TWO OPERATIC SEASONS OF BROTHERS MINGOTTI IN LJUBLJANA METODA KOKOLE Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU, Ljubljana Izvleček: Brata Angelo in Pietro Mingotti, ki sta med 1736 in 1746 imela stalno gledališko postojanko v Gradcu, sta v tem času priredila tudi dve operni sezoni v Ljubljani, in sicer v letih 1740 in 1742. Dve resni operi (Artaserse in Rosmiraj s komičnimi intermezzi (Pimpinone e Vespettaj je leta 1740 pripravil Angelo Mingotti, dve leti zatem, tik pred svojim odhodom iz Gradca na sever, pa je Pietro Mingotti priredil nadaljnji dve resni operi, in sicer Didone abbandonata in Il Demetrio. Prvo je nato leta 1744priredil tudi v Hamburgu, kjer je pelo nekaj že znanih pevcev, ki so izvajali iz starejše partiture, morda tiste, ki jo je impresarijpreizkusil že v Gradcu in Ljubljani. Primerjalna analiza ljubljanskih predstav vsekakor potrjuje dejstvo, da so bile te opera pretežno lepljenke, čeprav Pietrova Didone abbandonata že kaže, da se je vedno bolj zavedal potrebe po večji glasbeni celovitosti svojih predstav. Zato je preizkušal izvedbe oper, ki so bile pretežno delo enega skladatelja, na primer svojega kapelnika Paola Scalabrinija, avtorja opere Didone. Ključne besede: italijanska opera pred sredino 18. stoletja, Angelo in Pietro Mingotti, reperto -ar, libreti, arije. Abstract: The brothers Angelo and Pietro Mingotti between 1736 and 1746 based in Graz organised during this period also two operatic seasons in Ljubljana, one in 1740 and the other in 1742. Two serious operas (Artaserse and Rosmiraj with comic intermezzi (Pimpinone e Vespettaj were produced in 1740 by Angelo Mingotti. Two years later, just before leaving Graz for the engagements in the North, Pietro Mingotti brought another two operas to Ljubljana, Didone abbandonata and Il Demetrio. The former was performed also in 1744 in Hamburg with some of the same singers who apparently used mostly an earlier score, possibly first checked out in Graz and Ljubljana. The comparative analysis of productions in Ljubljana confirms that these operas were mostly pasticcios. Pietro's Didone abbandonata, however, shows that he was more and more attentive also to music integrity of his productions, choosing to use music by mostly one composer, for example Paolo Scalabrini in the case of Didone. Keywords: Italian opera before mid-eighteenth century, Angelo and Pietro Mingotti, repertoire, libretti, arias. On 12 June 1736 the town officials of Graz, then the capital town of the Habsburg Inner-Austria, granted Pietro Mingotti a ten year privilege to stage Italian operas in the town.1 1 One of the earliest references to the eighteenth-century theatre in Graz was recorded by Ferdinand Bischoff, "Zur Geschichte des Theaters in Graz," Mittheilungen des Historischen Vereins für Steiermark 40 (1892): 113-134, especially 118-119. The earliest documents are also Pietro, who was born in Venice around 1702, was younger brother and a business partner of Angelo Mingotti (born around 1700), who was by that time - from 1732 - already a well known Italian opera impresario, active especially north of the Alps in the Habsburg province of Moravia.2 We ignore the exact extent of partnership between the two brothers, but according to the known personnel they have used for their productions - especially the singers - it appears that they were close collaborators. It has, in fact, been generally accepted that especially in the early years of their activities they run one and the same impresa. However, a closer look at their actual productions reveals that they were never producing the same spectacles, even when, as we shall see later, they staged the homonymous operas in consecutive seasons. So even in the periods of their common endeavours the productions they organised were different as were also those, dating from the period when they parted on different paths, employing different singers and composers. This happened with Pietro's departure to the Northern Europe in 1743. This article is concerned with three main aspects of the early Mingotti impresa: the singers, the repertoire, and - last but not least - music of the pieces they had staged. As a pivot of my discussion I propose a couple of seasons centred around the two least know Mingotti seasons: the carnival seasons of 1740 and 1742 in Ljubljana, organised consecutively by Angelo and Pietro, shortly before Pietro took definite leave of Graz to appear in Linz, Hamburg, Leipzig and Dresden in the following three years. The Ljubljana productions were not only unknown to the still most referential Mingotti scholar from the early twentieth century Erich Müller,3 but surprisingly - even though they are all included quoted in Erich H. Müller von Asow, Angelo und Pietro Mingotti: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Oper imXVIII. Jahrhundert (Dresden: Richard Bertling, 1917), 10-14. On Mingottis in Graz see also Alois Joseph Hey, "Das Mingottische Dezenium in Graz (1736-1746): Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Oper in Graz" (PhD diss., Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 1923) - not consulted for the present article. For more recent studies see Krista Fleischmann, Das Steirische Berufstheater im 18. Jahrhundert (Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wiessenschaften, 1974), 35-50 and 149-151; or a short survey by Hannes Lambauer, "Litteratur und Theater," in Geschichte der Stadt Graz, ed. Wolfgang Brunner, vol. 3 (Graz: Stadt Graz, 2003), 543-660, especially 617-618. 2 On the situation in Moravia see Jiri Sehnal, "Pocatky opery na Morave," in O divadle na Morave, ed. Eduard Petrü and Jiri Styskal, Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis, Facultas Philosophica, Supplementa 21 (Prague: Statni pedagogicke nakladatelstvi, 1974), 55-71. An intensive research into Italian opera in Moravia in the eighteenth century within the research project Italian Opera in Moravia in the first half of the eighteenth century conducted by the Institute of Musicology at the Faculty of Arts of the Masaryk University in Brno (GACR 408/05/2232) and led by Dr Jana Perutkova, has recently given important results. See the list of publications: http://www.muni.cz/research/projects/1988/results (accessed on 25 November 2012). For specialised studies see especially the excellent study by Jana Spacilova, "Hudba na dvore olomouckeho biskupa Schrattenbacha (1711-1738): Prispevek k libretistice barokni opery a oratoria" (PhD diss., Masaryk University, Brno, 2006), available in the electronic version on the web-site of the university (=http://www.is.muni.cz/th/82417/ff_d/text_disertace.pdf). Previously little known libretti in different archives and libraries throughout the Czech Republic are now systematically catalogued and enable serious comparative research. 3 Erich H. Müller von Asow, Die Mingottischen Opernunternehmungen 1732-1756 (Dresden: in the five volume catalogue of Italian opera libretti to 1800 by Claudio Sartori4 and were quoted in my own article on Italian opera in Ljubljana in 19995 - seem to be even in the latest literature on connected subjects rather a terra ignota.6 The first unequivocal document on the presence of the Mingotti impresa in Ljubljana dates from 26 February 1740, when he just finished his season in the capital town of the Duchy of Carniola. It is a report of a meeting of the Carniolan Provincial Estates (the ruling body of local nobles) on which they discussed Angelo's request for financial reward (see also the transcription of the document in Appendix 1).7 We learn from the document that the Estates had already accorded the Italian impresario the free use of the great assembly hall in their palace, and enough wood to build a "moveable stage" (in the original German Hille, 1915). This is actually the first edition of the already cited 1917 monograph, i.e. Müller von Asow, Angelo und Pietro Mingotti. It is surprising that such a thorough author has not included the information on the two seasons of the Mingotti brothers in Ljubljana that was published in German by Peter von Radics already in 1862. See Peter von Radics, "Älteste Geschichte des Laibacher Theaters," Blätter aus Krain (Beilage zur Laibacher Zeitung) 7 (1863): 70-72, 75-76, 78-80 and 82-84, especially 82. 4 Claudio Sartori, I libretti italiani a stampa dalle origini al 1800: Catalogo analitico con 16 indici (Cuneo: Bertola & Locatelli Musica, 1990-1994). 5 Even though Müller nor later opera researchers were not aware of the Ljubljana productions of the early 1740s, Mingotti's seasons were rather well known to local historians yet in the late nineteenth century, for some of the libretti from 1740 and 1742 were preserved within the collections of the Provincial Museum in Ljubljana (Now National Museum of Slovenia). The rest of them were discovered in the early 1960s in the funds of the Seminary Library in Ljubljana. See the most referential Slovenian book on Italian opera in Ljubljana in the eighteenth century: Stanko Škerlj, Italijansko gledališče v Ljubljani v preteklih stoletjih (Ljubljana: SAZU, 1973). See also the list of all libretti for productions in Ljubljana in: Metoda Kokole, "Italian Operas in Ljubljana in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries," in Il teatro musicale italiano nel Sacro Romano Impero nei secoli XVII e XVIII, eds Alberto Colzani, Andrea Luppi and Maurizio Padoan (Como: A.M.I.S., 1999), 263-292, especially 276-277 (Appendix 1). 6 Even the most referential and thorough scholar on the subject of Italian operisti in the first half of the eighteenth century, Reinhard Strohm, being generally aware of the undergoing local research in the matter, has not included Ljubljana on the general map of operatic Europe of that time, yet. See Reinhard Strohm, "Italian operisti North of the Alps, c. 1700-1750," in The Eighteenth-Century Diaspora of Italian Music and Musicians, ed. Reinhard Strohm (Turnhout: Brepols, 2001), 1-59, especially 19-27; or Reinhard Strohm, "Metastasio at Hamburg: Newly-Identified Opera Scores of the Mingotti Company, with a Postscript on Ercole nell''Indie," in Il Canto di Metastasio, ed. Maria Giovanna Miggiani (Bologna: Forni, 2004), 541-571. The Ljubljana productions are absent also from a comparative article on three closely connected librettos of Rosmira by Livia Pancino, "Le opere di Vivaldi: 'Catone in Utica'; 'Rosmira (fedele)'," Studi vivaldiani 3 (2003): 3-30. The Ljubljana seasons were left out also from a recent Czech BA thesis on the early Mingotti impresa by Radmila Bačvarova Schweitzer, "The Mingotti Opera Company in Brno, Graz, Prague, and Copenhagen" (BA thesis, Charles University in Prague, 1994). 7 The document, the minutes of the Provincial Estates' meeting on 26 February 1740 is preserved in Arhiv Republike Slovenije (=ARS), Stan. I. 920, fol. 732r and 732v; it was summarised by Karl Seyfried Perrizhoffer von Perizhoff in his Carnioliae Pragmatica II, 46, no. 461, preserved in: ARS, Stan. I. 938. The original text by Perizhoffer was interpreted by Peter von Radics, Die Entwicklung des deutschen Bühnenwesens in Laibach (Ljubljana: Kleinmayr & Bamberg, 1912), 36-37. called fliegende Bühne). This was, as we learn from the document, rather expensive, so some of the delegates opposed the idea of investing more money as the general conditions in the Province were not favourable for such large expenses, but others reminded them that also neighbouring provinces (Styria and Carinthia), living the same unfavourable times, were giving money from their funds, for this kind of well-received entertainment and also that it would not be so badly felt since it did not happen every year. So finally they awarded Angelo Mingotti with another 300 gold pieces in cash; this was also the amount of money regularly awarded to Pietro or himself by the Styrian Provincial Estates for their productions of operas in Graz.8 To build a stage and adapt a conference hall into a theatre Angelo was bound to come to Ljubljana already in 1739 as it would take him some time to get the place ready for the operatic productions. He knew from his own previous experience how to mount a stage or a theatre. He had already done it in 1733 in the Moravian capital Brno, where he arranged a first municipal theatre in a multi-purpose palace on Zelny trh, where it was raised on a place of a demolished Old Tavern and was therefore called at the time the Tavern theatre (It. Teatro della Taverna), later named Reduta.9 The building with still perceivable Baroque appearance is now renovated and again serving as theatrical institution. Angelo Mingotti, following the example of his bankrupted compatriot Antonio Denzio, active in Prague in previous years,10 produced a number of successful seasons in the Moravian capital, and thus gaining precious experiences for his further and even more ambitions projects. He was most probably also engaged in the enterprise started by his brother Pietro in Graz, where - also supported by the Provincial estates - in the winter of 1736 the younger brother built a permanent wooden theatre house close to the city walls on the so called Tummel Platz. The construction of the building embodied the plan worked out in Venice for indoor public theatres. It was 31,3 metres long and 13 metres wide and high; it had two tires of boxes arranged in horseshoe shape and enclosing the stalls without chairs (with moveable benches). It could host around 400 spectators.11 8 Müller von Asow, Angelo und Pietro Mingotti, 13. 9 On the Brno's first public theatre see Cecilie Halova-Jahodova, "Reduta," Opus musicum 2 (1970): 302-308, and above all the most important new studies by Margita Havlickova based on newly discovered archival documents, for example, Margita Havlickova, "Divadlo na Zelenem trhu v 18. stoleti," in Reduta Divadlo na Hornm namesti (Brno: Bedrih Malecek-BM Typo, 2005), 33-39, or Margita Havlickova, "Angelo Mingotti a stavba operniho Divadla V taverne v Brne 1733," Acta musicologica. Revue pro hudebni vedu 2 (2006); also available as an internet edition: http://acta.musicologica.cz/06-02/0602s01t.html. 10 Apart of basic study by Oscar Teuber (Geschichte des Prager Theaters: Von Anfängen des Schauspielwesens bis auf neueste Zeit, vol. 1 (Prag: Haase, 1883)), the most exhaustive recent studies in English language are works by Daniel E. Freeman, The Opera Theater of Count Franz Anton von Sporck in Prague (Stuyvesant and New York: Pendragon Press, 1992), and also a concise and useful article: Daniel E. Freeman, "Italian Operatic Traditions in Prague," in Il melodramma italiano in Italia e in Germania nell 'eta barocca, eds Alberto Colzani, Andrea Luppi and Maurizio Padoan (Como: A.M.I.S., 1995), 117-125. However, much has been recently done by Czech scholars in the field within national and international research projects. See note 2, above. 11 For details see Fleischmann, Das Steirische Berufstheater, 35; and also Lambauer, "Litteratur und Theater," 617. Provincial Estates palace (Ger. Landhaus) with the great assembly hall in the right wing of the building in the middle by the end of the seventeenth century (after Johann Weichard Valvasor, To-pographia Ducatus Carnioliae modernae (Wagensperg, 1679); title page). The Ljubljana provisional theatre with the wooden stage in the Estates assembly hall was undoubtedly similar to Mingotti's earlier theatres - but without boxes, unless they were part of the existing hall - and was used, as already pointed out, in the Carnival season of 1740 - that is in January and in February. This detail is known from the official records of the town's expenses. We learn from this document also that the opera impresario Angelo Mingotti rented a house in the then Ljubljana suburb Poljane for these two months at the expense of 30 gold pieces.12 Unfortunately, we do not have any information on the local artists that might have been engaged by the impresario for the operatic seasons. We can only guess about his possible use of local woodworkers for the stage (taking as an example his actions in Brno), or perhaps some locally available painters for the scenes (several Italian artists were known at that time in Ljubljana).13 We can also speculate on his engagement of musicians - especially instrumentalists - in Ljubljana from among the then active members of the Academia Philharmonicorum Labacensium.14 12 In the book of incomes for the year 1740: Zgodovinski arhiv Ljubljana, Cod. XIII/257, fol. 49/a. 13 In Brno Angelo Mingotti engaged local carpenters, but finally he arranged for a Venetian painter Federico Zanoia to be invited by the town council to paint the scenery for his first operatic seasons in the Moravian capital. See Havlickova, "Angelo Mingotti a stavba operniho Divadla." It is worth pointing out in this connection that the same Venetian painter was also engaged in Gorizia in 1742 for the same purpose. See Alessandro Arbo, Musicisti di frontiera: le attivita musicali a Gorizia dal Medioevo al Novecento (Monfalcone: Edizioni della Laguna, 1998), 51 and 67 (note 84), and Ranieri Mario Cossar, Storia dell 'arte e dell 'artigianato in Gorizia (Pordenone: Fratelli Cosarini, 1948), 173. 14 Metoda Kokole, "Academia Philharmonicorum Labacensium v evropskem okviru," in 300 let/years: The success of the 1740 season encouraged Pietro Mingotti to use the same place for another season, Carnival 1742. There was no opposition when in October 1741 he asked for the permission to use the assembly hall and turn it into theatre at the costs of the Estates, as "it had already been done twice with great success".15 Pietro was apparently allowed to use the existing moveable wooden stage (Ger. Holzwerk), which was given to him by the Estates, but had to add his own decorations and other necessary stage properties. We have also an indirect information on this "theatre" deriving from a much later letter of one of Pietro's main female singers Marianna Pircker (also Mariane Pirker; see more below), sending news from her tour in Copenhagen to her husband Franz then in London. In the letter of 23 November 1748, she briefly compared the theatre in Copenhagen - probably the one at Carlottenborg Palace on Kongens Nytrov, where she was engaged at the time - to the one in Ljubljana that she had known in 1742. She wrote: "[...] the theatre is like the one in Laibach [German name for Ljubljana], but the public is more numerous."16 This comparison undoubtedly does credit to Pietro's theatre in the Provincial palace in Ljubljana. Till Carnival season of 1740, when he arrived to Ljubljana, and the end of the Carnival season of 1738, when he finished his third consecutive season in Graz,17 Angelo Mingotti's18 whereabouts are not known, unless he was the unnamed "Il Direttore", who had been giving operas in Klagenfurt and Gorizia at the time, namely Artaserse, Cesare in Egitto, Rosmira and Griselda in February 1738, Alessandro nell'Indie and Griselda in Carnival AcademiaPhilharmonicorum Labacensium, ed. Ivan Klemenčič (Ljubljana: Založba ZRC, 2004), 29-56. 15 The documents, the minutes of the Provincial Estates' meeting on 20 October 1741, morning and afternoon, are preserved in ARS, Stan. I. 921, vol. 48, fol. 297r and 297v and 299v; the two mentions of Pietro Mingotti on that meeting were also summarised by Perrizhoffer v. Perizhoff in his Carnioliae Pragmatica II, 48, no. 316 and 322, in ARS, Stan. I. 938). See a note and a facsimile of fol. 299v in Škerlj, Italijansko gledališče v Ljubljani, 167 and 169. The two earlier occasions were Angelo's season of 1740 and probably the season of 1733, when an unknown impresario was giving Euristeo, in which singers from Angelo Mingotti's Brno group were engaged. For a discussion of Euristeo in Ljubljana see Metoda Kokole, "Najzgodnejše opere na Slovenskem: od Euridice (?) do začetka delovanja Stanovskega gledališča," in 20. slovenski glasbeni dnevi 2005: Stoletja glasbe na Slovenskem (Ljubljana: Festival, 2006), 223-247, especially 239-243. 16 The excerpts from the letter are cited by Müller von Asow, Angelo und Pietro Mingotti, 90. 17 In connection with Graz impresa we meet Angelo Mingotti's name first on the libretto of the opera seria Farnace Re di Ponto ("questo primo drammatico componimento che sotto la mia direzione viene esposto") in spring 1737 when he was also giving Venceslao. In the operaArsace produced in the following season (autumn 1737) he in fact mentions the second year (!) of his engagement as "Principal Direttore" meaning probably his second season. For more on Farnace see note 48, below. 18 On the early career of Angelo Mingotti (c. 1700-after 1767) see Müller von Asow, Angelo und Pietro Mingotti, 7-9, and also: Freeman, The Opera Theater of Count Franz Anton von Sporck, 74-75; Elisabeth Theresia Hilscher-Fritz, "Mingotti, Familie," in Österreichisches Musiklexikon, vol. 3 (Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2004), 1447; Giovanni Polin, "Mingotti," in Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 74 (2010) available on the web-site of Treccani. it. L'Enciclopedia italiana: http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/mingotti_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ (accessed on 26 November 2012). 1739, and Alvilda, Lucio Vero and Siface in Carnival 1740, all in Klagenfurt, as well as Siface and Arsace in spring in Gorizia.19 The two seasons that coincide with productions in Graz and Ljubljana would not be inexplicable as also Pietro is recorded to have produced operas in Graz and Ljubljana during the same season, i.e. Carnival 1742.20 The relatively short distances of these towns could be the answer, and the presence of an impresario who was not also a singer was perhaps not compulsory for all evenings. In fact we do not know the weekly frequency of performances in Ljubljana; but in Graz there were operas staged three times a week from 4 or 5 o'clock till darkness.21 The singers engaged for the just mentioned Klagenfurt and Gorizia productions were all in some way connected with the Mingotti impresa in Graz, his earlier Brno group, or both.22 Ljubljana has seen in January and February 1740 two serious operas with at least one set of comic intermezzi documented by the rather beautifully decorated bilingual libretti (in Italian and in German translation) printed by Adam Friedrich Reichhardt in Ljubljana: Artaserse,23 claimed by the libretto to be composed by Johann Adolf Hasse on Metastasio's libretto, and Rosmira,24 likewise attributed to Metatasio and Hasse on 19 For more details on migrating repertoire and singers within the major Inner-Austrian centres see Metoda Kokole, "Italijanska opera v notranjeavstrijskih središčih v 18. stoletju: repertoar in izvajalci," De musica disserenda 1, n. 1-2 (2005): 75-93; for Klagenfurt see especially 79-80. For the situation in Gorizia see also Metoda Kokole, "Operne predstave v Gorici od odprtja gledališča do konca 18. stoletja," in Barok na Goriškem /IlBarocco nel Goriziano, ed. Ferdinand Šerbelj (Nova Gorica: Goriški muzej, Grad Kromberk; Ljubljana: Narodna galerija, 2006), 137-158. 20 In Ljubljana he was giving Didone abbandonata and Il Demetrio, and in Graz - possibly after he had finished his season in Ljubljana - Sirbace by Paolo Scalabrini. See also note 58, below. 21 Erdmute Trajan, "Musiktheater: Oper und Siengspiel in Graz," in Musik in der Steiermark: Katalog der Landesausstellung 1980, ed. Rudolf Flotzinger (Graz: Kulturreferat der Steiermärkischen Landesregierung, 1980), 275-296, especially 277. 22 The singers in question are: Angela Romani Bartoli, known in Mingotti's group in Graz, Laura Bambini, Lorenzo Moretti, Domenico Negri, Anna Cosimi, who were active from spring 1737 to Carnival 1738 in Angelo's group in Brno, and Domenico Battaglini who sung with Mingotti in Brno as well as in Graz. 23 ATRASERSE. TRAMA PER MUSICA, DA RAPPRESENTARSINELLA SALA DEL PALAZO PROVINCIALE IN LUBIANA, DEDICATO ALL' ECCELSA PROVINCIA DEL DUCATO, DI CRAGNO. Nel CARNEVALE 1740. La Poesia e del Sig. Abbate Pietro Metastasio, Poeta di Sua Maestä Ces. e Catt. Frä gli Arcadi Artino Corasio. La Musica e del Sig. Giovanni Hasse, detto il Sassone Maestro di Cappella di Sua Maestä il Re di Polonia, ed Elettor di Sassonia, e Maestro delPio Ospital dell 'Incurabili in Venezia. Lubiana, nella Stamparia diAdamoFrid. Reichhardt. There are three preserved copies of this libretto. The two complete sets of separately printed Italian and German versions are kept: one in the Narodni muzej Slovenije (3420-3421) and the other one in Slovanska knjižnica (BX); some of the pages were bound together in wrong places so that the German title-page is followed by Italian dedication and texts. The Italian libretto, but not German translation, is also preserved in the funds of the Semeniška knjižnica in Ljubljana (Z VIII 5/1). Sartori cites also another extant copy now in Vienna, which I have not seen. 24 ROSMIRA. TRAMA PER MUSICA, DA RAPPRESENTARSI NELLA SALA DEL PALAZO PROVINCIALE IN LUBIANA, DEDICATO ALL' ECCELSA PROVINCIA DEL DUCATO DI, CRAGNO. NEL CARNEVALE 1740. La Poesia e del Sig. Abbate Pietro Metastasio, Poeta di Sua Maestä Ces. e Catt. Frä gli Arcadi Artino Corasio. La Musica e del Sig. Giovanni Hasse, detto il Sassone Maestro di Cappella di Sua Maestä il Re di Polonia, ed Elettor di Sassonia, e the title page of the libretto. The intermezzi, Pimpinone e Vespetta,15 were, as argued below - with regard to the preserved text by Pietro Pariati most probably produced with Tomaso Albinoni's music. All printed texts for the serious operas contain also a separate dedicatory letter, signed by the actual impresario and all dedicated to the "Eccelsa Provincia", i. e. to the Provincial Estates ("Eccelsi Stati"). All four preserved dedicatory letters are formal texts with standard phraseology expressing the humble gratefulness and great honour for the concession of organising Italian operas in this "Capital Città". The two letters by Angelo Mingotti are interesting in two details. In the one for Artaserse Angelo calls himself "Principal Direttore dell'Opere Musicali Italiane" and from the text preceding the libretto for Rosmira we learn that the first opera was probably a great success as the impresario decided to produce the second drama for the Estates: "Devo percio confessare, che tanto m'obligaste con la vostra magnanimité, sino ad' apprendere dà voi (o Eccelsi Stati) parte di quella virtù, che possedete, forzandomi lo stimolo di quella gratitudine che vi devo, à rendervi à piedi (abbenche tenue tribute) quanto posiedo, & è questo secondo Drama, che dà me verà esposto sopra la scena per rendervi un dupplicato saggio di quell'attentione, che devo, & ho per ben servirvi." It would, therefore, seem that he started the season with only Artaserse and only added Rosmira at some later time in the season. The haste with which was apparently compiled the libretto and the production itself is perhaps the answer to the actual character of the production, discussed below. The libretto for the intermezzi Pimpinone e Vespetta does not include - which was a general practice for intermezzi - a printed dedication. Intermezzi were in fact considered part of serious operas and it seems that some of these prints were used for more than just one season or a particular opera. None of the Graz prints of the intermezzi have a dedication, either. The operatic seasons financed by the province in 1740 and 1742 seem as an experimental attempt of establishing a stable impresa also in the Carniolan Capital. The produc -tions were open to a larger public than the previous performances set mostly in private palaces. The public consisted above all of a largely Italian speaking provincial and town nobility, military officials, civil servants etc. The theatre was at the time the fashionable place to enjoy music and play, social meetings, gambling, general entertaining including enjoying meals during the performances. However, in Ljubljana the idiom blossomed only later when the stable theatre was built in 1765. Maestro del Pio Ospital dell 'Incurabili in Venezia. Lubiana, Nella Stamparia di Adamo Frid. Reichhardt. Extant are three copies of this bilingual libretto with title page only in Italian (Italian and German on opposite pages): two in Semeniška knjižnica (AE 105/11 and Z VIII 5/2) and in Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica (IR 2153c), both in Ljubljana. In 1912 Radics recorded also an example in the National Museum (Narodni muzej), which is now not known. Radics, Die Entwicklung des deutschen Buhnenwesens in Laibach, 38, n. 30. 25 Preserved is a single bilingual copy - Italian and German on opposite pages - now in Museo internazionale e biblioteca della musica di Bologna (1251). Let me first examine the intermezzi, titled: PIMPINON, E VESPETTA, INTERMEZZI MUSICALI. Da rappresentarsi nel nuovissimo Nella Salla del Palazo Provinciale in Lubiana, Nel Carnevale Anno 1740, Dalla Signora Antonia Bertelli di Bologna, E dal Signor GiovanniMichieli, di Padua. PIMPINON Und VESPETTA. In einem Zwischen-Spill aufgefuhret auf dem Land-Haufi-Saal in Laybach. Laybach gedruckt bey Adam Fridrich Reichhardt einer Lobl. Laa. [sic] in Crain Buchdr. As to attributions of text and music the intermezzi seem to be least problematic. The text of the libretto for the Ljubljana production, which survives in Bologna in one and only copy, follows quite faithfully the original libretto by Pietro Pariati26 set to music by Albinoni in 1708 and is - according to Michael Talbot, who discussed Tomaso Albinoni's and Francesco Conti's Pimpinone in detail - based on the 1725 copy for the Carnival pro -duction in the Venetian theatre of San Moise.27 There are in fact only two major deviations from the original Pariati's text in the Ljubljana libretto; other differences are mostly of typographical character (capitalisation, punctuation and misspelling). In the Intermezzo primo a relatively long recitative for Pimpinone is inserted in the middle of the act28 and the last two lines of the third intermezzo sung in the 1708 version by Pimpinone are supplemented by four new ones with roughly the same meaning, divided between Pimpinone and Vespetta.29 The German translation is in prose which means that the intermezzi - like the two serious operas - were sung in Italian which in turn proves that Ljubljana had a natural audience for Italian theatre. The three intermezzi were given either withArtaserse or Rosmira,30 as in the libretti of both serious operas these same two intermezzo singers are mentioned on the pages with "Attori": Signora Antonia Bertelli from Bologna and Giovanni Micheli from Padua. 26 The libretto by Pietro Pariati, set to music by Tomaso Albinoni in 1708, is available on web-site: http://www.librettidopera.it/pimpinone/pdf.html. 27 Michael Talbot, "Preface," in Tomaso Albinoni, Pimpinone, ed. Michael Talbot (Madison: A-R Editions, 1982), XXX. On Pimpinone see also Michael Talbot, "Tomaso Albinoni's Pimpinone and the Comic Intermezzo," in Con che soavita: Studies in Italian Opera, Song, and Dance, 1580-1740, ed. Iain Fenlon and Tim Carter (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), 229-248; for Conti's setting see also Michael Talbot, "Francesco Conti's setting of Pietro Pariati's Pimpinone," in Il teatro musicale italiano nel Sacro Romano Impero nei secoliXVIIeXVIII, eds Alberto Colzani, Andrea Luppi and Maurizio Padoan (Como: A.M.I.S., 1999), 147-166. 28 After the original: "O che care parole!" the Ljubljana libretto continues: "Ella mi vuol confondere [...]". See fol. 4v of the original (note 25, above). 29 In the Ljubljana copy: "Vesp. Col marito innamorato / Donne mie, cosi si fa. Pim. Con le mogli indiavolate / Ceder giova, e cosi va." The original two lines go as follows: "Chi ha le moglie indiavolate, / presto affe si pentira." 30 It is impossible to say with which opera Angelo Mingotti was actually giving Pimpinone, and which was the second set of intermezzi produced in Ljubljana in 1740. We can speculate on Angelo reproducing one of his earlier Graz productions, or else he used one of those printed in Venice and recorded in the collection of Semeniška knjižnica in Ljubljana: Drusilla Vedova Veneziana, Il Conte Copano, G'l'Ovi in Puntiglio, Drusilla, e poi Grillone, Pedronco Pittore, Il Tabarano, e Scintilla, Grullo, e Moschetta, Li Birbi con la Birina, e Golpone. See the original manuscript catalogue of holdings of the then library of the Ljubljana Cathedral compiled after 1742 by Franciscus Josephus Thallmainer (manuscript in Semeniška knjižnica, Ljubljana). Antonia Bertelli,31 who sung Vespetta also in the Bolognese 1725 production of the same set of intermezzi (at that occasion titled La serva astuta),32 is not known to be a member of the Mingotti company in Graz, so she was presumably engaged by Angelo only for this occasion. Perhaps she was recommended to Angelo by her pair singer of the 1725 production in Bologna, Pellegrinno Gaggiotti, who in turn was from 1737 on a regular intermezzo singer with the Mingotti impresa in Graz. Ljubljana was, in fact, the only town outside Italy where Antonia Bertelli is recorded to have appeared. Both singers were above all specialised in comic roles, even though they both sung also in serious operas. Giovanni Micheli33 was on the other hand one of the most faithful Mingotti singers; he started his career in 1717 in Venice, sung with Angelo Mingotti in Vicenza in 1731 to be next recorded in Prague with Denzio. He formed a core of Angelo's first group in Brno from late 1732 to early 1733 after fleeing - together with a group of other five disaffected singers previously engaged by Antonio Denzio - from Prague. His buffo pair singers in Brno were Rosalia Fantasia and Cecilia Monti in 1736 and 1737, and Caterina Mayr in 1738 and 1739 in Graz. When Pietro opened a theatre in the Styrian capital Graz Micheli moved there and remained in the city till 1739.34 Although he was above all an experienced intermezzo singer, he was engaged first by Denzio and later by both Mingottis also for serious roles. This was actually quite a normal practice for the buffo singers in the first half of the eighteenth century.35 From his appearance in Ljubljana he ceased to be engaged by the Mingottis and his name is to appear again on a printed libretto only seven years later in 1747 in Padua to be last evidenced a year later in Bologna. In connection with his engagement in Graz it is perhaps interesting to note that in an early libretto for a pasticcio Semiramide given in Ancona in 1720 he appeared in a role of Plistene as "Giovanni Micheli di Gratz", so perhaps he was actually born locally.36 Ljubljana was - as argued by Michael Talbot - the last town to host one of the 29 known productions of Pimpinone in the first half of the eighteenth century. The question is why this set of intermezzi was still produced as late as 1740, nine long years after the 31 Antonia Bertelli was active throughout the years from 1723 to 1744. Before her appearance in Ljubljana she is recorded in 1738 in Rimini and Florence, and in 1740 (!) in Alessandria. 32 See Talbot, "Preface," XXIX. 33 Giovanni Micheli (also Michieli, Michielli, and Michaeli) was active between 1717 when he appeared in Venice to 1748 when his name is last recorded in Bologna. Sartori lists him mostly as Giambattista or Giovanni Battista Micheli, even though in the libretti from Graz he is known only as Giovanni. See also Freeman, The Opera Theater of Count Franz Anton von Sporck, 334-335. 34 He last sung in Graz in the Carnival productions of 1739 of the intermezzi Il matrimonio per forza and Drusilla e poi Grillone given by Pietro Mingotti. 35 As argued by Franco Piperno, intermezzo singers had to master also the acting itself, as well as high level of singing, especially the techniques of fast syllabic parlando and different styles of vocal imitation. Franco Piperno, "Buffe e buffi (considerationi sulla professionalita degli interpreti di scene buffi ed intermezzi)," Rivista italiana di musicologia 18 (1982): 240-284, especially 253-254. 36 He was perhaps even native of this town, even though in the libretti printed for productions in Brno, he is named "Giovanni Michielli Padovano (von Venedig)" or "Giovanni Michaeli di Padova". See also all data given in Sartori, I libretti italiani a stampa. last known previous production, recorded for Moscow in 1731. Was it perhaps one of the items (libretti and possibly also scores) that Angelo had possibly in stock from the previous years? Perhaps one from those possibly inherited even from Denzio's disaffected group during the earliest years of Angelo's impresa in Brno.37 The repertoire of the highest quality provided to Denzio by Antonio Vivaldi from the mid-twenties could indeed contain also Albinoni's intermezzi, especially the libretto and perhaps also the score of the 1725 Venetian production, which were for some reason not produced by Denzio or any of the two Mingottis till Ljubljana 1740 carnival season. It had to be, however, an exception as most of the other intermezzi produced in the late 1730s by Angelo or Pietro in Graz belonged rather to the up-to-date comic repertoire, for example Perrica e Varonne by Michele Fini produced by Angelo in 1737, or Drusilla e poi Grillone, produced by Pietro in Carnival 1739, or even the famous Pergolesi's masterpiece La servapadrona given in spring 1739 by Pietro.38 The two serious operas too, show - as we shall se - little respect for the officially claimed repertoire or its authenticity, as if Angelo would be more eager to build a stage and to show to the Carniolan capital something "new" (in a sense of establishment of the genre of Italian opera as a cultural practice, i.e. managerial theatre) than to provide a quality and consistent musical pieces. He is not known to be a composer or singer himself (like Denzio) and was therefore apparently not as susceptible to musical and artistic side of his enterprise, at least not in the smaller towns like Ljubljana. He also brought to the town a new group of singers, so as to try them for possible future engagements. The cast of the two serious operas included Domenico Battaglini, Carlina Valvasoni,39 Pasquale Negri,40 Anna Negri (detta la Maestrina di Venezia)41 and Barbara Narizi di 37 For this hypothesis see Strohm, "Italian operisti North of the Alps," 23, and also scattered indications in Freeman, The Opera Theater of Count Franz Anton von Sporck, 61, 136 and 166. 38 Intermezzi produced in Graz from 1737 to 1740: L'Alfier fanfarone (Carnival 1737); Pericca e Varrone (autumn 1737); La Contadina (Carnival 1738); Melissa (autumn 1738); Pedronco pittore (autumn 1738); Il Matrimonio per forza (Carnival 1739); Drusilla e poi Grillone (Carnival 1739); La serva padrona (spring 1739); Il Don Chisciotto (spring 1739). The libretti for the cited productions in Graz are now kept at the Steiermärkische Landesbibliothek or at the Universitätsbibliothek in Graz; a couple of them also in Ljubljana at the Semeniška knjižnica. All libretti printed by Widmanstetter in Graz were also catalogued (title pages reproduced in facsimile) in Theodor Graff, Bibliographia Widmanstadiana: Die Druckwerke der Grazer Offizin Widmanstetter 1586-1805, Arbeiten aus der Steiermärkischen Landesbibliothek 22 (Graz: Steiermärkische Landesbibliothek, 1993). Most of them, but not all, are also more or less exhaustively discussed in Müller von Asow, Angelo und Pietro Mingotti. 39 In the Ljubljana libretti she is spelled Valvasori but in Sartori she is recorded as Carlina Valvasoni in the years 1737 and 1742. Among her appearances were the roles in Adriano in Siria in Stuttgart (1737), in La costanza vincitrice in Parma (1738), the two operas in Ljubljana (1740), in Adriano in Siria and Sirbace in Ferrara (1741), and Semiramide riconosciuta and Zenobia in Torino (1742). 40 Also Pasquallino di Venezia was first recorded in 1738 in Venezia where he was Ormonte in Vivaldi's pasticcio Rosmira. After his appearance in Ljubljana he sung in Bergamo in 1742, a year later in Bologna and returned to Graz in the seasons 1745-46 with Angelo Mingotti. He toured with him Prague and Leipzig in the years 1746 and 1747. 41 Anna Negri was known by the same nickname also from the libretto of the 1737 Carnival opera La Zoe imperatrice d'Oriente produced in Mantova (Sartori, I libretti italiani a stampa, no. Bologna.42 Of the five singers, Carlina Valvasoni is the only singer previously or later unconnected with any of the Mingottis. According to data provided by Claudio Sartori's catalogue she was apparently a young singer when she came to Ljubljana to sing the roles of Mandane inArtaserse and Rosmira in the homonymous opera. Domenico Battaglini was one of the singers connected with Angelo Mingotti from his seasons in Brno, later he was criss-crossing Inner-Austrian centres from Graz, Klagenfurt, Gorizia to Ljubljana.43 In Ljubljana he sung Emilio in Artaserse and Emilio in Rosmira. Barbara Narici and Pasquale Negri were on the other hand newly acquired young singers, who only later made their careers with Angelo Mingotti in Graz (in 1745; in the following years Negri toured Prague and Dresden with Angelo) and elsewhere. Anna Negri was given rather important roles to sing also in Ljubljana as she was Semira in Artaserse and Partenope in Rosmira. However, it is not certain whether she sung throughout the season as "Domicella Anna Negri Cantatrix", as we have already seen, died in Ljubljana on the last day of February. The first opera I want to discuss is Artaserse. The libretto was printed in Italian and separately in German translation and is preserved in four sets.44 The German version was apparently compiled in haste as arias in act three were translated only later and were added as supplement to the rest of the libretto. The text differs considerably from the original version by Metastasio45 who is quoted in the Ljubljana libretto, as is also the composer Johann Adolf Hasse.46 Not only the recitatives are shorter and whole scenes are cut out, but in Ljubljana version also the role of Megabise is left out completely, therefore, the 25423). It is not certain that she was the same person as Anna Catterina Negri who sung for Denzio in Prague from 1724 to 1727 and who was later engaged by Vivaldi for Sant'Angelo theatre in the season 1727/28; Anna Catterina sung in three Vivaldi's operas in Venice, hence perhaps the nickname "La Maestrina di Venezia". In his book on Sporck's theatre in Prague Daniel Freeman equals the latter with Maria Catterina Negri (Freeman, The Opera Theater of Count Franz Anton von Sporck, 341-343). However they had to be different persons as Maria Catterina Negri was recorded also after 1740 when she appeared in London, Lisbon, Rimini and Gorizia, so she could not possibly be the same person as Anna (more likely to be Denzio's singer Anna Catterina) Negri, who died in Ljubljana in 1740 (see Škerlj, Italijansko gledališče v Ljubljani, 171). 42 According to the data compiled by Claudio Sartori Barbara Narici (also Narici Scolare or Narizi) made her debut in Naples in 1738/39 seasons. Ljubljana is her first season outside Italy. From 1740 to 1744 she toured different north-Italian towns - Alessandria, Siena, Brescia, Pisa, Rovigo - to return to Angelo Mingotti's group in carnival 1745, when she sung in four operas in Graz (La finta schiava by L. Vinci, Lampugnani and Gluck, Orazio by Latilla and Pergolesi, La finta cameriera by Latilla and Argenide by Galuppi). In 1746 she is recorded in Palermo, 1747 in Venice and in 1750 she is last recorded to have sung in Barcelona. In Graz she sung again together with young Pasquale Negri in comic roles. 43 On Domenico Battaglini see my article of2005 (Kokole, "Italijanska opera v notranjeavstrijskih središčih," 81-82). 44 See note 23, above. 45 Consulted was the following edition of the text for the 1730 premiere: Pietro Metastasio, Drammi scelti, vol. 2 (Milano: Edoardo Sonzogno, 1878), 5-55. 46 For Hasse see David J. Nicols and Sven Hansell, "Johann Adolf [Adolph] Hasse," in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd ed., ed. Stanley Sadie (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001), 11:96-117, especially 97. libretto is shorter than other Hasse's versions. It is indeed difficult to define which of a number of versions of Hasse's Artaserse possibly served as a base for Angelo Mingotti's Ljubljana production. I have compared three copies of Artaserse libretti, all allegedly by Hasse and produced by Angelo or Pietro Mingotti with two years of difference: in Carnival 1738 in Klagenfurt (the impresario is not indicated but more than half of the singers were connected with Mingottis),47 in spring 1738 in Graz and in Carnival 1740 in Ljubljana. Basically the two 1738 productions seem closer and included more original Metastasio's arias (highlighted grey) than the one in Ljubljana, which used only three arias, the final duet and the chorus by Metastasio. (See Table 1 in Appendix 2.) Some of the arias in the Ljubljana production had been already used in Angelo's earlier productions of different operas in Graz. In his carnival 1738 production of La verita nell 'inganno already appeared the aria here given to Arbace (Barbara Narizzi) "Parto, ma tu ben mio". It is interesting that also the aria written originally for the famous soprano Farinelli by Hasse for his 1730 Artaserse (Artabano), "Pallido il sole", appeared in Mingotti's productions; not only in Ljubljana (sung by Pasquale Negri) but also previously in his carnival 1738 Alessandro nell 'Indie given in Graz. Another aria which was used previously is "Destrier che all'armi usato" sung by Mandane (Carlina Valvasoni), but also used in spring 1737 Graz season in Farnace for the main hero sung by Rosa Cardini. Farnace, re di Ponto was in fact the first Angelo's production in Graz and although the composer is not indicated on the libretto, Antonio Vivaldi seems to be the first candidate, as his Farnace is documented to be produced in 1730 in Prague with future Mingotti's singers.48 Other arias, could not be identified with other Mingotti's Graz productions or with the original Hasse's 1730 or Lalli's 1734 Venetian productions. However, some of the arias from the Ljubljana production are also known from Angelo's earlier Moravian productions. Four of the arias from the first act were indeed used also in 1733 Holesov production of Artaserse by Eustachio Bambini. Domenico Battaglini even sung the aria "Non o piu core" in both productions, although in Ljubljana it was used in the role of Artaserse and in Holesov Battaglini sung it as Arbace. The same aria was heard also in Kromeriz 1733 production of Il Demetrio (Cleonice in the second act). Furthermore two of the arias composed by Hasse for the 1730 Venetian premiere and not used in either Klagenfurt or Graz 1738 productions, "Parto, ma tu ben mio" and "Destrier che all'armi usato" were also known from Mingotti's Moravian period; the first aria was used in Tito Vespasiano in 1736 in Vyskov and the second in Gli amori 47 See above, note 19. 48 Like the libretto for Ljubljana Artaserse also the libretto of Farnace was apparently compiled in haste and - as we learn from a short note in German after the list of the roles with the names of all singers - the translation of arias was not completed in time, so the translator had to ask to be pardoned for this. In the original: "N.B. Der geneigte Leser wolle vor excusiret haben, daß man die Ubersetzung deren Arien nicht in gebundenen Rede habe verfassen kömen." See Sartori, no. 9745, and the originals in Graz: one in Steiermärkische Landesbibliothek and the second copy in Universitätsbibliothek. According to Sartori there is also a copy preserved in I-Pac. The title page and the dedication were printed in Italian only. This libretto was in fact not known to Müller and consecutively to other later researchers in the field. amari in 1733 Brno production. Another two arias, unidentified with Hasse's production or the two 1738 Artasersi, were apparently previously used by Angelo: "L'innocenza de suoi sguardi" was used in Brno 1734 Argenide and "Non so frenare il pianto" in already mentioned 1733 Kromeriz Il Demetrio. On the whole there were only four arias and a closing chorus out of all together eighteen numbers that were possibly performed with Hasse's music in Ljubljana 1740 production by Angelo Mingotti. Such an opera could hardly be called to be composed by Johann Adolf Hasse at all. ROSMIRA. TRAMA PER MUSICA, DA RAP PRE SENT ARS I NELLA SALA DEL PALAZO PROVINCIALE IN LUBIANA, DEDICATO ALU ECCELSA PROVINCIA DEL D 11 C A T O DI, CRAGNO. NEL CARNEVALE 1740. La Po ei m è de] Sig. Abbatc Pietro Aietafhfio, Poeta tfi Sua Mat/là Cef. e Catt. frà gli Arcadi Artico Cora fio. l a Mufica & del Sig, Giovanni Ado/fo HaiTe, det- to il Saflione Maeftro di Cappella di Sua Macfti il Rè :. ARASPE, Confidente di larba, ed amante di Selene. riSEjnort Citíu t... Vecchia. OSMIDA, Confidente di Didone, La S f ryjtt Aogiola ; •o,*.': ■ MU- The title page and the Italian cast of Didone abbandonata produced in Ljubljana in Carnival season of 1742 by Pietro Mingotti (with permission of the Semeniška knjižnica, Ljubljana). I have first compared the libretti of Didone abbandonata given by Pietro in Ljubljana 67 On Paolo Scalabrini (1713-1806) see above all Müller von Asow, Angelo und Pietro Mingotti, CCXXI-CCXXXII (with the list of works and libretti that mention his name). 68 Strohm, "Metastasio at Hamburg," 560 and 563, respectively. 69 See note 56, above. 70 See the libretto for Sirbace (see also note 58, above). Strohm claims that he worked in Graz from about 1741, but I could not find a relevant document. Strohm, "Metastasio at Hamburg," 550. I actually assume that he joined Pietro Mingotti even earlier. and much earlier in 1737 in Graz,71 and paralleled both of these libretti to the already mentioned score preserved in Modena,72 and the copy of the libretto, printed in 1746 in Hamburg.73 (See also Table 3 in Appendix 4.) To my amazement I have discovered that not only are the two libretti - as to the recitatives and distribution of scenes - identical to a single word, but there are also as may as 11 common arias out of 20 reflecting the original Metastasian structure of the drama.74 One common aria does not come from Metastasio's Didone: "Cosi, la navicella", sung by Margarita Flora in Graz and by Carlo della Vecchia in Ljubljana. This aria was however used in Scipione nelle Spagne in 1734 in Vyskov. Two arias out of five for Didone, sung in Ljubljana by Marianna Pircker, were changed from the original Metastasio's to unidentified new arias, "Come potesti, oh Dio" (I/9) and "Del sen gl'ardori" (II/13), however in both cases the older arias used in 1737 in Graz were reused in the Hamburg production of 1744 in which Didone was sung by Rosa Costa. One of those is present in the discussed score and the other was printed in the 1744 libretto for the Hamburg season. All 4 arias for Enea remained the same all through the three compared productions, and so were the three for Jarba, interpreted in all three productions by Giuseppe Alberti. All four arias for Selene seem to be fluid throughout productions as they changed at each production. Angela Romani in the role of Osminda apparently repeated in Hamburg her non-Metastasian aria from Ljubljana, but already used also in Mingotti's previous productions in Graz. It is interesting that in 1746, according to the preserved libretto she reused in the same place the earlier Hasse's aria for 1737 Graz Didone. When the two closely related libretti were compared to the score of Modena, further surprises came up. The recitatives were again identical apart of capitalisation of words and punctuation. Half of the arias were also - as to the text - identical and five of them were attributed in the 1746 Hamburg libretto to Scalabrini. The Ljubljana 1742 Didone abbandonata was definitely not a reproduction or partial remake of Angelo Mingotti's 1732 Brno production of Didone by Domenico Sarro.75 The question of the general authorship remains, however, unanswered, but due to numerous common aspects it would seem that Paolo Scalabrini would also be the main composer of Ljubljana and therefore also Graz 71 Steiermärkische Landesbibliothek, Graz (C 10709). 72 Biblioteca Estense Universitaria, Modena (MSF.1587). 73 The copy preserved in Brussels, Conservatoire Royale de Musique (B-Bc, 10.903), which has many arias pasted over the original ones and also names added in manuscript annotations, was kindly sent to me by Bruno Forment, to whom I am deeply grateful. 74 Consulted was the following edition of the text for the 1724 premiere: Pietro Metastasio, Drammi scelti, vol. 1, 17-61. 75 For more information on earlier versions of Didone see Teresa M. Gialdroni, "I primi dieci anni della Didone abbandonata di Metastasio: il caso di Domenico Sarro," Analecta musicologica 30 (1998): 437-500, especially n. 62. (I disagree with her conclusions in note 62 on the comparable structure of Brno, Graz and Ljubljana libretti as I have compared them myself and have not found as many similarities with Brno as with the later score by Scalabrini, as discussed above. There is no apparent link between the arias used in these two productions.) See also documentary article by Paologiovanni Maione, "Un impero centenario: Didone sul trono di Partenope," in Pietro Metastasio uomo universale (1698-1782), eds Andrea Sommer-Mathis and Elizabeth Theresia Hilscher (Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2000), 185-219. 1737 production. This would mean that he joined Pietro Mingotti much earlier than thought before. In any case the Ljubljana 1742, indeed, seems to be one of the earlier versions of the production as reflected by the score. It seems congruent with genuine serious opera and shows more care for the artistic unity of an opera than previous two operas given by Angelo Mingoti in 1740. The analysis of the libretto of the second serious opera produced by Pietro Mingotti in Carnival time in Ljubljana, Il Demetrio, however, does not produce such satisfactory results (see also Table 4 in Appendix 5). Even though Pietro produced the same opera consecutively in Ljubljana and Graz (given in autumn), these productions were considerably different.76 It is difficult to say whether either of these two versions reflects a preparative stage for the production, reflected by the preserved score in Modena.77 Furthermore, in the libretto printed for Ljubljana as many as nine arias were changed later and are listed on eight final pages of the printed libretto, just before the errata. In fact there are only five arias (two of these were actually replaced in Ljubljana with new unidentified ones) and the final chorus that match in both compared libretti from 1742. These three arias ("Se non posso su quel trono", "Dice che t'e fedele", and "Giusti Dei, da voi non chiede") figure also in the score and are all attributed to Scalabrini. Four arias that were printed for Ljubljana before the changes occurred ("arie mutate") are also present in the score. However, two of these ("Alma grande, e nata al Regno", and "Io so qual pena sia") were not used in Ljubljana and were replaced with others. So in fact only three arias and the chorus, possibly by Scalabrini, were heard in Ljubljana in 1742. The changes in the Ljubljana libretto include also the shifts from original Metastasian arias for Il Demetrio78 to five unidentified new arias, so that the final result in Ljubljana was a quasi non-Metastasian pasticcio dramma per musica. I have to conclude that the version actually produced in Ljubljana was probably prepared in haste, hence all the changed arias, or with some kind of problems, of which we do not know now and the result of which was a strange pasticcio, not particularly representative of Pietro's group. The closer look at the four productions by the brothers Mingotti in Ljubljana confirms the generally known fact that, as the Mingotti brothers had no poet available to alter the texts they borrowed for their productions; consequently, a great textual clumsiness and disregard for textual integrity and authorship of music is evident in their productions, especially Angelo's in Brno, Graz and also Ljubljana. On the other hand Pietro's productions at the turn of the third decade of the eighteenth century at least partly show his awareness of music integrity, which led to his engagement of a permanent member of the group - the composer Paolo Scalabrini, who might have been engaged as we have seen already around 1737. The Graz and also Ljubljana productions of Didone abbandonata prove the hypothesis of operatic repertoire that migrated from the German speaking lands south of the 76 Steiermarkische Landesbibliothek, Graz (C 674). Only five arias and the final chorus match as far as the texts are concerned. 77 Biblioteca Estense Universitaria, Modena (MSF.1589). See Strohm, "Metastasio at Hamburg," 563-565. 78 Consulted was the following edition of the text for the 1731 premiere: Metastasio, Drammi scelti, vol. 2, 57-105. Arie Mutate. Atto Primo. Scena Prima. Olinto. In vcce dell* Aria: Di quelFmgittfto Pag. 14. PArto.... ma non vorrei,... Bafta.... Tu ben m'intcndi. So, che pietosa sei, Eo,chcci' amor coitiprentii 11 burba.ro rigor. Quella pietii, che bramo ] Sarebbe un dolce incantov Che afficurar, ch'io tamo, Riportercbbe il van to Del mio tedcle amor. Parto^.. Arien, fo Wtdn&ett ttW&ett. gcftic Slttftriif, ¿tmfyuS. SnfaitlS® fan K.fC. pag-iS* j$?u »¡(ft ni'i 51 Sue, First of the eight pages with changed arias ("Mutazioni di arie") in the libretto for Il Demetrio produced in Ljubljana in Carnival season of 1742 by Pietro Mingotti (with permission of the Narodni muzej Slovenije, Ljubljana). 3 pasticcio 1,5 Part: Pensa, che ciei lacer (Vivaldi, 1738) * Rosmira 1/5 (Graz. 1939) 1, 7 Ann: Sol per te frà L 'ire, e L'armi 1,8 Part: Se al ciglio htsinghiero * Vencesiao 1/9 (Graz, 1737) 1,9 Ros: Misera oh ' Dia che so • L'inocenza tlifesa 11/2 (Graz, ] 738) 1, 11 Part: Non hà più pace * Âiessandro neU lndie 11/13 (Graz. 1738) 1, 13 Ros: Se fosse il mio diletto • Alessandro nell'indie [1/15 (Graz, 1738) 1, 15 CORO: 77 circondi la Gloria d'allori - Partemipe [/17 (Holrfov, 1733) • Rosmira 1/15 (Graz, 1939) II, 2 Ars: So che pietà non liai • Rosmira n/2 (Graz, 1939) II, 4 Ros: Qual disarmata Nave • Tullo Oslilio 11/3 (Graz, 1737) 11,6 Pari: Ritoma ai di štreni II, 8 Part: Mio cor non sospirar • Didone 111/4 (Brno, ] 734) * Colone in Utico 1/7 (Hamburgs 1746; Dresden, 1747) II, 9 Ros: Gia pressa a! termine * Orante Kl/6 (Hamburg. 1745) II, 10 Ros: Passagier che incerto errando II, 11 Ars: Ne/la foresta (Vivaldi) * Camnein Ulica 111/9 (Verona, 1737) III, ! Emil: Si ti sarô Fedele III, 2 Emil: Scena lapasSore.Ua * L inocenza riconoscmta lll/l (Graz. 1738) * Ipermestra 1/3 (Hamburg, 1740) 111,4 Ann: Patria in si dolce spene (Vivaldi ?) • Colone in Utico 1/8 (Graz, 174Ü) 111, 7 CORO: Viva, viva Partenope bella • Pm-tenope 1/17 (Hol tío v, 1733) * Roxmira lI!/7(Graz, 1939) underlined = unidentified Appendix 5 Table 4 II Demetrio 1742, Ljubljana - carnivai; Pietro Mingotti Mariartna Pucker (CIeon), Benedetta Molteni (Ale), Giovanna Rossi (Bars), Giuseppe Alberti (Pen), Angiola Romani (Olin), Margaritta Flora (Mil) (author not indicated til the libretto) (composer not indicated in the libretto) 1,1 Olin: Di quell "mgiusto sdegno (score: SCALABRINI) —+ Parto /,.,/ ma non vtirrei 1.3 Cleon: Fra mills pensieri 1.4 Bars: Misero tit non xei 1,6 Mit: Almagrande, e nata al Regno (store: SCALABRINI) —» Mentre rimbomba ittuono Ciro rteomjsciuto 11/9 'v n.;.' 1739} 1,8 Clcon: Se nonposso su que! trotio (score: SCALABRINI) used in both libretti and the score 1.10 Ale: Va scherzartdo con il vento —* Pi it eontento dul sun monte 1.11 Fen: Ogttiprocella infida {in Metastasio 1/5; score: SCALABRINI) used in Ljubljana libretto and the score I,14 Ale: Non mi pud Ttascere —> Che penu, e nuestu? II,4 Mit: Dice, che t'efedele (score: SCALABRINI) used in both libretti and the score U,8 Fen: A ma: ma col mio cor Lucia Papirio dtitatore1 I I (I :r.:/. 1739) 11.9 Bars: So, che per —* A ffetii mi prometii 11.10 Olin: Non fidi al mar chefreme {score: SCALABRINI) —> Finche un Zeffiro soave IJ,12 Ate: Non so frenare ¡1 pianto (scorc: SCHIASSI) —> Oh Dial mallear mi sento used also in Gr&f libretto and the score Ipermesira 11,'4 (Llnz, 1743) II,13 Cleon: Impallidisce in campo Ipermestra UH (Hamburg, ¡740) III,3 Clcon: ¡0 so qua! penasia —» L 'ire tue sopporto in pace 111,4 Ale: Quel labhro adorato (score: F1NAZZ1} used in Ljubljana libretto and the score 111,7 Fen: Giusti Dei, da voi non chiede (score: SCALABRINI) used in both libretti and the score 111,10 Bars: Saria felice un core —> Non scherzar cosi fastoso Demetrio 11/9 (Grai, 1742) 111,14 C'ORO: Quundo scendete in iiobil pello (score: SCALABRIN I) used in both libretti and the score from Metastases /1 Demetrio (1731) underlined - unidentified bold = arte mutate in Ljubljana Works cited Arbo, Alessandro. 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Graz: Kulturreferat der Steiermärkischen Landesregierung, 1980. OPERNI SEZONI BRATOV MINGOTTI V LJUBLJANI Povzetek Brata Angelo in Pietro Mingotti, operna impresarija iz Benetk, sta vsaj do leta 1743 sodelovala v skupnem podjetju, ki je imelo med 1736 in 1746 stalni sedež v Gradcu na Štajerskem. Tam sta uredila tudi gledališko stavbo. Kljub skupnemu podjetju pa podrobnejša analiza posameznih sezon obeh bratov pokaže, da sta prirejala vsak svoje predstave. V tem času sta priredila tudi dve operni sezoni v Ljubljani, in sicer v letih 1740 in 1742. V razpravo so vključena vsa operna dela - resne opere in intermezzi - Angelove predpustne (januar in februar) sezone leta 1740 in Pietrove prav tako predpustne sezone dve leti pozneje v Ljubljani. Posamezne predstave so preverjene in analizirane s treh zornih kotov: glede na repertoar, mobilnost pevcev in možnega avtorstva uglasbitev predstavljanih del, v kolikor ga je mogoče predvidevati. Že Angelo Mingotti je za svojo sezono, ki se je odvijala v preurejeni zbornični dvorani kranj skih deželnih stanov, dal izdelati premični leseni oder, ki ga je s pridom uporabil tudi Pietro dve leti pozneje. Kako ustvariti baročno gledališče po tedaj standardnih beneških vzorih, se je Angelo naučil do leta 1733, ko je »postavil« prvo gledališče v Brnu, potem pa je tri leta pozneje gledališče skupaj z bratom urejal tudi v Gradcu. Ljubljansko gledališče je bilo očitno podobno tudi tistemu v Kopenhagnu, kjerje Pietro Mingotti s svojo skupino predstavljal opere v letu 1748. Verjetno je tako tudi ljubljansko Mingottijevo gledališče lahko gostilo do okoli tristoglavo občinstvo. Pogostost predstav v Ljubljani ni znana, vemo pa, da so v Gradcu peli in igrali trikrat tedensko. V Ljubljani so v januarju in februarju leta 1740 lahko poslušali dve resni operi, najprej Artaserse na pretežno Metastasijevo besedilo a z nadomestnimi arijami, prevzetimi od drugod, in nato še Rosmiro, katere tiskani libreto razkriva veliko naglico pri pripravi in premalo pozornosti do pristnosti in kvalitete glasbenega oz. umetniškega vidika operne predstave. Med odmori ene ali druge opere so izvajali komične intermezze Pimpinone e Vespetta na libreto Pietra Pariatija in verjetno z glasbo Tomasa Albinonija. Člani pevskega ansambla so bili vsi razen ene pevke del Mingottijeve skupine. Operni libreto ljubljanske predstave Artasersa je bil analiziran v primerjavi z zgodnejšima predstavama v Gradcu in Celovcu. Izkazalo se je, da so mnogi recitativi izvirnega libreta skrajšani ali kar celi prizori izpuščeni, arije pa zamenjane in nadomeščene s tistimi, ki jih poznamo tudi iz zgodnejših graških in celo moravskih Mingottijevih predstav. Tudi ljubljanska Rosmira, ki naj bi bila po besedah impresarija pravzaprav Partenopa, kot so jo poznali na Dunaju in drugod, je bila močno predelana lepljenka, tako da je na naslovnici tiskanega libreta navedeno avtorstvo Matastasija in Hasseja močno vprašljivo. Arije, ki odstopajo od uradnega Metastasijevega besedila, izhajajo namreč vsaj iz petih opernih predstav bratov Mingotti iz let 1737 in 1738, druge pa zasledimo tudi v poznejših libretih za predstave v Hamburgu in Dresdnu v letih 1745 in 1747. Tudi leta 1742 so v Ljubljani poslušali dve resni operi, in sicer Didone abbandonata in Il Demetrio, ki ju je pripravil Pietro Mingotti. Zanimivo je, da je slednji prav tako v predpustu istega leta tudi v Gradcu pripravil vsaj eno opero, Sirbace, z glasbo svojega kapelnika Paola Scalabrinija. V Ljubljano je pripeljal nekatere najslavnejše člane svoje operne skupine, na primer Marianno Pircker, Angelo Romani in zvestega Giuseppa Albertija. Tako kot predstave Angela Mingottija kaže na naglico pri pripravljanju tudi opera Il Demetrio, in sicer z opombo o številnih v zadnjem hipu zamenjanih arijah v libretu. Nastala je lepljenka, ki je bila poslušalcem morda prijetna, a umetniško je bila manj prepričljiva. Drugače pa je bilo z ljubljansko predstavo opere Didone abbandonata. Njen ljubljanski libreto namreč kaže presenetljive podobnosti tako z zgodnejšim graškim (1737) kot tudi s poznejšim hamburškim (1744) in ohranjeno partituro, ki se pripisuje Paolu Scalabriniju in naj bi služila za Pietrovo predstavo v Hamburgu leta 1744. Tako se zdi, da je Paolo Scalabrini vendarle tudi pretežni avtor glasbe za ljubljansko uprizoritev. Obe operni sezoni bratov Mingotti v splošnem potrjujeta dejstvo, da so bile njune predstave pretežno lepljenke, čeprav kaže primer Pietrove ljubljanske predstave opere Didone abbandonata že več umetniškega čuta in večjo enotnost glede enovitega sklada-teljskega prispevka.