Etnolog
Glasnik Slovenskega etnografskega muzeja Letnik 20 (71), leto 2010 ISSN 0354-0316 UDK 39(497.4)(05)=163.6+=111U=133.1
Etnolog, 1(1926/27), 1926 - XVH(1944), 1945 in Slovenski etnograf, I(1948), 1948 - XXXIV(1988-90), 1991.
Od leta 1926 do leta 2010 je izšlo 71 letnikov glasnika Slovenskega etnografskega muzeja v Ljubljani. From 1926 to 2010 71 volumes of the bulletin of the Slovene Ethnographic Museum have been published.
ISSN 0354-0316 UDK 39(497.4)(05)=163.6+=111U=133.1
ETNOLOG
Glasnik Slovenskega etnografskega muzeja Bulletin of the Slovene Ethnographic Museum
Izhaja enkrat do dvakrat letno. Izdaja ga Slovenski etnografski muzej. Published annually or semiannually by the Slovene Ethnographic Museum.
Urednici / Editors in Chief: dr. Nena Židov, Mojca Racic Simoncic Uredniški odbor / Editorial Board: dr. Maja Godina Golija, dr. Mateja Habinc, dr. Rajko Muršic, Helena Rožman.
Narocila in pojasnila na naslov / Information and Subscriptions: Slovenski etnografski muzej, Metelkova 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija. tel.: 386 01/300 87 00 fax: 386 01/300 87 36 http://www.etno-muzej.si
GLASNIK SLOVENSKEGA ETNOGRAFS^KEGA MUZEJA BULLETIN OF THE SLOVENE ETHNOGRAPHIC MUSEUM
ETNOLOG
20/2010 LTUBLTANA 2010
Revija je inde^csirana v Anthropological Index Online, Article@INIST, dLib, Francis, MLA International Bibliografphy, DOAJ.
Redakcija te številke je bila končana septembra 2010. Za znanstveno vsebino svojega prispevka odgovarja vsak avtor sam.
Cena te številke je 20 EUR. V ceno je v^djučen DDV.
Tiskano s subvencijo Ministrstva za kulturo RS in Javne agencije za ^knjigo Republike Slovenije.
VSEBINA
CONTENTS
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UVODNA BESEDA	11	PREFACE
		
SOCIALNA IZKLJUČENOST	15	SOCIAL EXCLUSION
Janja ŽITNIK SERAFIN Družbena marginaliziranost največjih priseljenskih skupin v Sloveniji 17
The social marginalisation of the largest immigrant groups in Slovenia
Urša VALIC Na pragu. Hendikepirane/ invalidne ženske in socialna iz^iljučenost 31
On the threshold. Handicapped/ disabled women and social exclusion
Luna JURANČIČ SRIBAR S stvarmi do ljudi. Spodbujanje vzajemnih odnosov menjave z brezdomnimi ljudmi 47
Reaching people through things. Stimulating mutual relations of exchange with homeless people
Boštjan KRAVANJA "Prijatelj moj, Srilanka je revna dežela". Razvoj in 'novi svetovni red' v turističnem prostoru nekega otoka 65
"My friend, Sri Lanka is a poor country". Development and the 'new world order' in the tourist space of an island
6
Maja DOLINAR	
Pomen globalnega učenja pri	T he importance of global
povečanju ozaveščenosti o	learning to enhancing
problemih revščine v Afriki	awareness about the problems
85	of poverty in Africa
"ŽIVA DEDIŠČINA"	99 "LIVING HERITAGE"
Peter SIMONIČ	
Nesnovna dediščina varovanih	The intangible heritage of
območij narave	protected natural areas
101	
Bojan ^KNIFIC	
Fol^iloriziranje plesnega izročila.	Folklorisation of the dance
Prostorske, časovne in	heritage. Spatial, temporal,
družbene razsežnosti ljudskih	and social dimensions of folk
in fol^ilornih plesov	and folkloric dances
115	
Rebeka KUNEJ	
Staro na nov način. Ljudska	Tradition in a new way. Folk
plesna dediščina in	dance heritage and folk
folklorne skupine	dance groups
135	
ETNOMUZEJSKE STRANI 149 MUSEUM NEWS
Ana MOTNI^KAR, Ana RESNIK Restavriranje koroške avbe iz zbirke pokrival Slovenskega etnografskega muzeja 151
Gregor ILAS Prosto programje, odprta koda in ustvarjalna gmajna: mar tudi v muzeje in knjižnice?
165
The restoration of a Carinthian bonnet from the Slovene ethnographic museum^s collection of headwear
Open software, open code, and Creative Commons: an option for museums and libraries as well?
Mateja SMID HRIBAR, Boris HORVAT... Pomen digitalne enci^ilopedije DEDI pri ohranjanju in soustvarjanju slovenske dediščine 177
The significance of the digital encyclopaedia DEDI to the preservation and creation of the Slovene heritage
Razstave
Exhibitions
Janja ŽAGAR Kako nagovoriti in kaj spodbuditi. O stalni razstavi Jaz, mi in drugi: podobe mojega sveta
191
How to address the museum^s visitors and what to stimulate. On the permanent exhibition I, we and the others: images of my world
Nadja VALENTINČIČ FURLAN Avdiovizualne vsebine na stalni razstavi Jaz, mi in drugi: podobe mojega sveta 213
Maja LOZAR STAMCAR Upati se zavedati 239
The audiovisual contents in the permanent exhibition I, we and the others: images of my world
Dare to be aware
Veronika SOROKIN Sudanska misija 1848-1858
243
The sSudan Mission 1948-1858
Nove pridobitve
Andrej DULAR Ko nam spregovori predmet
249
New acqusitions
When an object speaks to us
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Polona SKETELJ Notranja oprema iz nekdanje gostilne v Mojstrani 257
The interior jurnishings of a former inn in Mojstrana
Marko FRELIH Predmeti iz Malija 261
The collection of objects from Mali
8
Poročila
Nina ZDRAVIČ POLIČ Muzeji za socialno harmonijo
265
Reports
Museums for social harmony
Nadja VALENTINČIČ FURLAN Na preseku vizualne antropologije in muzealstva 273
On the intersection of anthropology and museum science
Nagrade
SEM - dobitnik Murkovega priznanja za leto 2009 281
Awards
The SEM has received the 2009 Murko Award
SEM v preteklem letu
Nina ZDRAVIČ POLIČ Razstavna dejavnost SEM v letu 2009 285
The SEM in the past year
The SEM's exhibitions in 2009
Sonja KOGEJ RUS Prireditve v SEM v letu 2009
297
Events in the SEM in 2009
Mojca RAČIČ SIMONČIČ Bibliografija sodelavk in sodelavcev SEM za leto 2009
311
Bibliography of the SEM's staff members in 2009
JUBILEJI 335 ANNIVERSARIES
Ljudmila Bras in	Ljudmila Bras and
Marija Makarovic	Marija Makarovič
335
V SPOMIN 337 IN MEMORIAM
Polona SKETELJ Zdravko Caharija
337	9
^KNJIŽNA POROČILA IN OCENE 341 BOOK REVIEWS
Nena Židov: Rovaši (Anita Matkovič) 343
Barbara Sosič (ur.): Skedenjs^ci etnografs^ci muzej (Irena Destovnik)
345
Rajko Muršič, Mihaela Hudelja (ur.): Niko Zupanič, njegovo delo, čas in prostor (Barbara
Sosič) 347
Damjan J. Ovsec: Praznovanje pomladi in velike noči na Slovenskem in po svetu (Tanja
Tomažič) 349
Zvezda Delak Koželj: Etnologija in varstvo naravne in kulturne dediščine (Mojca Tercelj
Otorepec) 351
Bruno Volpi Lisjak: Tržaško moije (Jadran Sterle) 354
Božidar Jezernik (ur.): Imagining 'the Turk' (Barbara Turk Niskač)
356
Denana Buturovic: Morici - smisao sjecanja i pamcenja (Nirha Efendic)
359
Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels: Komunistični manifest (Gregor Ilaš)
362
NAVODILA AVTORJEM	369	INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE AUTHORS
		
AVTORJI	373	AUTHORS
UVODNA BESEDA
Nena Zidov, Mojca Racic Simoncic
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Spet je leto naokoli in pred nami nov letnik Etnologa. Tokrat imamo kar dva tematska sklopa, kjer objavljamo znanstvene članke. S sklopom Socialna izključenost delno obeležujemo letošnje evropsko leto boja proti revščini in socialni izključenosti, čeprav smo vsebine razširili tudi v izvenevropska okolja.
Janja Žitnik Serafin piše o družbeni marginaliziranosti največjih priseljenskih skupin v Sloveniji, ki je posledica nizke stopnje jezikovne in kulturne integracije priseljencev, kar pomaga ohranjati stereotipne predstave in ksenofobni odnos pripadnikov večinske družbe do priseljencev. Urša Valic se v članku posveča socialni izključenosti hendikepiranih/invalidnih žensk in pokaže na vidike njihove socialne izključenosti na primeru spolnosti, nosečnosti, poroda in materinstva. Članek Lune Jurancic [ribar predstavlja alternativno ob^ko opolnomočenja ljudi z izkušnjo brezdomstva z vzpostavljanjem enakovrednih odnosov menjave med njimi in širšo družbo na primeru posredovalnice rabljenih predmetov v Ljubljani. Boštjan Kravanja obravnava socialno izključenost kot zgodovinski proces odnosov Srilanke z zahodnim svetom, pri čemer je etnografsko izhodišče turistični prostor Srilanke, problemsko pa se ukvarja z izviri socialne izključenosti, ki je posledica turističnega razvoja v postkolonialnem svetu in kapitalistične ureditve sveta. Maja Dolinar razmišlja o konceptu globalnega učenja, ki bi lahko razbilo stereotipne predstave o vzrokih in posledicah problemov, s katerimi se srečujejo prebivalci Afrike. Podrobneje analizira podobo Afrike v nedavni Unicefovi akciji zbiranja sredstev za otroke v Ruandi.
Drugi sklop znanstvenih člankov smo posvetili tako imenovani "živi dediščini", njenemu varovanju in nastajajočemu registru "žive dediščine". Zal objavljamo razmeroma skromno število člankov, kar morda kaže tako na terminološke kot tudi poustvaralne in varstvene zadrege v zvezi z "živo dediščino". Peter Simonic se ukvar'a z nekaterimi metodološkimi in konceptualnimi težavami, na katere naletimo ob preučevanju nesnovne dediščine na sploh in še posebej v varovanih območjih narave, pri čemer mu predstavlja osnovno družbeno enoto analize gospodinjstvo. Bojan Knific obravnava vprašanja folkloriziranja plesnega izročila. Opozara na razliko med primarnimi, sekundarnimi in terciarnimi oblikami plesnega izročila, na razliko med ljudskim in folklornim plesom in ob koncu razmišlja o Registru žive kulturne dediščine, v katerega naj bi se vključilo tudi plesno izročilo. Rebeka Kunej na primeru plesa stajeris prikaže, kaj se zgodi z ljudskim plesom, ko je s pomočjo folklorne skupine iz tradicionalnega okolja prenesen na oder. Ugotavlja, kakšne spremembe nastajajo, kdo nanje najbolj vpliva in kako ta segment žive dediščine varovati.
V drugem delu Etnologa se je spet nabral pisan niz člankov. Veseli nas, da tudi tematski razdelek Etnomuzejske strani privablja pisce raznih strok, kar kaže na odprtost etnološke vede in na pomen različnih pristopov do etnološke dediščine. Poleg tega je večina prispevkov nastala kot rezultat konkretnega, praktičnega dela. Zato upamo, da je ta sklop prav tako zanimiv tudi za bralce.
Ana Resnik je za diplomsko nalogo na oddelku za restavratorstvo Akademije za likovno umetnost in oblikovanje s pomočjo mentorice, restavratorke v SEM Ane Motnikar, restavrirala koroško žensko avbo. Postopke, dileme, odločitve, način dela in končni rezultat predstavljata tudi v Etnologu v besedi in sliki. Gregor Ilaš, bibliotekar v knjižnici SEM, nas še naprej seznanja z novimi informacijskimi tehnologijami. Tokrat piše o zgodovini gibanja prostega programja in gibanja odprte kode ter nakaže možnosti prehoda iz plačljivih komercialnih programov na odprtokodne v slovenskih muzejih in knjižnicah, kar zna biti
koristno še zlasti v sedanjem času recesije. Redko se zgodi, da se združi več piscev pri pripravi skupnega prispevka za Etnologa. Matejo Smid Hribar, Gregorja Torkarja, Borisa Horvata in Daniela Vladušiča poklicno povezuje in navdihuje projekt DEDI - digitalna enciklopedija slovenske dediščine, ki pod njihovim vodstvom in s pomočjo številnih ustanov ter posameznikov nastaja na svetovnem spletu, zato ga v tej prvi fazi orišejo tudi za bralce naše revije.
Tematski sklop Razstave je razumljivo posvečen predvsem drugi stalni razstavi Slovenskega etnografskega muzeja Jaz, mi drugi:podobe mojega sveta, ki je zagledala luč sveta na Ta veseli dan kulture konec lanskega leta. Avtorica idejnega koncepta Janja Žagar nas popelje skozi vseh sedem razstavnih poglavij, predvsem pa podrobno razloži temeljno idejo in konceptualna vodila, ki večdelno zasnovo razstave povezujejo v smiselno celoto. Nadja Valentinčič Furlan osvetli avdiovizualno sporočanje na večdelni zasnovi stalne muzejske postavitve Slovenskega etnografskega muzeja in se pri tem osredotoča predvsem na avdiovizualne vsebine razstave Jaz, mi in drugi: podobe mojega sveta. Podobo najnovejše razstave zaokroži Maja Lozar Stamcar z zapisom o lastnem doživljanju te večplastne postavitve kot obiskovalka in kot muzealka. Z Veroniko Sorokin pa se sprehodimo po občasni razstavi kustosa Marka Freliha Sudanska misija, ki je bogatila razstavno ponudbo SEM več kot leto dni.
Muzejskih razstav ni brez muzejskih zbirk. Dobro založeni depoji SEM se sicer ne polnijo več tako naglo kot v času t. i. Orlovih terenskih ekip, saj ni ne časa ne denarja za pogoste obiske terena in večje nakupe. Kljub temu pa SEM vsako leto pridobi nekaj novih predmetov ali celo zbirk. Kaj vse nam lahko spregovori o njegovem lastniku in uporabniku na videz skromen in nepomemben predmet iz muzejskega depoja, nam razkriva kustos Andrej Dular. Kaj ostaja v hiši po smrti zadnjega prebivalca in kaj od tega je lahko zanimivo za muzejsko zbirko, pa pred nas razgrne kustosinja Polona Sketelj. Kustos Marko Frelih, ki si je več let prizadeval za prenos dragocene zbirke afriških predmetov iz zasebnih rok v muzejska nedrja, nam z veseljem predstavlja zbirko predmetov iz Malija oziroma njihovo pot iz Afrike do muzeja.
Tema letošnjega Mednarodnega dne muzejev in Generalne konference ICOM je bila Muzeji za socialno harmonijo. V prispevku z istim naslovom Nina ZdravičPolič dokazuje, da Slovenski etnografski muzej s svojimi številnimi razstavami in prireditvami že nekaj časa uresničuje to poslanstvo. Nadja Valentinčič Furlan pa nas iz muzeja popelje na dva zanimiva dogodka, ki sta zaznamovala letošnje poletje na področju evropske vizualne antropologije.
Tik pred zaključkom redakcije so bili snovalci stalne razstave Jaz, mi drugi: podobe mojega sveta nagrajeni in počaščeni za svoje izjemno delo z Murkovim priznanjem. Zato objavljamo obrazložitev strokovne komisije za podeljevanje Murkovih nagrad, priznanj in listin ter fotografijo s slovesnosti, ki je bila že tradicionalno na Martinovo, tokrat v prostorih naše muzejske razstavne hiše.
Tradicionalne so tudi objave poročil o delovanju muzeja v preteklem letu, tako tudi v tej številki ne manjka kolaž razstavne dejavnosti, prireditev in drugih dogodkov v SEM v letu 2009 kot tudi ne bibliografija sodelavk in sodelavcev SEM za preteklo leto.
Ljudmila Bras in Marija Makarovič, nekdanji sodelavki SEM, še vedno čili in živahni letos obhajata visok življenjski jubilej. "Njuni" muzejski zbirki in njuno raziskovalno delo še danes v marsičem ostajajo nepreseženi. Današnji sodelavci muzeja se ju spominjamo s skromnim, a toliko bolj iskrenim voščilom.
Že tako pisano številko letošnjega Etnologa zaključuje kot pavji rep pisan nabor knjižnih poročil in ocen. Predstavljamo publikaciji iz dveh knjižnih zbirk našega muzeja, ki osvetljujeta dve različni muzejski zbirki; zbornik posvečen Niku Zupaniču, med drugim zaslužnemu tudi za ustanovitev našega muzeja; obsežno domače delo o pomladnih šegah oziroma o praznovanju velike noči na Slovenskem in po svetu; knjižno objavo magistrske naloge na temo slovenske etnologije ter varstva naravne in kulturne dediščine; monografijo o tržaškem morju, ki se po besedah ocenjevalca lahko bere tudi kot kriminalka; kar pri dveh tujih založbah objavljen zbornik o predstavah o Turkih, izšel pod uredniško taktirko domačega avtorja; delo o bošnjaški nesnovni dediščini oziroma o neizčrpnosti ustnega izročila; zaključujemo pa z udarno predstavitvijo spisa, ki se še sto let po izidu prve slovenske izdaje oziroma vedno znova lahko bere kot aktualen.
PREFACE
Nena Zidov, Mojca Racic Simoncic
Another year has passed and another volume of Etnolog has come of the press. The latest volume contains two thematic sections of scientific articles. The Social Exclusion section partly marks the "European Year for Combating Poverty and Social Exclusion", but we expanded its contents to include non-European environments.
Janja Žitnik Serafin writes on the social marginalisation of the largest immigrant groups in Slovenia, which results from the low level of linguistic and cultural integration of the immigrants, strengthening stereotype ideas and the majority population's xenophobic attitude to immigrants. Urša Valic addresses the social exclusion of handicapped/disabled women, drawing attention to aspects of their social exclusion related to sex, pregnancy, birth giving, and motherhood. Luna Jurancic Sribar's article presents an alternative form of empowering people with an experience of homelessness by establishing equal relations of exchange between them and the wider society, based on the example of a thrift store in Ljubljana. Boštjan Kravanja deals with social exclusion as a historical process in Sri Lanka's relations with the Western world, where the ethnographic starting-point is the tourist space of Sri Lanka; the issues the article addresses are the sources of social exclusion, which has resulted from the tourist development in the postcolonial world and the world capitalist system. Maja Dolinar reflects on the concept of global learning that may overturn stereotype ideas on the causes and effects of the problems faced by Africa's population. She analyses in detail the image of Africa in the recent UNICEF fund raising campaign for the children of Rwanda.
The second section of scientific articles is dedicated to the so-called "living heritage", its protection and the nascent register of the "living heritage". That the section contains only a small number of articles may reflect both terminological as well as creative dilemmas concerning the living heritage. Peter Simonic tackles some methodological and conceptual difficulties, which occur when studying the intangible heritage in general and in particular in protected natural areas, where he determines the household as the basic social unit for analysis. Bojan Knific addresses the issues of the folklorisation of the dance heritage. He draws attention to the differences between primary, secondary, and tertiary forms of the dance heritage, the difference between folk and folkloric dances, and concludes with reflections on the Register of the Living Heritage that is to include the dance heritage. Rebeka Kunej uses the case of the stajeris dance to demonstrate what happens to a folk dance when a folklore group transfers it from its traditional environment to the stage. She describes what changes occur, who has the biggest influence on these changes, and how this segment of the living heritage should be protected.
The second part of Etnolog contains a variety of articles. We are glad to notice that the Museum News section attracts authors from various disciplines, thus reflecting the openness of the ethnological discipline and the importance of different approaches to the ethnological heritage. Furthermore, most of the articles are based on concrete, practical work. We therefore sincerely hope that the section will appeal to the general reader as well.
Ana Resnik's degree dissertation at the Department of Restoration of the Academy of Fine Arts and Design involved the restoration of a Carinthian bonnet, in which she was assisted by her mentor Ana Motnikar, restorer at the SEM. The two present the procedures, dilemmas, decisions, work methods, and
13
the final result in words and pictures in Etnolog. Gregor Ilaš, librarian at the SEM, continues to inform us on new information technologies. On this occasion he writes about the history of the free software and the open source movement, suggesting options for a transition from payable commercial programs to open source programs in Slovene museums and libraries, an option that may be quite useful in the present recession times. It is very rare that several authors write a joint article for Etnolog. Mateja [mid Hribar, Gregor Torkar, Boris Horvat, and Daniel Vladušič have common professional interests and were inspired by the project called DEDI - the digital encyclopaedia of the Slovene heritage - which is emerging on the internet under their auspices and with the assistance of numerous institutions and individuals; the article describes the project's first phase for the readers of our journal.
Understandably, the thematic section Exhibitons is largely dedicated to the second permanent exhibition of the Slovene Ethnographic Museum, entitled I, We and Others: Images of my World, officially opened on the "Happy Day of Culture" (December 3) of last year. Janja Zagar, the author of the conceptual project, takes us on a tour of the seven exhibition chapters, explaining in detail the basic idea and conceptual guidelines that turned the exhibition's multipart concept into a meaningful 14 whole. Nadja Valentinčič Furlan enlightens us on the audiovisual messages in the multipart concept of the Slovene Ethnographic Museum's permanent museum installation, focussing in particular on the audiovisual contents of the exhibition I, We and Others: Images of my World. The coverage of this most recent exhibition concludes with a report by Maja Lozar Stamcar, describing how she experienced the multilayered installation as a visitor and museum expert. Veronika Sorokin takes us on a tour of the occasional exhibition "The Sudan Mission" by curator Marko Frelih, which enriched the SEM's variety of exhibitions for over a year.
There can be no museum exhibitions without museum collections. The SEM's depots are quite full, but they no longer expand as rapidly as at the time of Orel's field teams, because there is neither time nor money for frequent field trips or major purchases. Nevertheless, the SEM acquires new objects or even collections every year. Curator Andrej Dular reveals what a seemingly humble and unimportant object from the museum's depots can tell us about its owner and user. Curator Polona Sketelj describes what is left in a house after the death of its last inhabitant, and what of these remains is of interest for a museum collection. Curator Marko Frelih, who for several years spared no effort to achieve the transfer of a private collection of precious African objects to the museum, is delighted to present the collection of objects from Mali and their journey from Africa to the museum.
The theme of this year's International Museum Day and the General Conference of ICOM was "Museums for Social Harmony". In her article of the same title, Nina ZdravičPolič demonstrates that the Slovene Ethnographic Museum has been fulfilling this mission for quite some time with numerous exhibitions and events. Nadja Valentinčič Furlan takes us out of the museum to two interesting events which marked this summer in the field of European visual anthropology.
Right before the editor's deadline, the authors of the permanent exhibition I, We and Others: Images of my World were honoured when they received the Murko Award for their outstanding efforts. We therefore publish the statement of the expert commission for awarding the Murko awards, recommendations and certificates, as well as a picture of the ceremony, which was traditionally held on St Martin's Day and on this occasion in the SEM's premises.
Equally traditional are the reports we publish on the museum's activities in the previous year, and they consist of a collage of exhibition activities, events, and other happenings at the SEM in 2009, and the bibliography of the museum's staff members in the same year.
Ljudmila Bras and Marija Makarovič, former members of the SEM's staff, are still in good health and quite active. They both celebrated landmark anniversaries this year. In many ways "their" museum collections and research work has remained unsurpassed to the present day. The present staff celebrates them with a brief, but all the more sincere congratulatory text.
The highly varied contents of this year's Etnolog conclude with a variegated selection of book reviews. Here we present publications from two book series of SEM, which shed light on two different museum collections; an anthology dedicated to Niko Zupanič, who among others had great merits for the foundation of our museum; an extensive study on spring customs and the celebration of Easter in Slovenia and around the world; the publication of a master's dissertation on the theme of Slovene ethnology and the protection of the natural and cultural heritage; a monograph on the Trieste sea, which according to the reviewer could be read like a crime story; an anthology on notions about the Turks published by two foreign publishers, but edited by a Slovene author; a study on the Bosnian intangible heritage and its inexhaustible oral tradition; the section concludes with the compelling presentation of a text, which a century after it was first published in Slovene has lost none of its topical relevance.
SOCIALNA IZKLJUČENOST SOCIAL EXCLUSION
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