consequent H. griseus population could live and reproduce. H. griseus lived in deep sea waters generally from 50 to 2000 m and approached the coast; some captures were made at lower depths between 50 and 100 m (Tab. 1) . Along the Maghrebine shore, H. griseus specimens were caught on sandy, muddy, but also detritic and rocky bottoms. This explained why the species were commonly caught by trawlers and longiines in both Al­gerian and Tunisian waters. Christian CAS'APi el nl.; RLC0RD50 f THE BLUNTNOSE S5X-CILL SHARK, HEXANCHUS GRISEUS ( BON N ATERRE. 17881 .... 157-166 3 -® ® / ® fi ffl® 2.5 -I am. © 2 " e o 5-5 "j / a /S 0.5-^ ^ Q ______ -0. 5 4-—r-r-r-^T. . • , . • ..,.,., , , . . . 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.S 3.6 3.7 3.8 log TL Fig. 3: Relationships total weight (TW) vs. total length (TL) expressed in logarithmic co-ordinates for both fe­males and males from Mediterranean areas. SI. 3: Razmerje med celotno težo (TW) in celotno dolžino (TL), izraženo v logaritmičnih koordinatah tako za samice kot za samce morskih psov šesteroškrgarjev iz sredozemskih voda. The H. griseus specimens reported in Table 1 were particularly from France, Spain, Croatia, Italy, Algeria and Tunisia. However, misidentifications with its closely related species, the bigeyed sixgill shark H. nakamurai, cannot be excluded even though they remain question­able. Compagno (1984) wrote that H. nakamurai is "widely but spottily distributed in warm temperate and tropical seas" and reported the species "off Gibraltar". The presumable occurrence of H nakamurai in the Mediterranean Sea was based on a stuffed specimen de­posited in the Museum of Natural History of Florence (Italy) arid referenced 6028. It was a male measuring 980 mm TL (Tortonese, 1985; Vanni, 1992). Barruil & Mate (2002) gave a photograph of the specimen (R. W­tulus; p. 262) and wrote that it was previously acquired by the Museum of Natural History of Florence from a high school, "Istituto Superiore Femminiie", located in Florence. Barruil & Mate (2002) stated that the Mediter­ranean origin of this specimen remained doubtful. How­ever, Barruil & Mate (2002) reported that a H. nakamu­rai was caught by longline off the Greek coast in 2001. It was a male measuring 1000 mm and weighed ap­proximately 3 kg. At present time, this single record does not allow to state that a H. nakamurai population permanently lives and reproduces in the Mediterranean Sea. It could be considered only an occasional visitor to the Mediterranean Sea, as was the case of other elasmo­branch species (Pastore & Tortonese, 1986; Hemida ef a!., 2002). In the Bay of Biscaye, Vaillant (1901) reported that TL ranged from 680 to 736 mm for near term embryos in a gravid female, Des brasses (1938) recorded a free swimming specimen and two near term embryos having 720 mm and 670 mm TL respectively. Off California, Fbert (1986) wrote that near-term embryos TL ranged from 680 to 736 mm. Size at birth showed a large range, whatever the area. However, Bigelow & Schroeder (1948) reported free swimming specimens from 429 to 720 mm TL, but they probably collected both H. griseus and H. nakamurai, since the illustration they supplied concerned a bigeyed sixgill shark. Moreover, size at birth occurred at about 430 mm TL in H. nakamurai ac­cording to Compagno (1984). A literature review shows that H. griseus could re­produce once per year (Risso, 1810; Canestrini, 1861 [in Tortonese, 1956]) or twice per year (Ninni, 1912). The two females from Tunisian waters were caught in April and were probably in the time of ovulation. The neo­nates were captured off Sete (southern France) and off Catalonia (northern Spain) between November and April. According to Desbrosses (1938), females expelled foetuses between October and May. The records reported from the Algerian coast and the Mediterranean records summarized in Table 1 reveal a non negligible density population of H. griseus. A de­crease of stocks seems most probably due to fishing pressures. The species was not recorded in the Red Sea (Gohar & Mazhar, 1964; Compagno, 1984; Golani, 1997), but was reported from the eastern Atlantic, both north and south from the Strait of Gibraltar. Moreover, it is considered to be relatively common in the eastern tropical Atlantic (Fischer et al., 1981). H. griseus, which migrated from Atlantic areas and entered the Mediterra­nean Sea through the Strait of Gibraltar, could be a hy­pothesis to partially explain the present abundance of R griseus off the Algerian coast and in other Mediterra­nean areas as it was probably the case of other shark species recorded in the same area (Hemida et al., 2002). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thank Dr Guy Oliver from the University of Perpignan (France) for providing information on Hex­anchus griseus captures off the Mediterranean coast of France. They are also grateful to two anonymous refe­rees for helpful and useful comments on the manuscript. They are indebted to one of the referees who supplied them with an interesting record of H. griseus in the Ital­ian waters which, however, they omitted to cite. Christian CAP APE r ! gi: RECORDS OF THE fJLUNTNOSE SIX-CUTSHARK, HSXANCHUS GWl/S f BO N NAT ERRS, 1788) ..., I5 M t 6 Tab. 1: Historical records of Hexanchus griseus in the Mediterranean sea (M -male, F -female). Tab. I: Zgodovinski podatki o pojavljanju morskega psa šesteroškrgarja Hexanchus griseus v Sredozemskem morju (M -samec, F -samica). No. N Sex TL (mm) Weight (kg) Depth (m) Capture method Fishing site Country Fishing date Reference 1 2 3 4 5 1 1 1 1 1 F F F F ? ? ? ? ? 2970 ? t ? ? ? ? 7 ? ? 1000 ? Long fine ? ? Long tine Rimini- Ravenna Naples Nice Island of Elba Monaco Italy Italy France Italy Monaco 15/03/1876 16/02/1886 02/01/1903 08/02/1911 02/01/1912 Vanni (1992) Carruccio (1896) Vanni (1992) Vannt (1992) Roiile (1912) 6 7 8 1 1 1 F F f 556 4000 ±3500 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Marbella Garraf Gulf of Kvarner Spain Spain Croatia before 1916 03/12/1932 1935 Lozano Rey (1928) Sagarra (1932) Barru II & Mate 9 3 7 ? ? 7 Gill-net Gulf of Aigues-Mortes France 1941/1948 (2000) Cramer (1964) 10 11 12 1 19 15 F F M 650 <1200 <1600 7 7 7 7 7 7 ? Trawling Trawling Nice Sfete Sete France France France springl 889 1950-1955 1950-1955 Bigelovv & Schroeder (1948) Euzet (1960) Euzet (1960) 13 14 1 1 M M 2430 ? 86 135 200 500 Longline l.ongline Southern Adriatic Southern Adriatic Croatia Croatia before 1955 before 1955 Klrinac & Lepetlč (1955) Kirtnčič & Lepetič (1955) 15 1 M ? 150 600 Longline Southern Adriatic Croatia before 1955 Kirinčič & Lepetič (1955) 16 17 1 1 F F 3800 2920 290 135 700 ? Longline ? Southern Adriatic Nice Croatia France before 1955 before 1956 Kirinčič & Lepetic (1955) Tortonese (1956) 18 1 F 1140 8.6 30 Trawling Agde France 04/04/1961 Quignard et a/. (1962) 19 20 1 1 ? M ? 2550 ? ? ? 500 ? Trawling Caprera (Sardinia) Port-Vendres Italy France 1960 02/04/1965 Giudici & Fino (1989) Laubier et al. (1966) 21 22 23 1 1 >3 M M 7 4150 ±2800 <2110 ? v ? 58 ? ? Trawling ? ? Palavas-les-Flots Canet de Mar Coast of Israel France Spain Israel 01/04/1966 sixties end 1971 Laubier et al. (1966) Mas (1997) Ben-Tuvia (1971) 24 >3 ? 3300 ? 750 ? Coast of Israel Israel 1971 Gilat & Gelman 25 7 ? ? ? 80-130 ? Gulf of Gabes Tunisia 1971 (1984) Ktari-Chakroun & Azouz (1971) 26 3 ? ? ? 450-700 Trawling B lanes Spain 1972-1974 Matallanas (1979)| 27 1 ? 1170 ? ' ? ? Gulf of Therma'fkos Greece 22/04/1974 Economidis & Bauchot (1976) 28 29 30 1 1 1 F M F 3000 2650 >3000 ? ? ? ? 7 60 ? i Gil !-net La Seyne-sur-Mer La Seyne-sur-Mer Gulf of Gabes France France Tunisia 08/1976 08/1976 05/04/1977 Capapé (1977) Capapé (1 977) IJnpubl. data 31 1 M 1090 ? 60 Gill-net Gulf of Gabes Tunisia 06/1978 Unpubl. data 32 1 ? > / 501 ? Denia-lsland of Eivissa Spain before 1981 Matallanas et al. (1981) Christian CAPAPÉ a 400 Trawling Bank of Esquerquis Tunisia 03/1986 Unpubl. data 39 1 ? 4150 ? ? Trawling Fuengirola Spain spring 1986 Pinto (1994) 40 25y-5 ? ? ±200 <1200 Longline Nice France summer Delattre & Maigret (1986) 41 42 3 1 ? M <5000 3000 > 7 <1500 ? Longline Gill-net Off Corsica Gulf of Cabes France Tunisia 1986 08/06/1987 Miniconi (1987) Unpubl. data 43 1 M 3300 ? ? Trawling Gulf ofTunis Tunisia 19/08/1987 Unpubl. data 44 1 M 2800 ? 600 Longline Off Tabarka Tunisia 20/07/1988 Unpubl. data 45 1 F 625 0.66 50 Trawling Sete France 01/1989 Capapé et al. (2000) 46 4 7 1 1 ? F ±1700 4100 ? ? ? ? ? ? Balearic isles Malta Spain Malta 1990 02/1990 Barrull & Mate (2000) Barrull & Mate (2000) 4 8 1 F 4100 ? ? ? La Valette Malta 04/1990 Barrull &Mat e (2000) I 4 9 1 F 3500 500 ? Off Istanbul Turkey 19/12/1990 Mater et al. (2000) 50 1 M 4000 ? ? Blanes Spain 27/12/1990 Barrull & Mate (2000) 51 1 M ±2500 ? 7 ? island of Mallorca Spain 1989-1991 Barrull & Mate (2000) 5 2 5 3 1 1 ? F 2500 4000 ? ? ? 7 ? Floating Ragusa Palamos Italy Spain 19/03/1991 14/09/1991 Barrull & Mate (2000) UnpubL data 54 1 F 3420 200 ? Beaching Livomo Italy 17/02/1992 Barrull & Male (2000) ! 55 1 F 2000 ? ? Longline Blanes Spain 17/07/1992 Barrull & Mate(2000) j j 56 1 ? ±3500 168 ? ? Cala Raijada (Mallorca) Spain 1 3/08/1992 Barrull & Mate (2000) J 57 1 ? ±4000 1000 < 2000 ? Izmir Turkev 23/01/1993 Mater et al. (2000)1 58 1 F 603 0.785 50 Trawling Sfete France 04/1993 CapapéeíaZ(2000) ! 1 59 60 I 1 M ? ±3500 2150 ? 150 ? ? Trawling Angler Off Mao (Menorca) Cosenza Spain Italy 19/06/1993 17/08/1993 UnpubL dataBarrull & Mate j j 61 62 63 64 6 5 1 1 1 1 1 M M F F M 2850 2000 3940 3000 650 68.5 ? ? 200 ? ? 137 137 ? ? Trawling Longline Longline Floating ? Sant Carles de la Rapita Gulf of Gabes Gulf of Gabes Cambrils Lianza Spain Tunisia Tunisia Spain Spain 19/04/1994 29/04/1994 29/04/1994 25/05/1994 20/08/1994 (2000)Barrull & Mate(2000)UnpubL dataUnpubL dataBarrull & Mate(2000)Barrull & Mate (2000) i j I j j ! I 66 1 M 680 ? 7 ? Llanca Spain 17/03/1995 Barrull & Mate 6 7 68 1 1 F F 2900 2500 ? ? ? ? Floating Beaching Sant An ton i de Caionge Tarragona Spain Spain 25/08/1995 24/09/1995 (2000) Barrull & Mate (2000) Barrull & Mate 69 1 F 1030 7 ? ? Llanca Spain 15/03/1996 (2000) Barrull & Mate 70 1 F 860 ? ? ? Lianza Spain 22/03/1996 (2000) Barrull & Mate 71 1 F ? ? 7 ? Tropea Italy 05/05/1996 (2000) Barrull & Mate 72 1 M 844 ? ? ? Roses Spain 29/11/1996 (2000) Barrull & Mate 7 3 1 M 2500 ? 50 Seining Sea of Marmara Turkey 20/02/1997 (2000) Kabasaka! (1998) 74 7 5 76 77 7 8 79 8 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M ? F ? F F M 2800 ±2000 >3000 3500 ? 3000 2500 ±200 300 >500 ? ? ? 7 ? ? 7 ? 7 ? ? Beaching Alberese Longline Aman tea Trawling Port de Soller (Mallorca) ? Island of Formentera Trawl ing Sari-Solenzara (Corsica) Trawling Porto Empedocie (Sicily) Trawling Portopalo (Sicily) Italy Italy Spain Spain France Italy Italy 21/07/1997 summer 1997 16/07/1998 08/1998 08/1998 10/08/1998 18/08/1998 Barrull & Mate (2000) Barrull & Mate (2000) Barrull & Mate (2000) Barrull & Mate (2000)Barrull & Mate (2000) Barrull & Mate (2000) Barrull & Mate ! 8 1 8 2 1 1 M ? 2300 3500 ? 300 ? ? Trawling Portopalo (Sicily) Gill-net Cala Ratjada (Mallorca) Italy Spain 18/08/1998 20/09/1998 (2000) Barrull & Mate (2000) Unpubl. data 8 3 8 4 8 5 86 87 88 1 1 1 1 1 1 F M M ? F M 1700 2500 3500 ±4000 3650 5000 ? >170 500 ? ? 600 3.6-5.4 <1000 ? ? ? ? Longline Angler Beaching \ Floating Trawling Blanes Gulf of Mazarron Island of Eivissa Island of Favignana Ra vallo Island of Menorca Spain Spain Spain Italy Italy Spain 10/11/1998 02(?)/1999 12/03/1999 03/06/1999 06/06/1 999 15/07/1999 Barrull & Mate (2000) Barrull & Mate (2000) Barrull & Mate (2000)Barrull & Mate(2000) De Maddalena(1999)Unpubl. data | I J j j 89 1 M 5000 500 ? Floating Bosa (Sardinia) Italy 01/08/1999 ÖripublVdaia ! 90 1 •> 4500 500 ? ? Naples Italy 05/08/1999 Unpubl. data 1 91 9 2 9 3 94 1 1 1 •> l M F 2300 ±1500 2650 630 ? ? ? ? ? >200 ? 600-800 ? Trawling 7 Trawling Izmir Sete Palamos Barcelona Turkey France Spain Spain 19/12/1999 Mater et al. (2000) Winter 2000 Unpubl. data 1 02/2000 Unpubl. data 1 10/02/2000 Unpubl. data 95 1 ? 2500 160 ? Longline Island of Tavolara Italy 02/05/2000 Unpubl. data 1 9 6 1 ? 3700 250 ? Trawling Island of Elba Italy 08/2000 Unpubl. data I ANNALE S • Ser. hist. nat. • 13 • 2003 • 2 "SIRTESAN CA P APE el si.: RECOBDSOTTH E BLUNTNOS E SfX-Cil.L SHAR K 'HzXANCHUS CRISI.US (BON N ATERRE, 17SS) —, 157-1 &c" I 97 1 ? 3500 300 ? Angler Gulf of Santa Italy 16/09/2000 Unpubl. data Eufemia 98 2 ? ? 50-90 ? iongline Monaco Monaco 2001 Unpubl. data 99 1 F 3110 <300 135-138 Trawling Mataro Spain 22/01/2001 Unpubl. data 100 1 F 992 5.50 528 Trawling Barcelona Spain 21/02/2001 Unpubl. data 101 1 ? 4000 650 500 Trawling Off southeast Italy 03/2001 Unpubl. data Sardinia 102 1 F 676 1.64 528 Trawling Barcelona Spain 27/03/2001 Unpubl. data 103 1 ? 500 ? Trawling Off Ragusa Italy 07/07/2001 Unpubl. data ? (Sicily) 104 1 F 4000 350 600-700 Angler Catanzaro Italy 06/08/2001 Unpubl. data 105 1 ? 4000 400 ? Floating Eivissa (Balearic Spain 21/08/2001 Unpubl. data Isles) 106 2 ? <3000 ±150 ? Trawling Gulf of Aranci Italy 12/09/2001 Unpubl. data (Sardinia) 107 1 F 3000 315-387 Trawling Off Kelibia Tunisia 10/2001 Unpubl. data ? (Cape Bon) 108 1 F 3000 584 Trawling Barcelona Spain 05/10/2001 Unpubl. data ? ? ? 109 1 F ±4000 ±400 Gulf of Corinth Greece 28/12/2001 Unpubl. data 110 1 ? ±2000 ? Beaching Carro France 01/2002 Unpubl, data ? 111 1 ? 3750 400 ? Brucoli (Sicily) Italy 03/03/2002 Unpubl. data ? ? 112 1 M 2270 220 Trawling Gulf of Gabes Tunisia 20/05/2002 Unpubl. data 113 65 F 940-4125 12-332 110-400 Longline Algerian coast Algeria 2000-2002 Unpubl. data 114 30 M 1280-3300 12-300 110-400 Longline Algerian coast Algeria 2000-002 Unpubl. data ZGODOVINSK I PREGLE D PODATKO V O POJAVLJANJ U MORSKEG A PSA ŠESTEROŠKRGARJ A HEXANCHUS GRISEUS (BONNATERRE , 1 788} (CHONDR1CHTHYES : HEXANCHIDAE ) V SREDOZEMSKE M MORJ U Christian C A PAPE & Olivier GUÉLORCET laboratoire d'Ichtyologie, Université Montpellier II, Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, F-34 095 Montpellier cedex 05, Trance E-mail: capape@univ-montp2.fr joan BARRULL & Isabel MATE Laboratorio Vertebrats, Seccio Ictiologia, Museu de Zooiogia, E-08D80 Barcelona, Apartat de Correus 593, Spain FaridHEMIDA, Rabea SERIDji & Jalil BENSACt Laboratoire I halieutique, Faculté des Sciences Biologiques, Université des Sciences et Techniques Houari Boumedienne, B P 32, El Alia, 16111 Bab Ezzouar, Aigiers, Algeria Mohamed Nejmeddine BRADAf Institut National des Sciences et Tec hndogies de !a Mer, Centre de Sfax, B P 1035, 3018 S fax, Tunisia POVZETEK Podatki o morskem psu šesteroSkrgarju Hexanchus griseus iz literature in izvirnih zapisov iz različnih območij, še posebno pa iz obrežnih voda Francije, Španije, Italije, Malte in Tunizije, so v dobri meri pripomogli k boljšemu poznavanju nekaterih vidikov razširjenosti tega morskega psa v Sredozemskem morju. 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B, 99, 85-114. original scientific article UD K 597.3(262-17) received: 2003-11-15 A GRAVID FEMALE BRAMBLE SHARK, ECHINORHINUS BRUCUS (BONNATERRE, 1 788), CAUGHT OFF ELBA ISLAND (ITALY, NORTHERN THYRRENIAN SEA) Alessandro DE MADDALENA Kalian Great White Shark Data Bank, !-20145 Milano, via L. Ariosto 4 E-mail: ademaddaiena@tiscaIinet.it Marco ZUFFA Mtiseo Archeologico "Luigi Donini", 1-40064 Ozzano deli'Emilta, via Prunaro 1 ABSTRACT A female bramble shark, Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre, 1788), estimated to be about 250 cm long, was caught around 1985 off Capo Bianco, Elba Island, Italy (western Mediterranean Sea). Dissection revealed at least 13 ova, measuring 8-10 cm In diameter. A list of 24 E. brucus specimens recorded from the Mediterranean Sea is pre­sented, including historical and contemporary records. Most specimens (45.8%) have been reported from the Ligu­rian and Northern Thyrrenian Seas; we hypothesize that E. brucus could reproduce in this area. The sex ratio is 1 : 3.3 males to females. A total of 11 E. brucus specimens are preserved in 9 European Natural History Museums. A 296 cm long female caught in 1856 off Nice, France, is close to the maximum size of this species, and a 258 cm male on display at Pavia Museum of Zoology Is the largest of any Mediterranean specimen presently preserved. E. brucus is very rare in the Mediterranean and needs immediate protection in the entire area. Key words: bramble shark, Echinorhinus brucus, reproduction, distribution, Mediterranean Sea UN A FEMMINA GRAVIDA DI RONC O SPÍNOSO, ECHINORHINUS BRUCUS (BONNATERRE, 1 788), CATTURATA NELLE ACQU E DELL'ISOLA D'ELBA (ITALIA, MARE TIRRENO SETTENTRIONALE) SINTESI Una femmina di ronco spinoso, Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre, 1788), di área 250 cm di lunghezza, fu cattu­rata intorno al 1985 al largo di Capo Bianco, ísola d'Elba, Italia (Mare Mediterráneo occidentale). La dissezione rivelo almeno 13 uova di 8-10 cm di diámetro. Viene presentata una lista di 2.4 esemplari di E. brucus calturati nel Mediterráneo in tempi storlei e recení/. La maggior parte di esemplari (45.8%) sono stati registrati nei Mari l.igure e Tirreno Settentrionale; si ipotizza che E. brucus potesse riprodursi in quest'area. Il rapporto l:ra i sessi e di 1 : 3.3 ­maschi: femmine. Un totale di 11 esemplari di E. brucus e consérvate in 9 Musei Europei di Storia Naturale. Una femmina di 296 cm péscala nel 1856 al largo di Nizza, Francia, é vicina alia dlmensione massima di questa specie, e un masehio di 258 cm del Museo di Zoología di Pavia e il piü grande esemplare Mediterráneo conservato anual­mente. E. brucus é estremamente raro nel Mediterráneo e necessita immediata protezione nell'íntera area. Parole chiave: ronco spinoso, Echinorhinus brucus, riproduzione, distribuzione, Mare Mediterráneo. ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 13 • 2003 • 2 ALEJANDRO DE MADDAI.ENA & Marco ZurFA: A GRAVID FEMALE BRAMBLE SHARK, CCHINORHINUS HRUCU5 (BOnmaTERRE. 170») l(<~-\72 INTRODUCTIO N The bramble shark, Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre, 1788) (Order Squaliformes, family Echinorhintdae), can be identified by its large and painted dermal denticles (both singles and multiples, measuring up to 2.5 cm and widely spaced), stout body, massive caudal peduncle, lack of the anal fin, two dorsal fins (the origin of the first dorsal fin over pelvic fins), large pelvic fins, short pectoral fins, caudal fin without a posterior notch and with short lower lobe, long snout, large eyes, wide parabolic mouth, wide nostrils, small spiracles and 5 pairs of relatively small gill slits. Dorsal surfaces are dark grey, grey-brown to purple-reddish, with metallic hues and sometimes with black or reddish spots; ventral surfaces are lighter or whitish; dermal denticles are whitish. Both upper and lo­wer teeth are relatively small, with a low oblique cusp and 2-4 c.usplets. The dental formula is 10 to 13-10 to 13 /11 to 1-1 to 14 (Fowler, 1936; Bigelow & Schroeder, 1948; Tortonese, 1956; Cadenat & Blache, 1981; Castro, 1983; Compagno, 1984; Last & Stevens, 1994; Moreno, 1995; De Maddalena, 2001; Barrull & Mate, 2002). The bramble shark's maximum size is about 310 cm (Compagno, 1984). Males mature at a length between 150 and 174 cm and females between 213 and 231 cm (Compagno, 1984). An aplacental viviparous species, the bramble shark has a litter size of 15 to 24 (Castro, 1983; Compagno, 1984). The gestation period is unknown. The size at birth is 29-90 cm (Compagno, 1984). This cartilaginous fish feeds on small sharks, bony fishes, cephalopods and crustaceans (Compagno, 1984; Moreno, 1995). The bramble shark is a timid and slow swimming species and usually occurs sin­gly. This animal lives near or above the bottom on the continental and insular shelves and upper slopes, at depths between 18 and 900 m (Compagno, 1984). The bramble shark's distribution includes the central and western Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic, Indian and Western Pacific Oceans (Cadenat & Blache, 1981; Compagno, 1984; Bauchot, 1987). Bramble sharks are characteristically rare in the entire Mediterranean Sea (Canestrini, 1874; Parona, 1898; Lo Bianco, 1909; Vin­ciguerra, 1923; Tortonese, 1938, 1956; Granier, 1964; Capape, 1989; Barrull & Mate, 2002; Hemida & Ca­papL, 2002) and therefore difficult to study. As a result, little is known about their biology, ecology and behav­iour. Our knowledge of reproduction in bramble sharks is rudimentary and few reports exist describing pregnant female of this species. W e therefore report herewith on the capture of a gravid female E. brucus and present a list of specimens recorded from the Mediterranean Sea, in order to contribute to the knowledge of the bramble shark's reproduction and distribution. that began following the formation of the Mediterranean Shark Research Croup (M5RG), with the authors of this article being its active members. The collection of data concerning interesting captures and sightings of sharks along the Mediterranean coasts is conducted primarily by maintaining contacts with commercial fishermen, sport fishermen, divers, fish markets, researchers and marine life enthusiasts in the Mediterranean area. Through these contacts, substantial information on histo­rical and recent records of sharks from the Mediterra­nean Sea are regularly collected. Information concerning the capture and photographic evidence of a bramble shark caught off Elba Island were made available to us through Mr. Giuliano Chiocca. The picture is not of high quality mainly due to its poor repro­duction. For this reason it is not possible to clearly observe some characteristics, such as dorsal fins' shape and ven­tral surfaces' colouration. Moreover, pectoral fins look strangely deformed, bent or damaged. Nevertheless, the species portrayed can be easily identified. Diagnostic features that are well visible on the photograph include: large and pointed dermal denticles on the dorsal surfaces, very massive caudal peduncle, lack of the anal fin, large pelvic fins, short caudal fin Sower lobe, long snout, large eyes, wide parabolic mouth, evident labial furrows, wide nostrils nearly midway from mouth in preoral, upper and lower teeth with a low oblique cusp. •53° .: u c\ TYRRHENIAN • A A SEA VlsL''"5 |Sqp a I —-"*v? . ---o s' \ • m PiM O t j ) I^EJb^a I s lan a ., -w— ^ .z Capo Btarjco 10° f Fig. 1: Map of Elba Island (Italy, western Mediterranean Sea), showing the location of the gravid bramble shark capture presented in this work. (Drawing: A. De Mad­ dalena) SI. I: Zemljevid Elbe (Italija, zahodno Sredozemlje) z MATERIAL AND METHODS označeno lokacijo, na kateri je bila ujeta breja samica bodičastega morskega psa, predstavljenega v tem This report is one of the various regional initiatives članku. (Risba: A. De Maddalena) AI assail tiro DEMADDAIEN A & Marco ZUFf'A; AC,«AVI D FEMALE »RAMBL E SHARK, ECHINORHINUS SRUCU S (RONNATF.RRE, 178»), 157-!72 The species identification has been verified through comparison with photographs of a bramble shark caught off Annaba, Algeria (Hemida & Capapti, 2002) and three taxidermied specimens preserved in the Natural History Museums of Calci, Genoa, Italy and Prague, Czech Re­public. An additional search for historical and recent data on bramble sharks from the Mediterranean was effected by bibliographical research, location and study of materials preserved in Natural History Museums, For every case, whenever possible, the following data were collected: date and location of the capture, total length, weight and sex of the specimen, information on specimens pre­served in museums and catalogue number in the collec­tions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A mature female bramble shark was caught by fish­ermen around 1985, between April and May, off Elba Island, in the Northern Thyrrenian Sea (western Mediter­ranean Sea), Italy. She was caught in a net, at a depth of 70-80 m, off Capo Bianco (about 1 km north of Porto Azzurro), along the Eastern coast of Elba Island (G. Chiocca, pers. comm.) (Fig. 1). The specimen had a considerably distended belly. Dissection revealed nu­merous large ova. The capture is supported by photographic evidence (Fig. 2). In fact, a colour photograph shows the shark lying inverted next to fisherman Raffaello Buono (a rela­tive of one of the fishermen that caught the shark). W e estimated the shark's length based on the size of Raffa­ello Buono, appearing in a bent over position on the photo (on the right side of the shark), and also on the si­ze of the feet of three persons standing on the left side of the animal. W e concluded that the bramble shark was about 250 cm total length. The source indicated an ap­proximate weight of about 200 kg (G. Chiocca, pers. comm.) that, in our opinion, seems slightly exaggerated. The photograph shows the female bramble shark parti­ally eviscerated. A number of large ova, at least 13, are well visible on the picture. W e estimated the ova dia­meter was approximately 8-10 cm. The length of this pregnant female and her litter size fall within the range already known. A list of i . brucus specimens recorded from the Mediterranean Sea is presented in Table 1. A total of 24 captures were available among historical and contem­porary records (Fig. 3). For each specimen, the following data are reported: capture date, capture location, sex (M or E), total length in cm, weight in kg, data source and additional notes including catalogue number (Cat, No.) in the museum collections. Most bramble shark specimens (11 or 45,8%) have been reported from the Ligurian and Northern Thyrre­nian Seas. Only 2 gravid females were recorded, both caught in Thyrrenian Sea, in the Messina Strait and off Elba Island, in 1937 and around 1985. An interesting detailed description of a 29,5 cm bramble shark embryo was given by Cipria (1937). No new-born specimen was recorded, with the possible exception of two specimens caught off Camogli, Italy, in 1951 and 1953. Therefore w e can only hypothesize that E. brucus could reproduce in the Mediterranean Sea, perhaps in Ligurian and Thyrrenian waters. Of the 24 specimens, 10 were fe­males, 3 males and 11 of unknown sex. The sex ratio is 1 : 3.3 males to females. This numerical dominance of females may indicate some form of sex segregation, however, a large sample of adults is required before drawing any such conclusions. Bramble sharks are rarely caught by professional fishermen operating in the study area, and are taken only as bycatch, caught accidentally while fishing for other commercial species. In the Mediterranean coun­tries, E. brucus is considered of no importance for fish­ery. Fig. 2; Approximately 250-cm female bramble shark, Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre, 1788), caught off Elba Island, around 1985. Si. 2: Približno 250 cm dolga samica bodičastega mor­skega psa Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre, 1788), ujeta okrog leta 1985 v bližini Elbe. Alejandro DC MADDALENA & Marco ZU !TA: A GRAVID FEMALE BRAMBLE SHARK, f O ilNORHINUS BRUCUS (BONN ATERRE. 1768) 16/-! 72 Tab. 1: Bramble sharks, Echinorhinus brucu s (Bonnaterre, 1788), caught in the Mediterranean Sea. Tab. 1: Bodičasti morski psi, Echinorhinus bruc us (Bonnaterre, 1788), ujeti v Sredozemskem morju. Date Location Sex Length Weight Sotirce Notes (cm) M > 1798 Nice (France! --200 Risse (1810) ­1056 Nice (France) F 296 -Tortonese (19385 Once preserved taxidermied in Milan Museum of Natural History (Cat. No. 2008). May 1870 Palermo (Sicily, Doderlein (1881), Sara & Once preserved taxidermied in Palermo Museum of Italy) Sarh (1990) Zoology. Maybe this is the one specimen stiii pre­served in the museum (Cat. No. P 517 Colt. Doderiein). )uly 1872 Palermo (Sicily, Doderlein (1881), Sara & Once preserved taxidermied in Palermo Museum of Italy) Sara (1990) Zoology. Maybe this is the one specimen stiii pre­served in the museum (Cat. No. P 51 7 CoH, Doderiein). April 1874 Palermo {Sicily, Doderlein (188 0, Sara & Once preserved taxidermied in Palermo Museum of Italy) Sara 0990) Zoology. Maybe this is She one specimen still pre­select in She museum (Cat. No. P 517 Coll, Doderiein). May 1876 Livorno (Italy) f --Vanni (1992) Preserved taxidermied in Florence Museum of Zoology T a Specoía" (Cat. No. 6041). 5 May 1877 Kvarner Gulf M 162 Trais (1876), Mizzan Ü994) Presetved taxidermied in Venice Museum of Natural (Croatia) (US) History "Fontego dei Turchi" (Cat. No. 7781); in Miz­zan 0 994) a different length is given. Before 1879 Nice (France) M 258 -F. Batbagli (pers. comm.) Preserved taxidermied in Pavía Museum of Zoology (Cat. No. 854 Coll. Pesci). 26 June 1887 Genoa (Italy) F -Vanni (1992) Cranium preserved in Florence Museum of Zoology "La Specola" (Cat. No. 6355). 1898 Nice (France) M 150 Sanda & De Macidalena Preserved taxidermied in Prague Museum of Natural (2003) Histotv (Cat. No. NMP6V 05253). February Chioggia (Italy) f 113 -Ninni (1904), Mizzan (1994) Preserved taxidermied in Venice Museum of Natura! 1904 History "Fontego del Turchi" (Cat. No. 7800}. Before 1909 Botxhicella (Italy) f 180 -Lo Bianco (1909) Immature. Before 1923 Italy (?) ---Vinciguerra (1923) Preserved taxidermied in Genoa University Museum of Zoology. Before 1923 Italy (?) ---Vinciguerra (1923) Once preserved taxidermied in Genoa University Museum of Zoology. 22 May 1923 Noli (Italy) F 240 80 Vinciguerra (1923), Preserved taxidermied in Genoa Museum of Natura! (230) (gutted) Tortonese (1956) History "G. Doria!i; in Tortonese (5956) a slightly different length is given. Before 1934 Palermo (Sicily, F 193 -Borri (1934) Preserved taxidermied in Calci Museum of Natural Italy) History and the Territory. 22 July 1937 Messina St tail F -ca. 60 Cipria (1937) Gravid. Litter size unknown. (Italy) July 1949 Goife d'Aigues----Granier (1964) Mortes (France) 1951 Camogli (Italy) --17.5 Boero & Carli (1979) ­1953 Camogli (Italy) --13 Boero & Carli (1979) ­Around 1980 Alboran Sea ---Barrull & Mate (2002) ­April-May, Capo Bianco, flb.i F ca. 250 ca. 200 G. Chiocca (pers. comm.) Gravid. Litter size at least 13. around 1985 Island (Italy) 2 April 2000 Amiata (Algeria) F 254 99 Hemida & Capapö (2002) ­ (Hutted) -Nice (France) --P. Deynat tpers. comm.) Preserved taxidermied in Paris National Museum of Natural History (Cat. No. MNNN 0520). A total of 11 E. brucus specimen s are pEeserved in 9 Brambl e sharks hav e alway s bee n rare in the Medi - Europea n Natura l History Museum s locate d in Italy, terranean Sea . Mos t brambl e shark specimen s hav e Czec h Republi c an d France . Preserve d materials includ e bee n reported fro m Italian waters. Nevertheless , to the 10 taxidermie d specimen s an d on e cranium . Th e femal e best of ou r knowledge , n o specimen s hav e bee n re- E. brucus caugh t in 1856 off Nice , France , an d measur-corde d in Italian water s sinc e 1985. Th e alarmin g pau­ ing 296 cm , is clos e to th e maximu m size reported in cit y of recen t Mediterranea n records of E. brucus, ex- the literature for this specie s (about 31 0 c m accordin g to amine d in a historical context, in fact infers that th e spe- Compagno , 1984). Unfortunately , the Museu m of Natu-cie s is ver y rare in thes e waters and , as He m i da & Ca­ ral Histor y wa s destroye d during bombin g raids o n Mi-pap é (2002 ) alread y noted, these sharks hav e almos t la n durin g Secon d Worl d War , betwee n 13 an d 15 disappeare d fro m th e entir e region. In fact, amon g th e Augus t 194 3 (Conci , 1980), an d numerou s specimens , species that hav e becom e particularly sporadi c or rare includin g the large brambl e shark, wer e lost. Therefore, du e to overfishin g of either sharks or their prey in th e to th e best of ou r knowledge , a 258 c m long mal e Mediterranea n Sea , Cugin i & D e Macldalen a (2003 ) caugh t befor e 1879 off Nice , France , o n display in Pavi a cite d the brambl e shark, E. brucus, sandtiger shark, Car- Museu m of Zoolog y (Cat. No . 85 4 Coll . Pesci ; F. Rarba-charías taurus, srnalltooth san d tiger, Odontaspis ferox, gli, pets, comm.), is the largest of an y Mediterranea n whit e shark, Carcharodon carcharías, shortfin mako , Isu­ brambl e shark presently preserved. ivs cxyrinchus, porbeagle , Lamna nasus, top e shark, Aiessamlro DE MADDAi.ENA A Marco ZUFFA: A ORAVtrj F EM AI E BRAM81E SHARK. ZCHINORHINUS SKUCUSiBONNATERRE , \ 788) 16MI 2 Galeorhinus galeus, sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plum­beus, blue shark, Prionace glauca, smooth hammer­head, Sphyma zygaena and angular roughshark, Oxy­notus centrina. The bramble shark has to be classified as a critically endangered species. Lack of management in the Mediterranean countries is leading to the extinction of several shark species. E. brucus needs immediate protection in the entire Mediterranean area. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS W e thank the following people for freely sharing their observations: Giuliano Chiocca (Italy), Fausto Bar­bagli (Musei Universitari, Universita degli Studi dt Pavia, Pavia, Italy), Pascal Deynat (Museum National d'His­toire Naturelie de Paris, Paris, France), Farid Hemida (Faculté des Sciences Biologiques, Université des Scien­ces et Techniques Houari Boumediene, Algerie), Chris­tian Capapé (Laboratoire d'Ichtyologie, Université Montpellier II, Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, Montpellier, France), Fulvio Garibaldi (Laboratori di Bi­ologia Marina ed Ecologia Animale, DIP.TE.RIS, Univer­sita di Genova, Genova, Italy), Marco Zuffi (Museo di Storia Naturale e ciel Territorio, Calci, Italy), Maurizio Sara (Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Universita degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy), Lovrertc l.ipej (Marine Biological Station, National Institute of Biology, Piran, Slovenia) and Bruce A. Thompson (Coastal Fisheries In­stitute, Louisiana State University, U.S.A.). W e also thank the referees for their helpful comments. A par­ticular thanks from Atessandro De Maddalena goes to his wife Alessandra. Fig, 3: Distribution of historical and recent bramble shark Echinorhirtus brucus captures in the Mediterranean Sea. (Drawing: A. De Maddalena) Si. 3: Zgodovinski m novejši podatki o bodičastih morskih psih Echinorhinus brucus, ujetih v Sredozemskem morju. (Risba: A. De Maddalena) BREJA SAMICA BODIČASTEGA MORSKEGA PSA, ECHINORHINUS BRUCUS (BONNATERRE, 1 788), UJETA V BLIŽINE ELBE (ITALIJA, TIRENSKO MORJE) Alessandro DE MADDALENA 8anca Dati Italians Squalo Siartco, !-20545 Milano, via L. Ariosto 4 E-rnai L ademaddaiena@iisca I i net. it Marco ZUFFA Museo Archeologico "Luigi Donirii", i-40064 Ozzano dell'Ernilia, via Prunaro 1 POVZETEK Okrog leta 1985 je bila v bližini Rta Bianco na Elbi (Italija, zahodno Sredozemsko morje) ujeta kakih ISO cm dolga samica bodičastega morskega psa Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre, 1788). Njena notranjost je razkrila 13 jajc s premerom 8-10 cm. Avtorja predstavljata seznam 24 primerkov E. brucus iz Sredozemskega morja, skupaj z zgo­dovinskimi in novejšimi zapisi o teh redkih morskih psih. VeČina osebkov (45,8%) je bila zabeležena v Ligurskem in severnem Tirenskem morju in avtorja domnevata, da bi se ta vrsta v tem območju utegnila tudi razmnoževati. ANNALES - Ser. hist. nat. • 13 • 2003 • 2 Afessimdm DE MADDALEN A & Marro ZVF F A: A GRAVI O FEMALE BRAMDLE SHARK, rCHINORHINUS BRUCU5 i BO N N AT ER R E, 1738) 167-17 2 Razmerje med spoloma je bilo I: 3,3 v korist samcev. V devetih evropskih naravoslovnih muzejih je ohranjenih 1 i bodičastih morskih psov. 296 cm dolga samica, ujeta v bližini Niče, Francija, je najbrž največja predstavnica le vrste, medte/71 ko je 258 cm dolgi samec, razstavljen v Zoološkem muzeju v Pavii, največji od vseh ohranjenih sre­dozemskih primerkov. Bodičasti morski pes je zelo redek v Sredozemskem morju, to pa je razlog, da ga je treba pri priči zaščititi v celotnem območju. Ključne besede: bodičasti morski pes, Echinorhinus bruc.us, razmnoževanje, razširjenost, Sredozemsko morje REFERENCES Barrull, f. & I. Mate (2002): Tiburones del Mediter­ráneo. Llibreria El Set-ciencies, Arenys de Mar. Bauchot, M, L. (1987): Requins. In: Fischer, W. , M. Schneider & M.-L. Bauchot (eds,): Fiches FAO d'identi­fication des especes pour les besoins de ía peche. (Révi­sion I). Méditerranée et Mer Noire. Zone de peche 37. Vol. 2. Vertébrés. CEE, FAO, Rome, p. 767-843. Bigelow, H. B. & W . C. Schroeder (1948): Sharks. 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Capapé (2002): Observations on a fe­male bramble shark, Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre, 1788), caught off the Algerian coast (southern Mediter­ranean). Acta Adriat, 43(1), 103-108. Last, P. R, & J. D. Stevens (1994): Sharks and rays of Australia. CS1RO, Australia. Lo Bianco, S. (1909): Notizie biologiche riguardanti specialmente i! periodo di maturity sessuale degli ani­mal i del Golfo dt Na pol i. Mittheilungen aus der Zoolo­gischen Station zu Neapel, 19(4), 51.3-761. Mizzan, L. (1994): I Leptocardi, Ciclostomi e Selaci delle collezioni del Museo Cívico di Storia Naturale di Venezia - 1) Leptocardia, Agnaíha, Gnatbostomata ­Chondrichthyes (esclusi Rajiformes). Boll. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Venezia, 45, 123-137. Moreno, }. A. (1995): Gufa de los tiburones del Atlán­tico Nororiental y Mediterráneo. Ed. Pirámide, Madrid. Ninni, E. (1904): Sulla cattura di un Echinorhinus spino­sus (Blainv.) (Ronco spinoso) nel mare di Venezia. Neptunia, 19(2), 20-21. Parona, C. (1898): La pesca mariltiroa in Liguria, Atti della Sociefii Ligure di Scíenze Natural i, 9, 347. Risso, A. (1810): Ichthyologie de Nice. Schoeü, Paris. Sanda, R. & A. De Maddaiena (2003): Collection of the sharks of the National Museum in Prague - Part 1, Com­plete taxiderms and liquid preservations, j. Natl. Mus., Nat. Hist. Ser., 172(1-4), (in press) Sarh, R. & M. Sara (1990): La coflezione ittiologica Do­derlein del Museo di Zoología di Palermo. Museologia scientifica, 1989(1990), 1-23. Tortonese, E. (1938): Revisione degli squali del Museo civico di Milano. Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat , 77, 1-36. Tortonese, E. (1956): Fauna d'italia vol.ll. Leptocardia, Ciclostomata, Selachii. Caiderini, Bologna, 334 pp. Trais, E. (1876): Notizie sopra !'Echinorhinus spinosus per la prima volta osservato nell'Adriatico. Atti Ist. Sci. Venezia, 5(3). Vanni, S. (1992): Cataloghi del Museo di Storia Naturale del !'University di Firenze, Sezione di Zoología "La Spe­cola", XI. Chondrichthyes. Atti Soc. Toscana Sci. Nat , Memorie, Serie B, 99, 85-114. Vinciguerra, D. (1923): Le appendici branchial! nel­f'ix'/'i/rtor/r/rvus spinosus (Gm.) e in altri Elasmobranchi. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 8(3). original scientific paper UD K 597.3(262.514){091) received: 2003-02-27 HISTORICAL RECORDS OF THE GREAT WHITE SHARK, CARCHARODON CARCHARÍAS (LINNAEUS, 1758) (LAMNIFORMES, LAMNIDAE), FROM THE SEA OF MARMARA Hakan KABASAKAL ichthyological Research Society, Atatürk Mahallesi, Mentejogitj Caddesi, idil apt., No 30, D 4, TR-34764 Ümraniye, Istanbu! E-mail: hakarikabasakai@hoijnaii.com ABSTRACT Fifteen historical records of the great white shark Carcharodon carcharías (Linnaeus, 1758), from the Sea of Marmara are presented. The available data suggest that the great white sharks used to be captured regularly in the Sea of Marmara in the period between the late 1800s and the late 1960s. The majority of sharks were accidentally captured by blue fin tuna (9 cases) and swordfish (I case) hand-liners. Therefore, the occurrence of great white sharks is closely associated with pelagic fishery, especially with hand-lining ofbluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus. Karakulak & Oray (1994) reported that the bluefin tuna had not occurred in the Black Sea and in the Sea of Marmara since Í987, which means that one of the great white shark' main preys became extinct in the above-mentioned seas. The sea­sonality of records has shown an increase in their occurrence during the winter months. In view of the last confirmed record of great white shark in the Sea of Marmara (in 1985), the species had been present in this sea until the last quarter of the 2Cfh century. Key words: Great white shark, Carcharodon carcharías, distribution, historical records, Sea of Marmara SEGNALAZION I STORICHE D! SQUAL O BIANCO , CARCHARODON CARCHARIAS (LINNAEUS, 1758XLAMNIFORMES, LAMNIDAE), NEL MA R Dl MARMAR A SINTESI L'ariicolo riporta quindici segnalazioni storiche di squalo bianco, Carcharodon carcharías (Linnaeus, 1758), nel Mar di Marmara. ! dati dísponibílí suggeriscono che tra il tardo 1800 e la fine degli anni sessanta lo squalo bianco e state catturato c.on regolarita nel Mar di Marmara. La presenza di squali bianchi viene collegata alia pesca del pesce pelágico, specialmente del tonno, Thunnus thynnus. Un incremento delle caiture di squalo bianco é stato registrato durante i mesi invernali, quando tale specie ricerca acque pib fredde. Visto che !'ultima cattura di squalo bianco nel Mar di Marmara risale al 1985, I'autore conclude che la presenza della specie in tale mare era certa fino aU'ultimo quarto del ventesimo secolo. Parole chiave: squalo bianco, Carcharodon carcharlas, distribuzione, segnalazioni storiche, Mar di Marmara Hakat) KABASAKAL: HISTORICAS. RECORDS OF T HE GREAT WHIT E SHARK, CARCHAROOON CARCHARÍAS lUNNACUS, 175«) .... 173-160 INTRODUCTIO N MATERIAL AN D METHOD S Great white shark, Carcharodon carcharías (Lin­naeus, 1758) is a cosmopolitan species of coastal and temperate waters (Compagno, 1984). Its presence in the Mediterranean Sea has been well-documented in many general ichthyological or faunistic studies (for example Carus, 1889-1893; Riedl, 1983; Quéro, 1984; Bauchoí, 1987), and has been broadly registered in many regional ichthyological works, for example, by Quignard & Ca­papé (1971) in Tunisian, Risso (1810) and Moreau (1881) in French, Tortonese (1956) and 8ini (1967) in Italian, Papaconstantinou (1988) in Greek, and Ninni (1912) and Soljan (1948) in Adriatic waters. Furthermore, general and regional distribution of the great white shark in the Mediterranean Sea as well as its historical and contem­porary presence in the mentioned region has been inves­tigated in detail (fergusson, 1996; De Maddalena, 2000, 2002; Barru!! & Mate, 2001; Celona eta/., 2001; Celona, 2002). On e of the common aspects of these studies is, however, that the species is generally considered to be distributed in the western and central Mediterranean. The first account on the presence of the great white shark in Turkish waters was made by Karakin Devedjian, former director of the Istanbul Fish Market at the begin­ning of the 20,b century (Devedjian, 1926). In his pio­neering study, Devedjian (1926) stated that the great white sharks (originally referred to as "karkharias" in his book) rarely landed at istanbul fish market, and also gave some information on a captured specimen. In the general ichthyological work of Ak§iray (1987), con­cerning Turkish marine fishes, its author stated the pres­ence of C. carcharías in Turkish waters, but gave no in­formation on the species distribution in the mentioned region. The presence of C. carcharías in Turkish waters has also been documented in the most recent lists of Turkish marine fishes by Mater & Meric (1996), Bile­cenoglu et at. (2002) and Kabasaka! (2002), whose last account deals exclusively with the eiasmobranc.hs of Turkish seas. However, the available information on the historical and contemporary presence of the great white shark in Turkish waters still includes many uncertainties. Although the presence of great white shark in the Sea of Marmara had been reported by Devedjian (1926), its historical records from this inland sea is remarkably limited, neither has it been included in the ichthyologi­cal lists of the Sea of Marmara (Ayajlt, 1937; Erazi, 1942; Kocata§ ef a/., 1993). In the present study, a retro­spective survey of the historical presence of great white shark in Marmaric waters, based on the available scien­tific and popular literature as well as interviews with fishermen, is presented. The area encompassed by the present research is a subunit of the Mediterranean Sea and known as the Sea of Marmara (Fig. 1). It is linked with the Mediterranean Sea via the Dardanelles and with the Black Sea via the Bosporus Strait. For this reason, while the surface waters of Marmara are affected by the Black Sea, its deeper lay­ers remain under Mediterranean influence (Kocataj et at., 1993). According to Ozturk & Ozturk (1996), the Sea of Marmara is an ecological barrier, a transition zone or an acclimatisation area, influencing the dispersal of the species between the Mediterranean and the Black Seas. ®° 0Q Prince ® % islands (§) w Fig. 1: Localities of the recorded great white sharks in the Sea of Marmara. Circled numbers are the same as case numbers in Table 1. SI. 1: Lokalitete zabeleženih belih morskih volkov v Marmarskem morju. Obkrožene številke so iste kot številke posameznih primerov v tabeli 1. Hakan KABASAKAL: HISTORICAL RECORDS O F THE GREAT WHIT E SHARK. CARCHARODON CARCHARIAS (LINNAEUS, 1*58) .. „ 173-160 Data on the historical presence of great white shark sex and type of capture. Photographs of some of these in Marmaric waters have been obtained from the fol-previous records have also been provided. lowing sources: (a) available scientific literature, (b) popular literature, such as newspapers, magazines, etc., RESULTS and (c) interview with fishermen, especially with old tuna hand-liners, scuba divers or private citizens. Fifteen historical records of C. carcharías have been Whenever possible, the following data were recorded determined from the Sea of Marmara. These records are for each specimen: date, locality of capture, total length summarised in Tab. 1. HI , in cm; TOT in Compagno, 1984), weight (W , in kg), Tab. 1: Summary of the historical records of Carcharodon cardiarias from the Sea of Marmara. Case numbers are same as the circled numbers on Figure 1, showing approximate locations of captures. Tab. 1: Povzetek zgodovinskih pojavljanj belega morskega volka Carcharodon carcharías v Marmarskem morju.Številke posameznih primerov ponazarjajo približne lokacije, kjer so bili morski psi ujeti, in so iste kot številke, obkrožene na sliki 1. No. ^ DATE LOCATIO N TL (cm) W (kg) SEX REMARKS REFERENCE 1 February, Bosporus 391 --Stranded near Beylerbeyi coast Fergusson (1996) 1881 Strait 2 17 Novem-Bosporus 470 1500 s Captured; type of fishing gear Fergusson (1996) ber 1881 Strait unknown 3 1916 Sea of ca. 700 Entrapped in Salistra fish trap; shot Devedjian (1945) Marmara by fishermen with 3 bullets in its head. 4 May 1920 Sea of 465 ca. 1200 Captured off the coast of Sedef adasi; Devedjian (1945) Marmara a bluefin tuna, weighing ca. 200 kg, remains of a swordfish, a few bonitos, and a small stone found in its stomach. 5 before 1926 Sea of ca. 400 --Eight large bonitos found in its Devedjian (1926) Marmara stomach. 6 20 February Sea of 450 over -Captured off the coast of Biiyiikada Agop Savul, 1926 Marmara 1500 (Fig. 2) pers. comm. 7 30 March Sea of 450 1500 -Captured off the coast of Tuzla Agop Savul, 1954 Marmara (Fig. 3) pers. comm. o 8 15 April Sea of 618 ca.3000 -i-Captured off the coast of Prince Agop Savul, 1956 Marmara Islands; its mass surely miss-pers. comm. estimated 9 February Bosporus 500+ 3750 Mass surely miss-estimated Fergusson (1996) 1962 Strait 10 28 Decem-Bosporus 500 ca. 4000 ? Captured off the coast of Agop Savul, ber 1965 Strait Dolmabah^e; mass surely pers. comm. miss-estimated 11 28 Decem-Bosporus 700 ca. 3000 ? Captured near Maiden's Tower Agop Savul, ber 1965 Strait (Fig,4) pers. comm. 12 13 January Bosporus ca. 400 ca,2000 -Harpooned off the coast of Agop Savul, 1966 Strait Kabatas (Fig. 5) pers. comm. 13 13 January Bosporus ca. 400 ca. 2000 Harpooned off the coast of Kabatas Agop Savul, 1966 Strait (Fig. 5, belly of the second specimen pers. comm. shown overturned on the left of the picture). 14 before 1974 Sea of -ca.200 0 -Captured off the coast of Prince Guney (1974) Marmara Islands 15 Ma y 1985 Sea of ca. 500 Sighted off the coast of Kapidag Kabasakal Marmara peninsula (unpublished data) ANNALE S • Ser. hist rial. - 13 • 2003 • 2 Ha tan KAfiASAKAI.; HISTORICAL RECORDS O F THE GREAT WHIT E SHARK, CARCHARODO N CARCHARIAS (LINNAEUS. 17 53) .... 173-180 Although the dates of two records of C. carcharias from the Bosporus Strait by Fergusson (1996) are earlier (both in 1881) than those of Devedjian (1926), the for­mer author has not given any detailed information on the presence of great white sharks in Turkish waters. However, concerning the 3 data reported by Fergusson (1996), two of which were reported without source and the third as a personal communication from C. Wood , a confirmation of these recordings from the Sea of Mar­mara is strongly required, as some other data presented by the same author from the Mediterranean Sea, espe­cially its western basin, have been indicated as unreli­able by Barrull & Mate (2001) and Celona eta/. (2001). In 1916, an enormous great white shark (700 cm TL) entered the Salistra fish trap near Fenerbah<;e harbour (northern Sea of Marmara) (Devedjian, 1945; case No. 3 in Tab. 1). The shark, entangled in the nets and ropes of the fish trap, was killed by fishermen after shot three times in its head. According to the author, it was impos­sible to transport the shark to the auction place of the fish market, so it was eviscerated and cut at the fish trap and sold. Devedjian (1945) stated that its head only weighed nearly 200 kilograms. Since there are very few records from all over the world on great white sharks exceeding the length of 650 cm (Compagno, 1984), the size of this individual (700 cm), as estimated by Deved­jian (1945), seems unreliable. O n Ma y of 1920, another great white shark (465 cm TL and weighing nearly 1,200 kg) was been captured with a swordfish line off the coast of Sedef adasi (De­vedjian, 1945; case No. 4 in Tab. 1). This specimen, whose stomach contents are presented in Tab. 1, was displayed at the Istanbul Fish Market for a long time. Devedjian (1945) stated that the length of each pectoral fin of the specimen was 80 cm and the height of the first Fig. 2: 450 cm TL specimen captured off the coast of Biiyukada (case No. 6) (Agop Savul's archive), SI. 2: 450 cm (TL) dolgi primerek, ujet v bližini Biiyu­kade (primer št. 6) (arhiv Agopa Savula). dorsal fin 60 cm. A capture of another great white shark prior to 1926 was also reported by Devedjian (1926). Total length of this specimen (case No. 5 in Tab. 1) was 400 cm, and it was landed at the Istanbul Fish Market. Devedjian (1926) reported that 8 large bonitos were found in the stomach contents of this specimen and that the width at the widest part of its body was 135 cm. Ac­cording to Devedjian (1926), the meat of great white sharks captured in Istanbul waters (northern Sea of Marmara) is seldom consumed by people. Another great white shark (450 cm TL) was captured on 20 February 1926 off the coast of Buyiikada (Fig. 2; case No. 6 in Tab. 1), with its reported weight exceeding 1,500 kg (Agop Savui, pers. comm.). O n 30 March 1954, a great white shark (450 c m TL and 1,500 kg W ) was captured by a tuna hand-liner off the coast of Tuzla (Agop Savui, pers. comm.; Fig. 3, case No. 7 in Tab. 1). This shark, too, was displayed at the Istanbul Fish Market for a long time. Two years later, on 15 April 1956, an enormous great white shark (618 c m Fig, 3: 450 cm TL specimen captured off the coast of Tuzla (case No. 7) (Agop Savul's archive). SI. 3: 450 cm (TL) dolgi primerek, ujet v bližini turškega obmorskega mesteca Tuzla (primer št. 7) (arhiv Agopa Savula). Hakan KABASAKAL: HISTORICAL RECORDS O F THE GREAT WHITE SHARK, CARCHARODO N CARC H ARIAS (LINNAEUS, !758) ..., 173-1SO TL and 3000 kg W ) was captured by a tuna hand-liner, Aziz Ünlü, off the coast of Prince Islands in the northern Sea of Marmara (Agop Savul, pers. comm.; case No. 8 in Tab. 1). Whil e he was cruising along the coast of Prince Islands during the early morning hours, the men­tioned great white shark was hooked, and he was able to harpoon it only after a 7-hour fighting with the shark. Six years later, on February 1962, another great white shark {500+ cm TL and 3750 kg W ) was captured in the Bosporus Strait (Fergusson, 1996; case No. 9 in Tab. 1). Fergusson (1996) stated that the mass of this specimen had surely been miss-estimated. O n 28 De­cember 1965, another great white shark (500 cm TL and 4000 kg W ) was captured by three fishermen in the Bosporus Strait during bluefin tuna fishing. After a long and hard fight, the fishermen harpooned the shark and landed it on Dolmabahge coast (Agop Savul, pers. comm.; case No. 10 in Tab. 1). O n the same day, an­other great white shark (700 cm TL and nearly 3000 kg W ) was caught by Hüseyin Saivarh off the coast of Maiden's Tower in southern part of the Bosporus Strait Fig. 4: 700 cm T L specimen captured near Maiden's Tower (case No. 11) (Agop Savul's archive). SI. 4: 700 cm (TL) dolgi beli morski volk, ujet v bližini Dekliškega stolpa (primer št. 11) (arhiv Agopa Savula). (Agop Savul, pers. comm.; Fig. 4, case No. 11 in Tab. 1). After capturing a bluefin tuna (weighing nearly 390 kg) he dropped his line into the water, but this time the mentioned great white shark was hooked. The shark towed the small fishing boat in the Strait for quite some time, but finally the fisherman succeeded in gaffing the shark with the anchor of his boat. O n 13 January 1966, two great white sharks (both 400 cm TL and 2000 kg W ) were captured in the Bosporus Strait by Hakki Baba and Ali Yavur, fishermen from Karakdy Port, Istanbul. After 4.5 hours of fighting, the fishermen harpooned the sharks near Kabataj coast (Agop Savul, pers. comm.; Fig. 5, case nos. 12 & 13 in Tab. 1). No great white sharks have been captured neither in the Sea of Mar­mara nor in the Bosporus Strait between 1966 and 1974. The capture of a great white shark, weighing nearly 2000 kg, off the coast of Prince islands in northern Marmara has been reported by Guney (1974), however, the exact date of capture of this specimen is uncertain (case No. 14 in Tab. 1). On e of the more recent records of the great white shark in the Sea of Marmara is dated to 1985. A speci­men, nearly 500 cm in total length, was sighted by a fisherman off the north-eastern coast of Kapidag penin­sula (southern Sea of Marmara, Fig. 1) (case, No. 15 in Tab. 1). The fisherman stated that the shark had circled around his boat for a few minutes and then disappeared (Agop Savul, pers. comm.). DISCUSSION As it can be seen from the above data, all but one (No. 15 in Tab. 1) great white sharks were reported from northern Marmaric waters, around Prince Islands and southern Bosporus Strait (Fig. 1). Besides the entrapped specimen in Salistra fish trap (case No. 3 in Tab. 1), the three records by Fergusson (1996; case nos. 1, 2 & 9 in Tab. 1) who gave no information on the type of their capture, and the specimen sighted off the coast of Kapidag peninsula while swimming near the surface (case No, 15 in Tab. 1), the remaining 10 great white sharks were accidentally captured by bluefin tuna (9 cases) and swordfish (1 case) hand-liners. Accidental captures of great white sharks are therefore closely asso­ciated with artisan fishery (hand-lining) of the bluefin tuna. Although the abundance of bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, reaches its peak in pre-Bosporic waters of the Siack Sea and in the Bosporus Strait especially in July, this period may be extended to the end of August. Blue-fin tunas migrate towards the Aegean Sea from October to the end of December (Ak§iray, 1987; Karakulak & Oray, 1994). However, in some years, when air and sea winter temperatures are higher than usual averages, some bluefin tunas do not continue with their southwest­ern migration, but overwinter in the waters of Prince Is­ Hakan KAIJASAKAt: HISTORICAL RECORDS OF THE GREAT WHITE SHARK, CARCHAKODO N CARCHARIAS T !NNAEUS, 1753).... 173-180 Fig. 5: 400 cm TL specimens harpooned off the coast of Kabatas, with arrow indicating the belly of the second specimen overturned on the left of the photograph (case Nos 12 & 13) (Agop Savul's archive). SI. 5; 400 cm (TL) dolga primerka, barpunirana blizu Kabataga; puščica kaže na trebuh drugega primerka, obrnjenega na hrbtu na levi strani fotografije (primera št. 12 in 13) (arhiv Agopa Savula). lands and in the channel area of the Bosporus Strait (Uner, 1984). Ctiney (1974) and Uner (1984) reported that the great white sharks were rareiy seen entering the Bosporus Strait,, while in pursuit of bonitos and biuefin tunas. Accidental capture of these predatory sharks in the waters of Prince islands and in the Bosporus Strait was usually a consequence of the great white sharks chasing these large bony fishes (Uner, 1984). Karakulak & Oray (1994) reported that the biuefin tuna had not occurred in the Black and Marmara Seas since 1987, which means that one of the great white shark's main preys became extinct in the mentioned seas. The latest recording of the great white shark from the Sea of Marmara (1985, case No. 15 in Tab. 1) remarkably correlates with the latest recording of the biuefin tunas from the same area (1987). Still, such situation in the area may be due to: (1) the ab­sence of one of their main prey, biuefin tuna, in the Sea of Marmara and owing to the great white sharks not en­tering this sea at least since their last recording, or (2) great white sharks are still present in the Sea of Marmara but there has been no accidental capture of this species due to the disuse of biuefin tuna lines (or lines for other large bony fishes). Some extensive investigations would be thus required to give reliable answers to the above questions. Aksiray (1987) reported that great white sharks had been absent in the Sea of Marmara and in the Bosporus Strait for the last 20 to 25 years. Regarding the year of publication of his book (1987), this span covers the pe­riod between 1962 and 1967, Despite Akstray's sugges­tion, at least one great white shark was captured or sighted in 1974 and 1985 (case nos. 14 & 15 in Tab. 1). With the exception of 5 cases (case nos. 3, 4, 5, 14 & 15 in Tab. 1), the great white sharks were captured between mid-November and mid-April. Two of the 5 cases (nos. 4 & 15 in Tab. 1) were captured in May, while the date of capture of the remaining 3 specimens is unknown. Uner (1984) reported that great white sharks were captured in the waters of Prince Islands and Bosporus Strait from December to the end of March, but added that this period could vary depending on tem­perature of the sea. Still, no great white sharks were captured or sighted in the Sea of Marmara between May and November (or December). Annual temperatures of the Sea of Marmara surface waters range from 4 to 24°C, while during November and April, when the ac­cidental captures of great white sharks reached their peak, they range from 7°C (November) and 21°C (April). Great white sharks are known to occur in waters with temperatures ranging from 7 to 27CC (mainly 15 to 22°C) (Nakaya, 1994), The thermal tolerance of this species is demonstrated by its latitudinal distribution (Compagno, 1984). In the Catalonian Sea, the seasonality of great white shark recordings showed an increase during the winter months and it has been suggested that this is due to the great white sharks searching for colder waters (Bar­rull & Mate, 2001). Eurythermai nature of the great white shark suggests that the species can remain in Marmaric waters all year round and that winter presence of these sharks in surface waters and th&ir summer presence in deeper parts of the Sea of Marmara are therefore proba­bly the result, of this species searching for cold waters. CONCLUSIONS The available data suggest that great white sharks used to be regularly although somewhat rarely captured in Marmaric waters between the late 1800s and the late 1960s. The seasonality of records has shown an increase in their occurrence during the winter months, in view of the last confirmed record of this shark in the Sea of Mar­mara (in the year 1985), the species had been present in this sea until the last quarter of the 20th century. The oc­currences as well as capture of great white sharks are closely associated with pelagic fishery, especially with hand-lining of biuefin tuna. Biuefin tunas, one of the great white shark's main preys, are known to have been absent in the Sea of Marmara since 1987. Because of this reason, hand-lining of this large pelagic bony fish was also abandoned in Marmaric and Bosporic waters at least 25 years ago. Although commercial purse-seining vessels still operate in the Sea of Marmara for capturing bonito, Sarda sarda, bluefish, Pomatomus saltator, and other pelagic bony fishes, no current capture record of the great white shark has been reported by these vessels from Marmaric waters. The available data suggest that great white sharks no longer occur in the Sea of Marmara. Ex­ Hakar» KARASAKAL: HISTORICA!. RECORDS OE THE GREAT WHITE SHARK, CARCHARODON CARCHARÍAS {LINNAEUS, Î758) .... 173-190 tensive investigations and cooperation with commercial ACKNOWLEDGEMENT fishermen are required in order to clarify the current status of this apex predator in this small inland sea. The author wishes to thank Mr. Agop Savul for his kind permission to work in his archive. ZGODOVINSK I PODATKI O POJAVLJANJ U BELEGA MORSKEG A VOLK A CARCHARODON CARCHARIAS (LINNÉ, 1758) (LAMNIFORMES, LAMNIDAE ) V MARMARSKE M MORJ U Hakan KABASAKAL Ichlhyoiogkai Research Society, Atatiirk Mahatlesi, Mentejoglu Caddesi, Idil apt, No 30, D 4, TR-34764 Umraniye, Istanbul E-mail: hakankabasakal@hotrnail.com POVZETEK Avtor članka navaja petnajst zgodovinskih podatkov o pojavljanju belega morskega volka Carcharodon car­charias (Linné, 1758) v Marmarskem morju (Turčija). Zapisi, ki so mu bili na voljo, govorijo, da so te morske pse lovili kar redno, čeprav ne ravno pogosto, med koncem 19. stoletja in koncem 60. let dvajsetega stoletja. Večina teh morskih plenilcev je bila ujeta naključno, in sicer ročno z vrvico med lovom na tuna (9 primerov) in mečarlco (I primer). Pojavljanje belega morskega volka je zatorej tesno povezano s pelaškim ribištvom, posebno lovom na tuna Thunnus thynnus. Karakulak & O ray (1994) sta poročala, da se ta tun ne pojavlja v Črnem in Marmarskem morju že od leta 1987, kar seveda pomeni, da je najpomembnejši plen belega morskega volka kratko malo izumrl v ome­njenih dveh morjih. Sicer pa čas, v katerem so bili ujeti ti morski psi, kaže na to, da so se pogosteje pojavljali v zim­skih mesecih. Glede na zadnje potrjeno pojavljanje belega morskega volka v Marmarskem morju (iz leta 1985) vse kaže, da je ta beli morski volk živel v tem morju do zadnje četrtine dvajsetega stoletja. Keywords: beli morski volk, Carcharodon carcharias, razširjenost, zgodovinski podatki, Marmarsko morje REFERENCE S Akgiray, F. (1987): Turkiye Deniz Baltklan ve Tayin Anahtan. 2llci Edition, Publications of Istanbul University, No. 3490, Istanbul. Aya§li, S. (1937): Bogaziçi Baliklan. Cumhuriyet Mat­baast, Istanbul. Barruil, J. & i. 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Donato & A. de Maddalena (2001): In relation to the captures of a great white shark, Car­charodon carcharlas (Linnaeus, 1758), and a shortfin mako, Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque, 1809, in the Mes­sina Strait. Armales, Ser. hist, nat., 11(1), 1 3-16. Celona, A. (2002): Due catture di squalo bianco, Carcharodon carcharias (Linneo, 1758) avvenute nelle acque di Marzamemi (Sicilia) negli anni 1937 e 1964. An nales, Ser. hist, nat., 12(1), 27-30. Compagno, L. J. V. (1984): FA O species catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1. Hexanchiformes to Lamn i formes. FA O Fish. Synop., 125(4), 1-249. De Maddalena, A. (2000); Historical and contemporary presence of the great white shark, Carcharodon car­charías (Linnaeus, 1758), in the northern and central Adriatic Sea, Anuales, Ser. hist, nat., 10(1), 3-18. ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 13 • 2003 • 2 Ha lean KAEASAKAL: HISTORICAS. RECORD S O F THE GREA T WHIT E SHARK . CARCHARODO N CARCHARIA S (LINNAEUS , 1758) .... 173-i 80 De Maddalena, A. (2002): Lo squab bianco nei mari d'Italia. Ireco, Formello. Devedjian, K. (1926): Peche en Pecheries en Turquie, Imprimerie de l'Administration de la Dette Publique Ottomane, Istanbul. Devedjian, K. (1945): Kôpekbaliklari. Baîskçi, No. 11­12, 10-12. Erazi, R. A. R. (1942): Marine fishes found in the Sea of Marmara and in the Bosphorus. Revue de la Faculté des Sciences de l'Université d'Istanbul, B, 7(1/2), 103-115. Fergusson, I. K. (1996): Distribution and autecology of the white shark in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. In: Klimley, A. P. & D. G . Ainley (Eds.): Great white sharks: The biology of Carcharodon carcharias. San Diego, Academic Press, 321-345. Giiney, K. (1974): Baliklanmiz. Redhouse Yaymevi, istanbul. Kabasakal, H. (2002): Elasmobranch species of the seas of Turkey. Annales, Ser. hist, nat., 12(1), 15-22. Karakulak, F. S. & i. K. Oray (1994): The length-weight relationship of the biuefin tunas (Thunnus thynnus L., 1758) caught in Turkish waters. Istanbul University, Journal of Aquatic Products, 8(1-2), 159-171. Kocataç, A., T. Koray, M. Kaya & Ô . F. Kara (1993): Review of the fishery resources and their environment in the Sea of Marmara. Studies and Reviews, General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean, 64, Fisheries and Environmental Studies in the Black Sea. FAO, Roma, 87-143. Mater, S. & N. Meriç (1996): Deniz Baliklan. In: Kence, A. & C. C Bilgin (Eds.). Turkiye Omurgahlar Tiir Listesi, TUBÎTAK , Ankara, 129-172. Moreau, E. (1881): Histoire naturelle des poissons de la France. Vol. 11. Masson, Paris. Nakaya, K. (1994): Distribution of white shark in Japanese waters. Fisheries Science, 60(5), 515-518. Ninni, E. (1912): Catalogo dei pesci de! Mare Adriático. Carlo Bertotti, Venezia. Özttirk, B. & A. A. Öztürk (1996): O n the biology of the Turkish straits system. Bull. Inst, océanogr. Monaco, nc spécial 17, 205-221. Papaconstantinou, C. (1988): Fauna Graeciae IV. Check­list of marine fishes of Greece. Hellenic Zoological Society, Athens. Quignard, j. - P, & C. Ca papé (1971): Liste com men tee des selaciens de Tuntsie. Bull. Inst. Océanogr. Peche. Salammbô, 2(2), 131-141. Quero, J. C. (1984): Lamnidae. In: Whitehead, P. J. P., M. L, Bauchot, J. C. Hureau, J. Nielsen & E. Tortonese (eds.): Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean, CLOFNAM . Vol. 1. UNESCO , Paris, 83­ 88. Ried), R. (1983): Fauna und flora des Mittelmeeres. Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg & Berlin. Risso, A. (1810): Ichthyologie de Nice ou histoire naturelle des poissons. F. Schoell, Paris. Soljan, T. (1948): Ribe jadrana, Fauna i Flora Jadrana, 1. institut za oceanografiju I ribarstvo, Split. Tortonese, E. (1956): Fauna d'Italla. Leptocardia, Ciclo­stomata, Selachii. Calderini, Bologna. Üner, S. (1984): Bahk avcihgi ve yemekleri. Say Ya­yincihk, Istanbul. origina! scientific article UD K 597.3:591.16(262.03) received: 2003-10-06 EFFECTS OF REPRODUCTIVE FACTORS O N INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THREE DEEP WATER SHARKS FROM NORTHERN TUNISIA (CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN) Christian CAPAPÉ, Olivier GUÉLORGET, Christian REYNAUD & Adam MARQUES Laboratoire d'Ichtyologie, Université Montpellier U, Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, F-34 095 Montpellier cedex 05, Trance E-mail: capape@univ-montp2.fr Jean Luc BOUCHEREAU Laboratoire de Biologie marine, EA 926 DYNECAR, Université des Antilles-Guyane, BP 592, F-97157 Pointe-a-Pitre cedex, Guadeloupe. Antilles françaises Jeanne ZAOUAU 14, rue Virgile, 2025, Salammbô, Tunisie ABSTRACT Three deep water sharks are known to occur in the waters off the northern Tunisian coast: the blackmouth cat-shark Galeus melastomus (Rafinesque, 1810), the guiper shark Centrophorus granulosus (Schneider, 1301) and the velvet belly Etmopterus spinax (Linnaeus, 1758). They ail inhabit similar biotopes. Competition for food may be in­ferred among the three squalid species, but sufficient food Is available in these areas. Moreover, morphological characteristics, such as size at first sexual maturity, maximal size, fecundity and reproductive mode, viviparity and ov!parity, are different for each species. These characteristics considerably reduce the inferred competition for food in the area between the three species. They allow the three sympatric deep-water sharks to live and reproduce off northern Tunisia. Key-words: deep water sharks, Etmopterus spinax, Galeus melastomus, Centrophorus granulosus, prey composition, biological factors, interrelationships, northern Tunisia, Mediterranean EFFETTI Dl FATTORl RiPRODUTTIVI SU ÍNTERRELAZIONI TRA TRE SPECIE D! SQUAL i DI ACQU E PROFOND E IN TUNISI A SETTENTRIONALE (MEDITERRAE O CENTRALE) SINTESI Tre specie di squall d i acque profonde sono note al largo della cosía settentrionale del la Tunisia: il boccanera Galeus melastomus (Rafinsesque, 1810), il centroforo Centrophorus granulosus (Schneider, 1801) ed il moretto Et­mopterus spinax (Linnaeus, 17S8), che occupano biotopi simili. Si pub perianto supporre una competizione per il nutrimento Ira le tre specie di squalidi, benché in tali aree sia disponibile una quantita sufficiente di cibo. Inoltre, ca­ratteri morfologici qua// la taglia alia prima maturith sessuale, la taglia massima, la fécondité e la modalité di ripro­duziorie, ovipara e vivipara, sono differenti per tali specie. Quest/ caratteri riducono ulteriormente la possibile com­petizione per il nutrimento nell'area fra queste tre specie, permettendo loro di vivere e riprodursi nelle acque al lar­go della Tunisia settentrionale. Parole chtave: squali di acque profonde, Etmopterus spinax, Galeus melastomus, Centrophorus granulosus, compo­sizione del le prede, fattori biologici, interrelazioni, Tunisia settentrionale, Mediterráneo ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 13 • 2003 • 2 Christian CAPAPČ el al.: EFFECTS OF REPRODUCTIVE FACTORS ON I^TRSrIÄficiN5HIF5 BETWEEN THREE DEEP WATER 5HARKS~77781-i«3 INTRODUCTION According to Quignard & CapapL (1971), Capape (1989) and BradaY (2000), three deep water sharks are known to occur off the northern Tunisian coast (Fig. 1): the blackmouth catshark Galeus melastomus (Rafi­nescjue, 1810), the gutper shark Centrophdrus granulo­sus (Schneider, 1801) and the velvet belly Etmopterus spinax (Linnaeus, 1758). They are usually caught at depths exceeding 400 m with quite unfavourable abiotic parameters and not very high biological diversity, and involve an interspecific competition pressure especially with regard to the three sympatric deep water sharks, active predators and vora­cious feeders as other elasmobranch species (Capape, 1976). Nevertheless, commercial and scientific trawlings conducted in deep waters off the northern Tunisia have shown that the three shark species are concomitantly captured together in relative abundance. Moreover, for each species, juvenile and adult males and females have been collected. Adult females bearing encapsu­lated eggs or embryos and different stages of develop­ment have also been examined. These records suggest that the three sympatric species are probably able to live and reproduce in the same area, although interspecific competition pressure is probably inferred and cannot be totally neglected. In order to answer this question, two separate analy­ses were conducted. The first analysis was to compare prey composition of the diet in E. spinax, G. melastomus and C. granulo­sus. Diet composition of G. melastomus and C. granulo­sus from off the northern Tunisian coast had been previ­ously studied (Capape & Zaouali, 1976; Capape, 1985). However, little is known about food and feeding habits of E. spinax from the area and only general data were provided (Capape, 1975). Further observations allow to expand upon the previous data. In the present work, we first of all present a conventional content analysis (qualitative) of E. spinax from the northern Tunisian coast and examine the role of seasonal, sexual and on­togenic factors on its diet, which are compared with those of its two sympatric species. The second analysis was to compare some aspects of the reproductive biology of sharks, which had been pre­viously studied for the blackmouth catshark (Capape & Zaouali, 1977; Tursi et al., 1993), the gulper shark (Ca­pape, 1985; Golani & Pisanty, 2000) and the velvet belly (Hickling, 1963; Vacchi & Orsi Relini, 1979; Ka­basakal & Unkal, 1999; Capape et al., 2001; De Mad­dalena & Piscitelli, 2001), and to explain their role in the interrelationships between the three sympatric deep water sharks captured off northern Tunisia. MATERIAL AND METHODS Velvet bellies were collected by means of trawlings on the Bank of Esquerquis (northern Tunisia) and off the northern coast of Tunisia between 1978 and 1990. Of the 120 captured specimens, 43 males (27 juveniles and 16 adults) and 77 females (63 juveniles and 14 adults) were recorded. Digestive tracts were removed and ex­amined for food items. Two qualitative parameters were used to analyse stomach contents: -percent of occurrence (PO) indicating the percent of stomachs with food items or with remains of food items (Tab. 1); -frequency index of zoological group preys (Fl) indi­cating the number of times a zoological group is found in stomach contents related to the total number of full stomach contents examined (Tab. 2). Food items were identified at generic and specific levels when possible. Zoological groups found in E. spi­nax stomach contents are listed in Table 3. Tab. 1: Percent of occurence of food items in stomach contents of Etmopterus spinax for sex, category and season. Tab. 1: Delež polnih želodcev morskih psov vrste Etmopterus spinax glede n a spol, starostno kategorijo in sezono. Sex Males Females Category Iuveniles Adults Iuveniles Adults Season Sum Win Annual Sum Win Annual Sum Win Annual Sum Win Annual Genera l total total total total tota l Stomachs 14 13 27 9 7 16 32 31 63 12 2 14 120 examined Stomachs with 12 10 22 7 6 13 26 27 53 10 2 12 100 food Percent of 86 77 81 77 86 81 81 87 84 83 100 86 83 occurrence Cl>risl(an CAPAPE EFFECTS OF Rf PRODUCTIVE FACTORS O N INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THREE DEEP WATER SHARKS .... 161-190 Fig. I: Geographic distribution along the coast of Tunisia of (A) Etmopterus spinas. (B) Galeus melastomus and (C) Centrophorus granulosus. BE: Bank of Esquerquts, GG: Gulf of Gabhs, GH: Gulf of Hammamet, GT: Gulf of Tunis, NC: Northern Coast. Arrow 1 points at the site of G. melastomus recorded for the first time in GH (see Bradai'et al., 2000). SI. I; Geografska razširjenost obravnavanih morskih psov vzdolž tunizijske obale: (A) Etmopterus spinax, (B) Galeus melastomus in (C) Centrophorus granulosus. BE: Banc des Esquerquis, GG: Gabešld zaliv, GH: Hammameški zaliv, GT: Tuniški zaliv, NC: severna obala. Puščica 1 kaže na lokaliteto v Hammameškem zalivu, kjer je bil prvič zabeležen G. melastomus (glej Bradai'et al., 2000). C!irts!!3!5 CACAI'Í el nI.: EfPECFS Of REPRODUCTIVE FACTORS ON INTERRELATIONS HiPS BETWEEN THREE DEEP WATER SHARKS .... 181-190 Males and females, with juveniles and adults among them, are examined separately. The specimens larger than the size at first sexual maturity, which is reached by velvet bellies in Tunisian waters at about 350 mm and 380 mm TL by males and females, respectively, were considered as adults (Capape ef ai.r 2001). The specimens were grouped into seasonal catego­ries corresponding to the period of the year when the trawling surveys were made: summer (Sum), from June to September and winter (Win), from December to Feb­ruary. Tests for significance were assessed for t-test (p < 0.01). RESULTS Twenty stomachs were empty and the mean value of percent of occurrence (PO) was 83. The PO of juvenile and adult males and females had high value from 77 to 87 (Tab, 1). However, seasonal variation is not clearly evident except in juvenile males. Crustaceans, cephalopods and teleosts were the most important preys and their occurrence in the stom­ach contents showed seasonal variation. Annelids and elasmobranchs were poorly represented (Tab. 2). The crustacean species were best represented, of the seven identified species Aristeus antennatus (9!, Ponto­philus spinosus (9) and Plesionika mania (12) were most often recorded in the stomach contents. Three cephaio­pod species were identified, Sepia eiegans (5), Sepietta oweniana (11) and Sepiola sp. (2) and of the six teleost species identified, Icbtyococcus ovatus (9), Myctophum punctatum, Caclicuius argenteus (5) were most fre­quently consumed by E. spinax (Tab. 3). Some annelid worms, crustaceans, cephalopods and teleosts were unidentified, as they were represented by remains of food. Moreover, two elasmobranch species were identi­fied. Small specimens and three egg-capsules of C. me­lastomus, but also two E. spinax newborns with remains of an internal vitellin vesicle and umbilical scar were present in stomach contents. Tab. 2: Frequency index (Fl) of zoological groups ingested by Etmopterus spinax for sex, category and season. Tab. 2: Frekvenčni indeks (Fl) posameznih skupin živali glede na spol, starostno kategorijo in sezono, ki jih je plenil morski pes Etmopterus spinax. Sex Males Females Category Non-adults Adults Non-adults Adults Season Sum Win Annual Sum Win Annual Sum Win Annual Sum Win Annual Cenera ! total total total total tota l Crustaceans 8* (0.66) 8 (0.61) 16 (0.73) 1 (0.14) 0 1 (0.08) 20 (0.77) 16(0.59) 36 (0.68) 2 (0.2) 0 2 (0.16) 55 (0.55) Cephalopods 2 (0.16) 5 (0.23) 7 (0.32) 2 (0.28) 0 2 (0.16) 4(0.15) 6 (0.22) 10(0.19) 2 (0.20) 0 2 (0.16) 21 (0,21) Teleosts 4(0.33) 2 (0.15) 6 (0,27) 6 (0.86) 4 (0.57) 10(0.77) 4(0.15} 5 (0.18) 9(0.17) 6(0.6) 2(1.0) 8 (0.66) 33 (0.33) Other groups 1 (0.08) 0 1 (0.04) 1 (0.14) 2 (0.28) 3 (0.23) 0 1 (0.04) 1 (0.02) 2 (0.2) 0 2(0.16) 50 (0.10) * number of times a prey belonging to a zoological group is ingested DISCUSSION The mean value of percent of occurrence (83, see Table 1) indicates that E. spinax is an active predator and voracious as other elasmobranch species and agrees with McPherson (1980). However, only five zoological items were reported from E. spinax stomach contents and for each of them few species were recorded. This suggests that the species is rather opportunist and feeds on the most abundant food items available in their envi­ronment; the velvet bellies being restricted to deep bot­toms where biological environment does not present a high diversity. The variation of frequency incidence among zoological items in juveniles and adults suggests a change in food and feeding habits and prey selectivity in E. spinax according to the category of specimens (Tab. 2). For instance, the adults ingested more cepha­lopods and teleosts than the juveniles. This may be due to the fact that larger specimens were more active predators and experienced feeders. Moreover, depth segregation with sex and size cannot be neglected. With regard to this point, Orsi Relini & Wtirlz (197 75 wrote: "The young of Etmopterus spinax have also been ob­served on epybathyal bottoms {about 450 m) in late spring, whilst the adults are observable in varying num­bers at 500 meters, throughout the year." Our observations of E. spinax agree with previous papers referring to items ingested but they differ at spe­cific level. This difference could be related to the avail­able species between the areas and depths involved. Christian CAPAPÉ e; a! : EFFECTS OF REPRODUCTIVE FACTORS ON INTtRSEl ATlONSHiPS ßETWESN THREK DEEP WATER SHARKS 181-190 Tab. 3: List of prey species identified in stomachs contents of Etmopterus spirsax. Tab. 3: Seznam vrst plena, določenih v želodcih morskega psa Etmopterus spinax. Sex Males Females Category iuveniles Adults juveniles Adults Season Sum Win Sum Win Sum Win Sum Win Total Stomachs examined 14 13 9 7 32 31 12 2 120 Annelids unidentified 1 I I 1 1 3 Crustaceans Aristeus antennatus 1 6 2 9 Chlorotocus crassicornis 1 2 2 5 Plesionika beferoca/pus 1 1 1 2 5 P. martia 2 1 2 1 6 P. edwardsii 1 2 1 4 Pontophilus spinosus 2 3 3 1 9 Goneplax rhomboides 2 1 3 3 9 unidentified 3 3 1 2 1 10 Cephalopods Sepia elegans 1 1 2 1 5 Sepiola sp. 1 1 2 Sepietta owe niana 1 3 1 5 1 11 unidentified 2 2 4 Elasmobranchs CaieEis melastomus 2 1 2 5 Etmopterus spinax 1 1 2 Teleosts Ichtyococcus ovatus 2 1 2 1 1 2 9 Myctophum punctatum 2 1 1 2 6 Ga dieu lus ardenteus 2 2 1 5 Phycis phycis 1 1 2 Hoplosthetus mediterraneus 1 1 2 '!Callyonimus sp. 1 1 2 unidentified 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 9 Wheeler (1969) reported Euphausiacea, crustaceans and bony fishes of the genus Micromesistius in stomachs contents of specimens from British waters, in kalian seas, according to Bini (1967), the species feeds on cephalopod molluscs and small decapod crustaceans. Capap^ (1975) found some unidentifiable teleosts in stomach contents of some E. spinax caught off the Tuni­sian coast. Orsi Relini & Wiirtz (1977) analysed and compared stomach contents of the velvet belly and the blackmouth catshark from the Ligurian Sea. They wrote that "E. spinax feeds in the pelagic zone above all on large size preys; its food specially seems to be orientated towards nektonic cephalopods." McPherson (1980) noted that prey composition in E. spinax usually consists on fishes, cephalopods, Euphausiacea and crustacean decapods in the western Mediterranean. Kabasakai & Unsal (1999) examined stomach contents of five speci­mens caught in the north-eastern Aegean Sea, two of which were empty, while the others contained remains of decapod crustaceans, cephalopods and teleosts. Tab. 4: Comparisons of annual percent of occurence (PO) between Etmopterus spinax, Centrophorus granu­losus and Galeus melastomus for each category Tab, 4: Primerjava števila polnih želodcev (PO; letni delež v %) globokomorskih vrst morskih psov Etmop­terus spinax, Centrophorus granulosus in Caleus melas­tomus glede na starostno kategorijo. Category Non-adults Adults Species n PO n PO Averag e annua l P O Etmopterus spinax 90 82.5 30 83.5 83.0 Centrophorus 81 89.0 68 79.0 84.0 granulosus Galeus melastomus 276 80.4 166 79.6 80.0 ANNALE S • Ser. hist. nat. • 13 • 2003 • 2 Christian CAPAPt er ill; EFFECTS OP REPRODUCTIVE FACTORS O N INTERRELATIONS! MPS BETWEEN THREE PEEP WATER SHARKS .... i 8!-ISO .«r^V/ ^ ­ S i z e a t Birtf t Size at sexual maturity Maximal size Fecujidit y / O Fecundity 0 Fecundity Viviparity Oviparity Nursery sites Scattering Fig. 2: Interspecific competition among (A) Centrophorus granulosus, (B) Etmopterus spinax anil (C) Caleus melastomus, involving factors which increase (+) or reduce (-) the demographic pressure exerted by one species on another (partially redrawn from Capape, 1989). SI. 2: Tekmovanje med vrstami (A) Centrophorus granulosus, (B) Etmopterus spinax in (C) Caleus melastomus, z dejavniki, ki povečujejo (+) aH zmanjšujejo (-) demografske pritiske, ki jih ustvarja ena vrsta na drugo (delno prirejeno po Capape, 1989). Christian C APACE els i: EFFECTS OF REPRODUCTIVE FACTORS O N INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEE N THREE DEEP WA T Eli SHARKS 181-190 The elasmobranch occurrence in stomach contents of some Tunisian velvet bellies had probably accidental significance: they could be ingested during trawling. O n the other hand, they could be the result of a competition pressure for food items. Records of efasmobrancbs as prey items are usually reported in diet of elasmobranch species (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1948; Stevens & Lyle, 1989; Waller & Baranes, 1994). Moreover, the record of E. spinax in stomach contents of our sample species probably suggests a case of cannibalism in elasmo­branchs, nevertheless different of oophagy and/or adel­phophagy described in other sharks (Springer, 1948; Gil more, 1983; Giimore eta/., 1983). During trawling surveys in deep areas off the Tuni­sian northern coast, two other deep-sea shark species, G. melastomus and C. granulosus, are concomitantly caught together with E. spinax. They probably inhabit the same or closed niches and competition for food between them could be inferred. For each shark, mean annual P O of the three sharks had high values, and were not significantly different (p > 0.01, Tab. 4). These high values suggest that they are active feeders, as well as that an important availability in food occurred in their respective habitats. However, E. spinax, C. granulosus and G. melasto­mus feed on crustaceans, cephalopods and teleosts (Tab, 5), but crustaceans were mainly consumed by i . spinax, cephaiopods by G. melastomus and teleosts by C. granulosus. Moreover, of the 78 prey species numbered in stom­ach contents of E. spinax, C granulosus and G. melas­tomus, only eight, species were recorded in common. Intraspecific competition for food and consequently niche overlap for diet seem to be considerably reduced. Referring to Golani & Galil (1991) and his own ob­servations on the diet of the striped red mullet from the eastern central Adriatic, Dulfid (2002) wrote: "Food specialisation and dietary breadth are a result, of evolu­tionary development of unique feeding behaviour, mor­phology and mouth structure, which interact with the size, distribution and abundance characteristics of cer­tain types of the available benthic fauna." To explain the overlap of diet niches for the three deep-water sharks from the western Mediterranean, G. melastomus, E spinax and Dalatias llcha, McPherson (1980) used theoretical model based on mathematic pa­rameters. W e have used only some biological parameters of the three sharks, which are summarized in Table 6 as size at birth, size at sexual maturity, maximal size, re­productive mode and fecundity. Their roles on interrela­tionships are generated as a model plotted in figure 2. The gulper shark matures at a larger size and has a larger maximal size than its sympatric sharks and, con­sequently, it consumed larger preys than E. spinax and G. melastomus were able to do, A competition for food could be inferred between juvenile C. granulosus and adult E spinax and G. melastomus, but this opinion needs confirmation: a spatial segregation occurs be­tween sexes and categories of specimens in elasmo­branch species (Waller & Baranes, 1994). Mouth width is smaller in E. spinax and G. melanostomus than in C. granulosus, and teeth counts and teeth shape are very different between the three species (Ledoux, 1970; Ca­pape & Ben Brahim, 1984). Moreover, the fecundity of the first species seems to be the lowest ever recorded in an elasmobranch species whatever the area (Sara, 1968; Capape, 1985; Mellinger, 1989; Golani & Pisanty, 2000; Guallart & Vlcent, 2001). Its recruitment is poor, lesser than this of both E spinax and G. melastomus. It ex­pelled its foetuses, generally a single specimen per litter (Capap6, 1985; Guallart & Vicent, 2001) in nursery sites restricted at the level of the Bank of Esquerquis (northern Tunisia) as this was the case of E. spinax according to Capape et al. (2001), but size at birth is very different for each species (Tab. 6) and competition pressure for food is reduced between them with regard to neonates and juveniles. Tab. 5: Comparison of frequency indexes (Fl) and number of species-preys (n) belonging to different prey items in­gested by Etmopterus spinax, Centrophorus granulosus and Galeus melastomus. Tab. 5: Primerjava frekvenčnih indeksov (Fl) in števila vrst plena (n) posameznih skupin živali, ki so jih uplenile tri vrste morskih psov Etmopterus spinax, Centrophorus granulosus in Galeus melastomus. Prey item Crustaceans 1 Cepha opods Teleosts Other groups Total Species Fl I n Fl n Fl n Fl n n Etmopterus spinax 0.55 7 0.21 3 0.33 6 0.10 3 19 Centrophorus granulosus 0.21 6 0.13 3 0.74 11 0.09 3 23 Galeus melastomus 0.44 j 11 j 0.44 5 0.53 13 0,08 7 36 ANNALES - Ser. hist. hat. • 13 • 2003 • 2 Clufelian CAP APE el si.: EFFECTS O f REPRODUCTIVE FACTORS O N IN'TERRaATIONSI-HPS BETWEE N THREE OELP WATE R SHARKS ..., !8 M 90 Tab. 6: Biometric measurements and reproductive data for Etmopterus spinax, Centropborus granulosus and Galeus melastornus. Tab. 6: Biometrični in razmnoževalni podatki za tri vrste morskih psov Etmopterus spinax, Centropborus granulosus in Galeus melastornus. Species Size at first Maximal Reproductive maturity size (mm) mode (mm) Etmopterus 350-380 460 viviparous spinax Centrophorus 800-900 960-1280 viviparous granulosus Galeus 420 550-560 oviparous meiastomus O n the other hand, size at sexual maturity and maximal size do not show important differences be­tween E. spinax and G. melastornus (Tab. 6). Moreover, the first is a viviparous species and the second an ovipa­rous one. The deposition sites of egg capsules of the biackmoutb catshark are widely distributed throughout the waters off northern Tunisia as well as scyliorhinid species from other marine areas (Capape, 1977; Abie & Flescher, 1991; Capape ef a/., 1991). Consequently, the discovery of egg-cases in E. spinax stomach contents could not affect the blackmouth cat shark populations. Barrul & Mate (2001) reported records of yolks sacks embryos of the small spotted catshark Scyliorhinus canicula in stomach contents of the angular roughshark Oxynotus centrina. They gave similar opinion as Cox & Koob (1993) who reported that predation of shark egg-case by marine animals is rather rare. However, a com­petition for food could be inferred between adults of E. spinax and G. melastornus. Nevertheless, the preference 24 1 / 2 years Capapé (1985) Reproductive Fecundity Authors cycle period (months) 24 5-1 7/ 2 years Capapé et al. (2001) ? 15-25 / one year Capapé & Zaouaii (1977) of E. spinax for crustaceans and the cephalopod prefer­ence of C. melastornus considerably reduce this inter-specific competition between the adults of both species in the area. These observations allow to state that the three deep water sharks are able to live and reproduce off northern Tunisia. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Jeanne Zaouaii is indebted to her late husband and Christian Capapé to his late friend, Mr Mohamed Zaouaii, ex president of the 'Office National des Peches de Tunisie', for his interest and assistance throughout the period of their investigations along the Tunisian coast. All the authors are grateful to the fishermen from the Tunisian and Algerian coasts wh o provided them with the material. They also thank three anonymous referees for their helpful and useful comments on the manuscript. UČINK I REPRODUKCIJSKI H DEJAVNIKO V N A MEDSEBOJN E ODNOS E ME D TREM I VRSTAM I GLOBOKOMORSKI H PSO V V OBALNI H VODA H TUNIZIJ E Christian CAPAPÉ, Olivier GUÉLORGET, Christian REYNAUD & Adam MARQUÉS Laboratoire d'Ichtyologie, Université Montpellier M, Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, f-34 095 Montpellier cedex 05, France E-mail: capape@univ-montp2.ir Jean Luc BOUCHEREAU Laboratoire de Biologie marine, EA 926 DYNECAR, Université des Antilles-Guyane, BP 592, F-97157 Potnte-a-Pitre cedex, Guadeloupe, Antilles françaises Jeanne ZAOUALI 14, rue Virgile, 2025, Salammbô, Tunisie POVZETEK V obalnih vodah Tunizije se pojavljajo tri globokomorske vrste morskih psov: Galeus meiastomus (Rafiriesque, 1810), Centrophorus granulosus (Schneider, 1801) in Etmopterus spinax (Linnaeus, 1758), ki vsi naseljujejo podobne biotope. Med vrstami tu in tam poteka tekmovanje za hrano, pa čeprav je v teh vodah ravno ne manjka. Sicer pa je ChrisiiiKi CAPAPE el 01 S•D C CO _! 1000 ­ 800 gQQ 400 200 0 ! 1151 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995Year 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Fig. I: Squalus acanthias iandings ior the Mediterranean area (FAO arca 37) (FAO, 2002). Si i: Ulov morskega psa trneža Squa!us acanthias v Sredozemskem morju v tonah (FAO prede/ 37) (FAO, 2002). considered as overexploited by scientists (Vannuccini, 1999). Although some Mediterranean countries have reported its landings, the biggest fishing countries, such as Italy, have not reported any landings at all, while France and Spain have reported only on minor quanti­ties, and even this only occasionally. Also, it still needs to be determined whether the reported landings concern S. acanthias only, or are mixed with catches of S. blain­villei. Some countries have reported on landings of this family as of a group (Dogfish sharks). These landings also showed decline as it can be seen in a case of Tuni­sia (from 1183 tonnes in 1992 to 19 tonnes in 1996) or Croatia (from 535 tonnes in 1993 to 50 tonnes in 2000). Other landings show smaller fluctuations, or have been reported sporadically. Therefore, knowing life history characteristics such deficient landing data suggest that appropriate management programs should be estab­lished for each country in order to prevent decline of these species In the entire Mediterranean. S. acanthias is listed in IUCN/SSC Red list. Family Carcharhinidae This is the largest family of sharks in the Mediterra­nean, represented by 10 small to large, bottom to pe­lagic species. it. is also commercially most important family, as many of these species are used for food, fins, leather, etc. Some species are wide-ranging or cosmo­politan (Castro et a/., 1999). Mostly they are caught by longlines, trawls and gillnets, but even with handlines, particularly in recreational fisheries. Most of these species are slow growing species with late maturity. Thus, the smallest mature specimens of Carcharhinus altimus were a 213 cm TL male and 221 cm TL female (Springer, 1960). C brachyuivs sexual maturity age was calculated at 13-19 years for males and 19-20 years for females (Waiter & Ebert, 1991). C. brevipinna (listed in IUCN/SSG Red List) males mature at 130 cm TL or 4-5 years, while females mature at 150­155 cm TL or 7-8 years (Branstetter, 1987). According to Bonfil et al. (1993), C. falciformis (listed in IUCN/SSG Red List) males mature at 225 cm TL (about 10 years) and females at: 232-245 cm TL (more than 12 years old). Males of C. leucas (listed in IUCN/SSG Red list) mature at 210-220 cm TL or 14-15 years of age, while females mature at least at 225 cm TL, which corresponds to more than 18 years of age (Branstetter & Stiles, 1987). Wintner & Cliff (1996) determined the maturity age for C. lim­batus (listed in IUCN/SSG Red List) females at 7 years, and 6 years for males. Seki et a/. (1998) gave the size at maturity of C. longimanus (listed in IUCN/SSG Red List) for both males and females as 175-189 cm TL, corre­sponding to an age of 4-5 years. C. obscurus (listed in IUCN/SSG Red List) mature very late, males at about 279 cm TL, corresponding to 19 years of age, and females at about 284 cm TL, corresponding to 21 years of age (Na­tanson eta/., 1995). C. plumbeus (listed in IUCN/SSG Red List) is also a very slow growing species, its maturity Alen SOLDO : STATUS O F SHARKS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN. 191-200 age ranging for both sexes from 15-16 years (Sminkey & Musick, 1995} to 29-30 years (Casey & Natanson, 1992). Similar situation has been observed in the case of Prionace glauca (listed in IUCN/SSG Red List), whose maturity has indeed not been accurately determined as yet, but based on different studies it ranges from 4 to 7 years(Caillietetai , 1983; Nakano, 1994). Minor and sporadic landings of these species in the Mediterranean have been reported only for blue shark from France and Portugal. Indications (severe declines) from other areas have shown that these species are highly vulnerable to overfishing. Among other "usual" difficulties, the ever-increasing problem as far as this shark family is concerned is the practice of finning (the removal and retention of shark fins, while the rest of the carcass has been discarded at sea), as this fishery activ­ity particularly threatens this family. Finning obstruct the collection of the species-specific scientific data that are essential for monitoring catches and landings and im­plementing sustainable shark fisheries management. Moreover, there are often no accurate data on the quantities of shark fins taken, landed or exported due to the lack of classification in fisheries statistics and/or en­forcement of reporting requests, so the limited reported shark landing data represent primarily the whole sharks. Owing to the fact that many of these sharks have be­come rare or even locally extinct and that many among them are cosmopolitan and tend to migrate throughout the entire Mediterranean, if is clear that these shacks are particularly vulnerable to overfishing. Therefore, it is es­sential to establish a proper management plan, based on accurate statistics, followed by wide biological and ecological studies, not only for each country, but also for the entire Mediterranean area. Family Sphyrrtidae in the Mediterranean, hammerhead sharks are repre­sented fay three large species: Sphyrna lewini, S. mokar­ran and S. zygaena. They are caught mainly by longli­nes and gillnets, especially as bycatch in tuna and swordfish fishery. This family Is also subject to finning practice in unidentified quantities. Landings of these sharks have not been reported In the Mediterranean ei­ther by species or by group. As large sharks, with life history characteristics similar to Carcharhimdae, these sharks are known for their vulnerability to overfishing all over the world. In Draft action plan for the conservation of cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyans) in the Mediter­ranean Sea all species were noted as data deficient with inadequate information and thus with urgent need for their assessment of extinction risk. Therefore, accurate statistics of landings, whether of whole of finned sharks, have to be establish in order to provide sufficient data for a proper management plan, especially as it is known that all three species are listed in IUCN/SSG Red List. Family Scyliorhinidae This family of relatively small catsharks is represented by three species in the Mediterranean: Galeus melasto­mus, Scyiiorhinus canicula and 5. stellaris. They are not target species, but are as bottom sharks often caught by trawls as bycatch. There is no fishery statistic by species, but as a group Scyiiorhinus spp. landings have been re­ported from Tunisia and, more recently, from Spain. Landings in the Mediterranean have highly increased from 36 tonnes in 1996 to 457 tonnes in 2000 on the ac­count of some recent reports from Spain. Obviously, these species are caught by trawls from many countries, but with such deficient landing data it is hard to give a proper assessment. Nevertheless, these sharks should be included in fishery statistics, which will provide possi­bilities for future management. Family Triakidae In the Mediterranean, this family is represented by four species: Galeorhinus galeus, Mustelus asterias, M, mustelus and M. punctulatus. All four species have been intensively caught as bycatch in trawl, longline and gill-net fishery. Although these sharks are generally not clas­sified as target species, they are treated as (locally) eco­nomically important in some areas. As a group, Muste­lus spp. landings have been reported by many Mediter­ranean countries. Statistics showed severe decline from overall 13,437 tonnes in 1994 to 2980 tonnes in 1997. Landings of smooth-hound sharks in the Mediterranean amounted to as much as 67.7% of all world landings. Therefore, this family is one of the most commercially important shark families in the Mediterranean. How­ever, some important fishing countries, such as Spain and France, seem not to have landed, according to the statistics, any smooth-hound shark at all in the area or have recorded only small quantities (Vannuccini, 1999). Knowing that the intensive fishery of G. galeus off the western coast of North America in the late 1930s and 1940s collapsed by 1950 due to overexploltation, and stocks have not recovered ever since (Castro et al., 1999), it is feared that a similar situation could occur in the Mediterranean, particularly as with the exception of M. punctulatus all species have been listed in IUCN/SSG Red List (of which G. galeus is listed as glob­ally vulnerable). Thus, a proper management plan is es­sential for the future preservation of these species. Family Odontaspididae Sand tiger sharks are in the Mediterranean repre­sented by two species: Eugomphodus taurus and Odontaspis ferox. Landings of these species have not been reported by statistic data of any Mediterranean country. They are caught as bycatch by trawls, ionglines ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 13 • 2003 • 2 Alen SOIDO : STATUS O F SHARKS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN. 191-21)0 and giiinets. E. taurus is known to be a very vulnerable species, as it congregates in large numbers, probably during- mating, at particular spots at specific times of year. These spots are known to commercial fishermen who can catch very large numbers of sand tigers with minimal effort, but with serious effect on the population (Castro ef a/., 1999). Severe population declines of this species throughout the world started in the 1969s and 1970s, and E. taurus was one of the first sharks to re­ceive fully protected status anywhere in the world (Pol-lard, 1996). in many areas of the Mediterranean it is currently found rarely or very rarely. Its life history char­acteristics, especially very limited fecundity (two young per broad) probably contributes to its vulnerability (Castro et a/., 1999). IUCN/SSC Red list has listed it as critically endangered. Hence, in Draft action plan for the conservation of cartilaginous fishes (Chondrich­thyans) in the Mediterranean Sea, both species have been prioritised and recommended for urgent provision of legal protection status for the endangered species identified at the regional and national levels. Therefore, it is evident that both species need a proper manage­ment plan for their protection as soon as possible. Family Alopiidae Tw o large oceanic species, Alopias superciliosus and A. vulpinus, represent tresher sharks in the Mediter­ranean. Slow growth and limited reproductive potential characterize both species. Official landings in the Mediterranean have been reported only recently for A. vulpinus by France. Tresher sharks are caught mainly by Fig. 2: Tresher sharks (Alopias vulpinus) are relativelyfishing gear used in tuna, swordfish and small pelagic often caught in the northern Adriatic. (Photo: B. Šuligoj) fishery (Fig. 2). Both species have suffered severe de-SI. 2: Morske lisice (Alopias vulpinus) so razmeroma clines in catches throughout the world, and continued pogost plen ribičev v severnem fadranu. (Foto: B. Šuli­to decline in spite of riumeroLis regulations restricting goj)fishing (Hanan et a/., 1993). Consequently, in order to avoid such situation in the Mediterranean area, proper management programs for sustainable fisheries should be developed for these species. A. vulpinus is also listed in IUCN/SSC Red List. Family Cetorhinidae The only member of this family, Cetorhinus maxi-mm, is also the largest fish iri the Mediterranean (Fig. 3). Landings of basking shark in the Mediterranean have been reported only recently and by Spain only (FAO, 2002). As it is known that lately only the landings in the Adriatic, by accidental captures, can be several tonnes per year (Zuffa ef a/., 2001; Soldo & jardas, 2002a, b), it is obvious that the official statistics for the Mediterra­nean area (2-6 tonnes per year) is far from accurate. Fig. 3: Basking sharks are accidentally caught by nu-Basking sharks are not target species in the Mediterra-merous fishing gears. (Photo: B. Šuligoj) nean but are accidentally caught by numerous fishing SI. 3: Morski psi orjaki se naključno zapletejo v ra­ zlične vrste ribiških mrež. (Foto: B. Šuligoj) Alen SOIDO : STATUS O F SHARKS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN, 19! -200 gears. Thus, they are evidently vulnerable to overfishing, which has been recognized in the Mediterranean where they earned protective status by the Barcelona Conven­tion. As most contracting parties have not yet imple­mented such status in their fishery legislative, there is still much work to be done on protection of this species, which is also listed in IUCN/SSG Red List. Family Lamnidae Mackerel sharks are in the Mediterranean repre­sented by three large cosmopolitan sharks: Carcharodon carcharías, Isurus oxyrinchus and Lamna nasus. Official statistics show that the only landings in the Mediterra­nean have been reported by Portugal for I. oxyrinchus in 2000 (1 tonne) and in 1996 by Malta 1 tonne for L. na­sus (FAO, 2002). These species are not target species in the Mediterranean area, but they are caught mainly as bycatch by ionglines, driftnets and other fishing gear used in tuna, small pelagic fish and sword fisheries. Of these sharks, the largest and apex predator is the great white shark (listed in IUCN/SSG Red List). Although little is known of its reproduction, some studies show that its populations may be small and highly localized and very vulnerable to overexploitation (Strong ef a!., 1992). In same Mediterranean areas, e.g. Eastern Adriatic where it used to be a common species, it has not been reported for at least 30 years (Soldo & jardas, 2002b). The de­cline of records has also been observed in other areas, so the Barcelona Convention contracting parties have proclaimed this shark a protected species in the Medi­terranean area (it is also listed in IUCN/SSG Red List). However, as in case of C. maximus, this still has to be incorporated in these countries' legislation. intensive fisheries of cosmopolitan species that de­pleted the stocks in areas out of Mediterranean have also a strong impact on the occurrence of these species in the Mediterranean. Studies showed that I. oxyrinchus and L. nasus have been common species in the Eastern Adriatic, but in the last 30 years there have been only few (porbeagle), or no records at all (shortfin mako) of these species in the area, although no fisheries of these two species have been reported in this area (Soldo & jardas, 2002a). Even though there is a general lack of information regarding these species in the Mediterra­nean and that w e are well acquainted with their life history characteristic and their vulnerability to overfish­ing (both species have been listed in IUCN/SSG Red List), it is obvious that they deserves rigorous attention as their populations are under serious threats of unman-aged and irresponsible fishing. Thus, a proper manage­ment programs should be developed and, upon accu­rate assessment, some local protection probably estab­lished. Family Squatinidae In the Mediterranean Sea, the flattened angel sharks are represented by three species: Squatina aculeata, S. ocuiata and 5. squai/na. They are not target species but caught as bycatch by trawls, giilnets and Ionglines. Landings of S. squatina have been reported by Tunisia (10-53 tonnes in the period 1991-2000), while several other countries have reported only on landings of these sharks as a group. Landings of Squatinidae show in­crease from 13 tonnes in 1992 to 171 tonnes in 1998. Apparently, or at least on the basis of this deficient data, a market for these sharks is growing. Thus a proper management plans for sustainable fisheries of these spe­cies should be developed, especially if it is known that some of these species (S. squatina) are already listed in IUCN/SSG Red List. Tab. 1: Checklist of Mediterranean sharks. Tab. 1: Seznam sredozemskih morskih psov. Hexanch !formes Hexanchidae Heptranchias perlo (Bonnaterre, 1788), Sharpnose se­vengill shark Hexanchus griseus (Bonnaterre, 1788), Bluntnose sixgill shark Squal !formes Centrophoridae Centrophorus granulosus (Schneider, 1801), Gulper shark Centrophorus squamosus (Bonnaterre, 1788), Gulper­shark Centrophorus uyato (Rafinesque, 1810), Little gulper shark Deania calcea (Lowe, 1839), Birdbeak dogfish Dalatiidae Centroscymnus coelolepis (Bocage &Capello, 1864), Portuguese dogfish Centroscymnus crepidater (Bocage &Cape!lo, 1864), Longnose velvetdogfish Dalatias Hcha (Bonaterre, 1788), Kitefin shark Etmopterus spinax (Linnaeus, 1758), Velvet-belly shark Oxynotus centrina (Linnaeus, 1758), Angular rough shark Scymnodon ringens (Bocage & Capello, 1864), Knife-tooth shark Somniosus rostratus (Risso, 1826), Little sleeper shark Echinorhinidae Echinorbinus brucus (Bonnaterre, 1788), Bramble shark Squalidae Squalus acanthias (Linnaeus, 1758), Piked dogfish Squalus blainvillei (Risso, 1826), Longnose spurdog Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus altimus (Springer, 1950), Bignose shark Aleil SOLDO : STATUS O F SHARKS !N THE MEDITERRANEAN, !91-200 Carcharhinus brachyurus (Gunther,' 1870), Copper shark Carcharhinus brevipinna (Muller &Henle, 1841), Spin­ner shark Carcharhinus falciformis (Bibron, 1841), Silky shark Carcharhinus leucas (Valenciennes, 1841), Bull shark Carcharhinus limbatus (Valenciennes, 1841), Biacktip shark Carcharhinus longimanus (Poey, 1861), Oceanic white tip shark Carcharhinus obscurus (LeSueur, 1818), Dusky shark Carcharhinus plumbeus (Nardo, 1827), Sandbar shark Prionace glauca (Linnaeus, 1758), Blue shark Sphyrnidae Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith, 1834), Scalloped hammerhead Sphyrna mokarran (Ruppell, 1835), Great hammerhead Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus, 1758), Smooth hammer­head Scvliorhinidae Caleus melastomus (Rafinesque, 1810), Blackmorith cats hark Scyliorhinus canicula (Linnaeus, 1758), Smailspotted cats hark Scyliorhinus stellaris (Linnaeus, 1758), Nursehound Triakidae Galeorhinus gaieus (Linnaeus, 1758), Tope shark Mustelus asferias (Cloquet, 1821), Starry smoothhound Mustelus mustelus (Linnaeus, 1758), Smoothhound Mustelus punctulatus (Risso, 1826), Biackspotted smoothhound Lamn !formes Odontaspidiclae Eugomphodus taurus (Rafinesque, 1810), Sand tiger shark Odontaspis ferox (Risso, 1810), Smalltooth sand tiger Alopiidae Alopias superciliosus (Lowe, 1840), Bigeye thresher Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre, 1788), Thresher shark Cetorhinidae Cetorhinus maximus (Gunnerus, 1765), Basking shark Lamnidae Carcharodon carcharias (LinnaeLis, 1758), Great white shark tsurus oxyrinchus (Rafinesque, 1810), Shortfin mako Lamna nasus (Bonnaterre, 1788), Porbeagle Squatiniformes Squatinidae Squatina acuteala (Cuvier, 1829), Sawback Squatina oculata (Bonaparte, 1840), Smoothbackangel­shark Squatina squatina (Linnaeus, 1758), Angelshark CONCLUSION S From previous facts it is obvious that there is a gen­eral lack of data on all sharks in the Mediterranean, it is most possible that some shark populations have suffered severe declines, dLte to unmanaged and irresponsible fisheries. It can also be said that the need for manage­ment of shark fisheries in order to ensure their long-term conservation has still not been recognized in the Medi­terranean area. Some attempts have indeed been made, such as the Draft action plan for the conservation of cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyans) in the Mediterra­nean Sea, but such actions are unfortunately merely an exception and very slow in progress, which makes the future of the shark populations very uncertain. As Mediterranean fisheries are a multi-species fishery, se­vere resistance and actual rejections concerning the im­plementation of shark managing programs are coming from fishermen, especially trawlers, as they are afraid of possible regulations, which could have a strong effect on their fishing gear, technique, seasons etc., i.e. their incomes. A suitable way would therefore perhaps be to concentrate first on large pelagic species, which are most vulnerable but caught as bycatch by fishing gear, whose selectivity and fishing technique can be regu­lated much easier than trawls. That would open much more space for the introduction of management pro­grams for target, sharks, which are mainly bottom spe­cies caught by trawls. Of course, such actions should go along with public awareness building regarding the conservation and protection of sharks by various educa­tional programs. Management programs should ensure precise fish­eries statistics of catches and landings by species. Criti­cal habitats, namely mating areas, spawning and nurs­ery grounds should be identified. Hence, scientific studies on biology and ecology of sharks should be continued and some new developed at the same time. Fishing gear and techniques that reduce shark bycatch and/or make possible live release should be encour­aged, while wasteful fishing practices as finning should be banned. By regularly reviewed status of sharks, threatened species should be legally protected by na­tional and international legislation. As many sharks are cosmopolitan, migratory species, regional coordination would be required for all these actions. Generally, all management programs should respect the principles of sustainability, precautionary principles and conservation measures as defined in the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries and in the Interna­tional Plan of Action for the Conservation and Manage­ment of Sharks, Such approach will, hopefully, ensure conservation of shark populations and biodiversity of marine ecosys­tem of the Mediterranean Sea. Aten SOLDO : STATUS O f SHARKS (N THE MEDITERRANEAN, 191-200 STATUS MORSKI H PSOV V SREDOZEMSKE M MORJ U Aien SOLDO Inštitut za oceanografijo in ribištvo, HR-21000 Split, P.O.BOX 500, Hrvaška E-mail: soldo@izor.hr POVZETEK Doslej je bilo v Sredozemskem morju ugotovljenih 47 vrst morskih psov. Nekatere izmed njih so gospodarsko pomembne, tako da jih že stoletja lovijo načrtno ali pa zgolj naključno, medtem ko so druge vrste redke ali celo zelo redke, kar pomeni, da njihovo pojavljanje ni bilo zabeleženo na običajni osnovi. Sicer pa je bilo zaradi nega­tivnih vplivov neodgovornih ribiških flot. na morske pse opaženo upadanje populacij nekaterih vrst Namen pričujo­čega članka je predstaviti status morskih psov v Sredozemskem morju in predlagati nekaj ukrepov za njihovo ohranitev in boljše upravljanje njihovega izkoriščanja. Ključne besede: morski psi, njihov status, ribiška industrija, ohranjanje vrst, Sredozemlje REFERENCES Anonymus (2002): Report of the meeting of experts for the elaboration of an Action Plan for the conservation of Mediterranean species of cartilaginous fish. UNEP , RAC/ SPA, Tunis. Bonfil, R., R, Mena & D. De Anda (1993): Biological pa­rameters of commercially exploited silky sharks, Car­charhinus falciform is, from the Campeche Bank, Mex­ico. In: Branstetter, S. (ed,): Conservation Biology of Sharks. NOA A Technical Report NMF S 115. U.S. Dept. Comm., Miami, 14 pp. Branstetter, S. (1987): Age and growth estimates for blacktip, Carcharhinus limbatus, and spinner, Car­charhinus brevipinna, sharks from the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Cope'ta, 1987(4), 964-974. Branstetter, S. & R. Stiles (1987): Age and growth esti­mates of the bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas, from the northern Gulf of the Mexico. Environ. Biol, Fishes, 20(3), 169-181. Cailliet, G. M,, L. K. Martin, j. T. Harvey, D. Kusher & B. A. Welden (1983): Preliminary studies on the age and growth of blue, Prionace glauca, common tresher, Alopias vulpinus, and shortftn mako, Isurus oxyrinchus, sharks from California waters. NOA A Technical Report NMF S 8. U.S. Dept. Comm., Washington D.C., p, 179­188, Casey, J, G. & L. j. Natanson (1992): Revised estimates of age and growth of the sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus) from the western North Atlantic. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. ScL, 49(7), 1474-1477. Castro, J. I., C. M. Woodley & R. L. Brudek (1999): A preliminary evaluation of the status of shark species. FAO Fish. Tech. Paper 380. FAO, Rome, 72 pp. Compagno, I . }. V. (1984): FAO species catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1. Hex­anchiformes to Lamniformes. FA O Fisheries Synopsis (125), 4(1), 249 pp. da Siiva, H. M . (1983): Preliminary studies of the ex­ploited stock of kitefin shark, Scymnorhinus llcha (Bon­naterre 1788) in the Azores. I.C.E.S. CM . 1983(G: 18), 18 pp. da Silva, H. M. (1987): An assessment of the Azorean stock of kitefin shark, Dalatias licha (Bonn 1788). I.C.E.S. 1987(G: 66), 11 pp. FAO (2002): Yearbook of Fishery Statistics 2000. Cap­ture production. FA O Statistics Series, Vol. 90/1. FAO, Rome, 630 pp. Hanan, D. A., D. B. Holts & A. L. Coan Jr. (1993): The California drift net fishery for sharks and swordfish, 1981-82 through 1990-91. Calif. Fish Game Bull., 175, 97 pp. Jones, B. C. & G. H. Geen (1977): Morphometric changes in an elasmobranch Squalus acanthias after preservation. Can. j. Zool., 55, 1060-1062. Nakano, H. (1994): Age, reproduction and migration of blue shark in the North Pacific Ocean. Bull. Natl. Res. Inst. Far Seas Fish., 31, 141-256. Natanson, L. J., N. E. Casey & N. E. Kohler (1995): Age and growth estimates for the dusky shark, Carcharhinus obscurus, in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Fish. Bull., 93, 116-126. Pollard, D. A. (1996): The biology and conservation status of the grey nurse shark (Carcbarias taurus (Rafi­nesque 1810)) in Ne w South Wales, Australia. Aquat. Conserv., 6, 1-20. ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 13 • 2003 • 2 Alen SOLDO : STATUS O F SHARKS I N THE MEDITERRANEAN , tgt-200 Seki, T., T. Taniuchí, H. Nakano & M. Shimuzu (1998): Age, growth and reproduction of the oceanic whitetip shark from the Pacific Ocean. Fish. Sci., 64, 14-20. Sminkey, T. R, & }. A. Musick (1995): Age and growth of the sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus, before and after population depletion. Copela, 1995, 871-883. Soldo, A. & I, jardas (2002a): Large sharks in the East­ern Adriatic. Proc. 41'1 Eiasm. Assoc. Meet., Livorno (It­aly) 2000. ICRAM, ARPAT & SFI, p. 141-155. Soldo, A. & Jardas, I. (2002b): Occurrence of great white shark, Carcharodori carcharías (Linnaeus, 1758) and basking shark, Cetorhinus maximus (Gunnerus, 1165) in the Eastern Adriatic and their protection. Pe­riod. Biol., 104(2), 195-201. Springer, S. (1960): Natural history of the sandbar shark Eulamia milberti. Fish. Bull., 61(178), 1-38. Strong, W . R. Jr., R. C. Murphy, B. D. Bruce & D. R. Nelson (1992): Movements and associated observations of bait-attracted white sharks, Carcharodori carcharías: a preliminary report. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res., 43, 13-20. Vannuccini, S. (1999): Shark utilization, marketing and trade. FAO Fish. Tech. Paper 389. FAO, Rome, 472 pp. Walter, j. P. & D. A. Ebert (1991): Preliminary estimates of age of the bronze whaler Carcharhinus brachyurus (Chondrichthyes: Carcharhinidae) from southern Africa, with a review of some life history parameters. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci., 10, 37-44. Wintner, S. B. & G. Cliff (1996): Age and growth de­termination of the blacktsp shark, Carcharhinus lirn­batus, from the east coast of South Africa. Fish. Bull., 94, 135-144. Zuffa, M., A. Soldo & T, Storai (2001): Preliminary ob­servations on abnormal abundance of Cetorhinus maxi­mus (Gunnerus, 1765) in the Centra! and Northern Adriatic Sea. Annales, Ser. Hist. Nat., 1 1 (2), 185-192. original scientific article UD K 597.3:639.2(262.3-15) received: 2003-04-11 SHARKS CAPTURED OFF PESCARA (ITALY, WESTERN ADRIATIC SEA) Cianluca CUCtNl i-65127 Pescara, via Itálica 42 E-mail: giankicacugirii@hoimait.com Alessandro DE MADDALENA Italian Great White Shark Data Bank, 1-20145 Milano, via L. Ariosto 4 ABSTRACT We present the results of a study of sharks captured in the waters off Pescara, Italy (Adriatic Sea), from May 2000 to March 2003. We recorded 144 sharks, representing at least 11 species: houndsharks (Mustelus sp. and maybe Leptocharias smithii, 29.86% of total captures), catsharks (Scyliorhinus canícula, S. stellaris and S. sp., 28.47%), Squalus acanthias (24.30%), Hexanchus griseus (5.55%), Prionace glauca (4.86%), Lamna nasus (2.77%), Cetorhi­nus maximus (2.08%), Alopias vulpinus (0.69%>), Oxynotus centrina (0.69%) and Centrophorus sp. (0.69%). We also had the opportunity to gather information concerning some captures of P. glauca, A. vulpinus, Carcharodon car­charlas and unidentified lamnid sharks that had occurred in previous years. In these waters, H. griseus appears to be relatively abundant and L. nasus is more common than previously believed; the paucity of captures of P. glauca may present cause for concern. Key words: sharks, fishery, Italy, Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean Sea GLÍ SQUALÎ CATTURATl NELLE ACQU E Di PESCARA {ITALIA, MARE ADRIATICO OCCIDENTALE) SINTESI Vengono presentati i risultati di uno studio degli squali pescad ne Ile acque di Pescara, Italia (Mare Adriático), dal Maggio 2000 al Marzo 2003. Sono stati registrad 144 esemplari, riferibili ad almeno 11 specie: palombi (Mustelus sp. e forse Leptocharias smithii, 29.86% delle catture totali), gattucci (Scyliorhtnus canicula, S. stellaris e S. sp., 28.47%), Squalus acanthias (24.30%), Hexanchus griseus (5.55%), Prionace glauca (4.86%), Lamna nasus (2.77%), Cetorhinus maximus (2.08%), Alopias vulpinus (0.69%), Oxynotus centrina (0.69%) e Centrophorus sp. (0.69%). E' stato inoltre possibile ri levare informazioni inerenti ad alcune catture di P. glauca, A. vulpinus, Carcharodon car­charías e lamnidi non identificad oc cor se in anni precedenti. In queste acque H. griseus appare relativamente fré­quente e L. nasus e p/u comune di quanto si ritenesse; e préoccupante l'esiguite dî catture di P. glauca. Parole chiave: squali, pesca, Italia, Mare Adriático, Mare Mediterráneo Cwnltrca CUGIN I 4 Aiessanctro 06 MADDALENA : SHARKS CAPTURE D OFF PESCARA (ITALY, WESTER N ADRIATIC SEA}, 201-308 INTRODUCTIO N The capture of sharks, mostly as by-catch, along the Italian coast has only rarely been the object of specific and long-term analysis (De Maddalena & Piscitelli, 2001). However, such studies are an important source of data that, correctly interpreted, allow us to significantly increase our knowledge of sharks inhabiting the Medi­terranean Sea. Such an investigation permits us to gather fundamental information on occurrence, distribution, relative abundance and fisheries status of many shark species. For these reasons, a study of the sharks cap­tured in the waters off Pescara, Abruzzi, Italy (Western Adriatic Sea), an area where shark fauna have previ­ously been only infrequently and irregularly investi­gated, has been conducted over a three-year period. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study commenced in May 2000 and is still in progress, the results presented herein are those obtained through March 2003. This program is among the various regional initiatives that began following the formation of the Mediterranean Shark Research Group (MSRG), of which both authors are members. This study has been conducted primarily through periodic examination of the fish brought to Pescara Fish Market and by main­taining contacts with the veterinary staff and the fisher­men working with that organization. Through these contacts many specimens observed by the Fish Market staff were added to those that were personally examined by one of the authors (G. C.). Additionally, w e actively solicited the collaboration and participation of sport fishermen in the study area. Whenever possible, the following data were collected for each specimen: spe­cies, size, sex, location and date of capture. In some ca­ses, it was also possible to collect photographic or fil­med evidence of the specimens. Other additional data, such as weight of the specimen and distance from the coast, were only rarely collected. The size of each shark was recorded as total length (TOT) measured as a straight line extending from the tip of the snout to the tip of the upper lobe of caudal fin, with the caudal fin in the depressed position, which is also the maximum length (Compagno, 1984}. The clas­sification w e followed is that of Compagno (1984). RESULTS During the study period w e recorded 144 sharks, representing at least 11 species, 9 families and 4 orders. These were: order Hexanchiformes: bluntnose sixgill shark, Hexanchus griseus (n=8) (family Hexanchidae); order Squaliformes: gulper shark, Centrophorus sp. (n=1), piked dogfish, Squalus acanthias (n=35) (family Squalidae), angular roughshark, Oxynotus centrina (n=1) (family Oxynotidae); order Lamniformes: common thresher shark, Alopias vulpinus (n=1) (family Alopii­dae), basking shark, Cetorhinus maximus (n=3) (family Cetorhlnidae), porbeagle, Lamna nasus (n-4) (family Lamnidae); order Carcharh i ni formes: small-spotted cat-shark Scyliorhinus canícula (n=20), nursehound, Scylio­rhlnus stellaris (n=1) (family Scyliorhlnidae), barbeled houndshark, teptocharias smithii (n=2)(family Lepto­chariidae) (but the species identification is not con­firmed), smooth-hound, Mustelus sp. (n=41) (family Tri­akidae) and blue shark, Prionace glauca (n-7)(family Carcharhinidae}. Capture locations were primarily in the waters off Pescara, some additional captures occurred in the wa­ters of such nearby localities as Giulianova (35 km north of Pescara), Silvi Marina (10 km north of Pescara) and Ortona (16 km south of Pescara) (Fig, 1). The data collected are presented in Tab. 1. For each specimen, the following data are reported: species, number of specimens (No.), capture date, capture loca­tion, sex (M or F), total length in cm, data source (when not directly collected by G . C.) and additional notes. Fig, T; Area of Pescara, Italy, on the Western Adriatic Sea coast, (Drawing: A. De Maddalena). SI-J; Območje Pescare, Italija, na zahodni jadranski obali. (Risba: A. De Maddalena). Giankrca CUC.iN I & Alessanilto DE MADOALENA : SHARK S CAPTURE D OF E PESCAR A (ITALY, WESTER N ADRIATI C SEAS, 201-208 Tab. 1: Sharks captures off Pescara (Italy, Western Adriatic Sea) recorded during the study period (May 2000 ­March 2003). Tab. 7: Morski psi, ujeti v vodah blizu Pescare (Italija, zahodni jadranj in zabeleženi v preučevanem obdobju (maj 2000 -marec 2003). 5PECÍE5 No. DATE I.OCA-SEX TOTAL SOURC E NOTES TIO N LENGTH (cm) Prionace glauca 1 May 2000 Pescara -275 Photographed. Prionace glauca 2 Summer 2000 Pescara -ca. 200 Caught by sport-fishermen. Lamna nasus 1 Summer 2000 Pescara -<200 Caught by sport-fishermen. Prionace glauca 1 August 2000 Ortona -ISO Photographed. Oxynotus centrina 1 October 2000 Pescara F 50-60 F. Lodi (pers. Pregnant, carrying S embryos. comm.) Ce torh inus maximus 1 iind of November Pescara -500 F. Lodi (peis. Landed already cut in pieces. 2000 comm.) Leptocharias smithii (?) 2 April 26lh 2.001 Pescara -ca. 100 Black-spotted coloration. The species identification is doubtful. Lamna nasus 1 May 8"' 2001 Pescara M ca. 150 Weight: 35 kg. Squalus acanthias 1 May 2001 Pescara F ca. 70 Alopias vulpinus 1 June 2001 Pescara -350 E. Ballone (pers. comm.) Scyliorhinus sp. 2(1 ca. July 2001 Pescara M & F -Cetorhinus maximus 1 November 2001 Pescara -500 Caught by fishing vessel "Nausicaa". Photographed. Lamna nasus 1 December 2001 Pescara F ca. 2S0 Filmed. Total length estimated from the video. Cetorhlnus maximus 1 December 20t!' Pescara -700 Filmed (Fig. 2). 2001 Mustelus sp. 1 Mid January 2002 Pescara M 120 Black-spotted coloration. Photo­ graphed. Hexanchus griseus 1 January 22nd 2002 Pescara F 350 Photographed (Fig. 3). Hexanchus gríseas 1 January 22"" 2002 Pescara M - Lamna na sus 1 February-March GiuManova 180 "Remo" (pers. Caught by fisherman "Remo" . 2002 comm.) Scyliorhinus canícula 20 ca. 18th April 2002 Pescara -1 - - Scyliorhinus stellaris 1 23rd April 2002 Pescara -ca. 120 j Centíophorus sp. 1 23rli April 2002 Pescara -ca. 100 1 Prionace glauca 1 11,!' July 2002 Pescara -ca. 350 Caught about 20 miles offshore. Photographed (Fig. 4). Prionace glauca 1 2151 July 2002 Giulianova -150 "Remo" (pers. Caught by fisherman "Remo". comm.) Prionace glauca 1 2111 July 2002 Gíulianova -240 Hexanchus griseus 1 28'1' August 2002 Pescara ca. 100 Weight: 80 kg. Hexanchus griseus 1 25iKSeptember Pescara -ca. 170 2002 Mustelus sp. S 3'" October 2002 Pescara F 100 to 120 Caught inshore. Hexanchus griseus 1 10"' October 2002 Pescara F ca. 450-500 Mustelus sp, 3 14'" November Pescara f ca. 100 2002 Hexanchus griseus 1 19lh November Pescara 200 2002 Squalus acanthias 1 3rd December Pescara F ca. 100 2002 Mustelus sp. 1 3,d December Pescara f 50 2002 Squalus acanthias 1 9ltl January 2003 Pescara F ca. 120 Caught about 10 mites offshore. |.Squalus acanthias 2 9lil January 2003 Pescara --Caught about 10 mites offshore. Mustelus sp. 4 9"' January 2003 Pescara --Caught about 10 mites offshore-Squalus acanthias 30 1 f.lh January 2003 Pescara --Caught offshore. Mustelus sp. 1 16"' January 2003 Pescara F 120 Slack-spotted coloration. Hexanchus griseus 1 23"' January 2003 Pescara ca. 200 Landed already cut in pieces. Hexanchus griseus 1 25'1' February 2003 Pescara -ca. 200 Landed already cut in pieces. Mustelus sp. 1 26,(> February 2003 Pescara -ca. 150 Weight: over ! S kg. Mustelm sp. 20 27"' February 2003 Pescara -ca. 50 Caught inshore. Mustelus sp. 2 6th March 2003 Pescara -ca. 120 ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 13 • 2003 • 2 Gianlura CIJGINS & AleMandro DE MADDALENA : SHARKS CAPTURE D OFF PESCARA (ITALY, WESTER N ADRIATIC SEA), 201-208 Tab. 2: Additional shark captures recorded during the study for the species that had occurred off Pescara, Giu­lianova and Silvi Marina in previous years. Tab. 2: Morski psi, ki so se pojavljali v vodah v bližini Pescare, Giulianove in Silvi Marine v letih pred preučevanim obdobjem. SPECIES No. DATE LOCAHON SEX TOTAL SOURCE NOTES LENGTH (cms) Carcharodon carcharias 1 Around Pescara -ca.60 0 V. Pomante Caught by fisherman 1945 (pers. comm.) Vittorio Pomante. Isurus oxyrinchus or 3 1958 Pescara V. Pomante Caught within a week Lamna nasus (pers. comm.) by fisherman Vittorio Pomante. Alopias vulpinus 1 1987 Glulianova -600 "Remo" (pers. Caught by fisherman comm.) "Remo". Prionace glauca 1 1995 Giulianova -340 "Remo" (pers. Caught by fisherman comm.) "Remo". Alopias vulpinus 1 1997 Silvi Marina 416 Caught by sportfisher­men. Photographed. Prionace glauca 1 1999 Silvi Marina 270 Caught by sportfisher­men. Photographed. Alopias vulpinus 1 Summer Pescara -ca.300 Caught by sportfisher­1999 men. Alopias vulpinus 1 2000 Silvi Marina 330 Caught by sportfisber­irien. Photographed, Whil e w e collected data on sharks captured during Centrophorus sp. (0.69%). Two specimens were initially this study period, w e also had the opportunity to gather Identified as Leptocbarias smithii, but a subsequent in-information concerning some captures that had oc-quiry suggests that the species identification is doubtful. curred in previous years in the waters off Pescara, Giu-Therefore, the presence of L. smithii in the Adriatic Sea lianova and Silvi Marina. These captures included should be regarded as doubtful and requiring further in-members of the following species: blue shark, Prionace vestigation. W e note that in this zone, as observed along glauca, common thresher shark, Alopias vulpinus, white other parts of the Italian coast (A. De Maddalena, un­shark, Carcharodon carcharias, as well as other lamnid publ. data), H. griseus appears to be relatively abundant, sharks not clearly identified but possibly either shortfin despite the fact that it is a species of conspicuous size. mako, Isurus oxyrinchus or porbeagle, Lamna nasus. The paucity of captures of P. glauca observed in this These additional data are presented In Tab. 2. study may present cause for concern for this species, since it is usually considered to be the most common DISCUSSION large shark by far in the Western Adriatic. W e also draw attention to the four captures of L. nasus. Recently, Mar-The number of sharks captured off Pescara from May coni & De Maddalena (2001) reported the capture of a 2000 to March 2003 and the percentage of each species young, 91 cm female porbeagle that occurred off San of the total shark captures are presented in Tab. 3, Benedetto del Tronto (60 km North of Pescara) in July The most abundant sharks in the area off Pescara are 2001, while this study was being conducted. It is very those of small and medium size: Mustelus sp. (28.47% interesting to note that all these captures occurred of total captures), the catsharks (ScySiorhinus canicula, within a relatively small area, since the porbeagle has S. slellaris and S. sp., 28.47%) and Squalus acanthias usually been described as particularly rare in the Adri­(24.30%). Large sharks are less abundant: Hexanchus atic Sea (Tortonese, 1956; Pallaoro & iardas, 1996; griseus (5.55%), Prionace glauca (4.86%), Lamna nasus Soldo & jardas, 2002; L. Lipej, pers. comm.; A. Soldo, (2.77%), Celorhinus maximus (2.08%) (Fig. 2), Alopias pers. comm.). It is evident that in this area L. nasus is at vulpinus (0.69%). Our data suggest that the rarest spe-present surely more common than previously believed. cies in the area are Oxynotus centrina (0.69%) and Gianlura C!JC!N| & Afe^.-judra OE MAO D Ai ENA: SHARKS CAPTURED OFF PESCARA (ITALY, WESTERN ADRIATIC SEA), 20S-208 Fig. 2: Basking shark, Cetorhinus maximus (ca. 700 cm), caught off Pescara (Italy, Western Adriatic Sea) on De­cember 20,h 2001. (Photo reproduced by kind permis­sion of M. Di Giovanni) St. 2: Približno 700 cm dolg morski pes orjak Cetorhi­nus maximus, ujet nedaleč od Pese,ire (Italija, zahodni Jadran) 20. decembra 2001. (Fotografija s prijaznim dovoljenjem M. Di Giovannija) Tab. 3: Number of shark specimens captured off Pes­cara (Italy, Western Adriatic Sea) recorded during the study period (May 2000 - March 2003), by species and percentage of total shark captures. Tab. 3: Število vrst morskih psov, ujetih v vodah blizu Pešcare (Italija, zahodni Jadran) in zabeleženih med preučevanim obdobjem (maj 2000 -marec 2003) po vrstah in odstotkih njihovega skupnega ulova. SPECIES No. % Hexanchus griseus 8 5.55 Centrophorus sp. 1 0.69 Squalus acanthias 35 24.30 Oxynotus centrina 1 0.69 Alopias vulpinus 1 0.69 Cetorhinus maximus 3 2.08 (amna nasus 4 2.77 Scyliorhinus canícula 20 13.89 Scyliorhinus stellaris i 0.69 Scyliorhinus sp. 20 13.89 Leptocharias smithii (?) 2 1.39 Mustelus sp. 41 28.47 Prionace glauca 7 4.86 The lengths of all specimens fell within the ranges previously described for these species. The female H. griseus caught on 10 October 2002 and measuring be­tween 450 and 500 cm, is close to the maximum size reported in the literature for this species (at least 482 cm according to Compagno, 1984). W e emphasize the fact that five of the recorded smooth-hound specimens ex­ceeded 100-cm length and one measured approximately 150 cm. This further confirms that large smooth-hounds are not uncommon in the Adriatic Sea; the largest Mustelus mustelus (165 cm total length) recorded from the entire Mediterranean Sea was captured in the Adria­tic (De Maddalena et ai, 2001a). Also of interest is the capture of a 600-cm Alopias vulpinus that occurred off Giuiianova in 1987. Compagno (1984) reported a maximum length for this species of at least 549 cm and possibly as much as 610 cm. Unfortunately in our case, the reported length was only an approximate one and the lack of photographic evidence does not allow us Fig. 3: A female bluntnose sixgill shark, Hexanchus griseus {350 cm in length), caught off Pescara (Italy, Western Adriatic Sea) on January 2T6 2002. (Photo: G. Cugini) SI. 3: 350 cm dolga samica šesteroškrgarja Hexanchus griseus, ujeta pri Pescari (Italija, zahodni Jadran) 22. januarja 2002. (Foto: G. Cugini) Cisnkica CLJGINt s, Alpssamiro DC MADDALENA : SHARKS CAPTURE D OFF PESCARA (ITALY, WESTERN ADRIATIC SEA), 201-208 to report a conclusive size. The capture of a 600 cm Carcharodon carchadas that occurred sometime in 1945 off Pescara, is also of interest; this species reaches at least 640-660 cm TOT and very probably even more {De Maddalena et al, 2001a). However, as in many ot­her cases of white shark specimens reported to be of ve­ry large size, the reported length is approximate, and the lack of photographic evidence precludes reporting a de­finite length. Two large Prionace glauca, one measuring 340 cm and the other approximately 350 cm (they were caught in 1995 and on 11 july 2002 respectively and both documented by photographic evidence}, also merit mention (Fig. 4). Finally w e note the large approxi­mately 120 cm female Squalus acanthias caught on 9 January 2003. Two of the smooth-hounds, Mustelus sp. (one caught in mid-January 2002 and another on 16 January 2003) exhibited a black-spotted coloration that, according to Compagno (1984), is typical of the blackspotted smooth-hoLind, Mustelus punctulatus. However, accord­ing to more recent observations, M. punctulatus may not be acceptable as a recognized species, since there is not sufficient morphological difference between it and the other smooth-hound species present in the Mediterra­nean area (j. Barrull & I. Mate, pers. comm.; Barrull & Mate, 2002). Moreover, Tortonese (1956) reported that Fig. 4: Head of a ca. 350 cm blue shark, Prionace glauca, caught off Pescara (Italy, Western Adriatic Sea) on 11 july 2002. (Photo: G. Cugini) SI. 4: Glava kakih 350 cm dolgega sinjega morskega psa Prionace glauca, ujetega v bližini Pescare (Italija, za­hodni Jadran) 11. julija 2002. (Foto: G. Cugini) individuals of M. mustelus sometimes also exhibit a black-spotted coloration. The collected documentation does not provide conclusive evidence to identify the re­corded specimens as either M. mustelus or M. punctu­latus. In order to definitely establish or refute the validity of M. punctulatus as a species, one of the authors (A. D.) is currently conducting an extensive collection of mor­phometric data from Mustelus specimens caught in the Mediterranean Sea. In Italy, shark meat is consumed in all parts of the country; moreover, Italy is the world's leading importer of sharks, according to l: A O statistics (Vannuccini, 1999). In Pescara, as has been reported for other Italian regions (Vannuccini, 1999; De Maddalena & Piscitelli, 2001), the meat of most sharks is marketed and sold un­der incorrect names. Thus, not just Mustelus sp., but also iamna nasus, Alopias vulpinus, Prionace glauca, Hexanchus griseus and maybe Leptocharias smithii are usually sold as "pa 10 in bo" (smooth-hound). Exceptions to this practice are Squalus acanthias and Scyliorhinus sp., which are usually sold under their correct common names of "spinarolo" (piked dogfish) and "gattuccio" (catshark). CONCLUSIONS The study of sharks from commercial fisheries and, secondarily, from sportfisheries permits monitoring of the state of local shark populations. The continuous long-term analysts w e have conducted provides infor­mation on occurrence, relative abundance and fisheries status of some shark species occurring in the study area. The study w e present here has been conducted in a relatively simple manner; conseqtfently the results show some incompleteness and approximations. On e reason for this is the fact that all of the work for this project has been accomplished through the present time without any support from public or private institutions. Sharks are being overfished in many parts of the world. As bony fish fisheries have been depleted, fish­ermen have compensated increasing shark captures. An estimated 50 % of the world shark catch is believed to be taken as bycatch, caught accidentally while fishing for other commercial species such as tuna and sword­fish. The reproductive biology of sharks (long sexual maturation times, low fecundity, long gestation periods and relatively small litter size) makes them extremely vulnerable to such pressure. Thus, shark stocks are un­able to withstand protracted periods of overexploitation. The apparent decline of shark numbers warrants an urgent investigation into the status of the species in­volved. Effective conservation and management of shark fisheries is based on research upon the biology, ecology, distribution, abundance and exploitation of sharks. Shark research is often neglected in favour of study of the more commercially important bony fishes despite Gianlucs CUCIN I & Alexandra DE MADDALENA : SHARKS CAPTURE » OFT PESCARA (ITALY. WESTER N ADRIATIC SEA), 201-208 the fact that sharks play an important role in marine ecosystems. There is a critical need for biological infor­mation on the life history of many shark species in order to better assess stock status and harvest impact. It is also necessary to better manage fisheries in which sharks constitute a significant bycatch {Rose, 1996; Vannuc­cini, 1999; Watts, 2001). Lack of research and man­agement in many countries, such as is sadly the case in Italy, may lead to the extinction of many shark species. At least 41 species of sharks occur in Italian waters, but there is evidence that many of these have strongly de­clined during the twentieth century (A. De Maddalena, unpub. data). Among these w e can cite the sandtsger shark, Cardiarias taurus, small tooth sandtiger, Odonta­spis ferox, white shark, Carcharodon cardiarias, shortfin mako, isurus oxyrinchus, porbeagle, Lamna nasus, tope shark, Galeorhinus ga leus, sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plum lye us, blue shark, Prion ace giauca, smooth ham­merhead, Sphyrna zygaena, bramble shark, Echinorhi­nus brucus and angular roughs!wk, Oxynotus centrina. ACKNOWLEDGMENT S Very special thanks to all the people that offered their help in collecting data, photographs and general information for this work: Fabrizio l.odi, Vincenzo Olivieri, Eugenio Eallone, Vittorio Pomante, Manuccio Di Giovanni, Giovanni di Giorgio, Cabriele Romano, "Remo", Alen Soldo, Lovrenc Lipej, Joan Barrull and Isabel Mate. Special thanks to John G. New, who kindly edited the English text of this work. W e also thank the referees for their helpful comments. A particular thanks from Alessandro De Maddalena goes to his wife Ales­sandra. MORSKI PSI, UJETI V BLIŽINI PESCARE (ITALIJA, ZAHODN I JADRAN) Gianluca CUGINI 1-65127 Pescara, via Italica 42 E-mail: gianlucacugini@hotmatl.com Alessandro DE MADDALENA Italian Great White Shark Data Bank, I-20145 Milano, via L. Arioslo 4 POVZETEK Avtorja predstavljata rezultate študije morskih psov, ujetih v vodah nedaleč od Pescare (Italija, zahodni Jadran) med majem 2.000 in marcem 2003. Ujetih je bilo 144 morskih psov najmanj I / različnih vrst: navadnih morskih psov (Mustekis sp. in morda Leptocharias smithii, 29,86% celotnega ulova), morskih mačk (Scyliorhinus canicula, S. stellaris in S. sp., 28,47%), Squalus acanthias (24,30%), Hexanchus griseus (5,55%), Prionace giauca (4,86%), Lamna nasus (2,77%), Cetorhinus maximus (2,08%.), Alopias vulpinus (0,69%), Oxynotus centrina (0,69%) in Cen­t rop ho ru s sp. (0,69%). Avtorja sta hkrati dobila priložnost zbrati nekaj informacij glede ulova vrst P. giauca, A. vul­pinus, Carcharodon carcharias in nekaterih neidentificiranih lamnidov, ki so se v teh vodah pojavljali v prejšnjih letih. Vse kaže, da je morski pes šesteroškrgar tu razmeroma številčen, medtem ko je skušolovec pogostejši, kot so sprva domnevali. Po drugi strani pa je mahštevilnost ujetih sinji morskih psov vsekakor razlog za zaskrbljenost. Ključne besede: morski psi, ribištvo, Italija, jadransko morje, Sredozemsko morje ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 13 • 2003 • 2 Granítica CíJGIN i & Alessandro DE MADDALENA : SHARK S CAPR I RED OF F PESCARA (ITALY, WESTER N ADRIATI C SEA). 201-208 REFERENCES Barrull, J. & I. Mate (2002): Tiburones de! Mediter­ráneo. Uibreria Eí Set-cifencles, Arenys de Mar, 292 pp. Compagno, L. ). V. (1984): FAO species catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks oí the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Parts 1 -2. FA O Fisheries Synopsis 125, 1-655. De Maddalena, A. & L. Pisciteili (2001): Analisi pre­liminare dei selaci registrati presso il mercato ittico di Milano (aprile-settembre 2000}. Bollettino del Museo cívico di Storia naturale di Venezia, 52, 129-145. De Maddalena, A., L. Pisciteili & R. Malandra (2001a): The largest; specimen of smooth-hound, Musteius mu­steius (Linnaeus, 1758), recorded from the Mediterra­nean Sea. Biljeske - Notes, 84, 1-7. De Maddalena, A., Zuffa, M., Lipej, L. & A. Celona (2001b): An analysis of the photographic evidences of the largest great white sharks, Carcharodon carcharías (Linnaeus, 1758), captured in the Mediterranean Sea with considerations about the maximum size of the spe­cies. Annales, Ser. hist, nat., 11(2), 193-206. Marconi, M. & A. De Maddalena (2001): O n the cap­ture of a young porbeagle, Lamna nasus (Bonnaterre, 1788), in the Western Adriatic Sea. Annales, Ser. hist, nat., 1 1(2), 179-184. Paflaoro, A. & I. Jardas (1996): Ichthyological collection of the institute of Oceanography and Fisheries in Split (Croatia). Natura Croatica, 5(3), 177-219. Rose, D. A. (1996): An overview of world trade in sharks and other cartilaginous fishes. Traffic Interna­tiona!, 106 pp. Soldo, A. & I. Jardas (2002): Large sharks in the Eastern Adriatic. Proc. 4th Elasm, Assoc. Meet., Livorno (Italy) 2000. ICRAM, ARPAT & SFI, p. 141 -1 55. Tortonese, E. (1956): Fauna dTtalia. Vol. II. Leptocardia, Ciclostomata, Selachii. Calderini, Bologna, 334 pp. Vannuccini, S. (1999): Shark utilization, marketing and trade. FA O Fish. Tech. Paper 389. FAO, Rome, 472 pp. Watts, S. (2001): The end of the line? WildAid, San Francisco, 62 pp. FAVNA FAUNA FAUNA original scientific article UD K 595.142.2:591.9(202.3-16) received: 2003-10-20 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOFT-BOTTOM POLYCHAETES ALONG WESTERN COAST OF THE NORTHERN ADRIATIC SEA (ITALY) Floriana ALEFFl, Nicola BETTOSO & Vivianne SOLÍS-WEÍSS Marine Biology Laboratory, Trieste, I-3405O Trieste, Via A. Piccard 54 E-mail: aleffi@univ.trieste.it. ABSTRACT The composition and spatial distribution of soft bottoms poiychaetes in the northwestern Adriatic Sea are de­scribed. The basin is characterized by shallow depths (mean depths 33.5 m), high river inputs along the western coast, large annual temperature variations and water stratification during the summer. The sediment composition varied from muds to sands. A total of 135 species, belonging to 37 families, were identified; the average density and biotnass were respectively 313 ind. m"z and 17.6 g WW m'2. The cluster analysis on abundance data resulted in four main groups of stations, characterized by different sets of organisms and sediment features. The river inputs and depth seem to be particularly important in structuring these bottom populations. Key words: poiychaetes, distribution, soft-bottom, Adriatic Sea DÍSTRIBUZIONE SPAZ1ALE DEI POLICHETI DÍ FOND ! MOBILÍ LUNG O LA COSTA OCCIDENTALE DELL'ADRIATICO SETTENTRIONALE (ITALIA) SINTESl Nei presente lavoro viene descritta la composizione e la dist.ribuz.ione dei policheti di fondi mobili nell'Adrlatico Nord occidentale. II hacino e caratterizzato da profondita non elevate, cospicui apporti fluvial! tungo !I versante oc­cidentale, ampie variazioni di temperatura e stratificazione delta colonna d'acqua durante l'estate. La composizione tessiturale del sedimento varia da fanghi a sabbie. Sono state identifícate 135 specie appaitenenti a 37 famiglie; la densita media e la biomassa erario rispettivamente di 313 ind. mA e 17.6 g m'2 di peso umido. l/analisi multivariata sui dati di abbondanza ha rilevato quattro gruppi príncipali di stazioni, caratterizzati da una diversa composizione degli organismi e dei sedimenti. Gli apporti continental! e la profondita sernbrano particolarmente importanti nella caratterizzazione di queste comunita di fondo. Parole chiave: policheti, distríbuzione, fondi mobili, Mare Adriático ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 13 • 2003 • 2 Floriana ALEf H a ni : SPATIAL. DiSTRiBUTtO N O f SOFT-BOTTO M POLYCHAETE S ALON G WESTER N COAS T .... 211-222 INTRODUCTIO N The northern Adriatic Sea is characterized by shal­low depths (mean depth 33.5 m and maximum depth 70 m) and considerable river inputs. These inputs are par­ticularly important on the western coast where the Po River discharges 50 % of the total freshwater flow in the northern Adriatic and is the most important al­lochthonous source of organic matter and nutrients for the entire Mediterranean Sea (Pagnotta etai, 1999). The shores are predominantly sandy along the northwestern coast and the deposition of fine material from northern rivers is relatively poor, settling along a discontinuous narrow belt. In the area influenced by the Po River, the belt of fine bottom sediments becomes larger and extends southwards. Offshore shelf sands are present (l-'rigrtani & Frascari, 1990). The main oceanographic features of the basin are the annual variation in the density structure of the water column, characterized by a strong summer stratification and a dynamic separation between the waters of the ba­sin proper and the coastal zone (Franco & Michelato, 1992). The northern Adriatic Sea is undergoing considerable anthropic pressure due to nutrients loading (urban and agricultural development) (Degobbis ef a/., 2000), commercial fishing and tourism, including the infra­structure to support it. Furthermore, oxygen depletion deriving from natural hydrological processes and/or eutrophication mainly for the area influenced by the Po (Faganeli et a/., 1985; Degobbis ef a/., 1991; justic, 1991; Vollenweider et a/., 1992; Orel et a/., 1993a), pe­riodically cause severe hypoxia and even anoxia in the bottom layers resulting in massive local benthos mortal­ity (Aleffi ef a/., 1992; Rinaldi eta!., 1993; Stachowitsch & Fuchs, 1995; Kollmann & Stachowitsch, 2001). In ad­dition, the area is affected by occasional massive muci­lage formations (Azam et al., 1999; Degobbis et al., 1999) which, sinking to the bottom, asphyxiate the benthic fauna (Orel et al., 1993b). Despite this environ­mental stress, the northern Adriatic Sea has been char­acterized by a rich benthic fauna and studied since the 19th century. In 1934-1936, Vatova (1949) sampled the macrobentbic communities of the northern and middle Adriatic and defined some ecological units as "zooce­noses", based on the dominant species. Subsequent studies on benthic communities have been either local­ized (Fedra eta!., 1976; Aleffi et al., 1996; Mancinelii ef at, 1998; Moodley ef al., 1998) or very general; in the latter, different data sets have been analysed together to achieve a comprehensive overview of the northern Adriatic benthos (Orel ef a/., 1987; Scardi et al., 2000). However, regarding the Polychaeta fauna, previous studies have been carried out only for some species and in narrow areas along the northwestern coast (Ambrogi et al., 1993; Caste!li et al., 1999). O n the contrary, along the northeastern coast, mainly characterized by rocky shores, the first surveys on polychaetes started in the 19,h century (Grube, 1840, 1861), and were followed in the 20lh century by numerous taxonomic studies; among the most important, we can cite: Fauvel (1934, 1940), Amoureux & Katzmann (1971), Amoureux (1975, 1976), Bel Ian (1969) and Po2ar-Domac (1978). The present study constitutes the first comprehensive survey carried out along the western coast of the north­ern Adriatic (from Trieste to Ancona) in order to deter­mine the composition, structure and spatia! distribution of the soft bottoms polychaetes. MATERIAL AN D METHODS Within the framework of the PRISMA 1 Project (fi­nanced by the Italian Ministry of Research), carried out in May 1995, forty stations were sampled along the Fig. /; Map of the study area showing the sampling sta­tions. The four delimited areas (1, 2, 3, 4) correspond to the dendrogram groups. SI. 1: Zemljevid obravnavanega območja z vzorčeval­nimi postajami. Štiri označeni predeli (l , 2, 3, 4) us­trezajo skupinam v dendrogramu. Floriitna AlEFF ! e/ at.: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTIO N O F so FT-BOTTOM POLYCHAETES ALON G WESTER N COAST... , 211-222 western Adriatic coast, at depths ranging from 12 to 70 m (Fig. 1). At each station, five samples were collected with a 0.1 m2 van Veen grab, sieved through a 1 mm mesh and preserved in buffered 4 % formalin. Biomass (wet weight: WW ) determinations were made by weighing formalin-preserved samples, following blotting on absorbent paper. Abundances were adjusted to 1 nr . Species were grouped in feeding guilds according to Fauchald & jumars (1979). Four main groups were con­sidered: suspension feeders (SF), surface-deposit feeders (SDF), subsurface-deposit feeders (SSOF) and carni­vores/omnivores (C). The sediment textural characteris­tics were taken both from Brambati et al. (1983) and Frascari et al. (2000). The latter analysed the sediment features in the same PRISMA 1 Project. Univariate analyses used included: number of spe­cies, as a measure of alpha diversity, abundance and biomass. Multivariate analysis was performed using the Bray-Curtis similarity index on double square root transformed abundance data, using group-average clus­tering (PR)MER software package developed at the Ply­mouth Marine Laboratory) on the species determined for each station. RESULTS AN D DISCUSSION At all stations, the polychaetes dominated in species number in comparison with other main macrobenthic taxonomic groups, such as moiluscs, crustaceans and echinoderms (Fig. 2). A total of 6260 polychaetes were collected and 135 species were determined from 37 families. The dominant family in terms of species rich­ness and abundance was by far Spionidae with 17 spe­cies and a total of 702 organisms (11.3% of the total), followed by Maldanidae and Sabellidae both with nine species and 507 (8.1%) and 273 (4.3%) individuals re­spectively. The most frequent species were Lumbrineris gracilis (75%), Ampbarete acutifrons (63%), Spiopbanes kroyeri (63%), Levinsenia gracilis (60%), Spiocbaeto­pterus costarum (58% ) and Melinna palmata (58%) (Ap­pend. 1). The number of species varied from 51 in st. 10 to only 3 species in st. 25. The highest values were found in zones A and B (Fig. 3). The average density was 313 ind. m"3 with maximum values of 1,420 ind. m'2 (st. 9) and minimum values of 56 ind. m"2 (st. 25); the highest densities were observed in the same two areas (A and B), in which the highest number of species was found (Fig. 4). These two zones are characterized by mixed sediments where sands dominate (Brambati et a!., 1983), constituting a quite heterogeneous habitat and thus fa­vouring higher species richness than fine and homoge­neous sediments (Gray, 1974). Despite this fact, in A and B both the number of species and density are higher than would have been expected, since they are located offshore in deeper areas (25-30 m in A and 40-50 m in B) while in general, shallow coastal zones directly influ­enced by river inputs, where organic matter content is high, as in the vicinity of the Po delta, could be thought to be more favourable for the development of those populations. In addition, zone A is considered an area of sedimentary instability, due to the effects of anthropic factors, such as trawling fisheries and the long term ef­fects of dumping operations carried out for years and stopped a couple of years before this study was initiated. 1 i 3 4 5 6 7 S 9 iti II U 13 14 I? 16 11 IS 19 20 31 21 23 24 25 Jh 11 2i Ti 3« 31 32 33 34 3Î .5« 39 38 jî> 40 stations Fig. 2: Number of species of the main macrobenthic taxa (polychaetes, molluscs, crustaceans, echinoderms) at each station. SI. 2: Število vrst glavnih makrobentoških taksonov (mnogoščetinci, mehkužci, raki in iglokožci) na posamezni postaji. ANNALE S • Ser. hist. nat. • 1 3 • 2003 • 2 Flori d ALEFFI el,it.: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION O F SOFT-BOTTOM POLYCHAETES ALON G WESTER N COAST .... 211-222 Fig. 3: Contours of the species richness; A and B indi­ cate the zones of highest values. SI. 3: Vrstna pestrost; A in B označujeta cone z na­ jvečjo gostoto. The average biomass was 17.6 g W W m*2, with con­siderable differences among the stations. The highest value was 172.8 g W W m"2 in st. 1, due to the presence of the tube-dwelling polychaete Chaetopterus variope­datus, whereas the minimum value of 1,73 g W W trf3 was found at st. 15, where density was also low. The biomass values can help explain the evident differences found between muddy and prevalently sandy bottoms, since densities are highest in fine sands, but with lower values of biomass than in stations characterized by muddy sediments; this is mainly due to the prevalence of small size polychaetes. Over the whole area, the dominant species were: O we/7ia fusiformis, characteristic of sandy sediments, Maldane glebifex, characteristic of muddy bottoms, and L. gracilis, without any definite preference for a specific type of sediment. Cluster analysis on abundance data evidenced four main groups of stations (Fig. 5) characterized by differ­ent community types and different sediment features. Area 1 (Fig. 1} was located along the coastline in muddy bottoms influenced by the main North Adriatic rivers in­puts (Isonjro, Tagliamento, Piave, Adige, Po}. The most abundant and frequent species of this community were: M. glebifex, L gracilis, S. costarum and A. acutifrons (Tab. 1S. The mean species richness in this group was 21 Species, while average density was 260 ind. m"3. The biomass was the highest (27 g W W irr) , due to large species such as C. variopedatus, Marphysa sanguines and Ciycera. unicornis. Inside this wide group, differences were clear be­tween stations located north and south of the Po River delta. The mean species number and density of the northern stations (st. 1-13) were, respectively, 27 species and 358 ind. m"2, whereas lower values for both pa­rameters (16 species, 182 ind. m"2) were recorded at the stations influenced by the Po. In the latter zone, high sedimentation rates, high organic matter inputs and pe­riodic hypoxic conditions prevail so that the community is affected by environmental instability (Crema et al., 1991; Tahey e i at, 1996). In Area 2 (Fig. 1) sandy sediments dominated and diversity and density had the highest values, with aver­ages of 38 species and 554 ind. m"J (Tab. 2), while the biomass values were low due to the presence of smaller polychaetes than those found in Area 1. The most, repre­sentative species were: O . fusiformis, Myriochele ocu­lata, and Nothria conchylega, which prefer medium size muddy sands with shell debris (Gl^rnarec, 1991; Am­brogi et al., 1995). In the deepest stations (60-70 m) Aponuphis fauveli was dominant (310 ind. m"2 in St. 35) and replaced A. bilineata also found in the stations of this group, but at a maximum depth of 40 m. The third group of stations (Area 3) is located along the offshore border of Area 1, south of the Po River delta. Muddy bottoms dominate as in Area 1, but in deeper waters (mean depths of 33 m versus 20 m in Area 1) and with lower organic matter content in the sediments (Frascari et al., 2000). The dominant species were: Sthenoiepis yhlent and the burrowing polychaete Sternaspis scutata, which jointly represented 69 % of the polychaetes abundance and 83 % of the biomass. Diver­sity and density values were lower than in the other groups and reached an average value of 8 species and 84 ind. m"3; the biomass values were the lowest there. Stations 3 and 8 (Area 4) constitute the sma! lest group in the dendrogram and are located in the area between the Isonzo River arid the Gulf of Venice, at 10 to 25 m depth (Orel ei ai, 1987). This zone is charac­terized by coarse sandy bottoms with beachrocks, de­fined as medium to fine sandstones with carbonate ce­ment by Brambati et al. (1983). The dominant species were A. bilineata and Prionospio caspersi; the latter was Remana AlHT I el nI.: SPA HAL DISTRIBUTION O f SOFT-BOTTOM POlYCI-IAtiES ALON G WESTERN COAST ...,211-222 Tab. 1: Distribution of the dominant species in the four areas identified by cluster analysis. (A) total abundance, (F) frequency as percentage of presences at the stations of each area. Tab. 1: Rasprostranjenost dominantnih vrst na štirih predelih, opredeljenih z grozdičasto analizo. (A) celokupna abundanca, (F) frekvenca kot delež navzočnosti na postajah na vseh predelih. Area 1 Area 2 Area 3 Area 4 (18 stations) (11 stations) (9 stations) (2 stations) A F A F A F A F Species (ind. nT2) (%) (ind. nT3) (%) (ind. m"2) (%) (ind. m'2) (%) Owe nia fus i form is 80 50 1004 73 2 11 8 50 Lumbrineris gracilis 650 94 252 91 6 22 4 50 Maiclane glebifex 704 89 50 36 ---- Aponuphis fauve I i --586 36 18 11 -- Ampharete acutifrons 322 83 124 91 ---- Sthenolepis yhleni 70 28 64 64 288 100 -- Spiophanes kroyeri 108 67 290 91 8 33 -­ S tern asp i s scutata 140 56 24 36 230 89 -- Nothria conchyleg a 6 6 384 64 ---- Spiochaetopterus costa rum 326 89 14 27 30 33 2 50 Myriochele oculata 26 39 316 82 2 11 -- Laonice cirrata 316 50 12 27 ---- Pseudoieiocapitella fauve It 288 50 6 18 ---- Aponuphis bilineata 36 22 100 55 --148 100 Prionospio caspersi 6 11 42 36 -98 100 Tab, 2: Average values of species richness, density, biomass and depth in the four areas. Tab. 2: Povprečne vrednosti vrstne pestrosti, gostote, biomase in globine na štirih predelih. Area No. stations No. species density biomass depth (ind. m"2) (g W W nT2) (m) Area 1 18 21 260 27.56 20 Area 2 11 38 553 10.10 45 Area 3 9 8 84 8.39 33 Area 4 2 21 244 10,68 18 Tab. 3: Feeding guilds as percentage of density data (SF recorded as particularly abundant in coastal sandy bot­-suspension feeders, SDF=surfacc-dcposit feeders, toms, up to 5 m depth, off the Po delta (Ambrogi et a/., $$DF=subsurface-deposit feeders, C=carnivores/omni-1993}. The average species richness, density and bio­vores). mass were respectively 21 species, 244 ind. ir r and Tab. 3: Prehranjevalni cehi, iztraženi kot delež gostote 10.68 g W W nV2. (SF=suspenzijofagi, SDF~vrste, ki se hranijo na površini The polychaete populations were dominated by the sedimenta, SSDF=vrste, ki se hranijo tik pod površino, subsurface-deposit feeders {44%} and surface deposit C-karnivori/omnivori). feeders in Area 1, where the organisms can use as a di­ rect food source the freshly deposited material coming from the rivers. Carnivores dominated in Areas 2 (37%), Feeding guilds SF SDF ! SSD F C 3 (44%) and 4 (45%). Areas 2 and 4 were both charac­ (%) (%) I (%) (%) terized by prevalently sandy sediments, in which filter Area 1 4 29 44 23 feeders readied the highest values (25% and 11%), Area 2 25 19 19 37 while in Area 3 there was a balance between two tro-Area 3 1 16 39 44 phic categories: carnivores (44%) and subsurface-Area 4 11 34 j 10 45 deposit feeders (39%) (Tab. 3). Ftoriana AUiTR & !'A,: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOFT-liOTTOM POLYCHAnt S ALON G WBTLK N COAST .... 211-222 CONCLUSiONS • ,.• iS". TRIESTE ft ..y \ % ,S> * The composition and ecological characteristics of '.'--.. the polychaetes in the study area evidenced four zones "PIRAN., with different structures. The number of species and the O 8 ' j densities were higher off the Venice Lagoon (Area 2), on •."•' • ^ ' • prevalently sandy sediments. The populations found in • -" ••-' 10'/A S ; muddy sediments were less rich especially south of the .. • 14 900' Po River delta (Area 1) and in deeper stations (Area 3). 'V-.ROVIN J O n the contrary, biomass was higher in muddy sedi­ . ^ , 7 " -eoo ments, where the organic matter content is high. Two 45' - SIVER .-'PO • • "!>" factors seem to be particularly important in structuring these populations: the influence of the Po (and secon­ • '-18 19;' ,20 21 22. darily of the other rivers input) and depth. The trophic ' -v. ; • ' structure was dominated by deposit-feeding polychaetes in the coastal area with muddy sediments, whereas on ?r, /" 23' prevalently sandy sediments, carnivores and filter feed­ ers prevailed. /o/ N^B ^ -; •* «o \ o . iRAVENNA-' -27 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ; 35 '•• ' " 31 32-.VW 37 Our thanks are due to Dr l". Goriup and Dr 8. Mar­ • \ • tincic for the field collaboration, to Dr C. Comici for the 44' •'..... / ' . 3 " 38 graphics and to Prof S. Fonda Umani for her valuable ""'••-. o comments. •••.T ; . 3!soo J21- J4.1 Fig. 4: Contours of density (ind. m'z). A and B indicate the zones of highest values. SI. 4: Costota osebkov (os. m'2). A in B označujeta cone z največjo gostoto. Fig. 5 ; Dendrogram of the 40 stations on abundance data. SI. 5: Dendrogram 40 vzorčevalnih postaj na podlagi podatkov abundance. Floriail3 AI.EFE) ef a/.: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION O F SOFT-BOTTOM POIYCHAETCS ALON G WESTER N COAST ...,21 1-222 PROSTORSKA RAZŠIRJENOST MNOGOŠČETINCE V (POLYCHAETA), NA MEHKE M DN U VZDOL Ž ZAHODN E OBALE SEVERNEGA JADRANSKEG A MORJ A (ITALIJA) Floriana ALEFFI, Nicola BFJTOSO & Vivianne SOUS-WEISS Marine Biology Laboratory, Trieste, 1-34050 Trieste, Via A. Piccard S4 E-mail: aleffi@univ.triesle.it. POVZETEK Avtorji članka opisujejo sestavo in prostorsko razsif/enost mnogoščefi/icev, živečih na mehkem morskem dnu severozahodnega dela Jadranskega morja. Značilnosti tega morskega bazena so njegova plitkost (srednja globina 33,5 m), izdatni rečni vnosi vzdolž zahodne obale Jadranskega morja, velike letne temperaturne spremembe in razslojenost. vodnega stolpca v poletnih mesecih. Poleg tega na to območje močno vplivajo ciklični pojavi, kot na primer sluzasti agregat/ in pomanjkanje kisika, kar lahko povzroča hudo hipoksijo ali celo anoksijo in zatorej množične pogine živih bitij v morju. Avtorji so raziskavo opravili maja 1995 na štiridesetih postajah z van Veeno­vim grabilom, pri čemer so vzorce precejevali skozi milimetrsko mrežico. Usedline so bile zelo raznolike od blat­nih do peščenih. Določili so 135 vrst, pripadajočih 37 družinam, s povprečno gostoto 313 os. m"2 in povprečno biomaso 17,6 g mokre teže m"2. Posledica grozdičaste analize gostote posameznih vrst je bila razdelitev postaj na štiri glavne skupine z različnimi organizmi in značilnimi usedlinami na morskem dnu. Na sestavo teh talnih popula­cij sta še posebno vplivala rečni vnos in globina morja. Ključne besede: mnogoščetinci, razširjenost, mehko dno, Jadransko morje REFERENCES Aieffi, F., G. Orel, D. De! Piero & E. Vio (1992): Oxy­gen conditions in the Gulf of Trieste, in: Vollenwider, R. A,, R. Marchetti & R. Viviani (eds.): Marine Coastal Eutrophication, Elsevier, New York, p. 431-440. Aieffi, F., F. Goriup, G. Orel & V. 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Spagnoli, M. Marcaccio & F. Aleffi (2000): Fondali, In: Frascari, F. (ed.): Fondali e cicli bio­geochimici. Ricerca e Futuro, 16, 74-79. Frignani, M. & F. Frascari (1990): Northern Adriatic continental shelf: multidisciplinary approach to the study of present sedimentation. IOC Workshop report, No. 89, p. 65-82. Glčmarec, M. (1991): Bathymetric and latitLidinal distri­bution of Onuphid Polychaeta in the Bay of Biscay (Northeast Atlantic.). Ophelia, 5 (Suppl.), 547-554. Gray, J. S. (1974): Animal-sediment relationships. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev., 12, 223-261. Grube, E. (1840): Actinien, Echinodermen und Wurmer des Adriatischen- und Mittelmeeres. Bonn, Königsberg, 1-92. Grube, E. (1861): Ein Ausflug nach Tries!: und Quarnero. Berlin, 1-175. Justič, D. (1991): Hypoxic conditions in the northern Adriatic Sea: historical development and ecological sig­nificance. Geological Society Special Publication, No. 58, p. 95-105. Koiimann, H. & M. Stachowitsch (2001): Long-term changes in the benthos of the northern Adriatic Sea: a phototransect approach. P.S.Z.N.I.: Mar. EcoL, 22,135­ 154. Mancineili, G., S. Fazi & L, Rossi (1998): Sediment structural properties mediating dominant feeding types patterns in soft-bottom macrobenthos of the northern Adriatic Sea. Hydrobiologia, 367, 211 -222. Moodiey, L., C. H. R. Heip & J. j. Middelburg (1998): Benthic activity in sediments of the northwestern Adri­atic Sea: sediment oxygen consumption, macro- and meiofauna dynamics.). Sea Res., 40, 263-280. Orel, G,, R, Marocco, E. Vio, D. De! Piero & G. Delia Seta (1987): Sedimenti e biocenosi bentoniche tra la foce del Po ed il Golfo di Trieste (Alto Adriático). Bull. EcoL, 18(2), 229-241. Orel, G-, S. Fonda Umani & F, Aleffi (1993a): Ipossie e anossie di fondali roarini. L'Alto Adriático e il Golfo di Trieste. Regione Autonoma Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Di­rezione regionale dell'Ambiente, 104 pp. Orel, G., E. Vio, D. Del Piero, G. Brizzi & F. Aleffi (1993b): Mare sporco, popoiamenti bentonici e pesca. Biología Marina, Suppl. Notiz. S.I.B.M., 1, 13-18. Pagnotta, R., M. Pettine & A. Puddu (1999): General features of the Adriatic Sea: the key role of carbon cy­cling. Ann. 1st. Super. Sanita, 35(3), 365-372. Pozar-Domac, A. (1978): Catalogue of the Polychaetous Annelids of the Adriatic Sea. 1. Northern and central Adriatic. Acta Adriat, 19(3), 1-59. Rinaldi, A v G. Montanari, A. Ghetti and C. R. Ferrari (1993): Anossie nelle acque costiere del !'Adriático Nord-Occidentaie. Loro evoluzione e conseguenze sul­I'ecosistema bentonico. Biologia Marina, Suppl. Notiz. S.I.B.M., 1, 79-89. Scardi, M., R. Crema, P. Di Dato, E. Fresí & G . Orel (2000): Le comunita bentoniche deH'Alto Adriático; un'analisi preliminare dei cambiamenti strutturali dagli anni '30 ad oggi. In: Giovanardi, O . (ed.); Impact of trawl fishing on benthic communities - 2000. ICRAM, p. 95-108. Stachowitsch, M. & A. Fuchs (1995): Long-term changes in the benthos of the northern Adriatic Sea. Annales, Ser. hist, nat., 5(1), 7-16. Tahey, T. M-, G. C A. Duineveld, P. A. W . de Wilde, E. M. Berghuis & A. Kok (1996): Sediment 0 2 demand, density and biomass of the benthos and phytopigments along the northwestern Adriatic coast: the extent of Po enrichment. Oceanol. Acta, 19(2), 117-130. Vatova, A. (1949): La fauna bentonica dell'Alto e Medio Adriático. Nova Thalassia, 1(3), 3-110. Vollenweider, R. A., A. Rinaldi, & G. Montanari (1992): Coastal marine eutrophication: principles and control. In: Vollenweider, R. A., R. Marchetti & R. Viviani (eds.): Marine Coastal Eutrophication. Elsevier, New York, p. 63-106. Flor« ™ AEEFH etui.: 5P ATI Al. DISTRIBUTION OF SOFT-BOTTOM POLYCHAETE5 ALON G WESTER N COAST 2U-222 Append. 1: List of the polychaete species found in this study with their total abundance, frequency and distribution per area. Priloga 1: Seznam ugotovljenih vrst mnogoščetincev jenosti po posameznih predelih. Family Species Amplia retidae Amage adspersa Ampharete acutifrons Amphicteis gunner i Melinna palmata Sabellides octocirrata Sosane sulcata Aphroditidae Laetmonice hystrix Arabeliidae Arabella gen i culata Dr i lone re is filum Ca pite! Ii da e Dasybranchus caducus Heteromastus filiformis Notomastus latericeus Notomastus lineatus Notomastus sp. Pseudoleiocapitella fauveli Capiteilidae indet. Chaetopteridae Cbaetopterus variopedatus Mesochaeiopterus sagittarius Spiochaetopterus costa rum Chaetopteridae indet. Cirratulidae Aphelochaeta marión; CaulieríeHa bioculata Chaetozone setos a Dodecaceria concha rum Monticellina dorsobrancbia lis Cirratulidae indet. Dorvilleidae Schistomeringos neglectus Scistomeringos rudolph ii Lunicidae Eunice vittata Lysidice ninetta Marphysa bel Ii i Marphysa sanguínea Nematonereis unicornis Fíabeíligerídae Pherusa monolifera Pherusa plumosa Piromis eruca Ciyceridae Glycera alba Clycera capitata Glycera roux i i Glycera sp. Glycera tesselata Glycera. ir!dactyla Glycera unicornis Goniadidae Goniada maculata Glycinde nordmann i Hesionidae Gyptis propinqua Ophiodromus flexuosus Hesionidae indet. s podatki o njihovi celokupni Tot. abund. 10 223 14 93 S 19 1 2 12 1 8 103 1 200 147 5 9 1 186 5 28 3 10 2 1 116 1 4 101 3 57 10 29 6 7 1 7 9 36 15 1 9 58 61 1 5 3 3 abundanci, frekvenci in razšir- Frequency Area 3 2 25 1,2 3 2 23 1,2,3 4 1,2 6 2 1 2 2 1,2 10 1,2,4 1 1 8 1,2 13 1,2,3,4 1 2 22 1,2,3,4 11 1,2 3 2,3,4 3 1,2 1 2 23 1,2,3,4 3 1,2 10 1,2,3 1 4 8 1,2,4 1 2 1 1 25 1,2,3,4 1 2 3 1,2 14 1,2,3 2 1,4 13 1,2,3 6 1 4 2 3 1,2 2 1,2 1 2 4 2,3 4 2,3 17 1,2,3 8 1,2 1 2 4 2,4 19 1,2,3,4 9 1,2,4 1 2 3 • 2 3 1,2,4 2 1,2 ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 13 • 2003 • 2 Florians ALEFn ci .iL: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF 50FT-BOTTOM POEYCHAETES AlON C WESTERN COAST .... 21 \-222 Family Species Tot. abtind. Frequency Area Lumbrineridae Lumbrineris gracilis 456 30 1,2,3,4 Lumbrineris latreillii 86 17 1,2,4 Lumbrineris sp. 2 2 1,3 Lumbrineris tetraura 31 13 1,2,3 Ninoe klnbergi 5 1 2 Mageionidae Magelona alleni 24 11 1,2,3 Magelona minuta 8 4 2 Magelona sp. 5 5 1,2 Maldanidae Clymenura clypeata 11 4 1,2 Euclymene lumbricoides 4 2 2 Euclymene oerstedi 34 4 1,2 Euclymene palermitana 66 1.5 1,2,4 Maldane glebifex 377 20 1,2 Metasychis gotoi 1 1 2 Petaloproc.tus teriicolus 1 1 2 Praxi Hella affin Is 11 3 2 Praxillella lophoseta 2 2 2 Maldanidae indet. 106 16 1,2,3,4 Nephtydae Micronepthys sp. 4 3 1,2,4 Nepthys hombergi 13 ' 6 2 Nepthys hystricis 79 20 1,2,3 Nepthys incisa 28 6 1,2,3 Nepthys sp. 14 4 1,2,3 Nereididae Ceratonereis costae 1 1 1 Nereis lamellosa 21 11 1,2,3 Nereis rava 6 2 1,4 Nereis sp. 5 4 1,2 Perinereis sp. 9 5 1,2 Onuphidae Aponuphls bllineata 142 12 1,2,4 Aponuphis fauveli 302 5 2,3 Diopatra neapolitana 3 2 1 Nothria conchylega 195 8 1,2 Onuphis quadricuspis 5 1 1 Onuphis sp. 74 4 2 Opheliidae Opheilna cylindricaudata 13 4 2 Orbiniidae Orbinia cuvieri 2 2 1,4 Phyto foetida 3 2 1 Scoloplos armiger 2 1 2 Oweniidae Myrlochele oculata 172 17 1,2,3 Owenia fusiformls 547 20 1,2,3,4 Paralacydoniidae Paralacydonia paradoxa 73 11 1,2 Paraonidae Aricidea c.laudiae 3 1 2 Aricidea mariannae 157 1 4 Cirrophorus furcatus 3 2 2 Levinsenia gracilis 130 24 1,2,3,4 Paradoneis lyra 58 14 1,2 Paraontdes neapolitana 2 2 1,2 Paraonidae indet. 366 28 1,2,3,4 Pectinariidae Pectinaria a uricoma 37 10 1,2 Pectinaria belgica 3 3 1,2 Pectinaria ko re ni 12 8 1,2 Flofiana ALEFFI cl a).: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION O F SOFT-BOTTOM POIYCHAETF S ALON G WESTER N COAST I ! S-222 Family Species Tot. abuntf. Frequency Area Phyllodocidae Mysta pic ta 10 4 1,2 Phyllodoce lineata 7 7 1,2 Phyllodoce sp. 2 2 1,2 Phyllodocidae indet. 2 2 2 Pilargiidae Ancistrosyilis groenlandica 77 14 1,2,3,4 Pilargis verrucosa 9 8 1,2,3 Poecilochaetidae Poecilochaetus serpens .38 18 1,2,3,4 Polynoidae Harmothoe sp. 3 2 3 Polynoidae indet. 55 24 1,2,4 Sabeilidae Chone acustica 1 1 2 Chone coilaris 22 7 1,2 Chone du ne ri 109 13 1,2,4 Eu chone rosea 89 10 1,2 Euchone rubrocincta 12 7 2,3 jasmineira caudata 2 2 2 jasmineira elegans 24 7 2,4 Megalomma vesiculosum 11 8 1,2 Myxicoia infundibulum 3 1 4 Sabeilidae indet. 16 3 2 Scalibregmatidae Scalibregma inflatum 10 2 2 Serpulidae Ditrupa arietina 2 1 2 Hydro ides norvégiens 1 1 2 Pomatoceros triqueter 4 2 1 Serpuia concha rum 3 2 2 Serpula vermicularis 3 3 1,4 Sigalionidae Psammolyce a reposa 1 1 2 Stheneiais boa 3 2 2,4 StheneSais limicola 16 4 2 Stheneiais minor 3 1 2 Stheneiais sp. 1 1 3 Sthenolepis yhlerii 211 21 1,2,3 Spionidae Laonice cirrata 164 12 1,2 Polydora caeca 1 1 1 Polydora flava 26 10 1,2,4 Polydora sp. 2 2 1 Prionospio caspersi 73 8 1,2,4 Prionospio cirri fera 47 10 1,2 Prionospio malmgreni 149 16 1,2,4 Prionospio sp. 3 1 2 Prionospio steenstrupi 4 2 2 Pseudopolydora antennata 2 2 1,2 Scolelepis cantabra 1 1 2 Scolelepis tridentata 3 2 2,4 Spio decora tu s 2 1 2 Spio filicornis 5 3 1,2,4 Spio multioculata 14 4 1,4 Spiophanes bombyx 3 2 1,4 Spiophanes kroyeri 203 25 1,2,3 Spionidae indet. 10 5 1,2 Sternaspidae S te m asp is scuta ta 197 22 1,2,3 ANNALES • Ser. hist. naî. - 13 • 2003 • 2 Ftorians ALEFFI et at.: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OP SOFT-BOTTOM POLYCHAETES ALON G WESTERN COAST ...,211-222 Family Species Syilidae Syllis arm it! a ris SyHis cornuta Syllis sp. Terebellidae Amphitrite cirrata Amphitrite edwarsi Amphitrite sp. La nice conchy lega Pista cristata Poly cirrus sp. Streblosoma bairdi Terebellidae indet Trichobranchiidae Terebellides stroemi Trichobranchus glacialis Tot. abund. 3 15 2 3 2 16 23 27 11 4 17 36 1 Frequency Area 3 2,4 5 1,2 2 1,2 2 1 1 1 3 2 9 1,2,3 8 1,2 5 2 3 2 6 1,2 16 1,2,3 1 2 original scientific article UD K 595.3(497.4:24) received: 2003-07-21 THE FAUNA OF EPIKARST - COPEPODA (CRUSTACEA) IN PERCOLATION WATER OF KARST CAVES IN SLOVENIA Tanja PIPAN Karst Research institute ZRC SAZU, SI-6230 Postojna, Titov trg 2 E-mail: pipan@zrc-sa2u.5i Anton BRANCH j National institute of Biology, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Večna pot 111 ABSTRACT Special attention was given fo the stygobiotic species of copepods (Crustacea); their habitat is above the cave but under the surface in the so-calied epikarst zone. Diversity dynamics of Copepoda were studied in six karst caves. In some caves (Postojnska jama, Pivka jama, Črna jama), samples were collected once per week. In the other three caves (Škocjanske jame, Dimnice. Županova jama), we sampled trickles once a month during 2000 and 2001. In total, 37 species were collected in the caves. From this habitat, 11 species new to science were recognized. New species living there are particularly restricted in distribution to one or few trickles of water dripping from the ceiling. The results of the faunistic research indicate that biodiversity of Copepoda in epikarst is very high on the local scale as well as over a wider area. Key words: caves, unsaturated zone, percolation water, Copepoda, Slovenia FAUN A Di COPEPOD I (CRUSTACEA) EPICARSICI IN ACQU E DI PERCOLAZIONE DI CROTTE CARSICHE IN SLOVENI A SI NT ES! Particolare attenzione e stata rivolta alle spec/e stigobie di copepodi (Crustacea), che abitano gli habitat sopra !e grotte ma sotto la superficie, quindi dell'area epicarsica. i a dinámica di diversita dei copepodi e stata studiata in sei grotte carsiche. In alcune grotte (Grotte di Postumia, Crotta di Pivka e Grotta Nera) i campioni sono stati raccoiti settimanalmente. Nelle restanti (Grotta di San Canziario, Dimnice e Grotta di Župan), i campionamenti sorio stati effettuati mensÜmenie, negli anni 2000 e 2001. In totale sono stati raccoiti 37 taxa nelle grotte. In tale habitat sono State tróvate 11 nuove specie per la scienza. Tali specie hanno una distribuzione ristretta ad uno o pochl gocciola­menti d'acqua dal soffitto. I risultati della presente ricerca faunistica indicano un'alta biodiversita dei copepodi epi­carsici sia su scala locale, s/a considerando un'area pii! vasta. Parole chiave: grotte, zona !nsatura, acqtta di percolaztone, Copepoda, SI oven ia ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 13 • 2003 • 2 Tanja WA N & Anion SRANCEU : TH E FAUN A O F EPIKARST - COPEPOD A (CRUSTACTA ) I N PERCOLATIO N WATE R O F KARS'f CAVE S I N SLOVENIA . 223-228 INTRODUCTIO N Karst is a special type of landscape, formed through dissolution of soluble rocks, including limestone and dolomite. The karst of Slovenia, with 43 % of its territory consisting of carbonate rocks, is of great practical inter­est. Hypogean habitats constitute quite a significant part of nature in Slovenia, which has by far the richest aquatic hypogean fauna in the world (Sket, 1996). To understand the rarity of the organisms and the fragility of their habitats, we have to learn more about karst spe­cies, their ecosystems, and their sensitivity to environ­mental contamination. The subterranean environment all over the world is inhabited by numerous taxa of Copepoda (Crustacea), and many of them are endemics. In Slovenia, 107 taxa of Copepoda have been recorded to date and about one third of these are stygobionts. At present, there are 15 endemics and all but one of them are stygobionts. All but one belong to the order of Harpacticoida (Brancelj, 1996). The biodiversity and ecology of copepods in perco­lation water have rarely been systematically studied. Many species in the group of Copepoda are rarely found in streams, but are found in seeps and drip pools, al­though their existence in any particular set of seeps or pools is often quite ephemeral (Culver ei a/., 1994). The primary habitat of these species is almost certainly the subcutaneous zone, i.e. epikarst (Holsinger, 1994). Due to the high level of endemism, the future research on the underground fauna should be carried out principally in the direction of fauna-related research. This should en­compass the habitats that have remained unexplored, and these are particularly percolation waters. In 2000 and 2001, some intensive studies of micro-distribution and diversity dynamics of copepods were carried out in trickles and pools of percolation water in several cave systems in Slovenia. The working hypothe­sis was based upon the ecological, hydrogeological and chemical explorations of the karst unsaturated zone with an emphasis on the ecology of the copepod fauna in the percolation water. W e focused on the following two main questions. First, whether there are, and what are, the causes of the biological differences in the epikarst evaluated from the differences between trickles, pools and environmental factors. Second, whether there are differences of fauna between caves in different geo­graphical areas. MATERIAL AND METHODS The six studied caves are situated in southern and southwestern Slovenia (Fig. 1). For a description of the study area, see Pipan & Brancelj (2001). W e dealt with the epikarst fauna, which has been until recently an al­most completely unknown segment of life within the karst underground, in hydrological division of the karst underground, the epikarst constitutes the stratum, which is the closest to the surface but remains inaccessible, if standard research methods are to be used. The epikarst fauna has thus been explored indirectly, by taking sam­ples of the percolated water and cave pools filled with such water. The pools in the fossil parts of the caves are filled up by water, which seeps down the walls or drips directly from the ceiling. With such a selection of pools we will avoid the influence of phreatic groundwater or hypogean rivers on the composition of the fauna. In the caves of Postojnska jama, Pivka jama and Crna jama we sampled water trickles once per week for one year. In the other three caves, samples were col­lected once a month during 2000 and 2001. Samples of fauna as well as samples for water quality analyses were collected from the container. During the period of a sin­gle week or month, the water from trickles was directed through a funnel into 0.25 I plastic containers. O n two sides, the containers had holes covered with a net (mesh size 60 pm) to retain animals in the container. The con­tent of these plastic containers was fixed with 4 % final solution of formaldehyde in the field and stored for fur­ther processing. In the laboratory we separated the or­ganisms by means of stereomicroscope at 40x magnifi­cation and stored them in 70% ethanol. Further proc­essing and identification of the organisms was performed under a compound microscope. Samples from pools were collected separately into plastic containers by means of adapted suction pump. W e pumped various quantities of the pool water at different sampling points and filtered it through a 60 pm net The samples were then processed in the same way as those from the trick­les. Each water trickle or pool filled with water was treated separately. A " W SLOVE N i J A • Županova !a.™ Pivka jFwns} i*»» PeAtaj-nska Jamn 50 Km Škocjanske Jarn^. PRO Fig. 1: Ceographical location of the research caves in Stovenia. SI. 1: Geografska lega raziskovanih jam v Sloveniji. Tailja PIPAN & Anion 8RANCEJ: THE FAUN A O F EPIKAR5T - COPEPOD A (CRUSTACEA) IN PERCOLATIO N WATE R O F KARST CAVES IN SLOVENIA, 223-236 RESULTS in six karst caves, a systematic survey of two differ­ent types of habitats, trickles, and pools of percolation water was carried out. From seeps and drip pools w e collected 37 species (Tab. 1). The most numerous were specimens of Speocyclops infernus, Moraria poppei, Morariopsis scotenophila, ElaphoideSIa cvetkae, Bryo­camptus balcanicus and specimens of the genus Paras­feriocaris. Ten species belong to a group of troglophi­lous or eutroglophilous taxa, which are frequently also found in subterranean environment. The other 27 spe­cies are stygobiotic. Eleven species (from the genera Bryocamptus, Eiapboidella, Maraersobiotus, Moraria, N/iocre//a, Parastenocaris and perhaps Stygepacto­phanes) were recognized as new to science and have to be studied in detail. It seems that they are obligate epi­karst species. Results of the correlation analyses (using the Spear­man correlation coefficient: Davis, 1973) and the non-parametric version of one way ANOV A (using the Kruskal-Wallis Test: Blejec, 1976) indicate that there is no correlation between thickness of the cave ceiling, temperature and discharge on the one hand and the number of specimens on the other (p>0.05). The pre­cipitation shows highly positive co-variation with the discharge and with the number of specimens in two caves. Physical parameters for each cave are summa­rized in Table 2. The copepod abundance in different kinds of pools was not correlated with the amount of pumped water. For more precise conclusions about cor­relation between pool typology or amount of filtered water and the number of specimens, a higher number of samples collected in shorter intervals should be ana­lysed. New data can be obtained from further investiga­tions in trickles of percolation water. From the geographical point of view, there is no cor­relation (r = -0.38, p = 0.31) between the distance apart of the caves and the similarity of the fauna (using the Pearson correlation coefficient (r)). The highest similarity expressed as a ratio of the species in common between two locations and the sum of taxa of both locations (us­ing the Jaccard similarity coefficient (Ss)) was between the caves of Dimnice and Črna jama i 1 I_ . s— i H •j* n k V 'L. i \ s / i i .Lisu y j s i s f' rV ® _J V e \ r i i /-1 i v t t r " t •y-s Cryptostemma • T v. \ / / t. ft «l ) N —h { aiienum ÍÜ ) } * N y "V 'Í1>K.\ 4 a , P - _ — . T > - X 0-i t 1 V-"v - S I 'Ú H ] Fig. 1: The distribution of Cryptostemma aiienum in Slovenia. Si. 1: Razširjenost vrste Cryptostemma aiienum v Slo­ veniji. NEPOMORPHA Nepidae Nepa cinerea Linnaeus, 1758 N. rubra Linnaeus, 1758 Gogala & Moder, 1960: Ljubljana, 8. -5., Staudacher & Gogala leg.; Preska, 28. 1. 1955, M. Gogala leg.; Drava, 8. 10. 1955, M. Gogala leg.; Cerknica, M. Go-gala leg.; Sečovlje, 21. 4. 1955, M. Gogala leg. Gogaia & Gogala, 1986; Gogala & Gogala, 1989 Unpublished records: Ljubljana: Rožnik, VM50, 9. 9. 1953, M. Gogala leg. Medvode, Pirniče, VM51, 13. 2. 1977, A. & M. Gogaia leg. Vipavska dolina: Renče, UL98, 22. 7. 1980, A. & M. Gogala leg. Planinsko polje: Laze, VL47, 11.6. 1982, A. & M. Go-gala leg. Ljubljansko barje: Log, Lukovica, VL59, 21. 5. 1983, A. & M. Gogaia leg. Maribor: Trije ribniki, WM55, 5. 10. 1980, D. Devetak leg. ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 13 • 2003 • 2 AlHlrej GOGALA : HETESOPTER A O F SEGVENfA , I: DIPSOCQROMORPHA , NfPOMORPHA , CERROMORPH A AN D UI'TOPODOMORPHA , 223^4 0 Kras: Komen, Brestovi ca, UL97, 2. 5. 1990, A. & M. Gogala leg. Ljubljansko barje: Vrhnika, VL49, 30. 9. 1998, T. Trilar leg. Istra: Trebeše, r. Stranica, VL13, 14. 8. 2002, A. Gogala leg. Istra: Fiesa, UL94, 15. 8. 1996, A. Kapla leg. etcoll. Prekmurje: Ledavsko jezero, WM87, 9. 4. 1997, B. Dre­veni k leg., coll. S. Brelih Ilirska Bistrica, mrtvica pri Lesonitu, VL44, 4. 8. 2002, S. Polak leg. (larvae) Rana (m linearis (Linnaeus, 1758) Gogala & Moder, 1960: Ljubljana, 7. - 11., Staudacher & Gogala leg.; Drava, 8. 10. 1955, M. Gogala leg.; ob Rižani, 20. 4. 1959, M . Gogala leg. Gogala & Gogala, 1986; Gogala & Gogala, 1989 Unpublished records: Slovenske gorice: ribnik Komarnik, WM65, 20. 6. 1986, D. Devetak leg. Kras: Komen, Brestovica, UL97, 2. 5. 1990, A. & M. Gogala leg. Prekmurje: Ledavsko jezero, WM87, 18. 7. 1995 Ilirska Bistrica, mrtvica pri Lesonitu, VL44, 4. 8. 2002, S. Polak leg. (larvae) Corixidae Micronecta scholtzi (Fieber, 1860) M. meridionaiis (A. Costa, 1862) Gogala & Gogala, 1989 Unpublished records: Prekmurje: Mursko Središče, slov. stran r. Mure, XM15, 6.7. 1980, A. & M. Gogala leg. Prekmurje: PetiŠovci, XM15, 13. 6. 1987, A. & M. Go- gala leg. Prekmurje: Dolenja Bistrica, XM05, 23. 5. 1992, A. & M. Gogala leg. Micronecta griseola Horvath, 1899 Gogala, 1991: Cerkniško polje: Cerknica, r. Cerkniščica, VL57, 24. 7. 1986, C. Krušnik leg. Micronecta power» (Douglas & Scott, 1869) ? jansson, 1995: Slovenia Cymatia coleoptrata (Fabricius, 1777) Gogala & Gogala, 1986 Unpublished records: Ljubljansko barje: Ig, Oobravica, FJraga, VL68, 22. 3. 1980, A. & M. Gogala leg. Prekmurje: Petigovci, XM15, 30. 4. 1983, A. & M. Go-gala leg. Arctocorisa carinata (Sahiberg, 1819) Gogala & Moder, 1960: pi. Viševnik, 10. 8. 1958, M. Gogala leg. Gogala & Gogala, 1989; Gogala, 1992 Unpublished records: julijske Alpe: Krnska jezera, UM92, 31. 7. 1988, A. & M. Gogala leg. julijske Alpe: Triglavski Nacionalni Park: Zeleno jezero, VM03, 5. 9. 1994, A. Brancelj leg. julijske Alpe: Triglavski Nacionalni Park: Črno jezero, VM03, 4. 9. 1994, A. Brancelj leg. Corixa affmis Leach, 1817 Gogala & Moder, 1960: Ljubljana, 5. 8. 1954, M. Go-gala leg. Corixa punctata (IIIiger, 1807) Gogala & Moder, 1960: Ljubljana, 9. - 3., M. Gogala leg. Gogala & Gogala, 1986 Unpublished records: Kras: Petrinje, VL14, 15. 4. 1979, A. & M. Gogala leg. Kočevje, VL85, 20. - 28. 7. 1979 Ljubljana: Koseze, VM50, 18. 9. 1954, M. Gogala leg. Hrastnik, Draga, WM01 , 28. 9. 1999, A. Kapla leg. Kras: Hruševica, VL07, 3. 2. 2002, A. & M. Gogala leg. Hesperocorixa linnaei (Fieber, 1848) ? jansson, 1995: Slovenia Hesperocorixa paraflela (Fieber, 1860) ? Jansson, 1995: Slovenia Hesperocorixa sahlbergi (Fieber, 1848) Gogala & Gogala, 1986 Unpublished records: Prekmurje: Bukovniško jezero, XM07, 30. 4. 1983, A. & M. Gogala leg. Ljubljansko barje: Grmez, VL69, 8. 8. 1999, S. Gomboc & D. Kofol leg. etcoll. Paracorixa concinna (Fieber, 1848) ? Jansson, 1995: Slovenia Si gara hellensii (Sahiberg, 1819) Gogala & Gogala, 1989 Unpublished record: Pomurje: Veržej, WM96 , 13. 6. 1987, A. & M. Gogala leg. Sigara nigrolineata (Fieber, 1848) Montandon, 1886: Gorica Gogala & Moder, 1960: Ljubljana, 13. 3. 1954, M. Go- gala leg. Gogala & Gogala, 1986; Gogala & Gogala, 1989 Unpublished records: ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 13 • 2003 • 2 Andrej GOGALA : HETEROPTER A O F SLOVENIA , I: DIPSOCOROMORPHA , NEPOMORPHA , OERROMORP l IA AN D LEPTOPODOMORPHA . 323-240 Ljubljansko barje: Log, Lukovi ca, VL59, 14. 4. 1979, 21. 4. 1979, A. & M. Cogaia leg. Radovljica, VM33, 4. 3. 1979, A. & M. Gogala leg. Ljubljansko barje: Bevke, VL59, 20. 2. 1977, A. & M. Gogala leg. Ljubljana, Dolsko, VM70, 12. 4. 1980, A. & M. Gogala leg-Ljubljana, Mestni log, VL59, 1. 5. 1980, A. & M. Gogala leg. Julijske Aipe: Nemški Rovt, VM22, 15. 8. 1981, A. & M. Gogala leg. Velike Lašče, Podstrmec, VL67, 4. 6.1981, 5. Brelih leg. Julijske Alpe: Krnska jezera, UM92, 31. 7. 1988, A. & M. Gogala leg. Goriška Brda: Dobrovo, UL89, 4. 5. 1990, S. Brelih leg. Kras: Brje pri Komnu, VI.07, 22. 9. 2001, M. Gogala leg. Kočevje, Gotenica, 600 m, VL85, 4. 7. 1997, S. Brelih leg. et coil. Ljubljansko barje: Preserje, Ponikve, VL58, 8. 8. 2003, A. Gogala leg. Sigara limitata (Fieber, 1848) ? Jansson, 1995: Slovenia Sigara semistriata (Fieber, 1848) ? jansson, 1995: Slovenia Sigara striata (Linnaeus, 1758) Gogala & Gogaia, 1986 LJnpublished record: Kočevje, VL85, 28. 7. 1979, ZRC SAZU leg. Sigara distincta (Fieber, 1848) ? Jansson, 1995: Slovenia Sigara falleni (Fieber, 1848) Gogaia & Gogaia, 1986; Gogaia & Gogaia, 1989 Unpublished records: Rakitna, VL58, 17.2.1980, A. & M. Gogaia leg. Ljubljansko barje: Ig, Dobravica, Draga, VL68, 22. 3. 1980, A. & M. Gogaia leg. Planinsko polje: Planina, Laze, VL47, 11.5. 1986, A. & M. Gogaia leg. Cerkniško jezero: Dolenje Jezero, VL56, 24. 9. 1986, C. Krušnik leg. Laibach (= Ljubljana), 2. 10. 1931, Staudacher leg. Cerkniško jezero: Gorica, VL56, 29. 8. 2000, S. Brelih ieg. et coll. Cerkniško jezero: Zadnji kraj, VL56, 11. 8. 1994, S. Brelih leg. et coll. Sigara fossarum (Leach, 1817) Gogaia & Gogaia, 1986 Unpublished records: Ljubljansko barje: Notranje Gorice, VL59, 23. 4. 1978, A. & M. Gogaia ieg. Radovljica, Lancovo, VM33, 28. 7. 1929, Staudacher leg. Sigara lateralis (Leach, 1817) Montandon, 1886: Goršc3 Gogaia & Gogaia, 1986; Gogaia & Gogaia, 1989 Unpublished records: Bela krajina: Darnelj, WL13, 11. 7.1974, M. Štangelj leg. Prekmurje: Moravci, VVM97, 30. 4. 1983, A. & M. Go­ gaia leg. julijske Alpe: Krnska jezera, UM92, 31. 7. 1988, A. & M. Gogaia leg. Kras: Brje pri Komnu, VL07, 12. 4. 1992, A. & M. Go­gaia ieg. Kras: Hruševica, VLG7, 3. 2. 2002, A, & M. Gogaia leg. Nsucoridae llyocoris cimicoides (Linnaeus, 1758) Montandon, 1886: Gorica Gogaia & Moder, 1960: Ljubljana, 4. 10., Staudacher & M. Gogaia leg.; Drava, 8.10.1955, M . Gogaia leg. Cogaia & Gogaia, 1986; Gogaia & Gogaia, 1989 P roti č, 1998: Gorica Unpublished records: Kras: Petrinje, VL14, 15. 4. 1979, A. & M, Gogaia ieg. Prekmurje: Bukovniško jezero, XM07, 30. 4. 1983, A. & M. Gogaia leg. Prekmurje: Petišovci, XM15, 30, 4. 1983, 13. 6. 1987, A. & M. Gogaia leg. Ljubljansko barje: Bistra, VL48, 24. 6. 1983, A. & M. Gogaia !eg. Ljubljansko barje: Ig, Dobravica, Draga, VL68, 4. 5. 1985, A. & M, Gogaia ieg. istra: MovraŽ, Movraška vala, VI. 13, 18. 2. 1990, A. & M . Gogaia leg. Kras: Brestovica pri Komnu, UL97, 2. 5. 1990, A. & M. Gogaia leg. ilirska Bistrica, mrtvica pri Lesonitu, VL44, 4. 8. 2002, S. Polak leg. Laško, Govce, WM11, 7. 4. 1996, A. Kapla leg. et coll. Prekmurje: Ledavsko jezero, 220 m, WM87 , 9. 4. 1997, S, Brelih leg. et coll. Kras: Brestovica pri Povirju, Studence, VL16, 10. 3. 2001, photo A. Gogaia. Aphelocheiridae Aphelocheinis aestivalis (Fabricius, 1794) Cogaia & Gogaia, 1986; Gogaia , 1992: r. Krka (WL17, WL37), r. Vipava (UL98), r. Ledava (WM97), r. Mirna (WL295, r. Bloščica. Unpublished records: Kostanjevica, r. Krka, WL37, 3. 8. 1971. Bloška planota: Vel. Bloke, r. Bloščica, VL57, 16. 2. 1989, l. Sivec leg. ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 73 • 2003 • 2 Andrej GOGALA : HETEROPTERA OE SI.OVENIA. !: DIPSOCOROMORPHA , NEPOMOP.PHA, GERROMORPH A AN O LEPTOPODOMORVHA , J23-M Notonectidae Notonecta glauca Linnaeus, 1758 Gogala & Moder, 1960: Ljubljana, 8. - 4., Staudacher & M. Gogaia leg.; Drava, 2. 8. 1956, M. Gogala leg.; Cerknica, 26. 5. 1953, M. Gogala leg. Gogala & Gogala, 1986; Gogala & Gogaia, 1989 Linpublished records: Ljubljana, Podutik, VM50, 12. 11. 1978, A. & M. Go­ gaia leg. Ljubljansko barje: Ig, Dobravica, Draga, VL68, 22. 3. 1980, A. & M. Gogaia leg. Ljubljansko barje: Log, Lukovtca, VL59, 10. 7. 1981, 30. 3. 1987, 12. 3. 1989, A. & M. Gogala leg. Cerkniško jezero: Cerknica, Dolenje jezero, VL56, 29. 6. 1983, A. & M. Gogala leg. Ilirska Bistrica, mrtvica pri Lesonitu, VL44, 4. 8. 2002, S. Polak leg. Ljubljansko barje: ig, Matena, VL69, 27. 8. 2000, S. Brelih leg. et coii. Kočevje, Gotenica, 600 m, VL85, 4. 7. 1997, S. Brelih leg. et cof!, Kranj, Bobovek, VM52, 26. 4. 1999, S. Brelih leg. et coll. Notonecta maculata Fabricius, 1794 Gogala & Moder, 1960: Strunjan, 19. 4. 1959, M. Go-gala leg. Gogala & Gogala, 1986; Gogala & Gogaia, 1989 Unpublished records: Istra: Koper, Mare2ige, VL04, 4. 1974 Vipavska dolina: Ajdovščina, Planina, VL17, 25. 3. 1988, A. & M. Gogala leg. Kras: Brje pri Komnu, VL07, 14. 5. 1989, A. & M. Go-gala leg. Istra: Trebeše, r. Stranica, VL13, 14. 8. 2002, A. Gogala leg. Kras: Brestovica pri Povirju, Studence, VLI6 , 1. 3. 2003, A. Gogala ieg. Istra: Strunjan, Karbonar, UL94, 17. 5. 2003, A. & M . Gogala leg. Notonecta meridionalis Poisson, 1926 Unpublished records: P rek m u rje: Moravci, VVM97, 30. 4. 1983, A. & M. Go-gala leg. Prekmurje: Turnišče, XM06, 30. 4. 1983, A. & M. Go-gala leg. Istra: Movraž, Movraška vala, VL13, 18. 2. 1990, A. & M. Gogala leg. Notonecta viridis Delcourt, 1909 Gogaia & Moder, 1960: Ljubljana, 20. 1. 1954, 3. 10. 1954, M. Gogala leg. Unpublished record: Kras: Hruševtca, VI.07, 3. 2. 2002, A. & M. Gogala leg. Pleidae Plea minutissima Leach, 1817 P. feachi M'Gregor & Kirkaldy, 1899 Gogala & Moder, 1960: Ljubljana, 8. - 9., Staudacher & M. Gogala leg. Gogala & Gogala, 1986; Gogala & Gogala, 1989 Linpublished records: Ljubljansko barje: Matena, VL69, 24. 4. 1977, A. & M. Gogala leg. Ljubljansko barje: ig, Dobravica, Draga, VL68, 22. 3. 1980, A. & M. Gogala ieg. Prekmurje: Mursko Središče, slov. stran r. Mure, XM15, 6. 7. 1980, A. & M. Gogala leg. Prekmurje: Petanjci, WM86, 29. 4. 1983, A. & M. Go- gala leg. Prekmurje: Bukovniško jezero, XM07, 30. 4. 1983, A. & M. Gogala leg. Prekmurje: Petišovci, XM15, 30. 4. 1983, 13. 6. 1987, A. & M. Gogala leg. Prekmurje: Goričko, Gornji Petrovci, WM98, 1. 5. 1983, A. & M. Gogala leg. Kras; Brestovica pri Komnu, UL97, 2. 5. 1990, A. & M. Gogala leg. Istra: Movraž, Movraška vala, VL13, 18. 5. 1990, A. & M. Gogala leg. Prekmurje: Mala Poiana, Črni log, XM06, 23. 5. 1992, A. & M. Gogala leg. Prekmurje: Ledavsko jezero, WM87 , 9. 4. 1997, 5. Bre­lih leg. GERROMORPHA Mesoveliidae Mesovelia furcata Mulsant & Rey, 1852 Gogala & Moder, 1960: Ig, 9. 10. 1954, M. Gogala leg. Gogala, 1996: Prekmurje: Dolenja Bistrica, XM05, 23. 5. 1992, A. & M. Gogala leg. Hebridae Hebrus pusillus (Faílén, 1807) Montandon, 1886: Gorica Gogaia & Gogala, 1987: Dolina Dragonje Gogala & Gogala, 1989; Gogala, 1992 Unpublished records; Istra: Koštabona, Škrline, r. Dragonja, VL03, 7. 8. 1986, A. & M. Gogaia leg. Istra: Sočerga, Mlini, VL13, 1. 8. 1990, A. & M. Gogala leg. Istra: Trsek, r. Dragonja, VL03, 7. 7. 2000, A. Gogala leg. Istra: Sirči, VL03, 21. 7. 1997, S. Brelih ieg. etcoll. Rače, ribnik v gozdu, WM54, 12. 5. 1992, V. Furlan leg. et coll. ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 13 • 2003 • 2 Andrei GO G ALA : HETEROPTER A O F SLOVENIA , I: DIPSOCOROMORPHA , NEPOMOHRHA , GERROMORPH A AN D LEPTOPOOOMOKPHA , 223-2-10 Hebrus ruficeps Thomson , 1871 Gogala, 1992 Unpublished records: Camiolia: Utik, VM50, 7. 1918, Stussiner leg. Laibach (= Ljubljana), 30. 9. 1928, Staudacher leg. Prekmurje: Murisa, 422 m, rob mrtvice, XM25, 5. 10. 2001, A. Pirnat leg. Hydrometridae Hydrometra stagnorum (Linnaeus, 1758) Graffe, 1911: Gorica Gogala &. Moder, 1960: Ljubljana, 6. 5. 1954, S. 8. 1954, 12. 10. 1953, M. Gogala leg.; Črnuče, Brinje, 2. 4. 1954, 5. 7. 1954, M. Gogala leg.; Ptuj, 12. 10. 1954, M. Gogala leg.; Sečovlje, M. Gogala leg.; Por­torož, Sv, Lucija, 21. 4. 1955, M. Gogala leg. Gogala & Gogala, 1986; Gogala & Gogala, 1989 Unpublished records: Laibach, Stadtvvald (= Ljubljana, Mestni log), VL59, 19. 3. 1923, Staudacher leg. Ljubljana, Dolsko, VM70, 12. 4. 1980, A. & M. Gogala leg. Vipavska dolina: Renče, UL98, 22. 7. 1980, A. & M. Gogala leg. Istra: Koštabona, Škrline, r. Dragonja, VL03, 25. 6. 1981, M. Gogala leg., 7. 6. 1987, A. & M. Gogala leg. Ljubljana, Sp. Gameljne, VM60, 11. 4. 1988, A. & M. Gogala leg. Istra: Osp, VL14, 18. 2. 1990, A. & M. Gogala leg. Prekmurje: Dolenja Bistrica, XM05, 23. 5. 1992, A. & M. Gogala leg. Braniška dolina: Sp. Branica, Čipnje, r. Branica, VL.07, 23. 5. 1993, A. & M. Gogala leg. Braniška dolina: Kodreti, Dolanci, r. Branica, VL17, 25. 5. 1997, A. & M. Gogala leg. istra: Dragonja, r. Dragonja, UL93, 10. 6. 1997, A. & M. Gogala leg. Kras: Škocjan, r. Reka, VL25, 25. 8. 2001, A. Gogala leg. Ilirska Bistrica, mrtvica pri Lesonitu, VL44, 4, 8. 2002, S, Polak leg. Oresje na Bizeljskem, VVM50, 25. 5. 1993, V. Furlan leg. et coll. Muljava, VL88, 3. 3. 1992, V, Furlan leg. etcoll. Prekmurje: Dobrovnik, XM07, 26. 7. 1998, S. Gomboc & D. Kofol leg. et coll. Istra: Strunjan, Karbonar, UL94, 17. 5. 2003, A. & M. Gogala leg. istra: Belvedur, r. Malinska, VL03, 4. 6. 2003, A. Gogala leg. Veliidae Micro v e tia p ygma ea (Dufour , 1833} Horvath, 1887: Gorica Gogala & Gogala, 1986; Gogala & Gogala, 1989 Unpublished records: Kras: Petri nje, VL14, 28. 6. 1980, A. & M. Gogala leg. Vipavska dol.: Renče, UL98, 22. 7. 1980, A. & M . Go-gala leg. Ljubljana, Sp. Gameljne, VM60, 11.4. 1988, A. & M. Gogala leg, Microvelia reticulata (Burmeister, 1835) M. schneideri (Scholtz, 1847) Horvath, 1887: Gorica Gogala &. Moder, 1960: Šmartno ob Savi, 2. 4, 1954, M. Gogala leg. Gogala & Gogala, 1986; Gogala & Gogala, 1989 Unpublished records: Laibach (= Ljubljana), 15. 10. 1944, Staudacher leg. Ljubljansko barje: Ig, Matena, VL69, 24. 4. 1977, A. & M. Gogala leg. Prekmurje: Mursko Središče, slov. stran r. Mure, XM15, 6. 7. 1980, A. & M. Gogala leg. Prekmurje: Petišovci, XM15, 30. 4. 1983, A. & M. Go- gala leg. Prekmurje: Bukovniško jezero, XM07, 30. 4. 1983, A. & M. Gogala leg. Prekmurje: Turn išče, XM06, 30. 4. 1983, A. & M. Go-gala leg. Ljubljansko barje: Ig, Dobravica, Draga, VL68, 4. 5. 1985, A. & M. Gogala leg. Ljubljana, Sp. Gameljne, VM60, 11,4. 1988, A, & M . Gogala leg. Prekmurje: Dolenja Bistrica, XM05, 23. 5. 1992, A. & M. Gogala leg. Veiia affinis filippii Tamanini, 1947 Tamanini, 1947: Isola d'istria {= Izola) Unpublished record: Istra: Strunjan, Karbonar, UL94, 4. 6. 2003, A. Gogala leg. Veiia caprai Tamanini, 1947 Tamanini, 1947: Beca (= Beka); Clanec (= Klanec pri Kozini); Corso Medio Risano (= Rižana r.) Gogala & Gogala, 1986; Gogala & Gogala, 1989 Unpublished records: Vipavska dol.: Ozeljan, VL08, 7. 4. 1979, A. & M . Go-gala leg. Ljubljansko barje: Dragomer, VL59, 25. 4. 1983, A. & M. Gogala leg. Prekmurje: Goričko: Ocinje, WM78, 14. 6. 1987, A. & M. Gogala leg. Istra: Topolovec, r. Vruia, VL03, 16. 4. 1988, A. & M . Gogala leg. Šmarje pri jelšah, WM42, 17. 8. 1988, A. & M. Gogala leg. Lužarji, izvir !§ke, VL67, 12.8.1998, 1.5. 1 999, A. Go- gala leg. istra: Ocizla, VL15, 3. 8. 2001, A. Gogala leg. Andrej GOGALA : HETEROPTER A O F SLOVENfA . !: DIFSOCOROMORPHA . NEPOMORPHA , GERROMORPH A AN D LEPIOPODOMORPHA , 323-240 Slovenske gorice: Hlaponci, WM74, 23. 4. 1998, S. Brejih leg. et coll. Branilka dolina: Kodreti, Doianci, r. Branica, VI..17, 7. 6. 2003, A. Gogala leg. Velia currens (Fahncitis, 1794) Tamanini, 1947: Plezzo (= Bovec) i Gogala & Moder, 1960 (probably confused with other species) Gogala & Gogala, 1986; Gogala & Gogala, 1989 Unpublished records: Bohinj: Bohinjska Bistrica, VM12, 20. 3. 1977, A. & M. Gogala leg. Rakitna, VL58, 17. 2. 1980, A. & M. Gogala leg. Ljubljansko barje: Ig, Matena, Iška Loka, VL69, 11.4. 1982, A. & M. Gogala leg. Ljubljansko barje: Podpec, VL59, 6. 8. 1983, A. & M. Gogala leg. Ljubljansko barje: Ig, Matena, VL69, 24. 4. 1977, 4. 5. 1985, A. & M. Gogala leg., 24. 4. 1999, S. Brelih leg. et coll. Idrija, Krekovše, r. Belca, VL19, 28. 6. 1988, M. Gogala leg., 16. 8, 2003, A. Gogala leg. Iški Vintgar, VL68, 14. 8. 1988, 25. 4. 1998, A. & M. Gogala leg. julijske Alpe: Bohinj, Voje, VM13, 25. 9. 1988, A. & M. Gogala leg. Hotedršica, Žejna dolina, VL39, 29. 7. 1999, A. Gogala leg. Lužarji, I Ska pod izvirom, VL67, 12. 5. 2001, photo A. Gogala. Borovnica, Pekel, r. Sorovnisčica, VL58, 6. 8. 2003, A. Gogala leg. Velia saulii Tamanini, 1947 (Fig. 2) Tamanini, 1947: Sstria, Val Recca (= Reka valley), 4. 1935: hoiotype; Corso Medio Risano, Villa Decani (-Rižana r., Dekani (Koper)), 4. 1936; Istria, Beca Ocisla (= Beka, Ocizla), 10. 1942 Unpublished record: Braniška dol.: Kodreti, Doianci, r. Branica, VL17, 7. 6. 2003, A. Gogala leg. Gerridae Aquarius najas (De Geer, 1773) Montandon, 1886: Gorica Graffe, 1911: Cerkniško jezero Gogala & Moder, 1960: Iška, 25. 4. 1954, 28. 10. 1958, M. Gogala leg.; Domžale, 12. 4. 1954, M. Gogala leg.; Drava, 8. 10. 1955, M. Gogala leg. Gogala & Gogala, 1986; Gogala & Gogala, 1989 Unpublished records: Laibach (= Ljubljana), 29. 8. 1939, Staudacher leg. Ljubljana, Boka Ice, VM50, 6. 1972, A. & M. Gogala leg. Ljubljana: Trnovo, VI..69, 12. 5. 1986, M. Gogala leg. Istra: Topolovec, r. Vruja, VL03, 16. 4. 1988, A. & M. Gogala leg. IŠki Vintgar, VL68, 14. 8. 1988, A. & M. Gogala leg. Fig. 2: The distribution of all four Velia species living in Slovenia. SI. 2: Razširjenost vseh štirih vrst rodu Velia, ki živijo v Sloveniji. ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 13 - 2003 • 2 Andrej C O GAJ . A: HETf.RORiER A O F SLOVENIA , 1-, DtP50COROMOR P HA , NEPOMORPHA , CERROMORP I !A AN D LEPTOPODOMORPHA , 223-2 « Istra: Koštahona, Supotski slap, VL03, 12. 10. 1988, A. & M. Cogala leg. Istra: Osp, VL14, 18, 2, 1990, A. & M. Gogaia [eg. Istra: izvir Rižane, VL.14, 18. 3. 1990, A. & M, Gogaia leg. Istra: Sočerga, Mlini, VL13, 1. 8. 1990, A. & M . Gogaia leg. Braniška dolina: Sp. Branica, Čipnje, r. Branica, VL07, 18. 7. 1991, 23. 5. 1993, 2.5. 5. 1997, A. & M. Gogaia leg. Kras: Škocjan, r. Reka, VL25, 13. 3. 1999, A. Gogaia leg. Aquarius paludum (Fabricius, 1794) Gogaia & Gogaia, 1986; Gogaia & Gogaia, 1989 Unpublished records: Laibach (- Ljubljana), 4. 6. 1938, Staudacher leg. Kras: Petrinje, VL14, 1. 7. 1979, A. & M. Gogaia leg. Prekmurje: Mursko Središče, slov. stran r. Mure, XM15, 6. 7. 1980, A. & M. Gogaia leg. Prekmurje: Bukovniško jezero, XM07, 30. 4. 1983, A. & M. Gogaia leg. Prekmurje: Turnišče, XM06, 30. 4. 1983, A. & M. Go­ gaia ieg. Planinsko polje: Planina, Laze, VL47, 11.5. 1986, A. & M. Gogaia leg. Cerkniško jezero: Otok, VL56, 24. 5. 1987, A. & M. Go­gaia leg. Kras: Brestovica pri Komnu, UL97, 2. 5. 1990, A. & M. Gogaia leg. Slovenske gorice: Hlaponci, WM74, 23. 4. 1998, S. Brelib leg. et coll. Istra: Piran, Fjesa, Vel. jezerce, UL84, 17. 5. 2003, A. & M. Gogaia leg. Cerris argentatus Schummel, 1832 Gogaia & Moder, 1960: Ljubijana, 14. 4. 1954, M. Go­gaia leg.; Črnuče, Brinje, 2. 4. 1954, M. Gogaia leg.; Iška, 9. 10. 1954, M. Gogaia leg. Gogaia & Gogaia, 1986; Gogaia & Gogaia, 1989 Unpublished records: Ljubljansko barje: fg, Dobravica, Draga, VL68, 29. 3. 1980, 4. 5. 1985, A. & M. Gogaia leg. Prekmurje: Mursko Središče, slov. stran r. Mure, XM15, 6. 7. 1980, A. & M. Cogala leg. Prekmurje: Bukovniško jezero, XM07, 30. 4. 1983, A. & M. Gogaia leg. Prekmurje: TurnišČe, XM06, 30. 4. 1983, A. & M. Go-gala leg. Prekmurje: Petišovci, XM15, 30. 4. 1983, A. & M. Go- gala leg. Bloke: Volčje, Bloško jezero, VL67, 23. 4. 1989, A. & M. Gogaia leg. Prekmurje: Mala Polana, Črni log, XM06, 23. 5. 1992, A. & M. Gogaia leg, Kranj, Bobovek, VM52, 26. 4, 1999, S. Brelih leg. et coll. Gerris costae (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1850) Gogaia & Moder, 1960: Ljubljana, 23. 4. 1954, M. Go­gaia leg.; Sv. Katarina, 31. 8. 1953, M. Gogaia leg.; Stol, 1600 m, 12. 6. 1954, M, Gogaia leg.; Peričnik, F. j. Schmidt leg.; Sv. Lucija pri Portorožu, 20. 4. 1955, M. Gogaia leg. Gogaia & Gogaia, 1986; Gogaia & Gogaia, 1989 Unpublished records: Vipavska dolina: Ozeijan, VL08, 7. 4. 1979, A. & M. Gogaia ieg. Bohinj: Bohinjska Bistrica, VM12, 5, 4. 1980, A. & M . Gogaia leg. julijske Alpe: Nemški Rovt, VM22, 15. 8. 1981, A. & M. Gogaia ieg. Pohorje: Sv. Areh, WM35, 24. 7. 1983, A. & M. Gogaia leg. Istra: Padna, UL93, 16. 6. 1984, A. & M. Gogaia leg. Rovte, Medvedje brdo, Vl.39, 19. 5. 1985, A. & M. Go­gaia ieg. Ljubljansko barje: Log, Lukovica, VL59, 26. 4. 1986, A, & M. Gogaia leg. Istra: Koštabona, VL03, 7. 8. 1986, 7. 6. 1987, A. & M . Gogaia leg. Karavanke: Soičava, Žibovt - Kisla voda, VM74, 26. 6. 1988, A. & M. Cogala ieg. Vipavska dolina: Ajdovščina, Planina, VL17, 25. 3. 1988, A. & M. Gogaia leg. Kras: Komen, Nadrožica, VL07, 5. 5. 1989, A. & M. Go­ gaia ieg. Istra: Osp, VL14, 18. 3.1990, A. & M. Gogaia leg. Lužarji, izvir Iške, VL67, 1. 5. 1999, A. Gogaia leg. Julijske Alpe: Vršič, Sleme, 1850 m, VM04, 1. 8. 2.001, A. & M. Cogala leg. Istra: Trebeše, r. Stranica, VL13, 14. 8, 2002, A. Gogaia leg. Hrastnik, VVM01, 8. 4. 1996, A. Kapia ieg. et coli. istra: Sirci, VL03, 21. 7. 1997, S. Brelih leg. etcolL Istra: Strunjan, Karbonar, UL94, 17. 5. 2003, A. & M. Gogaia leg. Istra: Koper, Dekani, r. Rižana, VL04, 4. 6. 2003, A. Go­gaia ieg. Gerris gibbifer Schummel, 1832 Horvath, 1887: Gorica Gerris lacustris (Linnaeus, 1758) Montandon, 1886: Gorica Gogaia & Moder, 1960: Ljubljana, 4., M, Gogaia leg.; Dravlje, 12. 7. 1851, F. j. Schmidt leg.; Črnuče, Brinje, 2, 4. 1954, M. Gogaia leg,; Brežice, 7. 8. 1958, M. Gogaia leg, Cogala & Gogaia, 1986; Gogaia & Gogaia, 1989 Unpublished records: Ljubljansko barje: Studenec - Ig , VL69, 4. 8. 1928, Staudacher leg. Andrej GOCALA : METEROPTER A O F 51 OVEN!A , I: D1PSOC O ROM O R P H A. NEPOMORPHA , CERROMORPH A AN D LEPTOPOOOMORPMA . 223-240 Ljubljansko barje: Ig, Matena, VL69, 2.4. 4. 1977, A. & M. Gogala leg. Ljubljansko barje: Bevke, VL59, 20. 2. 1977, A. & M. Gogala leg. Vipavska dolina: Ozeljan, VL08, 7. 4. 1979, A. & M. Gogala leg. Kras: Petrinje, VL14, 15. 4. 1979, A. & M. Gogala leg. Bohinj: Bohinjska Bistrica, VM12, 5. 4. 1980, A. & M . Gogala leg. Istra: Koštabona, VL03, 25. 6. 1981, M. Gogala leg. Ljubljansko barje: Log, l.ukovica, VL59, 10. 7. 1981, A. & M. Gogala leg. Vipavska dolina: Renče, UL98, 22. 7. 1980, A. & M. Gogala leg. Planinsko polje: Planina, Laze, VL47, 11. 6. 1982, 11. 5. 1986, A. & M. Gogala leg. Prekmurje: Bukovniško jezero, XM07, 30. 4. 1983, A. & M. Gogala leg. Prekmurje: Turnišče, XM06, 30. 4. 1983, A. & M. Go-gala leg. Pokljuka: barje Šijec, VM23, 26. 6. 1985, A. & M. Go- gala leg. Istra: Boršt, VL03, 3. 5.1986, A. & M. Gogala leg. Planinsko polje: Planina, VL47, 11. 5. 1986, 11. 5. 2001, A. & M. Gogala leg. Bloke: Volčje, Bloško jezero, VL67, 19. 4. 1987, A. & M. Gogala leg. Cerkniško jezero: Otok, VL56, 24. 5. 1987, A. & M. Go-gala leg. Pomurje: Veržej, VVM96, 13, 6. 1987, A. & M. Gogala leg. Vipavska dolina: Ajdovščina, Planina, VL17, 25. 3. 1988, A. & M. Gogala leg. Borovnica, Pekel, VL58, 27. 4. 1988, A. & M. Gogala leg. Rakov Škocjan, VL47, 7. 5. 1988, A. & M. Gogala leg. Istra; Črnotiče, VL14, 18. 3. 1990, A. & M. Gogala leg. Kras: Brestovica pri Komnu, UL97, 2. 5. 1990, A. & M. Gogala leg. Istra: G rad in, Koromači, VL03, 5. 8.1999, A. Gogala leg. Istra: Trebeše, r. Stranica, VL13, 14. 8. 2002, A. Gogala leg. Cerkniško jezero: Gorica, VL56, 29. 8. 2000, S. Brelih leg. et coil. Slovenske gorice: Hlaponci, WM74, 23. 4. 1998, S. Brelih leg. et coil. Kranj, Bobovek, VM52, 26. 4. 1999, S. Brelih leg. et coil. Ilirska Bistrica, mrtvica pri Lesonitu, VL44-, 4. 8. 2002, S. Polak leg. Istra: Strunjan, Karbonar, UL94, 17. 5. 2003, A. & M. Gogala leg. Istra: Koper, Dekani, ob Rižani, VL04, 4. 6. 2003, A. Gogala leg. Cerris odontogaster (Zetterstedt, 1828) ? Andersen, 1995: Slovenia Cerris thoracicus Schummel, 1832 Gogala & Moder. 1960: Ljubljana,.'23/-4.;.-j.954y'M.: Go- gala leg.; Črnuče, Brinje, 2. 4. 1954,'M.: Gogala leg. :: Gogala & Gogala, 1986; Gogala Gogala, 19«<1 Unpublished records: Ljubljansko barje: Log, Lukovica, VL59, 2. 4. 1977, A. & M. Gogala leg. Kras: Petrinje, VL14, 15. 4. 1979, A. & M. Gogala leg. Ljubljansko barje: Ig, Matena, Iška Loka, VI.69, 11. 4. 1982, A. & M. Gogala leg. Planinsko polje; Planina, Vl.47, 11. 5. 1986, A. & M. Gogala leg. Cerkniško jezero: Otok, VL56, 27. 4. 1990, A. & M. Go-gala leg. Cerris asper (Reber, 1860) ? Andersen, 1995: Slovenia Limnoporus rufoscutellatus (Latreille, 1807) ? Andersen, 1995: Slovenia LEPTOPODOMORPHA Saldidae Chartoscirta cincta (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1841) Montandon, 1886: Gorica Protič, 1998: Podčetrtek, 30. 6. 1930, E. Jaeger leg. Unpublished records: Gradišče pri Lukovici, VM71, 31. 7. 1996, A. & M. Go- gala leg. Cerkniško jezero: Gorenje Jezero, r. Obrh, VL56, 21. 7. 2002, A. Gogala leg. Chartoscirta cocksii (Curtis, 1835) Montandon, 1886: Gorica Gogala & Moder, 1960: Sečovlje, 21. 4. 1955, M. Go- gala leg. Gogala & Gogala, 1986; Gogala & Gogala, 1989 Protič, 1998: Podčetrtek, 12. 11. 1934, E. Jaeger leg. Unpublished records: Laibach (- Ljubljana), 3. 1 1. 1935, Staudacher leg. Ljubljansko barje: Log, Lukovica, VI.59, 19. 3. 1983, 12. 4. 1983, A. & M. Gogala leg. Istra: Sočerga, Mlini, VI. 13, 1. 8. 1990, A. & M. Gogala leg. Ilirska Bistrica, Zarečje, VL34, 31. 5. 1999, S. Brelih leg. et coil. Hafosalda lateralis (Fa.llen, 1807) Gogala & Gogala, 1989; Gogala, 1992 Unpublished records: Istra: Sečovlje, Fontanigge, UL93, 2. 10. 1986, M. Go- gala leg., 6. 5. 2000, A. & M. Gogala leg., 18. 9. 2003 (Fig. 3) ANNAI.ES • Ser. hist nat -13-2003 • 2 Andrej GOGALA : HtTEROPTER A O F SLOVENJA , l: DiPSOCOROMORPHA , NEPOMORPHA , CFRROMORPFi A AN D LEfiOPODOMOKPHA , 22.3-240 Fig. 3: H a losa Ida lateralis is known to live in Slovenia only at the Sečovlje salt-pans. (Photo: A. Gogala) Si. 3: Ha losa Ida lateralis živi v Sloveniji samo v Sečo­veljskih solinah. (Foto: A. Gogala) Macrosaidula scotica {Curtis, 1835) Gogala & Gogala, 1986; Gogala & Gogala, 1989 Unpublished records: Ljubljana, Črnuče, r. Sava, VM60, 3. 6. 1979, A. & M. Gogala leg. Medvode, Goričane, r. Sora, VM51, 15. 7. 1980, A. & M. Gogala leg. Medvode, Sora, Draga, r. Sora, VM51, 22. 7. 1982, A. & M. Gogala leg. Brod na Kupi, Petrina, r. Kolpa, VL83, 27. 7. 1985, A. & M. Gogala leg. Julijske Alpe: Krnska jezera, UM92, 31. 7. 1988, A. & M. Gogala leg. Kras: Škocjan, Naklo, r. Reka, VL25, 29. 8. 1998, A. Gogala leg. Macrosaidula variabilis (Herricb-Schaeffer, 1835) Montandon, 1886: Gorica Gogala & Gogala, 1986; Gogala & Gogala, 1989 Unpublished records: Istra: Koštabona, r. Dragonja, VL03, 25. 6. 1981, M. Gogala leg., 7. 8. 1986, A. & M. Gogala leg. Ljubljana, Tomačevo, r. Sava, VM60, 14. 6. 1983, A. & M. Gogala leg. Saldula c-album (Fieber, 1859) Gogala &. Moder, 1960: Bohinj, 2. 5. 1955, 20. 8. 1956, M. Gogala leg.; ob Korošici, 29. 5. 1950, M. Gogala leg. Gogala & Gogala, 1986; Gogala & Gogala, 1989 Unpublished records: Bohinj: Ukane, r. Savica, VM02, 30. 4. 1978, A. & M. Gogala ieg. Idrija, Divje jezero, VL29, 13. 4. 1980, A. & M. Gogala leg. julijske Alpe: Nemški Rovi, VM22, 15. 8. 1981, A. & M. Gogala leg. Kamniško-Savinjske Alpe: Jezersko, VM63, 14. 8. 1983, A. & M. Gogala leg. Idrija, Krekovše, r. Belca, VL19, 28. 6. 1988, M. Gogala leg. Hrastnik, WM01, 6. 4. 2000, A. Kapla leg. Hrastnik, r. Sava, 210 m, WM00, 12. 7. 2002, A. Kapla leg. Ljutomer, Podgradje, ribnik. 180 m, WM95 , 27. 5. 1997, S. Brelih leg. etcoll. Saldula melanoscela (Fieber , 1859) Horvath, 1 887: Gorica Gogala & Gogala, 1986 Protič, 1998: Podčetrtek, 12.11.1934, E. Jaeger leg. Unpublished records: Ljubljansko barje: Log, Lukovica, VL59, 10. 7. 1981, A. Gogala leg. Prekmurje: Petišovci, XM15, 30. 4. 1983, A. & M. Go-gala leg. Istra: Sočerga, Mlini, VL13, 1.8. 1990, A. & M. Gogala leg. Saldula opacula (Zetterstedt, 1838) ? Lindskog, 1995: Slovenia Saldula orthochila (Fieber , 1859) Gogala & Gogala, 1986; Gogala & Gogala, 1989 Unpublished records: Julijske Alpe: Ratitovec, VM22, 18. 8. 1946, Pretner leg. Kamniško-Savinjske Alpe: Velika planina, VM72, 15. 10. 1978, A. & M . Gogala leg. Julijske Alpe: PL Lipanca, VM13, 2. 9. 1979, A. & M. Gogala leg. Julijske Alpe: Zg. Radovna, VM14, 28. 8. 1988, A. & M. Gogala leg. Snežnik, VL54, 22. 7. 1992, A. & M. Gogala leg. Saldula palllpes (Fabricius, 1794) Gogala & Moder, 1960: Ljubljana, M. Gogala leg.; Ig, 9. 10. 1954, M. Gogala leg.; Bohinj, Vogel, 8. 1958, M. Gogala leg. Gogala & Gogala, 1986 (partly confused with S. palus­trisi); Gogala & Gogala, 1989 (confused with S. p a I us-fris!) Unpublished records: Bohinj: Ukane, Bohinjsko jezero, VM02, 24. 8. 1980, A. & M. Gogala leg. Planinsko polje: Laze, VL47, 21.6. 2000, A. Gogala leg. Bloke; Volčje, Bloško jezero, VL67, 2. 7. 2000, A. Go- gala leg. Planinsko polje: Planina, r. Unica, VL47, 14. 8. 2001, A. Gogala leg. Ormož, Prankovci, gram, jurkovec, WM94, 24. 7. 2002, A. Kapla leg. Cerkniško jezero: Gorica, VL56, 29. 8. 2000, S. Brelih leg. et coll. Andrej GOGALA : HETEROPTERAO F SLOVENIA . U DIPSOCOKOMORPHA . NEPOMORPHA . GERRO.WORPH A AN O lfFrOPODOMORipHA~ Salduia palustris (Douglas, 1874) Unpublished records: Istra: Koper, Bertoki, Škocjanski zatok, VL04, 1. 7. 1979, 18. 5. 1980, A. & M. Gog a la leg., 10. 6. 2000, 8. 8. 2000, 11.8. 2000, A. Gogala leg. Istra: Sočerga, Mlini, VL13, 1. 8. 1990, A. & M. Gogala leg. Istra: Koštabona, r. Dragonja, VL03, 7. 8. 1986, A. & M. Gogala leg. Istra: Sečovlje, Fontanigge, UL93, 2. 3. 1996, 8. 4. 2000, A. Gogala leg. Istra: Ankaran, VL04, 28. 10. 2000, A. & M. Gogala leg. Istra: Koper, Škocjanski zatok, VL04, 23. 5. 2000, S. B re I i h leg. et coil. Salduia pilosella hirsuta (Reuter, 1888) Gogala & Gogala, 1986; Gogala, 1992 Unpublished records: istra: Koper, Bertoki, Škocjanski zatok, VL04, 1. 7. 1979, A. & M. Gogala leg., 10. 6. 2000, 11.8. 2000, A. Go-gala leg. Istra: Sečovlje, Fontanigge, UL93, 2. 3. 1996, A. Gogala leg. Salduia sanatoria (Linnaeus , 1758) Gogala & Moder, 1960: Ljubljana, 25. 5. 1954, M. Go- gala leg.; Črnuče, Brinje, 5. 7. 1954, M . Gogala leg. Gogala & Gogala, 1986; Gogaia & Gogala, 1989. Unpublished records: Kamniško-Savinjske Alpe: Velika planina, VM72, 15. 10. 1978, A. & M. Gogaia leg. Ljubljana, Dobrova, VM50, 27. 5. 1979, A. & M. Go-gala leg, Ljubljana, Dolsko, VM70, 12. 4. 1980, A. & M. Gogala leg. Bohinj: Ukane, Bohinjsko jezero, VM02, 24. 8. 1980, A. & M. Gogaia leg. Prekmurje: Petišovci, XM15, 30. 4, 1983, A. & M. Go­ gaia leg. Planinsko polje: Laze, VL47, 21. 5. 1983, 21. 6. 2000, A. & M, Gogala leg. Kamniško-Savinjske Alpe: jezersko, VM63, 14, 8, 1983, A. & M. Gogala leg. Ljubljansko barje: Podpeč, VL59, 6. 8. 1983, A. & M. Gogaia leg. Ljubljansko barje: Ig, Dobravica, Draga, VL68, 4, 5. 1985, A, & M, Gogala leg. Cerkniško jezero: Dolenje Jezero, VL56, 28. 6. 1985, A. & M. Gogala leg. Prekmurje: Goričko: Ocinje, WM78, 14. 6. 1987, A. & M. Gogala leg. Bloke: Volčje, Bloško jezero, VL67, 1 1.7 . 1987, 2. 7. 2000, A. & M. Gogala leg. Rakov Škocjan, VL47, 7. 5. 1988, A. & M. Gogaia leg. Julijske Alpe: Krnska jezera, UM92, 31. 7. 1988, A. & M. Gogala leg. Vipavska dolina: M. Žablje, VL18, 23. 5. 1993, A. M. Gogala leg. Iski Vintgar: Vrbica, VL68, 9. 8. i <)<)«, 20. 4. 2000, 20. 6. 2000, A. Gogala leg. Planinsko polje: Planina, VL47, 22. 4. 2000, A. Gogala leg. Planinsko polje: Planina, r. Unica, VL47, 14. 8. 2001, A. Gogala leg. Cerkniško jezero: Gorica, VL56, 29. 8. 2000, S. Brelih leg. et coll. Ljutomer, Podgradje, ribnik, 180 m, WM95, 27. 5. 1997, S. Brelih leg. etcoll. Prekmurje: Vučja Gomila, WM97, 2. 6. 1999, S. Brelih leg. et coll. Sa/da adriatica Horvath, 1887 Unpublished record: istra: Sečovlje, Fontanigge, UL93, 20. 6. 2001, A. Go- gala leg. Leptopodidae Leptopus marmoratus (Goeze, 1778) Montandon, 1886: Gorica Gogala & Gogala, 1986: Isonzo (= Soča r.), coll. F. ]. Schmidt Patapius spinosus (Rossi, 1790) Unpublished record: Kras: Brje pri Komnu, VL07, 19. 9. 1999, J. Šporar, A. & M. Gogala leg. Species omitted from the list Micronecta minutissima (Linnaeus , 1758) Gogala & Moder, I960: probably a misidentification. Gogala & Gogala, 1986: confused with M. scholtzi. Gogala & Gogala, 1989: confused with M. griseola. Notonecta obliqua Thunberg, 1787 Gogala & Moder, 1960; Gogaia & Gogala, 198G: proba­bly dark specimens of N. meridionalis and N. glauca. Salduia pilosella pilosella (Thomson, 1871) Gogaia & Gogala, 1986: only a single aberrant: speci­me n of 5. p. hirsuta. DISCUSSIO N Water bugs have been poorly studied in Slovenia. Several additional species could possibly be found in the north-eastern (sub-Pannonian) part of the country, where water habitats are numerous. Hebrus ruficeps was trapped on the bank of an ox­bow pond near the Mura river. It is probably not present near Ljubljana any more. Mura's oxbows are also a ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 13 • 2003 • 2 Andrej GOCrtLA : H ETE KOPI E RA O f SLOVENIA , I: DIPSOCOROMORPHA . NEPOMORPHA , GERROMORPH A AN D LEPTOPODOMORPHA , 223-240 habitat to Mesovelia furcata, which was found on cause is a water accumulation on the stream there and Ljubljana Moors only about 50 years ago. its pollution. I was also unsuccessful when trying to find Salt marshes on the coast, especially the Secovije Velia saulii on its type locality. The river Reka has been salt-pans, are home to several species of shore bugs, badly polluted in the past. which live only there. Salda adriatica and the subspe-Patapius spinosus was found in the Kras (Karst) re­cies Saldula piloselia hirsuta were described from the gion as a single specimen, coming to a table. Notonecta Italian coast not far from here. The latter is endemic to meridionalis and Saldula palustris were recognized the Adriatic basin. among the previously collected material. The only so far known habitat of Velia affinis fitippii Although some species are still very numerous, water is the Roja stream and its tributaries in Strunjan. The and shore bugs are among the most vulnerable Heterop­species had not been found in Izola anymore, although tera species. Their habitats have shrunk much in the past reported from there by Tamanini (1947). The probable and it is hoped that this trend will be stopped in the future. HETEROPTER A SLOVENIJE , I.: DIPSOCOROMORPHA , NEPOMORPHA , GERROMORPH A IN LEPTOPODOMORPH A Andrej COCALA Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije, SM00 1 Ljubljana, Prešernova 20, p.p. 290 E-mail: agogaia@pms-lj.si POVZETEK Objavljen je seznam stenic infraredov Dipsocoromorpha, Nepomorpha, Gerromorpha in Leptopodomorpha, ki ži­ vijo v Sloveniji. Povzeti so podatki iz literature. Material iz zbirk Prirodoslovnega muzeja Slovenije je bil ponovno pre­gledan, navedeni so vsi znani podatki o najdiščih in datumih najdb. Vrste Notonecta meridionalis, Saldula palustris, Salda adriatica In Patapius spinosus so prvič zabeležene v Sloveniji. Pojasnjeno je tipsko najdišče vrste Velia saulii. Ključne besede: Heteroptera, Dipsocoromorpha, Nepomorpha, Gerromorpha, Leptopodomorpha, Slovenija, favna REFERENCES Gogaia, M. & A. Moder (1960): Prispevek k poznavanju favne stenic Slovenije (Hemiptera - Het.eroptera). Biol, Andersen, N. M. (1995): Infraorder Gerromorpha vestn., 7, 85-99. Popov, 1971 - semiaquatic bugs. In: Aukema, B. & Ch. Gräffe, E, (1911): Beiträge zur Fauna der Hemipteren Rieger (eds.): Catalogue of the Heteroptera of the Pa-des Küstenlandes. Boll. Soc. Adriat. Sei. Nat. Trieste, 15, laearctic Region- Volume 1. Netherlands Entomological 291-309. Society, Amersterdam, The Netherlands. Horvath, G. (1887): Hémipteres-Hetéroptbres des envi-Aukema, B. & Ch. Rieger (eds.) (1995): Catalogue of the rons de Gorice (lliyrie). Rev. Entomol., 6,68-74. Heteroptera of the Palaearctic Region. Volume 1. Neth-Jansson, A. (1995); Family Corixidae Leach, 1815 ­erlands Entomological Society, Amersterdam, The Neth-water boatmen. In: Aukema, B. & Ch. Rieger (eds.): erlands, 222 pp. Catalogue of the Heteroptera of the Palaearctic Region-Gogala, A. (1991): New records for the Heteroptera Volume 1. Netherlands Entomological Society, Amer­fauna of Slovenia (Yugoslavia). Biol, vestn., 39.149-156. sterdam, The Netherlands. Gogala A. (1992): Rdeči seznam ogroženih stenic (Het-Lindskog, P. (1995): [nfraorder Leptopodomorpha. In: eroptera) v Sloveniji (The Red list of endangered Heter-Aukema, 8. & Ch. Rieger (eds.): Catalogue of the Heter­optera in Slovenia). Varstvo narave, 17; 117-121. optera of the Palaearctic Region- Volume 1. Netherlands Gogala, A. (1996): New records for the Heteropteran Entomological Society, Amersterdam, The Netherlands. fauna of Slovenia II. Acta Fntomol. Siovenica, 4, 31-36. Montandon, A, (1886); Hémipteres-Hétéropteres des Gogala, A. & M. Gogala (1986): Seznam vrst stenic, environs de Gorice (lliyrie) et description d'une espece ugotovljenih v Sloveniji (Check list of bug species re-nouvelle. Rev. Entomol., 5, 105-111. corded in Slovenia) (Insecta: Heteroptera). Biol, vestn., Protic, Lj, (1998): Catalogue of the Heteroptera fauna of 34, 21-52. Yugoslav countries, part one. Prirodnjacki muzej u Gogala, A. & M. Gogala (1987): Zanimivi najdbi stenic Beogradu, Posebna izdanja, Vol. 38. iz doline Dragonje. Proteus, 49, 236-237. Tamanini, L. (1947): Contributo ad una revisione del Gogala, A. & M. Gogala (1989): True bugs of Slovenia genere Velia Latr. e descrizione di alcune specie nuove. (Insecta: Heteroptera). Bioi. vestn., 37. 11-44. Mem. Soc. Fntomol. ital., 26, 17-74. kratki znanstveni prispevek UDK 599.32(497.5 Lošinj) prejeto: 2002-12 40 NAJDBA ETRUŠČANSKE ROVKE SUNCUS ETRUSCUS (SAVI, 1822) NA OTOKU LOŠiNJU (HRVAŠKA) Boris KRYŠTUFEK Prifocioslovm Muzej Slovenije, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Prešernova 20, p.p. 290 ifi Univerza na Primorskem, Znanstvenoraziskovalno središče Koper, SI-6000 Koper, Garibaldijeva 1 E-mait: bkrystufek@prns-lj.si Franc jANŽEKOVIČ Univerza v Mariboru, Pedagoška fakulteta, Oddelek za biologijo, SI-2000 Maribor, Koroška 160 IZVLEČEK Čeprav je etruŠčanska rovka 5 imetis etruscus v evropskem Sredozemlju splošno razširjena, so najdbe z otokov razmeroma maloštevilne, Od jadranskih otokov je znana samo s Cresa in Krka. One IS. maja 2001 smo pri Ne­rezinah na otoku Lošinju našli kadaver etruščanske rovke z dobro ohranjenim rostrumo m in obem a mandibulama. Žival je bila najdena v evmediteranski vegetacdji tipa Orn o ~ Quercetu m ilicis 1 SO m od morja na nadmorski višini 15 m. Kijučne besede: Suncus etruscus, razširjenost, otoška diverziteta, Hrvaška RITROVAMENT O DE L MUSTIOL O SUNCUS ETRUSCUS (SAVI, 1822) SULL'ISOL A D I LUSSIN O (CROAZíA ) SINTESI Sebbene il mustiolo Suncu s etruscus sia una specie a diffusione europeo-mediterranea, le segnalazioni insulari di tale specie sono poco frequenti. Per i'Adriático sono noti gli avvistamenti inerenti le isole di Cherso e Veglia. II 15 maggio 2001 gli autori hanno trovato il cadavere di un mustiolo con il rostro e le mandibole ben conservati, nei pressi della localíta di Nerezine sull'isola di Lussino. L'esemplare 'e stato ritrovato nella vegetazione sempreverde Orno-Quercetu m iíicís, a 150 metri dat mare, ad un'altitudine di 15 metri. Parole chiave: mustiolo, Suncus etruscus,. diffusione, díversita insulare, Croazia ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 13 • 2003 • 2 Boris KRVŠTUFEK & Franc jANŽEKOViČ: NA'DB A ETRUSCANSKC ROVKE SULCUS [TRU5CUS (SAVt. IE22) NAOIOii U LOjiNJ U (HRVAŠKA), 211-245 UVO D Etruščanska rovka Suncus etruscus (Savi, 1822) nase­ljuje južni palearktis, orientais in zahodno ter vzhodno Afriko. Ker je taksonomski status orientalskih oblik dvomljiv (nekatere so morda samostojne vrste) so posle­dično tudi arealne meje slabo znane (Hutterer, 1993). V evropskem Sredozemlju je široko razširjena od Pirenej­skega polotoka do evropske Turčije in zahodnih obal Anatolije (Spitzenberger, 1990; Mitcheli-jones et ai, 1999; Vohralfk & Sofianidou, 2000). Njeno razširjenost dobro napovedo preprosti klimatski dejavniki: povpreč­na letna izoterma 12°C (Kahmann & Altner, 1956; Po­pov & Nijagolov, 1991), povprečna julijska temperatura 20°C (Fayard, 1984) in izoterma 0°C najhladnejšega meseca (Lipej & Krvštufek, 1991; Stojanovski, 1998). Videti je, da ima največjo napovedovalno moč izoterma 0° C najhladnejšega meseca, čeprav obstajajo v zahodni Aziji v tem pogledu tudi izjeme (Spitzenberger, 1990; Krystufek et al., 2001). O d otokov je bila vrsta najdena na Mallorci, Korziki, Sardiniji, Siciliji, Malti, Panteileriji, Krku, Cresu, Kreti, Khiosu, Samosu, Kosu, Rodosu in Cipru (Spitzenberger, 1990; Petrov, 1992, Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999; Kry­stufek et: al., 2001), živi pa tudi na Kanarskih otokih (Mitchell-Jones et al., 2001). Kljub temu cia je gostota najdišč na nekaterih otokih velika (npr. Korzika in Sardinija; Sans-Coma ef al., 1981), pa je otoška razšir­jenost slabo znana. V tem prispevku poročava o najdbi etruščanske rovke na LoŠinju, kar je tretji podatek za jadranske otoke. MATERIAL IN METODE Primerek, na katerem temelji prispevek, smo našli po naključju 15. junija 2001. Gre za kadaver, ki je ležal povožen na cesti. Čeprav je bil močno poškodovan, so bili rostrum in obe mandibuli dobro ohranjeni. Prepa­rirani lobanjski ostanki so shranjeni v zbirki Oddelka za biologijo Pedagoške fakultete Univerze v Mariboru. Material smo determinirali in fotografirali pod stereo mikroskopom. Z digitaliziranih posnetkov smo s pomoč­jo računalniškega programa tps Dig (Rohif, 2001) izme­rili sledeče dimenzije (SI. 1): M l - dolžina spodnje čeijustnice od 1. spodnjega sekalca do konca kotnega podaljška; M2 - dolžina spodnje čeijustnice od spodnječeljustnične glave do spednječeljustnične simfize; M3 - koronoidna višina; M4 - največja dolžina spodnjega zobnega niza; M5 ­razdalja med 3, spodnjim meljakom in spodnječeljust­nično simfizo; M6 - razdalja od spodnjega podočnika do 3. spodnjega meljaka; M ? - dolžina spodnjih me-Ijakov; R1 - dolžina rostruma; R2 - dolžina zgornjih enogrbičastih zob; R3 - dolžina zgornjih kočnikov. SI. I: Dimenzije spodnje čeijustnice in rostruma, ki smo jih uporabljali v tem delu (glej tudi besedilo). Fig. 1: Rostral and mandibular measurements of the pygmy white-toothed shrew used in this study (see also text). REZULTATI IN DISKUSIJA Primerek smo našli v turističnem naselju Bučanje pri kraju Nerezine na otoku Lošinju (Hrvaška; SI. 2). Lošinj je srednje velik jadranski otok (površina 74,68 km3) z značilno sredozemsko klimo. Povprečna letna tempera­tura na bližnjem Malem Lošinju znaša 15,1 °C, julijsko povprečje je 23,8CC, januarsko pa 7,3°C (Stražičič, 1981). Primerek je bil najden kakih 150 m od morja na nadmorski višini cca. 15 m. Vegetacija tega območja pripada evmediteranski združbi Orno -Quercetum illcis (jovanovič et al., 1986). Kot je to v Sredozemlju pogosto, je primarna vegetacija degradirana. Na SV otoka Lošinja (območje občin Nerezine, Sv. Jakov in Osor) prevladuje gozd, ki skupaj z različnimi sukce­sivnimi stadiji makije in garige obsega 45% površine, pašnikov in kamnitih travišč je 43%, 4 % je vinogradov, 4 % oljčnih nasadov, 3 % njiv in vrtov in 1% neplodnih površin. Pečat današnjemu stanju gozdov na Lošinju sta dali sečnja dreves in paša ovac. Razpoložljivi primerek kljub poškodovanosti kaže niz diagnostičnih značilnosti, tako da determinacija ni vprašljiva. V zgornji čeljustnici so jasno vidni štirje eno­grbičasti zobje, medtem k o so pri sorodnem rodu Cro­cidura takšni zobje le trije (Krystufek & janžekovič, 1999). Koronoidna višina spodnje čeijustnice (M3 - 2,8 mm; SI. 3) je v okviru variacijske širine za etruščansko rovko (Tab. 1) in je občutno manjša kot pri vrtni rovki Crocidura suaveolens (Pallas, 1811). Tudi natančnejša primerjava z lobanjskimi dimenzijami velike serije etru­ Soris KRVŠTUFE K & fraiTC JANŽEKOVS O NAjDS A ETRUŠČANSK E ROVKE SUNCU S HRUSCUSiSMt, !S22 i N A OTOK U LOŠINJ U {HRVAŠKAI . 24KM 5 St. 2: Razširjenost etmščanske rovke v severnem Ja­dranu. Najdišče na Lošinju je označeno s puščico. V desnem zgornjem vogalu je prikazan položaj preuče­vanega območja. Fig. 2: Distributional range of the pygmy white-toothed shrew in the northern Adriatic. Insert shows the posi­tion of the study area. Tab. 1: Lobanjske dimenzije (v mm) etmščanske rovke z Lošinja in variacijska širina vzorca iz južne Francije (po Sans-Coma et al. 1981). Za oznake parametrov glej besedilo in sliko 1. Tab. 1: CraniaI measurements (mm) of Suncus etruscus from the island of Lošinj and the variation range for a sample from southern France (from Sans-Coma et at. 1981). For abbreviations see figure 1. Znak ! otok Lošinj / južna Francija / Character Lošinj island Southern France M1 7,9 7,64 - 8,50 M 2 S,9 5,93 - 6,59 M3 2,8 2,68-2,9 7 M4 5,0 4,74 - 5,40 MS 3,6 3,56 - 3,95 M6 3,5 3,43 - 3,82 M7 2,6 2,42 2,75 R? 4,8 4,48-5,0 1 R2 1,6 1,36-1,6 5 R3 3,1 2,87 -3,1 6 To je v skladu z mnenjem, da v Evropi vrsta ni izpo­stavljena geografski variabilnosti v morfometričnih zna­kih (Spitzenberger, 1991). Zanimivo je, da etruščanska rovka na jadranskih otokih doslej ni bila najdena na izrazito majhnih otokih. Vsa nahajališča so tudi s severnojadranskih otokov, ki so manj degradirani kot otoki v srednjem in južnem Ja­dranu. Najpogostejša rovka na jadranskih otokih je namreč vrtna rovka C. suaveotens, ki je doslej znana z enajstih otokov (Petrov, 1992). Vrtna rovka živi tudi na vseh treh otokih, za katere je bila ugotovljena etruščan­ska rovka. Znano je, da na otokih živi manjše število vrst kot na enako veliki kopni površini (Rosenzvveig, 1996) in da imajo ozko sorodne ter morfološko in eko­loško podobne vrste težave z razslojevanjem ekološke niše, posledica česar je kompetitivno izključevanje. Zadnjo trditev podpira biogeografski vzorec dveh na jadranskih otokih splošno razširjenih vrst skalnih kušča­ric (Podarcls melisellensis in P. sicula), ki se na večini otokov pojavljata alopatrično (Radovanovič, 1951). Možno je torej, da je simpatrija etruščanske in vrtne rovke na treh največjih otokih del vzorca, po katerem široko razširjena vrtna rovka z manjših in/ali degra­diranih otokov izrine etruščansko rovko oziroma pre­preči njeno doselitev. Če velja ta razlaga, potem je redkost najdb etruščanske rovke na jadranskih otokih resnična. Možna pa je seveda tudi razlaga, po kateri je sedanja redkost etruščanske rovke navidezna in je vrsta v jadranu (in Sredozemlju) širše razprostranjena. Obstoj etruščanske rovke je namreč težko registrirati s stan­dardno metodologijo vzorčenja malih sesalcev (Lipej & l