https://doi.org/10.14528/snr.2017.51.4.189
2017. Obzornik zdravstvene nege, 51(4), pp. 298–311.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Satisfaction is a complex concept, which we often come across when evaluating the childbirth 
experience. The purpose of the research was to find out the childbirth experiences of women in Slovenia with 
regard to their level of satisfaction with the provided perinatal care.
Methods: The Slovenian version of the Birth Satisfaction Scale – Revised was used in a non-experimental 
quantitative descriptive research (Cronbach α = 0.81). The data were collected through an online questionnaire 
in February 2017. Convenience sampling was used and 301 women, who gave birth in 2016 in Slovenia, 
participated. Data were analysed with descriptive statistics, the Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman's 
correlation coefficient.
Results: The results of the study have shown that the number of births (U = 6802, p = 0.150), education 
(U = 7493, p = 0.317), age (U = 5142, p = 0.061) and presence of birth partner (U = 2841, p = 0.730) are not 
statistically significantly correlated with the assessment of childbirth satisfaction. A lower level of satisfaction 
was also found in cases of caesarean sections of primiparous, in comparison with multiparous, women 
(U = 430, p = 0.001). A statistically significant difference was established in the correlation between satisfaction 
and respondents' residential environment (U = 7029, p = 0.039), professional communication, and level of 
anxiousness of birthing mothers (rs = 0.397, p = 0,000). 
Discussion and conclusion: The results have shown that healthcare professionals who are present in childbirth 
are the key factor in contributing to a positive birth experience. The obtained results open up an opportunity 
for further research on the communication and attitude of health professionals towards birthing mothers.
IZVLEČEK
Uvod: Zadovoljstvo je kompleksen pojem, ki ga velikokrat zasledimo pri ocenjevanju porodne izkušnje. 
Namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti, kakšne so izkušnje žensk v Sloveniji z vidika zadovoljstva z nudeno 
obporodno obravnavo.
Metode: V neeksperimentalni kvantitativni raziskavi je bila uporabljena slovenska verzija anketnega 
vprašalnika Birth Satisfaction Scale – Revised (Cronbach α = 0,81). Zbiranje podatkov je potekalo s pomočjo 
spletnega anketnega vprašalnika v februarju 2017. V priložnostnem vzorcu je bila zajeta 301 ženska, ki je v 
letu 2016 rodila v Sloveniji. Podatki so bili analizirani z deskriptivno statistiko, Mann-Whitneyevim U-testom 
in Spearmanovim korelacijskim koeficientom.
Rezultati: Ugotovitve kažejo, da število porodov (U = 6802, p = 0,150), izobrazba (U = 7493, p = 0,317) in 
starost (U = 5142, p = 0,061) ter prisotnost obporodnega partnerja (U = 2841, p = 0,730) niso statistično 
pomembno povezani z ocenjevanjem zadovoljstva. Vpliv števila porodov je bil ugotovljen le v povezavi z 
izvedenim carskim rezom, pri tem je bila ugotovljena nižja stopnja zadovoljstva pri prvorodnicah v primerjavi 
z mnogorodnicami (U = 430, p = 0,001). Statistično pomembne razlike na ravni celotnega vzorca smo ugotovili 
v povezavi zadovoljstva in kraja bivanja, bolj zadovoljne so bile ženske, ki živijo na podeželju (U = 7029, 
p = 0,039). Medsebojno zmerno statistično povezanost smo ugotovili tudi za profesionalno komunikacijo in 
manjšo zaskrbljenost porodnice (rs = 0,397, p = 0,000). 
Diskusija in zaključek: Ugotovitve kažejo, da so zdravstveni delavci, prisotni pri porodu, ključni dejavnik za 
dosego pozitivne porodne izkušnje. Pridobljeni rezultati odpirajo priložnost za nadaljnje raziskave v smeri 
komunikacije in odnosa zdravstvenih delavcev s porodnico.
Key words: birth; patient 
satisfaction; perinatal support; 
healthcare professionals
Ključne besede: rojstvo; 
zadovoljstvo pacientov; 
obporodna podpora; 
zdravstveni delavci
Lara Menhart, BA(Nur)
Correspondence e-mail/
Kontaktni e-naslov: 
lara.menhart@gmail.com
Assistant Professor Mirko 
Prosen, PhD, MSc, BSc, RN; 
University of Primorska, 
Faculty of Health Sciences, 
Department of Nursing, Polje 
42, 6310 Izola, Slovenia
Original scientific article/Izvirni znanstveni članek
Women's satisfaction with the childbirth experience: a descriptive research
Zadovoljstvo žensk s porodno izkušnjo: opisna raziskava
Lara Menhart, Mirko Prosen
The article is based on the 
diploma work of Lara Menhart 
Women's satisfaction with 
labour and overall childbirth 
experience (2017)./Članek je 
nastal na osnovi diplomskega 
dela Lare Menhart Zadovoljstvo 
žensk s porodom in porodno 
izkušnjo (2017).
Received/Prejeto: 23. 8. 2017 
Accepted/Sprejeto: 21. 10. 2017
Menhart, L. & Prosen, M., 2017. / Obzornik zdravstvene nege, 51(4), pp. 298–311. 299
Introduction
Satisfaction with childbirth is a complex issue, as has 
been demonstrated by several studies (Hodnett, 2002; 
De Orange, et al., 2011; Spaich, et. al., 2013; Hollins 
Martin, 2014; Hinic, 2015; Macpherson, et al., 2016), 
whose results are often diametrically opposed to each 
other. The complexity of satisfaction with childbirth 
is often affected by subjectivity in evaluating perinatal 
care. Satisfaction depends on various criteria including 
lifestyle, past experiences, expectations, values, 
personality and the society in which the individual 
lives (Drglin, 2007). Birth is an intimate life event, of 
which every woman wishes to have pleasant memories. 
Every woman has her own expectations about the 
course of childbirth and if her expectations and wishes 
are considered, then the satisfaction associated with 
childbirth increases (Hollins Martin, 2014). Hinic 
(2015) has found that the following parameters affect 
childbirth satisfaction: quality of healthcare, including 
the support and communication style of healthcare 
professionals, participation in the decision-making 
process, stress (due to unexpected complications and 
medical interventions), as well as the gap between 
expectations and real or realised course of childbirth. A 
particularly negative impact on childbirth is the result 
of feeling powerless, not having enough social support, 
unmet expectations, an emergency caesarean section 
and other operative vaginal procedures performed at 
childbirth, as well as past traumatic experiences with 
childbirth and sexual experiences (Hinic, 2015). Hollins 
Martin (2014) has demonstrated that the following 
factors affect women's satisfaction with childbirth: 
being comfortable, being heard, receiving the requested 
pain relief therapies, cooperating well with the staff 
during childbirth, a feeling of independence, being well 
prepared, receiving minimal childbirth injuries and 
selecting a birth method of her own choice. Levels of 
satisfaction also change with the time that has passed 
from childbirth as birthing mothers evaluate their 
satisfaction differently immediately after childbirth 
compared to one year afterwards (Mivšek, 2007). 
Nilsson and colleagues (2013) emphasise that a few 
years ago healthcare was more focused on complications 
and risks related to infants and birthing mothers, 
but was neglecting to consider the experiences felt 
by women. Childbirth is one of the most important 
events in a woman's life and its experience is severely 
individually conditioned. In order to secure a 
positive experience, healthcare professionals should 
focus more on the mental and social aspect without 
neglecting healthcare safety (Nilsson, et al., 2013). The 
psychological aspect of the childbirth experience is 
the focus of increasingly more research in obstetrics 
and midwifery. Feelings of the birthing mother and 
their views of the childbirth experience are essential 
for evaluating the success of the care. Research 
shows that a negative childbirth experience may have 
psychological consequences such as feeling stressed 
and powerless, suffering from postnatal depression and 
posttraumatic stress syndrome (Prosen, 2016, pp. 216, 
263). All these factors may also have a negative effect 
on the mother-child bonding and the next pregnancy, 
or on the decision whether to have another pregnancy 
(Carquillat, et al., 2016). The research conducted by 
Waldenström (2006) found that every tenth woman 
sought professional help due to her fear of childbirth. 
Fear is mostly the result of stories related to childbirth 
that women have heard or read on the internet, as well 
as previous traumatic childbirth experiences. Before 
childbirth, women are most often worried for their and 
their baby's health, actions of healthcare professionals, 
future family life and the potential need for a caesarean 
section or complications that might occur during this 
procedure (Waldenström, 2006; Nilsson, et al., 2013). 
Factors of satisfaction with childbirth
Satisfaction with childbirth is therefore the result 
of several factors. The findings of authors of various 
research works do not match, thus proving how 
individual satisfaction with childbirth is. The research 
conducted by Spaich and colleagues (2013) showed 
that women's satisfaction was most affected by the 
possibility to participate in deciding on the course 
of childbirth, getting support from a person that the 
birthing mother trusts and appropriate pain-relief 
therapy. Macpherson and colleagues (2016) have found 
that the most important indicator of satisfaction with 
childbirth is a professional approach and attitude of 
healthcare professionals toward the birthing mother. 
The other significant factor was their partner's 
participation in the childbirth process. According to 
the data by the National Institute of Public Health, 
the share of partners who are present at childbirth in 
Slovenia has been on the increase. In 2002, 60.7 % of 
partners were present at childbirth, but by 2015 this 
number had increased to 77.9 % (National Institute 
for Public Health, 2017). Drglin and Šimnovec (2009) 
have found that the support women receive from their 
birth partner strongly affects their level of satisfaction. 
Women can be accompanied by their partner, family 
member, a birth companion (a doula) and others. It has 
been demonstrated that continuing support decreases 
the need for analgesics, anaesthesia and procedures 
such as forceps or vacuum birth and caesarean section 
(Drglin & Šimnovec, 2009).
The research conducted by Macpherson and colleagues 
(2016) has shown that feeling pain or absence 
of analgesia only exert a negligible influence on 
childbirth satisfaction. On the other hand, some other 
authors (Hodnett, 2002; De Orange, et al., 2011) have 
found the contrary; that the level of satisfaction is 
significantly related to pain and pain relief methods. 
Unsatisfactory and a highly negative experience results 
in women being afraid, angry and in pain, which may 
Menhart, L. & Prosen, M., 2017. / Obzornik zdravstvene nege, 51(4), pp. 298–311.300
affect them for several years after childbirth (Hodnett, 
2002; De Orange, et al., 2011), including their decision 
of whether or not to conceive again (Prosen, 2016). 
Other authors (Nilsson, et al., 2013; Prosen, 2016) 
have also found that one of the major factors of 
childbirth experience and the created image of it 
being positive or negative is the support given by 
healthcare professionals participating in perinatal 
care. This support most affects how women experience 
childbirth, and consequently the perceived satisfaction 
in primiparas (Nilsson, et al., 2013; Prosen, 2016). 
Macpherson and colleagues (2016) have also found 
that the most important factors that affect the 
satisfaction with childbirth are individual care and 
continuing care. Some authors (Sršen, 2007; Bryanton, 
et al., 2008; Prosen, 2016) have found that the type of 
birth is strongly related to the childbirth experience. 
Bryanton and colleagues (2008) even claim this to be 
the decisive factor related to childbirth satisfaction. 
Dimensions of satisfaction with childbirth or 
childbirth experience are varied and complex, which 
demonstrates how unique the perception of satisfaction 
with the childbirth experience is and how various 
factors affect it. Rare publications on this issue such 
as the research conducted by Drglin and colleagues 
(2007) point to the fact that measurement of women's 
satisfaction with childbirth in Slovenia has thus far not 
been sufficiently researched. 
Aims and objectives
The aim of the study was to find out what kind of 
childbirth experiences women in Slovenia have with 
regard to their satisfaction with the provided perinatal 
care. The goal of the study was to use a validated 
questionnaire to study or identify the factors related 
to women's satisfaction with childbirth. To reach the 
goals the following hypotheses were set: 
H1: Primiparas are less satisfied with the childbirth 
experience than multiparas. 
H2: Evaluations of satisfaction with the childbirth 
experience statistically significantly differ between 
demographic groups in terms of the level of education, 
age or place of residence (urban vs. rural). 
H3: Professional communication between healthcare 
professionals and the birthing mother not only 
decreases her level of anxiousness, but also increases 
her level of satisfaction. 
H4: Among birthing mothers who have had a caesarean 
section, primiparas are less satisfied than multiparas. 
H5: Women who had a birth partner present at 
childbirth are more satisfied with childbirth than 
those who had no one present.
Methods
A descriptive and exploratory non-experimental 
method of empirical research was used. 
Description of the research instrument
An online questionnaire composed of three sets 
was used in the study. The first set that included 12 
open and closed type questions referred to social and 
demographic data on childbirth. The second section 
included the Birth Satisfaction Scale – Revised (BSS-R) 
questionnaire, in Slovenian 'Lestvica zadovoljstva s 
porodom 2', that has been verified (Cronbach coefficient 
alfa was 0.79 in the original version) and used in 
some similar studies (Hollins Martin, 2014; Hollins 
Martin & Martin, 2015). The BSS-R questionnaire is 
composed of 10 questions, whereby 1 is the lowest 
and 5 is the highest level of agreement. It is directed 
at the quality of healthcare (4 questions), personal 
characteristics of women (2 questions) and stress that 
women experienced during childbirth (4 questions). 
The last set of the questionnaire was an open question 
where the respondents could express their opinions or 
talk about their childbirth experience. 
The BSS-R questionnaire was translated from 
English by the first author and to verify the translation 
corresponded with the original, it was also translated 
by the second author (World Health Organization, 
2017) and finally both authors adjusted the Slovene text 
to the Slovene cultural context. The questionnaire was 
designed using the 1KA survey tool. Before publishing 
the questionnaire, we conducted a pilot study, in which 
10 women participated, which was conducted to 
evaluate the clarity and legibility of the questionnaire. 
According to these results, two corrections of the 
text were made. The Cronbach coefficient alpha was 
0.81 for the entire sample of the study for the Slovene 
version of the BSS-R questionnaire, which points to 
a high level of reliability (Takavol & Dennick, 2011). 
The author of the questionnaire, who also supplied 
instructions for using it and the analysis of results, gave 
written permission to use the BSS-R questionnaire 
(Hollins Martin, 2014).
Description of the research sample
A convenience sample of women (n = 301) who gave 
birth in Slovene maternity hospitals, was used. The 
average age of respondents was 29 years (s = 4.660). 
The majority (n = 126, 41.9 %) had secondary school 
qualifications. More than one half of the respondents 
(n = 161, 53.5 %) lived in rural setting. Table 1 gives 
demographic information in great detail. 
Description of the research procedure and data 
analysis
After the conducted pilot study the questionnaire 
was published in social media and some of the more 
popular Slovene web forums (www.medover.net and 
www.ringaraja.net) between 5 and 23 February 2017. 
Menhart, L. & Prosen, M., 2017. / Obzornik zdravstvene nege, 51(4), pp. 298–311. 301
The respondents were presented with the purpose 
and aim of the study. They were also assured that 
participation was voluntary and anonymous. 
Data were analysed using the SPSS version 22.0 
(SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). In addition to the basic 
descriptive statistics (frequency, minimum, maximum, 
median value, average and standard deviation) the 
Mann-Whitney U-test and Spearman correlation 
coefficient were also used. The considered level of 
statistical significance was 0.05. 
Results 
Table 2 shows data on pregnancy and the course of 
childbirth as given by the respondents. In terms of the 
reasons for their choice of hospital, the respondents 
could select several answers. They most often chose a 
maternity hospital that was close to their home (n = 
219, 72.8 %), multiparas also because they had already 
given birth there (n = 62, 20.6 %). A few women (n = 
26, 8.6 %) opted for a certain maternity hospital based 
on other reasons: the most frequent ones were a better 
response in the case of complications, more qualified 
and professional staff, previous hospitalisation due to 
problems during pregnancy in that hospital, advice 
from a gynaecologist or previously known hospital 
staff and the fact that they themselves were born there. 
One respondent gave birth at home at her own wish. 
Most respondents (n = 180, 59.8 %) were primiparas 
followed by women who gave birth the second time 
(n = 93, 30.9 %) while for 6.6 % (n = 20) this was the 
third or more birth. With most (n = 211, 70.2 %) 
pregnancy lasted between 36 and 40 gestation weeks. 
Methods and techniques of childbirth pain relief 
varied among the respondents: the majority (n = 166, 
55 %) selected pharmacological pain relief; others 
(n = 69, 22.8 %) that answered the questions chose non-
pharmacological pain relief. Most (n = 226, 75.1 %) 
birthing mothers had a partner present at birth, while 
0.7 % (n = 2) of women had a birth companion (doula) 
present. According to the respondents, childbirth took 
4 hours on average (s = 6.472); with 54.8 % (n = 165) 
of respondents childbirth lasted less than 5 hours, 
Table 1: Demographic data of respondents
Tabela 1: Demografski podatki o anketirankah
Demographic data/
Demografski podatki n %
Respondents' age (years)
16−20 
21−25 
26−30 
31−35 
36−40 
41−45 
46−50 
No answer
7
51
137
56
27
2
1
20
2.3
16.9
45.5
18.6
9.0
0.7
0.3
6.6
Level of qualifications
Primary school
Secondary school
Short-cycle college
Professional study programmes
Academic study programmes
Masters
PhD
2
126
34
56
63
18
2
0.7
41.9
11.3
18.6
20.9
6.0
0.7
Place of residence
Urban
Rural
No answer
139
161
1
46.2
53.5
0.3
Legend/Legenda: n – number/število; % – percentage/odstotek
Table 2: Data related to pregnancy and childbirth
Tabela 2: Podatki o nosečnosti in poteku poroda
Childbirth and pregnancy data/
Podatki o nosečnosti in porodu n %
Selection of maternity hospital
Proximity of home
Recommendations by others
Birth options
Own childbirth experience
Good attitude by staff
Other
No answer
219
46
25
62
31 
26
6
7.8
15.3
8.3
20.6
10.3
8.6
2.0
Consecutive childbirth
First
Second
Third or more
No answer
180
93
20
8
59.8
30.9
6.6
2.7
Duration of pregnancy (gestation weeks)
Less than 36
36–40 weeks
More than 40
No answer
20
211
62
8
6.6
70.1
20.6
2.7
Place of birth
Maternity hospital
Outside the hospital
No answer
275
2
24
91.3
0.7
8.0
Pain relief methods
Pharmacological
Non-pharmacological
No answer
166
69
66
55.2
22.9
21.9
Birth companion
Partner
Doula
Other
No answer
226
2
37
36
75.0
0.7
12.3
12.0
Duration of childbirth (hours)
Less than 5
6–10
11–15
16–20
21–25
More than 26
No answer
165
59
16
6
2
7
46
54.8
19.6
5.3
2.0
0.7
2.3
15.3
Type of birth
Spontaneous vaginal
Episiotomy
Vacuum extraction
Planned caesarean section
Emergency caesarean section
Other
No answer
132
36
4
36
54
11
28
43.9
12.0
1.4
12.0
17.8
3.7
9.2
Legend/Legenda: n – number/število; % – percentage/odstotek
Menhart, L. & Prosen, M., 2017. / Obzornik zdravstvene nege, 51(4), pp. 298–311.302
followed by 19.6 % (n = 59) of respondents with whom 
childbirth took 6 to10 hours. The most women (n = 
132, 43.9 %) had a spontaneous, vaginal birth; 17.9 % 
(n = 54) of respondents had an emergency caesarean 
section; 12 % (n = 36) of women had a planned 
caesarean section; 12 % (n = 36) of women had an 
episiotomy performed during vaginal birth. 
The results related to women's satisfaction with 
childbirth and various situations related to it are 
depicted in Table 3. Women agreed with the statement 
"I came through childbirth virtually unscathed" since 
most (n = 94, 31.2 %) agreed with it completely (mark 4), 
followed by 20.9 % (n = 63) of those that awarded mark 
1. The statement "I thought my labour was excessively 
long" was evaluated with the lowest mark (1) by 
46.2 % (n = 139). Women agreed with the statement 
that healthcare professionals encouraged them towards 
independent decision-making, whereby the most (n = 
93, 30.9 %) awarded this statement with the highest 
mark (5). Women did not agree with the statement 
that they were not anxious during childbirth: the most 
(n = 86, 28.6 %) awarded mark 1, followed by 20.9 % 
(n = 63) of those who awarded mark 2. The biggest share 
of respondents (n = 135, 44.9 %) completely agreed 
(mark 5) that healthcare professionals provided strong 
mental and physical support. Also, women agreed 
that healthcare professionals communicated well with 
them during childbirth as most women (n = 148, 
49.2 %) awarded this statement with mark 5. Women 
did not agree with the statement "I found giving 
birth a distressing experience": most women (n = 84, 
27.9 %) awarded this statement mark 1, followed by 
those (n = 66, 21.9 %), who awarded this statement 
mark 2. They also did not agree with the statement 
"I felt out of control during my birth experience": 
25.9 % (n = 78) of respondents did not agree with 
this at all. The statement "I was not distressed at all 
during labour" was awarded with the lowest mark (1): 
45.2 % (n = 136) of respondents did not agree with 
this at all. Most women completely agreed with the 
last statement that the birth room was clean and 
hygienic as most women (n = 190, 63.1 %) awarded 
this statement mark 5.
In verifying the first hypothesis that primiparas 
are less satisfied with the childbirth experience than 
multiparas, we used the Mann-Whitney U-test to 
establish that there is no statistically significant 
difference between the two average values (U = 6802, 
p = 0.150), so the hypothesis cannot be confirmed. 
The second hypothesis finding out whether the 
selected demographic data (level of education, age, 
place of residence urban/rural) are linked to the level 
of satisfaction was tested with the Mann-Whitney 
U-test. The results do not show a statistically significant 
correlation between the variables of education and 
the level of satisfaction (U = 7493, p = 0.317), so the 
hypothesis that women with lower qualifications 
were more satisfied during childbirth than those 
with higher qualifications, has been rejected. We also 
checked whether older women were any less satisfied 
with childbirth than younger ones. The results of 
the Whitney U-test do not show any statistically 
significant differences (U = 5142, p = 0.061), so the 
hypothesis on the correlation between age and the 
level of satisfaction has also been rejected. However, 
statistically significant difference was confirmed in 
regard to place of residence and childbirth satisfaction. 
Women that live in the rural areas are more satisfied 
with childbirth than those living in urban areas (U = 
7029, p = 0.039). 
The third hypothesis related to the fact that good 
communication of healthcare professionals with the 
birthing mother results in the birthing mother being 
less anxious, and was tested with a Spearman's rank 
correlation coefficient. We have found that there 
is a statistically significant correlation between the 
variables (rs = 0.397, p = 0.000), so the hypothesis 
has been confirmed. For the analysis of the fourth 
hypothesis which tested whether primiparas who had 
a caesarean section were less satisfied than multiparas, 
the Mann-Whitney U-test was used. The results 
showed statistically significant differences between 
Table 3: Women's satisfaction with childbirth
Tabela 3: Zadovoljstvo žensk s porodom
BSS-R scale/Lestvica zadovoljstva s porodom 2 s
I came through childbirth virtually unscathed. 3.32 1.614
I thought my labour was excessively long. 2.10 1.428
The delivery room staff encouraged me to make decisions about how I wanted my birth to progress. 3.51 1.456
I felt very anxious during my labour and birth. 2.61 1.504
I felt well supported by staff during my labour and birth. 4.06 1.226
The staff communicated well with me during labour. 4.19 1.176
I found giving birth a distressing experience. 2.65 1.551
I felt out of control during my birth experience. 2.77 1.548
I was not distressed at all during labour. 2.16 1.501
The delivery room was clean and hygienic. 4.63 0.772
Legend/Legenda:  – average/povprečje; s – standard deviation/standardni odklon
Menhart, L. & Prosen, M., 2017. / Obzornik zdravstvene nege, 51(4), pp. 298–311. 303
the variables (U = 430, p = 0.001), so this hypothesis 
can be confirmed. The last hypothesis tested whether 
women who had a birth partner present at childbirth 
are more satisfied with childbirth than those who had 
no one present. The Mann-Whitney U-test showed 
no statistically significant differences (U = 2841, p = 
0.730), so this hypothesis can be rejected. 
Discussion
The subject of the study was factors that are related 
to the satisfaction of women with childbirth. Previous 
research has shown that women's satisfaction is 
particularly related to the quality of care including 
the support and communication of healthcare 
professionals, followed by participation in the 
decision-making process, level of stress (due to 
unexpected complications or medical interventions) 
and discrepancies between the expected and actual 
course of childbirth (Hinic, 2015). 
The study verified how the selected demographic 
characteristics (age, education, place of residence) 
and the number and type of childbirth are linked 
to women's satisfaction with childbirth. Previous 
research has shown that the number of births is in 
some cases related to women's satisfaction with the 
birthing experience and that multiparas are more 
satisfied (Ferrer, et al., 2016). In our case satisfaction 
proved not to be the decisive factor as the results of 
the analysis did not show any connection between 
the number of births and the level of satisfaction with 
the childbirth experience. In the research conducted 
by Hollins Martin and Martin (2015) with the same 
measuring instrument (BSS-R) this connection was 
demonstrated. 228 women who had given birth no 
longer than 10 days ago were included in the study. 
It was found that multiparas who had an experience 
with childbirth were more satisfied than primiparas 
(Hollins Martin & Martin, 2015). Nilsson and 
colleagues (2013) think that it is very important that 
the experience of the first childbirth is a positive one as 
it affects women's self-image, positive feelings towards 
the child, easier adjustment to the role of the mother 
and the future childbirth experience. 
Satisfaction with childbirth may also be connected 
to certain personal characteristics of a woman such 
as age, qualifications and place of residence. In our 
research the level of satisfaction is only influenced 
by the place of residence as women coming from the 
rural areas expressed a higher level of satisfaction 
that those that come from the urban areas. It has 
not been demonstrated that the respondents' level 
of education and age affect their level of satisfaction. 
Moreover, studies conducted with the same measuring 
instrument conducted by Hollins Martin (2014), and 
Hollins Martin and Martin (2015) showed that age had 
no effect on the level of satisfaction with childbirth. 
Our research has found a strong connection between 
the level of satisfaction with the childbirth experience 
and the attitude and communication of the healthcare 
professionals with the birthing woman. Some 
women were satisfied with the attitude of healthcare 
professionals, while others had negative experiences 
related to this. Some were so marked by the attitude 
of healthcare professionals and a negative childbirth 
experience to the extent that they were reconsidering 
whether or not to have another child. On the contrary, 
those with whom healthcare professionals established 
good communication, were more satisfied than others. 
Communication is highly significant as women wish 
to know what is happening to them, which interventions 
will be performed and want to be thoroughly informed. 
Communication of healthcare professionals with the 
birthing woman is important also in making decisions 
related to pain relief therapy. Birthing mothers wish 
to be involved and it is important for them to receive 
support and advice from healthcare professionals 
(Nilsson, et al., 2013). In the research that included 
559 Slovene birthing mothers, Mivšek (2007) found 
that more than one half of the respondents were not 
satisfied with how they were being informed about 
pain relief therapies. Professional communication 
should be established at the first contact with the 
birthing woman as this is the only way to successfully 
support her through the childbirth (Nilsson, et al., 
2013). Women included in the Slovene study (Mivšek, 
2007) thought that the communication of healthcare 
professionals was inefficient and lacking as only one 
half of the birthing mothers were informed about the 
procedures during childbirth. Many also received pain 
relief therapies unknowingly. 
Satisfaction with childbirth in our research was also 
affected by the type of childbirth. We have demonstrated 
that primiparas who have had a caesarean section were 
generally less satisfied, especially those who wanted to 
give birth naturally. Caesarean section in multiparas is 
not as closely related to their levels of satisfaction since 
they had either had a caesarean section, which did not 
surprise them to a great extent, or they had given birth 
naturally and had experienced what most primiparas 
wish to experience. 
A caesarean section may have a negative effect 
on the childbirth experience with primiparas and 
multiparas (Hinic, 2015). In the research conducted 
by Carquillat and colleagues (2016), which included 
291 respondents, it was found that women who had 
an emergency caesarean section had many problems 
later. They felt as if they had failed and regretted that 
they had to give birth in that way. They also regretted 
that they had not experienced such first contact 
with their child that they wanted (Carquillat, et al., 
2016). A similar study (Hollins Martin, 2014) where 
the same measuring instrument was used (BSS-R) 
compared the level of satisfaction between those that 
gave birth vaginally and those that gave birth with 
Menhart, L. & Prosen, M., 2017. / Obzornik zdravstvene nege, 51(4), pp. 298–311.304
a caesarean section. It was found that there were 
statistically significant differences between these two 
groups in terms of satisfaction with childbirth only 
in evaluating the level of anxiousness (those who 
gave birth vaginally were less anxious). The study 
conducted on birthing mothers in Scotland (also 
with the BSS-R questionnaire) showed that women 
who had a spontaneous vaginal birth were a lot more 
satisfied with childbirth as those who gave birth with a 
caesarean section (Hollins Martin & Martin, 2015).
The literature (Drglin & Šimnovec, 2009; Holloway 
& Kurniawan, 2010; Yuenyong, et al., 2011) mentions 
many positive effects of perinatal support on the 
birthing woman, which however, was not confirmed 
by our study. Also, women without the support listed 
in the literature as being suitable perinatal support, 
were satisfied with the childbirth. In addition, some 
birthing mothers that had such support were actually 
a little less satisfied with the experience of childbirth, 
as in some cases, the person who was present at birth 
proved not be supportive. We did not predict such 
results since many studies show a great influence of 
perinatal support. Holloway and Kurniawan (2010) 
found in their research that nearly all respondents had 
the continuous support of the birth partner during 
childbirth. Mostly, it was their partners who were 
present, but some also had their parents, siblings or 
a grandmother present, while others were without 
a birth partner. Women with a birth partner used 
pharmacological pain relief less often and had a higher 
level of satisfaction with the childbirth experience 
(Holloway & Kurniawan, 2010). Also, Yuenyong and 
colleagues (2011) showed that women with additional 
support provided by an accompanying female person 
(mother, sister or female friend) reported on a shorter 
active labour stage, less anxiety and childbirth pain, 
and related higher levels of satisfaction with childbirth 
in general. Due to such deviations from most 
other studies, a more detailed study and analysis on 
accompanying person at childbirth would be needed. 
The limitations of the present study are especially 
the size and random structure of the sample. Partially 
a limitation is also some questions, which are not 
precise enough, however, the questionnaire is still 
highly standardised and reliable. Despite these 
limitations, the study gives an important insight into 
women's satisfaction with childbirth and the childbirth 
experience in Slovenia. There are possibilities for 
further qualitative and quantitative research of 
this topic, such as testing and validation of various 
measuring instruments for measuring satisfaction. 
Moreover, additional research studies in certain areas 
of our study (e.g. communication, perinatal support, 
independent decision-making, detailed analysis of 
differences between the birthing mothers from the 
rural and urban settings) based on which relevant 
strategies related to the education of employees, 
including employee training, and the implementation 
of new practices that have proven inappropriate, would 
be needed.
Conclusion
Women's satisfaction with childbirth is difficult to 
measure due to its complex nature. Most scales for 
measuring satisfaction differ significantly. Some focus 
on the attitude of healthcare professionals towards the 
birthing woman, while others emphasise the perinatal 
support, the presence of pain, the environment or the 
first contact with the infant. To be able to measure 
the holistic satisfaction with childbirth, several of the 
mentioned parameters should be joined together. The 
BSS-R questionnaire used in our study emphasises the 
attitude of healthcare professionals towards the birthing 
woman, women's personalities and stress that women 
experienced during childbirth. The results have shown 
that women in Slovenia are relatively satisfied with the 
overall experience of childbirth in all the mentioned 
areas. They were most satisfied with their relationship 
with healthcare professionals, the possibility of making 
decisions and receiving information, which should 
also be addressed in clinical practice as satisfaction 
with childbirth significantly influences motherhood 
and consequently also the image of childbirth for 
other women. 
Slovenian translation/Prevod v slovenščino
Uvod
Zadovoljstvo s porodom je kompleksen pojem, 
na kar kažejo različne raziskave (Hodnett, 2002; 
De Orange, et al., 2011; Spaich, et. al., 2013; Hollins 
Martin, 2014; Hinic, 2015; Macpherson, et al., 2016), 
katerih rezultati so si med seboj pogosto diametralno 
nasprotni. Prav tako na njegovo kompleksnost vpliva 
subjektivnost pri ocenjevanju obporodnega varstva. 
Zadovoljstvo je odvisno od različnih dejavnikov, med 
katere spada posameznikov življenjski stil, njegove 
pretekle izkušnje, pričakovanja, vrednote in osebnost 
ter družba, v kateri živi (Drglin, 2007). Porod je intimni, 
življenjski dogodek, na katerega vsaka ženska želi imeti 
lepe spomine. Vsaka si izoblikuje lastna pričakovanja 
o poteku poroda. Če so njihova pričakovanja in 
želje upoštevane, se zadovoljstvo s porodom zvišuje 
(Hollins Martin, 2014). Hinic (2015) ugotavlja, da na 
zadovoljstvo s porodom vplivajo: kakovost obravnave, 
vključno s podporo in komunikacijo zdravstvenih 
delavcev, možnost soodločanja, doživljen stres 
(zaradi nepričakovanih zapletov oz. medicinskih 
intervencij) ter neskladje med pričakovanji in realnim 
oz. uresničenim potekom poroda. Negativni vpliv na 
porodno izkušnjo imajo predvsem občutja nemoči, 
premalo socialne podpore, neizpolnjenost pričakovanj, 
urgentni carski rez in ostale izhodne porodniške 
Menhart, L. & Prosen, M., 2017. / Obzornik zdravstvene nege, 51(4), pp. 298–311. 305
operacije ter pretekle travmatične izkušnje s porodom 
in spolnostjo (Hinic, 2015). Hollins Martin (2014) 
je dokazala, da na zadovoljstvo s porodom vplivajo 
naslednji elementi: uživati udobje, biti uslišana, prejeti 
zahtevana protibolečinska sredstva, dobro sodelovati 
z osebjem med porodom, imeti stvari v svojih rokah, 
biti dobro pripravljena, prejeti minimalne obporodne 
poškodbe in doseči želeno vrsto poroda. Občutek 
zadovoljstva se spreminja tudi s časom, ki je minil 
od poroda, saj porodnice svoje zadovoljstvo drugače 
vrednotijo takoj po porodu kot eno leto za tem 
(Mivšek, 2007).
Nilsson in sodelavci (2013) poudarjajo, da so se pred 
leti v zdravstvu veliko osredotočali na komplikacije in 
tveganja za novorojenca in porodnico, pozabljali pa 
so na izkušnjo, ki jo doživlja ženska. Porod je eden 
izmed najpomembnejših dogodkov v življenju ženske, 
njegova izkušnja pa je močno individualno pogojena. 
Da bi zagotovili kar se da pozitivno izkušnjo, se 
morajo zdravstveni delavci posvetiti psihosocialnemu 
vidiku, pri tem pa seveda ne smejo zanemariti 
zdravstvene varnosti (Nilsson, et al., 2013). Psihološki 
vidik porodne izkušnje vedno več obravnavajo tudi 
raziskovalci v porodništvu in babištvu. Bistvenega 
pomena za ocenjevanje uspešnosti obravnave so 
tudi občutki porodnice in njihov pogled na porodno 
izkušnjo. Raziskave kažejo, da so ob negativni porodni 
izkušnji pri ženskah zaznane psihološke posledice, kot 
so občutki stiske in nemoči, poporodna depresija in 
posttravmatski stresni sindrom (Prosen, 2016, pp. 216, 
263). Vse to lahko negativno vpliva na navezovanje 
matere na otroka ter posledično na razvoj dojenčka, 
prav tako lahko vpliva tudi na naslednjo nosečnost oz. 
predvsem na odločitev zanjo (Carquillat, et al., 2016). 
V raziskavi, ki jo je opravila Waldenström (2006), je 
bilo ugotovljeno, da je strokovno pomoč zaradi strahu 
pred porodom poiskala vsaka deseta ženska. Strah 
se večinoma pojavi zaradi porodnih zgodb, ki jih 
nosečnice slišijo od drugih ali preberejo na internetu, 
nanj pa lahko vplivajo tudi predhodne travmatične 
izkušnje s porodom. Pred porodom se najbolj bojijo 
za svoje zdravje in zdravje otroka, dejanj zdravstvenih 
delavcev, kasnejšega družinskega življenja in potrebe 
po izvedbi carskega reza oz. komplikacij, ki se ob 
njegovi izvedbi lahko pojavijo (Waldenström, 2006; 
Nilsson, et al., 2013).
Dejavniki zadovoljstva s porodom 
Zadovoljstvo s porodom torej sooblikujejo različni 
dejavniki, pri čemer se ugotovitve avtorjev različnih 
raziskav med seboj ne ujemajo, kar dokazuje, kako 
individualno je doživljanje zadovoljstva s porodno 
izkušnjo. V raziskavi, ki so jo izvedli Spaich in sodelavci 
(2013), so z anketiranjem žensk po porodu ugotovili, 
da je na njihovo zadovoljstvo najbolj vplivala možnost 
odločanja o poteku poroda, podpora s strani nekoga, 
ki mu ženska zaupa, in ustrezno lajšanje bolečin. 
Macpherson in sodelavci (2016) ugotavljajo, da je 
najpomembnejši kazalnik zadovoljstva s porodno 
izkušnjo profesionalni pristop in odnos zdravstvenih 
delavcev do porodnice. Kot drugo bistveno postavko 
zadovoljstva navajajo vključitev partnerja v proces 
poroda. Po podatkih Nacionalnega inštituta za javno 
zdravje se delež pri porodu prisotnih partnerjev v 
Sloveniji z leti zvišuje. Leta 2002 jih je bilo pri porodu 
prisotnih 60,7 %, leta 2015 je ta številka narasla na 77,9 % 
(Nacionalni inštitut za javno zdravje, 2017). Drglin in 
Šimnovec (2009) ugotavljata močan vpliv podpore, 
ki jo ženske prejmejo od izbranega spremljevalca, 
na njihovo zadovoljstvo. Spremlja jih lahko partner/
partnerka, družinski član, porodna spremljevalka 
(doula) ali drugi. Dokazano je, da kontinuirana 
podpora zmanjšuje potrebo po analgetičnih sredstvih, 
anesteziji in posegih, kot so kleščni in vakuumski 
porod ter carski rez (Drglin & Šimnovec, 2009).
Raziskava, ki so jo izvedli Macpherson in sodelavci 
(2016), dokazuje, da imata na zaznano zadovoljstvo 
s porodom bolečina in neprejemanje analgetičnih 
sredstev le manjši vpliv. V primerjavi z njimi nekateri 
drugi avtorji (Hodnett, 2002; De Orange, et al., 
2011) ugotavljajo nasprotno, in sicer, da je stopnja 
zadovoljstva močno povezana z občutenjem bolečine 
in metodami lajšanja bolečin. Nezadovoljiva in zelo 
negativna izkušnja pri ženskah izzove občutke strahu, 
jeze in bolečine, kar vpliva nanje še več let po porodu 
(Hodnett, 2002; De Orange, et al., 2011), pri čemer 
lahko utrpijo drastične posledice, tudi takšne, ki 
vplivajo na odločitev o naslednji nosečnosti (Prosen, 
2016).
Drugi avtorji (Nilsson, et al., 2013; Prosen, 2016) 
ugotavljajo tudi, da je eden izmed ključnih dejavnikov, 
ki vplivajo na doživljanje poroda in ustvarjeno podobo 
pozitivne oz. negativne porodne izkušnje, podpora 
zdravstvenih delavcev, ki sodelujejo v obporodni 
obravnavi. Ta podpora najbolj zaznamuje doživljanje 
poroda in posledično zaznano zadovoljstvo pri 
prvorodnicah (Nilsson, et al., 2013; Prosen, 2016). 
Macpherson in sodelavci (2016) so ugotovili, da sta 
bila najpomembnejša dejavnika, ki sta vplivala na 
zadovoljstvo s porodno izkušnjo, prav individualna 
obravnava in kontinuirana skrb. Nekateri avtorji 
(Sršen, 2007; Bryanton, et al., 2008; Prosen, 2016) 
ugotavljajo, da je tudi vrsta poroda močno povezana 
z zaznano porodno izkušnjo. Bryanton in sodelavci 
(2008) celo pravijo, da naj bi bil to najbolj ustrezen 
napovedovalec zadovoljstva s porodom. 
Dimenzije zadovoljstva s porodom oz. porodno 
izkušnjo so očitno raznovrstne in zapletene, kar 
dokazuje, kako edinstveno je zaznavanje zadovoljstva s 
porodno izkušnjo in delovanje različnih dejavnikov na 
le-to. Področje merjenja zadovoljstva žensk s porodno 
izkušnjo v Sloveniji ni dovolj raziskano, na kar kažejo 
do sedaj le redke objave, npr. objava raziskave Drglin 
in sodelavcev (2007). 
Menhart, L. & Prosen, M., 2017. / Obzornik zdravstvene nege, 51(4), pp. 298–311.306
Namen in cilji
Namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti, kakšne so porodne 
izkušnje žensk v Sloveniji z vidika zadovoljstva z 
nudeno obporodno obravnavo. Cilj raziskave je 
bil s pomočjo validiranega vprašalnika preučiti oz. 
identificirati dejavnike, ki so povezani z zadovoljstvom 
žensk s porodom. Za dosego tako zastavljenih ciljev so 
bile postavljene naslednje hipoteze:
H1: Prvorodnice so s porodno izkušnjo manj zadovoljne 
kot mnogorodnice.
H2: Ocene zaznanega zadovoljstva s porodno izkušnjo 
se med posameznimi demografskimi skupinami glede 
na stopnjo izobrazbe, starost oz. kraj bivanja (mesto 
ali podeželje) statistično pomembno razlikujejo.
H3: Profesionalna komunikacija zdravstvenih delavcev 
v interakciji s porodnico zmanjšuje njeno zaskrbljenost 
in povečuje njeno zadovoljstvo.
H4: Med porodnicami, pri katerih je porod dokončan 
s carskim rezom, so prvorodnice manj zadovoljne 
kot mnogorodnice.
H5: Ženske, pri katerih je bil med porodom prisoten 
spremljevalec/spremljevalka, so s porodno izkušnjo bolj 
zadovoljne kot tiste brez spremljevalca/spremljevalke.
Metode
Uporabljena je bila opisna in eksplorativna 
neeksperimentalna metoda empiričnega raziskovanja.
Opis instrumenta
V raziskavi je bil uporabljen spletni anketni vprašalnik, 
sestavljen iz treh sklopov. Prvi sklop, ki je vključeval 
12 vprašanj odprtega in zaprtega tipa, se je nanašal na 
socialnodemografske podatke in podatke o porodu. 
Drugi sklop je vključeval vprašalnik Birth Satisfaction 
Scale – Revised (BSS-R), v slovenskem prevodu Lestvica 
zadovoljstva s porodom 2, ki je preverjen (Cronbachov 
koeficient alfa je v originalni verziji vprašalnika dosegel 
vrednost 0,79) in že uporabljen v podobnih raziskavah 
(Hollins Martin, 2014; Hollins Martin & Martin, 2015). 
Vprašalnik BSS-R je sestavljen iz 10 vprašanj, pri katerih 
je za vrednotenje zadovoljstva uporabljena petstopenjska 
lestvica strinjanja, kjer 1 pomeni najnižjo in 5 najvišjo 
stopnjo strinjanja. Usmerjen je na kakovost zdravstvene 
oskrbe (4 vprašanja), osebne značilnosti žensk (2 
vprašanji) in stres, ki so ga ženske doživele med porodom 
(4 vprašanja). Zadnji sklop vprašalnika je predstavljalo 
odprto vprašanje, kjer so anketiranke lahko izrazile svoje 
mnenje oz. zaupale svojo porodno izkušnjo. 
Vprašalnik BSS-R je prva avtorica iz angleščine 
prevedla v slovenščino, za namen preverjanja skladnosti 
z izvirnikom ga je nato drugi avtor ponovno prevedel v 
angleščino (World Health Organization, 2017), končno 
slovensko besedilo sta avtorja prilagodila slovenskemu 
kulturnemu kontekstu. Pred objavo vprašalnika, 
oblikovanega s pomočjo orodja 1KA, sta na podlagi 
ugotovitev pilotne študije, v kateri je sodelovalo 10 
žensk in je bila izvedena z namenom oceniti jasnost 
in razumljivost vprašalnika, narejena dva popravka 
besedila. Cronbachov koeficient alfa je za slovensko 
verzijo vprašalnika BSS-R pri celotnem vzorcu raziskave 
znašal 0,81, kar kaže na visoko stopnjo zanesljivosti 
(Takavol & Dennick, 2011). Uporabo vprašalnika BSS-R 
je pisno dovolila avtorica vprašalnika (Hollins Martin, 
2014), ki je posredovala tudi navodila za njegovo 
uporabo in analizo rezultatov.
Opis vzorca
V raziskavi je bil uporabljen priložnostni vzorec 
žensk (n = 301), ki so v letu 2016 rodile v slovenskih 
porodnišnicah. Povprečna starost anketirank je 
bila 29 let (s = 4,660). Največ (n = 126, 41,9 %) jih je 
zaključilo srednješolsko izobraževanje. Več kot polovica 
anketirank (n = 161, 53,5 %) je prihajala s podeželja. 
Podrobnejše demografske podatke prikazuje Tabela 1.
Tabela 1: Demografski podatki o anketirankah
Table 1: Respondents demographic data 
Demografski podatki/
Demographic data n %
Starost anketiranih (v letih)
16−20 
21−25 
26−30 
31−35 
36−40 
41−45 
46−50 
ni odgovora
7
51
137
56
27
2
1
20
2,3
16,9
45,5
18,6
9,0
0,7
0,3
6,6
Stopnja dosežene izobrazbe
osnovna šola
srednja šola
višja šola
visoka šola
univerzitetna izobrazba
magisterij
doktorat
2
126
34
56
63
18
2
0,7
41,9
11,3
18,6
20,9
6,0
0,7
Kraj bivanja
mesto
podeželje
ni odgovora
139
161
1
46,2
53,5
0,3
Legenda/Legend: n – število/number, % – odstotek/percentage
Opis poteka raziskave in obdelave podatkov
Po izvedeni pilotni študiji je bil vprašalnik med 5. in 
23. februarjem 2017 objavljen na družbenih omrežjih, 
tudi na nekaterih bolj obiskanih slovenskih spletnih 
forumih (www.medover.net in www.ringaraja.net). 
Sodelujočim v raziskavi so bili predstavljeni namen in 
cilji raziskave ter poudarjena prostovoljnost sodelovanja 
z zagotovljeno anonimnostjo izpolnjevanja. 
Podatki so bili analizirani s programom SPSS 
verzija 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Poleg 
Menhart, L. & Prosen, M., 2017. / Obzornik zdravstvene nege, 51(4), pp. 298–311. 307
osnovne deskriptivne statistike (frekvenca, minimum, 
maksimum, srednja vrednost, povprečje in standardni 
odklon) sta bila v analizi uporabljena tudi Mann-
Whitneyev U-test in Spearmanov koeficient korelacije. 
Upoštevana stopnja statistične značilnosti je bila 0,05.
Rezultati
Tabela 2 prikazuje podatke o nosečnosti in poteku 
poroda, ki so jih podale anketirane. Pri razlogih za 
izbiro porodnišnice so anketiranke lahko izbrale več 
ponujenih odgovorov. Porodnišnico so najpogosteje 
izbrale zaradi bližine doma (n = 219, 72,8 %), 
mnogorodnice tudi zaradi dejstva, da so tam že rodile 
(n = 62, 20,6 %). Nekaj žensk (n = 26, 8,6 %) se je za 
porodnišnico odločilo na podlagi drugih razlogov; 
med najpogostejšimi so navedle boljše ukrepanje 
ob pojavu zapletov, bolj usposobljeno in strokovno 
osebje, tamkajšnjo predhodno hospitalizacijo zaradi 
težav v nosečnosti, nasvet ginekologa ali poznanega 
zdravstvenega osebja in razlog, da so se tam rodile 
tudi same. Ena izmed anketirank je na svojo željo 
rodila doma. 
Največ anketirank (n = 180, 59,8 %) je bilo 
prvorodnic, sledijo drugorodnice (n = 93, 30,9 %), za 
6,6 % (n = 20) žensk je bil to tretji porod ali več. Pri 
večini (n = 211, 70,2 %) je nosečnost trajala med 36 in 
40 tednov gestacije. Metode in tehnike lajšanja porodne 
bolečine so bile med anketirankami raznolike: največ 
(n = 166, 55 %) jih je izbralo farmakološko lajšanje 
bolečin; preostale (n = 69, 22,8 %), ki so odgovorile 
na vprašanje, so izbrale nefarmakološke oblike lajšanja 
bolečin. Pri porodu je bil pri večini (n = 226, 75,1 %) 
porodnic prisoten partner, porodno spremljevalko 
(doulo) je imelo le 0,7 % (n = 2) žensk. Povprečno je 
porod, po oceni anketirank, trajal 4 ure (s = 6,472); 
pri 54,8 % (n = 165) anketirankah je porod trajal manj 
kot 5 ur; sledi 19,6 % (n = 59) anketirank, pri katerih 
je porod trajal 6 do10 ur. Največ (n = 132, 43,9 %) 
žensk je rodilo spontano, vaginalno; pri 17,9 % (n = 
54) anketiranih je bil opravljen urgentni carski rez; pri 
12 % (n = 36) žensk načrtovani carski rez; pri 12 % 
(n = 36) žensk je bila pri vaginalnem porodu opravljena 
epiziotomija. 
Rezultati zadovoljstva žensk s porodom in različnimi 
situacijami, ki ga spremljajo, so prikazani v Tabeli 3. 
S trditvijo »Rodila sem praktično brez kakršnihkoli 
porodnih poškodb« so se ženske strinjale, saj se jih 
je največ (n = 94, 31,2 %) s tem popolnoma strinjalo 
(ocena 5), sledi pa jim 20,9 % (n = 63) tistih, ki so 
podale oceno 1. Trditev »Menim, da je porod absolutno 
predolgo potekal« je 46,2 % (n = 139) žensk ocenilo 
z najnižjo oceno (1). Ženske so se strinjale s trditvijo, 
da so jih zdravstveni delavci med porodom spodbujali 
k samostojnemu odločanju, pri čemer jih je največ 
(n = 93, 30,9 %) to trditev ocenilo z najvišjo oceno (5). 
S trditvijo, da so bile med porodom zelo zaskrbljene, 
se ženske niso strinjale: največ (n = 86, 28,6 %) jih je 
podalo ocena 1, sledi pa jim 20,9 % (n = 63) tistih, ki 
so podale oceno 2. Največji delež anketirank (n = 135, 
44,9 %) se je popolnoma strinjal (ocena 5) s tem, da so 
jim zdravstveni delavci v času poroda nudili močno 
psihofizično podporo. Prav tako so se ženske strinjale 
s tem, da so zdravstveni delavci med porodom z njimi 
vzpostavili dobro komunikacijo, saj je njihov največji 
del (n = 148, 49,2 %) tej trditvi namenil oceno 5. Ženske 
se niso strinjale s trditvijo »Porod je bil zame stresna 
izkušnja«: največ (n = 84, 27,9 %) žensk je tej trditvi 
Tabela 2: Podatki o nosečnosti in poteku poroda
Table 2: Data related to pregnancy and labour
Podatki o nosečnosti in porodu/ 
Labour and pregnancy data n %
Izbira porodnišnice
bližina doma
priporočila drugih
možnosti rojevanja
tamkajšnja lastna porodna izkušnja
dober odnos osebja
drugo
ni odgovora
219
46
25
62
31 
26
6
72,8
15,3
8,3
20,6
10,3
8,6
2,0
Zaporedni porod
prvi
drugi
tretji ali več
ni odgovora
180
93
20
8
59,8
30,9
6,6
2,7
Trajanje nosečnosti (v tednih gestacije)
manj kot 36
36–40
več kot 40
ni odgovora
20
211
62
8
6,6
70,1
20,6
2,7
Kraj poroda
porodnišnica
izven porodnišnice
ni odgovora
275
2
24
91,3
0,7
8,0
Metode lajšanja bolečin
farmakološko
nefarmakološko
ni odgovora
166
69
66
55,2
22,9
21,9
Porodni spremljevalec/-ka
partner
doula
drugo
ni odgovora
226
2
37
36
75,0
0,7
12,3
12,0
Trajanje poroda (v urah)
manj kot 5
6–10
11–15
16–20
21–25
več kot 26
ni odgovora
165
59
16
6
2
7
46
54,8
19,6
5,3
2,0
0,7
2,3
15,3
Tip poroda
spontani vaginalni
epiziotomija
vakuumski porod
načrtovani carski rez
urgentni carski rez
drugo
ni odgovora
132
36
4
36
54
11
28
43,9
12,0
1,4
12,0
17,8
3,7
9,2
Legenda/Legend: n – število/number, % – odstotek/percentage
Menhart, L. & Prosen, M., 2017. / Obzornik zdravstvene nege, 51(4), pp. 298–311.308
pripisala oceno 1, sledijo jim tiste (n = 66, 21,9 %), ki 
so trditev ocenile z oceno 2. Prav tako se niso strinjale s 
trditvijo »Med porodom sem imela občutek, da nimam 
nadzora nad dogajanjem«: s tem se nikakor ni strinjalo 
(ocena 1) 25,9 % (n = 78) anketirank. Najslabše so 
anketiranke ocenile trditev »Med porodom nisem čutila 
nobenih bolečin«: s tem se nikakor ni strinjalo (ocena 
1) 45,2 % (n = 136) anketirank. Z zadnjo trditvijo, da 
je bila porodna soba čista in urejena, pa so se ženske 
popolnoma strinjale, saj jih je večina (n = 190, 63,1 %) 
trditev ocenila z oceno 5. 
Pri testiranju prve hipoteze, ki pravi, da so 
prvorodnice s porodno izkušnjo manj zadovoljne kot 
mnogorodnice, smo z uporabo Mann-Whitneyevega 
U-testa ugotovili, da med povprečnima vrednostma ni 
statistično pomembne razlike (U = 6802, p = 0,150), 
zato hipoteze ne moremo sprejeti. 
Tudi drugo hipotezo, pri kateri smo ugotavljali, 
kako so izbrani demografski podatki (stopnja 
izobrazbe, starost, kraj bivanja mesto/podeželje) 
povezani z zadovoljstvom, smo testirali s pomočjo 
Mann-Whitneyevega U-testa. Statistično pomembne 
povezanosti med spremenljivkama izobrazba in 
stopnja zadovoljstva rezultati ne kažejo (U = 7493, 
p = 0,317), zato predpostavke, da so ženske z nižjo 
izobrazbo s porodom bolj zadovoljne kot tiste z višjo 
izobrazbo, ne sprejmemo. Preverjali smo tudi, ali so 
starejše ženske s porodom manj zadovoljne kot mlajše. 
Rezultati Mann-Whitneyevega U-testa statistično 
pomembnih razlik med spremenljivkama ne kažejo 
(U = 5142, p = 0,061), zato predpostavke o povezavi 
starosti in stopnje zadovoljstva, ne sprejmemo. S 
statistično značilno povezavo pa smo potrdili, da 
so ženske, ki živijo na podeželju, s porodom bolj 
zadovoljne kot tiste, ki prihajajo iz mesta (U = 7029, 
p = 0,039), zato lahko ta del hipoteze sprejmemo.
Tretjo hipotezo o tem, da dobra komunikacija 
zdravstvenih delavcev s porodnico zmanjšuje njeno 
zaskrbljenost, smo testirali s pomočjo Spearmanovega 
koeficienta korelacije ranga. Ugotovili smo, da med 
spremenljivkama obstaja zmerna statistična povezanost 
(rs = 0,397, p = 0,000), zato smo hipotezo sprejeli. Za 
analizo četrte hipoteze, kjer smo ugotavljali, ali so med 
porodnicami z izkušnjo carskega reza prvorodnice 
manj zadovoljne kot mnogorodnice, smo uporabili 
Mann-Whitneyev U-test. Rezultati so pokazali obstoj 
statistično pomembnih razlik med spremenljivkama 
(U = 430, p = 0,001), zato hipotezo lahko sprejmemo. 
Zadnja hipoteza pravi, da so ženske, ki so med porodom 
imele spremljevalca, s porodno izkušnjo bolj zadovoljne 
kot tiste brez spremljevalca. Mann-Whitneyev U-test 
pri tem ni pokazal statistično pomembnih razlik (U = 
2841, p = 0,730), zato hipotezo lahko zavrnemo.
Diskusija
V raziskavi smo se ukvarjali s preučevanjem dejavnikov, 
ki so povezani z zadovoljstvom žensk s porodom. 
Predhodne raziskave kažejo, da je z zadovoljstvom žensk 
povezana predvsem kakovost obravnave, vključno s 
podporo in komunikacijo zdravstvenih delavcev, sledijo 
možnost soodločanja, stopnja doživljenega stresa (zaradi 
nepričakovanih zapletov oz. medicinskih intervencij) ter 
neskladje med pričakovanim in realnim oz. uresničenim 
potekom poroda (Hinic, 2015). 
V raziskavi smo preverjali, kako so izbrane 
demografske značilnosti (starost, izobrazba, kraj 
bivanja) ter število in vrsta poroda povezani z 
zadovoljstvom žensk s porodno izkušnjo. Predhodne 
raziskave ugotavljajo, da je število porodov v nekaterih 
primerih povezano z zadovoljstvom s porodno 
izkušnjo, zadovoljnejše so mnogorodnice (Ferrer, 
et al., 2016). V našem primeru se je izkazalo, da za 
zadovoljstvo to ni bil odločilen dejavnik, saj rezultati 
analize niso pokazali povezanosti med številom 
porodov in stopnjo zadovoljstva s porodno izkušnjo. 
V raziskavi, ki sta jo z istim merskim inštrumentom 
(BSS-R) opravila Hollins Martin in Martin (2015), je 
bila ta povezava dokazana. V njihovo raziskavo je bilo 
vključenih 228 žensk, pri katerih od poroda ni minilo 
več kot 10 dni. Ugotovili so, da so mnogorodnice s 
porodno izkušnjo bile bolj zadovoljne kot prvorodnice 
Tabela 3: Zadovoljstvo žensk s porodom
Table 3: Women's satisfaction with childbirth
Lestvica zadovoljstva s porodom 2/BSS-R scale s
Rodila sem praktično brez kakršnihkoli porodnih poškodb. 3,32 1,614
Menim, da je porod absolutno predolgo potekal. 2,10 1,428
Zdravstveni delavci so me med porodom spodbujali k samostojnemu odločanju. 3,51 1,456
Med porodom sem bila zelo zaskrbljena. 2,61 1,504
Čutila sem, da so me zdravstveni delavci v času poroda močno podpirali. 4,06 1,226
Med porodom so zdravstveni delavci z mano vzpostavili dobro komunikacijo. 4,19 1,176
Porod je bil zame stresna izkušnja. 2,65 1,551
Med porodom sem imela občutek, da nimam nadzora nad dogajanjem. 2,77 1,548
Med porodom nisem čutila nobenih bolečin. 2,16 1,501
Porodna soba je bila čista in urejena. 4,63 0,772
Legenda/Legend:  – povprečje/average; s – standardni odklon/standard deviation
Menhart, L. & Prosen, M., 2017. / Obzornik zdravstvene nege, 51(4), pp. 298–311. 309
(Hollins Martin & Martin, 2015). Nilsson in sodelavci 
(2013) pravijo, da je zelo pomembno, da je izkušnja 
prvega poroda za žensko pozitivna, saj to vpliva na 
samopodobo žensk po porodu, pozitivne občutke 
do otroka, lažjo prilagoditev na vlogo matere in na 
naslednjo porodno izkušnjo.
Zadovoljstvo s porodom je lahko povezano tudi 
z določenimi osebnimi značilnostmi žensk, kot so 
starost, izobrazba in kraj bivanja. Izmed teh treh 
dejavnikov je s stopnjo zadovoljstva s porodom v naši 
raziskavi povezan le kraj bivanja, in sicer so ženske, 
ki prihajajo s podeželja, navajale višje zadovoljstvo 
kot tiste, ki prihajajo iz mesta. Pri stopnji izobrazbe 
in starosti anketirank povezava s stopnjo njihovega 
zadovoljstva ni bila dokazana. Ravno tako v raziskavah, 
izvedenih z istim merskim inštrumentom, ki so jih 
opravili Hollins Martin (2014) ter Hollins Martin in 
Martin (2015), ugotavljajo, da starost ne vpliva na 
stopnjo zadovoljstva s porodom.
V naši raziskavi smo pri anketirankah ugotovili 
močno povezavo med stopnjo zadovoljstva s porodno 
izkušnjo ter odnosom in komunikacijo zdravstvenih 
delavcev s porodnico. Nekatere so bile z odnosom 
zdravstvenih delavcev zadovoljne, spet druge pa prav 
glede tega navajajo negativne izkušnje. Nekatere je 
njihov odnos in negativna porodna izkušnja celo tako 
zaznamovala, da razmišljajo o tem, če si sploh še želijo 
še kakšnega otroka. Tiste, s katerimi so zdravstveni 
delavci vzpostavili dobro komunikacijo, so bile s 
porodom bolj zadovoljne kot ostale. 
Komunikacija je zelo pomembna, saj si ženske želijo 
vedeti, kaj se z njimi dogaja in katere intervencije bodo 
izvedene, skratka želijo biti obveščene. Komunikacija 
zdravstvenih delavcev s porodnico je pomembna tudi 
pri odločanju o prejetih protibolečinskih sredstvih. 
Porodnice pri tem vsekakor želijo sodelovati, 
pomembno pa je tudi, da dobijo vso podporo in 
nasvete zdravstvenih delavcev (Nilsson, et al., 2013). 
Mivšek (2007) je v raziskavi, v katero je bilo vključenih 
559 slovenskih porodnic, ugotovila, da več kot 
polovica anketiranih ni bila zadovoljna z obveščanjem 
o različnih možnostih lajšanja bolečin. Dobro 
komunikacijo je treba vzpostaviti že ob prvem stiku 
s porodnico, saj le-to samo tako lahko nadaljujemo in 
porodnico uspešno spremljamo skozi porod (Nilsson, 
et al., 2013). Ženske, vključene v slovensko raziskavo 
(Mivšek, 2007), so bile mnenja, da je bila komunikacija 
zdravstvenih delavcev neučinkovita in pomanjkljiva, 
saj je bila s postopki med porodom seznanjena le 
polovica porodnic. Veliko jih je tudi brez lastne 
vednosti prejelo protibolečinska sredstva.
Zadovoljstvo s porodom je v naši raziskavi sooblikovala 
tudi vrsta poroda. Dokazali smo, da so prvorodnice z 
izvedbo carskega reza načeloma manj zadovoljne, sploh 
tiste, ki so si močno želele roditi na naraven način. 
Izvedba carskega reza pri mnogorodnicah z njihovim 
zadovoljstvom ni toliko povezana, saj so bodisi že imele 
kakšen carski rez in jih ta ni toliko presenetil ali pa so 
že rodile na naraven način in so že doživele tisto, kar si 
večina prvorodnic želi. 
Carski rez ima lahko na porodno izkušnjo, tako za 
prvorodnice kot tudi mnogorodnice, negativen vpliv 
(Hinic, 2015). V raziskavi, ki so jo opravili Carquillat 
in sodelavci (2016) z 291 anketirankami, so ugotovili, 
da so imele ženske, ki so rodile z urgentnim carskim 
rezom veliko težav tudi kasneje. Počutile so se, kot 
da jim je spodletelo, in so obžalovale, da so morale 
roditi na ta način. Žal jim je bilo tudi, da niso doživele 
takšnega prvega stika z otrokom, kot so si ga želele 
(Carquillat, et al., 2016). V podobni raziskavi (Hollins 
Martin, 2014) so z istim merskim inštrumentom 
(BSS-R) ugotavljali, kako se ocenjevanje zadovoljstva 
razlikuje med tistimi, ki so rodile normalno vaginalno, 
in tistimi, ki so rodile s carskim rezom. Ugotovili so, 
da so med tema dvema skupinama glede zadovoljstva 
s porodom statistično pomembne razlike samo pri 
ocenjevanju zaskrbljenosti (tiste, ki so rodile normalno 
vaginalno, so bile zaradi poroda manj zaskrbljene). 
Raziskava, opravljena pri porodnicah na Škotskem 
(prav tako z vprašalnikom BSS-R), pa je pokazala, 
da so bile ženske, ki so rodile spontano vaginalno, s 
porodom mnogo bolj zadovoljne, kot tiste, ki so rodile 
s carskim rezom (Hollins Martin & Martin, 2015). 
Literatura (Drglin & Šimnovec, 2009; Holloway & 
Kurniawan, 2010; Yuenyong, et al., 2011) navaja mnogo 
pozitivnih učinkov obporodne podpore na porodnico, 
kar pa v naši raziskavi ni bilo potrjeno. S porodom so 
bile zadovoljne tudi porodnice brez podpore, ki je sicer 
v literaturi navajana kot primerna obporodna podpora. 
Prav tako so bile tudi nekatere med porodnicami, 
ki so tako podporo sicer imele, z izkušnjo poroda le 
manj zadovoljne – v nekaterih primerih se ob porodu 
prisotna oseba namreč ne izkaže v podporo. Takih 
rezultatov nismo predvidevali, saj za obporodno 
podporo veliko raziskav dokazuje velik vpliv. Holloway 
in Kurniawan (2010) sta v svoji raziskavi ugotovila, 
da so skoraj vse anketiranke med porodom imele 
konstantno oporo spremljevalca. Večinoma so bili 
prisotni njihovi partnerji, nekatere so ob sebi imele 
svoje starše, sorojence, prijatelje ali babico, nekaj pa jih 
je bilo tudi brez spremljevalca. Ženske s spremljevalcem 
so veliko manj posegale po farmakološkem lajšanju 
bolečin, navedle pa so tudi višje zadovoljstvo s porodno 
izkušnjo kot ostale (Holloway & Kurniawan, 2010). Tudi 
Yuenyong in sodelavci (2011) so dokazali, da so ženske 
z oporo spremljevalke (mama, sestra ali prijateljica) 
navedle krajšo fazo aktivnega poroda, manj tesnobe in 
porodnih bolečin ter s tem povezano višje zadovoljstvo 
s porodom. Zaradi takšnih odstopanj od večine tujih 
raziskav, bi bilo treba narediti bolj podrobno raziskavo 
in analizo o spremljevalcih pri porodu v našem okolju.
Izpostaviti moramo tudi omejitve raziskave, ki se 
kažejo predvsem zaradi uporabljenega vzorca, tako 
njegove velikosti kot tudi priložnostne strukture. Deloma 
omejitev predstavljajo tudi posamezna ne zelo podrobno 
zastavljena vprašanja uporabljenega vprašalnika, 
Menhart, L. & Prosen, M., 2017. / Obzornik zdravstvene nege, 51(4), pp. 298–311.310
vendar gre kljub vsemu za standardiziran in visoko 
zanesljiv vprašalnik. Kljub tem omejitvam raziskava daje 
pomemben vpogled v zadovoljstvo žensk s porodom in 
porodno izkušnjo v Sloveniji. Odprte so možnosti za 
nadaljnje kvalitativne ali kvantitativne raziskave omenjene 
tematike, tudi npr. za preizkušanje in validacijo različnih 
merskih inštrumentov merjenja zadovoljstva. Potrebne 
bi bile tudi dodatne raziskave za posamezna področja v 
naši raziskavi (npr. komunikacija, obporodna podpora, 
avtonomija odločanja, podrobnejša analiza razlik med 
porodnicami s podeželja oz. mesta), na podlagi katerih 
bi lahko izoblikovali ustrezne strategije, usmerjene bodisi 
v izobraževanje in usposabljanje zaposlenih bodisi v 
spreminjanje nekaterih praks, ki bi se ali so se morda že 
izkazale kot neustrezne.
Zaključek
Zadovoljstvo s porodom je zaradi svoje kompleksnosti 
težko merljivo. Večina lestvic za merjenje zadovoljstva 
se med seboj pomembno razlikuje. Nekatere se 
osredotočajo na odnos zdravstvenih delavcev 
do porodnice, spet drugi v ospredje postavljajo 
obporodno podporo, bolečino, okolje ali prvi stik z 
novorojenčkom. Če želimo vsaj do neke mere izmeriti 
celostno zadovoljstvo s porodom, moramo skupaj 
združiti več izmed naštetih parametrov zadovoljstva. 
Vprašalnik BSS-R, ki smo ga uporabili v naši raziskavi, 
izpostavlja predvsem odnos zdravstvenih delavcev do 
porodnice, osebne lastnosti žensk in stres, ki so ga 
ženske doživele med porodom. Ugotovitve kažejo, da so 
na vseh omenjenih področjih ženske v Sloveniji s svojo 
porodno izkušnjo relativno zadovoljne. V ospredju so 
bili njihovi medosebni odnosi z zdravstvenimi delavci, 
možnost odločanja, profesionalna komunikacija 
in posredovanje informacij, kar bi veljajo ustrezno 
nasloviti tudi v klinični praksi, saj zadovoljstvo s 
porodno izkušnjo pomembno oblikuje prehod v 
materinstvo in posledično vpliva na predstavo o 
porodu in porodni izkušnji pri drugih ženskah. 
Conflict of interest/Nasprotje interesov
The authors declare that no conflicts of interest 
exist./Avtorja izjavljata, da ni nasprotja interesov.
Funding/Financiranje
The study received no funding./Raziskava ni bila 
finančno podprta.
Ethical approval/Etika raziskovanja
The study was conducted in accordance with the 
Helsinki-Tokyo Declaration (World Medical association, 
2013) and the Code of Ethics for Nurses and Nurse 
Assistants of Slovenia (2014)./Raziskava je pripravljena 
v skladu z načeli Helsinško-Tokijske deklaracije (World 
Medical Association, 2013) in v skladu s Kodeksom 
etike v zdravstveni negi in oskrbi Slovenije (2014).
Author contributions/Prispevek avtorjev
The first author conducted the research and prepared 
the first draft of the article. The co-author contributed 
in drafting the methodological concept of the research, 
prepared a critical review of the article and completed 
the final version of the article./Prva avtorica je opravila 
raziskavo in pripravila prvi osnutek članka. Soavtor je 
sodeloval pri metodološki zasnovi raziskave, opravil 
kritični pregled osnutka in dopolnil končno različico 
članka.
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Cite as/Citirajte kot: 
Menhart, L. & Prosen, M., 2017. Women's satisfaction with the childbirth experience: a descriptive research. Obzornik zdravstvene 
nege, 51(4), pp. 298–311. https://doi.org/10.14528/snr.2017.51.4.189