30 MOSTOVI 2001 /XXXV
MODER, Janko: Prevod kot sestavni del naro¬
dove identitete, 17. prevajalski zbornik,
Društvo slovenskih književnih prevajalcev,
Ljubljana 1993
MODRNDORFER, Vinko: Prevajanje - po¬
novno zapisovanje že napisanih zgodb na
svoj način, 18. prevajalski zbornik, Društvo
slovenskih književnih prevajalcev, Ljublja¬
na 1994
PAVČEK, Tone: Brv nad prepadoma, 17. pre¬
vajalski zbornik, Društvo slovenskih knji¬
ževnih prevajalcev, Ljubljana 1993
PETIT LAROUSSE EN COULEURS, dic-
tionnaire encyclopedique pour tous, Li-
brairie Larousse, Pariš 1980
REHBINDER, Manfred: Urheberrecht, 9.
Auflage, C.H.Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhand-
lung, Miinchen 1996
SLOVAR slovenskega knjižnega jezika, IV.
knjiga, DZS, Ljubljana 1985
David Limon
False Friends Revisited
Povzetek
V članku se avtor sprašuje o pomenu »enakovrednosti« pri prevajanju, definira »lažne prijatelje«
z jezikoslovnega vidika in pojasni kategorije absolutnih, kontekstnih in izmišljenih lažnih
prijateljev. Večino članka zavzema glosar slovensko-angleških lažnih prijateljev in ta dopolnjuje
tovrstni glosar, izdan pri DZTPS leta 1988.
Summary
The article questions the relevance of the notion of ‘equivalence’ to translating and offers a
definition of the linguistic phenomenon of false friends’. The categories of absolute, contextual
and pseudo false friends are explained. A new glossary of Slovene-English false friends is then
presented; this represents a major supplement to the glossary published by DZTPS in 1988.
It is 13 years since Mostovi published Marjan even longer since my first article on this
Golobič s extremely useful glossary of Slo- subject appeared (Limon 1986). In the
vene-English false friends (Golobič 1988) and intervening years, Slovenia has changed
SPAIČ, Vojislav: Teorija autorskog prava i au-
torsko pravo u SRFJ, Akademija nauka i um-
jetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo 1969
STANOVNIK, Majda: Od besede do besedila
v literarnem prevodu, 20. prevajalski zbor¬
nik, Društvo slovenskih književnih preva¬
jalcev, Ljubljana 1996
ŠTEMPIHAR, Jurij: Avtorsko pravo, Gospo¬
darski vestnik, 1960
ŠTEMPIHAR, Jurij: Osnove avtorskega in iz-
najditeljskega prava, skripta za IV. letnik
pravosodne usmeritve, Univerza v Ljublja¬
ni, PF, Ljubljana 1964
TRAMPUŽ, Miha, OMAN, Branko,
ZUPANČIČ, Andrej: Zakon o avtorski in
sorodnih pravicah s komentarjem, Gospo¬
darski vestnik, Ljubljana 1997
TRAMPUŽ, Miha: Avtorsko pravo in likovna
umetnost, Časopisni zavod Uradni list Re¬
publike Slovenije, Ljubljana 1996
False Friends Revisited 31
profoundly and the language, as a dynamic
entity, has changed with it. The influence of
English has clearly increased over the past
decade and many expressions from that
language have started to appear in Slovene as
loan words. This is true not only in the field
of popular culture (film, fashion and mušic in
particular), but also in other areas such as
politics (particularly as a result of Slovenia’s
new political order and EU negotiations),
business and the environment. And a
seemingly inevitable by-product of this trans¬
fer of words betvveen the two languages has
been the appearance of new false friends. My
aim in revisiting this topič is not to repeat
what has already been said, but to add to our
avvareness of this interesting phenomenon and
the potential pitfalls for translators and lan¬
guage learners. The list that makes up the
main part of this article comprises 230 head-
words, 198 of which were not featured in
Golobič’s glossary (including 10 which previ-
ously appeared in my article mentioned
above). I have included 32 items from the
1988 glossary either because the lexical item
has a meaning which was not covered, be¬
cause I wish to provide a useful translation al¬
ternative not offered by the glossary, or be¬
cause, in a few instances I wish to draw atten-
tion to minor inaccuracies in the glossary with
regard to English usage.
Before presenting the new glossary, let us
consider once more the question of what a
false friend is in linguistic terms. Golobič’s
preferred definition runs as follovvs: “False
friends are words which may sound, look, and
are spelled alike, but whose semantic fields
do not completely, or not at ali, coincide”
(ibid.). I prefer not to use this definition for a
number of reasons. Firstly, I am not sure what
's gained by elaborating on “look” with the
words “spelled alike”; very few Slovene-
English false friends are in fact spelled in the
same way, even those that sound very similar.
Secondly, in most instances we are dealing
with similarity rather than alikeness. Thirdly,
and more importantly, the semantic fields of
pairs of words in two languages rarely
coincide completely, if at ali. The latter
applies also to the definition quoted from Ivir
that refers to “pairs of linguistic (not only
lexical) units in tvvo different languages,
which have something in common, but are not
exactly equal” (ibid.). Over the last decade in
particular, the centrality of the notion of
equivalence to translation studies has been
strongly challenged by linguists. Snell-
Hornby (1995, 17) refers to the “treacherous
illusion of equivalence that typifies interlin-
gual relationships” (her italics) and goes on to
reject the term as a basic concept in trans¬
lation theory because it is “imprecise and ill-
defined [and] presents an illusion of sym-
metry betvveen languages vvhich hardly exists
beyond the level of vague approximations and
vvhich distorts the basic problems of
translation” (op.cit. 22). Similarly, Chester-
man (1998, 27) points out that traditional
notions of equivalence as an “identity as-
sumption” misrepresent the translation pro-
cess: “The relation of relevant similarity be¬
tvveen source and target text is not given in
advance, but takes shape vvithin the mind of
the translator under a number of constraints,
the most important of vvhich is the purpose of
the translated text and the translating act”. He
sees the proper subject of contrastive studies
of tvvo languages as being similarity rather
than identity, as the former term takes into
account vvhat is often novv referred to as the
‘fuzziness’ of language. Thus I prefer to
return to the definition of the problem I used
in my original article: “the mis-translation of
lexical items ... vvhich sound and/or look as if
they should be equivalent in this particular
context (or even, in some cases, in ali
contexts), but vvhich in fact are not” (italics
added). The key element here from the
32 MOSTOVI 2001/XXXV
translator’s point of vievv is deception - the
items may seem to be similar on the surface (a
‘friend’ to the translator), but can not be used
in the same context (hence ‘false friend’).
Golobič’s categorisation of false friends is
a helpful one. Some false friends are
absolute: they are false in every context
(examples include dres, fen, reklamacija and
šef); but most are contextual: they are false in
some contexts, not in others. The other main
category is pseudo false friends, in which the
English expression does not exist as a single
term, only as two or more separate English
morphemes (examples include avtomat,
avtostop, grafoskop, hazarder, internacija,
klientelizem, rekonvalescent and referat). Of
course, where contextual false friends are
involved, the translator has to make a
pragmatic choice, based on the text type and
immediate context; the notes provided in the
glossary should make this selection easier.
Finally, a note on EU English (sometimes
referred to critically as ‘Eurospeak’). Texts
and glossaries generated by the EU
bureaucracy often create new English ex-
pressions and terminology (frequently under
the influence of French) and may even prefer
new coinages to long-established terms. Ex-
amples from the EUROVOC project quoted
below are ‘cinematographic industry/produc-
tion’ (instead of ‘film industry/production’)
and ‘concentrated milk’ (instead of ‘conden-
sed milk’). In such cases, it is clearly up to the
translator to decide whether a particular text
calls for the usual expression or the EU term.
Notes on the new glossary
The Slovene word is given first (in bold),
followed immediately, if applicable, by any
specific collocation or phrase (in italics), then
an English translation is provided, with com-
ments or examples vvhere required. The
meaning of the English false friend lunder-
lined) is explained where necessary. Where
two-word collocations or longer phrases are
involved, the ‘false friend’ element is the one
listed as the head vvord.
Ali the terms featured in the glossary are
based on the author’s direct observations,
except for those taken from the EUROVOC
document.
Abbreviations used:
(G) indicates that the term appeared in the
1988 glossary.
(EU) indicates that the term is taken from the
Tezaver EUROVOC.
AmE = American English.
BrE = British English.
abstinenčen, abstinenčna kriza - withdrawal
symptoms (e.g. from drugs).
advokat (G) In BrE, in addition to the general
word ‘lawyer’, there are also the more spe¬
cific ‘barrister’, who represents clients in
the higher courts, and ‘solicitor’, who pre-
pares legal documents (such as wills and
contracts) and cases, and represents clients
in the lower courts.
agresivno, agresivno ribištvo - over-fishing.
akcija (G) - šale, special offer. The former is
used when goods are being sold cheaper
for a specific period, the latter where either
goods or a Service are being offered at a
reduced priče. The phrase akcijska cena is
translated by ‘special offer’. The terms in
the glossary (drive, effort) are used in col¬
locations such as ‘recruitment drive’ and
‘aid effort’.
aktiviran - realised, harnessed (e.g. in politi-
cal contexts); aktivirane enote - mobilised
forces (i.e. military).
aktualen (G) - relevant (e.g. teachings or
ideas). Issues and news items are usually
referred to as ‘topical’.
akumulator (G) In BrE ‘(car) battery’ is the
usual expression.
False Friends Revisited 33
andragogika - adult education. The term
andragosv appears in Webster’s, though
not in the Oxford English Dictionary; the
suggested term is used far more frequently,
even within the education profession. (See
also entries on didaktik and pedagoški.)
angina - tonsillitis, sore throat. The English
word angina is normally associated with
the painful heart condition ‘angina pec-
toris’. Note that the pronunciation of the
‘g’ and ‘i’ sounds is different.
animator - entertainment/activities organiser
(e.g. in hotel). An animator vvorks on ani-
mated cartoons.
arhivsko (G), arhivsko vino - vintage wine.
The term ‘vintage’ is also used to refer to
the year a wine was produced {letnik). An
archive is where historical records or
documents are stored; the BBC also has a
famous ‘sound archive’ on tape.
armaturen (G), armaturna plošča -
dashboard (BrE). The standard British
expression is not ‘fascia’ as indicated in the
glossary.
aromat - flavouring (EU); aromatizirano
vino - flavoured wine (EU),
avans - deposit, down payment (AmE). An
advance in the Financial sense can be a loan
or a payment made earlier than intended:
e.g. you may ask for an advance on your
salary when you start a new job, or a writer
may receive an advance for his/her next
novel. Note that ‘deposit’ or ‘dovvn pay-
ment’ can also be used to translate ara (e.g.
when buying a fiat),
avto, avto šola - driving school.
avtohton - indigenous (e.g. inhabitants, flora
and fauna), native, original (e.g. inhabit¬
ants). The term autochthonous can be
found in the dictionary but is rarely used
outside scientific texts (usually on botany,
zoology or geology). Slovenia’s avtohtoni
narodnostni manjšini are probably best
referred to as ‘national minorities’ or,
specifically, ‘Italian and Hungarian
national minorities’; other minority groups
can be referred to as ‘ethnic minorities’ or
‘immigrant communities’.
avtomat - vending machine (e.g. for snacks,
drinks), slot machine; glasbeni avtomat -
juke-box; bančni avtomat - cash machine,
cashpoint (BrE), cash dispenser, ATM
(AmE, this abbreviation is short for
‘automated-teller machine’).
avtor, avtor slike - painter; avtorfilma -
director; avtor glasbe - vvriter (of popular
songs), composer; avtor razstave - de-
signer, compiler; avtorfotografije - photo-
grapher. An author is someone who vvrites
books, stories, essays or articles; it may
also be used for the creator of a plan or
proposal.
bankomat - see avtomat.
baterija - torch (BrE), flashlight (AmE). You
put a batterv in the torch. In scientific or
engineering contexts it may also be a ‘fuel
celi’ (EU).
biološki, biološke vede- life Sciences (EU),
blok (G), beležni blok - memo pad, note pad;
kolegij blok- spiral binder.
boks (G), garažni boks - parking space,
parking bay (AmE); razstavni boks -
exhibition stand, exhibition space.
centrala - (telephone) svvitchboard.
cenzura - censorship, the censor’s office
(usually in historical contexts). Censure is
a formal vvord for disapproval: a committee
may censure somebody or a parliament
vote on a ‘censure motion’; or it may be
said that a country’s brutal behaviour has
attracted ‘international censure’.
civilen, civilno služenje vojaškega roka -
alternative Service (EU). The Civil Service
is made up of govemment departments and
ali those who work in them.
čips (G) - (potato) crisps in BrE, (potato)
chips in AmE.
34 MOSTOVI 2001 /XXXV
degradirati - deteriorate (e.g. environmental
conditions). Degrade is also used in refer¬
ence to the environment, depending on the
context; it has the additional meaning of to
decay or break down - in the phrase
‘biologically degradable’ it has positive
connotations.
didaktik - teacher, educator (AmE),
educationalist (i.e. someone concerned
with the theory of teaching or education,
BrE). The adjective didactic frequently has
a pejorative meaning in modern English:
telling, rather than letting people find out
for themselves, or “inclined to teach or
lecture others too much” (although it stili
retains the meaning of ‘instructional’ or
‘teaching a moral lesson’). The noun
didact is not in the OED, but is in
Webster’s and is defined as “a didactic
person; one over inclined to instruct
others”. The noun didactics . a formal word,
refers to the art or Science of teaching and
corresponds to didaktika.
diletant - amateur (e.g. painter). Dilettante is
only used in the negative sense of superfi-
cial or ‘dabbling’ in something, which is
also present in Slovene.
diskvalificiran - discredited (e.g. in politics).
You can be disgualified from a race or
competition, but not in the moral sense
used in Slovene.
dispanzer - clinic (e.g. children’s clinic,
women’s clinic, maternity clinic). A
dispensarv is where medicines are pre-
pared and given out in a hospital, i.e.
lekarna in Slovene.
dispozicija - (vvritten) proposal (e.g. for a
university dissertation), outline. The term
disposition has the follovving main uses:
tendency (e.g. ‘he has a disposition to
gamble’); outlook on life (e.g. ‘she has a
very sweet disposition’); a willingness to
do something (from the expression ‘dis-
posed to’); arrangement or placing (e.g. of
troops or buildings); the power to dispose
of athing, particularly funds (used mainly
in legal contexts).
drama - theatre (i.e. the building), play (e.g.
‘a play in five acts’, ‘a radio play’). The
term drama may be used to refer to an
individual theatrical work, but is more
frequently used in a generic sense: thus vve
talk about ‘Shakespeare’s plays’ (or one of
them), but ‘Shakespearian drama’. The
word is not used to refer to a theatre
building, vvhereas the meaning ‘exciting or
distressing real life event’ is the same in
both languages. A dramatik is more likely
to be referred to as a ‘playwright’ than as a
‘dramatist’.
dramatika - playwriting (e.g. ‘one of the
greatest achievements of modern play-
writing’), drama. The adjective dramatic is
often used to describe real-life events (‘a
dramatic rescue’), but may also relate to
theatre (‘dramatic monologue’, ‘dramatic
irony’). The noun dramatics may refer to
activities connected with the theatre - in
particular ‘amateur dramatics’.
dres (G) - (football) strip, kit. Note that
British soccer players do not wear
‘uniforms’.
ekološki, ekološka tržnica - organic market;
ekološko gibanje - environmental group
(e.g. Greenpeace), environmental move-
ment (i.e. in general); ekološki davek - en¬
vironmental tax (EU); ekološka linija — en-
vironment-friendly product (e.g. vvashing
up liquid). Ecological is used in col-
locations such as ‘ecological balance’
(ekološko ravnotežje) and ‘ecological
disaster’ (ekološka nesreča). Note that
‘organic farming’ is biokmetovanje (EU).
ekonom - pressure cooker (i.e. in the
kitchen).
eksistenca - living (e.g. ‘He had to struggle /
fight hard to make a living’), livelihood
(e.g. ‘The economic recession cost him his
False Friends Revisited 35
livelihood’), life (e.g. ‘She was then able to
live a true artisfs life’). The term existence
has a narrovver range of uses, the concept
of ‘being’ the most common one; but it is
also used to refer to a life lived under diffi-
cult conditions: ‘In Victorian times, the
poor in a miserable existence’ or ‘The
vvorkers were fighting for a better exist-
ence’.
elektrarna - power station, power plant (Am/
EU); jedrska elektrarna - nuclear power
station (BrE) / plant (AmE); hidroelektrar¬
na - hydo-electric povver station.
element - unit (e.g. kitchen, living room).
emisija - issuing (i.e. of a currency). An
emission is a release of gas or radiation
into the atmosphere.
evidenca (G) - In addition to ‘record’, the
terms ‘documentation’ or ‘information’ are
appropriate in many contexts.
fascikel - ring binder. A fascicle is defined in
Webster’s as ‘a section of a book or set of
books being published in instalments as
separate pamphlets or volumes’.
finomehanika - precision engineering (EU),
fitnes (fitness), iti nafitnes - go to the gym,
go for a workout;//me.s oprema - exercise
equipment. Note that we do talk about
fitness (or exercise) classes or say that we
are working out in order to improve our
fitness (kondicija).
folija - transparency, OHP slide (an OHP is
an overhead projector, which in Slovene is
a grafoskop)-, pridelava podfolijo - culti-
vation under plastic (EU),
folkloren - folk (e.g. dance, art, song). The
noun folklore refers to traditional beliefs,
customs and stories of a people.
fonolaboratorij - language lab/laboratory.
fonoteka - record library (EU),
forsirati - push (i.e. give extra support and
encouragement to). Most uses of the verb
force involve compulsion, overcoming
resistance, or the use of force; the use
nearest in meaning to the Slovene term is
‘to cause (plants, fruits, etc.) to grow or
mature at an increased rate by artificial
means’ e.g. to force rhubarb.
fotogeničen (G) Contrary to what is stated,
the adjective photogenic is very commonly
used in everyday English.
frekvenca - attendance (e.g. at university),
attendance record, signature (i.e. con-
firming attendance). The term freguencv is
not used in any formal way in connection
with attendance.
ful ,ful dober (pogovorno) - real/really good;
ful zanimiv - dead interesting (This item is
included out of interest; it is unlikely to
represent a translation problem.)
gaziran (G) The most frequent way of de-
scribing gazirana voda in both written and
spoken English is now ‘sparkling water’.
The word ‘fizzy’ is a common colloquial
use and in EU texts the word ‘aerated’ is
used. Note that negazirana voda is ‘stili
(mineral) water\
generalka - dress rehearsal (e.g. in theatre;
also used in the metaphorical sense). The
Slovene term is also used to refer to a de-
tailed relief map: in BrE this is known as
an ‘Ordnance Survey map’,
globalen - general, broad, overall, total. The
term global is used in such collocations as
‘global vvarming’ (segrevanje Zemlje)
where the whole world is involved; it also
collocates with ‘plan/idea/vievv’ to show
that every possible aspect is being con-
sidered, but this use seems far less frequent
than the Slovene term.
gravitacija - gravity. This term is much more
frequent in everyday use than is
pravi tation.
habilitacija - ‘being granted / gaining an
academic title’ (there is no short ex-
pression for this). Habilitation has the
sense of to make fit for a purpose, but is
36 MOSTOVI 2001 /XXXV
used very infrequently, unlike ‘rehabili-
tation’, which is the process by which
someone who has been ill, in prison, or
suffering from addiction is prepared for a
normal life, or in which someone’s good
name (e.g. in politics) is restored.
hazarder - risk-taker. The noun hazard
means ‘danger’ (a common collocation is
Tire hazard’) and the verb means either ‘to
put someone or something in a dangerous
situation’ or ‘to guess’ (a common phrase
is ‘hazard a guess’).
indeks - (študent) record book, registration
book. Note that these documents are not
used in the British education system, so
these translations are suggestions.
infarkt (G), prometni infarkt-{traffic)
gridlock.
informatika - information technology / IT
(e.g. IT manager/director, IT course, the IT
industry); informatika v medicini - medi-
cal computing (EU). According to the
OED, the term informatics entered English
only in 1967 as a translation of the Russian
‘informatika’; ‘information technology’,
frequently shortened to ‘IT’, is the usual
term for the theory and practice of using
computers to store and process informa¬
tion.
informativen - provisional (e.g. dates, ar-
rangements, information), for information
only; informativni dan - open day (which
can also be dan odprtih vrat); informativna
cena - guide priče. The adjective infor-
mative means ‘providing useful informa¬
tion’.
inskripcija - registration (e.g. at university),
signature (i.e. confirming a študent has
begun to attend lectures). An inscription is
either a piece of text carved on stone or in
metal (e.g. on a gravestone or a monument,
a coin or a medal), or it is a hand-written
message on a photograph or at the front of
a book.
inteligenca - the intellectual class, the intelli-
gentsia, intellectual circles. Intelligence
refers only to the abstract quality.
intenzivno, intenzivno degradirati - seriously
deteriorate; intenzivno sodelovati - play an
active part in (e.g. at a conference - to give
a paper perhaps?).
internacija - internment, detention; poslati v
internacijo - intern, plače in detention, de-
tain (vvithout trial). Note that we refer to an
‘internment camp’, but to a ‘detention
centre’; those involved are referred to as
‘internees’ or ‘detainees’.
internatski, internatska šola - boarding
school (EU).
intriganten - conspiratorial (e.g. the plot of a
film or a story), complex. If you say some¬
thing is intriguing it means it arouses your
interest and curiosity. The noun intrigue.
however, is used to refer to ‘the making of
secret plans to harm or deceive others’, as
in such collocations as ‘political intrigue’.
invalid (G) The term ‘handicapped’ is widely
rejected now because of its negative con-
notations (with begging) and invalidi in
general are now referred to as ‘the dis-
abled’. Moreover, an invalid is not necess-
arily someone who is disabled: the term
can also refer to someone who is bed-
ridden and in need of čare, or simply some¬
one who is not able to work, because of
illness.
investicijski, investicijske dobrine - Capital
goods (i.e. machines and tools used in the
production of other goods, EU),
juta - sacking, sackcloth (i.e. the rough ma¬
terial used for making sacks etc; also re¬
ferred to more technically as ‘burlap’ or
‘gunny’). Jute refers only to the plant from
which the fibre for the cloth comes.
kabina - booth (e.g. interpreter’s), changing
room (e.g. in clothes shop), (telephone)
kiosk; kabina dvigala - lift. A cabin may
False Friends Revisited 37
be a small wooden dwelling, the part of the
plane where passengers sit, a room on a
ship, or a passenger space on a cable car.
kabinet - office (e.g. at the Faculty of Arts),
small room, study (e.g. in a fiat); trim
kabinet - exercise room, gym. The use of
cabinet to describe a small room is listed as
obsolete in Webster’s. Among the many
uses of the word, the most common are for
a piece of furniture with drawers and/or
cupboards, and for a political council of
senior govemment ministers.
kader (G) The term ‘staff’ is a frequent
translation, in addition to ‘personnel’. A
filmski kader is a ‘shot’ (i.e. a sequence of
pictures; not to be confused with ‘shoot’,
which is the process of filming the whole
film in a studio and/or on location).
kancerogen - carcinogenic (i.e. likely to
cause cancer; the noun is ‘carcinogen’).
kapitalski, kapitalski dobiček - investment
income (EU).
karikatura - cartoon (e.g. in a nevvspaper). A
caricature is a drawing or description of a
person that exaggerates their appearance; it
has no particular connection with the
press. The person who draws cartoons for
the press is a ‘cartoonist’.
karton (G), rdeči karton - red card (i.e. in
football, when a player is sent off);
zdravstveni karton - health record/s.
kasetofon - cassette player.
katastrofa — disaster (e.g. natural disaster,
man-made disaster, nuclear disaster). The
term catastrophe is less frequent in such
contexts.
klasičen - traditional, usual; klasična
sredstva - traditional channels (e.g. in
marketing); klasično ribištvo - traditional
fishing (EU); klasičen problem pomanjka¬
nja kadrov - the usual problem of shortage
of staff. The term classical is most often
used in connection with mušic, with
ancient Greece or Rome, or with Greek or
Latin; it also has the meaning of
‘traditional in style, form or content’ but
this usage is less widely used than the
Slovene term.
klasifikacija, klasifikacija zgodovinskih
spomenikov - listing of historical buildings
and monuments.
klientelizem - patronage (often in the collo-
cation ‘political patronage’).
klubski, klubska mizica - coffee table,
koketirati - flirt (with); koketiranje - flirting,
flirtation (with). The verb coguette is
archaic.
kolega (G) The meaning of this term is far
wider than indicated in the glossary. Thus
it may be ‘work mate’ (less formal than
coileague), ‘associate’ (someone you co-
operate with in some way), ‘fellow partici-
pant’ (e.g. at a conference) ‘school friend/
mate’, ‘college friend/mate’ or ‘fellow
študent’. Note that ‘chum’ (given in the
glossary) would now be considered very
old-fashioned.
kolektor, sončni kolektor- šolar panel,
komanditen, komanditna družba - limited
partnership (EU), special partnership.
komercialen, komercialni kredit - trade
credit (EU); komercialna prireditev - trade
event (EU); komercialne informacije -
trade information (EU). Note that in other
collocations (policy, regulations, relations)
‘trade’ is trgovinski.
koncentrat, paradižnikov koncentrat -
tomato puree, tomato paste; izdelek iz
koncentrata - reconstituted product (EU),
koncept - idea, plan, approach, strategy.
Concept is usually reserved for more
abstract matters; Slovene politicians, for
example, frequently use the word koncept,
where their British counterparts would use
one of the suggested terms (e.g. nova
ministrica ima pravi koncept - the new
minister has the right approach).
38 MOSTOVI 2001 /XXXV
konfesionalen, konfesionalna družba - non-
secular State (EU). Note that a ‘secular
State’ is laicistična država.
konkreten (G) - specific (e.g. example). The
adjective concrete is not as common as is
claimed in the glossary. In contexts such as
the follovving ‘specific’ vvould be used:
Seveda ne gre za kakšno konkretno poroko
ampak...
konstruirati - design, design and build (e.g.
new type of machine or device),
kontrabas - double bass. The term
contrabass exists but is infrequently used.
kontrola (G) In a medical context, this can
also be a ‘check-up’.
konzervans - preservative (e.g. in food).
konzerviran - preserved (e.g. food product).
Note that a konzerva (G) is a ‘tin’ (BrE) or
‘can’ (AmE).
kostim - suit (for women). The term costume
is used when referring to what actors wear,
to clothes worn during a particular histori-
cal period or in a particular country, to
fancy dress and as a short form for ‘swim-
ming costume’. In colloquial English the
word ‘outfit’ is used to refer to a set of
women’s clothes.
kriminalist - detective, police (officer). Note
that the now common expression organizi¬
ran kriminal is translated by ‘organised
crime’.
kronološki, kronološko poročilo - historical
account (EU).
kura, shujševalna kura - diet.
kurir (G) The term courier is now widely
used to refer to ali those (i.e. not only
those in diplomatic Service) who deliver
letters and packages by motorbike, bike or
van (e.g. kurirska služba - courier Ser¬
vice) and is therefore not usually a false
friend.
kvantum - quantity. In physics, the term
guantum collocates with ‘theory’ and
‘mechanics’ (to do with the behaviour of
atomic particles); a ‘quantum leap’ is a
sudden increase in something.
leasing (lizing) - hire purchase (BrE), buy on
credit (e.g. when buying a car - dealers
may offer ‘interest free’ or ‘low interest’
credit deals/arrangements). If you lease a
car (as many companies do) you can use it
for a fixed period of time in return for
regular payments; the term does not refer
to buying on credit terms. Note that kredit
(G) if obtained from a bank is called a loan
(also posojilo); you buy something ‘on
credit’ at a shovvroom, shop or elsewhere
by signing a credit agreement or by using a
credit card.
lektorat - course (e.g. Spanish course, taking
plače vvithin a different language
department).
lifting - face lift. The Slovene term also
seems to be used in the press to refer to
other kinds of cosmetic surgery.
linč - trial by media (e.g. when someone is
judged and ‘found guilty’ in the press). If
someone is Ivnched they are actually killed
by a group of others, in a violent and unjust
way.
list - sheet (e.g. of paper), page (e.g. in a
book), leaf (i.e. of a tree); Uradni list -
Official Gazette, Official Journal (EU);
poročni list — marriage certificate; vmesni
list- divider (e.g. in ring binder- see
mapa); morski list - sole; listek - note,
cloakroom ticket. In idioms such as ‘turn
over a new leaf and ‘take a leaf out of
someone’s book’ the word ‘leaf means
‘page’; we also talk about ‘leafing’ through
a book (turning the pages quickly).
magnetofon - tape recorder (see kasetefon).
maneken(ka) - male model, model. The
word manneguin used to be used for
someone whomodelled clothes, but is
usually restricted now to artificial models
in window displays - and even there the
word ‘dummy’ is more common.
False Friends Revisited 39
mapa - folder; prospekt mapa - ring binder;
podložna mapa - clipboard; viseča mapa -
suspension file, hanging file; mapa s
spiralo - spring binder; mapa z žepki -
document folder.
masa (G), denarna masa - money supply
(EU); masa za čevapčiče - mince,
mincemeat (BrE), hamburger meat (AmE).
Note that ‘mincemeat’ is also used to
describe the sticky chopped dried fruit
mixture which is used to make mince pies
at Christmas.
maska - make-up (e.g. in a film).
masker(ka) - make-up artist,
mašina (pogovorno) - (car) engine, car,
motor (BrE, colloquial). The diminutive
mašinca may have the same meaning, but
is also used to refer to ‘clippers’ in the
hairdresser’s (as well as ‘machine gun’).
maksimalen - maximum. The term maximal
is rarely used (but see note on minimalen).
medij - publication (i.e. vvhen referring to
one nevvspaper or revievv), platform (e.g.
for expressing one’s opinions). The media
are the press, TV and radio in general; the
term is not used to refer to an individual
entity within the media.
melona - bowler (hat).
mikrob - germ (e.g. in ad for throat tablets),
bug (AmE, colloquial). The term microbe
is used only in scientific contexts.
minimalen - minimum; minimalna zaloga -
minimum stock (EU). The term minimal
means very small in quantity, value or
degree; it used in contexts such as ‘he
achieved what he could, but at minimal
costtohimself.
legend. The terms mvth and ‘legend’
are not interchangeable: a connotation of
the former in many contexts is ‘something
that is not true’. Thus the phrase France
Prešeren je mit would be translated 'France
Prešeren is a legend'; in the same way, the
mcent headlineDrnovšekpostaja
mitološka političnafigura would be
translated using the adjective 'legendary'.
model - mould (e.g. for a cake or dessert),
shape, style (e.g. of shoe; however, we talk
about a new model vvhen referring to cars).
monitor, monitor za opazovanje -monitoring
device.
morala - morality, ethic (e.g. a writer’s usual
approach to morality). The moral of a story
is what it is trying to teach us. The morale
of a team or a group ofpeople is vvhether
they are feeling positive (‘morale is high’)
or negative (‘morale is low’).
motiv - theme, image. The term motif seems
to be used much less frequently than its
Slovene counterpart; the two alternatives
offered often occur with the adjective
‘recurring’.
nekvalificiran, nekvalificiran delavec -
unskilled vvorker (EU). In English you may
be ungualified for a particular position
(even one you hold), but the adjective is not
used generically.
nepakiran, nepakirano blago - bulk product
(EU).
neprofitno, neprofitno stanovanje - low-rent
housing, subsidised housing.
nostrifikacija - recognition (i.e. of a degree
or academic qualification). The term nos-
trification appears in the Oxford English
Dictionary and under ‘nostrificate’ (vvhich
is marked as “very rare”) there is the
follovving: “Of Austrian universities: to
admit (foreign degrees) to the same status
as the native ones”.
novela - amendment (i.e. to an existing law),
amending act. A novella could be defined
as a long short story or a short novel,
obdukcija - autopsy, post-mortem (pseudo
false friend?).
old timer - vintage car. An old timer in AmE
refers to an elderly man.
optik - optician. The adjective optic means
‘pertaining to the eye or sight’; the noun is
40 MOSTOVI 2001 /XXXV
rarely used but can refer to the eye or to a
lens of an optical instrument,
opus - body of work (e.g. a composer’s).
Opus refers to an individual musical, or
perhaps literary, work.
ordinacija - surgery (e.g. dental surgery,
doctor’s surgery, BrE), treatment room
(e.g. in a health centre), office (AmE).
Ordination refers to the process of
becoming a member of the clergy.
orientacijski - approximate (e.g. figures,
priče). Orientation is the process of
establishing your position or situation.
paket - package (holiday).
paketen, paketna dostava - parcel delivery.
parceliranje - dividing up of land (EU). Note
that a parcela (G) is a ‘plot of land’ or ‘a
lot’ (mainly AmE, as in ‘parking lot’),
park - garden (e.g. next to a block of flats),
fleet (e.g. of vehicles, cars, aeroplanes,
ships); botanični park - botanical garden;
lunapark - fairground; rekreacijski park-
leisure park (EU). English park corre-
sponds to the Slovene term in such con-
texts as Tivoli Park.
pedagoški (G) In addition to ‘education(al)’,
the translation ‘teaching’ also applies in
some contexts (e.g. pedagoški poklic -
teaching profession; pedagoška praksa -
teaching practice).
pendant - obverse, mirror image (e.g. in art
or literature, when two things are in oppo-
sition to each other; another meaning, ac-
cording to the SSKJ, is ‘complement to’).
A pendant is an ornament on a chain you
wear round your neck.
permanenten, permanentno izobraževanje -
lifelong learning, adult education, con-
tinuing education. The first of these is now
preferred in BrE.
perspektiva (G). In addition to ‘prospect’, the
term ‘a/the future’ is appropriate in certain
contexts (e.g. perspektive podjetja so velike
- the company has a great future).The ex-
pression brez perspektive can be translated
by ‘hopeless’.
petarda - banger (BrE), firecracker (AmE).
There is a term petard with this meaning,
but is rarely used. The idiom ‘hoist with/by
their own petard’ means that someone is
harmed by the result of their own plan.
pirotehnični, pirotehnična delavnica -
firevvork manufacturer’s. Pvrotechnics is
used most often in the metaphorical sense
of ‘a brilliant display’ (e.g. a speech).
plakat (G) As well as ‘poster’ this can also be
‘notice’ (with text only) or ‘bili’ (AmE). In
colloquial Slovene, a jumbo plakat refers to
‘(advertising) hoarding’ (BrE) or
‘billboard’ (AmE). A placard is what
demonstrators carry (see transparent,
below).
plan, veliki plan - close up (e.g. in a film);
prvi plan — foreground; drugi plan —
middle ground; tretji plan - background.
polihistor - polymath. The term polvhistor
with the same meaning is rarely used; the
given term is the usual one.
politoligija - political Science, political
theory.
potencial - capability (usually plural, as in
contexts such as ‘the capabilities of the
armed forces’, i.e. what a person or thing is
capable of). Note that potential . which is
usually an uncountable noun, either im-
plies possibility, that something may hap-
pen, as in ‘The potential for error is great’,
or has a similar meaning to the noun ‘pro-
mise’: for example, ‘As an artist, she shows
a lot of potential’.
praksa, sodna praksa - čase law (i.e. law
established by judicial decisions in particu-
lar cases, EU).
preservativ - condom. Preservatives are
added to food or wood to prevent decay.
problem - challenge (e.g. problemi sodobne
arhitekture - the challenges of contempor-
False Friends Revisited 41
ary architecture; e.g. enega od največjih
problemov sodobnega alpinizma — one of
the greatest challenges of contemporary
Alpinism). Is there a problem with the way
problem is used in contemporary Slovene
writing? A problem is either something
that causes difficulties for people (the
problem of unemployment) or a puzzle that
has to be solved (e.g. in maths).
problematika - issue (e.g. problematika
invalidov - the issue of the disabled; note
that ‘issue’ is also a frequent translation for
vprašanje), problem. The noun problem-
ahc is used only in academic texts on soci-
ology; the adjective is more widely used.
proces, sodni proces - trial. A process in
English is also, of course, postopek in
Slovene. Legal ‘proceedings’ are legal
action taken against someone.
profesor (G). In BrE someone who teaches at
a university or college is called a ‘lecturer’,
vvhilst a professor is a senior member of
the teaching staff (often the head of depart-
ment).
program - range (e.g. of goods in a shop),
selection; otroški program - range of
children’s clothes/toys; kozmetični pro¬
gram - range of cosmetics; lesni program
- range of (wooden) furniture; zamrznjen
program - frozen food range; darilni pro¬
gram - gift selection. Note that there is a
distinction in BrE betvveen ‘program’ (for
computers) and ‘programme’ (ali other
uses of the word), which is not made in
AmE; also that (računalniški) program
may be translated by ‘(Computer) soft-
ware’, as well as ‘program’, depending on
the context.
projekt (G) This term seems to be used for a
wide range of activities in Slovene, inclu-
ding historical contexts, where proiect
would not be used: projekt Vatikanski spo¬
razum - attempts at an agreement with the
Vatican; projekt novega slovenskega
denarja - the design/production of new
Slovene money (in 1991); projekt izdajanja
slovenskega časopisa in literarnih del - the
publication of a Slovene nevvspaper and
literary works (by Prešeren and Smole),
propaganda - publicity material, advertising.
Propaganda usually has political connota-
tions in English; it is also used in a pejorat-
ive sense to describe bad or harmful publi-
city (rumours, gossip, etc.) that has been
deliberately spread.
prospekt - brochure (e.g. from a travel
agent). The term prospectus has a similar
meaning, but is used in a more limited way
- mainly by universities and by companies
trying to attract investors. The word pros-
pect has the meaning ‘possibility’.
protokolaren - diplomatic (e.g. statement,
formalities); protokolarni objekti - state/
official reception facilities. The term
protocol is less frequent than its Slovene
counterpart and does not occur as an
adjective. It refers to a system of rules for
correct behaviour (especially in diplo-
macy) or to a written record of an agree¬
ment (or draft agreement) between coun-
tries; in AmE it can also refer to a course of
medical treatment.
psihološki, psihološka priprava - mental
preparations (e.g. preparing yourself for a
test or interview).
radiofuzija - broadcasting (EU),
rampa (pogovorno) - barrier (e.g. at a rail-
way Crossing or an entrance to a camp); iz¬
strelitvena rampa - launch facility (EU). A
ramp is a sloping surface providing access,
such as a ‘wheelchair ramp’. Note that the
AmE ‘entrance ramp’ or ‘exit ramp’ from
an ‘expressway’ are both described by
‘(motorway) slip road’ in BrE.
realizacija (G), končna realizacija - fruition;
the glossary also offers ‘fulfilment, execu-
42 MOSTOVI 2001 /XXXV
tion, performance, carrying out, imple-
mentation’.
reanimacija - resuscitation (i.e. the process,
or the room in a health centre).
referat - paper (e.g. at a conference), office
(e.g. office for študent affairs).
referent (G) - speaker, presenter (e.g. at a
conference), clerk, official (e.g. in tax
office).
refleksiven - reflective. The term reflexive is
used when describing an immediate reac-
tion to something; it is also used in gram-
mar, as in ‘reflexive verb’.
reformator - reformen
rektorat - Rectorship (i.e. the post), Rector’s
office.
rekvizit - prop (i.e. in the theatre), equipment
(i.e. for a particular activity, such as
skiing), device (in the metaphorical sense);
zvočni rekvizit- sound prop. The term
reguisite meaning ‘something required for
an activity’ is a rarely used formal
expression.
renomiran - celebrated, renowned (pseudo
false friend?).
replika - reply, response. The term replica
refers to a copy of something, such as a
statue.
reprezentativen, reprezentativna hiša -
political residence.
repromaterial - intermediate goods (EU),
producer goods (i.e. raw materials, ma-
chinery, etc. used in producing consumer
goods).
revizija - audit (e.g. financial audit); revizija
poslovodenja - management audit (EU).
Revision is an appropriate translation when
referring to changing a document or
agreement, although the process of
examining it before changes are made
would be referred to as a ‘review’. In BrE,
‘revision’ also refers to preparation for an
examination (see študirati).
revizor - auditor. The vvord reviser has no
specific use beyond ‘someone who revises
/ is revising’ (i.e. amending or altering).
rezervat - nature reserve, refuge (e.g. wildlife
refuge); rezervat ptic - bird sanctuary. A
reservation is an area of land set aside for a
particular ethnic group; in the USA, these
used to be called ‘Indian reservations’, but
the term ‘Indian’ has now been replaced by
‘Native American’.
rezerva - substitute (e.g. in a sports team);
jemati z reservo - treat with caution, take
vvith a pinch of salt; državne rezerve -
buffer stock (EU),
ritem, litem pogajanja - the pace of
negotiations; ritem dela - rate of vvork (EU),
salon (G), pohištveni salon - furniture shovv-
room; avto salon - car showroom. Note
that ‘shovvroom’ is not only AmE as indi-
cated in the glossary.
sankcija, kazenska sankcija - penalty (EU),
sekundarij - ward doctor (i.e. in a hospital).
semafor - traffic light. A semaphore is a
signalling system, usually employing flags.
serijski - mass-produced (e.g. goods), manu-
faetured (e.g. furniture); serijska izdelava -
mass-production. The term serial is used in
‘serial number’, ‘television serial’ and
‘serial killer’; it does not mean (as the
Slovene term does) the opposite of ‘hand
made’.
serviser - Service engineer (e.g. for photo-
copier, motorbike; note that for cars the
term is ‘mechanic’). The term servicer can
be found in the dictionary, but is rarely
used.
sestra - nurse. In BrE a sister is in charge of a
hospital ward - a head nurse.
shema - diagram (e.g. of the human skeleton
or blood circulation, sometimes referred to
as a ‘schematic’), schedule or time table
(e.g. of a celebratory event); programska
shema (TV) - programme schedule; shema
prog Mestnega potniškega prometa v
Ljubljani - map of Ljubljana bus routes.
False Friends Revisited 43
The formal word schema with the meaning
‘diagram, plan, or underlying pattern’ is
rarely used outside academic texts. The
word scheme appears in political contexts
such as ‘a scheme to combat unemploy-
ment’ and also collocates with words such
as: ‘savings’, ‘pension’ and ‘money-
making’.
signalizacija, prometna signalizacija - traffic
signs (EU). The term sienalization is used
in Pavlovian psychology when describing
how the response to a signal can become
the same as the response to the original
stimulus.
sistemski, sistemski zakon - organic law
(EU).
socialna država - welfare State (i.e. a State in
which the govemment provides free health
čare and education, as well unemployment
benefit, pensions, etc.). Note that the term
‘welfare’ in America refers to the money
received from the State (a person is said to
be ‘on welfare’); in Britain, this is usually
called ‘social security’.
sorta - variety (e.g. of fruit); sorta trte -
variety of grape.
specifika - (special) characteristics (e.g.
specifika našega kmetijstva - the special
characteristics of our agriculture). Specific
with this kind of meaning is an adjective
only; the noun usually occurs in the plural
form, as in the phrase Tet’s get down to
specifics ’. and means ‘(relevant) details’.
stimulacija - bonus (e.g. paid to employees
with extra responsibility).
stimulirati - reward (e.g. employees),
promote (e.g. an action or an idea).
stripar - cartoonist. (Note that strip may be
translated by ‘comic strip’ in BrE.)
struktura - profile (e.g. of the population,
residents, students); struktura stroškov-
cost breakdown.
subjekt - protagonist, actor (i.e. as opposed
to passive observer), player (e.g. ‘political
player’); poslovni subjekt- business
(entity/enterprise).
super - great (also as an exclamation); super
ponudba - (extra) special offer; super
ugodno - special low priče,
suveren - independent, supreme (e.g. work of
art or artist); suveren oblikovalecjezika -
masterful user of the language; suveren
organizator - supreme organisor. The use
of sovereign to mean 'supreme' or 'most
notable' is obsolete; the term most fre-
quently collocates with 'state' (country) or
'power'.
suverenost, obrtniška suverenost - supreme
craftsmanship.
šofer - driver (e.g. of a bus or lorry (BrE) /
truck (AmE)). A chauffer is employed to
drive a private car or limousine; those
employed to drive public officials are
called ‘drivers’.
študijski, študijsko leto - academic year;
študijski dopust-a sabbatical C‘ studv
leave’ is also used, though more commonly
for students; teachers and academic staff
usually ‘go on / take a sabbatical’), training
leave (for those in employment).
študirati - revise (i.e. for an exam, BrE), read
(e.g. She’s reading Maths at Cambridge;
formal BrE), learn (e.g. a particular topič,
or a role in a play), think about (e.g. dolgo
sta študirala, preden sta se odločila - they
thought about it for a long time before
deciding). Other frequent uses of the verb
will be translated by studv.
taksa, uvozna taksa - import levy (EU),
tarifa - (list of) charges (e.g. postal charges,
telephone charges, bank charges), (list of)
rates (e.g. legal rates), priče list; tarifa
zračnega prevoza - air freight rate (EU). A
tariff is a list of duties imposed on imports
or exports; it may also be used for a table
of charges for transport or public Services;
within the EU there is a ‘support tariff’
(podporna tarifa).
44 MOSTOVI 2001/XXXV
tehnik - technician (e.g. laboratory, Com¬
puter, construction); administrativni tehnik
- secretary, clerk, administrative assistant;
ekonomski tehnik - clerk, financial/ac-
counts assistant, sales person/representa-
tive; glasbeni tehnik - (studio/sound)
engineer; komercialni tehnik - sales
person/representative; strojni tehnik-
machinist, (machine) operator, engineer
(e.g. heating engineer); tekstilni tehnik-
machinist, textile worker; upravni tehnik -
legal secretary/clerk; zdravstveni tehnik-
male nurse. (Note that a vvide range ofjobs
are advertised under these headings and
that the job titles vary accordingly.) The
term technic. meaning a technique or
technicality, is used in AmE but is rare; the
plural noun ‘technics’, applying especially
to the study of the mechanical or industrial
arts, is more common.
tehnika - technology (e.g. zastarela tehnika -
outdated technology, e.g. najsodobnejša
tehnika - the latest technology); bela
tehnika - white goods (e.g. kitchen
appliances, fridge, washer, cooker, etc.);
elektrotehnika - electrical engineering
(EU). The term technigue would be used
when referring to tehnika in the arts (i.e. a
way of doing something or carrying out a
process).
televizija - television channel. Although we
can translate nacionalna televizija with
‘national television’, a phrase such as na
drugih televizijah can only be translated by
‘on other television channels’. Other uses
of the term correspond to ‘television’ or
‘TV’ (or ‘telly’ in colloquial BrE).
tematika - theme (e.g. of a work of art or
literature). Thematic is an adjective used in
collocations such as ‘thematic approach’.
tendenca - trend (e.g. a statistical trend). A
tendencv is either something worrying or
unpleasant that keeps happening or a part
of your character that makes you behave in
a particular way; it is not used vvhen
discussing figures or statistics.
terenski (G), terenski studio - mobile studio
(i.e. for television).
termin -date, period (i.e. from... to...);
zadnji termin - final date (i.e. last
opportunity).
termofor - hot-water bottle (pseudo false
friend?).
test - questionnaire (e.g. in a magazine). Test
in the sense of a series of questions is used
only in the classroom environment.
trak - ribbon (e.g. hair ribbon, typewriter
ribbon), band (e.g. hatband, headband,
armband), strip (e.g. of paper, of material,
protective strip), tape (cut the tape/ribbon
at an official opening); lepilni/samolepil¬
ni trak — adhesive strip/tape; merilni trak
- tape measure; žalni trak - black
armband; izolirni trak - (electrical) insu-
lating tape; tekoči trak - conveyor belt,
production line. The main, non-idiomatic
uses of track are railway track, path (e.g.
‘mountain track’), sports track (e.g. for
athletics, cycling, car racing, horse racing,
greyhound racing) and a song or piece of
mušic on a CD or cassette.
transparent (G) - placard (i.e. carried by
someone at a demonstration), banner.
trenirka - tracksuit.
tribuna - stand. A tribune is a raised plat¬
form, pulpit, or seating area, particularly in
a church; the term is not associated with
sports stadia.
trim - exercise; trim steza - exercise path,
jogging path; trim kabinet - exercise room,
gym. If you vvish to stay trim you want to
keep yourself slim and fit. The verb is
commonly used in the sense of ‘cut small
amounts off’: for example, you can trim
someone’s hair, a hedge, or a budget.
univerzalen - general (e.g. factors, effects,
results). The term universal applies in ali
False Friends Revisited 45
cases, to every part of the world or uni-
verse, or to a whole group or society; the
Slovene term seems to be used more
widely or loosely (similarly to globalen).
urbanizem - town planning (EU), city
planning (AmE). The term urbanism is
used to refer to city life and also to
planning, but the latter less frequently than
the given terms. Note that in EU texts,
urbanist is translated by ‘town-planning
Professional’ and urbanistični predpisi by
‘town-planning regulations’.
uta, pasja uta - (dog) kennel. A hut (e.g. in a
garden) is used by people.
varirati - fluctuate (e.g. statistics, trends).
The Slovene term is sometimes used in
joumalistic reports, such as on the State of
the economy, where varv would not be
used.
vizitka - business card (i.e. with name, job
title, contact details), greetings card (e.g.
birthday card, get vvell card, congratula-
tions). Visiting cards (or ‘calling cards’)
were frequently used in the past among the
middle and upper classes when making a
social call or sending a gift.
References
Chesterman, Andrevv (1998) Contrastive
Functional Analysis. John Benjamins,
Amsterdam.
Collins Cobuild English Dictionary. Harper
Collins, 1995.
Golobič, Maijan (1988) A Glossary ofEnglish-
Slovene False Friends. DZTPS, Ljubljana.
Limon, David (1986) “False friends and
Slovene-English translation”. In: Klinar,
Stanko (ed.) Prispevki k tehniki prevajanja
iz slovenščine v angleščino. Didakta,
Radovljica. 1995, pp. 67-74.
The Oxford English Dictionary, Second
Edition, on Compact Disc. OUP, 1994.
Slovar slovenskega knjižnegajezika. Državna
založba 1991.
Snell-Hornby, Mary (1995) Translation
Studies: An integrated approach. John
Benjamins, Amsterdam.
Tezaver Eurovoc, 3. zvezek, 3. izdaja.
Informacij sko-dokumentacij ski center,
Ljubljana, 1998.
Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged
Dictionary ofthe English Language.
Gramercy, 1993.