23
CONCURRENT RESISTANCE AND
ENDURANCE TRAINING PROGRAMME FOR
THE IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSICAL FITNESS
IN MIDDLE-AGED OBESE FEMALES
PROGRAM HKRATNE VADBE MO^I IN
VZRD@LJIVOSTI ZA IZBOLJ[ANJE TELESNE
PRIPRAVLJENOSTI @ENSK V SREDNJI DOBI
S POVE^ANO TELESNO TE@O
Jaak Jürimäe
Toivo Jürimäe
Jürimäe, Jaak, & Jürimäe, Toivo. (2000). Concurrent resistance and endurance training programme… KinSI 6(1–2), 23–29
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine the effects
of a ten-week concurrent resistance and endurance-
training programme for improving physical fitness of
middle-aged obese females. Eleven obese (body mass
index BMI>27.0 kg/m
2
) and 13 control (BMI<27.0
kg/m
2
) females participated in the investigation. Three
series of anthropometrical measurements were taken
according to the O-scale Physique Assessment
System. The ratio of waist to hip circumference
(WHR) was calculated. Body composition was mea-
sured with the bioelectrical impedance method
(Bodystat 500, UK). Individual physical working ca-
pacity (PWC) was measured with the cycle ergome-
ter test. One repetition maximum leg extension (1RM
LE) was used to assess maximal isoinertial strength. 
Training sessions were performed three times per
week and resistance training consisted of four exerci-
ses (leg extension, bench press, sit-ups, leg press). The
subjects performed four circuits at maximal possible
speed, using a work-to-rest ratio of 60 sec. The 75%
1RM load and 8-12 repetitions per set were used. The
duration of resistance exercises was 32 min, which
was followed by 30 min of continuous walking at the
intensity of ≈ 75% maximum heart rate. 
Izvle~ek
Namen {tudije je bil ugotoviti u~inek deset-tedenske
hkratne vadbe mo~i in vzdr`ljivosti za izbolj{anje te-
lesne zmo`nosti debelih `ensk srednjih let.  Enajst de-
belih `ensk (indeks telesne mase BMI>27.0 kg/m
2
)
in trinajst v kontrolni skupini (BMI<27.0 kg/m
2
) je so-
delovalo v {tudiji. Opravljene so bile tri meritve antro-
pometri~nih mer glede na »O-scale Physique Asses-
sment System«, iz dobljenih podatkov je bilo
izra~unano razmerje pas-boki (WHR). Telesna sesta-
va je bila izmerjena z metodo bioelektri~ne impedan-
ce (Bodystat 500, UK), delovna zmogljivost (PWC) pa
s testom na bicikel-ergometru. Za oceno maksimalne
izometri~ne mo~i je bil uporabljen test enkratne mak-
simalne no`ne iztegnitve (1RM LE). 
Vadba je potekala trikrat-tedensko. Vadbo mo~i so
predstavljale {tiri vaje (iztegnitev noge, potisk s prsi,
dviganje trupa in potisk z nogami). Vade~e so opravi-
le {tiri serije z najve~jo mo`no hitrostjo, ob razmerju
vadba-po~itek 60 s. Uporabljena je bila obte`itev 75%
1RM in 8-12 ponovitev v seriji. Vadba odpora je tra-
jala 32 min, sledilo je 30 min neprekinjene hoje z in-
tenzivnostjo pribli`no 75% maksimalnega sr~nega
utripa.
Debele `enske so imele zna~ilno (p<0.05) vi{je ko`-
ne gube, obsege in premere. PWC in 1RM LE mo~ sta
tudi bila zna~ilno vi{ja v skupini debelih. WHR je bil
zna~ilno negativno povezan z vsemi izmerjenimi in-
deksi telesne zmogljivosti pri debelih, pri kontrolni
skupini pa ne; medtem, ko je neto telesna masa zna-
~ilno pozitivno povezana z omenjenimi indeksi pri
debelih, ne pa tudi pri kontrolni skupini. Telesna te-
`a, odstotek telesne tol{~e, koli~ina telesne tol{~e in
vsota 8SF so se zna~ilno zmanj{ale po izvedenem pro-
(Received: 20. 01. 2000 – Accepted: 06. 12. 2000)
Institute of Sport Pedagogy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
Contact address
Jaak JÜRIMÄE
Institute of Sport Pedagogy, 18. Ulikooli St., University of Tartu, EE-
51014 Tartu, ESTONIA
Phone: +372 7 375 372
Fax: +372 7 375 373
Email: jaakj@ut.ee

24
Obese women had significantly higher (p<0.05) va-
lues for skin-fold, girth and breadth measurements.
PWC and 1RM LE strength was also significantly hig-
her in the obese group. WHR was significantly nega-
tively related to all measured physical fitness indices
in obese but not the control subjects. While lean body
mass was significantly positively related to all measu-
red physical fitness values in obese but not control
subjects. Body weight, body fat %, body fat amount
and sum of 8SF were significantly decreased as a re-
sult of the training programme in middle-aged obese
females. While no significant effects of training pro-
gramme on body composition characteristics were
observed in middle-aged control women. PWC va-
lues were significantly increased in both groups stu-
died as a result of training programme. While 1RM
LE strength was significantly increased after the trai-
ning only in control subjects. In conclusion, the con-
current resistance and endurance training program-
me for the improvement of physical fitness of
middle-aged obese females appears to be an accep-
table form of physical activity to reduce body weight
and increase cardiovascular fitness.
Key words: obesity, females, concurrent training,
body weight, cardiovascular fitness
gramu vadbe pri debelih `enskah, medtem ko ni bil
opa`en zna~ilen vpliv vadbe na telesne zna~ilnosti
kontrolne skupine. PWC se je zna~ilno izbolj{al pri
obeh skupinah, 1RM LE mo~ pa se je zna~ilno pove-
~ala le pri kontrolni skupini. Zdi se torej, da hkratna
vadba mo~i in vzdr`ljivosti za izbolj{anje telesne
zmogljivosti predstavlja sprejemljivo obliko telesne ak-
tivnosti za zmanj{anje telesne te`e in izbolj{anje
zmogljivosti sr~no-`ilnega sistema debelih `ensk sred-
njih let.
Klju~ne besede: debelost, `enske, kombinirana vad-
ba, telesna te`a, zmogljivost, sr~no-`ilni sistem
Jürimäe, Jaak, & Jürimäe, Toivo. (2000). Concurrent resistance and endurance training programme… KinSI 6(1–2), 23–29

25
Introduction
Body size, proportions, physique and composition are
factors, which influence physical fitness (Jürimäe and
Jürimäe, 1998; Malina, 1994). It has been demon-
strated that a taller stature has advantages over a shor-
ter one in everyday dynamic work activities, as well
as in exerting force against an external object. Shor-
ter stature is favoured when human body has to be
moved against gravity (Malina, 1994). Furthermore,
skin-fold thicknesses are routinely used to estimate
body composition and are included in physical fitness
test batteries (Jürimäe and Jürimäe, 1998; Malina,
1994).
Obesity appears to be a major coronary heart disea-
se (CHD) risk factor (Donohue, Abbott, Bloom, Reed
and Yano, 1987). Furthermore, longitudinal investiga-
tions have demonstrated that the preferential depo-
sition of body fat in the trunk region is independently
associated with CHD and related mortality (Donohue
et al, 1987). Numerous studies have linked sedentary
lifestyle to low aerobic power (i.e., physical fitness)
and increased risk of CHD and related mortality (Ber-
lin and Colditz, 1990; Powell, Thompson, Caspersen
and Kendrick, 1987).
Recommendations of safe modes and risks of exerci-
se depend on the type of exercise and the physical
condition of participants. Different exercise sessions
have been recommended for the prevention of obe-
sity. Aerobic exercises have mostly been suggested for
body weight control. At present, walking seems to be
the most popular exercise that is recommended for
obese people (DiPetro, 1995). However, there is a lot
of data indicating that resistance exercises are also
very useful in body weight control, especially when
using lighter loads (40-60% of one repetition maxi-
mum - 1RM) (Gettman and Pollock, 1981). Circuit
weight-training programmes have also been recom-
mended (Gettman, Ayres, Pollock and Jackson, 1978;
Gettman, Ward and Hagan, 1982). Gettman et al.
(1987) have defined circuit weight-training as perfor-
mance of several repetitions, using moderate weights
in a continuous fashion, moving from one station to
another with a minimal rest between the stations. Cir-
cuit weight training is also recommended to increase
aerobic capacity (Gettman, Ward and Hagan, 1982). 
It was hypothesised that concurrent resistance and
endurance training programme is an acceptable way
to increase aerobic capacity and decrease body
weight of obese middle-aged females. Thus, the aim
of this study was to investigate the effects of a ten-
week concurrent resistance and endurance training
programme on the physical fitness parameters of
middle-aged obese females.
Methods
Subjects
Eleven obese (body mass index [BMI] > 27.0 kg/m
2
)
and 13 control (BMI < 27.0 kg/m
2
) females participa-
ted in this investigation (Table 1). All subjects were
pre-menopausal women. They had not participated
in a regular exercise programme for at least one year
prior to the beginning of the study (exercising less than
once per week). None of the subjects was taking any
medication and all were free of musculoskeletal or
other diseases, based on their medical history. They
provided informed written consent for the investiga-
tion. The study was approved by the Ethics Commit-
tee of the University of Tartu. The anthropometric and
fitness parameters were measured before and after
ten weeks of concurrent resistance and endurance
training programme.
Measurement of anthropometry
The heights (Martin’s metal anthropometer) and
weights (medical balance scale) of the subjects were
measured to the nearest 0.1 cm and 0.05 kg, respec-
tively. Three series of anthropometric measurements
on the right side of the body were taken by a trained
anthropometrist according to the O-scale physique
assessment system (Ward, Ross, Leyland, and Selbie,
1989). The anthropometer had previously shown a
test-retest reliability of r > 0.90. The Centurion Kit
instrumentation was used (Rosscraft, Surrey, BC, Ca-
nada). In total, eight skin-folds, ten girths and two
breadths were measured. In addition, the ratio of
waist to hip circumference (WHR) was calculated
(Lohman, 1988). Body composition was measured us-
ing the bioelectrical impedance method (Bodystat
500, UK).
Measurement of fitness
Individual physical working capacity (PWC) was mea-
sured using the cycle ergometer test. Three progres-
sive workloads at intensities of 50, 100, and 150 W
each, for a period of four minutes were used. Heart
rate (HR) was measured at the end of each workload,
using Sporttester Polar Vantage NV (Kempele, Fin-
land). Individual PWC was calculated at the level of
predicted HR
MAX
(205-1/2 age) by extrapolation. The
1RM leg extension (LE) was used to assess maximal
isoinertial strength of the quadriceps femoris muscle.
The warm-up for this measurement involved repea-
ted loads approximating 25% of body weight. The ini-
tial test load was 30% of body weight, additional 2.5
to 5.0 kg being added after every successful repetition
(Abernethy and Jürimäe, 1996).
Jürimäe, Jaak, & Jürimäe, Toivo. (2000). Concurrent resistance and endurance training programme… KinSI 6(1–2), 23–29

26
Training programme
Training was performed three times per week on
Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays for ten weeks. The
first part of the training session consisted of four exer-
cises to increase cardiovascular fitness, after a short
(about 10 min) warm-up using LE, bench press, sit-
ups, and leg-press exercises. The subjects performed
four circuits at maximal possible speed, using a work-
to-rest ratio of 60 sec. The 75% of 1RM load and 8-
12 repetitions per set were used (Abernethy, and
Jürimäe, 1996). The duration of the whole resistance
programme was 32 minutes. After the resistance exer-
cises, the subjects performed 30 minutes of continu-
ous walking on an indoor track (150 m). The subjects
walked at an intensity of ≈ 75% HR
MAX
during the
walking training session. HR was registered continu-
ously during the whole programme, every five se-
conds, using the Sporttester Polar Vantage NV (Kem-
pele, Finland). The whole training session was held in
the afternoon between 3 p.m. and 6 p.m. 
Statistical analysis
Standard statistical methods were used to calculate
the mean, standard deviation (±SD) and correlation
coefficients. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)
was used to test the effects of group and ten weeks of
concurrent resistance and endurance training pro-
gramme for each dependent variable. Significance
was set at p<0.05. The Scheffe method was used for
post hoc analysis when a significant F ratio was found. 
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by Grant No. 3021 from the
Estonian Science Foundation.
Results
Physical profiles of obese and control subjects are pre-
sented in Table 1. The groups were not significantly
different in terms of age and height. However, obese
women were significantly heavier and had signifi-
cantly higher values for BMI than the control subjects.
Obese women demonstrated also significantly higher
values for all skin-fold, girth and breadth measure-
ments (Table 1).
Table 2 presents the body composition characteristics
before and after the ten weeks of concurrent resistan-
ce and endurance training programme in the obese
and control groups. Body weight, body fat %, body fat
amount and sum of 8SF were significantly decreased
as a result of the training programme. No significant
effects of the training programme on body composi-
tion characteristics were observed (Table 2).
Changes in physical fitness characteristics of middle-
aged obese and control females after ten weeks of
training are presented in Table 3. PWC values were
significantly increased in both studied groups, as a re-
sult of the training programme. The 1RM LE strength
was significantly increased, after the training, only for
the control subjects. No significant differences after
the training programme were observed for obese sub-
jects (Table 3).
Correlational analysis demonstrated that significant
relationships are present between the LBM value, the
PWC and 1RM LE indices in middle-aged obese fe-
males before and after the training programme
(r>0.61; p<0.05). Similarly, WHR was significantly
related to both physical fitness items, before and af-
ter the concurrent resistance and endurance training
only for the obese subjects (r>-0.58; p<0.05). All ot-
her correlations between anthropometric parameters
and physical fitness values, before and after the trai-
ning programme in both groups studied, were not sig-
nificant (r<0.31; p>0.05). 
Jürimäe, Jaak, & Jürimäe, Toivo. (2000). Concurrent resistance and endurance training programme… KinSI 6(1–2), 23–29
Table 1. Mean (±SD) anthropometric characteri-
stics of obese and control groups before the trai-
ning programme.
Variable Obese (n=11) Control (n=13)
Age (yrs) 39.3±5.2 37.2±6.3
Height (cm) 168.2±8.0 167.0±5.5
Weight (kg) 84.7±9.8 64.5±4.9*
BMI (kg/m2) 30.1±3.1 22.5±1.5*
Skinfolds (mm)
Triceps28.4±7.518.4±5.1*
Subscapular 32.6±10.3 15.1±6.0*
Biceps18.6±5.59.8±2.9*
Suprailiac 35.2±13.8 16.1±8.3*
Supraspinal 26.0±8.3 12.0±5.6*
Abdominal 39.7±13.7 19.4±9.7*
Mid-thigh 42.0±12.0 28.4±7.4*
Medial calf 27.6±9.5 17.7±4.9*
Girths (cm)
Relaxed arm 32.3±3.5 26.0±1.1*
Flexed arm 33.5±3.6 27.1±1.9*
Forearm 26.4±1.4 23.9±0.5*
Wrist 16.3±0.6 14.0±0.3*
Chest 103.4±6.4 87.7±5.5*
Waist 87.9±5.8 71.5±5.4*
Gluteal 108.3±7.1 96.8±3.3*
Thigh 59.0±5.1 51.5±3.7*
Calf 40.4±2.1 36.3±1.6*
Ankle 23.7±1.5 21.7±1.5*
Breadths (cm)
Humerus6.8±0.46.3±0.3*
Femur 10.1±0.7 9.3±0.3*
Legend: BMI, body mass index.
* Significantly different from obese group; p<0.05.

27
Discussion
The resistance-training programme has been critici-
sed for a lack of observed cardiovascular benefits (Na-
gle and Irwin, 1960). However, many investigations
have confirmed that resistance training might promo-
te improvements in cardiovascular endurance (Gett-
man et al, 1982; Pollock and Ewans, 1999). In the
present study, the intensity of 75% of 1RM was used
in the resistance part of the training session. This has
been reported to be the most appropriate initial inten-
sity for the development of strength-endurance (Har-
ris and Holly, 1987). In contrast, Gettman et al. (1978)
suggested that intensities greater than 50% of 1RM
could not be tolerated by subjects attempting to com-
plete a 22- to 30-min resistance programme. Howe-
ver, all obese and control middle-aged females, who
participated in this study, had no problems comple-
ting a 32-min resistance training followed by 30-min
endurance walking. 
The obese subjects performed the 30-min enduran-
ce walking session reasonably well. Nobody found
walking painful or very tiring. The obese women wal-
ked more slowly during the walking training session in
comparison with the control subjects. Obese subjects
have a lower mechanical efficiency than subjects with
normal body weight (Freyscuss and Melhec, 1978).
In accordance with the study by Mattson et al. (1997),
it was speculated that the obese women in our study
were able to tolerate the necessary intensity and du-
ration of walking to achieve beneficial effects. Thus,
taken together, the concurrent resistance and endu-
rance training programme for the improvement of
physical fitness in middle-aged obese females appears
to be an acceptable form of physical activity to redu-
ce body weight and increase cardiovascular fitness.
It is well known that obesity indices (i.e., BMI, WHR,
body fat %) have been negatively associated with per-
ceived fitness (Jürimäe and Jürimäe, 1998; Malina,
1994). Many studies have investigated the relations-
hips between aerobic physical fitness and anthropo-
metric obesity indices (Jette, Sidney and Lewis, 1990;
Jürimäe and Jürimäe, 1998). For example, in a recent
study, Jürimäe and Jürimäe (1998) demonstrated that
Jürimäe, Jaak, & Jürimäe, Toivo. (2000). Concurrent resistance and endurance training programme… KinSI 6(1–2), 23–29
Table 2. Body composition characteristics before and after 10 weeks of concurrent resistance and endu-
rance training programme in obese and control groups.
Variable Obese (n=11) Control (n=13)
Before After Before After
Weight (kg) 84.7±9.8 79.4±6.8# 64.5±4.9* 63.9±6.5*
BMI (kg/m2) 30.1±3.1 28.1±1.9 22.5±1.5* 22.4±1.3*
WHR 0.81±0.05 0.80±0.07 0.73±0.04* 0.73±0.02*
Body fat% 34.6±4.5 31.5±3.8# 21.3±3.7* 20.8±4.2*
Fat (kg) 29.8±8.1 25.0±7.8# 13.2±4.4* 13.1±4.1*
LBM (kg) 54.9±6.5 54.4±5.7 51.3±2.9* 50.8±2.6*
Sum 8SF (mm) 250.1±8.4 233.9±7.5# 136.9±6.2* 132.5±5.7*
Legend: BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist to hip circumferences ratio; LBM, lean body mass; Sum 8SF, sum of triceps, subscapular, biceps, su-
prailiac, abdominal, mid-thigh and medial-calf skin-folds.
* Significantly different from the corresponding value in obese group; p<0.05.
# Significantly different from the corresponding value before the training programme; p<0.05.
Table 3. Fitness characteristics before after 10 weeks of concurrent resistance and endurance training pro-
gramme in obese and control groups.
Variable Obese (n=11) Control (n=13)
Before After Before After
PWC (W) 225.7±74.1 254.3±65.6# 210.9±44.3 224.1±42.1#
PWC/kg (W/kg) 2.7±0.5 3.2±0.4# 3.3±0.3* 3.5±0.5*#
PWC/LBM (W/kg) 4.1±0.3 4.6±0.3# 4.1±0.2 4.4±0.4#
1RM LE (kg) 51.9±18.3 52.6±17.8 34.9±9.8* 39.8±6.7*#
1RM LE/kg 0.6±0.4 0.7±0.2 0.5±0.2 0.6±0.1#
1RM LE/LBM 0.9±0.2 1.0±0.2 0.7±0.1 0.8±0.1#
Legend: PWC, physical working capacity; 1RM LE, one repetition maximum leg extension isoinertial strength; 1RM LE/LBM, one repetition ma-
ximum leg extension isoinertial strength per lean body mass.
*Significantly different from the corresponding value in obese group; p<0.05.
# Significantly different from the corresponding value before the training

28
high body fat % substantially reduced muscular en-
durance of obese women. Improvement in physical
fitness increases aerobic capacity, decreases resting
heart rate and blood pressure, reduces serum chole-
sterol and triacylglycerols, and has psychological be-
nefits both for lean and obese people (Gettman et al,
1982; Jette, Sidney and Lewis, 1990). 
The results of the present investigation indicated that
PWC and isoinertial strength measures were negati-
vely related to the WHR index for obese women, be-
fore and after the ten-week concurrent resistance and
endurance training programme (r>-0.58; p<0.05),
while no significant relationships between PWC and
isoinertial strength indices and WHR value were ob-
served in the control group during training (r< -0.29;
p>0.05). This demonstrates that the higher WHR va-
lue of obese women has a negative effect on all mea-
sured physical fitness indices. It has been demonstra-
ted that certain anthropometric measurements,
specifically those indicating central adiposity, are in-
dependently associated with the development of to-
tal CHD and related mortality (Donohue, Abbott,
Bloom, Reed and Yano, 1987). While fat deposition
in the periphery does not appear to result in increa-
sed risk for CHD (Despres, Moorjani, Lupien, Tremb-
lay, Nadeau and Bouchard, 1990).
In contrast to the WHR index, the BMI value did not
have any negative effect on the measured physical fit-
ness indices in our investigation, for any of the groups
studied. This means that an evaluation, not only of
the extent of obesity but also of body fat distribution,
is very important for middle-aged obese women. Si-
milarly, several investigations have demonstrated that
WHR appears to be a higher risk factor than BMI for
females (Tanaka, Kakiyama and Takamara, 1995). Mo-
reover, the risk of increased WHR has been reported
to be independent of BMI, and of other established
CHD risk factors (Bjorntorp, 1992).
In contrast to aerobic fitness items (Jürimäe and
Jürimäe, 1998), dynamic strength as measured by
1RM LE was significantly higher for obese women in
comparison with age-matched controls in our inve-
stigation, over the ten-week training programme (see
Table 3). Heavier persons have been reported to pos-
sess more muscle mass, and are therefore generally
stronger than leaner persons (Malina, 1994). Similarly,
obese subjects showed significantly higher LBM than
the control subjects in our study (see Table 2). It has
been reported in some studies (Forbes and Welle,
1983), that LBM could account for as much as 40%
of the excess weight for most obese individuals. LBM
was significantly related to physical fitness items in
obese subjects, before and after the training program-
me (r>0.61; p<0.05). This positive relation reflects
the larger body size of fatter persons (Malina, 1994).
Possibly, obese women need this higher LBM to move
their heavier bodies around during everyday activi-
ties.
In summary, the concurrent resistance and enduran-
ce training programme had positive effects on body
weight and cardiovascular fitness parameters of midd-
le-aged obese females. The results of our investiga-
tion also demonstrated that higher WHR values had
a significant negative effect on all the measured physi-
cal fitness indices. It was concluded that our training
programme is an acceptable form of physical activity
for middle-aged obese females. However, further
physical activity is needed to see more positive chan-
ges in cardiovascular fitness and anthropometric pa-
rameters for middle-aged obese females. 
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30
ATTITUDES OF THE SLOVENE PUBLIC
TOWARD SOME CONTENT-RELATED
QUESTIONS CONCERNING SPORTS
CULTURE
STALI[^A SLOVENSKE JAVNOSTI 
DO NEKATERIH VSEBINSKIH VPRA[ANJ
KULTURE [PORTA
Bojan Jo{t
Janez Pustovrh
Renata Mo~nik
Bojan Lesko{ek
Jo{t, B., Pustovrh, J., Mo~nik, R., Lesko{ek, B. (2000). Attitudes of the Slovene Public… KinSI, 6(1–2), 30–36
Abstract
The objective of the research was to establish, on a represen-
tative sample of the adult Slovene population (n=1851), the
structure of attitudes toward some questions which to a large
extent concern the issues of the development of sports cultu-
re in Slovenia. Indeed, it is the public which can decisively
contribute to the orientation of sports in a given social environ-
ment. 
In order to attain as representative an assessment of the opi-
nions of the Slovenes as possible, we used an adjusted quota
sample, corresponding to the Slovene population with respect
to the place of residence, gender, age, and education. The
content of the subject of research was focused on the most
acute problems of the development of Slovene sports (asses-
sment of the successfulness of athletes, the method of finan-
cing sport, assessment of the quality of sports facilities, asses-
sment of the benefits of sport from the aspect of prevention of
pathological social phenomena, assessment of the importance
of sports education in making people more interested in follo-
wing sport, assessment of the cultural diversity of physical edu-
cation in school from the aspect of the diversity of sports). The
data on the attitudes were obtained by means of a survey que-
stionnaire of a closed-ended type in June 1998. 
The results showed a high degree of validity consensus of the
surveyed sample in the majority of the attitudes. In the indivi-
dual attitudes, a high bipolarisation of the answers was estab-
lished. The results of the research confirmed the basic hypot-
hetical assumption, that among Slovenes there is a similar
opinion of the majority as regards the assessment of sports ac-
hievements, quality of sports facilities, financing of sports, be-
nefits of sports from the aspect of prevention of social patho-
logical phenomena and content orientation of physical
education.
Key words: culture of sport, values, attitudes, public opinion
Izvle~ek
Namen raziskave je bil, na reprezentativnem vzorcu odrasle
slovenske javnosti (n=1851), ugotoviti strukturo stali{~ do ne-
katerih vpra{anj, ki v veliki meri zadevajo problematiko razvo-
ja kulture slovenskega {porta. Prav javnost je tista, ki lahko od-
lo~ilno prispeva k usmeritvi {porta v dolo~enem dru`benem
okolju. 
Da bi dosegli ~im bolj reprezentativno oceno mnenja Sloven-
cev smo uporabili prilagojeni kvotni vzorec, ki bi ustrezal slo-
venski populaciji glede na regijo bivanja, spol, starost in izo-
brazbo. Vsebina predmeta raziskovanja je bila usmerjena na
najbolj pere~e probleme razvoja slovenskega {porta (ocena us-
pe{nosti {portnikov, na~in financiranja {porta, ocena kvalitete
{portnih objektov, ocena koristi {porta z vidika prepre~evanja
socialno patolo{kih pojavov, ovrednotenje pomena {portne
vzgoje pri ozave{~anju ljudi za spremljanje {porta, ovrednote-
nje kulturne pestrosti {olske {portne vzgoje z vidika razli~nosti
{portnih zvrsti). Podatke o stali{~ih smo pridobili s pomo~jo
anketnega vpra{alnika zaprtega tipa v mesecu juniju 1998. 
Rezultati so pokazali visoko stopnjo vrednostnega konsenza
anketiranega vzorca v ve~ini stali{~. Pri posameznih stali{~ih je
bila ugotovljena visoka polarizacija odgovorov. Rezultati razi-
skave so potrdili osnovno hipoteti~no predpostavko, da med
Slovenci obstoja ve~insko podobno mnenje o vrednotenju
{portnih dose`kov, kvaliteti {portnih objektov, financiranju
{porta, koristnosti {porta z vidika prepre~evanja socialno pa-
tolo{kih pojavov in vsebinski usmerjenosti {portne vzgoje. 
Klju~ne besede: kultura {porta, vrednote, stali{~a, javno mne-
nje
(Received: 30. 11. 2000 – Accepted: 15. 12. 2000)
University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Sport, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Contact address
Bojan Jo{t
Univerza v Ljubljani - Fakulteta za {port, Gortanova 22, SI-1000 Ljub-
ljana, Slovenia
Tel: +386 1 540-10-77
Fax: +386 1 540-22-33
E-mail: Bojan.Jost@so.uni-lj.si