Arheološki vestnik (Arh. vest.) 45, 1994, str. 81-93
81
Amphorae from the forum of Emona
Tamas BEZECZKY
Izvleček
Najdbe amfor odkrite v času arheoloških izkopavanj na forumu v Emoni z izjemo posameznih poznorepublikanskih kosov tipološko spadajo v čas zgodnjega cesarstva. Vino je prihajalo iz različnih koncev Sredozemlja (Italije, Španije in Egeje), olivno olje iz južne Italije, Istre, severne Afrike, ribje omake iz Španije. Na istrskih amforah Dressel 6B se pogosto pojavljajo žigi pomembnih ljudi kot so senatorji: Caius Laecanius Bassus, T. Statilius T.F. Taurus Sisenna in tudi Calvia Crispinilla.
Abstract
The amphora finds which are discussed bellow and were excavated in the forum of Emona - with the exception of some late Republican pieces - represent early Imperial types. Wine was transported from various parts of the Mediterranean (Italy, Spain and the Aegean), olive-oil from South Italy, Istrian peninsula, North Africa, and fish sauces from Spain. The Istrian Dressel 6B amphorae were often stamped by well-known people, such as senators C. Laecanius Bassus, T. Statilius T.F. Taurus Sisenna and Calvia Crispinilla.
The evidents which has so far come to light, shows that the territory of Emona had been of strategic importance for the Romans even before the city itself was founded (Šašel 1968, 543). During their campaigns into Illyria and the valley of the Danube, the Roman legions crossed this region several times. Their supplies were provided from Aquileia through Nauportus. Wine was transported from the Adriatic coast, Central Italy and the Greek islands, olive-oil from the Istrian peninsula, fish sauces from Spain, all in amphorae.
The various amphora finds will be discussed bellow according to the traditional classification system. These types have been described several times, so it will be convenient to refer to the relative publications.
Among the late Republican amphorae, three fragments (PI. I: 1,2) belong to the Lamboglia 2 type (Lamboglia 1955, 262-263; Tchernia 1986, 53-54; Van der Werff 1986, 103; Cipriano, Carre 1989, 80-85; Peacock, Williams 1986, 82-83) and one fragment to the Brindisi type (PI. 4: 102). These types is not likely to appear in the north-eastern provinces, except for Magdalensberg and the valleys of the rivers Sava and Drava, because its production was discontinued
When collecting material in Emona, I received valuable help from Ljudmila Plesničar-Gec and Verena Vidrih Perko. I wish to thank Paul Arthur for correcting the english version, Agnes Vari and Tamara Korošec for the drawings, and Carmen Narobe for the photographs. In the drawn and photographed tables the finds have been indicated in each case by the numbers contained in the catalogue.
after the end of the Republican period (Cipriano, Carre 1989,82).
The Dressel 1 and Lamboglia 2 type amphorae in Mestni muzej may also belong to the late Republican finds. Unfortunately, we do not know when they were excavated or how they found their way into the collection but it seems certain that they were found in Emona. Among the early Imperial amphorae, we have several examples of wine (Dressel 2-4, Dressel 5, Rhodian), olive-oil (Dressel 6B), fish sauce (Dressel 7-11/Beltran I and IIA) and perhaps fruit (Camu-lodunum 189) amphorae. Only one amphora can be dated as late as the second half of the second century (Tripolitana II).
A number of bifid handles were found in the forum of Emona (Nos. 4-8,12-18). This type of handle is one of the characteristics of the Dressel 2-4 type amphora. The individual pieces were produced in different workshops: their forms and colours vary. The light grey-pale yellow one (PI. 4: 8) differs from the rest. The base fragments (PI. 3: 86,87) from Tarraconnensis (Corsi-Sciallano, Liou 1985, 119 No. 2; Miro 1988, Fig. 21: 2,6) can also be classified as Dressel 2-4.
The Dressel 2-4 wine amphora must have been modelled on prototypes from the Aegean island of Kos (Grace 1961, Figs. 56-59). Some archaeologists think their production in Italy started at the beginning of the first century B.C. It seems certain that these amphorae were transported everywhere in the Empire in the last third of the century. Several workshops are known in Italy (Panella, Fano 1977, 149-164; Peacock 1977,
262-269; Tchernia 1986, 127-129; Van der Werff, 1986, 107-108), Spain (Tchernia 1971, 57-76; Panella 1984, 85-89; Miro 1988, 78-91), Gallia Narbonensis (Becker et al. 1986, 69-74; Laubenheimer 1989, 118-123), Egypt (Empereur, Picon 1989, 225-230), Britain (Castle 1978, 383-392) and some are supposed on the Istrian peninsula (Panella 1970, 127-131; Hesnard 1980, 142-146).
These amphorae were brought to Pannonia as well. On the Amber Route sites they can be dated from the middle and second half of the 1st century A.D. (Bezeczky 1987, 4). The amphorae found north of the river Drava (Arrabona, Brigetio, Aquincum) can be dated from the age of the Flavian Emperors (Kelemen 1988, 116), while in the case of the amphorae found on sites south of the Drava (Mursa, Cibalae, Acumincum, Gomolava, Bononia, Sirmium) we have little chronological data (Brukner 1981, 122, T. 157: 19-21,23-25). It was only in the northern necropolis of Emona (Plesničar-Gec 1972, T. 141, Grave No. 612) that an amphora was found together with a Tiberian coin.
Of the Dressel 5 type, there is only one amphora from the forum of Emona (PI. 1: 19). This type of container, rarely found in the northern provinces, contained Greek wine. The handles of this type are also made of two rods but, as opposed to the Dressel 2-4
type, the lower and the upper parts rise to a sharp peak around which fingerprints can very often be seen. There are similar fingerprints on the amphora in Emona. In Pannonia, these amphorae were found mainly on Amber Route sites Poetovio, Savaria (Bezeczky 1987, 5, Nos. 44-45) and Carnuntum (Gassner 1989, 53 No. 1-3, Abb. 2). Similar amphorae were published from the sites of Magdalensberg (Fuchs 1978, No. 1244, M52 AA/8; tituli picti in greek and latin letters jjl / ei[le .../ L.S; Bezeczky 1994, 19-22, Abb. 3 f), Knossos (Hayes 1983, Fig. 23, A 58,61-62), Augst (Bohn 1926, 202, No. 323, Taf. 11), Rome (CIL XV.2. 4646, 4863, 4867, 4869-70, 4882), Porto-recanati (Mercando 1974, 298, Fig. 208, 128), San Potito (Bezeczky, Gabler, Redo 1986, 82, Fig. 40: 6), Dramont D shipwreck (Joncheray 1972,21,33). Many of these amphorae have Greek inscription in red paint. These pieces may have been produced in the Aegean area (Hayes 1983, 149).
Panella dated this type of amphorae between the Augustan and the Flavian ages (Panella 1986, 618). The one in Magdalensberg was found in a layer dated as Tiberian. We cannot date the amphorae in Pannonia but it seems likely that they were used later than the middle of the century - just like the ones in Pompeii, Portorecanati and Knossos.
Fig. 1: Map of Pannonia. SI. 1: Zemljevid Panonije.
Rhodian type amphorae (Grace 1961, Fig. 62; Peacock 1977, 266-270; Peacock, Williams 1986, 102-105) were also found in the forum (PI. 1: 54,61). These amphorae were produced on Rhodes and the neighbouring islands (Peacock, Williams 1986, 102; Panella 1986, 615), but similar workshops have also been found in Asia Minor (Empereur, Picon 1989, 225). These amphorae must have contained a very popular kind of wine as they were found in most military camps and civilian settlements in the 1st century A.D. The amphorae from the Pannonian site of Salla (Bezeczky 1984, 166) were dated with certainty from the middle and the second half of the century.
Most amphorae (Nos. 20-50; PI. 2: 20-48) in Emona belong to the Dressel 6B type (Baldacci 1967, 15; Buchi 1973, 547-553; Carre 1985, 219-225). This is also true of the amphorae in Pannonia and Noricum. These amphorae were often stamped with names, some of which refer to well-known people. On the forum finds, we have the following stamps: in the cases of APICI (Fig. 2: 20; PI. 2: 20) and COSAE (Fig. 2: 23; PI. 2: 23), we have no data of the owners of the workshops but the cognomen COSA has been published from Mantua (CIL V 4074). Another, heavily damaged, stamp has the name of Calvia Crispinilla (Fig. 2: 24) who enjoyed a very bad reputation (Tacitus, Hist. I. 73). Her workshop may have been in Loron (Tassaux 1983-1984, 203-204; Bezeczky 1987, 15), near Parentium (Poreč), where some of her stamped amphorae and tiles have been found. There are nine Calvia Crispinilla amphorae in the Poreč Museum.
The senator Caius Laecanius Bassus was a rich workshop owner (Tassaux 1982, 244-269). Two of his amphorae were found on the forum. These pieces also have the names of the potters or vilici - HER (Fig. 2: 22; PI. 2: 22) and VIAT (Fig. 2: 21; PI. 2: 21) beside that of the senator's. Several people have already written about Laecanius Bassius' life and economic activities. The most important stages of his career are well known: he was praetor in A.D. 32, consul in 40. His son of the same name was consul in 64. The family had properties on the Istrian peninsula and, in addition, had an amphora workshop near Fažana (Gnirs 1910, 79-88; ib. 1911, 35-39), a storehouse in Pola (Gnirs 1910a, 95-103) and a villa on the island of Brioni (Gnirs 1904, 131-141). Their products were widely used in northern Italy (Baldacci 1967, 34-36), Noricum (Alfoldy 1974, 112, 306, 307) and Pannonia (Bezeczky 1987, 6-13; Bezeczky 1994, 54-75). The workshop can be traced from the late Augustan age almost up to the end of the 1st century A.D. (Bezeczky 1994, 104, Abb. 39). Beside the senator's name, we have the following names on amphorae in Pannonia: Amethyst(us) Bar(..), Clymen(us), Di(...), Felix, Felix.Pet(„), FV/(...), Her(...), Speratus and Viat(oris).
On another stamp fragment (No. 26, Fig. 2: 26; PI. 2: 26) the name of SISENNAE, the descendant of a well-known and rich family (PIR 1, S 613) can be read. He owned the house which used to be Cicero's on the Palatine hill (Veil. Pat. 2. 14). He also had properties in Aquileia (CIL V 878), lstria (CIL V 332,409)
and Dalmatia. T. Statilius T. F. Taurus Sisenna was consul ordinarius in A.D. 16. The name SISENNAE on the stamps always occurs between a stylized branch and a wreath. The letters A-E are ligatured.
It is difficult to decide who the stamp which may be read as L.IVNI.PATIEN, that is L. Iunius Patientis (Baldacci 1967, 37-38) or L.IVNI.PAETIN, that is L. Iunius Paetinus (Bezeczky 1994, 87-94), may refer to (Fig. 2: 25; PL 2: 25).
At least three stamps, written in different forms, can be connected with this name. These can mostly be found in northern Italy and Magdalensberg. We found the following variations: the family name Iunius was common in Italy: 53 nomens are known. Egger and Baldacci (Egger, Die Ausgrabungen auf dem Magdalensberg, in: Carinthia I, 1951-1969 years; Baldacci 1967, 37-38) read this stamp as L.IVN(I) PAT(I)EN(tis). Of the cognomen Patiens, we know of only one in Italy. Callender (Callender 1965, 145, No. 780) read these stamps either as IVN PATEN or as IVNI PATE[r]N(i), while Frova (Frova 1952, 52, No. 25) read them either as IUNPATEN or as LIV..PTI (TE). The cognomen Paten occurs once in Spain and Patens occurs in Dalmatia (Mocsy 1983, 216). The stamp may be interpreted otherwise if we identify it with the name of L. Iunius Caesennius Paetus who came from Tarquinia (Alfoldy 1982, 362, No. 18). He was consul ordinarius in A.D. 61. His son was elected consul sujfectus in 79 (PIR 2, C 174). Another possible interpretation may be the name Paetinus which was quite common as a nomen and uncommon as a cognomen in Italy, Dalmatia, Spain and Gallia Narbo-nensis (Mocsy 1983, 216).
The Dressel 6B amphorae discussed so far contained olive-oil produced on the Istrian peninsula. This is quite obvious in the case of the Magdalensberg amphorae (Egger 1950, 487, No. 8; Egger 1963, 97, No. 34). The ancient authors Plinius (NH XV, 8), Martialis (XII 63. 1-2), Pausanias (X 32. 19) and Cassiodorus (Variae XII 22. 1) praised the quality of Istrian oil. In modern times, it was Degrassi (1953,51-65 and ib. 1956, 104-112) who pointed out the importance of this oil. This assumption was confirmed by the discovery of the oil presses in lstria (Gnirs 1910b, 81), near Barbariga (Mlakar 1974, 47-48), in Monte Collisi (Gnirs 1908, 134) on the island of Brioni and by the excavation of C. Laecanius Bassus' workshop in Fažana. The production of these amphorae continued for a century from the age of Augustus up to the end of Hadrian's rule.
The stamps on the Dressel 6B amphorae found in the forum can be best dated according to the chronology of the Magdalensberg finds (Bezeczky 1994, 104, Abb. 39). From the Augustan age we have the COSAE and the late Augustan - early Tiberian age VIAT (the latter from the workshop of Laecanius) stamps, from the age of Tiberius we have L.IVNI.PAETIN and the age of late Tiberius - early Claudius we have SISENNAE and HER stamps (the latter from the workshop of Laecanius), from the age of Claudius we have the APICI stamp. The workshop of Calvia Crispinilla started to produce amphorae in the age of Nero.
Besides the olive-oil amphorae, two Dressel 7-11 type Spanish fish sauce amphorae (Nos. 51-52) were also found in the Emona forum. The rim fragment can be classified as belonging to the Beltran I / Camulodunum 186A form within the type (Beltran 1970, 388-420; Peacock, Williams 1986, Class 17). The Pelichet 46 / Dressel 38 / Beltran IIA type (Beltran 1970, 420-433; Peacock, Williams, 1986: Class 18) amphora (Nos. 53, 103, 104), represented by a single fragment, must also have contained fish based products. Fish sauce amphora were produced on both the Mediterranean and the Atlantic coast of Spain. Some workshops are also known in Morocco and Lusitania (Ponsich, Tarradell 1965, 2).
A few so called 'carrot shaped', Camulodunum 189 type (Reusch 1970, Abb. 1,2), amphorae were also excavated (Nos. 62-67; PI. 3: 62,63). This form is characterized by the horizontal ribs around the body and the small circular handles which attach to the body at the top. Very little is known about the workshops in which these amphorae were produced. It seems likely they were located in the Mediterranean. This type is
very rare in Pannonia. Besides the ones in the Emona forum, amphorae of this type occur in Carnuntum (Griinewald 1983, Taf. 44: 1) and Sirmium (Brukner 1981, T. 161: 55). Some pieces were found in Pompeii, in the early military camps in Britain (Hawkes, Hull 1947; Cunliffe 1971), Germany (Loeschke, 1942) and southern France, in Elne Museum, Roussillon (Peacock, Williams 1986, Class 12). We do not know exactly what these amphorae contained but it may have been dates or some other fruit.
There are quite a number of Portorecanati type (Mercando 1974 and 1979; Carre 1985) amphorae with long conical necks in Pannonia (Bezeczky 1987, 35-36, Nos. 295-310, Fig. 28), but there are only two from Emona (Nos. 68-69; PI. 1: 68). A very large quantity of these amphorae were found in Portorecanati dating from the end of the lsl century A.D. (Mercando 1979, 266). The ones found in Salla date from the middle of the century (Bezeczky 1984, 166). There are only three in Magdalensberg (Fuchs 1978, T. 104: 2) which may mean that their production started in the age of Claudius. We do not know where
Fig. 2: Forum of Emona. Stamps of Dressel 6B amphorae. SI. 2: Emonski forum. Žigi na amforah vrste Dressel 6B.
they were produced. Only one stamp was found on the pieces in Portorecanati (Mercando 1979, 265) and it did not help in locating the workshop. Neither do we know what these amphorae contained.
Some amphorae were brought from North Africa after the middle of the second century. The Tripolitana II type (Panella 1973, 562-564) contained olive-oil (PI. 1:77). These African amphorae are extremely rare in Pannonia (Gassner 1989, No. 9; Abb. 9). The evidence of the sites show that after the decrease in the Istrian oil production at the beginning of the second century, oil was mainly imported from Spain. Dressel 20 amphorae were published from the necropolis of Emona (Plesničar-Gec 1972, grave No. 969) as well, but none were found in the forum. It seems likely that oil imported from Tripolitania and Baetica also supplemented Istrian olive-oil but we do not know why the merchants or the customers preferred Spanish olive-oil.
In conclusion, we may say that the amphorae excavated in the forum - with the exception of some late Republican pieces represent early Imperial types. Some types appeared as early as the age of Augustus, before the foundation of the town with Dressel 6B. Most finds, however, arrived in and after the age of Tiberius for the Italian merchants and for the superannuated soldiers settled here (Mocsy 1959, 19-20).
Distribution of the stamp APICI:
Paperiano (Aquileia). - Pais 1884, 1077.5a; Brengez. - CIL 111 6007.3; Concordia. - Pais 1884, 1077.5b; Magdalensberg. -Egger 1959, Abb. 107: 1,2; Vetters, Piccottini 1973, Taf. 1: 1; Vetters, Piccottini 1986, Taf. I: 3; Magreta. - CIL XI 6695.13b; Modena. - CIL XI 6695.13a; S. llario d'Enza. - CIL XI 6695.13c; Tortona. - Not. sc. ant. 1926, 271.2; Verona. - CIL V 8112.12b; Vicenza. - CIL V 8112.12a.
Distribution of the stamp COSAE:
Bologna. - CIL XI 6695.29b; Magdalensberg. - CIL III 12010.11; Vetters, Piccottini 1969, Abb49: 5; Milano. - Baldacci 1967, 36, No. 55.; Modena. - CIL XI 6695.29a; S.Vittore Olona. - Baldacci 1967, 36. No. 55; Tortona. - Not. sc. ant. 1897: 373. No. 6; 1926: 271.
Distribution of the stamp CAL.CRISPINILLAE:
Parenzo (Poreč). - CIL V 8112 24.a; Visinada (Vižinada). -CIL V 8112 24.b; Trieste. - CIL V 8112 24.c; Aquileia. - Pais 1884, 1077.16; Aquileia. - Pais 1884, 1077.51a; Spinimbecco (Legnano). - CIL V 8112 25; Baone (Este). - Not. sc. ant. 1941, 167; Cortaccia (Alto Adige). - Bozner Jahrbuch 1927, 150; Verona. - Arch. Ven. 81. 1967, 32; Bergamo. - Pais 1884, 51c; Vercelli. - CIL V 8112 139; Poetovio. - CIL 111 12010.2; 1431.7; Mikl Curk 1976, 45 = Bezeczky 1987, No. 77; Mikl Curk 1976, 45 T. 7: 53 = Bezeczky 1987; No. 78; Mikl Curk 1976, 46 = Bezeczky 1987, No. 79; Carnuntum. - Grunewald 1983, T. 45: II: Mursella. - Szonyi 1981, 98, Abb. 8.
Distribution of the stamp LAEK, HER:
Pola (Pula). - Gnirs 1910b, Fig. 9; Gnirs 1910a (12 pieces); Aquileia. - Pais 1884, 1077, 11, 78 (4 pieces); Magdalensberg. -Egger 1958, Abb. 57; 12; Vetters, Piccottini 1973, Taf. 4: 7.
Distribution of the stamp LAEK, VIAT:
Aquileia. - Pais 1884: 1077. 152, (Inv. Nos. 378, 389, 443); Pola (Pula). - Gnirs 1910a, 97; 1911, 38; Brioni. - Val Catena
(Zaljev Verige). - Gnirs 1904, 146; Fasana (Fažana). - Gnirs 1910b, 85; Magdalensberg. - Egger 1961,180, Abb. 98: 19 (similar the stamp of Emona); another VIAT stamps: Egger 1953: 72, Abb. 31:8; Egger 1959, Abb. 107: 14; Egger 1961, 180, Abb. 99: 41; Vetters, Piccottini 1973: 303, Taf. 5: 12; Vetters, Piccottini 1986, 266, Taf. 29: 4; Savaria. - Bezeczky 1987,62, No. 150.
Distribution of the stamp SISENNAE:
Ostiglia. - Baldacci 1967, No. 66; Roma. - CIL XV 3528. (Inv. No. 550.); Magdalensberg. - Egger 1954, Abb. 36: 10; Egger 1958, 152, Abb. 58: 22; Piacenza. - CIL XI 6695.90; S.Vittore Olona. - Baldacci 1967, No. 66; Novara. - Scafile 1980, 221.
Distribution of the stamp L.IVNI.PATIEN or L.IVNI.PAETIN:
Aquileia. - Pais 1884, 1077.10a. (Inv. No. 419), lO.c. (Inv. No. 422); Milano. - Frova 1952, No. 52; Aosta. - Forma Italiae 126; Magdalensberg. - Egger 1953, 72, Abb. 31:10; Egger 1959, 129, Abb. 107: 9; Egger 1961, 178, Abb. 98: 15; Egger 1952, 88, Abb. 46: 21; Egger 1966, 454, Abb. 117: 4; Vicenza. - CIL V 8112. 51a; Ostiglia. - CIL V 8112. 51b; Verona. - CIL V 8112. 51c; Vercelli. - CIL V 8112. 51d; ? Legnano. - Baldacci 1967, No. 59.
CATALOGUE
Abbreviations:
Inv. No. - inventory number
H - height
D - diameter of the rim sh - section of the handle thr - thickness of the rim d - diameter fr - fragment
Lamboglia 2
1.	Rim, fr., Inv. No. F 64-173, 1964, trench 7, □ VI, reddish yellow (7.5 YR 8/4), H = 6.8 cm, D = 17.4 cm, thr = 2.9 cm, PI. I: 1.
2.	Base, fr., Inv. No. F 64-160, 1964, trench □ III, reddish yellow (7.5 YR 8/4), H = 21.4 cm, PI. I: 2.
3.	Rim, fr., Inv. No. F 64-97, 1964, very pale brown (10 YR 8/4), H = 8.5 cm.
Dressel 2-4
4.	Rim-, neck-, handle, fr., Inv. No. F 2080, □ XV, yellowish red (5 YR 5/6), H = 8.5 cm, sh = 2.5 x 4.5 cm, PI. I : 4; 4: 4.
5.	Handle, fr., Inv. No. F 64-132, 1964, trench 7, □ VIII, red (2.5 YR 5/6), H = 6 cm, sh = 2.2 x 4.5 cm, PI. 4: 5.
6.	Handle, fr., Inv. No. F 64-41,1964, red (2.5 YR 5/6), H = 6 cm, sh = 2.2 x 4.5 cm.
7.	Rim-, neck-, handle, fr., Inv. No. F 64-192, 1964, trench 6, □ I, red (10 YR 5/6), H = 4 cm, sh = 2.2 x 4.3 cm.
8.	Rim-, neck-, body-, handle, fr., Inv. No. F 64-57,58,60, 1964. Light gray (2.5 YR 7/2) - pale yellow (2.5 Y 7/4), H = 40 cm, D = 13 cm, thr = 1.4 cm, sh = 2.5 x 5 cm, PI. 4: 8.
9.	Rim, fr., Inv. No. F 1797, 1968, □ XXVIII, pink (7.5 YR 7/4) - light brown (7.5 YR 6/4), H = 5.9 cm, D = 13 cm, thr = 1.5 cm.
10.	Rim, fr., Inv. No. F64-171, 1964, trench 7, □ VI, red (10 YR 5/8), H = 7.1 cm.
11.	Rim, fr., Inv. No. F 64-156, 1964, trench 7,D IX, red (2.5 YR 5/8), H = 4.3 cm.
12.	Handle, fr., Inv. No. F 64-146.1, 1964, trench 6, □ III, reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6 - 6/8), sh = 2.2 x 4.6 cm, PI. 4: 12.
13.	Handle, fr., Inv. No. F 64-146.3, 1964, trench 6, □ III, light red (10 R 6/8), H = 7.5 cm.
14.	Handle, fr„ Inv. No. F 64-40, 1964, light red (2.5 YR 6/6), H = 13 cm, sh = 2.5 x 5 cm.
15.	Handle.fr. Inv. No. F 64-175,176,1964, trench 6.DIV, light red (2.5 YR 6/6), H = 8.6 cm, sh = 2.1 x 4.5 cm.
16.	Handle, fr„ Inv. No. F64-147,1964, trench 7, □ IX, light reddish brown (2.5 YR 6/4), H = 8.2 cm.
17.	Handle, fr„ Inv. No. F 64-167, 1964, trench 7, □ II, reddish brown (5 YR 5/4) - yellowish red (5 YR 6/4), H = 6.5 cm.
18.	Handle, fr„ Inv. No. F 1773, 1968, Section 2, Layer 9, light brownish gray (10 YR 6/2), H = 8 cm.
Dressel 5
19.	Handle, fr„ Inv. No. F 64-146.2., 1964, trench 6, □ III, reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6), inside: light red (10 YR 6/8), H = 9 cm, PI. 1: 19; 4: 19.
Dressel 6B
20.	Rim-, neck, fr„ Inv. No. F 64-208, 1964, trench 4, □ VIII, stamp on the rim: APICI, reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6), H = 12.8 cm, D = 16.5 cm, thr = 2.3 cm, (Bezeczky 1987,54, No. 61, Fig. 8.), PL 2: 20; Fig. 2: 20.
21.	Rim, neck, handles, Inv. No. F 64-249, 1964, stamp on the rim: IAEk, VIAT, light red (2.5 YR 6/6), grafitto on the body beside the handle: LXXIII, H = 31.6 cm, D = 14.9 cm, thr = 2 cm, sh = 4.3 x 3.9 cm, (Bezeczky 1987, 54, No. 52, Fig. 3), PI. 2: 21; Fig. 2: 21.
22.	Rim, fr„ Inv. No. F 64-519, 1964, Insula XX , trench 6, □ III, Section 4, Layer 9, stamp on the rim: L[AEk], HER, reddish yellow (5 YR 6/8), H = 6.6 cm, D = 14.5 cm, thr = 2.1 cm. PI. 2:22; Fig. 2: 22.
23.	Rim, fr„ Inv. No. F 1932/OJ, 1964, stamp on the rim: COSAE, reddish yellow (5 YR 7/8), H = 6 cm, D = 14 cm, thr = 2.1 cm, (Bezeczky 1987,54, No. 60, Fig. 8), PI. 2: 23; Fig. 2: 23.
24.	Rim-, neck, fr„ Inv. No. F 64-562, 1964, Insula XX, trench 4, □ V, Section IV, Layer 3, stamp on the rim: |C]AL.CRISPINIL-LAE, light red (2.5 YR 6/6), H = 9.6 cm, (Bezeczky 1987, 54, No. 55, Fig. 5), Fig. 2: 24.
25.	Rim, neck, fr„ Inv. No. F 64-214, 1968. trench 4, □ VIII, stamp on the rim: L.IVNI.PAETIN, light red (2.5 YR 6/6), H = 7.9 cm. D = 16 cm. thr = 2.1 cm, (Bezeczky 1987, 54, No. 66, Fig. 8). PI. 2: 25; Fig. 2:25.
26.	Rim, fr„ Inv. No. F 64-209, 1964, trench 4, □ VIII, stamp on the rim: [SISE]NNAE and corona, red (2.5 YR 5/6), H = 6.9 cm, D = 15 cm, thr = 2.3 cm, (Bezeczky 1987,54, No. 65, Fig. 8), PI. 2:26; Fig. 2: 26.
27.	Rim, fr„ Inv. No. F 1952, 1971, Section 4, Layer 3,6, light red (2.5 YR 6/6), H = 8.9 cm, D = 16 cm, thr = 2.3 cm.
28.	Rim, fr„ Inv. No. F 1734, 1968, Section 2, Layer 7,8, light red (2.5 YR 6/6), H = 6.2 cm, D = 16 cm, thr = 2.35 cm.
29.	Rim, fr„ Inv. No. F 64-116, 1964, trench 5, □ IX, light red (2.5 YR 6/6), H = 8.4 cm, D = 14.5 cm. thr = 2 cm, PI. 2: 29.
30.	Rim, fr„ Inv. No. F 1714, 1968, □ IL, Section 2, Layer 7, reddish yellow (7.5 YR 8/6), inside: reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6) H = 6.1 cm, D = 16 cm, thr = 2.2 cm, PI. 2: 30.
31.	Rim, fr„ Inv. No. F 64-229, 1964, trench 4, □ VII, light red (2.5 YR 6/6), H = 9.8 cm, D = 15.5 cm, thr = 2.5 cm.
32.	Rim, fr„ Inv. No. F 1691, 1968, □ IL, light red (2.5 YR 6/6),H = 7.5 cm, D = 15 cm, thr = 1.9 cm, PI. 2: 32.
33.	Rim, fr„ Inv. No. F 1836, 1968, □ XVII, red (2.5 YR 5/6), H = 8 cm, D = 15 cm, thr = 2 cm.
34.	Rim, fr„ Inv. No. F 1733, 1968, Section 2, Layer 7,8, red (2.5 YR 5/6), H = 5.6 cm, D = 15 cm, thr = 2.2 cm.
35.	Rim, fr„ Inv. No. F 64-157, 1964, trench 7, □ III, light red (2.5 YR 6/6), H = 8.4 cm, D = 13.5 cm. thr = 2 cm, PI. 2: 35.
36.	Handle, fr„ Inv. No. F 1715, 1968, □ IL, Section 2, Layer 7, pink (5 YR 7/4), H = 15.8 cm, sh = 3.6 x 3.9 cm.
37.	Handle, fr„ Inv. No. F 64-38, 1964, light red (2.5 YR 6/6), H = 12.8 cm, sh = 3.3x4.2 cm.
38.	Handle, neck, fr„ Inv. No. F 64-43, 1964, reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6), H = 18.8 cm, sh = 3.2 x 3 cm.
39.	Handle, fr„ Inv. No. F64-115, 1964, trench 5, □ IX, light red (2.5 YR 6/6), H = 18.7 cm, sh = 3.4 x 3.7 cm.
40.	Handle, fr„ Inv. No. F 64-96, 1964, light red (2.5 YR 6/6), H = 12.5 cm, sh = 3.3 x 4.6 cm.
41.	Handle, fr„ Inv. No. F 1692, 1968, □ IL, Section 2, Layer 7.
9, light red (2.5 YR 6/6), H = 11.6 cm, sh = 3.2 x 3.8 cm.
42.	Handle, fr„ Inv. No. F 64-42, 1964, light red (2.5 YR 6/6), H = 12.4 cm, sh = 2.8 x 3 cm.
43.	Handle, fr„ Inv. No. F 64-195.1, 1964, trench 6, □ II, red (2.5 YR 5/6), H = 15.7 cm, sh = 3.3 x 3.6 cm.
44.	Handle, fr„ Inv. No. F 64-195.2,1964, trench 6, □ II, light red (2.5 YR 6/6), H = 15.4 cm, sh = 3.3 x 4 cm.
45.	Handle, fr„ Inv. No. F 64-174, 1964, trench 6, □ IV, light red (2.5 YR 6/6), H = 15.5 cm, sh = 3 x 3.4 cm.
46.	Base, Inv. No. F 64-87, 1964, light red (2.5 YR 6/6), H = 8.7 cm, D = 5 cm, PI. 2:46.
47.	Base, Inv. No. F 64-86, 1964, light red (2.5 YR 6/6), H = 7.6 cm, D = 5.5 cm, PI. 2:47.
48.	Base, Inv. No. F 64-88, 1964, light red (2.5 YR 6/6), H = 6.5 cm, D = 5.5 cm, PI. 2:48.
49.	Base, Inv. No. F 64-159, 1964, trench 7, □ III, light red (2.5 YR 6/6), H = 5.3 cm, D = 6.8 cm,
50.	Base, Inv. No. F 64-95, 1964, light red (2.5 YR 6/6), H = 21.3 cm, D = 5.3 cm.
Dressel 7-11 / Beltran I
51.	Rim-, neck, fr„ Inv. No. F 1951, 1971, Section 4, Layer 3, 6, pink (5 YR 7/4) - reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6), H = 8.1 cm, D = 18 cm, thr = 2.3 cm, PI. 4:51.
52.	Handle, fr., Inv. No. F 64-44, 1964, very pale brown (10 YR 8/4), H = 17.8 cm, sh = 2.8 x 4.9 cm, PI. 4: 52.
Pelichet 46 / Beltran IIA
53.	Neck, handle, fr., Inv. No. F 64-211, 1964, trench 4, □ VIII, very pale brown (10 YR 7/4), H = 12 cm.
Rhodian type
54.	Rim, neck, handles, Inv. No. F 64-250, 1964, red (2.5 YR 5/8), H = 34 cm, D = 11.6 cm, thr = 1.6 cm, sh = 3.2 cm, PI. I: 54.
55.	Rim, neck, handles, fr., Inv. No. F 64-251, 1964, reddish yellow (5 YR 6/8), H = 28.5 cm, D = 12 cm, thr = 1.5 cm, PI. 1:55.
56.	Handle, fr., Inv. No. F 64-168, 1964, trench 7, □ II, reddish yellow (5 YR 6/8), H = 8.3 cm.
57.	Handle, fr., Inv. No. F 64-154, 1964, trench 7, □ IX, red (2.5 YR 5/6), H = 8.4 cm.
58.	Handle, fr., Inv. No. F 64-163, 1964, trench 7, □ III, reddish yellow (5 YR 6/8), inside light red (2.5 YR 6/8), H = 10.2 cm, sh = 3.2 cm.
59.	Handle, fr., Inv. No. F 64-103, 1964, trench 6, □ V, red (2.5 YR 5/8), H = 11.5 cm, sH = 3.5 cm.
60.	Handle, fr., Inv. No. F 64-195, 1964, trench 6, □ II, light red (2.5 YR 6/8), H = 8.3 cm.
61.	Base, Inv. No. F64-107, 1964, trench 7, □ 5, reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6), H = 15.1 cm.
Camulodunum 189
62.	Rim, body, handle, fr., Inv. No. F 64-98, 99, 1964, reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6 - 7/6), D = 9.5 cm, sH = 1.4 x 2.1 cm, PI. J: 62; 4: 62.
63.	Rim. fr., Inv. No. F 64-169, 1964. trench 7, □ II, reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6), H = 4.2 cm, D = 9.5 cm, thr = 1.2 cm, PI. J: 63.
64.	Handle, fr., Inv. No. F 64-100, 1964, pink (7.5 YR 7/4), H = 5.8 cm, sh* 1.1 x 2.1 cm, PI. 4:64.
65.	Handle, fr., Inv. No. F 64-102, 1964, reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6), H = 6 cm, sh = 1.5 x 1.8 cm.
66.	Handle, fr„ Inv. No. F 64-221, 1964, trench 5, □ IX , reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6), H = 7.6 cm, sh = 1.4 x 2 cm.
67.	Body. I'r., Inv. No. F 64-128, 1964, trench 7, □ Vlll, reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6), H = 7 cm.
Portorecanatian type
68.	Rim, fr., Inv. No. F 2125, □ XXIII, light red (2.5 YR 6/6), H = 13.1 cm, D = 15.5 cm, thr = 2.3 cm, PI. 1:68.
69.	Rim. fr.. Inv. No. F 64-181, 1964, trench 6, D5, light red (2.5 YR 6/6), H = 8.7 cm, D = 14.5 cm, thr = 2 cm.
Bonis XXXI/5. type
70.	Rim, fr., Inv. No. F 64-104, 1964, trench 6, □ 5, light brown (7.5 YR 6/4), D = 5.4 cm, D = 11.5 cm, thr = 1.3 cm, PI. 3: 70.
71.	Rim, fr., Inv. No. F 64-111, 1964, trench 5, □ 9, pink (7.5 YR 7/4), H = 6 cm, D = 11 cm, thr = 1.3 cm, PI. 3:71.
72.	Neck, handle, fr., Inv. No. F 64-183, 1964, trench 6, □ 5. reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6), H = 10.4 cm, sh = 2.5 x 2.8 cm.
73.	Neck, handle, fr., Inv. No. F 64-108, 1964, trench 7, □ 5, pink (5 YR 7/4), H = 6.8 cm, sh = 2.9 cm.
74.	Handle, fr., Inv. No. F 64-184, 1964, trench 6, □ 5, light red (10 R 6/6), H = 14.2 cm, sh = 2.8 cm.
75.	Base, Inv. No. F 64-121, 1964, trench 6, □ 5, reddish yellow (5 YR 7/4), H = 7.3 cm, D = 3.5 cm, PI. 3:75.
Magdalensberg 1958 / Fig. 25 No. 10
76.	Rim, fr., Inv. No. F 1693, 1968, □ IL, Section 2, Layer 7,8, pink (5 YR 7/4), D = 5.1 cm, D = 15 cm, thr = 1.8 cm, (Bezeczky 1987, 79 No. 328, PI. 3: 76.
Tripolitana II
77. Rim, fr., Inv. No. F 64-223, 1964, trench 4, □ VII, red (10 R 5/8), D = 6 cm, D = 15 cm, thr = 2.4 cm, PI. 1:11.
Miscellaneous amphorae
78.	Rim, fr., Inv. No. F 64-189, 1964, trench 6, □ IV, reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6), D = 4.4 cm, D = 13 cm, thr = 2.1 cm.
79.	Rim, neck, fr„ Inv. No. F 1786, 1968, □ XXVII, Section 2, Layer 8, reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6), H = 12.1 cm, D = 16 cm, thr = 2.1 cm.
80.	Rim. fr., Inv. No. F 64-166, 1964. trench 7, □ II, reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6), H = 5.6 cm, D = 14 cm, thr = 2.2 cm.
81.	Rim, fr., Inv. No. F 64-181, 1964, trench 6, □ V, reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6), H = 6 cm, D = 14 cm, thr = 1.8 cm.
82.	Neck, handle, fr., Inv. No. F 1771. 1968, Section 2, Layer 9, pink (5 YR 7/4), H = 13.7 cm.
83.	Base, Inv. No. F 64-4, 1964, reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6), H = 7.8cm.
84.	Base, Inv. No. F 64-182, 1964, trench 6, □ 5, light red (2.5 YR 6/6), H = 11.5 cm, D = 3.8 cm, PI. 3: 84.
85.	Base, Inv. No. F 64-191,1964, trench 6, □ I, light red (2.5 YR 6/6), inside very pale brown (10 YR 7/4), H = 12.3 cm, D = 4.9 cm.
86.	Base, Inv. No. F 64-106, 1964, trench 7, □ 5, light red (2.5 YR 6/6), inside very pale brown (10 YR 7/4), H = 8.2 cm, D = 3.8 cm, PI. 3: 86.
87.	Base, Inv. No. F 1775, 1968, Section 2, Layer9, light red (2.5 YR 6/6), inside very pale brown (10 YR 7/4), H = 3.9 cm, D = 4.1 cm, PI. 3: 87.
88.	Base, Inv. No. F 64-85,1964, red (2.5 YR 5/6), H = 7.9 cm, D = 4.3 cm.
89.	Base, Inv. No. F 2108, 1971, □ XXII, light red (2.5 YR 6/6), H = 15 cm, D = 3.5 cm.
90.	Base, Inv. No. F 1698, 1968, □ IL, Section 2, Layer 7, 8, light brown (7.5 YR 6/4), inside very pale brown (10 YR 8/4), H = 15.2 cm, D = 3 cm, PI. 3: 90.
91.	Base, Inv. No. F 2078, 1971, □ XII, light red (10 R 6/6), H = 11.1 cm.
92.	Base, Inv. No. F 64-186, 1964, trench 6, □ IV, red (10 R 5/6 -5/8), H = 15 cm.
93.	Base, Inv. No. F 64-158, 1964, trench 7, □ 3, red (10 R 5/6), inside light brown (7.5 YR 6/4) - pink (7.5 YR 7/4), H = 9.4 cm, D = 2.5 cm, PI. 3:93.
94.	Base, Inv. No. F 2127, 1971, □ XXIII, pink (7.5 YR 7/4), H = 10.6 cm, D = 4.2 cm.
95.	Base, Inv. No. F 2124, 1971, □ XXIII, light red (2.5 YR 6/6), H = 11.2 cm.
96.	Base, Inv. No. F 1772,1968, Section 2, Layer 9, light red (2.5 YR 6/6-6/8), H = 13.4 cm.
97.	Base, Inv. No. F 1740, 1968, Section 2, Layer 7, 8, red (2.5 YR 5/6), H = 14.1 cm.
98.	Base, Inv. No. F 64-91, 1964, red (2.5 YR 5/6), H = 12.4 cm.
99.	Base, Inv. No. F 64-91, 1964, light reddish brown (5 YR 6/4), H = 7.5 cm.
100.	Base, Inv. No. F 64-90, 1964, light red (2.5 YR 6/6), H = 5.8 cm.
101.	Base, Inv. No. F 1973, 1971, Section 21-23 m, pink (7.5 YR 7/4) - reddish yellow (7.5 YR 7/6), H = 13 cm, D = 6.1 cm.
102.	Brindisi type, base, Inv. No. F 2079, 1971, □ XII, reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6), H = 10.6 cm, D = 7.6 cm, PI. 4: 102.
103.	Pelichet 46 / Beltran IIA type, base, Inv. No. F 226, trench 4, □ VII, H = 23 cm, PI. 3: 103.
104.	Pelichet 46 / Beltran IIA type, base, Inv. No. F 64-120,1964, trench 6, □ 5, H = 25.5 cm, PI. 3: 104.
Stoppers
105.	Inv. No. F 64-56, 1964, stamp/letters: O T A C B very pale brown (10 YR 8/3), H = 3.5 cm, D = 7.7 cm, PI. 3: 105.
106.	Inv. No. F 1653, 1968, □ L, Section 2, Layer 7, very pale brown (10 YR 8/3), H = 2.7 cm, D = 9.1 cm, PI. 3: 106.
107.	Inv. No. F 64-237, 1964, trench 3, □ XI-X , very pale brown (10 YR 8/3), H = 2.7 cm, D = 8.5 cm, PI. 3: 107.
108.	Inv. No. F 64-55, 1964, very pale brown (10 YR 8/3), H = 1.2 cm, D = 9 cm.
109.	Inv. No. F 64-5, 1964, very pale brown (10 YR 8/4), H = 1 cm, D = 9.3 cm.
110.	Inv. No. F 1962, 1971, Section 21-23.5 cm, very pale brown (10 YR 8/3), H = 1.1 cm, D = 8.8 cm.
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Amfore z emonskega foruma
Povzetek
V prispevku so obdelane amfore iz odpadne jame na emon-skem forumu. Najdbe potrjujejo strateško jiomembnost tega področja v času pred ustanovitvijo kolonije (Sašel 1968, 543) in kažejo na import vina iz jadranskega, italskega in grškega območja, španskih ribjih omak in istrskega olivnega olja.
K poznorepublikanskemu posodju spada oblika Lamboglia 2 (Lamboglia 1955, Tchernia 1986, 53-54; Werf 1986. 103: Cipriano, Carre 1989, 80-85); njihova proizvodnja preneha v avgustejski dobi (Cipriano, Carre 1989, 82).
Oblike Dressel 2-4, Dressel 5, rodoške, Dressel 6 in Dressel 7-11 so amfore zgodnjecesarskega obdobja, prav tako tudi domnevno identificirana Camulodunum 189.
Vinske amfore Dressel 2-4 posnemajo oblike vinskega posodja z otoka Kosa (Grace 1961, si. 56-59); kažejo na različne izdelovalna središča, med drugim tudi provinco Tarakonensis (Pascual, Guasch 1977; Liou 1985; Miro 1988, si. 21: 2.6; Panella, Fano 1977; Peacock 1977; Tchernia 1986; Werff 1986, 107-108; Laubenheimer 1989, 118-123; Castle 1978) in se na najdiščih ob Jantarni poti pojavljajo v drugi polovici 1. st. (Bezeczky 1987, 4; Kelemen 1988, 116; Brukner 1981, 122; Plesničar 1972, t. 141).
Amfore Dressel 5 so grško vinsko posodje, ki se prav tako pojavlja ob Jantarni poti (Bezeczky 1987; Gassner 1989, 53,) znane pa so tudi z drugih najdišč (Fuchs 1978; Hayes 1983; Bohn 1926; Mercando 1974; Joncheray 1972, 21, 33) in so datirane med avgustejski in flavijski čas (Panella 1986; 618).
Rodoške amfore (Grace 1961, si. 62,; Peacock 1977, 266; Peacock. Williams 1986, 102-105) se pogosto pojavljajo v vojaških taborih prvega stoletja (Empereur, Picon 1989, 225; Bezeczky 1984, 166).
Največ odlomkov pripada obliki amfore Dressel 6 B za olje (Baldacci 1967; Buchi 1973; Carre 1985). Dva odlomka imata žig APICI, COSAE - slednji poznan iz Mantue (CIL V 4074).
Žige C. CRISPINILLA in C. LAECANIUS BASSUS najdemo na posodju, izdelanem v istrskih delavnicah (Tassaux 1983, 84; Bezeczky 1987, 15; Tassaux 1982), odkritih v Loronju pri Poreču in v Fažani pri Puli (Gnirs 1910 in 1911, Gnirs 1910 a; Gnirs 1904). Nekaj odlomkov pripada italski proizvodnji (Baldacci 1967). Amfore Dressel 6B, najdene v Noriku (Alfoldy 1974) in Panoniji (Bezezcky 1987), imajo žige AMETYSTI, BAR... CLYMEN, DI.„ FELIX. FELIX PET.., HER.., SPERA-TUS, VIAT. SISENNAE in L. IUN. PATIENS (Bezeczxy 1994, PIR 1. S 613; Baldacci 1967; Bezeczky 1991; Egger 1950; Frova 1952; Mocsy 1983; Alfoldy 1982).
Španske omake so prihajale v posodju oblike Dressel 7-11 in Pelichet 46 (Beltran 1970; Pelichet 1946; Peacock, Williams 1986; Ponsich, Tarradell 1965).
Amfora oblike Camulodunum 189 (Reusch 1970) je izvorno mediteranska in se redko pojavlja v Panoniji (Griinewald 1983, t. 44: 1; Hawkes, Hull 1947; Cunlife 1971; Loeschke 1942; Peacock. Williams 1986).
Samo dva odlomka sodita k obliki Portorecanati (Mercando 1974 in 1979; Carre 1985; Bezeczky 1987); sicer je ta amfora pogosta na najdiščih Panonije (Fuchs 1978).
Odlomek ustja tripolitanske amfore oblike II (Panella 1973; Gassner 1989; Plesničar 1972) sodi v čas po sredini 2. st. Posodje je služilo za afriško olje.
Večina amfor sodi v potiberijanski čas, nekaj odlomkov pa je zgodnejših.
Tamas Bezeczky Leibnizgasse 45 A-1100 Wien
PI. I: Forum of Emona. Lamboglia 2 (1,2), Dressel 2-4 (4), Dressel amphorae. Clay. Scale = 1:4.
T. I Emonski forum. Amfore vrst Lamboglia 2(12) Dressel 2-4 Tripolilania II (77). Glina. M. = 1:4.
5 (19), Rhodian (54,55), Porlorecanati (68) and Tripolilania II (77) (4), Dressel 5 (19), rodoSke (54,55), Porlorecanati (68) in
PI. 2: Forum of Emona. Dressel 6B amphorae. Clay. Scale = 1:4. T. 2: Emonski forum. Amforc vrsle Dressel 6B. Glina. M. = 1:4.
fl05-107)"Clay ^,=Cj™,lllodumlm 189 (62'63>' B<>ms XXXI/5 (70.71). Dressel 2-4 (86.87), miscellaneous amphorae and stoppers ^krover(To5-loTGlinr?=7S4 Camul0dunum 189 (62,63)' B6nis XXX1/5 <70'7I>- Dress<=' (86.87). različne vrste amfor in
PI. 4: Forum of Emona. Dressel 2-4 (4,5,8,12), Dressel 5 (19), Dressel 7-1 l/Bellran 1 (51,52), Camulodunum 189 (62,64) and Brindisi (102) amphorae. Clay. Nol lo scale.
SI. 4: Emonski forum. Amfore vrsl Dressel 2-4 (4,5,8,12) Dressel 5(19), Dressel 7-1 l/Bellran I (51,52), Camulodunum 189 (62,64) in Brindisi (102). Glina. Ni v merilu.