doi:10.14720/aas.2020.115.1.1145
Original research article / izvirni znanstveni članek
Interactive effects of planting method and zeolite application on yield attributes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in dryland conditions
Seyyed Shahaboddin HOSEINI \ Asad ROKHZADI 1 2, Ezzat KARAMI 1
Received May 4, 2019; accepted January 15, 2020. Delo je prispelo 4. maja 2019, sprejeto 15. junija 2020.
Interactive effects of planting method and zeolite application on yield attributes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in dryland conditions
Abstract: Adopting an appropriate planting method and application of soil amendments such as zeolite in dryland conditions could be highly effective in improving growth and productivity of crop plants. Therefore the response of two chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes (Azad and Adel) to two planting methods (flat and furrow patterns) and different rates of zeolite (0, 10 and 20 t ha-1) was examined in a field study under dryland conditions. Zeolite application increased plant height, pods number/plant and seed yield, under flat planting pattern, while in furrow pattern, chickpea yield decreased with the application of zeolite. Under no zeolite condition, sowing in furrows improved plant height and pods number compared with flat sowing. Zeolite had no effect on Azad cultivar, but the pods number/plant of Adel was significantly increased by applying 20 t ha-1 zeolite compared with control. In general, the best result in terms of crop growth and yield was obtained from applying 20 t ha-1 zeolite in flat planting pattern. Positive response of the plant to zeolite application in flat planting pattern and, on the other hand, the yield reduction resulting from zeolite addition in furrow planting condition suggested that the influence of zeolite on the crop was dependent on planting method.
Key words: flat planting; furrow planting; dryland farming; zeolite
Medsebojni vpliv sejalnih metod in uporabe zeolita na komponente pridelka čičerke (Cicer arietinum L.) v sušnih razmerah
Izvleček: Uporaba primernih metod setve in dodatkov zeolita v tla bi lahko bili zelo učinkoviti ukrepi za izboljšanje rasti in povečanja pridelka poljščin v sušnih razmerah. V ta namen je bil ovrednoten odziv dveh genotipov čičerke (Cicer arietinum 'Azad', Adel') v poljskem poskusu z dvema načinoma setve (setev na ravno površino in setev v brazde)) ob različnih dodatkih zeolita (0, 10 in 20 t ha-1) v sušnih razmerah. Uporaba zeolita je povečala višino rastlin, število strokov na rastlino in pridelek semena pri setvi na ravno površino medtem, ko se je pridelek čičerke pri setvi v brazde in dodatku zeolita zmanjšal. Pri dodatku zeolita se je pri setvi v brazde povečala višina rastlin in število strokov na rastlino v primerjavi s setvijo na ravno površino. Zeolit ni imel nobenega učinka na sorto Azad, pri sorti Adel pa se je število strokov na rastlino značilno povečalo pri dodatku zeolita 20 t ha-1 v primerjavi s kontrolo. Nasplošno so bili doseženi najboljši rezultati glede rasti in pridelka poljščine pri dodatku zeolita 20 t ha-1 in pri setvi na ravno površino. Pozitivni odziv rastlin ob dodatku zeolita pri setvi na ravno površino in upad pridelka ob setvi v brazde kažeta, da je vpliv zeolita na uspevanje poljščine odvisen od načina setve.
Ključne besede: setev na ravno površino; setev v brazde; kmetovanje na sušnih območjih; zeolit
1	Islamic Azad University, Faculty of Agriculture, Sanandaj Branch, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Sanandaj, Iran
2	Corresponding author, e-mail: asadrokh@yahoo.com
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1 INTRODUCTION
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the second most important grain legume in the world with the harvest area of about 14.56 million ha, and in Iran is the most important food legume grown on 0.566 million ha with the annual production of 0.271 million tons (FAO, 2017). More than 97 % of chickpea in Iran is cultivated under rain-fed conditions and grown on stored soil moisture (Anonymous, 2017). Therefore, the application of any kind of technique or method that would increase the chickpea production efficiency in dryland conditions can be recommended. Selecting a proper planting pattern plays an important role in improving the growth and yield of crop plants especially in dryland farming and water deficit conditions.
Different cultivation techniques including two methods of flat and furrow planting have been studied and compared by many researchers. Results of a study on the effects of furrowing the soil surface on barley yield and soil water storage revealed that the application of deep furrow techniques had a positive effect on water storage and availability in soil leading to a significant increase in grain and straw yield of barley as compared with the natural (not furrowed) soil surface treatment (Abu-Awwad & Kharabsheh, 2000). Comparison of three planting systems of RP (ridge planting), FRP (flat planting with ridging at early jointing stage) and FP (flat planting without ridging) in rain-fed conditions showed that corn growth and yield in FRP system were significantly higher than those in RP and FP systems due to the improvement of soil moisture and temperature under FRP system (Song et al., 2013). Implementation of ridge-furrow planting system along with mulching techniques in semiarid conditions led to a significant increase in dry matter, grain yield and water use efficiency of corn compared with conventional flat farming (Ren et al., 2010). In an experiment the effects of three seed bed patterns including flat sowing (T1), raised bed with pair row of crop at 20 cm spacing on one bed and 40 cm furrow width (T2) and raised bed with pair row of crop at 30 cm spacing on one bed with 50 cm furrow width (T3) on chickpea were studied and the results showed that treatment T3 was superior to T1 and T2 in terms of pods number per plant, grain yield and growth parameters such as plant height and nodulation (Bhargav et al., 2018). Pourghasemian and Zahedi (2009) reported that the flat planting method compared to furrow method significantly increased seed yield, yield components, harvest index and seed oil content of safflower. Also, in a study carried out by Montazar et al. (2014), the planting method did not have a significant effect on any of the studied traits in wheat.
Preservation and storage of soil moisture in dry-
land farming conditions is of great importance. Zeolites are a large group of aluminosilicate mineral compounds with useful properties including absorbing and releasing water, high porosity and high cation exchange capacity, which are applied in agriculture to improve soil conditions (Mumpton, 1999; Eroglu et al., 2017). Zeolites improve the water use efficiency of plants by increasing the water holding capacity of soil and facilitating the transfer of water to plant roots (Sangeetha & Baskar, 2016). Zeolites can improve plant growth and increase its yield by storing and maintaining nutrients and releasing them at the right time and in a gradual manner (Polat et al., 2004). The beneficial effects of zeolite application on crops, especially under water-limited conditions have been reported in many studies (Mahmoodabadi et al., 2009; Aghaalikhani et al., 2012; Gholamhosseini et al., 2013; Najafinezhad et al., 2015; Ozbahce et al., 2015).
Although many studies have been done on the effects of planting techniques and zeolite application on different crops, there is no report on the interaction between planting method and application of zeolite in dryland conditions on chickpea. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the growth and yield response of two chickpea cultivars to the application of different amounts of zeolite in two systems of flat and furrow planting under dryland conditions.
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1	EXPERIMENTAL SITE DESCRIPTION
This experiment was carried out during 2015-2016 growing season in Kamyaran county, Kurdistan province, west of Iran. The experimental farm is located at a latitude of 34° 47' N and longitude of 46° 53' E with an elevation of 1425 m above sea level. The long-term annual precipitation and mean temperature of the region are 464.5 mm and 14.4 °C respectively. The monthly precipitation and temperature of the site in the growing season and the characteristics of farm soil are shown in Fig. 1 and Table 1 respectively.
2.2	EXPERIMENT LAYOUT AND MANAGEMENT
The experiment was conducted in a factorial arrangement with three factors based on a randomized complete block design in three replications under dryland conditions. The first factor was planting method including two patterns of flat and furrow, the second factor was zeolite application rate (0, 10 and 20 t ha-1 as Z0, Z10 and Z20 respectively) and two Kabuli type chickpea cul-
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Figure 1: Precipitation and temperature during the growing season of 2015-2016 at the experimental site Table 1: soil properties of the experimental site
Clay	silt	sand	oc	TNV		ec	N	P	K
(%)	(%)	(%)	(%)	(%)	pH	(ds m-1)	(%)	(ppm)	(ppm)
32.72	51.28	16	0.74	9.25	7.85	0.511	0.08	9.8	220
oC = organic carbon, TNV = Total neutralizing value, EC = Electrical conductivity
Figure 2: schematic diagram of the two planting patterns
tivars of Azad and Adel were studied as the third factor items. Each experimental plot contained four rows, 3 m in length, 0.25 m apart and the space between the plants on each row was 10 cm. The fertilizers of urea, triple superphosphate and potassium sulfate were used before planting at the rates of 60, 35 and 25 kg ha-1 respectively according to the soil analysis results. The natural zeolite of clinoptilolite in relevant rates was applied in the seed bed prior to sowing. The seeds of chickpea were treated with benomyl fungicide before sowing to prevent soil-borne diseases. In flat planting pattern the seeds were sown at a depth of 3-5 cm and in furrow planting pat-
tern were sown at the same depth in the middle of the furrows. The width and depth of furrows were 25 and 12 cm respectively (Fig. 2). The operation of sowing was performed manually in mid-March. The experiment was done under dryland conditions with no irrigation and hand weeding was performed at different growth stages of the plant.
2.3 DATA COLLECTING
Different crop traits including plant height, number
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of primary and secondary branches per plant, pods number per plant, seeds number per pod, 100-seed mass and seed yield were studied in the experiment. The morphological characteristics of the plant and yield components were measured using seven randomly harvested plants in each plot. The seed yield in each plot was determined by hand-harvesting the central two rows of the plot.
2.4 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The measured data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and when the ANOVA result was significant, the least significant difference (LSD) test was done for means separation. The statistical operations were performed using SAS software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA).
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 PLANT HEIGHT AND NUMBER OF BRANCHES
The plant height at maturity stage was significantly affected by the interaction of planting pattern and zeolite application but the number of primary and secondary branches per plant was not affected by the experimental factors and their interactions (Table 2). A significant increase in plant height was recorded by using 20 t ha-1 zeolite compared with Z0 (control) and Z10 treatments in flat planting pattern, whereas the plant did not respond to the application of zeolite in terms of plant height under furrow planting pattern (Fig. 3). Moreover, it can be seen that the plant height in furrow planting was higher than that in flat planting under the Z0 treatment (Fig. 3).
Table 3: Impact of planting pattern, zeolite application and cultivar on growth and yield parameters
Treatments
Plant height (cm)
Primary branches plant-1
Secondary
branches
plant-1
Pods no	Seeds no 100-seed mass Seed yield
plant-1	pod-1	(g)	(kg ha-1)
Planting pattern Flat
Furrow
lsd0.05
Zeolite rate
Z0 Z10 Z20
lsd0.05
Cultivar Azad Adel
LSD0.05
Source of variation
Planting pattern (P)
Zeolite (Z) Cultivar (C) P x Z P x C Z x C P x Z x C CV%
35.0	± 0.8 35.5 ± 0.4 1.43
34.4	± 0.7 34.9 ± 0.8
36.5	± 0.7 1.75
35.1	± 0.6 35.5 ± 0.6 1.43
ns
ns
*
ns ns ns 5.86
3.2	± 0.09
3.1	± 0.07 0.23
3.3	± 0.13
3.0	± 0.08
3.2	± 0.09 0.28
3.2 ± 0.09
3.1	± 0.07 0.23
ns ns ns ns ns ns
10.50
9.9 ± 0.68 10.4 ± 0.56 1.52
10.3 ± 0.72 9.8 ± 0.64 10.3 ± 0.93 1.86
10.3 ± 0.75 10.1 ± 0.46 1.52
ns ns ns ns ns ns
21.85
36.4	± 1.8 33.6 ± 1.2 2.18
33.6 ± 1.9
33.5	± 1.0 37.9 ± 2.4 2.67
36.2 ± 1.4 33.8 ± 1.7 2.18
ns 9.01
1.19 ± 0.05
1.17	± 0.03 0.11
1.18	± 0.06 1.18 ± 0.06
1.18	± 0.04 0.14
1.17 ± 0.03
1.19	± 0.05 0.11
ns ns ns ns ns ns
13.70
24.2 ± 0.9 1258.7 ± 48.4 24.4 ± 0.9 1052.4 ± 65.4 2.32	131.14
25.2 ± 1.5 23.9 ± 0.8
23.8	± 0.6 2.84
25.7 ± 0.9
22.9	± 0.9 2.32
ns
*
ns ns ns ns
13.82
1193.5 ± 82.8 1103.8 ± 54.4 1169.4 ± 89.6 160.62
1237.1 ± 67.5 1074.1 ± 50.3 131.14
ns
*
ns ns ns
16.42
ns: Not significant. *, ** and ***: Significant at the 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 probability levels, respectively. Values are given as means ± standard errors.
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*
**
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
**
*


**
*
Interactive effects of planting method and zeolite application on yield attributes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in dryland conditions
Figure 3: Interactive effect of planting pattern and zeolite application on plant height. Vertical bars indicate the standard error of the means
Figure 4: Interactive effect of planting pattern and zeolite application on pods number plant '. Vertical bars indicate the standard error of the means
An increased plant height in chickpea is a desirable trait for the ease of mechanical harvesting (Patil et al., 2014). According to the results of present study, plant height of chickpea can be increased through the application of zeolite in conventional flat planting system. The increase in plant growth due to zeolite application may be attributed to the positive effects of zeolite on the availability of water and essential nutrients for the plant (Rehakova et al., 2004; Mahmoodabadi et al., 2009; Zahedi et al., 2009).
3.2 YIELD COMPONENTS
The interaction between planting method and zeolite application had a significant effect on pods number plant-1 (Table 2). In the case of no zeolite application, the number of pods per plant in furrow system was higher
than that in flat system (Fig. 4). Under flat planting pattern a significant increase in pods number was recorded by 14 and 52 % through the application of 10 and 20 t ha-1 zeolite respectively compared with Z0, while in furrow system a decreasing trend was shown in pods number with the application of zeolite (Fig. 4).
The interactive effect of planting pattern and cultivar on pods number demonstrated that under flat planting pattern there was no significant difference between two chickpea cultivars but in furrow system the number of pods per plant in Azad was significantly higher than that in Adel (Fig. 5).
The pods number per plant was significantly affected by the zeolite x cultivar interaction (Table 2). The effect of zeolite application on pods number in Azad cultivar was not significant while Adel positively responded to zeolite, so that the pods number/plant in this genotype
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Flat	Furrow
Planting pattern
Figure 5: interactive effect of planting pattern and cultivar on pods number plant-1. Vertical bars indicate the standard error of the
50
o
CL
0 -I-1-1-1
0 10 20 Zeolite rate (t ha1)
Figure 6: interactive effect of zeolite application and cultivar on pods number plant-1. Vertical bars indicate the standard error of the means
was increased by 10 and 27 % in Z10 and Z20 treatments, respectively, compared with control (Z0) treatment (Fig. 6). Our result regarding the different reaction of genotypes to zeolite application is consistent with that of Za-hedi et al. (2009) who showed a significant interaction between zeolite and cultivar in canola. Different response of two chickpea cultivars to planting pattern and zeolite application in terms of pod production is an indication of different growth potential of genotypes under various agronomic practices.
Analysis of variance results indicated that number of seeds per pod was not affected by the experimental factors of planting pattern, zeolite, cultivar and their interactions (Table 2).
Planting method and zeolite application did not significantly affect the 100-seed mass, but it was significantly influenced by cultivar factor (Table 2). Azad cultivar
was superior to Adel by 12 % in terms of 100-seed mass (Table 2). The non-significance of zeolite and planting method effects on seed mass was similarly reported by Sepaskhah and Barzegar (2010) and Bhargav et al. (2018).
3.3 SEED YIELD
seed yield was affected by planting pattern, cultivar and the interaction between planting pattern and zeolite (Table 2). Azad cultivar with seed yield of 1237 kg ha-1 was significantly superior to Adel with 1074 kg ha-1 seed yield (Table 2). Seed yield response to the interaction of planting method x zeolite showed that under the flat planting pattern, the application of zeolite led to seed yield improvement. The highest seed yield (1407 kg ha-1) was obtained in Z20 treatment under flat pattern which
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was 21 % higher than that of Z0 treatment (Fig. 7). On the other hand, under furrow method, seed yield decreased as the result of zeolite application (Fig. 7).
Our results regarding the positive effects of zeolite application on seed yield under conventional flat planting method are in line with those of previous studies. Zahedi et al. (2009) in a study on rapeseed showed that application of 10 t ha-1 zeolite under conditions that the crop is subjected to late season drought stress could improve the crop growth and yield. In another study, root and shoot dry mass and the content of micro and macro nutrients in roots and shoots of soybean were increased as the result of zeoilte application (Mahmoodabadi et al., 2009). The findings of Ozbahce et al. (2015) indicated that the application of zeolite significantly improved the concentration of different nutrients including nitrogen, potassium, zinc, manganese and copper in common bean leaves and increased the seed yield and yield components of the crop under water deficit stress conditions.
Seed yield reduction resulted from zeolite application under furrow planting pattern in current study may be related to the interaction between zeolite function and topology of the soil surface. In other words, the behavior of zeolite and its positive effects on crop growth can be affected by the shape of soil surface and the level of tillage operation. However, in order to better understand the performance of zeolite in each planting system, further studies, such as moisture and temperature measurements in different soil profiles and evaluation of soil nutrients availability in both planting patterns under the various amounts of zeolite are needed.
Under conditions of no zeolite application the response of chickpea to furrow sowing compared with flat planting pattern was more desirable in terms of plant height, pods number and seed yield (Fig. 3, 4 and 7), in-
dicating the advantages of furrow planting over flat pattern with no zeolite application in dryland farming conditions. Several studies have shown that furrow sowing in dryland conditions has many benefits such as easily shedding of rain from ridges, accumulation of runoff in furrows, infiltration of rainwater below the furrow and better access of plant roots to sub-soil water (Yang et al., 1996; Feng et al., 2001; Ren et al., 2010; Roper et al., 2015) and improvement in growth and yield of various crops under furrow sowing compared with flat planting has been declared in many reports (Blackwell, 1993; Wang et al., 2011; Quanqi et al., 2012; Lian et al., 2016; Li et al., 2018).
4 CONCLUSIONS
Under flat planting pattern, plant height, pods number/plant and seed yield increased, whereas under furrow system, these traits decreased as the result of zeolite application. On the other hand, we found that under no zeolite condition, the furrow sowing had a positive effect on plant height and pods production. Genotypes comparison showed that Azad cultivar did not respond to zeolite application, while in Adel the pods number was increased due to zeolite application. In general, the findings of this study suggest that the effect of zeolite on chickpea growth and yield is dependent on seedbed configuration.
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Figure 7: Interactive effect of planting pattern and zeolite application on seed yield. Vertical bars indicate the standard error of the means
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Interactive effects of planting method and zeolite application on yield attributes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in dryland conditions
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