47
Post-harvesting late summer-autumn 
weed vegetation in small size arable 
fields in Veneto: new insights into root 
crop communities in North East Italy 
Abstract
A research was conducted in the Veneto region (NE-Italy) inside kitchen gardens 
and potato fields of outer pre-Alps, and in asparagus fields on the low Po plain near 
the Adriatic coast, in late summer-autumn after harvesting. Original vegetation-
plot records were compared with historic and recent materials from Italy, especially 
N-Italy, and with comparable associations from Central and South-Eastern Europe, 
to ensure a consistent syntaxonomical frame of this highly dynamic vegetation. 
At the same time it was possible to shed light on the actual occurrence of past 
coenoses, cited by Italian authors for the Po plain. The analysis not only confirmed 
the occurrence of Echinochloo-Setarietum pumilae in north-eastern Italian 
territories, but also showed that it was more extensive than previously thought. 
It also confirmed the persistence of Panico-Polygonetum persicariae. The historical 
presence of Veronico-Lamietum hybridi occurring in pre-Alps and Dolomites needs 
confirmation. Further regional-scale investigations of summer crop weed vegetation 
appear necessary.
Iz vleček
Naredili smo raziskavo zelenjavnih vrtov in krompirjevih njiv v Benečiji (SV 
Italija) v predalpski regiji in špargljevih polj v Padski nižini ob Jadranski obali v 
poznem poletju in jeseni po žetvi. Izvirne popise smo primerjali z zgodovinskim in 
novejšim popisnim gradivom iz Italije, še posebej severne Italije in primerljivimi 
asociacijami iz srednje in južne Evrope. To omogoča primerljiv sintaksonomski 
okvir za ta zelo dinamičen vegetacijski tip. Prav tako smo lahko preučili trenutno 
pojavljanje združb iz preteklosti, ki so jih navajali italijanski avtorji v Padski nižini. 
Z analizami smo potrdili pojavljanje asociacije Echinochloo-Setarietum pumilae v 
severovzhodni Italiji, hkrati pa ugotovili, da so ti sestoji bolj ekstenzivni kot nekoč. 
Potrdili smo tudi pojavljanje asociacije Panico-Polygonetum persicariae. Pojavljanje 
asociacije Veronico-Lamietum hybridi, o kateri so poročali iz predalpskega območja 
in Dolomitov, pa je potrebno še potrditi. Z regionalnimi raziskavami poletne 
okopavinske plevelne vegetacije bi bilo nujno nadaljevati tudi v prihodnje.
Key words: arable fields, 
Echinochloo-Setarietum pumilae, 
kitchen gardens, Panico-Polygonetum 
persicariae, Veronico-Lamietum 
hybridi, summer weed vegetation.
Ključne besede: obdelana polja, 
Echinochloo-Setarietum pumilae, 
zelenjavni vrt, Panico-Polygonetum 
persicariae, Veronico-Lamietum 
hybridi, poletna plevelna vegetacija.
Corresponding author:
StefanoTasinazzo
E-mail:  
stefano.tasinazzo@gmail.com
Received: 12. 12. 2021
Accepted: 30. 5. 2022
1 I-36100 Vicenza, Italy.
Stefano Tasinazzo1

DOI: 10.2478/hacq-2022-0009 22/1 • 2023, 47–80
22/1 • 2023, 47–80
48
Stefano T asinazzo
Post-harvesting late summer-autumn weed vegetation in small size arable fields 
in Veneto
Introduction
Traditionally, in the phytosociological classification an 
important distinction is made between winter and sum-
mer crop weed vegetation (Braun-Blanquet et al., 1936). 
The former is characterised by high rate of specialist spe-
cies, often archaeophytes, which are vanishing because of 
agricultural practice intensifications, whereas the latter 
is rich in neophytes and generalist species. Intrinsically 
highly dynamic components of agroecosystems (Holzner, 
1978), arable weed flora and vegetation began to show 
evidence of drastic changes in Central Europe as early as 
in the 1960s as a consequence of new agronomic systems 
(Tuxen, 1962). Disappearance of coenoses and displace-
ments of previous association by floristically poorer ones 
are phenomena that have been well-documented (e.g., 
Kornaś, 1961; Hilbig, 1985; Kropáč, 1988). In the same 
decade, Lorenzoni (1963; 1965; 1967, 1968) surveyed 
weed communities in maize cultivations along Italian 
Peninsula, but by the end of the 1970s heavy use of herbi-
cides and irrigation no longer allowed the recognition of 
the coenoses detected or described only a few years earlier 
(Lorenzoni, 1979). By re-surveying Lorenzoni’s relevés 
(1967) in Latium (central Italy), Fanfarillo et al. (2019) 
recently confirmed strong qualitative and quantitative 
changes in arable flora of maize fields. Shifts in floristic 
composition complicated the recognition of described 
weed associations which are per se characterised as being 
difficult to classify into abstract formal unities accord-
ing to classical syntaxonomic concepts (Holzner, 1978). 
Small arable fields such as vegetable gardens or small-scale 
horticultural productions represent marginal areas where 
intensive, industrial tilling is neglected with benefit of tra-
ditional and low-impact cultivation methods, facilitating 
the difficult comparison work of present weed communi-
ties with associations described in the past. The aim of this 
paper is to characterise and frame such examples of non-
industrial agriculture collected in the Veneto region. The 
few studies on row-crop, except maize, date back some 
50 years (Lorenzoni, 1964; Caniglia & Marchi, 1974) in 
Veneto and to the end of last century in Northern Italy 
(Poldini et al., 1998). We took this opportunity to evalu-
ate real occurrence and actual syntaxonomic reference of 
summer weed vegetation reported 
during the second half of the 20th 
century from Northern Italy, also 
in view of recent, controversial 
opinions about actual occurrence 
of Panico-Polygonetum persicariae 
in north-eastern Italian territories 
(Poldini et al., 1998; Viciani et al., 
2020).
Study area
Original relevés were gathered in-
side the Veneto region (NE-Italy), 
in pre-Alpine kitchen gardens and 
potato fields, and in low plain 
bordering the coast in horticul-
tural asparagus production areas 
(Figure 1).
Figure 1: The study area in the NE Italian 
context with the localities of the original 
stands. ■: pre-Alpine potato and bean field 
relevés, ▲: asparagus crop relevés.
Slika 1: Preučevano območje v severo-
vzhodni Italiji z lokacijami izvirnih popi-
sov. ■: predalpski popisi krompirjevih in 
fižolovih polj, ▲: popisi špargljevih polj.
22/1 • 2023, 47–80
49
Stefano T asinazzo
Post-harvesting late summer-autumn weed vegetation in small size arable fields 
in Veneto
The Venetian Pre-Alps are mostly composed of carbon-
ate rocks, however, at their south-western limit emerges 
the crystalline basement; surveys were carried out in both 
geological contexts. Climatic parameters and bioclimatic 
indices of the study area were calculated on thermoplu-
viometric data of Asiago (1016 m a.s.l.), Lamon-Sala 
(650 m a.s.l.) and Chioggia-S. Anna (0 m a.s.l.) stations 
(https://www.arpa.veneto.it). According to Rivas-Mar-
tínez and Rivas-Saenz’s bioclimate classification system 
(1996–2021), the highest survey area lying in the Asiago 
Plateau belongs to the temperate-oceanic bioclimate, up-
per supra-temperate thermotype and lower hyperhumid 
ombrotype, whereas in sectors in front of pre-Alps chain 
(Lamon pluvio-thermic station) a lower supra-temperate 
thermotype and upper humid ombrotype prevails (Figure 
2a-b). In the study area near the Adriatic coast, calcare-
ous prevalently silty soils of fluvial origin on depressed 
reclaimed lagoon areas (Calcari-Gleyic Fluvisols) occur 
(ARPAV , 2005). The bioclimate here is a submediterrane-
an variant of the temperate-oceanic, with an upper meso-
temperate thermotype and upper subhumid ombrotype 
(Figure 2c).
Materials and Methods
Original data were collected in late summer or autumn 
in small size arable fields after harvesting was complet-
ed. Plots were placed in central areas of well-developed 
vegetation fields. Pre-Alpine kitchen gardens or potato 
fields (n = 34) and asparagus fields in low plain close to 
the Adriatic coast (n = 9, hereafter ‘asp_or’) constitute 
the original weed vegetation plot records here analysed. 
A preliminary analysis was made to assess homogeneity 
of the pre-Alpine stands occurring in a wide range be-
tween 380 and 1150 m a.s.l. In neighbouring territories 
two not easily recognizable associations can occur in the 
mountain belt inside potato and bean fields: Galeopsio-
Galinsogetum parviflorae and Echinochloo-Setarietum (Pol-
dini et al., 1998; Šilc & Čušin, 2005). Authors stated that 
the difficult delimitation between Galeopsio-Galinsogetum 
and Echinochloo-Setarietum is mostly based on altitude 
and related presence/absence of thermophiluos C4 plants, 
progressively decreasing with altitude. Consequently, our 
pre-Alpine relevés were compared with stands of Galeop-
sio-Galinsogetum and Echinochloo-Setarietum from Friuli-
Venezia Giulia (Poldini et al., 1998), with relevés of Echi-
nochloo-Setarietum and Echinochloo-Setarietum Galeopsis 
tetrahit-altitudinal form (Čušin & Šilc, 2002) and with 
Galeopsio-Galinsogetum vegetation plot from north-west-
ern Slovenian territories (Šilc & Čušin, 2005). An analy-
sis computing data concerning altitude, cover percentage 
and frequency of C4 species of each relevé was conducted. 
Figure 2: Climograms of Asiago, Lamon-Sala and Chioggia-S. Anna 
thermopluviometric stations.
Slika 2: Klimagrami za Asiago, Lamon-Sala in Chioggia-S. Anna 
termopluviometrične postaje.
22/1 • 2023, 47–80
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Stefano T asinazzo
Post-harvesting late summer-autumn weed vegetation in small size arable fields 
in Veneto
For selection of C4 plants, the checklist by Pyankov et al. 
(2010) was used. After transforming cover values accord-
ing to Gigante et al. (2012; see Figure 1: Braun Blanquet 
modified by Barkman et al., 1964), data were first stand-
ardised by means of standard deviation, then performed 
with a PCA and the resulting axis scores were finally tested 
for dissimilarity by means of cluster analysis (Podani 1994; 
Jongman et al., 1995). Relevés were compared by means 
of ‘incremental sum of squares’ (MISSQ), using Wishart’s 
similarity ratio (Podani, 1994). Our pre-Alpine samples 
merging with the Echinochloo-Setarietum relevé group (n 
= 23, hereafter ‘p-b_or’) rather than with the Galeopsio-
Galinsogetum relevé cluster (n = 11, hereafter ‘m pb_or’) 
were treated as two independent synthetic tables. Subse-
quently, our three synthetic tables (‘p-b_or’, ‘m p-b_or’ 
and ‘asp_or’) were compared with published data. Data 
for comparison include all old or more recent summer 
annual weed vegetations described or recognised from 
Northern Italy, but also relevés from the rest of the Ital-
ian territory concerning the most widespread association 
(Panico-Polygonetum persicariae), at least in historical time, 
were used. Associations and subassociations were treated 
as separated synthetic tables, but not variants (with the ex-
ception of Galinsogeto-Portulacetum in Pedrotti 1959 be-
cause of clearly different ecological features), facies etc. In 
particular, following plant communities were used from 
published Italian literature (in brackets the acronym used 
in the analysis results are also given):
Amarantheto-Panicetum sanguinalis (Tab. 5 in Pignatti, 
1953; AP_P_V)
Panico-Polygonetum persicariae (Tab. 6 in Pignatti, 1953; 
PP_P_V)
Galinsogeto-Portulacetum (Tab. 7 in Pignatti, 1953; 
GP_P_V)
Galinsogeto-Portulacetum neutral variant (rel. 1–15 in Pe-
drotti, 1959; GPn_Pe_T)
Galinsogeto-Portulacetum acidophilous variant (rel. 16–30 
in Pedrotti, 1959; GPa_Pe_T)
Panico-Polygonetum persicariae typicum (Tab. 1: rel. 1–39 
and 43–46, in Lorenzoni, 1963; PPt_L_V; rel. 40–42 
are included in PP_L_Vi)
Panico-Polygonetum persicariae Panicum capillare-subass. 
(Tab. 1: rel. 47–56, in Lorenzoni, 1963; PPpa_L_V)
Oxaleto-Chenopodietum polyspermi typicum (Tab. 2: rel. 
57–71, in Lorenzoni, 1963; OCt_L_V)
Oxaleto-Chenopodietum polyspermi Galinsoga parviflora-
subass. (Tab. 2: rel. 72–78, in Lorenzoni, 1963 and 
Tab. 6: rel. 66–68 in Lorenzoni, 1964; OCg_L_V)
Panico-Polygonetum persicariae (Tab. 5, in Lorenzoni, 
1964; PP_L_Vi)
Oxaleto-Chenopodietum polyspermi typicum (Tab. 6: rel. 
63–65, in Lorenzoni, 1964; OCt_L_Vi)
Amarantheto-Panicetum sanguinalis (Tab. 8 in Lorenzoni, 
1964; AP_L_Vi)
Fumarietum officinalis (Tab. 9 in Lorenzoni, 1964; 
Fo_L _Vi)
Panico-Polygonetum persicariae typicum (Tab. 1: rel. 1–24, 
in Lorenzoni, 1965; PPt_L_T)
Panico-Polygonetum persicariae Heliotropium europae-
um-subass. (Tab. 1: rel. 25–31, in Lorenzoni, 1965; 
PPh_L_T)
Panico-Polygonetum persicariae typicum (Tab. 1: rel. 1–6, 
in Lorenzoni, 1967; PPt_L_L)
Panico-Polygonetum persicariae Cyperus rotundus-subass. 
(Tab. 1: rel. 7–10, in Lorenzoni, 1967; PPc_L_L)
Panico-Polygonetum persicariae typicum (Tab. 1: rel. 1–12, 
in Lorenzoni, 1968; PPt_L_B)
Panico-Polygonetum persicariae Amaranthus albus-Ama-
ranthus sylvester-subass. (Tab. 1: rel. 13–20, in Loren-
zoni, 1968; PPa_L_B)
Panico-Polygonetum persicariae (Tab. 1 in Caniglia & 
Salvioni, 1978; PPm_C_d)
Panico-Polygonetum persicariae (Tab. 1 in Caniglia & 
Marchi, 1978; PPb_C_d)
Panico-Polygonetum persicariae (Tab. s.n.: rel. 1–10, in 
Chiesura Lorenzoni & Lorenzoni, 1979; PP_L_Or)
Panico-Polygonetum persicariae (Tab. 1: cluster I, in Ger-
dol & Piccoli, 1979; PP1_G_Fe)
Panico-Polygonetum persicariae (Tab. 1: cluster II, in Ger-
dol & Piccoli, 1979; PP2_G_Fe)
Panico-Polygonetum persicariae (Tab. 3 in Zanin et al., 
1991; PP_Z_N)
Panico-Polygonetum persicariae sorghetosum halepensis 
(Tab. 8: rel. 69–73, in Baldoni, 1995; PPs_B_M)
Panico-Polygonetum persicariae (Tab. 8: rel. 74–83, in Bal-
doni, 1995; PP_B_M)
Echinochloo-Setarietum pumilae (Tab. 6: rel. 1–23 and 
29–63, in Poldini et al., 1998; ES_Po_F)
Echinochloo-Setarietum pumilae xanthietosum italici (Tab. 
6: rel. 24–28, in Poldini et al., 1998; ESx_Po_F)
Galeopsio tetrahit-Galinsogetum parviflorae (Tab. 7 in Pol-
dini et al., 1998; GG_Po_F)
Echinochloo-Setarietum pumilae (Tab. 4 in Tasinazzo, 
2011; ES_T_V)
Panico-Polygonetum persicariae sorghetosum halepensis 
(Tab. 1: rel. 1–9, in Latini et al., 2020; PPs_La_L)
Panico-Polygonetum persicariae cyperetosum rotundi (Tab. 
1: rel. 10–16, in Latini et al., 2020; PPc_La_L)
T o facilitate correct interpretation both of original relevés 
and historical Italian ones and to make comparison more 
consistent from a European perspective, synthetic tables of 
similar coenoses from Central or Southern Europe were 
also selected and incorporated into analyses. Data from the 
22/1 • 2023, 47–80
51
Stefano T asinazzo
Post-harvesting late summer-autumn weed vegetation in small size arable fields 
in Veneto
following associations were considered (in brackets the ac-
ronym used in the analysis results are also given):
Panico-Chenopodietum (T ab. 3a in Tüxen, 1937; PC_T_G)
Panico-Chenopodietum stachyetosum palustris (Tab. 3b in 
Tüxen, 1937; PCs_T_G)
Panico-Chenopodietum typicum (T ab. 7: rel. 1–9, in Kruse-
man & Vlieger, 1939; PCt_K_H)
Panico-Chenopodietum bidentetosum tripartiti (Tab. 7: rel. 
10–15, in Kruseman & Vlieger, 1939; PCb_K_H)
Veroniceto-Lamietum hybridi (Tab. 10 in Kruseman & 
Vlieger, 1939; VL_K_H)
Setario-Galinsogetum parviflorae (Tab. 149: column 16, in 
Oberdorfer, 1993; ES_O_G)
Oxaleto-Chenopodietum polyspermi (T ab. 149: column 21, 
in Oberdorfer, 1993; PC_O_G)
Panico-Chenopodietum (Tab. 2: column 8, in Šilc & 
Čarni, 2007; PC_S_SI)
Galeopsio-Galinsogetum (Tab. 2: column 10, in Šilc & 
Čarni, 2007; GG_S_SI)
Echinochloo-Setarietum (Tab. 2: column 11, in Šilc & 
Čarni, 2007; ES_S_SI)
Echinochloo-Setarietum (Tab. 1: column 13, in Pinke & 
Pál, 2008; ES_Pi_Hu)
Veronico-Lamietum hybridi (Tab. 3: column 7, in Lo-
sosová et al., 2009; VL_Lo_C)
Panico-Chenopodietum (T ab. 3: column 12, in Lososová et 
al., 2009; PC_Lo_C)
Echinochloo-Setarietum (Tab. 3: column 13, in Lososová 
et al., 2009; ES_Lo_C)
Echinochloo-Setarietum (T ab. 1: column 9, in Májeková & 
Zaliberová, 2014; ES_M_S)
With the above cited original, Italian, and European 
data a synoptic table was constructed, which was arranged 
according to the hierarchical classification obtained by 
applying the same method used for the comparisons of 
relevés in the analytical tables (MISSQ – Wishart’s simi-
larity ratio). In old papers giving species occurrence only 
as frequency class (e.g., Tüxen, 1937; Pignatti, 1953) the 
central value of the frequency class was chosen for the 
analyses. In the few cases where closely related species of 
an aggregate (Amaranthus hybridus agg., Sonchus olera-
ceus agg.) were separately listed in a synthetic table, we 
processed the greater frequency value. Original data were 
collected according to Braun-Blanquet (1964) methodol-
ogy with modification of 2a and 2b cover values as in 
Barkman et al. (1964). Numerical comparisons were 
performed with the SYN-TAX 2000 program package 
(Podani, 2001). Class diagnostic species prevalently refer 
to Mucina et al. (2016), the nomenclature of vascular 
plant species follows Bartolucci et al. (2018) and Galasso 
et al. (2018).
Results and discussion
Relationships among synthetic tables of original relevés, 
available stands concerning summer weed vegetation in 
northern Italy as well as all published Panico-Polygonetum 
data, and a selection of summer weed vegetation types 
from Europe are shown in Figure 3. The synoptic table ar-
ranged according to the classification result is given in Ta-
ble 1. Our original relevés split up into two well-separated 
clusters. Synthetic data from asparagus fields (asp_or) ag-
gregate with the stands of the association Panico-Polygon-
etum persicariae (cluster A in Figure 3), so it is appropri-
ate to classify them into Panico-Polygonetum persicariae. 
The studied stands recorded in pre-Alpine kitchen gar-
dens (p-b_or and m p-b_or), prevalently potato and bean 
fields, join the different provenances of association Echi-
nochloo-Setarietum pumilae (cluster B in Figure 3), so they 
are classified into Echinochloo-Setarietum pumilae.
Classification of the original relevés 
in asparagus, potato and bean fields 
in Veneto (NE-Italy)
Panico-Polygonetum persicariae Pignatti 
1953
Floristic composition. Original stands recorded in as-
paragus crops appear clearly two-layered. In the upper 
layer Amaranthus blitum, Chenopodium album, Sonchus 
oleraceus agg. and Solanum nigrum occur with high fre-
quencies (V-IV frequency class) and often with high cover 
values; in the lower layer Stellaria media, Portulaca olera-
cea agg., Capsella bursa-pastoris, Galinsoga quadriradiata, 
Poa annua and Erigeron annuus (juv.) reach the highest 
frequencies (V-IV frequency class).
Syntaxonomy. Pignatti (1953) described the associa-
tion through a synthetic table, as vicarious association 
of widespread Central European Panico-Chenopodietum 
polyspermi (as ‘ass. Panicum crus galli and Spergula arven-
sis (Krusem. et Vl. 1939) Tx. 1950’). Lorenzoni (1963) 
goes along with Pignatti, underlining the different flo-
ristic composition despite a general resemblance with 
the same coenosis (as ‘Echinochloo-Setarietum Kruseman 
et Vlieger (1939–1940)’). According to the multivariate 
analysis here proposed, original relevés on asparagus-
growing join the cluster A (Figure 3) including all syn-
thetic tables concerning Panico-Polygonetum and other 
communities reported by Italian authors. Higher lev-
els of similarity are shared with Amarantho-Panicetum 
sanguinalis reported from asparagus-growing coming 
from Bassano del Grappa (Lorenzoni, 1964) and with 
22/1 • 2023, 47–80
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Stefano T asinazzo
Post-harvesting late summer-autumn weed vegetation in small size arable fields 
in Veneto
Galinsogo-Portulacetum from high Friulian plain and 
Friulian Pre-Alps (Pignatti, 1953). The latter is consti-
tuted of only two relevés which are well separated from 
Galinsogo-Portulacetum from continental Val di Sole 
(Pedrotti, 1959). Amarantho-Panicetum was described 
by Pignatti (1953) as a ruderal vegetation thriving in 
uncultivated areas and roadside verges, whereas Loren-
zoni (1964) detected it also on crops. The two character 
species Amaranthus retroflexus and Digitaria sanguinalis 
must be regarded as generalist weeds and they are in-
cluded, as characteristic or not, among those quoted also 
for Panico-Polygonetum. Amarantho-Panicetum appears 
poorly differentiated, so that later Lorenzoni (1978) be-
lieved that it could be attributed to Panico-Polygonetum, 
as our analysis confirms. Also synthetic table of segetal 
vegetation of autumn-winter crops recorded on the low 
Venetian plain and in the Po Delta, and previously re-
ferred to as Echinochloo-Setarietum (Tasinazzo, 2011), 
merges with the cluster A, showing close similarity with 
root crop or maize weed vegetation stands coming from 
the same or neighbouring territories in the low Po Plain 
(PP2_G_Fe; PPm_C_d; PPb_C_d). Consequently, with 
a conservative approach it is consistent to consider most 
of the synthetic tables grouped in cluster A – with the 
exclusion of Oxalido-Chenopodietum typicum and Fuma-
rietum officinalis sensu Italian authors – as representative 
of a unique association, i.e., Panico-Polygonetum persicar-
iae. Our original relevés are characterised by the occur-
rence of Chenopodium ficifolium, Poa annua, Galinsoga 
quadriradiata, Urtica urens and Ranunculus sceleratus. 
Recently formalised Digitario-Eragrostietea class encom-
passes Spergulo-Erodion, that is the alliance which Pign-
atti (1953; as Panico-Setarion) referred the association to. 
Digitario-Eragrostietea class is not yet supported by con-
tributions that define characteristic species of the lower 
syntaxonomical levels, also in relation to other very close 
ruderal and segetal vegetation. In our stands, Papaveretea 
species are very frequent and predominant, but the high 
rate of C4 species justifies the framing of Panico-Polygo-
netum into Digitario-Eragrostietea class, despite the weak 
adherence to Spergulo-Erodion alliance (Table 2).
Synecology. In Veneto the association was spread on 
very damp and neutral soils of the Po Plain, including 
reclaimed land soils (Lorenzoni, 1963). In the light of 
the available current evidence, it still occurs on silty soils 
planted with specialised crops, where it develops in au-
Dissimilarity
Figure 3: Classification of synthetic tables of original relevés (asp_or, p-b_or, m pb_or) and some Italian and European summer weed vegetation 
units. MISSQ-similarity ratio. For acronyms see text or Table 1.
Slika 3: Klasifikacija sintetskih tabel izvirnih popisov (asp_or, p-b_or, m pb_or) in nekaterih poletnih plevelnih vegetacijskih tipov iz Italije in 
Evrope. MISSQ-razmerje podobnosti. Za okrajšave glej tekst ali Tabelo 1.
22/1 • 2023, 47–80
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Stefano T asinazzo
Post-harvesting late summer-autumn weed vegetation in small size arable fields 
in Veneto
tumn at the end of the harvest season before tilling, and 
as weed vegetation in winter cereal crops. The occurrence 
of Bidentetea species (Chenopodium ficifolium, Persicaria 
lapathifolia, Ranunculus sceleratus) highlights the damp-
ness of the soil, as effect of the low elevation where pre-
sent and previous sampling units were performed, that is 
below sea level or around 0 m a.s.l. Forthcoming studies 
on field-scale vegetable weed vegetation along the Vene-
tian Adriatic coast will make it possible to establish the 
presence of Panico-Polygonetum also on sandy soils, where 
Bidentetea species are scarce.
Synchorology. According to Lorenzoni (1963), the as-
sociation was the main weed vegetation in maize crop 
in Northeast Italy. Later, the same author extended the 
distribution area of the coenosis to plains and irrigated 
terrains on most of the Italian peninsula (Lorenzoni, 
1965; 1967; 1968), including Sardinia (Chiesura Loren-
zoni & Lorenzoni, 1979). Successive and recent studies 
confirm its current occurrence in Central Italy (Baldoni, 
1995; Latini et al., 2020). Albeit within the limit im-
posed by the failure to identify in the relevés some spe-
cies, which were aggregated, the weed association was 
still recognised on the Po Plain in the mid-1980s (Zanin 
et al., 1991). Ten years later Poldini et al. (1998) inter-
preted Panico-Polygonetum as syntaxonomic synonym of 
Echinochloo-Setarietum, thereby excluding its occurrence 
from cultivated fields in Friulian territories and on the 
eastern Venetian plain. In Veneto it was found on the 
low plain close to the coast, where the production zone 
of refined asparagus is (in particular, Conche asparagus), 
and on reclaimed agricultural lands in the Po Delta. 
On the basis of the new data interpretation, it has to 
be looked for in the neighbouring Friulian coastal belt, 
where also asparagus cultivation exists (i.e., Fossalon di 
Grado). Further studies, e.g., in vegetables on sandy soils 
and in the hilly Venetian belt, combined with a statisti-
cal approach that considers in a separate way subraces 
and variants of Friulian material might lead to a better 
understanding of the occurrence of Panico-Polygonetum 
and clarify its distribution limits in relation to Echino-
chloo-Setarietum. It must be noted that in the Slovenian 
territories bordering Italy, relevés previously attributed to 
Panico-Polygonetum were merged with Panico-Chenopo-
dietum, so that the association is no longer considered 
present (Šilc & Čarni, 2007).
Echinochloo-Setarietum pumilae Felföldy 
1942 corr. Mucina 1993
Floristic composition. The upper layer of our relevés 
appears poorly developed with Chenopodium album and 
Echinochloa crus-galli frequently occurring (V-IV fre-
quency class) but with low cover values; most of the stand 
biomass is in the lower layer, where Galinsoga quadrira-
diata and Stellaria media (V frequency class) and some-
times Digitaria sanguinalis (IV) with Galinsoga parviflora 
(II) dominate. The dominance of Galinsoga species con-
stitutes a convergence factor with Veronico-Lamietum, a 
fact that requires further investigations.
Syntaxonomy. In his compendium Pignatti (1953) 
countered the Central European Panico-Chenopodietum 
with the occurrence on the Po Plain of newly described 
and vicariant Panico-Polygonetum persicariae. He also 
adopted Oxaleto-Chenopodietum from Tüxen (1950), but 
disregarded Setario glaucae-Galinsogetum parviflorae that 
the German author argued was made different from Pan-
ico-Chenopodietum by Amaranthus retroflexus, Digitaria 
sanguinalis and Setaria pumila (and lacking Rumex ace-
tosella, Scleranthus annuus and Spergula arvensis), among 
the most significant species of Echinochloo-Setarietum. In-
deed, Setaria pumila surprisingly does not appear in any 
species list or relevé produced by Pignatti (1953). He also 
only attributed to Panico-Polygonetum a stand collected 
by Braun-Blanquet (1936) at a pond edge near Mestre 
(Venice), with dominant Xanthium strumarium, Cynodon 
dactylon, and occurring Setaria pumila. Whereas Tuxen 
(1950) interpreted the same Braun-Blanquet relevé as an 
autonomous association very similar to Setario glaucae-
Galinsogetum parviflorae, now synonym of Echinochloo-
Setarietum pumilae. Interestingly, Sissingh (1950, see Fig-
ure 7, pag. 82) included Northern Italy in the distribution 
area of ‘Echinochloeto-Setarietum’. However, only at the 
end of the 20th century Poldini et al. (1998) were the 
first to clearly recognise Echinochloo-Setarietum pumilae 
within national boundaries and in particular in Friulian 
maize, soybean and potato crops. The classification of 
weed vegetation synthetic tables from Northern and Cen-
tral Italy and analogous Central European ones maintains 
our original prealpine relevés close to each other, inside 
the cluster with available Echinochloo-Setarietum pumilae 
from Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Slovenia, Germany, Hungary, 
Czech Republic, and Slovakia (cluster B in Figure 3), so 
they can be easily attributed to Echinochloo-Setarietum. 
Consequently, all pre-Alpine original relevés (p-b_or and 
m p-b_or) have been gathered into a unique table rep-
resenting Echinochloo-Setarietum (Table 3). In particular, 
the physiognomy arising from the dominance of Galin-
soga spp. agrees with the cool variant of the Friulian sub-
race, but also in the European context Galinsoga parviflo-
ra highlights a variant inside Echinochloo-Setarietum (e.g., 
Mochnacký, 2000). 
Based on our provisional data, currently in Veneto dif-
ferential species of Echinochloo-Setarietum can be consid-
ered Galinsoga quadriradiata, Echinochloa crus-galli, Ca-
22/1 • 2023, 47–80
54
Stefano T asinazzo
Post-harvesting late summer-autumn weed vegetation in small size arable fields 
in Veneto
lystegia sepium, Setaria pumila and Galinsoga parviflora. 
The framing in Digitario-Eragrostietea is suggested by 
numerous C4 species that characterise the class: Digitaria 
sanguinalis, Echinochloa crus-galli and Setaria pumila are 
the most frequent. However, the weight of Papaveretea 
rhoeadis species appears predominant, in particular with 
regard to mountain relevés (m pb_or).
Synecology. Original relevés were collected in small 
fields and kitchen gardens near settlements; potatoes 
and beans, often as mixed cultivation, rarely radicchio or 
maize are the typical crops. They are usually grown with 
traditional methods and the use of manure is frequent. 
Soils are fertile and heavy, also as consequence of the hu-
mid mesoclimate where the coenosis thrives. Weeds de-
velop undisturbed at the end of harvesting in summer or 
early autumn and prosper until late autumn, as tilling oc-
curs in the following spring. Hence, the coenosis reaches 
its maximum in late autumn and after seed dispersal it is 
destroyed by cold weather.
Synchorology. On the basis of this study, in the Vene-
to region the association was for the time being detected 
at the bottom of pre-Alpine valleys and in the pre-Alps 
where it occurs in the altitudes up to approximately 1000 
m. The mean altitude is about 640 m a.s.l. Further re-
searches into intensive maize and root crop cultivations 
can confirm its likely occurrence on the Veneto hill belt 
and plain, as in neighbouring Friuli.
Syntaxonomic notes on the other 
summer-autumn weed associations 
recorded in the past in Northern Italy
Oxalido-Chenopodietum polyspermi sensu 
Lorenzoni 1963
Following Tüxen (1950), Pignatti (1953) theorized about 
the occurrence of Oxaleto-Chenopodietum polyspermi me-
dioeuropaeum on the eastern Po Plain without including 
any relevé or list of species, only reporting Oxalis stricta 
and Chenopodium polyspermum as character species and 
few other companion ones. He highlighted the unclear 
differences between this association and the newly de-
scribed Panico-Polygonetum persicariae, stating that the 
two coenoses were ecologically and floristically very close. 
Indeed, Oxalido-Chenopodietum is now considered syno-
nym of Panico-Chenopodietum (Oberdorfer, 1993; Muci-
na, 1993; Lososová et al., 2009), that is the cenosis whose 
presence in Italy had already been excluded by Pignatti 
(1953). Lorenzoni (1963) was the first and only one to 
produce table material collected as weed association in 
Northern Italy maize crop, also referring to a homony-
mous association by Sissingh (1950; Oxaleto-Chenopodi-
etum polyspermi). The tables of Oxaleto-Chenopodietum in 
Lorenzoni (1963; 1964) differ a great deal with respect 
to relevés of Panico-Chenopodietum elsewhere in Europe 
(Tüxen, 1937; Kruseman & Vlieger, 1939; Oberdorfer, 
1993; Šilc & Čarni, 2007; Lososová et al., 2009). Differ-
ences are in the occurrence of the Mediterranean Ajuga 
chamaepitys, Chaenorrhinum minus and Sherardia arven-
sis, in the presence of Digitaria sanguinalis and Fumaria 
officinalis and in the absence of a numerous group of spe-
cies such as: Argentina anserina, Atriplex prostrata, Atriplex 
laciniata, Euphorbia peplus, Fallopia convolvulus, Gnapha-
lium uliginosum, Matricaria maritima, Mentha arvensis, 
Persicaria lapathifolia, Scleranthus annuus, Urtica urens 
and Veronica agrestis.
The same author (Lorenzoni, 1963; 1978) proposed 
Veronica persica, Euphorbia helioscopia, Sonchus oleraceus, 
Lipandra polysperma, Fumaria officinalis, Geranium dis-
sectum and Lamium purpureum as character species both 
of association and alliance Polygono-Chenopodion poly-
spermi (= Veronico-Euphorbion) which the coenosis was 
referred to. Indeed, Lipandra polysperma was simultane-
ously mentioned by the author as characteristic both of 
Oxalido-Chenopodietum polyspermi and Panico-Polygone-
tum persicariae and many of the cited species have now 
to be considered as differential of higher syntaxa, mainly 
Veronico-Euphorbion (Oberdorfer, 1993; Lososová et al., 
2009). In our opinion, its classification is into Veronico-
Euphorbion, rather than in acidic and more humid Oxa-
lidion europaeae as proposed by Lososová et al. (2009: 
123). Lorenzoni (1963; 1964) recognised two subas-
sociations: typicum and Galinsoga parviflora-subass. The 
comparison through hierarchical classification of relevés 
shows that most stands of Oxalido-Chenopodietum typi-
cum merge with those of Fumarietum officinalis, whereas 
stands of Galinsoga parviflora-subass. group in a separate 
cluster (Figure 4). 
In light of the above, it is therefore reasonable to con-
sider the relevés of Oxalido-Chenopodietum typicum and 
Fumarietum officinalis by Lorenzoni (1963; 1964) as a 
unique disappeared autonomous association that oc-
curred on drier soils than Panico-Polygonetum (Lorenzoni, 
1963; 1978). The possible framing in Mercurialietum an-
nuae (cf. Pignatti, 1953) has to be excluded on the ba-
sis of the analysis we made, as Oxalido-Chenopodietum 
typicum and Fumarietum officinalis group separately from 
Mercurialietum annuae coming from various sources (Fig-
ure 5). The disappearance of the community dates back 
to at least the 1980s (Zanin et al., 1991), maybe because 
of the introduction of irrigation and heavy weeding (Lor-
enzoni, 1979). 
22/1 • 2023, 47–80
55
Stefano T asinazzo
Post-harvesting late summer-autumn weed vegetation in small size arable fields 
in Veneto
Stands of the Galinsoga parviflora-subass. demonstrat-
ing greater similarity with the association Galeopsio-Ga-
linsogetum sensu south-eastern European authors (Fig-
ure 3) can be referred to Veronico-Lamietum hybridi (see 
below).
The distribution area of Oxalido-Chenopodietum poly-
spermi typicum was on the high Po Plain according to 
Lorenzoni (1965, see Figure 8, pag 24), whereas the Gal-
insoga parviflora-subass. occurred in pre-Alps and Alpine 
valleys (Lorenzoni, 1963; 1964).
Figure 4: Classification of Panico-Polygonetum ( ●: PP_L_Vi), Panico-Polygonetum typicum ( ○: PPt_L_V), Panico-Polygonetum Panicum capillare-
subass. ( : PPpa_L_V), Oxalido-Chenopodietum typicum ( ■: OCt_L_Vi; □: OCt_L_V), Fumarietum officinalis ( : Fo_L_Vi), and Oxalido-
Chenopodietum Galinsoga parviflora-subass. ( : OCg_L_V) from Northern Italy according to Lorenzoni’s data (Lorenzoni, 1963; 1964). MISSQ-
similarity ratio (cover data). For acronyms see text.
Slika 4: Klasifikacija Panico-Polygonetum ( ●: PP_L_Vi), Panico-Polygonetum typicum ( ○: PPt_L_V), Panico-Polygonetum Panicum capillare-subass. 
( : PPpa_L_V), Oxalido-Chenopodietum typicum ( ■: OCt_L_Vi; □: OCt_L_V), Fumarietum officinalis ( : Fo_L_Vi) in Oxalido-Chenopodietum 
Galinsoga parviflora-subass. ( : OCg_L_V) iz severne Italije s podatki Lorenzonija (Lorenzoni, 1963; 1964). MISSQ-razmerje podobnosti 
(s pokrovnimi vrednostmi). Za okrajšave glej tekst.
Figure 5: Dendrogram of Oxalido-Chenopodietum polyspermi typicum (1: Lorenzoni, 1964; 2: Lorenzoni, 1963), Fumarietum officinalis 
(3: Lorenzoni, 1964), and Mercurialietum annuae from various sources (4: Tab. 7 in Poldini, 1980 + Tab 18: rel. 16–19, in Poldini, 1989; 5: T ab. 3 
in Baldoni, et al. 2001; 6: Tab. 8 in Kruseman & Vlieger, 1939; 7: Tab. 149, column 24, in Oberdorfer, 1993; 8: Tab. 2, column 4, in Šilc & 
Čarni, 2007; 9: Tab. 3, column 6, in Lososová et al., 2009). MISSQ-similarity ratio.
Slika 5: Dendrogram sintaksonov Oxalido-Chenopodietum polyspermi typicum (1: Lorenzoni, 1964; 2: Lorenzoni, 1963), Fumarietum officinalis 
(3: Lorenzoni, 1964) in Mercurialietum annuae iz različnih virov (4: Tab. 7 in Poldini, 1980 + Tab 18: rel. 16–19, in Poldini, 1989; 5: Tab. 3 in 
Baldoni et al., 2001; 6: Tab. 8 in Kruseman & Vlieger, 1939; 7: Tab. 149, column 24, in Oberdorfer, 1993; 8: Tab. 2, column 4, in Šilc & Čarni, 
2007; 9: Tab. 3, column 6, in Lososová et al., 2009). MISSQ-razmerje podobnosti.




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22/1 • 2023, 47–80
56
Stefano T asinazzo
Post-harvesting late summer-autumn weed vegetation in small size arable fields 
in Veneto
Veronico-Lamietum hybridi Kruseman et 
Vlieger 1939
Poldini et al. (1998) described Galeopsio tetrahit-Galinso-
getum parviflorae as a montane weed vegetation in potato 
and bean fields from Friuli-Venezia Giulia. According 
to the authors, the coenosis develops under cold climate 
in mountain areas with high rainfalls on rendzinas and 
brown soils, with an agronomic scheme involving manure 
input and low tilling procedures. The floristic resemblance 
and difficulties in delimitation of Galeopsio-Galinsogetum 
against Echinochloo-Setarietum were highlighted by Šilc 
& Čušin (2005) and Šilc & Čarni (2007). Hierarchical 
classification allowed to attribute our original pre-Alpine, 
mountainous stands to Echinochloo-Setarietum, but relevés 
of Oxalido-Chenopodietum Galinsoga parviflora-subass. by 
Lorenzoni (1963; 1964; OCg_L_V) join the subcluster 
with stands from Friuli-Venezia Giulia (GG_Po_F) and 
Slovenia (GG_S_SI) attributed to Galeopsio-Galinsogetum 
(Poldini et al., 1998; Šilc & Čarni, 2007). 
Currently, Galeopsio-Galinsogetum is regarded in Czech 
Republic as one of the several synonyms of Veronico-
Lamietum hybridi, occurring without exclusive diagnostic 
species (Lososová et al., 2009), whereas the association 
was initially described from Holland with Veronica opaca, 
V . polita, V . persica, Lamium purpureum var. hybridum and 
Galium tricornutum as character species (Kruseman & 
Vlieger, 1939). Galeopsio-Galinsogetum of Southern Alps 
authors is negatively distinguished by the lack of many of 
the latter species and, conversely, by the presence of Ca-
lystegia sepium. This constitutes the only major difference 
in vegetation plots. Lamium purpureum var. hybridum was 
reported also in material from Friuli (Lorenzoni, 1963). 
Cluster C in Figure 3 confirms the close relationship be-
tween the Central European and the southeastern data 
synthetic tables. Veronico-Lamietum has a wide distribu-
tion range throughout Central Europe (Lososová et al., 
2009). According to Lorenzoni’s stands (1963), in Veneto 
the coenosis occurs in alpine context where it thrives at 
the limit of maize cultivation (Cadore). To confirm its 
actual occurrence in Veneto, conducting a survey that in-
cludes potato, bean and cabbage fields or household gar-
dens inside inner Venetian Alpine territories is necessary.
Galinsogo-Portulacetum Br.-Bl. 1949 ex 
Pedrotti 1959
Braun-Blanquet (1949) described the association from 
southern alpine valleys (Valtellina, Chiavenna). Later, 
two relevés led Pignatti (1953) to recognise the coenosis 
in pre-Alpine lower reaches of Friulian rivers in Northeast 
Italy. Our analysis allows for their reduction to the varia-
bility of Panico-Polygonetum persicariae, and, in any event, 
they do not classify together with Galinsogo-Portulacetum 
reported by Pedrotti (1959; 2013) for continental Val di 
Sole, where ten years ago this was already disappearing 
and reduced to fragments (Pedrotti, 2013). According to 
(Kropáč, 2006), Galinsogo-Portulacetum is only regarded 
as a regional association; its occurrence is in the Italian 
Central Alps (Alto Adige and T rentino regions).
Syntaxonomic scheme
On the basis of the present study, pending ongoing re-
search results dealing with spring weed vegetation in stub-
ble fields and vegetable gardens, weed vegetation of root 
crops in North East Italy is for the time being summarised 
in the following syntaxonomical scheme:
Digitario sanguinalis-Eragrostietea minoris Mucina, Loso-
sová et Šilc in Mucina et al. 2016
Eragrostietalia J. Tx. ex Poli 1966
Spergulo arvensis-Erodion cicutariae J.Tx. in Pas-
sarge 1964
•	 Panico-Polygonetum persicariae Pignatti 1953 
(syn.: Amarantho-Panicetum sanguinalis Pign-
atti 1953; pseudonym: Galinsogo-Portulacetum 
sensu Pignatti 1953 non Br.-Bl. 1949 ex Pe-
drotti 1959; pseudonym: Echinochloo-Setarie-
tum pumilae sensu Tasinazzo 2011 non Felföldy 
1942 corr. Mucina 1993)
•	 Echinochloo-Setarietum pumilae Felföldy 
1942 corr. Mucina 1993
○ xanthietosum italici Poldini et al. 1998
•	 Galinsogo-Portulacetum Br.-Bl. 1949 ex 
Pedrotti 1959
Papaveretea rhoeadis S. Brullo et al. 2001
Papaveretalia rhoeadis Hüppe et Hofmeister ex 
Theurillat et al. 1995
Veronico-Euphorbion Sissingh ex Passarge 1964
•	 Oxalido-Chenopodietum polyspermi typicum 
sensu Lorenzoni 1963 non Oxalido-Cheno-
podietum polyspermi Sissingh in Westhoff 
et al. 1946 (syn.: Fumarietum officinalis 
sensu Lorenzoni 1964 non Tüxen 1950)
•	 Veronico-Lamietum hybridi Kruseman et 
Vlieger 1939 (corresp. name: Oxalido-
Chenopodietum galinsogetosum parviflorae 
Lorenzoni 1963 nom. corr. hoc loco; syn.: 
Galeopsio tetrahit-Galinsogetum parviflorae 
Poldini et al. 1998)
•	 Mercurialietum annuae Kruseman et 
Vlieger ex Westhoff et al. 1946
•	 Cerastio tenoreani-Geranietum dissecti 
Poldini 1980
22/1 • 2023, 47–80
57
Stefano T asinazzo
Post-harvesting late summer-autumn weed vegetation in small size arable fields 
in Veneto
Other syntaxa quoted in the text
Echinochloo-Setarietum viridis Kruseman et Vlieger in 
Sissingh et al. 1940
Oxalidion europaeae Passarge 1978
Oxalido-Chenopodietum polyspermi medioeuropaeum 
Tüxen 1950
Panico-Chenopodietum polyspermi stachyetosum palustri 
Tüxen 1937
Panico-Chenopodietum polyspermi Tüxen 1937 bidenteto-
sum tripartiti Kruseman & Vlieger 1939
Panico-Chenopodion polyspermi Koch 1926
Panico-Polygonetum persicariae Pignatti 1953 Amaranthus 
albus-Amaranthus sylvester subass.
Panico-Polygonetum persicariae Pignatti 1953 cyperetosum 
rotundi Lorenzoni 1967 corr. Latini et al. 2020
Panico-Polygonetum persicariae Pignatti 1953 Heliotro-
pium europaeum subass.
Panico-Polygonetum persicariae Pignatti 1953 Panicum 
capillare subass. 
Panico-Polygonetum persicariae Pignatti 1953 sorghetosum 
halepensis Baldoni 1995
Setario glaucae-Galinsogetum parviflorae Tüxen 1950
Soncho-Veronicetum agrestis Br.-Bl. 1948 em. Müller et 
Oberd. 1993
Conclusions
Viciani et al. (2020) question conclusions in Poldini et al. 
(1998) which consider Panico-Polygonetum persicariae and 
Oxalido-Chenopodietum polyspermi as syntaxonomic syn-
onyms of Echinochloo-Setarietum pumilae, because of the 
partial use of available Italian contributions and imprecise 
references to the material used in the analysis. The present 
study includes all published synthetic tables concerning 
North Italian summer weed associations, national materi-
als regarding Panico-Polygonetum persicariae - the wide-
spread coenosis on the Po Plain in the recent past - and 
some selected tables from Central and Southern Europe-
an weed vegetation. Italian material was arranged taking 
into consideration coenoses down to the subassociation 
level, disregarding redundant variants and facies. Our re-
sults on kitchen garden and potato field weed vegetation 
in the outer Venetian pre-Alps confirm the occurrence 
of Echinochloo-Setarietum in Northeast Italy as it was as-
serted by Poldini et al. (1998). Nevertheless, contrary to 
their findings, it was possible to ascertain the occurrence 
of Panico-Polygonetum on the low Eastern Venetian plain 
and reject the idea that Panico-Polygonetum is a syntaxo-
nomic synonym of Echinochloo-Setarietum. The last study 
detecting Panico-Polygonetum on the Po Plain goes back 
to the late 1980s (Zanin et al. 1991), even if authors have 
not distinguished some close species due to early sum-
mer relevé time (e.g., different Amaranthus species was re-
ported as Amaranthus spp.). The real area of distribution 
and limit of the two coenoses, that the same multivariate 
analysis is not able to unambiguously separate, remain 
an unresolved issue. Further and comprehensive investi-
gations including other specialised horticultural cultiva-
tions (e.g., radicchio) spreading along the Adriatic coast 
on sandy soils, but also the main and here disregarded 
monocultures extending on the Po Plain (maize, soya 
bean, sugar beet) are necessary. Echinochloo-Setarietum 
pumilae is also not easily separable from Panico-Cheno-
podietum polyspermi (Mucina 1993; Čušin & Šilc, 2002; 
Šilc 2005; Šilc & Čarni 2007). Although the presence of 
Panico-Chenopodietum has to be excluded from Italy since 
Pignatti’s work (1953), its occurrence throughout Slove-
nia and also very close to the Italian national border (Šilc 
& Čarni 2007), requires consideration.
On the basis of our syntaxonomic revision of historical 
summer-autumn weed vegetation in Northern Italy, the 
Oxalido-Chenopodietum polyspermi by Lorenzoni (1963; 
1964) cannot identify with central European Oxalido-
Chenopodietum polyspermi (syn. Panico-Chenopodietum). 
The lack of available information makes it impossible to 
refer to a syntaxon the Oxalido-Chenopodietum polysper-
mi medioeuropaeum by Pignatti (1953). Indeed, Italian 
material (Lorenzoni 1963; 1964) comprises two subas-
sociations: the typicum has to be regarded as an autono-
mous association now disappeared, whereas the Galinsoga 
parviflora-subass. can be referred to Veronico-Lamietum 
hybridi, coenosis recently reported as Galeopsio tetrahit-
Galinsogetum parviflorae from Friuli-Venezia Giulia (Pol-
dini et al. 1998). 
Finally, local contributions on a larger scale are await-
ed which will deal with the characterisation of recently 
formalized Digitario-Eragrostietea class and its separation 
from other similar anthropogenic syntaxa. 
Acknowledgements
T wo anonymous referees improved an early version of the 
manuscript. I am grateful to dr. M. Vidali for supplying 
with some bibliographic items and to prof. C. Nizzero 
for the English revision. I thank dr. F. Ferrarese for the 
Figure 1. I also thank the journal editorial team for the 
translation into Slovenian.
Stefano Tasinazzo  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5829-0456
22/1 • 2023, 47–80
58
Stefano T asinazzo
Post-harvesting late summer-autumn weed vegetation in small size arable fields 
in Veneto
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Stefano T asinazzo
Post-harvesting late summer-autumn weed vegetation in small size arable fields 
in Veneto
Successive number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Relevé acronym
OCt_L_Vi
OCt_L_V
Fo_L_Vi
PPh_L_T
GP_P_V
asp_or
AP_L_Vi
PP2_G_Fe
ES_T_V
PPm_C_d
PPb_C_d
AP_P_V
PPs_B_M
PPs_La_L
PPc_La_L
PP_L_Or
PP_L_Vi
PPt_L_V
PPt_L_T
PPpa_L_V
PP_P_V
PP_B_M
PP1_G_Fe
PP_Z_N
PPt_L_B
PPa_L_B
PPt_L_L
PPc_L_L
ESx_Po_F
p-b_or
m p-b_or
PC_S_SI
ES_S_SI
ES_Po_F
ES_O_G
ES_Pi_Hu
ES_Lo_C
ES_M_S
GPn_Pe_T
GPa_Pe_T
PCt_K_H
PCb_K_H
GG_Po_F
GG_S_SI
OCg_L_V
VL_K_H
PC_T_G
PCs_T_G
PC_O_G
PC_Lo_C
VL_Lo_C
№ of relevés 3 15 7 7 2 9 3 21 5 52 45 21 5 9 7 10 14 43 24 10 11 10 22 55 12 8 6 4 5 23 11 127 55 58 421 269 73 44 15 15 9 6 23 39 10 13 8 13 308 202 193
Cluster in Figure 3 A B C
Characteristic species of Digitario-Eragrostietea
Echinochloa crus-galli 27 22 57 80 83 62 80 11 14 100 86 93 79 100 50 80 64 82 50 25 100 100 100 78 55 95 89 55 58 91 96 64 53 7 100 100 13 3 37 28 40 26
Setaria italica/viridis 100 29 86 100 65 44 90 100 14 40 86 95 96 100 50 80 20 92 50 100 100 13 28 13 21 63 42 59 11 100 100 67 17 26 5 10 25 9 3 4
Digitaria sanguinalis 33 67 43 100 33 100 14 40 60 18 90 60 22 71 100 36 91 79 90 90 40 36 38 17 13 33 75 40 83 27 74 45 71 49 42 5 67 40 9 5 10 5
Setaria pumila 33 60 100 100 11 67 29 60 2 2 11 14 50 50 51 92 100 45 7 17 50 100 65 45 87 69 67 23 84 62 41 93 20 48 10 40 13 17 4 8
Portulaca oleracea 13 100 100 5 40 31 16 10 60 44 71 100 57 53 63 30 50 36 18 38 100 100 13 21 7 28 2 7
Amaranthus blitum 67 20 14 43 89 5 13 30 79 65 71 40 14 83 100 83 100 17 24 9 4
Cynodon dactylon 67 29 22 5 65 49 33 50 29 23 4 100 75 67 75 4 6 11 14 25 3 10
Sorghum halepense 20 57 33 19 80 27 18 100 100 20 14 9 17 30 32 42 8 13 17 40 9 29
Erigeron canadensis 50 44 19 20 10 11 50 60 14 60 2 10 10 14 8 13 17 20 9 7 32 30 26 18 80 67 8 9 6
Diplotaxis tenuifolia 60 71 10 50 29 2 4 30 9 25 17 9 9 10 2 7 7
Heliotropium europaeum 100 5 29 30 2 20 8 33 25 3 3
Amaranthus graecizans/sylvestris 40 21 40 88 19 33 13
Setaria verticillata 43 52 56 13 5 8 41 15
Panicum capillare 10 100 10 5 13
Erigeron sumatrensis 33 40 29
Amaranthus albus 14 88
Euphorbia chamaesyce 86 11
Amaranthus deflexus 21 33 38
Eleusine indica 22 30 10 10
Hibiscus trionum 40 17 2
Diplotaxis muralis 4 4 9 4 4 19
Amaranthus emarginatus 11 30
Chamaesyce prostrata 29
Panicum miliaceum 2 3 5 7 4
Eragrostis minor 10 10
Panicum dichotomiflorum 11 4
Chamaesyce maculata 14
Senecio vernalis 10 1
Tribulus terrestris 10
Amaranthus blitoides 5
Chamaesyce humifusa 5
Eragrostis cilianensis 1
Characteristic species of Papaveretea rhoeadis
Sonchus oleraceus agg. 67 60 43 57 50 100 86 80 52 40 33 86 10 14 19 75 10 14 5 83 25 33 50 100 22 82 31 25 59 32 18 19 16 100 93 22 74 31 60 100 100 100 87 39 61
Convolvulus arvensis 100 73 57 56 100 71 60 67 49 66 57 40 43 49 70 30 41 35 58 38 50 25 65 67 52 48 82 52 57 100 100 74 54 90 38 50 24 29 36 42
Solanum nigrum s.l. 67 33 29 43 100 100 100 62 100 77 96 30 20 70 50 60 50 90 50 80 95 73 58 38 50 25 60 13 27 11 64 15 30 14 13 20 100 67 10 77 37 31 11 2 1
Persicaria maculosa 60 50 11 81 80 8 2 40 22 50 93 84 90 90 60 45 65 50 17 78 64 80 51 81 20 17 11 7 100 100 100 100 96 62 30 38 62 100 25 19
Capsella bursa-pastoris 67 80 29 100 89 67 24 60 19 27 7 9 21 9 15 17 52 73 76 55 57 62 55 42 32 100 93 78 50 74 69 70 100 100 69 65 65 63
Stellaria media 20 100 100 20 8 9 10 19 8 15 17 87 91 83 58 38 82 69 32 14 93 87 89 100 96 87 100 92 100 100 90 75 58
Veronica persica 67 73 14 22 14 20 43 10 14 33 17 30 11 33 13 20 70 100 49 44 45 9 30 29 18 100 100 26 64 70 100 50 54 59 48 65
Fallopia convolvulus 7 14 19 20 10 9 20 21 9 4 50 32 53 13 17 9 18 31 15 34 40 28 27 57 87 100 89 100 83 49 20 77 75 85 60 56 60
Table 1: Synoptic table of original data sets (asp_or, p-b_or, m pb_or) in comparison with a selection of Italian and European 
summer weed communities. Among other species, only those occurring at least once in ≥ II frequency class are included.
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Post-harvesting late summer-autumn weed vegetation in small size arable fields 
in Veneto
Table 1: Synoptic table of original data sets (asp_or, p-b_or, m pb_or) in comparison with a selection of Italian and European 
summer weed communities. Among other species, only those occurring at least once in ≥ II frequency class are included.
Successive number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Relevé acronym
OCt_L_Vi
OCt_L_V
Fo_L_Vi
PPh_L_T
GP_P_V
asp_or
AP_L_Vi
PP2_G_Fe
ES_T_V
PPm_C_d
PPb_C_d
AP_P_V
PPs_B_M
PPs_La_L
PPc_La_L
PP_L_Or
PP_L_Vi
PPt_L_V
PPt_L_T
PPpa_L_V
PP_P_V
PP_B_M
PP1_G_Fe
PP_Z_N
PPt_L_B
PPa_L_B
PPt_L_L
PPc_L_L
ESx_Po_F
p-b_or
m p-b_or
PC_S_SI
ES_S_SI
ES_Po_F
ES_O_G
ES_Pi_Hu
ES_Lo_C
ES_M_S
GPn_Pe_T
GPa_Pe_T
PCt_K_H
PCb_K_H
GG_Po_F
GG_S_SI
OCg_L_V
VL_K_H
PC_T_G
PCs_T_G
PC_O_G
PC_Lo_C
VL_Lo_C
№ of relevés 3 15 7 7 2 9 3 21 5 52 45 21 5 9 7 10 14 43 24 10 11 10 22 55 12 8 6 4 5 23 11 127 55 58 421 269 73 44 15 15 9 6 23 39 10 13 8 13 308 202 193
Cluster in Figure 3 A B C
Characteristic species of Digitario-Eragrostietea
Echinochloa crus-galli 27 22 57 80 83 62 80 11 14 100 86 93 79 100 50 80 64 82 50 25 100 100 100 78 55 95 89 55 58 91 96 64 53 7 100 100 13 3 37 28 40 26
Setaria italica/viridis 100 29 86 100 65 44 90 100 14 40 86 95 96 100 50 80 20 92 50 100 100 13 28 13 21 63 42 59 11 100 100 67 17 26 5 10 25 9 3 4
Digitaria sanguinalis 33 67 43 100 33 100 14 40 60 18 90 60 22 71 100 36 91 79 90 90 40 36 38 17 13 33 75 40 83 27 74 45 71 49 42 5 67 40 9 5 10 5
Setaria pumila 33 60 100 100 11 67 29 60 2 2 11 14 50 50 51 92 100 45 7 17 50 100 65 45 87 69 67 23 84 62 41 93 20 48 10 40 13 17 4 8
Portulaca oleracea 13 100 100 5 40 31 16 10 60 44 71 100 57 53 63 30 50 36 18 38 100 100 13 21 7 28 2 7
Amaranthus blitum 67 20 14 43 89 5 13 30 79 65 71 40 14 83 100 83 100 17 24 9 4
Cynodon dactylon 67 29 22 5 65 49 33 50 29 23 4 100 75 67 75 4 6 11 14 25 3 10
Sorghum halepense 20 57 33 19 80 27 18 100 100 20 14 9 17 30 32 42 8 13 17 40 9 29
Erigeron canadensis 50 44 19 20 10 11 50 60 14 60 2 10 10 14 8 13 17 20 9 7 32 30 26 18 80 67 8 9 6
Diplotaxis tenuifolia 60 71 10 50 29 2 4 30 9 25 17 9 9 10 2 7 7
Heliotropium europaeum 100 5 29 30 2 20 8 33 25 3 3
Amaranthus graecizans/sylvestris 40 21 40 88 19 33 13
Setaria verticillata 43 52 56 13 5 8 41 15
Panicum capillare 10 100 10 5 13
Erigeron sumatrensis 33 40 29
Amaranthus albus 14 88
Euphorbia chamaesyce 86 11
Amaranthus deflexus 21 33 38
Eleusine indica 22 30 10 10
Hibiscus trionum 40 17 2
Diplotaxis muralis 4 4 9 4 4 19
Amaranthus emarginatus 11 30
Chamaesyce prostrata 29
Panicum miliaceum 2 3 5 7 4
Eragrostis minor 10 10
Panicum dichotomiflorum 11 4
Chamaesyce maculata 14
Senecio vernalis 10 1
Tribulus terrestris 10
Amaranthus blitoides 5
Chamaesyce humifusa 5
Eragrostis cilianensis 1
Characteristic species of Papaveretea rhoeadis
Sonchus oleraceus agg. 67 60 43 57 50 100 86 80 52 40 33 86 10 14 19 75 10 14 5 83 25 33 50 100 22 82 31 25 59 32 18 19 16 100 93 22 74 31 60 100 100 100 87 39 61
Convolvulus arvensis 100 73 57 56 100 71 60 67 49 66 57 40 43 49 70 30 41 35 58 38 50 25 65 67 52 48 82 52 57 100 100 74 54 90 38 50 24 29 36 42
Solanum nigrum s.l. 67 33 29 43 100 100 100 62 100 77 96 30 20 70 50 60 50 90 50 80 95 73 58 38 50 25 60 13 27 11 64 15 30 14 13 20 100 67 10 77 37 31 11 2 1
Persicaria maculosa 60 50 11 81 80 8 2 40 22 50 93 84 90 90 60 45 65 50 17 78 64 80 51 81 20 17 11 7 100 100 100 100 96 62 30 38 62 100 25 19
Capsella bursa-pastoris 67 80 29 100 89 67 24 60 19 27 7 9 21 9 15 17 52 73 76 55 57 62 55 42 32 100 93 78 50 74 69 70 100 100 69 65 65 63
Stellaria media 20 100 100 20 8 9 10 19 8 15 17 87 91 83 58 38 82 69 32 14 93 87 89 100 96 87 100 92 100 100 90 75 58
Veronica persica 67 73 14 22 14 20 43 10 14 33 17 30 11 33 13 20 70 100 49 44 45 9 30 29 18 100 100 26 64 70 100 50 54 59 48 65
Fallopia convolvulus 7 14 19 20 10 9 20 21 9 4 50 32 53 13 17 9 18 31 15 34 40 28 27 57 87 100 89 100 83 49 20 77 75 85 60 56 60
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Post-harvesting late summer-autumn weed vegetation in small size arable fields 
in Veneto
Successive number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Cirsium arvense 20 43 11 67 40 37 49 20 22 14 14 13 10 50 50 4 17 17 4 36 57 51 29 28 61 42 60 80 43 77 30 77 75 69 50 53 66
Euphorbia helioscopia 100 67 100 43 50 22 21 21 30 5 60 39 73 45 25 66 9 23 18 73 40 11 65 13 80 62 50 62 18 36 84
Galinsoga parviflora 20 100 33 67 50 42 2 35 9 63 53 59 90 72 34 11 100 100 22 33 74 67 100 13 23 12 27 21
Lipandra polysperma 33 40 29 52 40 21 47 4 40 30 45 20 40 43 45 91 16 31 8 16 11 27 27 30 38 40 8 13 31 71 79 12
Lysimachia arvensis 33 14 38 80 37 64 29 5 18 58 63 50 75 9 24 9 7 13 14 22 18 27 27 18 10 54 62 54 32 36 48
Lamium purpureum 13 22 16 2 65 64 53 36 22 20 12 8 9 47 80 57 56 60 69 75 69 45 55 50
Senecio vulgaris 67 40 50 33 5 20 15 16 2 8 80 5 17 13 20 13 27 22 5 24 44 2 7 20 44 33 3 20 92 87 85 41
Mentha arvensis 7 57 29 12 10 25 25 9 9 37 31 7 7 11 53 33 22 39 64 30 8 62 92 49 21 21
Papaver rhoeas 53 14 22 14 80 4 11 2 9 16 8 17 50 27 5 7 5 13 7 7 80 73 18 23 31 13 9 18
Mercurialis annua 67 14 43 33 44 14 2 38 50 55 11 17 4 6 24 12 24 1 14 13 7 4 10 25 31 7 2 2
Viola arvensis 4 39 15 9 21 25 89 67 26 20 37 24 45 47 58
Fumaria officinalis 100 47 100 67 4 33 3 2 5 7 60 20 20 11 9 15
Matricaria chamomilla 44 33 80 25 44 13 5 13 18 4 16 6 5 33 20 22 17 9 8 69 8 4 5
Galinsoga quadriradiata 67 96 100 17 7 5 17 5 26 33 10 61 15
Lolium temulentum 14 43 7 5 8 83 100 50 75 2 13
Veronica arvensis 40 29 2 7 2 4 10 5 50 13 6 4 11 7 7 7 11 5 15 54 25 23 25
Oxalis stricta 14 20 21 8 20 22 9 61 5 5 3 7 1 11 4 10 15 67 38 8
Sinapis arvensis 29 22 2 2 4 18 10 7 12 1 6 16 11 13 7 11 33 9 8 46 24 13 17 28
Anthemis arvensis 33 40 29 13 17 13 16 15 4 40 11 17 10 37 27 9 11
Thlaspi arvense 29 9 8 23 27 69 50 8 17 39 48
Lamium amplexicaule 22 9 2 2 44 8 7 7 60 67 3 8 37 8 3 16
Abutilon theophrasti 11 5 100 17 7 40 44 9 16 20 4 18
Tripleurospermum inodorum 5 9 38 55 52 8 10 51 58
Euphorbia peplus 86 14 7 2 11 30 62 25 31 6
Sherardia arvensis 67 20 30 25 13 25 4 2 7 20 4 10 11 5 16
Spergula arvensis 10 49 78 67 34 12 6
Alopecurus myosuroides 29 80 13 20 5 25 9 17 31 8
Ajuga chamaepitys 67 13 43 86 10 5 3 2 3
Anchusa arvensis 13 29 25 73 73 8 3
Galium spurium 7 5 100 87 13 5 5
Rapistrum rugosum 13 24 40 38 40 29 2 4 2 9 3
Lactuca serriola 19 40 40 13 17 25 12 8 7 7 10
Kickxia elatine 52 40 8 18 57 10 2 3
Lysimachia foemina 11 2 13 17 38 33 50 4 3 7 1 2
Scleranthus annuus/annuus 5 9 1 19 4 33 11 17 3 25 31 5 7
Vicia tetrasperma 2 4 4 2 20 60 17 3 25 16 15
Euphorbia falcata 57 38 20 14 5 18 1 2 2 1 3 1 1
Apera spica-venti 1 2 6 7 14 40 11 17 5 8 15 13 10 11
Cyanus segetum 7 1 5 4 7 47 56 17 3 4 8
Veronica hederifolia 20 13 36 10 2 21 9 1 5 4 3 15 8 8
Euphorbia exigua 71 14 8 5 4 9 15 8 4 4 10
Vicia hirsuta 9 4 2 3 1 2 22 17 4 3 25 24 14 12
Kickxia spuria 10 20 2 42 25 33 1 2 1 2
Veronica polita 5 2 4 5 5 85 8 1 5 14
Aethusa cynapium 4 18 3 5 30 25 8 6 15 14
Veronica agrestis 5 69 25 15 4
Euphorbia platyphyllos 80 10 16 7 2
Buglossoides arvensis 7 4 25 47 13 1 1
Oxalis corniculata 50 5 9 8 4 3 7 7 4
Stachys arvensis 1 33 17 10 1
22/1 • 2023, 47–80
63
Stefano T asinazzo
Post-harvesting late summer-autumn weed vegetation in small size arable fields 
in Veneto
Successive number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Cirsium arvense 20 43 11 67 40 37 49 20 22 14 14 13 10 50 50 4 17 17 4 36 57 51 29 28 61 42 60 80 43 77 30 77 75 69 50 53 66
Euphorbia helioscopia 100 67 100 43 50 22 21 21 30 5 60 39 73 45 25 66 9 23 18 73 40 11 65 13 80 62 50 62 18 36 84
Galinsoga parviflora 20 100 33 67 50 42 2 35 9 63 53 59 90 72 34 11 100 100 22 33 74 67 100 13 23 12 27 21
Lipandra polysperma 33 40 29 52 40 21 47 4 40 30 45 20 40 43 45 91 16 31 8 16 11 27 27 30 38 40 8 13 31 71 79 12
Lysimachia arvensis 33 14 38 80 37 64 29 5 18 58 63 50 75 9 24 9 7 13 14 22 18 27 27 18 10 54 62 54 32 36 48
Lamium purpureum 13 22 16 2 65 64 53 36 22 20 12 8 9 47 80 57 56 60 69 75 69 45 55 50
Senecio vulgaris 67 40 50 33 5 20 15 16 2 8 80 5 17 13 20 13 27 22 5 24 44 2 7 20 44 33 3 20 92 87 85 41
Mentha arvensis 7 57 29 12 10 25 25 9 9 37 31 7 7 11 53 33 22 39 64 30 8 62 92 49 21 21
Papaver rhoeas 53 14 22 14 80 4 11 2 9 16 8 17 50 27 5 7 5 13 7 7 80 73 18 23 31 13 9 18
Mercurialis annua 67 14 43 33 44 14 2 38 50 55 11 17 4 6 24 12 24 1 14 13 7 4 10 25 31 7 2 2
Viola arvensis 4 39 15 9 21 25 89 67 26 20 37 24 45 47 58
Fumaria officinalis 100 47 100 67 4 33 3 2 5 7 60 20 20 11 9 15
Matricaria chamomilla 44 33 80 25 44 13 5 13 18 4 16 6 5 33 20 22 17 9 8 69 8 4 5
Galinsoga quadriradiata 67 96 100 17 7 5 17 5 26 33 10 61 15
Lolium temulentum 14 43 7 5 8 83 100 50 75 2 13
Veronica arvensis 40 29 2 7 2 4 10 5 50 13 6 4 11 7 7 7 11 5 15 54 25 23 25
Oxalis stricta 14 20 21 8 20 22 9 61 5 5 3 7 1 11 4 10 15 67 38 8
Sinapis arvensis 29 22 2 2 4 18 10 7 12 1 6 16 11 13 7 11 33 9 8 46 24 13 17 28
Anthemis arvensis 33 40 29 13 17 13 16 15 4 40 11 17 10 37 27 9 11
Thlaspi arvense 29 9 8 23 27 69 50 8 17 39 48
Lamium amplexicaule 22 9 2 2 44 8 7 7 60 67 3 8 37 8 3 16
Abutilon theophrasti 11 5 100 17 7 40 44 9 16 20 4 18
Tripleurospermum inodorum 5 9 38 55 52 8 10 51 58
Euphorbia peplus 86 14 7 2 11 30 62 25 31 6
Sherardia arvensis 67 20 30 25 13 25 4 2 7 20 4 10 11 5 16
Spergula arvensis 10 49 78 67 34 12 6
Alopecurus myosuroides 29 80 13 20 5 25 9 17 31 8
Ajuga chamaepitys 67 13 43 86 10 5 3 2 3
Anchusa arvensis 13 29 25 73 73 8 3
Galium spurium 7 5 100 87 13 5 5
Rapistrum rugosum 13 24 40 38 40 29 2 4 2 9 3
Lactuca serriola 19 40 40 13 17 25 12 8 7 7 10
Kickxia elatine 52 40 8 18 57 10 2 3
Lysimachia foemina 11 2 13 17 38 33 50 4 3 7 1 2
Scleranthus annuus/annuus 5 9 1 19 4 33 11 17 3 25 31 5 7
Vicia tetrasperma 2 4 4 2 20 60 17 3 25 16 15
Euphorbia falcata 57 38 20 14 5 18 1 2 2 1 3 1 1
Apera spica-venti 1 2 6 7 14 40 11 17 5 8 15 13 10 11
Cyanus segetum 7 1 5 4 7 47 56 17 3 4 8
Veronica hederifolia 20 13 36 10 2 21 9 1 5 4 3 15 8 8
Euphorbia exigua 71 14 8 5 4 9 15 8 4 4 10
Vicia hirsuta 9 4 2 3 1 2 22 17 4 3 25 24 14 12
Kickxia spuria 10 20 2 42 25 33 1 2 1 2
Veronica polita 5 2 4 5 5 85 8 1 5 14
Aethusa cynapium 4 18 3 5 30 25 8 6 15 14
Veronica agrestis 5 69 25 15 4
Euphorbia platyphyllos 80 10 16 7 2
Buglossoides arvensis 7 4 25 47 13 1 1
Oxalis corniculata 50 5 9 8 4 3 7 7 4
Stachys arvensis 1 33 17 10 1
22/1 • 2023, 47–80
64
Stefano T asinazzo
Post-harvesting late summer-autumn weed vegetation in small size arable fields 
in Veneto
Successive number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Veronica opaca 54 1
Consolida regalis 25 1 4 11 8 1 2
Diplotaxis erucoides 20 17 10
Medicago orbicularis 4 17 25
Papaver dubium 4 17 4 1 8 1
Ammi majus 19 5 10
Visnaga daucoides 29
Oxalis dillenii 4 4
Agrostemma githago 5
Adonis aestivalis 2 1 1
Characteristic species of Chenopodietea
Sonchus arvensis 33 40 42 44 2 4 2 33 13 17 25 4 9 15 33 12 3 5 25 7 13 31 30 69 50 46 35 18 67
Myosotis arvensis 25 19 16 18 2 11 7 27 93 26 26 30 46 69 64 47 40
Avena fatua 43 14 19 40 11 10 25 25 17 25 14 25 40 20 7 12
Cyperus rotundus 11 100 100
Cerastium glomeratum 20 17 28 2 3 30 33
Fumaria capreolata 63 17
Rumex pulcher 60 20
Lamium hybridum 20 54
Acalypha virginica 20 21 7 4 3
Legousia speculum-veneris 13 8 1 27 3
Phalaris brachystachys 8 38
Legousia hybrida 8 25
Phalaris canariensis 20 4 4 4
Nigella damascena 4 25
Lathyrus aphaca 20
Characteristic species of Sisymbrietea
Chenopodium album 100 67 71 57 100 78 100 71 100 52 73 70 80 66 14 80 93 88 71 90 70 60 77 69 100 100 100 75 100 96 91 88 71 90 94 95 71 80 100 100 100 83 100 54 70 54 100 69 84 82 70
Amaranthus retroflexus 7 14 33 100 67 40 40 33 90 80 78 57 10 57 67 63 80 50 90 77 69 42 75 50 25 100 43 45 68 38 91 15 71 33 23 100 67 8 5 14 13
Amaranthus hybridus agg. 7 14 44 2 11 7 13 8 25 78 55 19 7 1 81 10 16 13 3 1 3 4
Chaenorhinum minus 67 47 29 10 14 80 5 9 2 1 2 53 10 2
Atriplex patula 5 10 4 4 20 11 4 18 20 7 7 3 38 46 32 24 22
Geranium dissectum 33 4 9 18 8 2 4 8 2 8 30 46 17 21 13
Datura stramonium 22 5 8 4 22 10 4 36 7 25 40 9
Geranium rotundifolium 11 33 9 9 36 1 20 47
Urtica urens 56 7 13 11 8 37 31 2
Erysimum cheiranthoides 9 7 38 14 49 5
Malva neglecta 2 11 4 13 45 1 8 4 4 3 5
Ambrosia artemisiifolia 86 7
Chenopodiastrum hybridum 4 5 42 1 13 7 3 5 3
Sisymbrium officinale 8 38 11 8
Bidens bipinnata 7 7 5 20
Atriplex tatarica 4 25
Descurainia sophia 2 5 7 8 2 5
Lactuca saligna 20
Characteristic species of Artemisietea
Elymus repens 33 20 8 31 9 40 13 27 35 38 34 38 47 48 66 33 60 56 67 4 51 69 13 54 32 47 55
Artemisia vulgaris 33 13 40 33 10 21 12 17 10 5 2 14 5 33 26 16 87 87 4 13 8 1 18 20
Helminthotheca echioides 22 43 100 67 84 60 11 20 5 2 17 13 17 2
Erigeron annuus 7 29 56 67 20 7 2 8 50 60 26 9 24 11 24 22 17 8
22/1 • 2023, 47–80
65
Stefano T asinazzo
Post-harvesting late summer-autumn weed vegetation in small size arable fields 
in Veneto
Successive number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Veronica opaca 54 1
Consolida regalis 25 1 4 11 8 1 2
Diplotaxis erucoides 20 17 10
Medicago orbicularis 4 17 25
Papaver dubium 4 17 4 1 8 1
Ammi majus 19 5 10
Visnaga daucoides 29
Oxalis dillenii 4 4
Agrostemma githago 5
Adonis aestivalis 2 1 1
Characteristic species of Chenopodietea
Sonchus arvensis 33 40 42 44 2 4 2 33 13 17 25 4 9 15 33 12 3 5 25 7 13 31 30 69 50 46 35 18 67
Myosotis arvensis 25 19 16 18 2 11 7 27 93 26 26 30 46 69 64 47 40
Avena fatua 43 14 19 40 11 10 25 25 17 25 14 25 40 20 7 12
Cyperus rotundus 11 100 100
Cerastium glomeratum 20 17 28 2 3 30 33
Fumaria capreolata 63 17
Rumex pulcher 60 20
Lamium hybridum 20 54
Acalypha virginica 20 21 7 4 3
Legousia speculum-veneris 13 8 1 27 3
Phalaris brachystachys 8 38
Legousia hybrida 8 25
Phalaris canariensis 20 4 4 4
Nigella damascena 4 25
Lathyrus aphaca 20
Characteristic species of Sisymbrietea
Chenopodium album 100 67 71 57 100 78 100 71 100 52 73 70 80 66 14 80 93 88 71 90 70 60 77 69 100 100 100 75 100 96 91 88 71 90 94 95 71 80 100 100 100 83 100 54 70 54 100 69 84 82 70
Amaranthus retroflexus 7 14 33 100 67 40 40 33 90 80 78 57 10 57 67 63 80 50 90 77 69 42 75 50 25 100 43 45 68 38 91 15 71 33 23 100 67 8 5 14 13
Amaranthus hybridus agg. 7 14 44 2 11 7 13 8 25 78 55 19 7 1 81 10 16 13 3 1 3 4
Chaenorhinum minus 67 47 29 10 14 80 5 9 2 1 2 53 10 2
Atriplex patula 5 10 4 4 20 11 4 18 20 7 7 3 38 46 32 24 22
Geranium dissectum 33 4 9 18 8 2 4 8 2 8 30 46 17 21 13
Datura stramonium 22 5 8 4 22 10 4 36 7 25 40 9
Geranium rotundifolium 11 33 9 9 36 1 20 47
Urtica urens 56 7 13 11 8 37 31 2
Erysimum cheiranthoides 9 7 38 14 49 5
Malva neglecta 2 11 4 13 45 1 8 4 4 3 5
Ambrosia artemisiifolia 86 7
Chenopodiastrum hybridum 4 5 42 1 13 7 3 5 3
Sisymbrium officinale 8 38 11 8
Bidens bipinnata 7 7 5 20
Atriplex tatarica 4 25
Descurainia sophia 2 5 7 8 2 5
Lactuca saligna 20
Characteristic species of Artemisietea
Elymus repens 33 20 8 31 9 40 13 27 35 38 34 38 47 48 66 33 60 56 67 4 51 69 13 54 32 47 55
Artemisia vulgaris 33 13 40 33 10 21 12 17 10 5 2 14 5 33 26 16 87 87 4 13 8 1 18 20
Helminthotheca echioides 22 43 100 67 84 60 11 20 5 2 17 13 17 2
Erigeron annuus 7 29 56 67 20 7 2 8 50 60 26 9 24 11 24 22 17 8
22/1 • 2023, 47–80
66
Stefano T asinazzo
Post-harvesting late summer-autumn weed vegetation in small size arable fields 
in Veneto
Successive number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Medicago sativa 13 23 33 10 9 30 17 2 7 13
Symphyotrichum squamatum 40 12 18 20 30 10
Cichorium intybus 13 14 8 11 2 8 20 5 17 2 1 2 3
Artemisia verlotiorum 11 43 5 26
Linaria vulgaris 13 4 2 4 3 3 7 20 2 5
Anchusa officinalis 7 40
Marrubium vulgare 21 18
Artemisia absinthium 33
Other species
Polygonum aviculare agg. 67 13 71 29 86 80 48 89 30 60 29 30 43 51 38 10 10 59 36 50 60 9 18 53 62 28 33 53 52 93 100 22 33 9 38 20 62 63 46 61 40 51
T araxacum sect. Ruderalia 80 14 33 33 10 14 30 4 10 15 17 60 35 64 29 31 52 20 37 40 14 53 93 11 26 18 38 37 24 36 67 53
Calystegia sepium 67 40 29 22 33 29 40 77 36 10 50 35 36 25 100 74 55 46 58 69 2 65 49 40
Persicaria lapathifolia 44 40 52 80 14 19 40 5 100 17 36 54 31 5 24 50 25 50 67 67 15 30 15 37 15 59 52 39
Equisetum arvense 13 40 19 20 10 21 30 50 60 7 13 25 60 4 21 33 19 50 21 8 36 80 87 22 50 22 15 10 54 69 42 21 22
Plantago major s.l. 20 67 52 80 33 10 7 16 10 5 25 13 50 18 31 13 9 25 37 32 7 10 20 38 13 54 38 55 38
Poa annua 13 14 78 10 7 30 5 5 4 18 22 5 3 17 8 21 7 56 83 17 26 54 62 54 36 37 23
Galium aparine 33 29 5 20 2 4 2 38 18 23 13 10 11 18 16 70 51 10 69 50 54 52 42 53
Trifolium repens/repens 20 14 24 60 6 9 7 26 13 60 25 17 36 12 13 12 18 9 87 67 17 38 10 44 21
Medicago lupulina 48 100 33 49 7 4 18 4 8 50 8 9 16 4 5 11 5 100 53 5 23 10 14 19
Ranunculus repens 20 2 2 14 12 8 17 20 22 27 45 51 29 4 10 7 22 17 22 41 15 77 51 40 20
Galeopsis tetrahit 71 9 6 9 7 1 5 27 67 33 83 65 44 46 51 34 25
Vicia sativa s.l. 20 14 20 4 7 10 7 14 8 33 50 20 9 36 4 7 7 1 5 87 60 33 33 4 10 9 7
Rumex obtusifolius 7 60 8 9 50 9 5 25 17 18 26 29 7 3 20 40 11 4 33 8 27 9
Erodium cicutarium 18 1 2 7 52 15 100 73 56 50 25 5 3 9
Verbena officinalis 33 13 48 40 23 24 30 20 36 7 14 25 38 40 4 5
Silene vulgaris 47 86 33 7 2 20 2 8 18 5 93 67 4
Arenaria serpyllifolia agg. 2 4 9 27 9 7 3 3 2 10 2 93 100 10 30 23 38 7 2 5
Plantago lanceolata 29 14 8 29 30 10 7 2 8 30 9 25 25 33 27 9 7 7 12 21 8 18 10
Bidens tripartita 20 60 5 10 7 100 3 100 39 25
Xanthium italicum 30 40 67 14 14 9 4 20 10 5 8 17 25 80 2
Daucus carota 14 19 46 78 10 5 4 20 9 1 11 7 13 10 23 3 14 15
Rumex acetosella 2 9 15 3 20 67 83 90 5 4
Stachys palustris 4 34 9 5 11 20 39 21 15 77 25 22
Bothriochloa ischaemum 100 53 14 29 26 10 8 17 20
Achillea millefolium 2 2 30 2 9 10 11 2 18 15 5 33 33 11 21 17 27 24
Rumex crispus 33 60 12 27 11 29 9 2 2 12 5 13 3 15 17 17
Potentilla reptans 7 5 20 15 2 14 20 36 28 10 17 50 9 9 9 1 7 3 4
Lapsana communis 5 3 2 53 11 17 54 42 39 35
Urtica dioica 22 4 2 5 25 13 9 5 13 67 9 10 25 24 20 6
Raphanus raphanistrum s.l. 11 7 16 5 42 8 11 17 5 25 24 44 6 11
Cerastium arvense 47 12 8 70 17 25 50
Lolium perenne 24 8 18 2 17 13 18 5 15 53 13 8 3
Trifolium pratense/pratense 20 6 13 2 13 18 19 8 33 13 17 17 13
Rumex acetosa 13 43 14 33 14 19 4 25 25
Equisetum ramosissimum 43 29 15 7 7 4 30 55
Gnaphalium uliginosum 15 4 1 2 33 17 25 24 34 15 13
Vicia cracca 2 4 27 2 60 87
Lolium multiflorum cv. 14 20 60 11 55 2 4
Polygonum hydropiper 5 3 1 5 83 8 31 17 9
Polygonum bellardii 43 67 50
22/1 • 2023, 47–80
67
Stefano T asinazzo
Post-harvesting late summer-autumn weed vegetation in small size arable fields 
in Veneto
Successive number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Medicago sativa 13 23 33 10 9 30 17 2 7 13
Symphyotrichum squamatum 40 12 18 20 30 10
Cichorium intybus 13 14 8 11 2 8 20 5 17 2 1 2 3
Artemisia verlotiorum 11 43 5 26
Linaria vulgaris 13 4 2 4 3 3 7 20 2 5
Anchusa officinalis 7 40
Marrubium vulgare 21 18
Artemisia absinthium 33
Other species
Polygonum aviculare agg. 67 13 71 29 86 80 48 89 30 60 29 30 43 51 38 10 10 59 36 50 60 9 18 53 62 28 33 53 52 93 100 22 33 9 38 20 62 63 46 61 40 51
T araxacum sect. Ruderalia 80 14 33 33 10 14 30 4 10 15 17 60 35 64 29 31 52 20 37 40 14 53 93 11 26 18 38 37 24 36 67 53
Calystegia sepium 67 40 29 22 33 29 40 77 36 10 50 35 36 25 100 74 55 46 58 69 2 65 49 40
Persicaria lapathifolia 44 40 52 80 14 19 40 5 100 17 36 54 31 5 24 50 25 50 67 67 15 30 15 37 15 59 52 39
Equisetum arvense 13 40 19 20 10 21 30 50 60 7 13 25 60 4 21 33 19 50 21 8 36 80 87 22 50 22 15 10 54 69 42 21 22
Plantago major s.l. 20 67 52 80 33 10 7 16 10 5 25 13 50 18 31 13 9 25 37 32 7 10 20 38 13 54 38 55 38
Poa annua 13 14 78 10 7 30 5 5 4 18 22 5 3 17 8 21 7 56 83 17 26 54 62 54 36 37 23
Galium aparine 33 29 5 20 2 4 2 38 18 23 13 10 11 18 16 70 51 10 69 50 54 52 42 53
Trifolium repens/repens 20 14 24 60 6 9 7 26 13 60 25 17 36 12 13 12 18 9 87 67 17 38 10 44 21
Medicago lupulina 48 100 33 49 7 4 18 4 8 50 8 9 16 4 5 11 5 100 53 5 23 10 14 19
Ranunculus repens 20 2 2 14 12 8 17 20 22 27 45 51 29 4 10 7 22 17 22 41 15 77 51 40 20
Galeopsis tetrahit 71 9 6 9 7 1 5 27 67 33 83 65 44 46 51 34 25
Vicia sativa s.l. 20 14 20 4 7 10 7 14 8 33 50 20 9 36 4 7 7 1 5 87 60 33 33 4 10 9 7
Rumex obtusifolius 7 60 8 9 50 9 5 25 17 18 26 29 7 3 20 40 11 4 33 8 27 9
Erodium cicutarium 18 1 2 7 52 15 100 73 56 50 25 5 3 9
Verbena officinalis 33 13 48 40 23 24 30 20 36 7 14 25 38 40 4 5
Silene vulgaris 47 86 33 7 2 20 2 8 18 5 93 67 4
Arenaria serpyllifolia agg. 2 4 9 27 9 7 3 3 2 10 2 93 100 10 30 23 38 7 2 5
Plantago lanceolata 29 14 8 29 30 10 7 2 8 30 9 25 25 33 27 9 7 7 12 21 8 18 10
Bidens tripartita 20 60 5 10 7 100 3 100 39 25
Xanthium italicum 30 40 67 14 14 9 4 20 10 5 8 17 25 80 2
Daucus carota 14 19 46 78 10 5 4 20 9 1 11 7 13 10 23 3 14 15
Rumex acetosella 2 9 15 3 20 67 83 90 5 4
Stachys palustris 4 34 9 5 11 20 39 21 15 77 25 22
Bothriochloa ischaemum 100 53 14 29 26 10 8 17 20
Achillea millefolium 2 2 30 2 9 10 11 2 18 15 5 33 33 11 21 17 27 24
Rumex crispus 33 60 12 27 11 29 9 2 2 12 5 13 3 15 17 17
Potentilla reptans 7 5 20 15 2 14 20 36 28 10 17 50 9 9 9 1 7 3 4
Lapsana communis 5 3 2 53 11 17 54 42 39 35
Urtica dioica 22 4 2 5 25 13 9 5 13 67 9 10 25 24 20 6
Raphanus raphanistrum s.l. 11 7 16 5 42 8 11 17 5 25 24 44 6 11
Cerastium arvense 47 12 8 70 17 25 50
Lolium perenne 24 8 18 2 17 13 18 5 15 53 13 8 3
Trifolium pratense/pratense 20 6 13 2 13 18 19 8 33 13 17 17 13
Rumex acetosa 13 43 14 33 14 19 4 25 25
Equisetum ramosissimum 43 29 15 7 7 4 30 55
Gnaphalium uliginosum 15 4 1 2 33 17 25 24 34 15 13
Vicia cracca 2 4 27 2 60 87
Lolium multiflorum cv. 14 20 60 11 55 2 4
Polygonum hydropiper 5 3 1 5 83 8 31 17 9
Polygonum bellardii 43 67 50
22/1 • 2023, 47–80
68
Stefano T asinazzo
Post-harvesting late summer-autumn weed vegetation in small size arable fields 
in Veneto
Successive number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Chenopodium ficifolium 78 5 20 5 17 23
Equisetum telmateia 33 40 29 5 17 23
Chondrilla juncea 40 20 2 27 53
Prunella vulgaris 13 29 10 2 14 4 50 2 13 4
Phragmites australis 5 40 23 42 7 23
Rorippa sylvestris 11 9 18 29 45 3 23
Sedum acre 73 47
Glechoma hederacea 7 50 19 9 9 3 2 9 10
Paspalum distichum 33 14 70
Trifolium arvense 67 11 2 33
Viola tricolor/tricolor 3 20 87 1
Malva sylvestris 14 20 7 5 9 13 20 8 13
Bidens frondosa 40 60 2 5
Atriplex prostrata 8 18 13 5 23 37
Silene latifolia/alba 2 4 10 13 27 7 5 7 20 9
Chenopodium rubrum 7 4 17 40 15 13
Matricaria maritima 50 46
Persicaria amphibia 5 31 60
Lythrum salicaria 13 11 2 2 36 5 20 3
Ranunculus acris 50 29 7 4
Poa sylvicola+trivialis 33 5 20 2 5 2 8 3 8
Pimpinella major 27 7 40 7
Leontodon hispidus 7 10 11 25 28
Medicago minima 33 14 19 4 8
Lepidium coronopus 5 15 22 31
Ranunculus sceleratus 33 40
Galeopsis speciosa 48 13 11
Arabidopsis thaliana 20 14 2 16 1 1 10 4 3
Agrostis stolonifera 5 1 20 11 17 16
Ranunculus sardous 5 60 5
Galega officinalis 19 18 20 10
Bromus tectorum 60 5
Echium vulgare s.l. 25 38
Lamium album 50 4 9
Lotus corniculatus 5 8 27 10 2 5 4
Argentina anserina 2 25 31
Ranunculus bulbosus 20 19 10 1 4
Vicia villosa/varia 3 2 47
Saponaria officinalis 5 13 33
Trofolium stellatum 50
Mentha spicata agg. 10 20 9 10
Tussilago farfara 2 15 31
Ajuga reptans 33 14
Lycopus europaeus 5 40
Galeopsis pubescens 4 36 4
Lepidium ruderale 17 24
Stellaria aquatica 20 13 9
Rubus caesius+fruticosus (Pedrotti) 2 2 5 5 20 7
Filago arvensis 40
Trifolium fragiferum 40
22/1 • 2023, 47–80
69
Stefano T asinazzo
Post-harvesting late summer-autumn weed vegetation in small size arable fields 
in Veneto
Successive number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Chenopodium ficifolium 78 5 20 5 17 23
Equisetum telmateia 33 40 29 5 17 23
Chondrilla juncea 40 20 2 27 53
Prunella vulgaris 13 29 10 2 14 4 50 2 13 4
Phragmites australis 5 40 23 42 7 23
Rorippa sylvestris 11 9 18 29 45 3 23
Sedum acre 73 47
Glechoma hederacea 7 50 19 9 9 3 2 9 10
Paspalum distichum 33 14 70
Trifolium arvense 67 11 2 33
Viola tricolor/tricolor 3 20 87 1
Malva sylvestris 14 20 7 5 9 13 20 8 13
Bidens frondosa 40 60 2 5
Atriplex prostrata 8 18 13 5 23 37
Silene latifolia/alba 2 4 10 13 27 7 5 7 20 9
Chenopodium rubrum 7 4 17 40 15 13
Matricaria maritima 50 46
Persicaria amphibia 5 31 60
Lythrum salicaria 13 11 2 2 36 5 20 3
Ranunculus acris 50 29 7 4
Poa sylvicola+trivialis 33 5 20 2 5 2 8 3 8
Pimpinella major 27 7 40 7
Leontodon hispidus 7 10 11 25 28
Medicago minima 33 14 19 4 8
Lepidium coronopus 5 15 22 31
Ranunculus sceleratus 33 40
Galeopsis speciosa 48 13 11
Arabidopsis thaliana 20 14 2 16 1 1 10 4 3
Agrostis stolonifera 5 1 20 11 17 16
Ranunculus sardous 5 60 5
Galega officinalis 19 18 20 10
Bromus tectorum 60 5
Echium vulgare s.l. 25 38
Lamium album 50 4 9
Lotus corniculatus 5 8 27 10 2 5 4
Argentina anserina 2 25 31
Ranunculus bulbosus 20 19 10 1 4
Vicia villosa/varia 3 2 47
Saponaria officinalis 5 13 33
Trofolium stellatum 50
Mentha spicata agg. 10 20 9 10
Tussilago farfara 2 15 31
Ajuga reptans 33 14
Lycopus europaeus 5 40
Galeopsis pubescens 4 36 4
Lepidium ruderale 17 24
Stellaria aquatica 20 13 9
Rubus caesius+fruticosus (Pedrotti) 2 2 5 5 20 7
Filago arvensis 40
Trifolium fragiferum 40
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Successive number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Trifolium dubium 30 8
Cuscuta europaea 8 29
Cuscuta cesattiana 33
Agrostis capillaris 3 22 8
Galeopsis segetum 20 13
Lamium orvala 33
Echinochloa oryzicola 21 9
Eruca sativa 30
Galium sylvaticum agg. 30
Polygonum mite 10 20
Centaurium pulchellum 29
Hylotelephium maximum 27
Echium italicum 25
Crepis capillaris 20 4
Ornithopus perpusillus 1 22
Morus alba (pl) 22
Juncus bufonius 20 2
Acer negundo 20
Polypogon monspeliensis 20
1 OCt_L_Vi (Oxaleto-Chenopodietum polyspermi typicum, Tab. 6: rel. 63–65, in Lorenzoni 1964)
2 OCt_L_V (Oxaleto-Chenopodietum polyspermi typicum, Tab. 2: rel. 57–71, in Lorenzoni 1963)
3 Fo_L_Vi (Fumarietum officinalis, Tab. 9, in Lorenzoni 1964)
4 PPh_L_T (Panico-Polygonetum persicariae Heliotropium europaeum-subass., Tab. 1: rel. 25–31, in Lorenzoni 1965)
5 GP_P_V (Galinsogeto-Portulacetum, Tab. 7, in Pignatti 1953)
6 asp_or (Tab. 2, in this study)
7 AP_L_Vi (Amarantheto-Panicetum sanguinalis, Tab. 8, in Lorenzoni 1964)
8 PP2_G_Fe (Panico-Polygonetum persicariae, Tab. 1: cluster II, in Gerdol & Piccoli 1979)
9 ES_T_V (Echinochloo-Setarietum pumilae, Tab. 4, in Tasinazzo 2011)
10 PPm_C_d (Panico-Polygonetum persicariae, Tab. 1, in Caniglia & Salvioni 1978)
11 PPb_C_d (Panico-Polygonetum persicariae, Tab. 1, in Caniglia & Marchi 1978)
12 AP_P_V (Amarantheto-Panicetum sanguinalis, Tab. 5, in Pignatti 1953)
13 PPs_B_M (Panico-Polygonetum persicariae sorghetosum halepensis, Tab. 8: rel. 69–73, in Baldoni 1995)
14 PPs_La_L (Panico-Polygonetum persicariae sorghetosum halepensis, Tab. 1: rel. 1–9, in Latini et al. 2020)
15 PPc_La_L (Panico-Polygonetum persicariae cyperetosum rotundi, Tab. 1: rel. 10–16, in Latini et al. 2020)
16 PP_L_Or (Panico-Polygonetum persicariae, Tab. s.n.: rel. 1–10, in Chiesura Lorenzoni & Lorenzoni 1979)
17 PP_L_Vi (Panico-Polygonetum persicariae, Tab. 5, in Lorenzoni 1964)
18 PPt_L_V (Panico-Polygonetum persicariae typicum, Tab. 1: rel. 1–39 and 43–46, in Lorenzoni 1963)
19 PPt_L_T (Panico-Polygonetum persicariae typicum, Tab. 1: rel. 1–24, in Lorenzoni 1965)
20 PPpa_L_V (Panico-Polygonetum persicariae Panicum capillare-subass., Tab. 1: rel. 47–56, in Lorenzoni 1963)
21 PP_P_V (Panico-Polygonetum persicariae, Tab. 6, in Pignatti 1953)
22 PP_B_M (Panico-Polygonetum persicariae, Tab. 8: rel. 74–83, in Baldoni 1995)
23 PP1_G_Fe (Panico-Polygonetum persicariae, Tab. 1: cluster I, in Gerdol & Piccoli 1979)
24 PP_Z_N (Panico-Polygonetum persicariae, Tab. 3, in Zanin et al. 1991)
25 PPt_L_B (Panico-Polygonetum persicariae typicum, Tab. 1: rel. 1–12, in Lorenzoni 1968)
26 PPa_L_B (Panico-Polygonetum persicariae Amaranthus albus-Amaranthus sylvester-subass., Tab. 1: rel. 13–20, in Lorenzoni 1968)
27 PPt_L_L (Panico-Polygonetum persicariae typicum, Tab. 1: rel. 1–6, in Lorenzoni 1967)
28 PPc_L_L (Panico-Polygonetum persicariae Cyperus rotundus-subass., Tab. 1: rel. 7–10, in Lorenzoni 1967)
29 ESx_Po_F (Echinochloo-Setarietum pumilae xanthietosum italici, Tab. 6: rel. 24–28, in Poldini et al. 1998)
30 p-b_or (Table 3: rel. 1–23, in this study)
31 m p-b_or (Table 3: rel. 24–34, in this study)
32 PC_S_SI (Panico-Chenopodietum, Tab. 2, column 8, in Šilc & Čarni 2007)
33 ES_S_SI (Echinochloo-Setarietum, Tab. 2, column 11, in Šilc & Čarni 2007)
34 ES_Po_F (Echinochloo-Setarietum pumilae, Tab. 6: rel. 1–23 and 29–63, in Poldini et al. 1998)
35 ES_O_G (Setario-Galinsogetum parviflorae, Tab. 149, column 16, in Oberdorfer 1993)
36 ES_Pi_Hu (Echinochloo-Setarietum, Tab. 1, column 13, in Pinke & Pál 2008)
37 ES_Lo_C (Echinochloo-Setarietum, Tab. 3, column 13, in Lososová et al. 2009)
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38 ES_M_S (Echinochloo-Setarietum, Tab. 1, column 9, in Májeková & Zaliberová 2014)
39 GPn_Pe_T (Galinsogeto-Portulacetum neutral variant, rel. 1–15, in Pedrotti 1959)
40 GPa_Pe_T (Galinsogeto-Portulacetum acidophilous variant,  rel. 16–30, in Pedrotti 1959)
41 PCt_K_H (Panico-Chenopodietum typicum, Tab. 7: rel. 1–9, in Kruseman & Vlieger 1939)
42 PCb_K_H (Panico-Chenopodietum bidentetosum tripartiti, Tab. 7: rel. 10–15, in Kruseman & Vlieger 1939)
43 GG_Po_F (Galeopsio tetrahit-Galinsogetum parviflorae, Tab. 7 in Poldini et al. 1998)
44 GG_S_SI (Galeopsio-Galinsogetum, Tab. 2, column 10, in Šilc & Čarni 2007)
45 OCg_L_V (Oxaleto-Chenopodietum polyspermi Galinsoga parviflora-subass., Tab. 2: rel. 72–78, in Lorenzoni 1963 and Tab. 6: rel. 66–68, in 
Lorenzoni 1964)
46 VL_K_H (Veroniceto-Lamietum hybridi, Tab. 10, in Kruseman & Vlieger 1939)
47 PC_T_G (Panico-Chenopodietum, Tab. 3a, in Tüxen 1937)
48 PCs_T_G (Panico-Chenopodietum stachyetosum palustris, Tab. 3b, in Tüxen 1937)
49 PC_O_G (Oxaleto-Chenopodietum polyspermi, Tab. 149, column 21, in Oberdorfer 1993)
50 PC_Lo_C (Panico-Chenopodietum, Tab. 3, column 12, in Lososová et al. 2009)
51 VL_Lo_C (Veronico-Lamietum hybridi, Tab. 3, column 7, in Lososová et al. 2009)
Successive number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Trifolium dubium 30 8
Cuscuta europaea 8 29
Cuscuta cesattiana 33
Agrostis capillaris 3 22 8
Galeopsis segetum 20 13
Lamium orvala 33
Echinochloa oryzicola 21 9
Eruca sativa 30
Galium sylvaticum agg. 30
Polygonum mite 10 20
Centaurium pulchellum 29
Hylotelephium maximum 27
Echium italicum 25
Crepis capillaris 20 4
Ornithopus perpusillus 1 22
Morus alba (pl) 22
Juncus bufonius 20 2
Acer negundo 20
Polypogon monspeliensis 20
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Table 2: Original relevés, classified in Panico-Polygonetum persicariae Pignatti 1953.
Tabela 2: Izvirni popisi, uvrščeni v asociacijo Panico-Polygonetum persicariae Pignatti 1953.
Relevé № 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 pr fr%
Area (m2) 100 100 100 50 100 100 100 100 100
Cover (%) 90 90 90 80 100 100 70 95 95
Altitude (m a.s.l.) 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
№ species 17 26 24 22 21 14 22 28 14
Crop asp asp asp asp asp asp asp asp asp
pr fr%
Local differential species of Panico-Polygonetum persicariae
Chenopodium ficifolium + + + + + + 1 7 78
Urtica urens + 1 + + + 5 56
Characteristic species of Spergulo-Erodion
Echinochloa crus-galli + + 2 22
Setaria pumila + 1 11
Characteristic species of Digitario-Eragrostietea
Portulaca oleracea + + 1 + + + 1 2b 2b 9 100
Amaranthus blitum/blitum 2a 3 2b + + + + 1 8 89
Erigeron canadensis + + + + 4 44
Erigeron sumatrensis + + + 3 33
Digitaria sanguinalis + 2a + 3 33
Sorghum halepense + + + 3 33
Cynodon dactylon + + 2 22
Eleusine indica + 2a 2 22
Amaranthus emarginatus 2a 1 11
Characteristic species of Papaveretea rhoeadis
Stellaria media 1 2a 2a 4 4 4 2b 2a 2a 9 100
Solanum nigrum/nigrum 4 3 3 + 1 2a 1 + + 9 100
Sonchus asper + 1 + + + + + 1 + 9 100
Sonchus oleraceus + 1 + + + + + 1 + 9 100
Capsella bursa-pastoris 1 + 2b 1 1 1 + 2a 8 89
Galinsoga quadriradiata 1 + 4 2a 4 + 6 67
Convolvulus arvensis + 1 + 2b + 5 56
Matricaria chamomilla + + 1 + 4 44
Galinsoga parviflora + 1 1 3 33
Senecio vulgaris + 1 + 3 33
Helminthotheca echioides + r 2 22
Lamium amplexicaule + 1 2 22
Lamium purpureum + r 2 22
Papaver rhoeas r + 2 22
Veronica persica r + 2 22
Abutilon theophrasti r 1 11
Cirsium arvense + 1 11
Persicaria maculosa + 1 11
Solanum nigrum/schultesii + 1 11
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Relevé № 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 pr fr%
Characteristic species of Sisymbrietea
Chenopodium album s.l. 2a 2b + + 1 + 4 7 78
Amaranthus retroflexus + + + 3 33
Amaranthus hybridus + + + 3 33
Chenopodium betaceum + + + 3 33
Datura stramonium 2b + 2 22
Amaranthus bouchonii + 1 11
Amaranthus tuberculatus + 1 11
Geranium rotundifolium r 1 11
Characteristic species of Artemisietea vulgaris
Erigeron annuus (juv.) + + 1 + + 5 56
Phytolacca americana + 1 11
Other
Poa annua + 1 + 1 2a 1 1 7 78
Persicaria lapathifolia 1 + + + 4 44
Paspalum distichum + + + 3 33
Ranunculus sceleratus 1 + + 3 33
T araxacum sect. Ruderalia r + r 3 33
Calystegia sepium 1 + 2 22
Morus alba (pl) + + 2 22
Urtica dioica + + 2 22
Equisetum palustre + 1 11
Hypochaeris radicata + 1 11
Lythrum salicaria + 1 11
Rorippa sylvestris + 1 11
Ulmus minor (pl) + 1 11
Cardamine hirsuta + 1 11
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Relevé № 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 pr fr%
Area (m2) 50 40 60 25 40 60 30 50 50 40 50 60 25 20 50 40 15 40 70 50 40 100 30 80 100 40 80 100 15 20 40 100 15 50
Cover (%) 75 90 100 90 100 90 90 100 95 90 95 95 90 80 80 90 90 90 90 100 90 80 90 100 100 90 90 80 80 90 90 80 80 100
Altitude (m a.s.l.) 440 640 440 620 400 400 580 580 620 420 460 400 380 390 540 750 510 340 360 440 640 1055 880 860 780 750 880 870 980 1150 750 760 620 1070
№ species 19 18 23 19 11 18 21 19 18 19 15 20 10 17 16 11 21 20 16 23 12 15 20 23 32 18 25 22 22 21 23 29 19 22
Crop b b b p m+b p p b b p b b r p p+r m+b p b b+p p b+p p p p p b p p p+r p b b b p
pr fr%
Differential species of Echinochloo-Setarietum pumilae
Galinsoga quadriradiata (C2) 4 5 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 4 5 5 5 4 4 5 4 3 3 2b 3 4 4 4 5 3 3 3 4 5 3 4 1 33 97
Echinochloa crus-galli (All/O/C1) + + + + 2a 2a 1 + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 24 71
Calystegia sepium + + 1 r 1 1 + 1 + + + 1 + 1 2a 1 1 + r + + 1 + 23 68
Setaria pumila (All/O/C1) + + + + + + 2a + 1 + + + 1 1 r + r + + + 20 59
Galinsoga parviflora (C2) 4 4 2b 3 3 + 2a 1 3 9 26
Characteristic species of Digitario-Eragrostietea (C1)
Digitaria sanguinalis + 1 + + + + 1 + 1 + + 2a 2a + 3 3 4 4 + 2a + + 22 65
Amaranthus emarginatus + 1 1 + + 2a + 7 21
Amaranthus blitum/blitum + + 2a + 4 12
Polygonum aviculare + + 2a 1 4 12
Portulaca oleracea + + + 3 9
Panicum capillare + + + 3 9
Setaria italica/viridis 2a + 1 3 9
Sorghum halepense r + 2 6
Erigeron canadensis r r 2 6
Cynodon dactylon + 1 3
Panicum dichotomiflorum + 1 3
Diplotaxis tenuifolia r 1 3
Diplotaxis muralis + 1 3
Characteristic species of Papaveretea rhoeadis (C2)
Stellaria media 2a 2b 2b 1 2a 2b 3 + + 1 1 + + 2a + 1 + 1 + + 1 3 1 1 + 3 + 1 2a 2a 30 88
Veronica persica + + + 2b 1 + + 1 1 + 1 + + + + + 1 + + + 1 2a 1 + + 1 2a 27 79
Persicaria maculosa 1 1 + + r 1 + + + 1 1 + + 2b 1 2a 2a + 1 + + 1 + 1 4 25 74
Lamium purpureum + 1 2a + 1 1 + + + + 2a + + + 1 1 + 2a 1 1 1 1 22 65
Capsella bursa-pastoris + 1 + + 1 + 1 + + + + 1 2a 3 1 1 1 1 + + 20 59
Euphorbia helioscopia + + 1 + + + + + + + + 1 + + r 2a r 17 50
Sonchus oleraceus agg. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + r + 16 47
Lipandra polysperma r 1 + + 1 + + + 1 + r + + + + 15 44
Oxalis stricta + + 1 + + + 6 18
Senecio vulgaris r + + + r + 6 18
Cirsium arvense + 1 + 1 + 5 15
Convolvulus arvensis + 1 1 1 + 5 15
Fallopia convolvulus + + r + 4 12
Solanum nigrum s.l. + r + 3 9
Mentha arvensis + 2a 1 3 9
Aethusa cynapium 1 + + 3 9
Sinapis arvensis r 2a r 3 9
Papaver rhoeas 2a + + 3 9
Abutilon theophrasti r r r 3 9
Oxalis dillenii + 1 3
Papaver dubium 1 1 3
Mercurialis annua + 1 3
Oxalis corniculata + 1 3
Viola arvensis r 1 3
Table 3: Original relevés, classified in Echinochloo-Setarietum pumilae Felföldy 1942 corr. Mucina 1993.
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Table 3: Izvirni popisi, uvrščeni v asociacijo Echinochloo-Setarietum pumilae Felföldy 1942 corr. Mucina 1993.
Relevé № 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 pr fr%
Area (m2) 50 40 60 25 40 60 30 50 50 40 50 60 25 20 50 40 15 40 70 50 40 100 30 80 100 40 80 100 15 20 40 100 15 50
Cover (%) 75 90 100 90 100 90 90 100 95 90 95 95 90 80 80 90 90 90 90 100 90 80 90 100 100 90 90 80 80 90 90 80 80 100
Altitude (m a.s.l.) 440 640 440 620 400 400 580 580 620 420 460 400 380 390 540 750 510 340 360 440 640 1055 880 860 780 750 880 870 980 1150 750 760 620 1070
№ species 19 18 23 19 11 18 21 19 18 19 15 20 10 17 16 11 21 20 16 23 12 15 20 23 32 18 25 22 22 21 23 29 19 22
Crop b b b p m+b p p b b p b b r p p+r m+b p b b+p p b+p p p p p b p p p+r p b b b p
pr fr%
Differential species of Echinochloo-Setarietum pumilae
Galinsoga quadriradiata (C2) 4 5 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 4 5 5 5 4 4 5 4 3 3 2b 3 4 4 4 5 3 3 3 4 5 3 4 1 33 97
Echinochloa crus-galli (All/O/C1) + + + + 2a 2a 1 + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 24 71
Calystegia sepium + + 1 r 1 1 + 1 + + + 1 + 1 2a 1 1 + r + + 1 + 23 68
Setaria pumila (All/O/C1) + + + + + + 2a + 1 + + + 1 1 r + r + + + 20 59
Galinsoga parviflora (C2) 4 4 2b 3 3 + 2a 1 3 9 26
Characteristic species of Digitario-Eragrostietea (C1)
Digitaria sanguinalis + 1 + + + + 1 + 1 + + 2a 2a + 3 3 4 4 + 2a + + 22 65
Amaranthus emarginatus + 1 1 + + 2a + 7 21
Amaranthus blitum/blitum + + 2a + 4 12
Polygonum aviculare + + 2a 1 4 12
Portulaca oleracea + + + 3 9
Panicum capillare + + + 3 9
Setaria italica/viridis 2a + 1 3 9
Sorghum halepense r + 2 6
Erigeron canadensis r r 2 6
Cynodon dactylon + 1 3
Panicum dichotomiflorum + 1 3
Diplotaxis tenuifolia r 1 3
Diplotaxis muralis + 1 3
Characteristic species of Papaveretea rhoeadis (C2)
Stellaria media 2a 2b 2b 1 2a 2b 3 + + 1 1 + + 2a + 1 + 1 + + 1 3 1 1 + 3 + 1 2a 2a 30 88
Veronica persica + + + 2b 1 + + 1 1 + 1 + + + + + 1 + + + 1 2a 1 + + 1 2a 27 79
Persicaria maculosa 1 1 + + r 1 + + + 1 1 + + 2b 1 2a 2a + 1 + + 1 + 1 4 25 74
Lamium purpureum + 1 2a + 1 1 + + + + 2a + + + 1 1 + 2a 1 1 1 1 22 65
Capsella bursa-pastoris + 1 + + 1 + 1 + + + + 1 2a 3 1 1 1 1 + + 20 59
Euphorbia helioscopia + + 1 + + + + + + + + 1 + + r 2a r 17 50
Sonchus oleraceus agg. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + r + 16 47
Lipandra polysperma r 1 + + 1 + + + 1 + r + + + + 15 44
Oxalis stricta + + 1 + + + 6 18
Senecio vulgaris r + + + r + 6 18
Cirsium arvense + 1 + 1 + 5 15
Convolvulus arvensis + 1 1 1 + 5 15
Fallopia convolvulus + + r + 4 12
Solanum nigrum s.l. + r + 3 9
Mentha arvensis + 2a 1 3 9
Aethusa cynapium 1 + + 3 9
Sinapis arvensis r 2a r 3 9
Papaver rhoeas 2a + + 3 9
Abutilon theophrasti r r r 3 9
Oxalis dillenii + 1 3
Papaver dubium 1 1 3
Mercurialis annua + 1 3
Oxalis corniculata + 1 3
Viola arvensis r 1 3
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Relevé № 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 pr fr%
Anagallis arvensis + 1 3
Scleranthus annuus/annuus + 1 3
Veronica hederifolia 1 1 3
Lamium amplexicaule 1 1 3
Thlaspi arvense + 1 3
Alopecurus myosuroides + 1 3
Rapistrum rugosum r 1 3
Tripleurospermum inodorum + 1 3
Vicia hirsuta + 1 3
Characteristic species of Sisymbrietea
Chenopodium album agg. 1 1 + + 1 + + + + + + + 1 + 1 + 2a + + 1 1 r 2a + + 2a 3 + 1 + 1 + 32 94
Amaranthus powellii + 1 + + 2a + + + 1 + 2b 3 1 + + 15 44
Amaranthus retroflexus 1 + + 2a + + + + + 2a 1 + + 1 + 15 44
Amaranthus hybridus + + 1 1 1 3 + + + + 10 29
Malva neglecta + + + + r r + + 8 24
Geranium rotundifolium + + + + r + 6 18
Amaranthus bouchonii + + + 1 + + 6 18
Geranium dissectum r + r + 4 12
Geranium molle + + + 3 9
Geranium pusillum + r 2 6
Geranium columbinum 1 1 3
Atriplex patula + 1 3
Nicandra physalodes + 1 3
Euphorbia lathyris + 1 3
Chaenorhinum minus + 1 3
Erysimum cheiranthoides 1 1 3
Characteristic species of Artemisietea
Erigeron annuus + 1 + + + + + 7 21
Artemisia verlotiorum 3 2a 3 1 1 + 6 18
Rumex obtusifolius + 2a + + 1 + 6 18
Silene latifolia/alba + + + + r + 6 18
Geranium pyrenaicum r 1 3
Linaria vulgaris + 1 3
Other
T araxacum sect. Ruderalia + + r + + + 1 + + + + + + + + 15 44
Ranunculus repens 1 + + r 1 + + + 8 24
Trifolium repens/repens + + + 1 + + r + 8 24
Persicaria lapathifolia 1 1 + + 1 + 2a r 8 24
Elymus repens + + + 1 + + 6 18
Vicia segetalis p. max. p. r + + + + + 6 18
Lolium multiflorum + + + + + + 6 18
Trifolium pratense/pratense + + + + + 5 15
Arenaria serpyllifolia + + 1 + 1 5 15
Galeopsis pubescens + 1 + r 3 5 15
Urtica dioica + + + r 4 12
Rorippa sylvestris + + + 1 4 12
Brassica rapa cv. r + 2a 3 9
Stellaria aquatica + + + 3 9
Glechoma hederacea + + 1 3 9
Potentilla reptans + + + 3 9
Poa annua + + + 3 9
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Relevé № 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 pr fr%
Anagallis arvensis + 1 3
Scleranthus annuus/annuus + 1 3
Veronica hederifolia 1 1 3
Lamium amplexicaule 1 1 3
Thlaspi arvense + 1 3
Alopecurus myosuroides + 1 3
Rapistrum rugosum r 1 3
Tripleurospermum inodorum + 1 3
Vicia hirsuta + 1 3
Characteristic species of Sisymbrietea
Chenopodium album agg. 1 1 + + 1 + + + + + + + 1 + 1 + 2a + + 1 1 r 2a + + 2a 3 + 1 + 1 + 32 94
Amaranthus powellii + 1 + + 2a + + + 1 + 2b 3 1 + + 15 44
Amaranthus retroflexus 1 + + 2a + + + + + 2a 1 + + 1 + 15 44
Amaranthus hybridus + + 1 1 1 3 + + + + 10 29
Malva neglecta + + + + r r + + 8 24
Geranium rotundifolium + + + + r + 6 18
Amaranthus bouchonii + + + 1 + + 6 18
Geranium dissectum r + r + 4 12
Geranium molle + + + 3 9
Geranium pusillum + r 2 6
Geranium columbinum 1 1 3
Atriplex patula + 1 3
Nicandra physalodes + 1 3
Euphorbia lathyris + 1 3
Chaenorhinum minus + 1 3
Erysimum cheiranthoides 1 1 3
Characteristic species of Artemisietea
Erigeron annuus + 1 + + + + + 7 21
Artemisia verlotiorum 3 2a 3 1 1 + 6 18
Rumex obtusifolius + 2a + + 1 + 6 18
Silene latifolia/alba + + + + r + 6 18
Geranium pyrenaicum r 1 3
Linaria vulgaris + 1 3
Other
T araxacum sect. Ruderalia + + r + + + 1 + + + + + + + + 15 44
Ranunculus repens 1 + + r 1 + + + 8 24
Trifolium repens/repens + + + 1 + + r + 8 24
Persicaria lapathifolia 1 1 + + 1 + 2a r 8 24
Elymus repens + + + 1 + + 6 18
Vicia segetalis p. max. p. r + + + + + 6 18
Lolium multiflorum + + + + + + 6 18
Trifolium pratense/pratense + + + + + 5 15
Arenaria serpyllifolia + + 1 + 1 5 15
Galeopsis pubescens + 1 + r 3 5 15
Urtica dioica + + + r 4 12
Rorippa sylvestris + + + 1 4 12
Brassica rapa cv. r + 2a 3 9
Stellaria aquatica + + + 3 9
Glechoma hederacea + + 1 3 9
Potentilla reptans + + + 3 9
Poa annua + + + 3 9
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Post-harvesting late summer-autumn weed vegetation in small size arable fields 
in Veneto
Relevé № 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 pr fr%
Vicia cracca + + + 3 9
Plantago lanceolata r + r 3 9
Sonchus arvensis + + 2 6
Plantago major s.l. + + 2 6
Erodium cicutarium + + 2 6
Silene vulgaris r + 2 6
Lolium perenne r + 2 6
Equisetum arvense 1 1 3
Ipomoea purpurea + 1 3
Lamium album + 1 3
Mentha longifolia + 1 3
Mentha suaveolens 1 1 3
Persicaria dubia 1 1 3
Verbena officinalis + 1 3
Phalaris canariensis r 1 3
Achillea millefolium + 1 3
Cerastium fontanum/vulgare + 1 3
Impatiens glandulifera r 1 3
Phacelia tanacetifolia + 1 3
Rumex acetosella + 1 3
Acalypha virginica + 1 3
Geranium sibiricum r 1 3
Galeopsis tetrahit + 1 3
b: bean
p: potato
r: radicchio
m: maize (kitchen garden)
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Post-harvesting late summer-autumn weed vegetation in small size arable fields 
in Veneto
Relevé № 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 pr fr%
Vicia cracca + + + 3 9
Plantago lanceolata r + r 3 9
Sonchus arvensis + + 2 6
Plantago major s.l. + + 2 6
Erodium cicutarium + + 2 6
Silene vulgaris r + 2 6
Lolium perenne r + 2 6
Equisetum arvense 1 1 3
Ipomoea purpurea + 1 3
Lamium album + 1 3
Mentha longifolia + 1 3
Mentha suaveolens 1 1 3
Persicaria dubia 1 1 3
Verbena officinalis + 1 3
Phalaris canariensis r 1 3
Achillea millefolium + 1 3
Cerastium fontanum/vulgare + 1 3
Impatiens glandulifera r 1 3
Phacelia tanacetifolia + 1 3
Rumex acetosella + 1 3
Acalypha virginica + 1 3
Geranium sibiricum r 1 3
Galeopsis tetrahit + 1 3
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Post-harvesting late summer-autumn weed vegetation in small size arable fields 
in Veneto
Appendix 1
Localities, dates, and geographical coordinates (WGS84) 
of relevés of Table 2
rel. 1: Conche (Codevigo-PD), 31/10/2017, 
45,2287338N – 12,173329E;
rel. 2: Conche (Codevigo-PD), 31/10/2017, 
45,2377333N – 12,167823E;
rel. 3: Conche (Codevigo-PD), 04/11/2017, 
45,2304843N – 12,1836964E;
rel. 4: top. Piovini (Choggia-VE), 04/11/2017, 
45,2479869N – 12,2091711E;
rel. 5: Fogolana (Codevigo-PD), 11/11/2017, 
45,248098N – 12,1458786E;
rel. 6: C. Rossa-Piovini (Choggia-VE), 04/11/2017, 
45,2389336N – 12,1907654E;
rel. 7: C. Val d’Ostreghe (Choggia-VE), 04/11/2017, 
45,2315126N – 12,1975008E;
rel. 8: C. Montalbano (Choggia-VE), 13/11/2021, 
45,2331417N – 12,1929258E;
rel. 9: Capitello Piovini (Chioggia-VE), 13/11/2021, 
45,2448069N – 12,1929761E.
Appendix 2:
Localities, dates, and geographical coordinates (WGS84) 
of relevés of Table 3
rel. 1: C.da Chiumenti (Valli del Pasubio-VI), 09/2015, 
45,7511471N – 11,2357077E;
rel. 2: C.da Santa Giuliana di sotto (Recoaro-VI), 
08/10/2015, 45,7069607N – 11,2136061E;
rel. 3: Pian del Vescovo (Lamon-BL), 17/10/2015, 
46,031753N – 11,7571863E;
rel. 4: C.da Zerbati (Altissimo-VI), 12/11/2015, 
45,6283731N – 11,2408502E;
rel. 5: loc. Bastia (Farra d’Alpago-BL), 24/10/2015, 
46,1259364N – 12,3502082E;
rel. 6: loc. Bastia (Farra d’Alpago-BL), 24/10/2015, 
46,1313625N – 12,3451928E;
rel. 7: Lamon (BL), 17/10/2015, 46,0383159N – 
11,7500857E;
rel. 8: Lamen (BL), 30/10/2015, 46,0596091N – 
11,8863753E;
rel. 9: Sorriva (BL), 17/10/2015, 46,0486267N – 
11,7737484E;
rel. 10: C.da Stoffele (Torrebelvicino-VI), 01/10/2015, 
45,7351324N – 11,2742866E;
rel. 11: C.da Canderle (Posina-VI), 12/10/2021, 
45,7939846N – 11,2625534E;
rel. 12: C.da Valoje (Arsiero-VI), 23/10/2015, 
45,8069909N – 11,337351E;
rel. 13: Umin (Feltre-BL), 30/10/2015, 46,0601254N – 
11,9305992E;
rel. 14: Top. Le Brustolae (Castel Ivano-TN), 
23/08/2016, 46,0385644N – 11,5309678E;
rel. 15: Arson (Feltre-BL), 30/10/2015, 46,0755966N – 
11,9349315E;
rel. 16: C.da Zovi (Valdagno-VI), 12/11/2015, 
45,6451043N – 11,2440605E;
rel. 17: Scalzeri (Pedemente-VI), 20/10/2017, 
45,9075169N – 11,317748E;
rel. 18: C.da Pelè (Valli del Pasubio-VI), 01/10/2015, 
45,7473025N – 11,2685031E;
rel. 19: C.da Pelè (Valli del Pasubio-VI), 01/10/2015, 
45,7462693N – 11,2684328E;
rel. 20: C.da Sigismondi (Recoaro-VI), 08/10/2015, 
45,7119983N – 11,2475588E;
rel. 21: C.da Pianalto (Recoaro-VI), 08/10/2015, 
45,7129396N – 11,2270605E;
rel. 22: T resché Conca (Roana-VI), 10/09/2019, 
45,8416564N – 11,4342108E;
rel. 23: Castelletto (Rotzo-VI), 11/10/2015, 
45,8575959N – 11,3940448E;
rel. 24: Castelletto (Rotzo-VI), 11/10/2015, 
45,8559728N – 11,3896209E;
rel. 25: C.da Lago di Castelvecchio (Valdagno-VI), 
12/11/2015, 45,6319192N – 11,2577094E;
rel. 26: loc. Binchele-C.da Bragioli (Laghi-VI), 
12/10/2015, 45,8087123N – 11,2700619E;
rel. 27: Castelletto (Rotzo-VI), 11/10/2015, 
45,8585399N – 11,3960297E;
rel. 28: Castelletto (Rotzo-VI), 11/10/2015, 
45,8577165N – 11,3918282E;
rel. 29: Tonezza del Cimone (VI), 23/10/2015, 
45,8613754N – 11,3471975E;
rel. 30: Malghe del Costo (Roana-VI), 20/08/2019, 
45,8325209N – 11,3950046E;
rel. 31: C.da Bragioli (Laghi-VI), 12/10/2015, 
45,8087123N – 11,2700619E;
rel. 32: Faller (BL), 17/10/2015, 46,0347388N – 
11,7790485E;
rel. 33: Lamosano (BL), 24/10/2015, 46,1733813N – 
12,3859938E;
rel. 34: Gallio (VI), 30/07/2018, 45,8860485N – 
11,551863E.