Si / 4 t wilh Sixty--five Plates of 7 ( / • / y/J / K /< —f ///v///y, f///7f>//.) ( e //rrj ////// f>/////' NAT1' RAL PRODF'1^ Surgeon Genera] to the Settlemeiit To THOMAS WILSON, Efq, DEAR SIR, AS the following Journal was undertaken at your Requeft, and its principal Object to afford you fome Amufement during your Hours of Relaxation, I fhall efteem myfelf happy if it anfwers that Purpofe. I hope that the Specimens of Natural Hiftory may tend to the Promotion of your favourite Science, and that, on this Account, it will not be unacceptable to you. By the next Conveyance I truft I fhall be enabled to make fome Additions, that will not be unworthy the Attention of the Naturalifts. A Let DEDICATION. Let my prefent Communications, which the Hidden failing of the Ships from hence, and the Duties of my Department, have rendered lefs copious than I intended, at leaft ferve to convince you of my Readinefs at all Times to comply with your Wiihes j and of the Refpe£t and Efteem with which I am, DEAR SIR, YOUR VERY OBEDIENT AND HUMBLE SERVANT, Sydney Cove, Port Jackfon, New South Wales, November 18th, 1788. JOHN WHITE. A D VERT I SEMEN T. IT becomes the duty of the Editor, as much as it is his inclination, to return his public and grateful acknowledgments to the Gentlemen, through whofe abilities and liberal communications, in the province of Natural Hiftory, he has been enabled to furmount thofe difficulties that nc-ceffarily attended the defcription of fo great a variety of animals, prefented for the firfl: time to the obfervation of the Naturalift, and confequently in the clafs of Non-defcripts. Among thofe Gentlemen he has the honour, particularly, to reckon the names of Dr. Shaw ; Dr. Smith, the poiTeflbr of the celebrated Linnasan Collection ; and John Hunter, Efq. who, to a fublime and inventive genius, happily unites a dilinterefted and generous zeal for the promotion of natural feience. The Public may rely, with the raoft perfect confidence, on the care and accuracy with which the Drawings have been copied from nature, by Mifs Stone, Mr. Catton, Mr. Nodder, and other artifts; and the Editor flatters himfelf the Engravings are all executed with equal correctnefs, by, or under the immediate infpetlion of Mr. Milton. The Birds, &c. from which the drawings were taken are deposited in the Leverian Mufeum. A L I S T O F SUBSCRIBERS. A'COURT, William Pierce Aihc, Efq. M. P. Addifon, Edward, Efq, Andcrfon, Thomas, Efq. Anftruther, John, Efq. M. P, Allen, Jofcph, Efq. Arthur, Mr. Adair, James, Efq. B. Burrell, Sir William, Bart. Barnard, Mr. Brifac, Mrs. G. Banks, Sir Jofcph, Bart, Budgen, John Smith, Efq. Buck, George, Efq. Brook, Mr. Brook, Mr. Richard Bolt, John, Efq. Bunbury, Sir Tho, Charles, Bart. M, P. Bonnor, Mr. William Bowering, Mr. Bofvillc, William, Efq. Bradfhaw, Auguftus Cavendifh, Efq, Buckingham Book Club Bowyer, George, Efq. Boldero, Charles, Efq. Binftead, Thomas, Efq. Blackmorc, Mr, a Buckmaftcr, SUBSCRIBERS. Buckmafter, Jofcph, Efq. Barwcll, Edward, Efq. Barton, the Rev. Mr. Brown, Jackfon, Efq. Bateman, Lord Vifcount Byrne, William, Efq. Beckett, Mr. Bookfeller, 4 copies Barker, George Hollington, Efq. Baldwin, Mr. Bookfeller, 25 copies Bevv, Mr. ditto, 12 ditto C. Crewe, John, Efq. M. P. Caldwell, Sir John, Bart. Cotterell, John, Efq. Cavendifh, Right Hon. Sir Henry, Bart. Carpenter, Richard, Efq. Combe, Dr. Cailon, William, Efq. Clake, Rev. James Charles Church, James Miller, Efq. Crookflianks, John, Efq. Crace, John, Efq. Carter, Thomas, Efq. Clarke, Richard, Efq. Currie, Mark, Efq. Chafe, John, Efq. Claridge, Mr. Chapman, Mr. Henry, two copies. Calvert, Robert, Efq. Calvert, Charles, Efq. Cornewall, Thomas, Efq. Clark, Mr. Bookfeller, 6 copies Clarke, Mr. ditto, 3 ditto Cuthell, Mr. ditto, 3 ditto Cooper, Mr. ditto, 6 ditto D. Dundas, Sir Thomas, Bart. M.P. Dawkins, Henry, Efq. Donegal, the Earl of Dyer, Mr. George Dormer, Lady Cottrell Doo, John, Efq. Digby, the Rev. Noel Delgarno, John, Efq. Dent, John, Efq. Dilly, Mr. Bookfeller, 6 copies Deighton, Mr. ditto 6 ditto E. Ellis, George, Efq. Earle, George, Efq. Evans, Mr. David Elliot, William, Efq. Eardley, Mrs. Eftridgc, SUBSCRIBERS. Eftridgc, John, Efq. Englcfield, Sir Henry, Bart. Eaton, the Rev. Stephen Elmfley, Mr. Bookfeller, 6 copies Egerton, MefT. T. and J. ditto, i 5 do. Edwards, Mr. ditto, 9 ditto Evans, Mr. ditto, 6 ditto Earlc, Mr. 3 copies F. Falkner, Thomas, Efq. Fullarton, William, Efq. Fonnercau, Martin, Efq. Fairbank, Mr. Fitzhugh, Thomas, Efq. Faulder, Mr. Bookfeller, 15 copies Forbes, Mr. Bookfeller, 3 copies Fofter, Mr. 12 copies Freeman, John, Efq. G. Gardiner, Sir John Whalley, Bart. Godfrey, John, Efq. Gilbert, Captain Garrow, William, Efq. Garrow, Jofcph, Efq. Grierfon, J. Efq. Gregfon, Mr. C. Groombridge, Mr. Goldfmid, Jeremiah, Efq. Goldfmid, Abraham, Efq. Goodcnough, Rev. Dr. Gray, Richard, Efq. Gardner, Mr. Bookfeller, 9 copies H. Harwood, William, Efq. Margrave, Francis, Efq. Holland, Richard, Efq. Hawkc, Lord Hawkins, Thomas, Efq. Hookham, Mr. Bookfeller, 12 copies Hughes, Sir Edward, K. B. Heydinger, Mr. Hume, Sir Abraham, Bart. Holmes, Leonard Troughear, Efq. Hall, Mr. Hoare, Charles, Efq. Halliday, Capt. John Smith Home, Everard, Efq. Hibbert, Thomas, Efq. Hodgfon, John, Efq. Hibbert, George, Efq. Hunter, John, Efq. Heylin, J. Efq. Howe, Captain Harlow, Mrs. Bookfeller, 6 copies a 2 IIanbury, S U B S C R Hanbury, William, Efq. Harpur, Robert, Efq. Hafkoll, Mr. J. Jenkins, Rev. Mr. James, Charles, Efq. Inchiquin, the Earl of, K. P-Jeffery, Mr. Bookfeller, 12 copies. Jervoifc Clarke Jervoife, Efq. Johnfon, Mr. Bookfeller, 12 copies K. Kanmacher, Mr. Frederick King, Lord Keliall, Lieutenant Kenton, B. Efq. Kennion, Mr. Keys, Richard, Efq. Kerby, Mr. John, Bookfeller, 6 copies Kerby, Mr. James, ditto, 6 ditto L. Lettfom, Dr. Lewilham, Vifcount Lucan, Lord I B E R S. Lomax, Mr. Charles Lowes, J. Efq. Lawrence, Richard, Efq. two copiei L. P. Efq. Lake, Sir James Winter, Bart. Lofack, Mrs. London, Rt. Rev. the Lord Bilhop of Lefter, Mr. Long, William, Efq. Ladbroke, Felix, Efq. Longman, Mr. Bookfeller, 6 copies Law, Mr. ditto, 9 copies Lewis, Mr. ditto, 6 ditto M. Molefworth, Sir William, Bart. Monro, Dr. John Mar (ham, Hon. Charles Mellow, A. Efq. two copies Mundy, Edward Miller, Efq. M.P. Mollyneux, Sir Francis, Bart. Murray, Mr. 6 copies Minlhull, William, Efq. Minet, Daniel, Efq. Mollyneux, Mifs Mackenzie, Alexander, Efq. Milton, Mr. Thomas Nefbit, SUBS N. Nclbitt, John, Efq. M.P. Noble, Francis, Efq. Naffau, Hon. Mr. o. Orford, the Earl of, 2 copies Orr, Captain Ofbaldefton, George, Efq. Ormerod, Rev. Mr. Ogilvy and Speare, MelTrs. Book-fellers, 3 copies P. Pennant, Thomas, Efq. Pitt, William, Efq. Parker, Sir Hyde Popham, John, Efq. Peachey, Sir James, Bart. Peachey, John, Efq. Price, Charles, Efq. Popplcwell, Mr. Pratt, John, Efq. Parkinfon, Rev. John Purling, John, Efq. Pceliikie, Lewis, Efq, Poultcr, Rev. Mr. R I B E R S. Pratt, Mr. J. Price, Mr. William. Powlett, the Rev. Charles Pigou, W. H. Efq. Payne and Son, MelTrs. Bookfclkrs* 15 copies Phillips, Mr. ditto, 6 ditto R. Rufhworth, Edward, Efq. M.P. Rous, Thomas Bates, Efq, Rainsford, Mr, Ramus, Mr. Roberts, John, Efq. Rebcllo, D. A. Efq. Robinfon, J. Efq. Raynsford, Nicolls, Efq. Rycroft, Sir Nelfon, Bart. Rigg. J. Jun. Efq. Rcppington, Charles Edward, Efq. Ridley, Sir Mathew White, Baronet, M.P. Richards, the Rev. Mr. Rowles, Charles Lee, Efq. Rudgc, Samuel, Efq. Robinfons, MelTrs. Bookfcllcrs, 60 copies Rivington and Sons, ditto, 6 ditto Robfon, Mr. ditto, 6 copies Spencer, S U B S C R I B E R TS. Spencer, Earl Start, Charles, Efq. M.P. Songa, A. Efq. Stimpfon, Captain Sryan, Mr. Smith, William, Efq. Svvainfon, Ifaac, Efq. Smith, Mr. Shuttleworth, Robert, Efq. Smith, Sir John, Bart. Sage, Ifaac, Efq. Spence, George, Efq. St. John, Lord Staniforth, William, Efq. Smith, Mrs. late Mifs Stone Shaw, Doctor Smith, Dr. Sewell, Mr. Bookfeller, 62 copies St rah an, Mr. ditto, 3 copies Scatcherd and Whitaker, MelTrs. 6 do. T, Tahourdin, I. S. Efq. Twigge, Rev. Mr. Taylor, Michael Angelo, Efq. M. P. Throckmorton, John, Efq. Todd, Thomas, Efq. Tunnard, William, Efq. TurtftaBj Marmaduke, Efq. Tyrwhit, Emund, Efq. Trevelyan, Sir John, Bart. M. P. Turner, John, Efq. Tahourdin, Captain Tcmpeft, John, Efq. M. P. Tollemache, the Hon. Mr. Teffeyman, Mr. William, 6 copies Taylor, MefTrs. J. and J. 3 copies U. Uphill, Mr. Upjohn, Mr. Peter Upjohn, Mr. W. Wilfon, Thomas, Efq. 20 copies Wilfon, Rev. Jofeph Woodd, Mr. John Wools, Mr. Warren, Dr. Ward, Rev. William Walili, John, Efq. Walford, Thomas, Efq. Wilfon, Mr. George Ward, Rev. Mr. Watfon, Hon. Lewis Watherfton, Dalhoufte, Efq. White, Rev. Edward Watfon, Thomas, Efq. • Winchelter, SUBSC Winchefter, the Rt. Rev. the Lord Bifhop of Willan, Dr. Walpole, Lord Wilfon, Lady Whalley, James, Efq. Wollafton, Mr. Wallace, Sir James Woriley, the Rev. Henry, of Arriton, Hants Worfley, the Rev. H. ofWhitcombc Wynne, Robert Watkyn, Efq. M. P. White, Mr. Bookfeller, 3 copies R I B E R S. Walker, Thomas, Efq, Weld, Richard, Efq. Wakeman, Thomas, Efq. Wright, Mr. Thomas Walker, Mr. Bookfeller, 12 copies Wilkie, Mcffrs. ditto, 6 copies White and Son, ditto, 18 ditto Walter, Mr. Charing Crofs, ditto, 15 ditto Z. Zimmcrmann, Mr* A LIST O F PLATES. NPAGE. EW Holland CaiTowary..........129 2 Great Brown King's Fifher ----------- - 137 3 Bankiian Cockatoo ------------- 139 4 Blue Bellied Parrot.............14° 5 Anomalous Hornbill - -- -- -- -- -- --142 6 Wattled Bee-eater - -- -- -- -------144 7 Do. Female - -- -- -- -- -- -- --145 8 Golden Winged Pigeon - -- ---------146 9 Port Jackfon Thrufh -............157 I o Yellow Eared Fly Catcher - -- -- -.....161 II Tabuan Parrot, Male.............168 12 Do. Female 169 13 Pennantian Parrot, Male -----------174 14 Do. Female - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 175 15 New Holland Creeper, Male - -- -- -- -- - 186 16 Knob Fronted Bee-eater.........---190. 17 Sacred PAGE. 17 Sacred King's Fiflier.............193 18 The Bankiia Serrata in Bud - -- -- -- -- -- 221 19 Do. in Flower - - -- -- -- -- -- -- 222 20 Do. in Fruit - - - - - - - -- -- -- -- 223 21 The Bankiia Pyriformis - - -- -- -- -- - 224 22 The Bankiia, and Bankiia Gibbofa - -- -- -- - 225 23 Peppermint Tree - -- -- -- -- -- -- 226 24 Tea Tree of New South Wales - -- -- -- -- 230 25 Bark of the Red Gum Tree - -- -- -- -- -231 26 C relied Cockatoo - -- -- -- -- -- -- 237 27 White Fulica - -- -- -- -- -- -- - 238 28 Southern Motacilla - - - -- -- -- -- - 239 29 Crefted Goat fucker - -- -- -- -- -- --241 30 Seine-formed Lizard - -- -- -- -- -- - 242 31 Muricated Lizard and Snake - -- -- -- -- - 244 32 Ribboned and Broad-tailed Lizards - -- -- -- - 245 33 Blue Frogs - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 248 34 Root of the Yellow Gum Tree - -- -- -- -- - 249 35 White Hawk - -- -- -- -- -- -- - 250 36 White Vented Crow - -- -- -- -- -- -251 37 Fulliginous Peteril - -- -- -- -- -- -- 252 38 Variegated Lizard - -- -- --------253 39 Pungent Chaetodon and Granulated Baliftes ------ 254 40 Muricated Lizard, Variety - -- -- -- -- - 255 41 Superb Warblers ------------- 256 42 Motacilla 257 43 Snake, A LIST OF PLATES. PAGE. 43 Snake, No. t . - -- --.........258 44 Do. No. 2................258 4$ Do. No. 5. - -.....- - -.....258 46 Do. No. 1. and 2. - -- -- -- -- -- -- 259 47 Infects of New South Wales, viz. Large Scolopendra, Spider, Crab, and Caterpillar - -- -- -- -- -- - 260 48 Small Paroquet - -- -- -- -- -- -- - 262 49 Red Shouldered Do. - -- -- -- -- -- -- 263 50 Cypronaceous Labrus and Hippocampus 264 51 Doubtfull Lophius - -- -- -- -- -- -- 265 52 Southern Cottus and Flying Fifh - - 266 53 Fafciated Mullet and Doubtful Spams ------- - 268 54 The Kangaroo - - - -- -- -- -- -- - 272 55 White Jointed Spider - -- -- -- -- -- - 277 56 Wha Tapoua Roo - -- -- -- -- -- -- 278 57 Dog of New South Wales - -- -- -- -- -- 280 58 The Tapoa Tafa 28: 59 The Spotted Do. - -- -- -- -- -- -- - 285 60 A Poto Roo - - - - . - -- -- -- -- - 286 61 Hepoona Roo - -- -- -- -- -- -- - 288 62 Feather of the CalTowary, and Fifh Hooks -.....290 63 Implements of New South Wales; viz. a War Spear, Fifh Gig, Hatchet, a Sword, and Banket of New South Wales 292 64 Athcrine, Tobacco Pipe, and Remora Fifli 296 65 New Holland Creeper, Female 297 WHITE'S JOURNAL OF A VOYAGE T O NEW SOUTH WALES. ITHIS day left London, charged with difpatches from 1787-the Secretary of State's office, and from the Admiralty, relative to the embarkation of that part of the marines and convicts intended for Botany Bay; and on the evening of the feventh, after travelling two days of the moft inceflant rain I ever remember, arrived at Plymouth, where the Charlotte and Friendfhip tranfports were in readinefs to receive them. General Collins, commander in chief at that port, loft no time in carrying the orders I had brought into execution : fo that on the morning of the ninth, the detachment of marines were on board, with all the baggage. But the B next 1787. next day being ufhered in with a very heavy gale of wind, made it impracticable to remove the convicts from on board the Dunkirk prifon-fhip, where they were confined. So violent was the gale, that his Majefty's fhip the Druid, of thirty-two guns, was forced to cut away her main-maft to prevent her driving on fhore. The weather being moderate the following day, the convicts were put on board the tranfports, and placed in the different apartments allotted for them; all fecured in irons, except the women. In the evening, as there was but little wind, we were towed by the boats belonging to the guardfliips out of the Hamaoze, where the Dunkirk lay, into Plymouth Sound. When this duty was completed, the boats returned ; and the wind now frefhening fo as to enable us to clear the land, we proceeded to Spithead, where we arrived the feventeenth, and anchored on the Mother Bank, among the reft of the tranfports and victuallers intended for the fame expedition, under the conduct of his Majefty's fliip the Sirius. As foon as the fhip came to anchor, I vifited all the other tranfports, and was really furprifed to find the convicts on board them fo very healthy. When I got on board the Alexander, I found there a medical cal gentleman from Portfmouth, among whofe acquaintance I had not the honour to be numbered. He fcarcely gave me time to get upon the quarter-deck, before he thus add relied me—" I am very glad you are arrived, Sir; for €i your people have got a malignant difeafe among them of he in the courfe of this day fent her back. 28th. Departed this life, Ifmael Coleman, a convict, who, worn out by lownefs of fpirits and debility, brought on by long and clofe confinement, refigned his breath without a pang. 30th. In the forenoon pafTed to the fouthward of Madeira, and faw fome turtle of the hawks-bill kind. June 2d. Saw and pafTed the Salvages. Thefe iflands are not laid down in any of the charts we had on board, except a fmall one, by Flamilton Moore, in the pofTeflion of the fecond mate. They lie, by our obfervation, in lat, 300. 10'. N. long. 150. 9'. W. 3d. This evening, after feeing many fmall fifh in our way from the Salvages, we arrived at Teneriffe, and anchored in Santa Cruz road, about a mile to the N. E. of the town of that name, in fixteen fathom water; fome of the fhips Ships came to in twenty fathom. We were viflted the fame night, as is the cuftom of the port, by the harbour mafter, and gained permiflion to water, and procure fuch refrefh-ments as the ifland afforded. The marines were now ferved with wine in lieu of fpirits ; a pound of frcfh beef was like-wife daily distributed to them as well as to the convicts; together with a pound of rice inftead of bread, and fuch vegetables as could be procured. Of the latter indeed the portion was rather fcanty, little befides onions being to be got ; and ftill leSs of fruit, it being too early in the feafon. 4th. Captain Phillip, as governor of his Majefty's territories in New South Wales, and commander in chief of the expedition, accompanied by twenty of the principal officers, paid his refpects to the Marquis de Brancifort, governor of this and the other Canary iflands. We were received by his Excellency with great politcnefs and cordiality ; and after the ceremony of introduction was over, he entered into familiar converfation with Captain Phillip on general topics. In perfon the Marquis is genteel; he is rather above the middle Size, but cannot boaft of much embonpoint; his countenance is animated ; his deportment eafy and graceful; and both his appearance and manners perfectly 1787, perfectly correfpond with the idea univerfally entertained of Jvme- the dignity of a grandee of Spain. This accomplimed nobleman, as I have been informed, is not a Spaniard by birth, but a Sicilian; and dcfcended from fome of the princes of that ifland. On this anceftry and defcent, it is vifible that he prides himfelf not a little. The people he is placed over will have it, that he carries himfelf with too much Statelinefs to be long a favourite there ; they cannot, however, help acknowledging that Jie preferves a degree of difintereStednefs, moderation, and juftice, in his conduct; towards them, that is not to be objected to. 6th. A convict, named James Clark, died of a dropfy^ he had been tapped ten days before, and difcharged twelve quarts of water. 8th. During the night, while the people were bufily employed in taking in water on board the Alexander, a fervice in which fome of the convicts aflifted, one of them, of the name of Powel, found means to drop himfelf unper-ceived into a fmall boat that lay along-Side; and under cover of the night to caSt her off without difcovery. He then drifted to a Dutch EaSt Indiaman that had ju(l come to an anchor, to the crew of which he told a plauflble Story, and and entreated to be taken on board ; but, though they much wanted men, they would have nothing to do with him. Having committed himfelf again to the waves, he was driven by the wind and the current,, in the courfe of the night, to a fmall ifland lying to leeward of the {hips, where he was the next morning taken. The boat and oars, which he could not conceal, led to a difcovery; otherwife he would probably have effected his efcape. When brought back by the party fent after him, Captain *TPhillip ordered him into irons, in which {late he remained for fome time ; but at length, by an artful petition he got written for him, he fo wrought on the governor's humanity, as to procure a releafe from his confinement. As you approach the ifland of Tencriffe, and even when you are near to it, the appearance from the fea conveys no very favourable idea of its fertility ; one rugged, barren hill or mountain terminating in another, until it forms* the famous Peak. The town of Santa Cruz is large and populous, but very irregular and ill built; fome of the private houfes, however, are fpacious, convenient, and well conftrucled. Although this town is not confidered as-the capital, Laguna enjoying that pre-eminence, yet I cannot not help thinking it ought to be fo; not only from its being more frequented by mips of various nations, and having a greater fhare of trade than any other port in the Canaries, but on account of ks being the residence of the governor-general. Among other Steps for its improvement, the Marquis fet on foot a contribution, and from the produce of it has caufed to be built an elegant and commodious mole, or pier, about the center of the town. To this pier, water of an excellent quality is conveyed by pipes; fo that boats may come aloncr-fide, and by applying a hofe to the cocks placed there Sor this purpofe, Sill the cafks without the ufual trouble and fatigue. The landing or Shipping of goods is likewife, by means of this pier, rendered both convenient and expeditious. In Short, I think I may fafely recommend this port as a very good one for Ships undertaking long voyages to water at, and refrefh their crews; more efpecially in the time of the fruit feafon. About four or five miles, inland, from Santa Cruz, Stands the city of Laguna; fo called from a lake near which it is fituated. This lake, during the winter, or in rainy weather, is full of Stagnant water, that in a little time becomes becomes putrid, and, in very dry hot weather, is totally exhaled. I have before obferved, that Laguna is considered as the capital of the ifland, and added my rea-fons for thinking this an ill-judged distinction. The road from Santa Cruz to it is a pretty fteep afcent, until you approach the town, which is Situated at the extremity, or rather on a corner, of a plain three or four miles long. This city has two churches, one of them richly ornamented ; and feveral convents both of friars and nuns. It has like-wife three hoSpitals ; two of which were originally inflituted for the wife, but ineffectual, purpofe of eradicating the lues venerea \ a difeafe that has long been, and ftill continues to be, very common in this ifland. I was however informed, that perfons afflicted with other diforders are now received into thefe two charitable institutions ; and that the third is appropriated to the reception of foundlings. BeSides the foregoing, there are fome other public, as well as private buildings, that tend to improve the appearance of the town. There is very little trade carried on at Laguna, it being rather the retired residence of the gentry of the ifland, and of the merchants of Santa Cruz, which is the principal feat of commerce. The officers of juftice likewife refide here ; D fuch white'S journal of a fuch as the corrigedor, lieutenant of the police, 6cc. and a judge whofe bufinefs it is to regulate commercial affairs; An office of inquifition, with the proper officers, delegated from, and fubjec~t to, the tribunal of the holy office held at Grand Canary, is befidcs eftablifhed here. The prefent natives of this ifland feem to have in them very little of the ftock from whence they fprung; intermarriages with the Spaniards have nearly obliterated all traces of the original {lamina : they are of a middle ftature, inclining to be flender, and of a dark complexion, with large animated black eyes. The peafants in general are wretchedly clothed y when they do appear better, they are habited in the Spanifh fafhion. The men, in a genteeler line, drefs very gaily, and are feldom feen without long fwords. It is remarked, that few of them walk with dignity and eafe * which may be attributed to the long cloaks they ufually wear, except on particular occafions. The women wear veils: thofe worn by the lower ranks are of black fluff, thofe of the higher, of black filk; and fuch among the latter as have any claim to beauty, arc far from being over careful in concealing their faces by them. The young ladies, feme of whom I faw that were really really pretty, wear their fine long black hair plaited, and faftened with a comb, or a ribbon, on the top of the head. The common people, and in this they refemble the inhabitants of moft of the iflands in the Pacific Ocean lately dif-covered, have a ftrong fpice of furacity in them; they arc befidcs lazy; and the moft importunate beggars in the world: I obferved likewife, that the itch was fo common among them, and had attained fuch a degree of virulence, that one would almoft be led to believe it was epidemic there. Some of the women are fo abandoned and fhamclefs, that it would be doing an injuftice to the proftitutes met with in the ftreets of London, to fay they are like them. The females of every degree are faid to be of an amorous conftitu-tion, and addi&ed to intrigue; for which no houfes could be better adapted than thofe in Teneriffe. The manufactures carried on here are very few, and the product: of them little more than fufiicient for their own confumption. They confift of taffeties, gauze, coarfe linens, blankets, a little filk, and curious garters. The principal dependance of the inhabitants is on their wine (their ftaple commodity), oil, corn, and every kind of ftock for (hipping. D 2 With With thefe the ifland abounds; and, in their feafon, pro* duces not only the tropical fruits, but the vegetable productions of the European gardens, in the greatefl plenty. Te-neriffe enjoys an agreeable and healthful mediocrity of climate; Indeed I know of none better adapted for the reftoration of a valetudinarian; as, by going into the mountains, he may graduate the air, and chufe that ftate of it which beft fuits his complaint. But although the inhabitants are thus healthy^ and have fo little occafion for medical aid, they loudly complain of the want of knowledge in the profeflional gentlemen of the ifland. The prefent governor has eftablifhed a manufactory of filk and woollen goods in the fuburbs of Santa Cruz, which is carried on by poor children, old and infirm people, and by abandoned females, with a view to reclaiming them: an institution that will ever do honour both to his excellency, and to thofe who have liberally aided him in fo laudable a fcheme. Like the inhabitants of moft catholic countries, the people of this ifland are very profufe in decorating their churches, and even their dwelling-houfes, on the feftivals held in honour of their faints. This being Corpus Chrijli> a day of much folemnity and parade, I went on fhore with Lieutenant Ball of the Supply to fee the proceflion incident to the occafion. Before we landed we formed a refolution to avoid, as much as lay in our power, giving offence even to the moft zealous devotee. But we found this was not to be done. When we arrived at the church, from whence the proceflion commenced, the Hoft was juft making its appearance y a circumftance that is announced by ringing of bells, and firing of guns. As it paffed by us we fell on our knees, as we obferved thofe around us to do ; but it unfortunately happening, that the fpot we knelt upon confifted of fand intermixed with fmall rough pebbles, the pofture we were in foon became fo exceedingly painful,, that, in order to procure a momentary eafe, we only let one knee remain on the ground. This heretical act did not efcape the obfervation of one of the holy fathers, all of whom were intent on the exact: performance of every ceremonious etiquette. It procured for us a frown from him, and treatment that was not of the moft civil kind ; fo that, in order to pacify him, we again dropped on both knees. He did not, however, pafs on, without exhibiting ftrong marks of ill-nature and refentment in his countenance, at this trivial and unintended breach of refpe&ful attention. attention to the religious rights of the country. The proceflion, in which the governor and all the principal inhabitants joined, having pafTed through moft of the Streets, returned, with the fame folemnity, to the church it had fet out from ; which was richly ornamented, and fplendidly illuminated with large wax tapers, upon the occafion. During our ftay here, his excellency the governor entertained Captain Phillip and all the officers belonging to the expedition with a very elegant dinner. Before we failed from the Motherbank, afporatic difeafe had appeared among the marines and convicts. On its firft appearance it refembled the mumps, or fwellings of the chaps; and as that diftemper fometimes terminates in a tranflation of the inflammation to the tefticles, fo this complaint (after the fwelling and induration of the jaws had fubfided, which ufually happened on the fixth or feventh day) never in one inftance failed to fix on thofe parts ; and that in fo very obftinate a manner, as not to give way to the treatment generally found effectual in Similar inflammations. One of the convicts, thus affected, was feized with an intermitting fever : between the paroxyfm I gave him an emetic; which had fuch a fudden and wonderful effect on this Strange com- ' plaint, plaint, that I was induced to repeat it; and I found it effectual in this, as well as in all fubfequent cafes. As foon as we got to fea, the motion of the fhip acted on all thofe who were affected, to the number of fevcnteen, in a moft furprifing and extraordinary manner. Indeed it was fo fud-den, that it was like a placebo. I could never account, with any Satisfaction to myfelf, for the origin of this uncommon difeafe, though much acquainted with thofe incident to feamen ; nor did I ever fee or hear of any that refembled it. The moft Steady and prudent of the mariners, even thofe who had their wives on board, were equally affected with thofe who led more irregular lives. At firft I attributed it to the verdigreafe that might gather on the copper utenfils wherein the provisions were cooked ; but I am now fully perfuaded that this was not the fource from which it proceeded ; for at the very time it was molt prevalent, and attended with the greateft degree of inveteracy, the coppers were cleaned, and made as bright as they could be, every day, under my own infpection. Another proof, and a very Strong one, that it did not proceed from the before-mentioned caufe is, that the provifions Still continued to be dreffed in the fame coppers, when the fmalleft trace of the difeafe was no longer longer to be perceived ; which was the cafe after being four or> five days at fea. 9th, P. M. the Sirius made the fignal for all officers to repair on board their refpective fhips; an officer was likewife fait to the governor, to inform him that we intended to put to fea in the morning, and, at the fame time, to thank him for the civilities and politenefs he had fhown us. His excellency returned, in anfwer to this meflage, that his beft and moft fincere good wifhes fhould attend us; and that he fhould ever feel a very particular intereft in our fuccefs; which he hoped would anfwer the intention of government, and the expectations of thofe who had fo cheerfully entered as volunteers on fo novel and very uncertain a fervice. 10th. This morning the fleet got under way with a light •breeze, which carried us out of Santa Cruz, but left us two days becalmed betweenTeneriffe and the Grand Canary. After this a fine breeze fprung up from the north-eaft; and no occurrence worthy of notice happened for fome days. We crofled the tropical line in 180. 20'. weft longitude, and was nearly prefled on board the Lady Penrhynn tranfport, whofe people did not attend to her fteerage, being deeply engaged in fluicing and ducking all thofe on board who had never crofled it. 17th. 17th. In the morning faw a ftrange fail to the north* ward, and at night the Sirius made the fignal for the convoy to fhorten fail. 18th. Early this morning the Sirius threw out the Supply's fignal to make fail, and look out ahead. She imme* diately obeyed, and at eight o'clock made the fignal for feeing land; which was repeated by the Sirius to the con* voy. At eleven we paffed the Ifle of Sal, in lat. 160 38' N. long. 220 5' W., and in the evening Bonavifta; two of the Cape de Verd iflands, a duller of illands fo called from a cape of that name Situated oppofite to them on the continent of Africa. We paSTed the latter ifland fo clofe, that we faw the breakers which endangered Captain Cook's (hip in his laft voyage. It blew at the time pretty frefh, and was fo hazy, that we could make no other obfervation, than that the land was high, and the Shore (what we could perceive of it through the haze, for the horizon line did not exceed two miles) had a white appearance, as if fand or chalk cliffs. At fix in the evening, the Sirius made a fignal for the convoy to obferve a clofe order of failing, and to fhorten fail for the night; and at twelve, running under an eafy fail, E flic fhe made the fignal for the fhips to bring to, with their heads to the fouth-eaft. 19th. At day break we made fail, the Supply being a-head on the look-out. At eight o'clock fhe made the fignal for feeing land; which proved to be the ifle of Mayo, another of the Cape de Verd iflands, lying in lat. 150 10' N. long. 230 W. The Sirius now made the fignal to prepare to anchor; which was followed by one, that the boats from the victuallers and tranfports may land, as foon as the fhips came to an anchor, without afking permiffion as at TenerifTe. We ran down the eafl fide of the ifland, clofe in with the fhore, on which we could perceive a high furf, or rather the fea, breaking violently among the rocks. The haze flill continued fo thick that we could only obferve the fhore to be rough, craggy, and bold; and that feveral parts of the ifland feemed high and mountainous. At twelve, through the haze, faw the ifland of Saint Jago, the principal of th© Cape de Verd iflands, lying in lat. 140 54' N. long. 230 29'W. Half after one, the Sirius leading into Port Praya Bay, on a fudden brought to, as we imagined, to wait for the flern-moft fhips, which, as they all came up, likewife brought to, on on the outfide of the entrance into the bay. After the preparations which had been made for anchoring, and the dif-pofition fhown by the Sirius to run in, we were not a little furprifed to fee her, at two o'clock, throw out the fignal for the convoy to keep nearer the commanding officer ; then make fail and bear away, fleering fouth-weft. At fix in the evening we loft fight of the ifland, running with a fmart top-gallant, and fleering fail, breeze at north-eaft. A fmall Portugueze brig lay at anchor in Port Praya, which was the only veffel of any kind at that time there. This bay is rendered memorable by the adion that took place there, on the 16th of April 1781, between Commodore Johnftone and Monfieur Suffrein ; in giving an account of which, the French admiral (in a letter faid to be written by him) humoroufly thus obferves : tc In leading into the bay, " I was fome time at a lofs to diftinguifh which was the £C commodore's fhip: but on getting more in, I at length " faw his pendant blufhing through a foreft of mafts ; the " Romney being fecurcly placed in fhore of the merchant " fhips and fmaller men of war." The entrance into this bay appeared to be about a mile, between two bluff points, which makes it fecure from every E 2 wind, 1787. wind, except a foutherly one; and when that prevails, 3 ' Jw»»' very high fea tumbles into it. On an eminence, in the center of the bay, ftands a fort, where the Portugueze colours were difplayed. Many people appeared on the batteries, looking at the fhips; which were probably more in number than had been feen there fince the memorable 16th of April. The appearance of the town and the ifland, from the diflant view we had, gave us no very favourable opinion of them. The face of the country feemed to be flerile in the extreme. The lifelefs brown of the Ifle of Mayo, defcribed by Captain Cook, may very well be applied to this ifland; for as far as my eye or glafs could reach, not the fmalleft trace of vegetation or verdure was to be perceived, except at the wefl end of the fort, on the left fide of the bay, where a few trees of the cocoa nut or palm kind appeared. But notwithstanding the flerile picture it exhibits when viewed from the fea, geographers, and thofe who have been on fhore, defcribe it to be, in many places, well cultivated and very fertile; producing fugar canes, a little wine, fome cotton, Indian corn, cocoa nuts, and oranges, with all the other tropical fruits in great plenty; and point it out as a place where fhipsj bound on long voyages, may be conveniently fupplied with with water, and other neceffaries; fuch as fowls, goats, and 1787. hogs ; all which are to be purchafed at a very eafy rate. J^X 20th. This evening, (landing to the Southward with all fail ; the wind moderate ; the air warm and damp, with haze; theSirius made the Alexander's fignal,who had dropped considerably aftern, and reprimanded the maSter for hoifting out a boat without permihion. The two following days the weather was moderately warm, with fome flafhes of lightning. 23d. The weather became exceedingly dark, warm, and clofe, with heavy rain ; a temperature of the atmofphere very common on approaching the equator, and very much to be dreaded, as the health is greatly endangered thereby. Every attention was therefore paid to the people on board the Charlotte, and every exertion ufed to keep her clean and wholefome between decks. My firSt care was to keep the men, as far as was confident with a regular difcharge of their duty, out of the rain ; and I never Suffered the convicts to come upon deck when it rained, as they had neither linen nor clothing Sufficient to make themfelves dry and comfortable after getting wet: a- line of conduct which cannot be too Strictly obferved, and enforced, in thofe latitudes. white's journal of a tudcs. To this, and to the frequent ufe of oil of tar, which was ufed three times a week, and oftener if found neceffary, I attribute, in a great degree, the uncommon good health we enjoyed. I moft Sincerely wifh oil of tar was in more general ufe throughout his Majesty's navy than it is. If it were, I am certain that the advantage accruing from it to the health of feamen, that truly ufeful and valuable clafs of the community, and for whofe prefervation too much cannot be done, would foon manifeft itfelf. This efficacious remedy wonderfully refifts putrefaction, deftroys vermin and infects of every kind; wherever it is applied overcomes all disagreeable fmells ; and is in itfelf both agreeable and whole-fome. In the evening it became calm, with diftant peals of thunder, and the moft vivid flafhes of lightning I ever remember. The weather was now fo immoderately hot, that the female convicts, perfectly overcome with it, frequently fainted away; and thefe faintings generally terminated in fits. And yet, notwithstanding the enervating effects of the atmofpheric heat, and the inconveniences they fuffered from it; fo predominant was the warmth of their constitutions, or the depravity of their hearts, that the hatches over the place where where they were confined could not be Suffered to lay off, during the night, without a promifcuous intercourfe immediately taking place between them and the feamen and marines. What little wind there was, which was only at intervals, continuing adverfe, and the health of thefe wretches being ftill endangered by the heat, Captain Phillip, though anxious to prevent as much as pofiible this intercourfe, gave an order, on my reprefenting the neceflity of it, that a grating fhould be cut, fo as to admit a fmall wind fail being let down among them. In fome of the other Ships, the defire of the women to be with the men was fo uncontrollable, that neither Shame (but indeed of this they had long loft fight), nor the fear of punifhment, could deter them from making their way through the bulk heads to the apartments aiflgned the feamen. 9 25th. Still inclinable to calms, in lat. 8° 30' N. long. 220 36' W. we perceived a Strong current fetting to the north-weft y So that on the following day, though by our log we had run thirty miles fouth by eaft, yet by obferva-tion we found ourfelves in lat. 8° 45'; which Shows the current againft us to be nearly a knot an hour. I vifited. the different tranfports, and found the troops and convicts, from white'S journal of a from the very great attention paid to cleanlinefs, and airing the fhips, in much better health than could be expected in fuch low latitudes and unfavourable weather. 27th. Still calm, with loud thunder, and inceffant heavy 3*ain. 28th. A gentle breeze fprung up to the weflward, and the next day, about eleven in the forenoon, we faw a ftrange fail Standing to the fouth-weft. At twelve fhe tacked, flood towards us, and hoifted Portugueze colours. The Sirius fpoke her; after which we all made fail again, fleering fouth-eaft by eaft. July 2d. The wind continuing foutherly, in latitude 6° 36 N. and being ftill fo far to the eaftward as 200 23'W. longitude, the Sirius made the fignal for the convoy to tack; and flood to the weftward. This day we faw fome remarkable flights of flying fifh; they were fo very numerous as to refemble flights of fmall birds. The poor creatures were fo clofely purfued, on all fides, by their common enemy, bonitoes, albacores, and fkip-jacks, that their wings availed them little. The fucceeding night was a continuation of heavy rain. Every evening, while we continued between nine and fix degrees of north latitude, we were baffled with J with calms, and adverfe winds. For feven days together I 1787. obferved that each day generally clofed with heavy rains, and fome fqualls of wind, which were always remarked to be from the northward. 5th. The wind fouth-weft by fouth, the fleet tacked by fignal and flood to the eaftward. In the evening, a more numerous Shoal of porpoifes than ever remembered to be feen by the oldeft feaman on board, prefented themfelves to our view. They were, as we conjectured, in purfuit of fome wounded fifh; and fo very intent were they on the object: of their chace, that they pafTed through the fleet, and clofe to fome of the fhips, without fhowing any difpoiition to avoid them. The failors and mariners compared them to a numerous pack of hounds, fcouring through watery ground; and indeed, when the rays of the fun beamed upon them, I know not what they refembled more. The weather being moderate, I went round the fhips, and was really furprifed, confldering the damp and unfavourable weather we had had, to find the people look So well, and to be in fo good a ftate of health. 6th. In lat, 50 38' N. long. 210 39' W. the wind S. S. W. we tacked by fignal, and in the courfe of the day fpoke F a floop a floop bound to the coaft of Africa, belonging to the houfe of Mether in London ; had been out four months, and was then Standing to the weftward. The wind continuing adverfe, and the fleet making little progrefs in their voyage, Captain Phillip put the officers, feamen, marines, and convicts to an allowance of three pints of water per day (not including a quart allowed each man a day for boiling peafe and oatmeal); a quantity fcarcely Sufficient to fupply that wafle of animal fpirits the body muft neceffarily undergo, in the torrid zone, from a conftant and violent perfpiration, and a diet confiding of fait provisions. Neceflity, however, has no law in this inflance as well as in every other; and I am fully perfuaded the commander acted upon this occafion from the beft of motives, and for the good of the whole. Were it by any means poffible, people Subject to long voyages fhould never be put to a Short allowance of water ; for I am fatisfied that a liberal ufe of it (when freed from the foul air, and made fvveet by a machine now in ufe on board his Majefty's navy) will tend to prevent a fcorbutic habit, as much, if not more, than any thing we are acquainted with. My own experience in the navy has convinced me, that when fcorbutic butic patients are reftrained in the ufe of water (which I believe is never the cafe but through abfolute neceflity), and they have nothing to live on but the fhip's provifion, the furgeon's neceiTaries being ill-chofcn and very inadequate to the wife and falutary purpofes for which government intended them, all the antifeptics and antifcorbu-tics we know of will avail very little in a difeafe fo much to be guarded againft, and dreaded, by feamen. In one of his Ma-jefty's fhips, I was liberally fupplied with that powerful anti-fcorbutic, effence of malt; wTe had alfo four krout; and bc-fides thefe, every remedy that could be comprifed in the fmall compafs of a medicine cheft; yet, when neceflity forced us to a fhort allowance of water, although, aware of the confequence, I freely adminiflered the effence, &c. as a pre-fcrvative, the fcurvy made its appearance with fuch hafty and rapid ftrides, that all attempts to check it proved fruitlefs, xmtil good fortune threw a fhip in our way, who fpared us a fufficient quantity of water to ferve the fick with as much as they could ufe, and to increafe the fhip's allowance to the feamen. This fortunate and very feafonable fupply, added to the free ufe of the effence of malt, &c. which I had before F 2 flridly ftrictly adhered to, made in a few days fo fudden a change for the better in the poor fellows, who had been covered with ulcers and livid blotches, that every perfon on board was furprifed at it: and, in a fortnight after, when we got into port, there was not a man in the fhip, though, at the time we received the water, the gums of fome of them were formed into fuch a fungus as nearly to envelope the teeth,, but what had every appearance of health. 7th. Dark,, cloudy, unpleafant, fultry weather ; the wind fouth by eaft. We faw many fifh, and caught two bonitoes* The boatfwain ftruck, with a pair of grains, out of the cabia window, a moft beautiful fifh, about ten pounds weight. In fhape it a good deal refembled a ialmon, with this difference, that its tail was more forked. It was in colour of a lovely yellow; and when firft taken out of the water, it had two beautiful ftripes of green on each fide, which, fome minutes after, changed to a delightful blue,, and fo continued. In the internal formation of this fifh I obferved nothing particular, except that its heart was larger, and its refpirations contracted and dilated longer, than I had ever feen before in any aquatic animal, a tortoife not excepted. As we were at a lofs what ■ what appellation to give it, having never met with a fifh of this fpecies, and it being a non-defcript, the failors gave it the name of the Yellow Tail. 8th. The wind ftill S. by E. in lat. 4° 36' N. long. 230 W. we faw a large veffel ftanding to the northward under a prefs of fail. Her colours, though at a considerable diftance, were judged to be Imperial. Again faw fifh of various kinds in chafe of the flying fifh, whofe enemies feem to be innumerable. In order to avoid being devoured by their purfuers, they frequently fought for fhelter in the fhips ; but much oftener flew with fuch force againft their fides as to drop lifelefs into the water. We caught three fine bonitoes, and thereby rid the poor flying fifh, whofe wings feemed to excite the enmity of all the larger finny, race, of three formidable enemies. 9th and 10th. Caught a great number of fifh, as did the Alexander, who was near us. At night, in the wake of the fhip the fea appeared quite luminous ; a phenomenon we attributed to the fpawn of the fifh which furrounded US" on all fides. 14th. About five in the evening we crofled the equator, without any wifh or inclination being ftiewn by the feamen to white's journal of a to obfervc the ceremony ufually practifed in palling under it, The longitude was 260 37'W. the wind at eaft, the weather moderate and clear. In lat. i° 24' S. long. 260 22' W. the boatfwain caught fixteen fine bonitoes, which proved a very feafonable and acceptable fupply. At night the fea, all around the fhip, exhibited a moll: delightful fight. This appearance was occafioncd by the gambols of an incredible number of various kinds of fifh, who fported about us, and whofe fudden turnings caufed an emanation, which refem-bled flafhes of lightning darting in quick fucceffion. What I before fpoke of as the fpawn, I am now fully convinced were rather the fifh themfelves, turning up their white bellies at fome little diftance below the furface of the water, and thefe fudden evolutions were what gave the fea the luminous appearance obferved on it before. I can the more readily affirm this to be the caufe, as, one evening, when we had immenfe quantities about us, I carefully attended to them till it became dark, and was fully fatisfied, from the obfervations I was then able to make, that it was the fifh, and not the fpawn, which occafioned the appearance ; for there was not an officer or perfon on board but what was able very plainly to perceive their frolicfome turnings ings and windings. Indeed, fome of them came fo near the furface, that we frequently attempted to Strike them with a pair of grains. 18th. Being informed that feveral of the mariners and convicts on board the Alexander were Suddenly taken ill, I immediately vifited that (hip, and found that the illnefs complained of was wholly occafioned by the bilge water, which had by fome means or other rifen to fo great a height, that the pannels of the cabin, and the buttons on the clothes of the officers, were turned nearly black, by the noxious effluvia. When the hatches were taken off, the flench was fo powerful, that it was Scarcely poffible to ftand over them. How it could have got to this height is very flrange ; for I well know, that Captain Phillip gave Strict orders (which orders I myfelf delivered) to the maSters of the tranfports to pump the fhips out daily, in order to keep them fweet and wholefome ; and it was added, that if the fhips did not make water enough for that purpofe, they were to employ the convicts in throwing water into the well, and pumping it out again, until it became clear and untinged. The people's health, however, being endangered by the circum-ftance, I found a reprefentation upon the Subject to Captain Phillip Phillip needful ; and accordingly went on board the Sirius for that purpofe. Captain Phillip, who upon every occafion fhowed great humanity and attention to the people, with the moft obliging readinefs fent Mr. King, one of his lieutenants, on board the Alexander with me, in order to examine into the date of the fhip ; charging him, at the fame time, with the moft pofltive and pointed inftructions to the mafter of the fhip inftantly to fet about fweetening and purifying her. This commifTion Mr. King executed with great propriety and expedition; and by the directions he gave, fuch effectual means were made ufe of, that the evil was foon corrected : and not long after all the people, who, fufTering from the effects of it, were under Mr. Balmain, my afliftant's, care, got quite rid of the complaint. I now returned to the Sirius, and folicited an increafe of water ; which Captain Phillip with equal readinefs complied with ; .and as we had by this time got into a regular fouth-eaft trade wind, our allowance ferved tolerably well; every man having three quarts a day. 2 2d. The weather moderate and cloudy, in lat 90 6' S. long. 26° 4' W. we faw a noddy and two pintado birds. At night, the commanding officer of marines having received eeived information that three men had made their way, through the hole cut for the admiflion of the windfail, into the apartment of the female convicts, againft an exprefs order iffued for that purpofe, he apprehended them, and put them in confinement for trial. 23d. The weather being dark and cloudy, with heavy rain and ftrong breezes, the Sirius carried away her main-topfail-yard, in the flings; which, however, in a little time fhe got replaced. In the evening we faw fome grampufes fporting about. 26th. In latitude 150 18' fouth, the Sirius made the fignal for the longitude by lunar obfervation, which was found to be 290 34/ W. Strong breezes and cloudy weather. The Borrowdale victualler carried away her foretop-gallant-maft. This evening we obferved fome flying fifh, very different from thofe we had before feen. They had wings on both the head and tail, and when in the act of flying, were faid by our people to refemble a double-headed fhot. About fix o'clock the Alexander brought to, and hoiited out a boat in order to pick up a man who had fallen over board from the fpanker boom \ but, as he funk before the boat could reach him, the attempt proved ineffectual. G 27th. white's journal of a 27th. The Sirius made the fignal to clofe, and keep nearer the commanding officer. The weather rainy and unfettled, with ftrong breezes, and a heavy fwell from the eaftward. 1 28th. Frefh breezes and cloudy weather. At ten in the morning the Sirius made the Supply's fignal to come within hail, and defired the commanding officer to acquaint the different tranfports, that in the track we then were, lat. i8Q 0/ S. long. 28° 2 W. there were fome funken rocks, for which we were directed to keep a good look-out. This fignal was followed by one, for the fhips to take their proper Rations in the order of failing; and for the Lady Penrhyn, who was confiderably to windward, and aftern withal, to come into the wake of the Sirius. After thefe orders wece complied with, we bore away, fleering S. by W. the wind E. S. E. 30th. The Supply hailed us, and acquainted me, that a female convict, on board the Prince of Wales, had met with an accident which endangered her life. It being then nearly dark, and the fhips making quick way through the water, it was judged imprudent to hoift a boat out. Lieutenant Ball, of the Supply, therefore promifed to fend a boat early in in the morning, in order that I might go and fee her : but it was then too late, as fhe died in the night. Her death was occafioned by a boat, which rolled from the booms, and jammed her in a moft mocking manner againft the fide of the fhip. Auguft i ft. In latitude 2 2° 39' S. Captain Phillip for the firft time difplayed his broad pendant; and in the evening made the fignal for the longitude ; which, being considerably aftern, we could not difcern. 2d. Early in the morning paffed and fpoke a Portu-gueze brig fleering the fame courfe with us5 which was to the coaft of Brazil. She failed fo very dull, that we paffed her as if fhe lay at anchor, although we had not a faft failing fhip in the fleet. At eight in the morning faw a ganet, which are feldom feen out of foundings. Being now in expectation of foon feeing land, the commodore made the Supply's fignal to look out ahead ; and the Alexander's and Prince of Wales's to take their ftation in the order of failing, being too far ahead. At three in the afternoon the Supply made the fignal for feeing land, which was repeated by the commodore to the convoy. At nine at night, being well in with Cape Frio, we fhortened fail, running at an G 2 eafv eafy rate until morning ; when the wind was little and variable. 3d. This evening, finding it impoffiblc to get hold of anchorage, the commodore difpatched Lieutenant King in the Supply, which failed well in light winds, to the viceroy, with information that he was, with his convoy, arrived near the mouth of the harbour. He then made the fignal for the fhips to bring to, with their heads to the fouthward, about fix miles from the fhore, Rio de Janeiro Sugar Loaf bearing weft half north, diftant about fix leagues. In the courfe of the day we faw many whales playing about. 4th. This morning, ftanding in for the harbour, the wind headed us; which obliged us to tack, and ftand out to fea a little, in order to prevent our falling to leeward of the port, which it would have been no eafy matter to have regained. 5th. Still calm. This morning a boat came alongfide, in which were three Portugueze and fix flaves; from whom we purchafed fome oranges, plantains, and bread. In trafficking with thefe people, we difcovered, that one Thomas Barret, a convict, had, with great ingenuity and addrefs, pafTed fome quarter dollars which he, aflifted by two others, had coined coined out of old buckles, buttons belonging to the marines, and pewter fpoons, during their paffage from Teneriffe. The impreiTion, milling, character, in a word, the whole was fo inimitably executed, that had their metal been a little better, the fraud, I am convinced, would have paffed undetected. A ftrict and careful fearch was made for the apparatus wherewith this was done, but in vain ; "not the fmalleft trace or veftige of any thing of the kind was to be found among them. How they managed this bufinefs without difcovery, or how they could effect it at all, is a matter of inexpreffible furprife to me; as they never were fuffered to come near a fire; and a centinel was conitantly placed over their hatchway, which, one would imagine, rendered it impof-fible for either fire or fufed metal to be conveyed into their apartments. Befides, hardly ten minutes ever elapfed, without an officer of fome degree or other going down among them. The adroitnefs, therefore, with which they mufl have managed, in order to complete a bufinefs that required fo complicated a procefs, gave me a high opinion of their ingenuity, cunning, caution, and addrefs ; and I could not help wifhing that thefe qualities had been employed to more laudable purpofes. The officers of marines, the mafter of the the fhip, and myfelf, fully explained to the injured Portu-guczc, what villians they were who had impofed upon them. We were not without apprehenfions that they might entertain an unfavourable opinion of Englifhmen in general from the conduct of thefe rafcals ; we therefore thought it neceffary to acquaint them, that the perpetrators of the fraud were felons doomed to tranfportation by the laws of their country, for having committed Similar offences there. About one o'clock a gentle breeze from the eaft carried US within about a mile of the bar; where, at nine o'clock, we anchored in fixteen fathom water. The calms had baffled the Supply fo much, that fhe had only dropped her anchor a little while before us. 6th. Early this morning, it being quite calm, the commodore difpatched an officer to the viceroy, who met with a courteous reception, and about eleven o'clock returned with the boat nearly full of fruit and vegetables, fent as prefents to the commodore from fome of his old friends and acquaintance. Some years ago Captain Phillip was on this coaSt, commander of a Portugueze man of war. During that time he performed feveral gallant acts, which, aided by his his other amiable qualities, rendered him extremely popular here, and recommended him to the notice of the court of Liibon. Shortly after, his own country having a claim to his fervices, on the breaking out of a war, he declined a command offered him by the Portugueze, and returned to the Englifh navy ; where he ferved fome time as lieutenant (a rank he had held before he had engaged in the fervice of Portugal) on board the Alexander, under the command of that brave and exemplary character, Lord Longford. About two o'clock we got under way, with a gentle fea-breeze, which ran us into the harbour. In paffing Santa Cruz fort, the commodore falutcd it with thirteen guns, which was returned with an equal number. This day a Portugueze fhip failed for Lifbon, which gave us an opportunity of writing fhort letters to our friends in England. Sth. In the forenoon, the commodore, attended by moft of the officers on the expedition, paid the viceroy a vifit of ceremony. On our landing, we were received by an -officer and a friar, who conducted us to the palace. As we paffed the guard on duty there, the colours were laid at the feet of the commodore *, than which nothing could have been a higher token of rcfpcct. We then proceeded up flairs into, a large ff^f' a large anti-chamber, crowded with officers, foldiers, and do-w**^ mcftics. Here we were received by feveral officers belonging to the houfehold, and the furgeon-general to the army, who fpokc good Englifh, having acquired his profeffional knowledge in London. A few minutes after our arrival, a curtain, which hung over the door of the prefence-chamber, was drawn afide ; and on our entrance we were individually introduced to the viceroy by the commodore. The ceremony being ended, and a fhort converfation having taken place, we were ufhered into another fpacious room, where we all fat down. I could not help remarking that the viceroy placed himfelf in fuch a manner as to have his back turned on moft of the officers. I was told afterwards that he apologized for this ; but I did not hear him, though very near. Neither the room we were now in, nor that into which we were firft introduced, exhibited any marks of magnificence or elegance; I acknowledge, that for my own part I was exceedingly difappointed. From the parade without, fuch as the number of guards, &c. I was led to fuppofe that we fhould find every thing within the palace proportionably magnificent and princely. But this was by no means the cafe. The only furniture I faw in the room we were in, except except chairs, were fix card tables, and portraits of two of 1787. the fovereigns of Portugal ; one of which was that of King ,Augufl^ Sebaftian the Firft, the other of her prefent majefly ; the former placed in the centre, the latter at the upper end of the room. The viceroy appeared to be of a middle age, fomewhere between forty and fifty, ftout and corpulent, with a ftrong caft or defect in both his eyes. Fie feemed to be a perfon of few words, but at the fame time civil and attentive, I could not, however, help obferving the very great difference there was between his excellency's manner and addrefs, and that of the elegant and accomplifhed Marquis de Bran-cifort. 9th. The contract being fettled, the commiffary fup-plied the troops and convicts with rice (in lieu of bread), with frefh beef, vegetables, and oranges; which foon removed every fymptom of the fcurvy prevalent among them. nth. The commodore ordered fix female convicts, who had behaved well, to be removed from the Friendfhip into the Charlotte ; and at the fame time an equal number, whofe conduct was more exceptionable, to be returned to the Friendfhip in their ftead. The commodore's view was (a matter not eafily accomplifhed) to feparate thofe whofe de- H cent 1787- cent behaviour entitled them to fome favour from thofe* Auguft* who were totally abandoned and obdurate. 13th. Cornelius Connell, a private in the marines, was, according to the fentence of a court martial, punifhed with a hundred lafhes, for having an improper intercourfe with fome of the female convicts, contrary to orders. Thomas Jones was alfo fentenced to receive three hundred lafhes, for attempting to make a centinel betray his truft, in fuffering him to go among the women; but in confederation of the good character he bore previous to this circumftance, the court recommended him to the clemency of the commanding officer; and, in confequence thereof, he was forgiven, John Jones and James Reiley, privates, accufed of fimilar offences to that of ConnelFs, were acquitted for want of evidence, there being no witneffes to fupport the charge except convicts, whofe teflimony could not be admitted. 15th. This being a day of great parade and gaiety with the Portugueze, the inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro, arrayed in their belt and richeft attire, as their cuftom is on regale days, began to fhow themfelves, during the forenoon, between the city and the church of St. Gloria, which is about a mile diftant, and Situated on a rifing ground near the fea, Perfons Perfons of all ranks, as well in carriages as equeftrians and 1787 pedeftrians, joined in the crowd ; but what was the purpofe Aug« of this cavalcade, or to what circumftances it owed its origin, I am ftill at a lofs to know. Gloria church, which is rather neat than rich, was decorated with various flowers (in the difpofal of which fome tafte was difplayed), and moft brilliantly illuminated. I obferved that the multitude generally flopped here, in fucceflion, and employed themfelves in fome religious ceremonies, fuch as praying and ringing hymns, before they returned to the city. This kind of parade was continued the whole day ; the better fort of people, however, made their appearance only in the afternoon. Returning with the reft of the crowd, after it was dark, to the town, I perceived a fmall church, in one of the bye ftreets, richly ornamented and elegantly illuminated. As I faw men, women, and children, ftruggling for entrance, I joined in the throng out of mere curiofity, and with no little difficulty made my way in *, but all the fatisfaclion I reaped from being thus fqueezed and joftled was, feeing fuch as could gain admiffion fall on their knees, and praying with more fervor, to appearance, than real devotion. On one fide of the church flood a (habby ill-looking fellow, H 2 felling felling to the multitude confecrated beads y as did another,, on the outiide of the door. I own I could not help re-fembling them to mountebanks vending and distributing their noftrums. There were many more of thefe religious hawkers in the ftreets; from fome of whom, as I faw it was the cuftom, I purchafed a few of their beads. At a little diftance from the door of the church was erected a ftage, on which was placed a band of vocal and inftrumental performers, who exerted themfelves with might and main to pleafe the furrounding audience. I cannot, however, fay-that they fucceeded in pleaftng me. About ten o'clock a difplay of fireworks and rockets, of which the Portugueze feem to be very fond, concluded the entertainments of the day. Some intrigues, I. have reafon to believe, followed. I was led to this conclufion from feeing many well-dreffed women in the crowd quite unattended and this was the only time, during my ftay in the country, that I ever faw any circumftances which could warrant my forming fuch an opinion. I know it has been alferted by fome writers, that the women of Rio de Janeiro are not uncenfurable in this point. They have affirmed, that as foon as it became dark, the generality of them expofed themfelves at their doors and and windows, diuinguifhing, by prefents of nofegays and flowers, thofe on whom they had no objection to bellow their favours ; a distinction in which Strangers Shared as well as their acquaintance. That this might have been the caSc I will not take upon me to deny ; and, impreSTed with the idea, on my firft arrival, I confidered every woman as a proper object of gallantry; but a month's refidence among them convinced me that this imputed turn for intrigue is chiefly confined to the lower clafs, and that, in general, the higher ranks are as undeferving of the imputation as the females of any other country. The popularity of our commodore with the viceroy and principal inhabitants here, procured for the officers the liberty of going wherever they pleafed. It has always been the cuffom, for a foldier to follow every foreign officer that landed at this port ; and it was fcarcely ever difpenfed with. It was, however, unknown to us ; and this unaccuf-tomed liberty gave us an opportunity of infpecting more minutely into the manners and difpofition of the women as; well as the men. 21ft. This being the Prince of Brazil's birth-day, the commodore, with moft of his officers, went to court, to compliment: compliment the viceroy on the occafion. As foon as we ulU^li landed, we were received by an officer, who conducted us to the prefence-chamber ; where his excellency flood under a canopy of flate, receiving the compliments of the officers of the garrifon, the principal inhabitants, and fuch foreigners as were in the place. After having paid our refpects, we withdrew, as did every other perfon, except the principal officers of flate, fome general and law officers, and thofe of the governor's houfehold. The Sirius and one of the forts fired royal falutes. The court was briiliant, if a place where a female does not appear can be faid to be brilliant; but this, I was informed, is always the cafe here. Thofe gentlemen who appeared in the circle were richly and elegantly dreff-ed. The officers of the army and of the militia were particularly fo, and that in a ftile and fafhion which did no fmall credit to their tafte. The viceroy wore a fcarlet coat trimmed with very broad rich gold lace ; and his hair, according to his ufual mode of wearing it, in a remarkable long queue, with very little powder ; an article of drefs to which I ob-ferved the Portugueze were not very partial ; while, on the contrary, they were profufe in the ufe of pomatum. The day ended without any other demonstrations of joy. As the Portugueze Portugueze feemed fond of fireworks and illuminations, and never fail to exhibit them on every religious feftival, we were not a little difappointed in finding them omitted on the birth-day of their prince. 31ft. James Baker, a private marine, received two hundred lafhes, agreeable to the fentence of a court-martial, for endeavouring to get paffed on ihore, by means of one of the feamen, a fpurious dollar, knowing it to be fo ; and one he had undoubtedly got from fome of the convicts, as it was of a fimilar bafe metal to thofe which they had coined during the paffage, and had attempted to put off on our firft arrival at this port. September 1 ft. Having now procured every thing at Rio de Janeiro that we flood in need of, and thoroughly recovered and refrefhed our people, the commodore, with fuch officers of the fleet as could be fpared from duty, waited on the viceroy to take leave, and to return our acknowledgments for the indulgence and attention fhown us ; which, I think we may fay, we experienced in a greater extent and latitude than any foreigners had ever before done. On our landing, the fame officer who had attended us upon every other public occafion, conducted us to the prefence-chamber. As we paffed^ paffed, every military and public honour was paid to the commodore; the colours were laid at his feet, as they hitherto had been whenever he landed in his public character; a token of refped that is never beftowed on any perfon but the governor himfelf. When we arrived at the palace, an officer of the houfehold, who was waiting to receive us, conducted us through a moft delightful recefs, hung round with bird-cages, whofe inhabitants feemed to vie with each other, both in the melody of their notes and the beauty of their plumage. The paffage we walked through was adorned on each fide with odoriferous flowers, and aromatic fhrubs; which, while they charmed the eye, Spread a delightful fragrance around. This paffage led to a private room, on the outfide of the door of which we were received by the viceroy, who flood uncovered, and noticed each perfon feparately in the moft friendly and polite manner. His excellency preceded us into the room, and having requefted all of us to be feated, placed himfelf by the commodore, in a pofition that fronted us. In return for our thanks and acknowledgments, he faid, aniel Gordon and John Williams were tried and convicted of ftealing wine, the property of Mr. Zachariah Clarke. Williams being an ignorant black youth, the court recommended him to the governor as a proper object of mercy, and he was accordingly pardoned. Gordon, who was another black, had his fentence of death, while at the gallows, changed to banifhment with Lovel and Hall. 30th. 30th. John Freeman was tried for ftealing from another convict feven pounds of flour. He was convicted, and fentenced to be hanged ; but while under the ladder, with the rope about his neck, he was offered his free pardon on condition of performing the duty of the common executioner as long as he remained in this country; which, after fome little paufe, he reluctantly accepted. William Sheerman, his accomplice, was fentenced to receive on his bare back, with a cat-o'nine-tails, three hundred lafhes, which were inflicted. A New Holland Cajfowary was brought into camp. This bird ftands feven feet high, meafuring from the ground to the upper part of the head, and, in every refpect, is much larger than the common Cajfowary of all authors, and differs fo much therefrom, in its form, as to clearly prove it a new fpecies. The colour of the plumage is greatly fimilar, confifting of a mixture of dirty brown and grey; on the belly it was fomewhat whiter; and the remarkable ftructure of the feathers, in having two quills with their webs arifing out of one fhaft, is feen in this as well as the common fort. It differs materially in wanting the horny appendage on the top of the head. The head and beak S are ■17^8. are much more like thofe of the oftrich than the common Caffowary, both in fhape and fize. Upon the upper part of the head the feathers, with which it is but thinly covered, are very fmall, looking more like hair than feathers, and in having the neck pretty well clothed with them, except the chin and throat, which are fo thinly covered, that the fkin, which is there of a purplifli colour, may be feen clearly. The fmall wings are exceedingly ihort, which form a ridiculous contrail with the body, as they are even lefs than thofe of the Caffowary: they have no large quills in them, being only covered with the fmall feathers that grow all over the body. Another Angularity alfo prefents itfelf in this fpecies, which is in refpect to the legs. As to the back part of them, the whole length is indented, or fawed, in a remarkable manner. The toes are three in number, the middle one long, the other two ihort, with ftrong claws, not unlike the fame part of the common fpecies. On examining the vifcera, they differed from that of every other fpecies of the feathered kind which I had ever feen; particularly in having no gizzard, or fecond ftomach; and the liver was fo very fmall, that it did not exceed in fize that of a black- 3 bird. bird. To this liver was joined a large gall-bladder, well diftended with bile. The crop, or ftomach, was filled with at leaft fix or feven pounds of grafs, flowers, and a few berries and feeds. The inteftinal canal was at leaft fix yards long, very wide, and of a regular cylindrical ihape from the opening of the ftomach to the vent. The heart and lungs were feparated by a diaphragm or midriff, and bore a tolerable proportion to the fize of the bird. The fleln of this bird was very good, and tafted not unlike young tender beef. This bird is fuppofed to be not uncommon in New Holland^ as it has been frequently feen by our Settlers both at Botany Bay and Port Jaclfon^ but is exceedingly fhy, and runs fafter than a greyhound. One of them however has been fhot*. March 9th. The governor, with two long boats manned and armed, returned from Broken Bay, fituated a little to the northward, which he had been exploring for feveral days. It affords good fhelter for {hipping, and the entrance is bold; * A drawing was taken from this bird, of which an engraving is annexed. It has been lately fent to England by the governor, as a prefent to Lord Sydney, who, through the medium of Sir Jofeph Banks, has depofued it in the collections of Natural Iliftory of Mr. John Hunter in Leicefter Square. S 2 it it cannot, however, be compared to Port Jackfon, While he was there, he faw a great many of the natives, fome of whom he thinks he had obferved before, either at Botany Bay or in the neighbourhood of Port Jackfon. One of the females happened to fall in love with his great coat; and to obtain it, fhe ufed a variety of means. Firft, fhe danced, and played a number of antic tricks; but rinding this mode ineffectual, fhe had recourfe to tears, which fhe fhed plentifully. This expedient not anfwering, fhe ceafed from weeping, and appeared as cheerful as any of the party around her, From this little incident it may be feen that they are not a people devoid of art. At Broken Bay many of the females, young and old, had the firft joint of the little finger, on their left hand, cut off. As this was the cafe with thofe who were married, or appeared to be fo from their having young children, as well as with thofe who were too young for a connection of that nature, it was not poffible to account for the caufe of fuch an amputation. Thefts and depredations on one another have become fo very frequent and glaring among the convicts, that fcarcely a day paffes without fome of thefe miferable delinquents being punifhed. So hardened in wickednefs and depravity are many of them, that they feem i infenfible infcnfible to the fear of corporal punifhment,. or even death itfelf. The principal bufinefs going forward at prefent is erecting cabbage-tree huts for the officers, foldiers, and convicts; fome ftore-houfes, 6cc. ; and a very good hofpital; all which in the completion will coft a great deal of time and trouble, as the timber of this country is very unfit for the purpofe of building. Nor do I know any one purpofe for which it will anfwer, except for fire-wood; and for that it is excellent: but, in other refpects, it is the worft wood that any country or climate ever produced ; although fome of the trees, when Handing, appear fit for any ufe whatever, marts for fhipping not excepted. Strange as it may be imagined, no wood in this country, though fawed ever fo thin, and dried ever fo well, will float. Repeated trials have only ferved to convince me that, immediately on immerfion, it finks to the bottom like a ftone. The ftone of this country is excellent for building, could any kind of cement be found to keep it together. There is not any lime-ftone (I believe) in New South Wales. The governor, notwithftanding that he had collected together all the fhells which could be found, for the purpofe of obtainino- Q 34 white'S journal of a 1788. obtaining from them the lime neceffary to the conftruction ^rdl'^ of a houfe for his own refidence, did not procure even a fourth part of the quantity which was wanted. The foundation ftone of a private houfe for him has been laid ; and a plate of copper, with the following infcription engraved on it, is to be placed in the wall: ARTHUR PHILLIP, Esq. Captain General in and over his Majefty's Territory of New South Wales, and its Dependencies j Arrived in this Country on the 18th Day of January, 1788, with the firft Settlers j And on the 15 th Day of May, in the fame Year, the firft of thefe Stones was laid. The Supply tender returned from Norfolk Ifland; where, with great difficulty and danger, the ftores fent with Lieutenant King were landed, on account of the rockynefs of its fhore, and the violence of the furf that almoft continually beats upon it. In her paffage there fhe fell in with an ifland, ifland, in lat. 310 36' S. long. 1590 4.' E. never before discovered, to which Lieutenant Ball, who commanded the Supply on this occafion, gave the name of Lord Howe's Ifland. On her return to this port fhe flopped at it, and found the landing nearly, if not quite, as difficult as at Norfolk Ifland. The fhore in many places was covered with excellent turtle, eighteen of which were brought here, and proved a feafonable fupply to the convicts afflicted with the fcurvy, many of whom were in a deplorable fituation. The fmalleft turtle brought from Lord Howe's Ifland did not weigh lefs than 1501b. They alfo found on it, in great plenty, a kind of fowl, refembling much the Guinea fowl in fhape and fize, but widely different in colour; they being in general all white, with a red flefhy fubftance rifing, like a cock's comb, from the head, and not unlike a piece of fealing-wax. Thefe not being birds of flight, nor in the leaft wild, the failors availing themfelves of their gentlenefs and inability to take wing from their purfuits, eafily ftruck them down with flicks. There were alfo many birds of the dove kind, as tame as the former, and caught with equal facility. Some of them were brought alive to this place. Befidcs thefe, the fhore abounded with fea. birds birds of feveral fpecies. The ifland is very barren, and not more than twenty miles in circumference. 25th. The Scarborough, Lady Penrhyn, and Charlotte, tranfports, being cleared of government ftores, were dif-charged from the fervice, and are fhortly to depart for China, in order to load home with tea, they being chartered by the Eaft India company for that purpofe. April 15th. His excellency, attended by Lieutenant Ball of the navy, Lieutenant George Johnfton of the marines, the judge advocate, myfelf, three foldiers, and two feamen, landed in Manly Cove (fo called from the manly conduct of the natives when the governor firft vifited it), on the north fide of the entrance into Port Jackfon harbour, in order to trace to its fource a river, which had been difcovered a few days before. We, however, found this impracticable, owing to a thicket and fwamp which ran along the fide of it. The governor, anxious to acquire all the knowledge of the country in his power, forded the river in two places, and more than up to our waifts in water, in hopes of being able to avoid the thicket and fwamp ; but, notwithstanding all his perfeverance, we were at length obliged to return, and to proceed along the fea fhore, a mile or two to the northward. At At the end of this we fell in with a fmall falt-water lagoon, on which we found nine birds, that, whilft fwimming, mofl: perfectly refembled the rara avis of the ancients—a black fwan. We difcharged feveral /hot at them, but the diftance was too great for execution. Our frequent firing, however, caufed them to take wing, and they flew towards the fea, which was very near, in the order that wild geefe generally preferve; the one before the other. Had we not raifed them, we fhould certainly have concluded that they were black fwans ; but their flight gave us an opportunity of feeing fome white feathers, which terminated the tip of each wing; in every other part they were perfectly black. Their fize appeared not equal to that of an European fwan, but the fhape exactly correfponded, except about the wings, which feemed rather fmall for the body. We not long after difcovcrcd the great brown King's Fifher, of which a plate is annexed. This bird has been defcribed by Mr. Latham in his General Synopfes of Birds, vol. ii. p. 603, nearly to the following purport :—The length eighteen inches; the bill black above, and white beneath; the feathers of the head narrow, and pretty long, fo as to form a kind of creft. They are of a brown colour, ftreaked with paler brown ; the T back back and wings in general brown ; the lower part of the back and rump pale blue-green ; the outer edges of the quills blue; within and the tips black. On the wing covert is a patel of gloffy blue-green : the tail is barred with ferruginous, and fteel-black, gloffed with purple ; the end, for one inch, white; the under part of the body is white, tranf-verfely ftreaked with dufky lines ; legs yellow, claws black. This bird is not uncommon in many iflands of the South Seas, being pretty frequent at New Guinea, from whence the fpecimen came from which Mr. Latham took his defcription : it is alfo an inhabitant of New Holland, from whence feveral have been fent over to England. We rounded this lagoon, and proceeded four or five miles weftward, along the banks of a fmall frefh-water river, which emptied itfelf into it, and had for its fource only a fwamp, or boggy ground. After we had pafTed this fwamp, we got into an immenfe wood, the trees of which were very high and large, and a confiderable diftance apart, with little under or brufh wood. The ground was not very good, although it produced a luxuriant coat of a kind of four grafs growing in tufts or bufhes, which, at fome diftance, had the appearance of meadow land, and might be miflaken miftaken for it by fuperficial examiners. Here we pitched our tents (without which the governor never travelled) for the night, near a fwamp, out of which we were fupplied with water, not, indeed, either of the beft or clearer! kind. The night being cold, and a heavy dew falling, we kept up a large fire before the tents, which, though in one refped an excellent precaution, far from chafing away, feemed to allure the mufquitos, which tormented us inexpreflibly during the whole night. We this day difcovered the Bankfian Cockatoo. This fpecies was firft defcribed by Mr. Latham, in his feventh volume or fupplement to the Ge~ neral Synopfis of Birds, and the one in the plate annexed differs from that in fome few particulars.—In Mr.1 Latham's figure the general colour is dufky black, the feathers of the head longer than the reft, forming a creft; and each of thofe on the head, back of the neck, and major part of the wings, have a fpot of buff-colour at the tips; the under parts of the body barred with narrow bars of buff-colour ; the tail is black at the bottom and ends of the feathers, but the middle of a fine red, barred irregularly with black.—In our fpecimen, the general colour of the bird is olive, or rufty black; the head feathers pretty T 2 long, long, and about the fides of the head and top of it is a mixture of fine yellow ; but none of the feathers are marked with buff at the tips, nor is the under part of the body croffed with buff-colour. In the tail it differs fcarcely at all from Mr. Latham % figure. Thefe birds have been met with in feveral parts of New Holland. We likewife faw feveral Blue-bellied Parrots. This is a very beautiful bird ; and Mr. Latham, whofe leave we have to copy the account of it, from his Syn. vol. i. p. 213, N° 14. B. defcribes it thus: . t/.IJ/IO t»f 1 Vrfiftll lit* 2£ IJSQ, iy 7/w,-«v> bending our courfe down the river. Some places along the fhore, where the tide had flowed fo as to obftrucl: our paffage, we were obliged to ford; and, at times, we were under the neceflity of climbing heights nearly inacceflible. At length, after undergoing much fatigue, we were agreeably furprifed, and cheered, with the fight of two boats, fent by Captain Hunter to meet us, and juft then coming up with the tide. By them we learnt, that Lieutenant Ball, with his enfeebled party, had arrived fafe at the fhip the day after they had quitted us. We all went on board the boats, and fell down the river till we got to a pleafant little cove, where we dined, with great fatisfaction and comfort, upon the welcome provifions which were fent in the boats by the governor's fteward. After having refrefhed ourfelves, wTe again embarked, and about fix o'clock in the evening arrived in Sydney Cove. We werelikewife able, during this excurfion, to take one of the Gold-winged Pigeons, of which a plate is annexed. This bird is a curious and Angular fpecies, remarkable for having moft of the feathers of the wing marked with a brilliant fpot of golden yellow, changing, in various reflections of light, to green and copper-bronze; and, when the wing is clofed, U forming forming two bars of the fame acrofs it. The general colour of the bird otherwife is brown, changing to vinaceous red on the breaft, in the manner of our domeftic fpecies. The fore part of the head and chin are buff colour, with a ftreak of brownilh red paffing on each fide through the eye. The quills and tail are darker than the reft of the plumage, but all the feathers of the laft, except the two middle ones, incline to lead colour, with a bar of black near the tip. The bill and legs are of a dull red. This fpecies is a native of New South Wales, feveral of them having been fent from Port Jackfon. 2 2d. On the morning of this day the governor, accompanied by the fame party, with the addition of Lieutenant Creffwell of the marines and fix privates, landed at the head of the harbour, with an intention of penetrating into the country weftward, as far as feven days provisions would admit of; every individual carrying his own allowance of bread, beef, rum, and water. The foldiers, beiide their own provifions, carried a camp kettle, and two tents, with their poles, &c. Thus equipped, with the additional weight of fpare fhoes, fhirts, trowfers, together with a great coat, or Scotch plaid, for the purpofe of Sleeping in, as the the nights were cold we proceeded on our defoliation. We likevvife took with us a fmall hand hatchet, in order to mark the trees as we went on ; thofe marks (called in America blazing) being the only guide to direct: us in our return. The country was fo rugged as to render it almoft impoflible to explore our way by the affiftance of the compafs. In this manner we proceeded for a mile or two, through a part well covered with enormous trees, free from underwood. We then reached a thicket of brufh-wood, which we found fo impervious, as to oblige us to return nearly to the place from whence we had fet out in the morning. Here we encamped, near fome ftagnant water, for the night, during which it thundered, lightened, and rained. About eleven o'clock the governor was fuddenly attacked with a moft violent complaint in his fide and loins, brought on by cold and fatigue, not having perfectly gotten the better of the laft expedition. The next morning being fine, his excellency, who was rather better, though ftill in pain, would not relinquish the object of his purfuit; and therefore we proceeded, and foon got round the wood or thicket which had haraffed us fo much the day before. U 2 After white's journal of a After we had paffed it, we fell in with an hitherto unper-ceived branch of Port Jackfon harbour, along the bank of which the grafs was tolerably rich and fucculent, and in height nearly up to the middle, interfperfed with a plant much refembling the indigo. We followed this branch weftward for a few miles, until we came to a fmall frefh water ftream that emptied itfelf into it. Here we took up our quarters for the night, as our halts were always regulated by frefh water, an effential point by no means to be difpenfed with, and not very abundant, or frequently to be met with, in this country. We made a kettle of excellent foup out of a white cockatoo and two crows which I had (hot, as we came along. The land all around us was Similar to that which we had paffed. At night we had thunder, lightning, and rain. The governor, though not free from pain, was rather recovering. 24th. As foon as the dew, which is remarkably heavy in this country, was off the ground, we proceeded to trace the river, or fmall arm of the fea. The banks of it were now pleafant, the trees immenfely large, and at a considerable diftance from each other; and the land around us flat, and rather lovy, but well covered with the kind of grafs juft mentioned. mentioned. Here the tide ceafed to flow; and all further progrefs for boats was flopped by a flat fpace of large broad ftones, over which a frefh water flream ran. Jufl above this flat, clofe to the water-fide, we difcovered a quarry of flates; from which we expected to derive great advantage in refped to covering our houfes, flores, &c. it being a material beyond conception difficult to be procured in this country ; but on trial it was found of no ufe, as it proved to be of a crumbling and rotten nature. On this frefh water flream,, as well as on the fait, we faw a great many ducks and teal mr three of which we fhot in the courfe of the day, befides two crows, and fome loraquets. About four in the afternoon, being near the head of the flream, and fomewhat apprehenfive of rain, we pitched our tents, before the grafs became wet; a circumftance which would have proved very uncomfortable during the night. Here we had our ducks picked, fluffed with fome flices of fait beef, and roafted; and never did a repafl feem more delicious; the fait beef, ferving as a palatable fubftitute for the want of fait, gave it an agreeable relifh. The evening cleared up, and the night proved dry. During the latter, we heard a noife which not a little furprifed us, on account of its refemblance 3 to white's journal of a to the human voice. What it proceeded from we could not difcover ; but I am of opinion that it was made by a bird, or fome animal. The country round us was by no means fo good, or the grafs fo abundant, as that which we had paffed. The water, though neither clear, nor in any great quantity, was neither of a bad quality nor ill-tafted. The next day, after having fowed fome feeds, we purfued our route for three or four miles weft, where we met with a mean hut, belonging to fome of the natives, but could not perceive the fmalleft trace of their having been there lately. Clofe to this hut we faw a Kangaroo, which had come to drink at an adjacent pool of ftagnated water, but we could not get within ftiot of it. A little farther on, we fell in with three huts, as deferted as the former, and a fwamp, not unlike the American rice grounds. Near this we faw a tree in flames, without the leaft appearance of any natives; from which we fufpedied that it had been fet on fire by lightning. This circumftance was firft fuggefted by Lieutenant Ball; who had remarked, a6 well as myfelf, that every part of the country, though the moft inacceflible and rocky, appeared as if, at certain times of the year, it had been all on fire. Indeed in i manv many parts we met with very large trees, the trunks of which and branches were evidently rent, and demolifhed by lightning. Clofe by the burning tree we faw three kangaroos. Though by this time very much fatigued, we proceeded about two miles farther on, in hopes of finding fome good water, but without effect; and about half paft four o'clock we took up our quarters near a ftagnant pool. The ground was fo very dry and parched, that it was with fome difficulty we could drive either our tent pegs or poles into it. The country about this fpot was much clearer of underwood than that which we had paffed during the day. The trees around us were immenfely large, and the tops of them filled with loraquets and paroquets of exquifite beauty, which chattered to fuch a degree, that we could fcarcely hear each other fpeak. We fired feveral times at them, but the trees were fo very high that we killed but few. 26th. We ftill directed our courfe weftward, and paffed another tree on fire; and others which were hollow, and perforated by a fmall hole at the bottom, in which the natives feemed to have fnared fome animal. It was certainly done by the natives, as the trees where thefe holes holes or perforations were, had in general many knotches cut, for the purpofe of getting to the top of them. After this we croffed a water-courfe; which fhews, that at fome feafons the rain is very heavy here, notwithstanding that there was, at prefent, but little water in it. Beyond the chafm, we came to a pleafant hill, the top of which was tolerably clear of trees, and perfectly free from underwood. His excellency gave it the name of Belle Veue. From the top of this hill we faw a chain of hills or mountains, which appeared to be thirty or forty miles diffant, running in a north and fouth direction. The northernmost being confpicuoufly higher than any of the reft, the governor called it Richmond Hill\ the next, or thofe in the centre, Lanfdown Hills \ and thofe to the fouthward, which are by much the lowelt, Carmarthen Hills. In a valley below Belle Veiie, we faw a fire, and by it found fome chewed root of a faline tafte, which Shewed that the natives had recently been there. The country hereabout was pleafant to the eye, well wooded, and covered with long four grafs, growing in tufts. At the bottom of this valley or flat, we crofled another water-courfe, and afcended VOYAGE TO NEW SOUTH WALES. I t . \ *■ afcendcd a hill, where the wood was fo very thick as to obftruct our view. Here, rinding our provifions to run fhort, our return was concluded on, though with great reluctance; as it was our wifh, and had been our determination, to reach the hills before us if it had been poffible. In our way back, which we eafily difcovered by the marks made in the trees, we faw a hollow tree on fire, the fmoke iffuing out of the top part as through a chimney. On coming near, and minutely examining it, we found that it had been fet on fire by the natives ; for there was fome dry grafs lighted and put into the hole wherein we had fuppofed they ufed to fnare or take the animal before alluded to. In the evening, where we pitched our tents, we fhot two crows and fome loraquets, for fupper. The night was fine and clear ; during which we often heard, as before, a found like the human voice, and, from its continuance on one fpot, we concluded it to proceed from a bird perched on fome of the trees near us. 27th. We now found ourfelves obliged to make a forced march back, as our provifions were quite exhaufted; a circumftancc rather alarming, in cafe of lofing our way; which, however, we met with no difficulty in difcovering, X by by the marked trees. By our calculation we had penetrated into the country, to the weftward, not lefs than thirty-two, or thirty-three miles. This day we faw the dung of an animal as large as that of a horfe, but it was more like the excrement of a hog, intermixed with grafs. When we got as far back as the arm or branch of the fea which forms the upper part of Port Jackfon harbour, we faw many ducks, but Could not get within (hot of any of them. It was now growing late; and the governor being appre-henfive that the boats which he had ordered to attend daily, might be, for that day, returning before we could reach them, he fent Lieutenants Johnfton and Creffwell, with a marine, a-head, in order to fecure fuch provifions as might have been fent up ; and to give directions for the boats to come for us the next morning, as it then appeared very unlikely that all the party, who were, without exception, much fatigued, could be there foon enough to fave the tide down. Thofe gentlemen accordingly went forward, and were fo fortunate as to be juft in time; and they returned to us with a feafonable fupply of bread, beef, rum, and wine. As foon as they had joined us, we encamped for the night, on a fpot about the diftance of a mile mile from the place where the boats were to take us up in the morning. His excellency was again indifpofed, occa-fioned by a return of his complaint, which had been brought on by a fall into a hollow place in the ground, that being concealed by the long grafs, he was unable to difcern. We paffed the next day in examining different inlets in the upper part of the harbour. We faw there fome of the natives, who, in their canoes, came along-fide of the boat, to receive fome trifles which the governor held out to them. In the evening we returned to Sydney Cove. May i ft. James Bennet, a youth, was executed for robbing a tent belonging to the Charlotte tranfport, of fugar and fome other articles. Before he was turned off he confeffed his guilt, and acknowledged, that young as he was he had been an old offender. Some other trifling thefts were brought before the court at the fame time, and thofe concerned in them fentenced to receive corporeal punifhment. The Supply tender failed for Lord Howe's Ifland to fetch turtle; as did the Lady Penrhyn tranfport for China. The Scarborough dropped down the harbour; fhe was followed the next day by the Charlotte, and they failed in company for X 2 China. China. Some of the natives came along-fide the Sirius, and made figns to have their beards taken off. One of them patiently, and without fear or diftrufl, underwent the operation from the fhip's barber, and feemed much delighted with it. 21ft* William Ayres, a convict, who was in a ftate of convalefcence, and to whom I had given permiflion to go a little way into the country, for the purpofe of gathering a few herbs wherewith to make tea, was, after night, brought to the hofpital, with one of the fpears ufed by the natives flicking in his loins. It had been darted at him as he was ftooping, and while his back was turned to the affailant. The weapon was barbed, and ftuck fo very faft, that it would admit of no motion. After dilating the wound to a considerable length and depth, with fome difficulty I extracted the fpear, which had penetrated the flefh nearly three inchesj After the operation, he informed us that he received his wound from three of the natives, who came behind him at a time when he fufpected no perfon to be near him except Peter Burn, whom he had met a little before, employed on the fame bufinefs as himfelf. Fie added, that after they had wounded him, they beat him in a cruel manner, and flapping the cloaths from his back, 3 carried carried them off; making figns to him (as he interpreted them) to return to the camp. He further related, that after they had left him, he law Burn in the poffeilion of another party of the natives, who were dragging him along, with his head bleeding, and feemingly in great diftrefs ; while he himfelf was fo exhaufted with lofs of blood, that, inftead of being able to afiift his companion, he was happy to efcape with his life. The Port Jackfon thrufJj, of which a plate is annexed, inhabits the neighbourhood of Port Jackfon. The top of the head in this fpecies is blueifih-grey ; from thence down the hind part of the neck, and the back, the colour is a fine chocolate brown ; the wings and tail are lead colour, the edges of the feathers pale; the tail itfelf pretty long,, and even at the end; all the under parts from chin to vent are dufky-white, except the middle of the neck, juft above the breaft, which inclines to chocolate. The bill is of a dull yellow; legs brown. 25th. The Supply arrived from Lord Howe's Ifland without a fingle turtle, the object for which fhe was fent: a dreadful difappointment to thofe who were languishing under the fcurvy; many of whom are fince dead, and there is white's journal of a is great reafon to fear that feveral others will foon fhare the fame fate. This diforder has now rifen to a mofl alarmincr o height, without any poffibility of checking it until fome vegetables can be raifcd; which, from the feafon of the year, cannot take place for many months. And even then I am apprehenfive that there will not be a fufliciency produced, fuch are the labour and difficulty which attend the clearing of the ground. It will fcarcely be credited, when I declare that i have known twelve men employed for five days, in grubbing up one tree; and when this has been effected, the timber (as already obferved) has been only fit for firewood ; fo that in confequence of the great labour in clearing of the ground, and the weak flate of the people ; to which may be added the fcarciry of tools, mofl of thofe w£ had being either worn out by the hardnefs of the timber, or lofl in the woods among the grafs, through the careleffnefs of the convicts; the profpect before us is not of the mofl pleafing icind. All the flock that was landed, both public and private, feems, inftead of thriving, to fall off exceedingly. The number at firft was but inconfiderable, and even that number is at prefent much diminifhed. 1 he fheep, in particular, decreafer apidly, very few being now alive in the colony, colony, although there were numbers, the property of Government or individuals, when firft landed. 26th. Two men of the Sirius were brought before the criminal court, and tried for affaulting, and beating, in a cruel manner, another man belonging to the fame veffel, while employed on an ifland appropriated by the governor to the ufe of the fhip. They were fentenced to receive five hundred lafhes each, but could not undergo the whole of that punifhment, as, like moft of the perfons in the colony, they were much afflicted with the fcurvy. 28th. Captain Hunter, his firft lieutenant, and the furgeon of the Sirius, went to the point of land which forms the north head of Port Jackfon. In going there they difcovered an old man, with a little girl about five years of age, lying clofe to the ground watching their motions, and at the fame time endeavouring to conceal themfelves. The furgeon had his sun with him, the effects of which he let the old man fee, by fhooting a bird, which fell at his feet. The explofion at firft greatly alarmed him, but perceiving that they intended him no ill, he foon got over his fears. The bird was then given to him, which (having barely plucked, and not more than half broiled it) he de- 1 von red, voured, entrails, bones, and all. The little girl was much frightened, and endeavoured to hide herfelf behind the old man, to efcape the leaf! obfervation. 30th. Captain Campbell of the marines, who had been up the harbour to procure fome rufhes for thatch, brought to the hofpital the bodies of William Okey and Samuel Davis, two rufh-cutters, whom he had found murdered by the natives in a (hocking manner. Okey was transfixed through the breaft with one of their fpears, which with great difficulty and force was pulled out. He had two other fpears flicking in him to a depth which muft have proved mortal. His fkull was divided and comminuted fo much that his brains eafily found a paffage through. His eyes were out, but thefe might have been picked away by birds. Davis was a youth, and had only fome trifling marks of violence about him. This lad could not have been many hours dead ; for when Captain Campbell found him, which was among fome mangrove-trees, and at a considerable diftance from the place where the other man lay, he was not ftiff, nor very cold ; nor was he perfectly fo when brought to the hofpital. From thefe circumftances we have been led to think that while they were difpatching Okey, he had crept to the trees trees among which he wTas found; and that fear, united with the cold and wet, in a great degree contributed to his death. What was the motive or caufe of this melancholy catastrophe we have not been able to difcover; but from the civility {hewn, on all occafions, to the officers, by the natives, whenever any of them were met, I am ftrongly inclined to think that they muft have been provoked and injured by the convicts. We this day caught a Yellow-eared Flycatcher (fee annexed plate). This bird is a native of New Holland, the fize of a martin, and nearly feven inches in length ; the bill is broad at the bottom, and of a pale colour ; the legs dufky ; the plumage is moftly brown, mottled with paler brown ; the edges of the wing feathers yellowifti; the under part of the body white, inclining to dufky about the chin and throat; the tail is pretty long, and, when fpread, feems hollowed qut at the tip ; beneath the eye, on each fide, is an irregular ftreak, growing wider, and finiihing on the ears, of a yellow or gold colour. Eaily the next morning the governor, lieutenants G. Johnfton and Kellovv, myfelf, fix foldiers, and two armed convicts, whom we took as guides, went to the place where Y the the murder had been committed, in hopes, by fome means or other, to be able to find out, either the actual perpetrators, or thofe concerned. As moft of their clothes, and all their working tools were carried off, we expected that thefe might furnifh us with fome clue; but in this we were difappointed. We could not.obferve a fingle trace of the natives ever having been there. We then croffed the country to Botany Bay, ftill flattering ourfelves that we might be able to difcover, among a tribe at that place, fome proof that they had been concerned ; as the governor was refolved, on whomfoever he found any of the tools or clothing, to fhew them his difpleafure, and, by every means in his power, endeavour to convince them of his motives for fuch a procedure. In our route we faw feveral kangaroos, and (hot a very fine teal. A little before fun-fet, after a long and fatiguing march, we arrived at Botany Bay. When we approached the bay, we faw eleven canoes, with two perfons in each, fifhing ; moft of them had a fire in their canoe, a convenience which they feldom go without at any time or feafon, but particularly at this, as the weather was very cold. Here we pitched our tents, for (as I have before obferved) we never never travel without them, and kindled large fires both in front and rear; ftill, however, the cold was fo very intenfe that we could fcarcely clofe our eyes during the night. In the morning the grafs was quite white with a hoar froft, fo as to crackle under our feet. After breakfaft we vifited the grave of the French abbe, who died whilft the Count de Peyroufe was here. It was truly humble indeed, being diftinguifhed only by a common head-ftone, ftuck llightly into the loofe earth which covered it. Againft a tree, juft above it, was nailed a board, with the following infcription on it: HIC JACET LE RECEVEUR EX F. F. MINORIBUS GALLIA SACERDOS PHYSICUS IN CIRCUMNAVIGATIONE MUNDI DUCE D. DE LA PEYROUSE. OBIIT DIE 17th FEBR. ANNO 1788. As the painting on the board could not be permanent, Governor Phillip had the infcription engraved on a plate of copper, and nailed to the fame tree; and at fome future day he intends to have a handfome head-ftone placed at Y 2 the the grave. We cut down fome trees which flood between that on which the infcription is fixed and the fhore, as they prevented perfons pafling in boats from feeing it. Between this and the harbour's mouth, we found forty-nine canoes hauled upon the beach, but not a native to be feen. After we had paffed them, we fell in with an Indian path ; and, as it took a turn towards the camp, we followed it about two miles; when on a fudden, in a valle^ or little bay, to the northward of Botany Bay, we were furprifed at hearing the found of voices, which we inftantly found to proceed from a great number of the natives, fitting behind a rock, who appeared to be equally aftonifhed with ourfelves; as, from the filence we obferved, they had not perceived us till we were within twenty yards of them. Every one of them, as they got up, armed himfelf with a long fpear, the fhort ftick before defcribed, ufed. in throwing it, a fhield made of bark, and either a large club, pointed at one end, or a ftone hatchet. At firft they feemed rather hoftilely inclined, and made figns, with apparent tokens of anger, for us to return ; but when they faw the governor advance vancc towards them, unarmed, and with his hands opened wide (a fignal we had obferved among them of amity and peace), they, with great confidence, came up to him, and received from him fome trifles which he had in his pocket, fuch as fiih-hooks, beads, and a looking-glafs. As there appeared not to be lefs than three hundred of them in this bay, all armed, the foldiers were ordered to fix their bayonets, and to obferve a clofe, well connected, order of march, as they defcended the hill. Thefe people (as already mentioned) feem to diflike red coats, and thofe who carry arms; but, on the prefent occafion, they mewed very little fear or diftruft; on the contrary they, in a few minutes, mixed with us, and conducted us to a very fine ftream of water, out of which fome of them drank, to fhew that it was good. The women and children kept at fome diftance, one or two more forward than the reft excepted, who came to the governor for fome prefents. While he was distributing his gifts, the women danced (an exercife every defcription of people in this country feem fond of), and threw themfelves into fome not very decent attitudes. The men in general had their fldns fmeared all over with with greafe, or fome flinking, oily fubftance ; fome wore a fmall flick, or fifh-bone, fixed crofs-ways, in the division of the nofe, which had a very flrange appearance; others were painted in a variety of ways, and had their hair ornamented with the teeth of fifh, fattened on by gum, and the fkin of the kangaroo. As they conducted us to the water, a toadflool was picked up by one of our company, which fome of the natives perceiving, they made figns for us to throw it away, as not being good to eat. Soon after I gathered fome wood-forrel, which grew in our way, but none of them endeavoured to prevent me from eating it; on the contrary, if a conclusion may be drawn from the figns which they made relative to the toadflool, they fhe wed, by their looks., that there was nothing hurtful in it. We halted but a fhort time with them, as it was growing late, and we had a long way to walk. Before we parted from them, the governor gave them two fmall hand-axes, in exchange for fome of their flone axes and two of their fpears. As we afcended a hill, after our departure from them, eight of them followed us until we had nearly reached the top, where one of thofe who had been been moft familiar with us made figns for us to flop; which we readily complying with, he ran to the fum-mit, and made a ftrange kind of hallooing, holding at the fame time his hands open above his head. As foon as we came up to him, we difcovcred another large body of them in a bay, about half a mile below us. Our new friend feemed anxious to carry us down to them ; but it not being in our way, we declined his offer. Seeing us take another direction, he halted, and opened his hands, in order, as we fuppofed, to put us in mind that he had received nothing from us ; upon which we prefented him with a bird, the only thing we had, with which he returned, to appearance, fully content and fatisfied. We now proceeded towards the camp, where we arrivrrl obmif fnn-fef. This was the greatefl number of the natives we had ever feen together fince our coming among them. What could be the caufe of their affembling in fuch numbers gave rife to a variety of conjectures. Some thought they were going to war among themfelves, as they had with them a temporary ftore of half-ftinking fifh and fern-root, the latter of which they ufe for bread. This we remarked, as feveral of them were eating it at the time we were among them. Others Others conjectured that fome of them had been concerned in the murder of our men, notwithflanding we did not meet with the fmalleft trace to countenance fuch an opinion, and that fearing we fhould revenge it, they had formed this convention, in order to defend themfelves againft us. Others imagined that the affemblage might be occafioned by a burial, a marriage, or fome religious meeting. The Tabuan Parrot, one of which was obferved here, and of which a plate is annexed, is a bird about eighteen inches in length, and bigger than the Scarlet Lory. The head, neck, and under parts, are of a fine fcarlet; the upper parts of the body and wings are of a beautiful green ; acrofs the upper part of the wing coverts is an oblique bar of ycllowifh green, more gloffy than the reft ; the lower part of the back and rump is blue; there is alfo a fmall patch of blue at the lower part of the neck behind, between a fcarlet and green, dividing thofe colours; the tail is pretty long, and of an olive brown colour; the bill is reddifh ; the legs deep brown, nearly black. The Female is moftly green ; the head, neck, and under parts olive brown; belly red; rump blue; tail, on the upper furface, green ; beneath, dufky. The The above inhabits Botany Bay, and feems much allied to the Tabuan Parrot defcribed by Mr. Latham, in his Synopfis of Birds \ but in that the head, neck, and under parts, incline to purplifh or chocolate colour; both quills and tail are blue, .more or lefs edged with green, and a crefcent of blue at the back part of the neck ; it has alfo the under jaw furrounded with green feathers. It is probable, therefore, that our bird is only a variety of the Tabuan fpecies. June 4th. This being the anniverfary of his Majefty's birth-day, and the firft celebration of it in New South Wales, his excellency ordered the Sirius and Supply to fire twenty-one guns at fun-rife, at one o'clock, and at fun-fet. Immediately after the King's fhips had ceafed firing, at one o'clock, the Borrowdale, Friendihip, Fifhburne, Golden Grove, and Prince of Wales, fired five guns each. The battalion was under arms at twelve, and fired three vollies, succeeded by three cheers. After this ceremony had taken place, the lieutenant-governor, with all the officers of the fettlement, civil and military, paid their refpects to his excellency, at his houfe. At two o'clock they all met there again to dinner, during which the band of mufick Z played white's journal of a played " God fave the King," and feveral excellent marches. After the cloth was removed, his Majefty's health was drank with three cheers. The Prince of Wales, the Queen and royal family, the Cumberland family, and his Royal Highnefs Prince William Henry, fucceeded. His Majefty's ministers were next given ; who, it was obferved, may be Pitted againft any that ever conducted the affairs of Great Britain. When all the public toafts had gone round, the governor nominated the district which he had taken posfeilion of, Cumberland County ; and gave it fuch an extent of boundary as to make it the largeft county in the whole world. His excellency faid, that he had intended to have named the town, and laid the firft ftone, on this aufpicious day ; but the unexpected difficulties which he had met with, in clearing the ground, and from a want of artificers, had rendered it impofiible; he therefore put it off till a future day. Its name, however, we understand, is to be Albion. The day was paffed in cheerfulnefs and good-humour ; but it was a little damped by our perceiving that the governor was in great pain, from a return of his complaint. Though his countenance too plainly indicated the the torture which he fuffered, he took every method in his power to conceal it, left it fhould break in upon the feftivity and harmony of the day. His excellency ordered every foldier a pint of porter, befidcs his allowance of grog ; and every convict half a pint of fpirits, made into grog, that they all may drink his Majefty's health ; and, as it was a day of general rejoicing and feftivity, he likewife made it a day of forgivenefs ; remitting the remainder of the punifhment to which the failors of the Sirius were fubject, and pardoning Lovel, Sideway, Hall,, and Gordon, who had been confined on a little fterile ifland, or rather rock, fituated in the harbour, until a place of banifhment could be found. This act of lenity and mercy, added to many others which the governor had fhewn, it is to be hoped will work fome change on the minds of thefe men. Indeed fome good may be expected from Hall and Gordon, who, fince their fentence, have appeared penitent; but from Lovel and Sideway very little change for the better can be expected, becaufe they feem fo truly abandoned and incorrigible. At night every perfon attended an immenfe bonfire that was lighted for the occafion ; after which the principal officers of the fettlement, and of Z 2 the the men of war, fupped at the governor's, where they terminated the day in pleafantry, good humour and cheerfulnefs. The next morning we were aftonifhcd at the number of thefts which had been committed, during the general fefti-vity, by the villanous part of the convicts, on one another, and on fome of the officers, whofe fervants did not keep a Ariel: look-out after their marquees. Availing themfelves thus of the particular circumftances of the day, is a ftrong inftance of their unabated depravity and want of principle. Scarcely a day paffes without an example being made of fome one or other of thefe wretches, but it feems to have no manner of effect upon them. ioth. John Afcott and Patrick Burn, two convicts, were brought before the criminal court, and profecuted by Lieutenant G. William Maxwell of the Sirius, and Mr. Kelter the Mailer of the fame fhip, for having, a few nights before, in a riotous manner, with many more of the convicts, attacked fome feamen belonging to the men of war, and behaving in an infolent and contemptuous manner to them. After a long and judicious hearing, the prifoners were acquitted, as the charge brought againft them was by no means fubftantiated. 26 th. 26th. About four in the afternoon a flight fhock of an earthquake was felt at Sidney Cove, and its environs. This incident had fo wonderful an effect on Edward Corbett, a convict, who had eloped about three weeks before, on a difcovery being made of his having ftolen a frock, that he returned and gave himfelf up to juftice. A few days ante^ cedent to his return, he had been outlawed ; and was fup-pofed to have driven off with him four cows, the only animals of this kind in the colony. This, however, he declared himfelf innocent of; but confeffed his having committed the theft laid to his charge. The ftricteft fearch was made, but in vain, after the cows. It is probable that they have ftrayed fo far off in this endlefs wild, as to be irrecoverably loft. Previoufly to the return of Corbett he muff have fuffered very feverely from hunger; his eyes were funk into his head, and his whole appearance fhewed that he had been half ftarved. While he was abfent, he fays, he frequently fell in with the natives, who, though they never treated him ill, did not feem to like his company. He informed us, that in a bay adjacent to that where the governor and his party had met with fo many of the natives, he faw the head of one of the convicts lying near the the place where the body had been burnt in a large fire. This, -in all likelihood, was Burn, who was carried off at the time Ayres was wounded, as he has not been heard of fincc. The natives of this country, though their mode of fub-fifting feems to be fo very fcanty and precarious, are, I am convinced, not cannibals. One of their graves, which I faw opened, the only one I have met with, contained a body which had evidently been burned, as fmall pieces of the bones lay in the bottom of it. The grave was neatly made, and well covered with earth and boughs of trees. The Pennantian Parrot (of which fee plate annexed) was about this time firft noticed. The general colour of the body, in the male, is crimfon; the feathers of the back black in their middle ; the chin and throat blue ; the wings blue, with a bar of a paler colour down the middle of them ; the tail is long, and blue alfo, and all but the two middle feathers have the ends very pale. The female differs, in having the upper parts of the neck and body of a greenifh colour; the top of the head red, and a patch of the fame under each eye; the chin and throat /,.„„/,n jiM>.>/„j j>f<-.-zg, nag, fa 11>,/.,-,/! throat blue; lower part of the neck and breaft red; as are the rump and vent ; the middle of the .belly duflcy green ; tail dark blue, fringed with chefnut; fhoulders blue ; the reft of the wing the fame, but darker; bill and legs as in the male. 24th. The governor revoked the decree by which Corbett was outlawed, and he was tried by the criminal court, fimply for the theft he had committed, and fentenced to be hanged. Samuel Payton, a convict, likewife received the lame fentence, for feloniously entering the marquee of Lieutenant Fuzer, on the night of the fourth of June, and stealing from thence fome fhirts, ftockings, and combs. His trial had been put off to the prefent time, on account of a wound in his head, which he had received from Captain Lieutenant Meredith, who, on his return from the bonfire, found Payton in his marquee. When brought to the hofpital, in confequence of the wound which he had received, he was perfectly fenfelefs. During the time he remained under my care, I frequently admonifhed him to think of the perilous fituation he then ftood in, and to make known the accomplices whom he was fuppofed to have ; but he firmly and uniformly denied his guilt; and difclaimed his having any knowledge knowledge of, or concern in, robbing Lieutenant Fuzer. He further faid, that he did not recoiled: how he came to Captain Lieutenant Meredith's tent, or any circumftance relative to it. However, fince he received his fentence, he has confeffed that he robbed Lieutenant Fuzer; and gave him information where to find the articles he had been robbed of: he at the fame time acknowledged that he entered Mr. Meredith's marquee with an intention to rob him, doubting not but he fhould be able to make his efcape undifcovered, as every one feemed fo fully engaged on the pleafures of the day. When he and Corbett were brought to the fatal tree, they (particularly Payton) addreffed the convicts in a pathetic, eloquent, and well-directed fpeech. He acknowledged the jufticc of his fentence ; a fentence, which (he faid) he had long deferved. He added, that he hoped and trufted that the ignominious death he was about to fuffer, would ferve as a caution and warning to thofe who faw and heard him. They both prayed moft fervently, begging forgivenefs of an offended God. They likewife hoped, that thofe whom they had injured, would not only forgive them, as they themfelves did all mankind, but offer up their prayers to a merciful a merciful Redeemer that, though fo great finners, they might be received into that blifs, which the good and virtuous only can cither deferve or expect. They were now turned off; and in the agonizing moments of the feparation of the foul from the body feemed to embrace each other. The execution of thefe unhappy youths, the eldeft of whom was not twenty-four years of age, which feemed to make a greater impreffion on the convicts than any circumstance had done fince their landing, will induce them, it is to be hoped, to change their conduct, and to adopt a better mode of life than, I am forry to fay, they have hitherto purfued. The principal bufinefs now going forward, is the erecting huts for the marines and convicts, with the cabbage-tree. We have been here nearly fix months, and four officers only as yet got huts: when the reft will be provided with them feems uncertain; but this I well know, that living in tents, as the rainy feafon has commenced, is truly uncomfortable, and likely to give a fevere trial to the ftrongeft and moft robuft conftitution. The trees of this country are immenfely large, and clear of branches to an amazing height. While ftanding, many A a of of them look fair and good to the eye, and appear fufficient to make a mart for the largeft fhip ; but, when cut down, they are fcarcely convertible to any ufe whatever. At the heart they are full of veins, through which an amazing quantity of an aflringent red gum iffues. This gum I have found very ferviceable in an obftinate dyfentery that rased at our firft landing, and ftill continues to do fo, though with lefs obftinacy and violence. When thefe trees are fawed, and any way expofed to the fun, the gum melts, or gets fo very brittle, that the wood falls to pieces, and appears as if the pieces had been joined together with this fubftance. How any kind of houfes, except thofe built of the cabbage tree, can be raifed up, the timber being fo exceedingly bad, it is impoffiblc to determine. I have already faid that the ftone of this country is well calculated for building, could any kind of cement be found to keep them together. As for lime-ftone, we have not yet difcovered any in the country; and the fhells collected for that purpofe have been but inconfiderable. From Captain Cook's account, one wTould be led to fuppofe that oyfter and cockle fhells might be procured in fuch quantities, as to make a fufficiency of lime, for the purpofe purpofe of constructing at leaft a few public buildings; but this is by no means the cafe. That great navigator, notwithstanding his ufual accuracy and candour, was certainly too lavish of his praifes on Botany Bay. The peculiarity I have mentioned relative to the wood of this place is ftrange. There are only three kinds of it, and neither of them will float on the water. We have found another refin here, not unlike the balsam Tolu in fmell and effect, but differing widely in colour, being of a clear yellow, which exudes from the tree. This, however, is not to be met with in fuch quantities as the red gum before mentioned, nor do I think that its medicinal virtues are by any means fo powerful. A kind of earth has been difcovered which makes good bricks, but we ftill are in want of a cement for them as well as for the ftone. W7hat animals we have yet met with have been moftly of the OpofTum kind. The Kangaroo, fo very accurately delineated by Captain Cook, is certainly of that class, and the largest animal feen in the country. One has been brought into camp which weighed a hundred and forty-nine pounds. See plate annexed. The conformation of this animal is peculiarly singular. Its hinder parts have great mufcular A a 2 power, power, and are, perhaps, beyond all parallel, out of proportion, when compared with the fore parts. As it goes, it jumps on its two hind legs, from twenty to twenty-eight feet, and keeps the two fore ones clofe to the breaft; thefe are fmall and fhort, and it feems to ufe them much like a fquirrel. The tail of thefe animals is thick and long ; they keep it extended, and it ferves as a kind of counterpoife to the head, which they carry erect, when bounding at full fpeed. The velocity of a Kangaroo as far outftrips, that of a greyhound, as that animal exceeds in fwiftnefs a common dog. It is a very timid, fhy, and inoffenfive creature, evidently of the granivorous kind. Upon our firft difcovering one of them, as it does not ufe its fore feet to aflift it in running, or rather jumping, many were of opinion that the tail, which is immenfely large and long, was made ufe of by them in the act of progrefiion ; but this is by no means the cafe. Had it been ufed in fuch a manner, the hair would probably have been worn away from the part which, of courfe, muft be applied to the ground. The tail, from its fize and weight, feems to ferve it for a weapon both of defence and offence; for it does not appear that nature has provided it with any other. Its mouth and head, even even when full grown, are too fmall for it to do much execution with the teeth ; nor is the conformation of either at all calculated for the purpofe. Indeed, its fore feet, which it ufes, as a fquirrel or monkey, to handle any thing with, and which affift it in lying down, are too fmall, and out of proportion, as are all the fuperior parts, to admit of its either poffeffing or exerting much strength. It has been reported by fome convicts who were out one day, accompanied by a large Newfoundland dog, that the latter feized a very large Kangaroo, but could not preferve its hold. They obferved that the animal effected its efcape by the defensive ufe it made of its tail, with which it struck its affailant in a moft tremendous manner. The blows were applied with fuch force and efficacy, that the dog was bruifed, in many places, till the blood flowed. They obferved that the Kangaroo did not feem to make any ufe of either its teeth or fore feet, but fairly beat off the dog with its tail, and efcaped before the convicts, though at no great diftance, could get up to fecure it. The female has a pouch or pocket, like the QpofTum, in which fhe carries her young. Some have been fhot with a young one, not larger than a walnut, sticking to a teat in in this pocket. Others, with young ones not bigger than a rat: one of which, mofl perfectly formed, with every mark and diftinguifhing characteriftic of the Kangaroo, I have fent to Mr. Wilfon, of Gower Street, Bedford Square. There is a peculiar formation in the generative parts of this animal. Of its natural hiflory we at prefent know little ; and therefore as we are fo unacquainted with its habits, haunts, and customs, to attempt particular and accurate defcriptions of it might beget error, which time, or a fuller knowledge of its properties, would directly contradict. As to mere conjectures (and fuch too often are impofed upon the public for inconteftible facts), it cannot be improper to fupprefs them. Every animal in this country partakes, in a great meafure, of the nature of the Kangaroo. We have the Kangaroo Opoffum, the Kangaroo Rat, &c. In fact every quadruped that we have feen, except the flying fquirrel, and a fpotted creature, nearly the fize of a Martin, refembles the Kangaroo in the formation of the fore legs and feet, which bear no proportion to the length of the hind legs. The fcarcity of boats will prevent our being fo well fupplied with fifh, as otherwife might be expected. Fifh is is far from abounding at the cold feafon of the year ; but, in the fuminer, judging from the latter end of the laft, we have every reafon to conclude that the little bays and coves in the harbour arc well ftored with them. The fifh t night here are, in general, excellent; but feveral of them, like the animals in fome degree refembling the Kangaroo, partake of the properties of the fhark. The land, the grafs, the trees, the animals, the birds, and the fifh, in their different fpecies, approach by ftrong fhades of similitude to each other. A certain likenefs runs through the whole. July 8th. A party of the natives came to the place where the Sinus's boat had been to haul the feine, and having beaten the crew, took from them by force a part of the filh which they had caught. It is a great misfortune to us that we cannot find proper wood in this place wherewith to build a boat; particularly as fifh is not only fo"very plentiful in the fummer, but the only change from fait provifions which we can procure, there being neither wild nor domeftic animals fit for food. Here, where no other animal nourishment is to be procured, the Kangaroo is considered as a dainty; but in any other country I am fure that fuch food would be thrown to the the dogs; for it has very little or no fat about it, and, when fkinned, the flefh bears fome likenefs to that of a fox or lean dog. A few days fince a civil court of jurifdiction (which confided of the judge advocate, the Reverend Mr. Johnfon, and myfelf), was convened, by his excellency, to hear a complaint made againft Duncan Sinclair, mafter of the Alexander tranfport, by Henry Coble and Sufannah his wife (the Norwich convicts who fo much excited the public attention), for the non-delivery of a parcel fent on board the Alexander, by Mrs. Jackfon of Somerfet Street, containing wearing apparel, books, and other things, for the ufe of the faid Henry Coble, his wife, and child, value twenty pounds. The parcel was proved (and this even by the acknowledgment of the mafter) to have been received on board; and it likewife appeared in evidence that, on moving it from one part of the fhip to another, the package had broken, and the books had fallen out, which books the convict faid had been delivered to him. The court, after deducting five pounds (the value of the books received), gave a verdict in favour of the couple, in whofe caufe the world had feemed fo much to intereft themfelves, and in confequence of the authority unto them granted by Act of Parliament, in fuch cafes made and provided, they adjudged the mafter of the tranfport fully to com-penfate the lofs of the convicts, amounting to fifteen pounds. Sinclair considered it as oppreflive to be obliged to pay for that on account of which he had not received any freightage ; but this objection had no weight with the court, as the fhip was in the fervice of government, and paid for the fole purpofe of conveying thefe people, and the little property which they poffefTed, to this country. July 13th. The Alexander, Friendfhip, and Prince of Wales tranfports, with the Borrowdale victualler, failed for England. His Majefty's brig the Supply failed at the fame time for Norfolk Ifland, with provifions, &c. for the people there. 21 ft. I went down the harbour, with the mafter of the Golden Grove victualler, to look for a cabbage tree, as a covering for my hut. On our return, we fell in with three canoes that had been out fifhing. We rowed towards them, when the natives in them fuddenly appeared intimidated, and paddled away with all poflible difpatch. Willing to B b convince convince them that they had nothing to dread from us, we rowed after them, in order to prefent them with fome trifles which we had about us. When we approached the canoes, an old woman in one of them began to eaft her fifh overboard, in great hafte; whether it was for fear that we fhould take them from her, or whether fhe threw them to us, we could not afcertain. However, when we came alone-fide, our conduct foon convinced her that her alarms, with refpeft to us, were groundlefs. She had in the canoe with her a young girl, whom, as fhe wore a complete apron, we could not help confidering as fuch an inftance of female decency, as we had not at any other time obferved among the natives. The girl did not betray the leaft fign of apprehenfion, but rather feemed pleafed at the interview. She laughed immoderately, either at us, or at the petulance fhown by the old woman, who, I believe, was more terrified on the girl's account than on her own. After this we left them fully fatisfied that we did not mean to offer them any injury. We difcovered the New Holland Creeper; (See plate annexed). The general colour of the bird is black, fpotted in various parts with white: the bill is dufky, growing paler towards towards the tip. The neck, breaft, belly, and fides are more or lefs ftreaked with white; over the eye is alfo a white ftreak, and the fides of the neck and beginning of the back have likewife fome ftreaks of the fame. The quills and tail feathers are marked with yellow on the outer margins; the laft are rounded in fhape, and two or three of the outer feathers fpotted within, at the tip, with white; legs dufky; is about the fize of a nightingale, and, meafures feven inches in length. It is probably a non-defcript fpecies. A party of convi&s, who had crofled the country to Botany Bay to gather a kind of plant refembling balm, which we found to be a good and pleafant vegetable, were met by a fuperior number of the natives, armed with fpears and clubs, who chafed them for two miles without being able to overtake them; but if they had fucceeded in the purfuit, it is probable that they would have put them to death ; for wherever perfons unarmed, or inferior in numbers, have fallen in with them, they have never failed to maltreat them. The natives had with them fome middling fized dogs, fomewhat refembling the fpecies called, in England, fox-dogs. A fervant of Captain Shea being B b 2 one one day out fhooting, he found a very young puppy, belonging to the natives, eating part of a dead Kangaroo. He brought it to the camp, and it thrives much. The dog, in fhape, is rather fhort and well made; has very fine hair of the nature of fur, and a fagacious look. When found, though not more than a month old, he fhowed fome fymp-toms of ferocity. It was a considerable time before he could be induced to eat any flefh that was boiled, but he would gorge it raw with great avidity. (See plate annexed). 23d. The hlackfmith's fhop, whieh was built of common brufh wood, was burnt down. Very fortunately for us, the bellows and the other tools were, through the exertion of the people, faved. To effect this was no eafy point, as, in the courfe of three or four minutes, the wood being very dry, every part of the (hop was in flames. 29th. One of the convicts was met by fome of the natives, who wounded him very feverely in the breaft and head with their fpears. They would undoubtedly have deftroyed him had he not plunged into the fea, near which he happened to be, and by that means faved himfelf. When he was brought to the hofpital he was very very faint from the lofs of blood, which had flowed plentifully from his wounds. A piece of a broken fpear had entered through the fcalp and under his ear, fo that the extraction gave him great pain. Their fpears are made of a kind of cane which grows out of the tree that produces the yellow gum ; they are ten or twelve feet long; pointed, and fometimes barbed, with a piece of the fame cane or the teeth of fifh. Thefe they throw, with the afliftance of the fhort flick already mentioned, which has a fhell made faft to the end of it with the yellow gum. With this gum they likewife faften their barbs to their fpears and fifh-gigs. The latter of thefe differ from the former by having four prongs, and being always barbed; which is not generally the cafe with the fpears. Their fpears, the only weapon they are ever feen to have that may be considered in any degree as dangerous, they throw thirty or forty yards with an unerring precision. When equipped for any exploit, they are alfo armed with a fhield made of the bark of a tree, with which they very dexteroufly ward off any thing thrown at them. An humble kind of fcymitar; a bludgeon, or club, about twenty inches long, with a large and pointed end; and and fometimes a ftone hatchet; make up the catalogue of their military implements. We this day fhot a Knob-fro?tted Bee-eater; (See plate annexed). This is about the fize of a blackbird; the plumage moftly brown above and white beneath; the head and upper part of the neck are fparingly covered with narrow feathers, almoft like hairs; but the fore part of the neck and breaft are furnifhed with long ones, of a wrhite colour and pointed at the ends; the tail is pretty long, and the feathers tipped with white; the bill is about one inch in length, and pale; but what is moft remarkable, on the forehead, juft at the bafe of the bill, is a fhort blunt knob, about a quarter of an inch in length, and of a brownifh colour; the tongue is nearly of the length of the bill, and briftly at the end; the legs are brown. This inhabits New South Wales, and is fuppofed to be a non-defcript fpecies, This day three canoes, with a man and woman in each, came behind the point on which the hofpital is built, to fifh. I went over to them, as did two other gentlemen, my afliftants, without their fhewing any fear at our coming; on the contrary, they manifested a friendly confidence. W^e Wc gave them fome bread, which they received with appa- 1788. rent pleafure, but did not eat any of it while in our prefence. 1-* We like wife prefented them with a looking-glafs, but this they received with indifference, and feemed to hold in no kind of estimation. I gave one of the women a pocket handkerchief, which fhe immediately tied round her head, and fhewed great fatisfaction. She had a young child between her knees in the canoe, (the way in which they always carry their infants), for whom fhe folicited fomething, in the moft fuppliant tone of voice I ever heard. The only thing I had about me was a narrow flip of linen, which I gave her; and trifling as it was, fhe appeared to be perfectly satisfied with it, and bound it round the child's head. She would not come out of the canoe, though along-fide the rocks ; but the man quitted it, and fhewed us fome wild figs that grew near at hand. Such as were green and unripe he did not pull; but, after fome fearch, having found one that was tolerably ripe, he made me pluck it and put it into his mouth. He eat it with an apparent relifh, and fmacked his lips, after he had fvvallowed it, to convince us how good it was. At At fome little diftance from the place where we were a Iheep lay dead. As foon as he had difcovered it, he took it by the horns, and, as well as we could underftand him, he was extremely inquisitive and anxious to know what it was. When his curiosity was fatisfied, he went into the canoe, where the woman had been waiting for him. About ten or twenty yards from the fhore, among the long grafs, in the fhallow water, he ftruck and took with his fifh-gig feveral good fifh; an acquisition to which, at this feafon of the year, it being cold and wet, we were unequal. While he was engaged in watching for them, both he and the woman chewed fomething, which they frequently fpit into the water; and which appeared to us, from his immediately striking a fifh, to be a lure. While they were thus employed, one of the gentlemen with me fung fome fongs; and when he had done, the females in the canoes either fung one of their own fongs, or imitated him, in which they fucceeded beyond conception. Any thing fpoken by us they moft accurately recited, and this in a manner of which we fell greatly fhort in our attempts to repeat their language after them. While we were thus amicably engaged, all on a fudden they n . they paddled away from us. On looking about to discover the caufe, we perceived the gunner of the Supply at fome little diftance, with a gun in his hand; an inftrument of death, againft which they entertain an infuperable averfion. As foon as I difcovered him, I called to him to ftay where he was, and not make a nearer approach; or, if he did, to lay down his gun. The latter requeft he immediately complied with; and when the natives faw him unarmed, they fhewed no further fear, but returning to their employment, continued alternately to fing fongs, and to mimic the gentlemen who accompanied me. We this day fhot the Sacred Kings-Fi/her (See Plate annexed). This bird is about the ftze of a thruih, and meafures nearly ten inches in length: the top of the head is blue, and crefted; fides of the head, and back part of it, black ; over the eye, from the noftrils, a rufly coloured ftreak; the chin, the middle of the neck, all round, and all the under part of the body, buff-colour, more or lefs inclining to ruft; the upper part of the plumage chiefly blue; but the beginning of the back is black, as are alfo the quills and tail feathers within, C c beinr 0 being blue only on the outer edges; the bill is large and black, but the bafe of the under jaw is whitifti; the legs are brown. This bird is fubject to great variety, feveral of them being mentioned by Mr. Latham in his Synopjts. The prefent feems to come nearcft his Var. C. See vol. ii. page 622, of that work. Auguft 12th. Celebrated the Prince of Wales's birthday. The men of war fired a royal falute, and all the officers in the colony, civil and military, dined with the governor. The evening was fpent in making bonfires, and testifying fuch other demonstrations of joy as could be fhewn in this country. The weather is now very wet and cold, and has been fo for the laft fix weeks. Several mornings we have had a hoar froft, and a few diftinct pelicles of ice were formed on (hallow fpots of water; the thermometer frequently as low as the freezing point. 16th. A convict who had been out gathering what they called fweet tea3 about a mile from the camp, met a party of the natives, confuting of fourteen, by whom he was beaten, and alfo nightly wounded with the fhell-ftick ufed in throwing their fpears; they then made him ftrip* ftrip, and would have taken from him his clothes, and probably his life, had it not been for the report of two mufquets; which they no fooner heard, than they ran away. This party were returning from the wood with cork, which they had been cutting, either for their canoes or huts; and had with them no other inftrument* than thofe that were neceflary for the bufinefs on which they were engaged; fuch as a ftone hatchet, and the fhell ftick before mentioned. Had they been armed with any other weapons, the convict would probably have loft his life. That which we call the fweet tea, is a creeping kind of vine, running to a great extent along the ground; the ftalk is not fo thick as the fmalleft honey-fuckle; nor is the leaf fo large as the common bay leaf, though fomething fimilar to it ; and the tafie is fweet, exactly like the liquorice root of the fhops. Of this the convicts and foldiers make an infufion which is tolerably pleafant, and ferves as no bad fuccedaneum for tea. Indeed were it to be met with in greater abundance, it would be found very beneficial to thofe poor creatures, whofe conftant diet is fait provifions. In ufing it for medical purpofes, C c 2 I have I have found it to be a good pectoral, and, as I before obferved, not at all unpleafant. (See Plate annexed). We have alfo a kind of fhrub in this country refembling the common broom; which produces a fmall berry like a white currant, but, in tafte, more fimilar to a very four green goofeberry. This has proved a good antifcorbutic; but I am forry to add, that the quantity to be met with is far from fufficient to remove the fcurvy. That diforder ftill prevails with great violence, nor can we at prefent find any remedy againft it, notwithstanding that the country produces feveral forts of plants and fhrubs, which, in this place, are considered as tolerable vegetables, and ufed in common. The moft plentiful, is a plant growing on the fea fhore, greatly refembling fage. Among it are often to be found famphire3 and a kind of wild fpinage, befides a fmall fhrub which we diftinguifh by the name of the vegetable tree, and the leaves of which prove rather a pleafant fubftitute for vegetables. 2 2d. His Excellency Governor Phillip, Lieutenant George Johnfton, his Adjutant of Orders, Lieutenant Creflwell of the Marines, myfelf, and fix foldiers, landed in Manly Cove, in order to examine the coaft to Broken Bay. At a fhort fhort diftance from the fhore, we faw fixtcen canoes, with twoperfons in each, and in fome three, employed in fifhing. They feemed to take very little notice as we paffed them, fo very intent were they on the bufinefs in which they were engaged. On our landing, we faw fixty more of the natives,, about two hundred yards diftant from us. Some of them immediately came up to us, and were very friendly. A black man, who carried our tents, gave two of them a flocking each, with which they feemed much pleafed ; and pointing to the naked leg, expreffed a great defire to have that alfo clothed. The morning was fo cold, that thefe poor wretches flood fhivering on the beach, and appeared to be very fenfible of the comfort and advantage of being clothed. We fent back our boats, and proceeded northward along the coaft about fix miles, where we were forced to halt for near two hours, until the tide had run out of a lagoon, or piece of water, fo as to admit of its being forded. While we were detained here, an old native came to us, and, in the moft friendly manner, pointed out the fhalloweft part of the water we had to crofs; but the tide ran with too much rapidity at that time for us to attempt it. After we had had waded through, one of our company fhot a very fine duck, which wre had dreffed for fupper, on a little eminence by the fide of a cabbage tree fwamp, about half a mile from the runo f the tide. Here the whole party got as much cabbage, to eat with their fait provifions, as they chofe. While we had been detained by the tide, feveral natives were on the oppofite fide, who alfo pointed out to us the fhoaleft water, and appeared, by their figns and geftures, to wiih us very much to come over; but before the tide was fufBciently low, they went away. One of them wore a flcin of a reddifh colour round his fhoulders. Near the place where we pitched our tent, we faw feveral quails exactly like thofe in England. I fired four or five times at them, but without fuccefs, as my fhot was too large. 23d. As foon as the dew was off the grafs, we began our march, and about twelve o'clock fell in with the fouth branch of Broken Bay: but finding the country round this part very rugged, and the diftance too great for our ftock of provifions, we returned to the fea fhore, in order to examine the fouth part of the entrance into the bay. This, like every other part of the country we have feen, had a very indifferent afpecf. From the entrance of of Port Jack/on to Broken Bay, in fome places from fifty to a hundred, in others to two hundred yards diftant from the fea, the coaft indeed is very pleafant, and tolerably clear of wood ; the earth a kind of adhefive clay, covered with a thick and fhort four grafs. All along the fhore we met the natives, who feem to have no fixed refidenee or abode; but, indifcriminately, whenever they meet with a hut, or, what is more common, a convenient excavation or hole in the rocks, take poffeflion of it for the time. In one of their huts, at Broken Bayy which was conftructed of bark, and was one of the beft I had ever met with, we faw two very well made nets, fome fifhing lines not inferior to the nets, fome fpears, a ftone hatchet of a very fuperior make to what they ufually have, together with two vehicles for carrying water, one of cork, the other made out of the knot of a large tree hollowed. In this hut there were two pieces of coarfe linen, which they muft have obtained from fome of our people, and every thing about it befpoke more comfort and convenience than I had obferved in any other. A little way from it we fell in with a large party of natives, whom we fuppofed to be the proprietors; they they were armed with fpears and ftone hatchets. One of the latter they very earneftly wifhed to exchange for one of ours. Though we would readily have obliged them, it was not in our power to comply with their wifh.es, as we had only a fufhxient number wherewith to cut wood for our own fires. However, notwithftanding our rcfufal, they parted from us without appearing at all diffatisfied. As we proceeded along the fandy beach, we gathered fome beans, which grew on a fmall creeping fubftance not unlike a vine. They were well tailed, and very fimilar to the Englifh long-pod bean. At the place where we halted, we had them boiled, and we all eat very heartily of them. Half anhourafter, the governor and I were feized with a violent vomiting. We drank warm water, which, carrying the load freely from our ftomachs, gave us immediate relief. Two other gentlemen of the party ate as freely of them as we had done, without feeling the fmalleft inconvenience or bad effect. About this place we got fome rafherries; but they had not that pleafant tartnefs peculiar to thofe in Europe. 24th. We returned by the fame paffage, along the coaft, with without feeing any objects worth notice, until we came to a convenient fpot to encamp for the night, where there was great plenty of cabbage trees, and tolerable water; a circumstance, as I have already obferved, not generally to be met with in this country, except on the fea coaft ; and even there by no means in abundance. While foup was making of fome birds we had lately killed (which proved very good), and every thing was getting ready for the night, the governor, the two other gentlemen, and myfelf, took our guns, and afcended a hill juft above us. From this eminence we faw the fouth-ern branch of Broken Bay, which ran far into the country. During our return, we picked up, in the diftance of about half a mile, twenty-five flowers of plants and ftirubs of different genera and fpecies, fpecimens of which I have tranfmitted to Mr. Wilfon, particularly the Red Gum Tree. (See Plate annexed). On the fpot where we encamped, the grafs was long, dry, and four ; and in fuch abundance, that we fet it on fire all around, for fear the natives fhould furprifc us in the night by doing the fame ; a cuftom in which they feem always happy to indulge themfelves. 25th. We fet off early in the morning to look at the D d branch 1788. branch of Broken Bay which we had feen the evening j^j*^, before; and were led to it by a path not very much frequented. At the head of this branch we found a frefh water river, which took its rife a little above, out of a fwamp. Such is the origin and fource of every river we have yet difcovered in this country; though few, when compared to thofe in any other part of the world. It is very extraordinary that in all this extenfive trad, a living fpring has not yet been explored. On this river we faw many ducks and teal. Mr. Creffwell fhot one of the latter, and I fhot one of the former. They were both well tailed, and good of their kind. At the head of this branch we found the country rough and impaffabie. Having followed the courfe of the river to its origin, we that day returned to Manly Cove, where we furprifed two old men, an old woman, a grown-up girl, and thirteen children, in a hut. When the children faw us approach, they all gathered themfelves clofely together around the girl; they cried, and feemed much terrified. The old men fhowed fuch diflike to our looking at them, that the governor and the reft of the party withdrew to fome little diftance to dine. Some of the children, on feeing all the party gone but myfelf snyfelf and another gentleman, began to laugh, and thus proved that their fears had vanifhed. When we joined the reft of the party, the old man followed us in a very friendly manner, and took part of every kind of provision we had, but he ate none of it in our fight. The women and children flood at fome diftance, and beckoned to us when the men, of whom they feemed to ftand in very great dread, had turned their backs. As foon as we had dined, and refrefhed ourfelves, the governor, by himfelf, went down to them, and distributed fome prelents among them, which foon gained their friendfhip and confidence. By this time sixteen canoes, that were out fiftiing, came clofe to the fpot where we were, and there lay on their paddles, which they managed with wonderful dexterity and addrefs; mimicking us, and indulging in their own merriment. After many figns and entreaties, one of the women ventured to the governor, who was by himfelf, and with feemingly great timidity, took from him fome fmall fiffiing lines and hooks; articles which they hold in great estimation. This made her lefs fearful; and in a little time fhe became perfectly free and unrestrained. Her conduct influenced many others, D d 2 who white's journal of a who came on fhore for what they could procure. Many of them were painted about the head, breaft, and fhoulders, with fome white fubftancc. None of thofe who were thus ornamented came on fhore, till by figns we made them underftand that we intended to offer them fome prefents; and even then, only one of them ventured. To this perfon Lieutenant Creffwell gave a white pocket handkerchief, with which fhe feemed much pleafed. Every gentleman now fingled out a female, and prefented her with fome trinkets, not forgetting, at the fame time, to beftow gifts upon fome of her family, whom fhe took considerable pains to make known, left they fhould fall into the hands of fuch as did not belong to her. It was remarked that all the women and children, (an old woman excepted) had the little ringer of the left hand taken off at the fecond joint; the ftump of which was as well covered as if the operation had been performed by a furgeon. While we were thus employed among the women, a body of men came out of the woods with a new canoe, made of cork. It was one of the beft we had obferved in this country ; though it fell very fhort of thofe which which I have feen among the American or Mufquito-fhore Indians; who, in improvements of every kind, the Indians of this country are many centuries behind. The men had alfo with thenf fome new paddles, fpears, and fifh-gigs, which they had juft been making. They readily fhowed us the ufe of every thing they had with them. Indeed they always behave with an apparent civility when they fall in with men that are armed; but when they meet perfons unarmed, they feldom fail to take evtry advantage of them. Thofe females who were arrived at the age of puberty did not wear a covering; but all the female children and likewife the girls wore a flight kind of covering before them, made of the fur of the kangaroo, twifted into threads. While we went towards the party of men that came out of the woods with the new canoe, all the women landed, and began to broil their fifh, of which they had a large quantity. There feemed to be no harmony or hofpitality among them. However, the female to whom I paid the moft attention gave me, but not un-till I afked her for it, fome of the fifh which fhe was eating. eating. She had thrown it on the fire, but it was Scarcely warm. Many of the women were ftrait, well formed, and lively. My companion continued to exhibit a ftumber of coquettifh airs while I was decorating her head, neck, and arms, with my pocket and neck handkerchiefs, which I tore into ribbons, as if defirous of multiplying two prefents into feveral. Having nothing left, except the buttons of my coat, on her admiring them, I cut them away, and with a piece of firing tied them round her waifl. Thua ornamented, and thus delighted with her new acquirements, fhe turned from me with a look of inexprefiible arch-xiefs. Before the arrival of the boats, which was late, the natives pointed to a hawk, and made figns to us to fhoot it. It had alighted upon an adjoining tree, and the governor defired that I would bring it down. The report ,of the gun frightened them very much. Some ran away; but on perceiving that no harm was intended againft them, they returned, and were highly plcafed to fee the hawk prefented by the governor to a young girl, who appeared to to be the daughter of the moft diftinguilhed amongft them. While the boats were preparing for our reception, an old woman, perfectly grey with age, folicited us very much for fome prefent; and in order to make us comply, threw herfelf, before all her companions, into the moft indecent attitudes. The cockfwain of the boat informed us, that while he was waiting for our return, the day before, two parties of the natives met, and commenced hoftilities againft each other. The man thus defcribed the manner in which this encounter was carried on. A champion from each party, armed with a fpear and a fhield, preffed forwards before the reft; and, as foon as a favourable opportunity offered (till which he advanced and retreated by turns), threw his fpear, and then retired ; when another immediately took his place, going through the fame manoeuvres; and in this manner was the conflict carried on for more than two hours. The boats crew and two midfhipmen, who faw the whole of the proceeding, perceived that one of the natives walked off with a fpear in his fide. During the engagement, the women belonging to them, who flood at at fome diftance, difcovered ftrong marks of concern, and fcreamed loudly when any of the combatants appeared to be wounded. As the boat was returning clofe along fhore, a fpear was thrown at the people by fome of the natives, who were lurking behind the trees and rocks. It was hurled with fuch force, that it flew a considerable way over the boat, although we were between thirty and forty yards from the fhore. It was late in the evening before we arrived in Sydney Cove; and as foon as the governor landed, he was informed that a gold mine had been difcovered, near the entrance of the harbour, by a convict. During his excellency's abfence, the convict: had made this difcovery known to the lieutenant governor and the judge advocate ; for which, he faid, that he hoped and expected to have his freedom, and a pecuniary reward. The gentlemen to whom he applied anfwered, that they could not promife to grant his requeft until he fhould have put them in poffeflion of the mine; but, that they were well affured that the governor would beftow on him a proper recompence, after fufficient proof of the difcovery. A boat was, in confequence, ordered from the Sirius, to carry him and Captain Campbell down to the place place where he declared that the mine was fituated. At their landing, he begged leave to withdraw a little, on fome neceffary occafion ; when, inftead of returning to Captain Campbell, he went back to the camp, and waiting on the lieutenant governor and judge advocate, afferted that he had put Captain Campbell in poffeffion of the mine, who had difpatched him over land for another officer and a proper guard. His account not being doubted, he was well fed and treated ; and Lieutenant Paulden, with a guard and all neceffary articles, was ordered to attend him to the place. But, before t'Jiey could fet out, to the great aftonifhment of all, Captain Campbell arrived, and unravelled the whole of this extraordinary deception. This produced an unexpected revolution. Inftead of receiving a reward for his golden difcoveries, the impoftor was immediately taken into cuftody, with two others, fuppofcd to be concerned in carrying on the artifice. The next day he was examined, with great privacy and ftrictnefs ; but no fatisfactory elucidation being obtained from him, he was ordered to be feverely whipped. Subfequently to this punifhment, of which he was prepared to expect a weekly repetition, between the intervals of hard labour, and to be E e loaded loaded inceffantly with heavy irons, during the time of his remaining in the colony, he moft audacioufly perfifted in endeavouring to maintain the delufion, and declared that if. an officer was fent with him, he would fhow him the mine; adding, that he .was heartily forry for what had happened. Accordingly, he was fuffered to accompany Lieutenant G. Johnfton, the Governor's Adjutant of Orders, to the place in queftion. Before the boat had reached its dcftination Mr. Johnfton argued with him, yet not without protesting, that if he either attempted to deceive him as he had impofed upon Captain Campbell, or prefumed to move five yards from him and his party, he would inftantly order him to be fhot. Finding that this officer was not to be trifled with, but feemed determined, he acknowledged that it was unneceffary to proceed any farther ; that he was ignorant of the existence of any fuch mine, and that the fpecimens fhown by him were only a composition of brafs and gold, which he had filed down and melted. Mr. Johnfton brought him back; when he was again examined, and ordered to be punifhed. It is needlefs to add that no further difcovery was made. He is now at liberty. He is, however, obliged to wear a large R on his his back. The man, whofe name is Daily, appears infane; yet others cannot be perfuaded that he is a lunatic, but are rather of opinion that he is a designing mifcreant, and that time will difclofe a deep-laid fcheme, which he had planned for fome purpofe hitherto undifcovered. For my own part, I freely confefs, that I cannot coincide with their fentiments. He was fo artful as to circulate a report that he had fold feveral pounds weight of the ore to the mafter of the Golden Grove, and fome of his feamen. This rumour was received with fuch credulity, that, in confequcnce of the impreffion which it made, none of the failors were suffered to leave the fhip after a certain hour in the evening. In a word, fo many ridiculous circumftances attended this affair, that to attempt a complete enumeration of them would prove not lefs difficult than uninterefting, 26th. The Supply arrived from Norfolk Ifland, after a long and rough paffage. She had landed, but neither in apparent fafety nor with facility, the ftores which fhe carried to that place: and, upon the prefent occafion, I am forry to add, that the hazard of landing and embarking from this little ifland is fo very great, that Mr. Cunningham, a miclfhipman of the Sirius (who refided on it with E e 2 Lieutenant Lieutenant King, the fuperintendant), was loft, with three feamen, in a boat that was fwamped by the furf, which on every part of the coaft runs high, and beats againft the fhore with great violence ; fo that I much fear, from the difficulty of accefs, and its fituation, it never will prove of any great confequence, although it promifcd fome advantages ; particularly in furnifhing us with pine trees, which grow here to a fize nearly equal to thofe of Norway. In the whole ifland there is not a harbour capable of admitting even fo fmall a veffel as the Supply, and the anchorage on every part of the coaft is equally bad. The ifland produces a kind of gladiolus luteus, or iris paluftris, of which, as may be feen by the fpecimens fent Mr. Wilfon, exceeding good hemp is to be made; and which is to be procured in any quantity, the plants growing in great abundance throughout the whole ifland. The foregoing articles, were the ifland larger and more eafy of accefs, with even a tolerable harbour, might, in any other country, be of the firft confequence to a maritime nation. But from every information which I have gained from the officers and crew of the Supply, the procuring of this beneficial acquisition is at prelent fomewhat doubtful. The people people fettled upon it, when theycan venture out, get great plenty of fifh; and, at certain feafons, turtle. In the ifland alfo are pigeons, as tame as domeftic fowls; and the foil feems well adapted for the growth of all kinds of grain and vegetables. It produces a wild banana, or plantain tree, which, by cultivation, may aflift the fettlers, as a fucce-daneum for bread : and I am not without hopes that we fhall be able to make fome additions from thence to fuch neceffaries of life as may in time be produced here. A few days fince the natives landed near the hofpital, where fome goats belonging to the Supply were browfing ; when they killed, with their fpear, a kid, and carried it away. Within this fortnight, they have alfo killed a he-goat of the governor's. Whenever an opportunity offered, they have feldom failed to deftroy whatever flock they could feize upon unobferved. They have been equally ready to attack the convicts, on every occafion which prefented itfelf; and fome of them have become victims to thefe favages. I have already obferved that they fland much in fear of a mufquet, and therefore they very feldom approach any perfon by whom it is carried; and their apprehensions are alnioft equally great when they perceive a red garment. September September 5th. About half after fix in the evening, we faw an aurora auftralis., a phenomenon uncommon in the fouthern hemifphere. , October 2d. His Majefty's fhip the Sirius failed for the Cape of Good Hope, for a fupply of flour, it being difcovered that our flock of this article bore no proportion to the fait beef and pork. The fame day the Golden Grove failed for Norfolk Ifland, with a reinforcement of male and female convicts; two free men, as gardeners; a midfhipman from the Sirius, to fill* up the vacancy occasioned by the death of Mr. Cunningham; a fergeant, corporal, and fix privates; and a fupply of neceffaries for eighteen months. 4th. A convict, named Cooper Handley, who went out with an armed party of marines to collect wild vegetables and fweet tea, ftrayed from them, and was afterwards met by the natives, who murdered and mutilated him in a fhocking manner. The natives were fo near our men, that they heard them very distinctly fhouting and making a great noife, yet were unable to overtake them in the purfuit. In the evening, a party of foldiers and convicts were fent out to bury the deceafed. 10th. loth. A general court martial was convened by warrant from the governor. When the members, with the deputy judge advocate, were affembled, they gave it as their opinion, that notwithstanding the governor has full power and authority to grant and hold court martials among regular troops; yet, as a corps of marines, under the influence of a particular code of laws, and instructions from the Admiralty, and only amenable to that board, they could not proceed to trial; the board of Admiralty not having delegated any part of their authority over the marine corps, particularly that of holding court martials, to the governor ; neither did any part of the act of Parliament for forming a colony in New South Wales contain directions relative to that fubject. -The marine instructions, with refpect to court martials, ftate, that no general court martial can be ordered but by the Lord High Admiral, or three commiffioners for executing the office ; nor any fentence be carried into execution until approved of by him or them, unlcfs the marines, as in America, fhould be, by act of Parliament, confidered as a part of the army ; which is not the cafe here. They are truly and literally governed and regulated by the fame rules and instructions as the marine divisions at Chatham, Chatham, Portfmouth, or Plymouth ; and, confequently, their proceeding to trial would not only be illegal, but a direct infult to the governance and power of the Board under which they act, and to whom every appeal from them muft come ; unlefs an act of Parliament, in that cafe made and provided, otherwife directs. 28th. A marine went to gather fome greens and herbs, but has not returned; as he was unarmed, it is feared that he has been met and murdered by the natives. 31ft. A fergeant and four privates, who had been milfing three days, returned. They were fent by the commanding officer to look for the marine, and loft themfelves in the woods. In the evening of this day we had very loud thunder, and a fhower of hail; many of the hail-ftones were meafured, and found to be five-eights of an inch in diameter. November 2d. This day more hail ; the weather dark and gloomy, with dreadful lightning. The mercury during the whole of the day flood between 66 and 68. 7th. A criminal court fentenced a convict to five hundred lafhes for ftealing foap, the property of another convict, value eight pence. 10th. ioth. The Golden Grove returned from Norfolk Ifland with a few fpars, and fome timber for the governor. While fire lay there, fhe was obliged to cut her cable and fland to fea, there being (as before obferved) no harbour in the whole ifland, where a fhip can ride in fafety. The mafter of the fhip was fwamped in the furf and nearly loft, with his boat and crew. nth. Thomas Bulmore, a private marine, died in confequence of the blows which he received during a battle with one of his companions; who is to be tried for his life, on the 17th inftant, by a criminal court. So fmall is our number, and fo neccffury is every individual who compofes it, for one purpofe or another, that the lofs of even a Angle man may truly be considered as an irreparable difadvantage ! The preceding is all the account I am able at pre fent to fend you of the territories of New South Wales, and its productions. The unfettled flate in which you muff naturally fuppofe every thing, as yet, to remain, will not permit me to be as copious as I could wifh; but, by the next difpatcii, F f I hope I hope to be able to fend you no inconsiderable additions to the Natural Hiftory, and at the fame time fuch further information concerning our affairs here as during the interim fhall have occurred. APPENDIX. Ff 2 NATURAL HISTORY. THE DIFFERENT SPECIES OF BANKSIA. THE fineft new genus hitherto found in New Hoi/and has been deftined by Linnaeus, with great propriety, to tranfmit to pofterity the name of Sir Jofeph Banks, who firft difcovered it in his celebrated voyage round the world. It is indeed one of the moft magnificent genera with which we are acquainted, being nearly allied to Protea and Embothrium in habit and botanical characters, but fufficiently diftinguifhed from both by its fruit. Four fpecies of Baitkjia are defcribed in the Supplemenlum Plan* tarum of Linnceus, fpccimens of which we have feen in his Herbarium now in the pofleflion of Dr. Smith of Marlborough St reet; and we have depofited with the fame gentleman fpccimens fpccimens of all the plants we are about to defcribe in this work. Dr. Gaertner, in his admirable book on fruits and feeds, has figured the fruit of feveral Bankjias, fome of them defcribed by Linnaeus. Having had his plates, with the names, engraved before he faw the Supplementum of Linnaeus, his nomenclature differs from that of the laft mentioned author; but he quotes his fynonyms in the letter prefs. We mention this, that he may not be accufed of wantonly changing Li?macan names, and that for the worfe, as it would appear to any one uninformed of this circumftance. The character of the genus is very badly made out in Linnaeus. Gaertner has greatly corrected it, but it is ftill a doubt whether the flowers are constantly monopetalous or tetrapetalous, nor have we materials fufhcient to remove this difficulty. All we can fay is, that Ba?tkfia is next in natural arrangement to Protea, from which it is effentially diflinguifhed by having an hard woody bivalve capfule, containing two winged feeds, with a moveable membranous partition between them. It is ftrangely mifplaced in Murrays 14th edition of Syjletna Vegetabilium, being put between Ludwigia and Oldenlandia! Mr. White has fent imperfect fpecimens and feeds of four four fpecies of Bankfia, which we have endeavoured to fettle as follows; i. B. ferrata. Linn* Supp. 126. B. conchifera. Gaertn* 221. t* 48. This is the moft (lately of the genus. Its trunk is thick and rugged. Leaves alternate, Handing thick about the ends of the branches on ftiort footftalks, narrow, obtufe, ftrongly ferrated, fmooth and of a bright green colour above, beneath opaque and whitifli, with a ftrong rib running through their middle. A very large cylindrical fpike of flowers terminates each branch. Mofl of the flowers are abortive, a few only in each fpike producing ripe feed.' The form of the capfules may be underftood from the figure, which reprefents a whole fpike in fruit, about half the natural fize. The capfules are covered with thick down. Another plate of the plant in flower fhews the curved pofi-tion in which the ftyle is held by the corolla; the increafe of the former in length being greater and more rapid than that of the latter. 2. B» 2, B. piriformis. Gaertn. 220. /. 47./. 1. This fpecies was unknown to Linnaeus; and as Gaertner has given no fpecific character of it, we beg leave to offer the following: B. jloribus folitariis, capfulis ovatis pubefcentibus^ foliis lanceolatis integer rimis g/abris. Bankiia with folitary flowers, ovate downy capfules, and lance-fhaped entire fmooth leaves. The capfules are larger than in any other known fpecies. In the figure they are reprefented fomewhat fmaller than the life; but the feed is given as large as life. 3, B. gibbofa. B. dacfyloides Gaertn. 221. $• 47. /, 2. ? B* jloribus Jolitariisj capfulis ovatis gibbofs rugofis, foliis teretibus. Bankfia with folitary flowers; ovate, tumid, rugged capfules; and cylindrical leaves. We fufpect this to be the Bankfia dacfyloidcs of Gaertner; but if fo, his figure is by no means a good one; as he is generally very accurate, we are rather inclined to believe ours ours a different plant, and have therefore given it a new-name. The leaves are very peculiar, being perfectly cylindrical, about two inches long and one line in diameter, pale, green and fmooth. The flowers we have not feen. Fig. i. of the fame Plate reprefents the capfule of another Bankfia, belonging to thofe which bear the flowers in fpikes, but we cannot with certainty determine the fpecies. The capfules are fmooth, at leaft when ripe, and a little (hining. We think this is neither the B. ferrata, integrifolia, nor dentata of Linnaeus, nor probably his ericifolia; fo that it feems to be a fpecies hitherto undefcribed. The leaves and flowers we have not feen. THE T EI E PEPPERMINT TREE. Eucalyptus piperita. An Eucalyptus obiiqua> L'Heritier Sert. AngL p. 18 ? (See Plate annexed.) This tree grows to the height of more than an hundred feet, and is above thirty feet in circumference. The bark is very fmooth, like that of the poplar. The younger branches are long and flender, angulated near the top, but as they grow older the angles difappear. Their bark is fmooth, and of a reddifh brown. The leaves are alternate, lanceolate, pointed, very entire, fmooth on both fides, and remarkably unequal, or oblique, at their bafe; the veins alternate and not very confpicuous. The whole furface of both fides of the leaves is marked with numerous minute refinous fpots, in which the effential oil refides. The foot-ftalks are about half an inch in length, round on the under fide, angular above, quite fmooth. The flowers we have not feen. What Mr. White has fent as the ripe capfules of this tree (although not attached to the fpecimens of the leaves) grow in clufters, from fix to eight in each, feflile and and conglomerated. Thefe cluflers are fupported on angular alternate footftalks, which form a kind of panicle. Each capfule is about the fize of an hawthorn berry, globular, but as it were cut off at the top, rugged on the outfide, hard and woody, and of a dark brown colour. At the top is a large orifice, which fhews the internal part of the capfule divided into four cells, and having a fquare column in the center, from which the partifions of the cell arife. Thefe partitions extend to the rim of the capfule, and terminate in four fmall projections, which look like the teeth of a calyx. The feeds are numerous, fmall, and angular. The name of Peppermint Tree has been given to this plant by Mr. White on account of the very great refem-blance between the effential oil drawn from its leaves and that obtained from, the Peppermint [Mentha piperita) which grows in England. This oil was found by Mr. White to be much more efficacious in removing all cholicky complaints than that of the Englifh Peppermint, which he attributes to its being lefs pungent and more aromatic. A quart of the oil has been fent by him to Mr. Wilfon. 1 he tree above defcribed appears to be undoubtedly of the fame genus with that cultivated in fome greenhoufes G g 2 in in England, which Mr. IS Heritier has defcribed in his Sertum Anglicum by the name of Eucalyptus obliqua, though it is commonly called in the gardens Metrofederos obliqua; but we dare not affert it to be the fame fpecies, nor can this point be determined till the flowers and every part of both be feen and compared; we have compared the beft fpecimens we could procure of each, and find no fpecific difference. The Eucalyptus nhliqua has, when dried, an aromatic flavour fomewhat fimilar to our plant. We have remarked indeed innumerable minute white fpots, befides the refinous ones, on both furfaces of the leaves in fome fpecimens of the garden plant, which are not to be feen in ours, and the branches of the former are rough, with fmall fcaly tubercles. But how far thefe are conftant we cannot tell. The obliquity in the leaves, one fide being fhorter at the bafe than the other, as well as fomewhat narrower all the way up, as in the Begonia nitida of the Hortus Kewenfsj is remarkable in both plants. The figure reprefents a branch of the Peppermint Tree in leaf: on one fide of it part of a leaf feparate, bearing the gall of fome infect; on the other the fruit above defcribed. TEA TEA TREE OF NEW SOUTH WALES. Melaleuca? trinervia. This is a fmall fhrub, very much branched. The bark full of longitudinal fiffures, and eafily feparated from the branches-Leaves on fhort footftalks, alternate, lanceolate, pointed, entire,., about three quarters of an inch in length, fmooth on both fides, marked with three longitudinal ribs, and reticulated with tranf-verfe veins; they are alfo full of refmous fpots, the feat of an aromatic effential oik The flowers we have not feen, nor can we determine with certainty the genus of this plant. It moft nearly approaches the Leptofpermum virgatum of Forfter, referred by the younger Linnaaus, perhaps improperly, to Melaleuca, At leaft it may fafely be determined to belong to the fame genus with the Melaleuca virgata Linn. Supp. though a diftinct fpecies. The fpecific difference between them is, that the leaves of our plant have three ribs, whereas M. virgata has leaves perfectly deftitute of ribs or veins. Hence we judge the figure and defcription of Rumphius, Herb. Amboin. V. 2. t. 18. to belong rather to our Tea Tree, than to M. virgata; and if this conjecture be right, the plants are ftill further diftin-guifhed by the inflorefcence, which in M. virgata is an umbel,, whereas in the figure above mentioned the flowers are folitary.. Reprefents a leaf flightly magnified. SWEET SWEET TEA PLANT. Smilax? glyciphylla. This is a tree or fhrub whofe leaves only we have feen, but from them we judge it to belong to the genus of Smilax. For want of the ftem we cannot fettle its fpecific character. Thefe leaves are about two inches long, ovato-lanceolate, pointed, entire, marked with three longitudinal ribs, and many tranfverfe elevated veins, fmooth and fhining above, glaucous beneath, with a thick cartilaginous edge of the fubftance of the ribs. The leaves have the tafte of liquorice root accompanied with bitter. They are faid to make a kind of tea, not unpleafant to the tafte, and good for the feurvy. The plant promifes much in the laft re-fpect, from its bitter as a tonic, as well as the quantity of faccharine matter it contains. Leaves of this plant are reprefented on the fame plate with the Tea Tree. A. is the front, B. the back of a leaf. THE THE RED GUM TREE. Eucalyptus resinifera. Floribus pedunculatisy calyptra conicd acuta* (See Plate annexed. J This is a very large and lofty tree, much exceeding the Englifh Oak in fize. The wood is extremely brittle, and, from the large quantity of refinous gum which it contains, is of little ufe but for firewood. Of the leaves Mr. White has given no account, nor fent any fpecimens. The flowers grow in little clufters, or rather umbels, about ten in each, and every flower has a proper partial footftalk, about a quarter of an inch in length, befides the general one. The general footftalk is remarkably compreffed [anceps), and the partial ones are fo in fome degree. We have perceived nothing like bra&e,l>**.lp, ipjf, ly I1>J. r-f.. APPENDIX. THE CRESTED GOAT-SUCKER, CAPRIMULGUS CR1STATUS. C. cinereo-fufcus, fubtus pal/idus, remigibus caudaque fafciis pallidis numerofU^ vibriffis utrinque erecio-crijlatis. Corpus fupra pundits minutijimis fubalbidis irroratum. Cinereous-brown Goat-fucker, pale beneath \ with the long feathers of the wings and tail fprinkled with numerous pale fafcia?, and the vibriffe (or bnftles on the upper mandible) Handing up on each fide, in the manner of a creft. The body on the upper part is fprinkled with very fmall whitifh fpecks. The birds of this genus are remarkable for the exceillve widenefs of the mouth, though the beak is very fmall; in their manner of life, as well as general ftructure, they are very nearly allied to the genus Hirundo, or fwallow; and indeed may be regarded as a kind of nocturnal fwallows. They feed on infects, particularly on beetles. The name Caprimulgus, or Goat-fucker, was given to this genus from an idea that prevailed amongft the more ancient naturalifts of their fometimes fucking the teats of goats and iheep; a circumftance in itfelf fo wildly improbable, that it would fcarce deferve to be ferioufly mentioned, were it not that fo accurate a naturalift as the late celebrated Scopoli feems in fome degree to have given credit to it. I i THE THE SCINCOID, or SKINC-FORMED LIZARD. Lacerta Scincoides. This Lizard comes nearer to the Scincus than any I am acquainted with, but is ftill a diftincl: fpecies. In the two fpecimens fent over by Mr, Whit*7., one had a procefs on the upper part of the tail, near the top, almoft like a fupernumerary or forked tail, but which I rather conceive to be natural; and as this one was a male, I am inclined to think that this is peculiar to that fex, which would in fome degree have been more clearly made out, if the other, which had not this procefs, had proved a female ; but as its being gutted and fluffed before I faw it, prevented my examination, this remains ftill to be proved: but what makes the conjecture very probable, is, that it is mentioned by Mr. White that fome are without, and fome with this procefs. Now if it was a monfter, arifing either from accident, or originally fo formed, it would hardly be fo common as to be taken notice of. The tail is longer than that of the Scincufes, and not fo taper ; the animal is of a dark iron-grey colour, which is of different fhades in different parts, forming a kind of ftripes acrofs the back and tail. The The fcales of the cuticle are ftrong, but not fo much fo as thofe of the Scincus. Jts legs are fhort and ftrong, covered with the fame kind of fcales as the body, but the fcales of the feet are not. On the cuticle are fmall knobs, as if it were ftudded. The toes on each foot are pretty regular; the difference in length not great, and the fame on both the fore and hind foot; which is not the cafe with the Sincus, it having a long middle toe. There are fmall fhort nails on each toe; on their upper furface they are covered with a feries of fcales, which go half round, like a coat of mail, Juft within the verge of the external ope n ing of the ea on the anterior edge, is a membrane, covering about one third of it, which is fcolloped on its loofe or unattached edge ; this can hardly be called an external ear, nor can it be called the referve, viz. a valve; but if it is an afliftant to hearing, which it moft probably is, it fhould be confi-dered as the external ear. The teeth are in a row on each fide of each jaw, becoming gradually larger backwards. They are fhort above the gum, and rounded off, fitted for breaking or bruifing of fubftances, more than cutting or tearing, Ii 2 THE THE MURICATED LIZARD. Lacerta Muricata; L. catida tereti longa, cor pore grifeo, fquatms carinatis mucronatis. Corpus fupra fafciis tranverfs fufe is; fubtus pallidum. Valde ajjinis Agamce et Calotte. L. with long rounded tail, body greyifh, fcales carinated and fharp .pointed. The animal on its upper part is fafciated with tranfverfe dufky bars, and is pale beneath. This fpecies is very nearly allied to the L. Agama and Calotes. This fpecies meafures fomewhat more than a foot in length. The general colour is a brownifh grey, and the whole upper part of the animal is marked with tranfverfe dufky bars, which are moft confpicuous on the legs and tail. The tail is very long; the fcales on every part of the animal are of a fharp form, and furnifhed with a prominent line on the upper furface; toward the back part of the head the fcales almoft run into a fort of weak fpines; the feet are furnifhed with moderately ftrong, fharp claws. 14 THE RIBBONED LIZARD. Lacerta T^eniolata. X. l&vis, cauda tereti tonga, cor pore fupra taniolis albis nigrifque, fubtus alba. Affinis L. lemnifcatcc. Crura fupra albo nigroque firiata: digit i' ungwculati: aurcs conjpicuce : fquamce totius corporis IceviJJinuz, nitidiflimce, cauda vix dijtincleJlriata, Jubferruginea* This is a very elegant fpecies. The length of the animal is about fix inches and a half; and is diftinguifhed by a number of parallel flripcs, or bands of black and white, difpofed longitudinally throughout the whole upper part of the body, except that on the tail the bands are not carried much above the bafe ; the remainder being of a pale ferruginous colour. In fome fpecimens a tinge of this colour is alfo vifible on the back ; the lower part of the body is of a yellowifh white; the tail is perfectly round, of a great length, and gradually tapers to the extremity. THE BROAD-TAILED LIZARD. Lacerta Platura. L. cauda depreffo-plana lanceolata, margine fubacuteato, corpore grifeo* fujco fcabro. Ungues quqfi duplicati. Lingua brevis, lata, integra, feu non forficata; apice autem leniter emarginato. L. with a deprcfTed lanceolate tail, almofl fpiny on the margin; the body of a dufky grey colour, and rough. The claws appear as if double; the tongue is fhort and broad, not forked, but flightly emarginated at the tip. This Lizard is flrikingly diftinguifhed by the uncommon form of its tail, which is of a depreffed or flattened fhape, with very thin edges, and gradually tapers to a fharp extremity. This depreffed form of the tail is extremely rare in Lizards ; there being fcarcely more than two other fpecies yet known in which a fimilar flrucfure takes place. One of thefe is the L. Caudiverbera of Linnaeus, in which the tail appears appears to be not only depreffed, but pinnated on the fides. Another fpecies with a depreffed tail has been figured by the Count De Cepede, in his Hiftory of Oviparous Quadrupeds. The prefent fpecies is about four inches and a half in length. The head is large in proportion; and the whole upper furface of the animal is befet with fmall tubercles, which in fome parts, efpecially towards the back of the head, and about the tail, are lengthened into a fharpened point. The lower furface is of a pale colour, or nearly white. THE BLUE FROG. Rana C^erulea. R. carulea, fubtus grifeo-punclata, pedibus tetradatfylis, pofterioribus pal~ matis. Magnitudo Raruz temporaria. Blue Frog, fpeckled beneath with greyiih; the feet divided into four toes; the hind-feet webbed. Size of the common Frog, Plate \ /.f'M///'//. i'nt>fi//itt/ n.r the .lr/ <<•' :o,// <1\ f./>/, //. PN Plate A. annexed, reprefents a production of which Mr. White has fent no defcription, nor can we give any fatif-factory account of it. This is faid to come from the root of the Yellow Gum Tree, and is a congeries of fcales, cemented, as it were, together by the gum. Whether they are the bafes of the leaves of that tree, or part of a parafiti-cal plant growing upon it, future obfervations muft determine. The latter fuppofition feems to be countenanced by the appearance of fibrous roots at the bafe of this lingular production. Kk THE THE WHITE HAWK, Falco Albus. Fako-albus, rojlro nigro, cera pedibufque flams* White Hawk, with black beak, cere and legs yellow,. This fpecies, in Ihape and general; appearance, feems. very nearly allied to the bird called^ in England, the Hen-Harrier, which is the Falco cyaneus of Linnaeus, It is very nearly of the fame fize, and the legs and thighs are of a flender form, as in that fpecies. The whole plumage is white, without any variegation, THE dot fi: /i). ntf, /n- f./>e/>rrtt. THE WHITE-VENTED CROW. Corvus "Gracultnus. Corvus nigcr, remlgum-reftlricumque bafi npiceque cauda a/bis. Black Crow, with the bales of the wing and tail feathers, and the tip of the tail, white. This bird is about the fize of a Magpye ; and in fhape i% not much unlike one, except that the tail is not cuneated, but has all the feathers of equal length. The bird is entirely-black, except the vent, the bafe of the tail feathers, the bafe of the wing feathers, and the extremity of the tail, which are white. The fmall part of the white bafe of the wing feathers gives the appearance of a white fpot when the wings are clofed. The beak is very ftrong; the upper mandible flightly emarginated near the tip, and the lower mandible is of a pale colour towards the tip. The capif-trum reverfuni) or fet of bridles, which are fituated forward on the bafe of the upper mandible in moft of the birds of this genus, is not very confpicuous in this fpecies; but the whole habit and general appearance of the bird fufHciently juftify its being regarded as a fpecies of Corvus. K k 2 THE APPENDIX. FULIGINOUS PETERIL. PrOC ELL ARIA FuLIGINOSA. Procellaria juliginofa, rojlro albido. Fuliginous Peteril, with whitifh beak. This is probably nothing more than a variety of the Procellaria iEquinoctialis of Linnaeus. Its fize is nearly that of a raven. The whole bird is of a deep footy brown, or blackifh; except that on the chin is a fmall patch of white, running down a little on each fide from the lower mandible. The beak is of a yellowifh white. VARIE- VARIEGATED LIZARD. Lacerta Varia. Lacerta cauda Ionga car mat a, cor pore maculis tranfverfis varus. Lizard with long carinafed tail, the body tranfverfely variegated. This Lizard approaches fo extremely near to the Lacerta Monitor of Linnaeus, or Monitory Lizard, as to make it doubtful whether it be not in reality a variety of that fpecies. The body is about 15 inches in length, and the tail is considerably longer. The animal is of a black colour, variegated with yellow marks and ftreaks of different fhapes, and running in a tranfverfe direction. On the legs are rows of tranfverfe round fpots; and on the tail broad alternate bars of black and yellow. In fome fpecimens the yellow was much paler than in others, and nearly whitifh. the #54 A ? V E N f) i X, THE LONG-SPINED CH/ETODON. ClJ.etodqn armatus* \ Cbcctodon atbefcens, corf ore fafciis feptem nigris, fpinh pinna dorfalu fix, Urti* longijjhna. Whkifli Chactodon, with feven black ftripes on the body, fix fpines on the dorfal fin, the third very long. This appears to be a new and very elegant fpecies of the genus Chactodon. The total length of the fpecimen was not more than four inches. The colour a filvery white, barker, and of a bluifh tinge, on the back ; the tranfverfe fafciae, or bands, of a deep black ; the fins and tail of a pale brown. The third ray or fpine of the firft dorfal fin is much longer than the reft, MURICATED \ MURICATED LIZARD. Lacerta Muricata. Var. This variety chiefly differs from that reprefented in a preceding Plate, p. 244, in having the head lefs diftinclly acculeated, and the fcales on the body not fo ftrongly carinated. Figure 1. in the above mentioned Plate is a fmall Snake, about a foot in length, of a white colour, tinged with ferruginous ; the body marked by diftant black bands, and each fcale on the back marked with a fmall black fpeck. SUPERB SUPERB WARBLERS. Motacilla Superba. Motacilla nigra, remigibus fufcis^ abdomine albo^fronte genifquc carttleis. Black Warbler, with the long feathers of the wings brown; the belly white; the forehead and cheeks blue. This beautiful fpecies is generally found in the Irate defcribed in the fpecific character; but it appears to be fubjecf to great variety, two of which are exhibited; the lower and largeft fpecimen having not only more blue on the head than ufual, but alfo a patch of brilliant blue on each fide the back, and a mark of reddifh brown or orange near the fhoulders. The upper fpecimen is confiderably lefs than that beneath, and has ftill more blue upon the head ; the beak and legs fmaller in proportion, darker in colour, and the latter al-moft black. The head is crowned with a fmall creft of bright azure ; the cheek, and upper part of the back and wings, are of the fame colour ; the lower parts of each brown. The outer feathers of the wing whitiih, near the fhoulder marked with brown. The head, neck, and breaft deep black; abdomen white, faintly tinged with dufky. Tail black, highly cuneated. In this bird the blue is moft lucid, compofed of fhort, ftiff feathers, refembling fifh-fcales, with fhining furfaces; but it has not the beautiful fcapulary of prifmatic violet-colour, found in the other. Legs, feet, and claws black, and extremely ilender. SMALL MOTACILLA, or WARBLER. Motacilla Pusilla, M.fufca, fubtus pallida, cauda prope apicem fafcia fufca. Brown Warbler, pale beneath, with a band of brown towards the tip of the tail. This little bird is about the fame fize with the Superb Warbler, and has evidently fome affinity with that fpecies, but (exclufive of the difference in colour) the tail is not in the leaft cuneated, but even at the end. LI SERPENTS. SERPENT & The fpecies of Serpents are much Iefs eafily afcertained than thofe of mofl: other animals; not only on account of the great number of fpecies, but from the innumerable variations to which many of them are fubjecf in point of colour. Amongft thofe lately received from New Holland, the following are the moft remarkable. Snake, No. i, about three feet and a half in length, of a bluifli afh-colour, coated with fcales rather large than fmall, and having nearly the fame general proportion with the common Englifti fnake, or Coluber Natrix of Linnaius. Snake, No. 2, nearly three feet in length, flender, and of a tawny yellowifh colour, with numerous indiftincl: bars of dark brown, and fomewhat irregular, or flexuous, in their difpofition. Snake, 0841 Snake, No. 5, upwards of eight feet in length, of a darkifh colour, varied with fpots and marks of a dull yellow: the belly alfo is of a yellowifh colour. The fcales are fmall in proportion to the fize of the animal ; the tail gradually tapers to a point. SNAKES. See Plate containing Two Figures. No. 1. Small, about fourteen inches in length, coated with very fmall fcales, and varied with irregular markings of yellow on a dark brown or blackifh ground. It is probably a young fnake. No. 2. Small, about fifteen inches hi length, and fafciated with alternate bars of black and white. None of the above Serpents appear to be of a poifonous nature: they belong to the Linnaean genus Coluber; yet No. 5. has fome characters of the genus Anguis. L 1 2 INSECTS. INSECTS. The Infects received from New Holland are: No. i. The large Scolopendra, or Centipede (Scolopen-dra Morfitans Lin.) The fpecimens feemed of a fomewhat darker colour than ufuah See Plate of large Scolopendra, ccc. annexed. No. 2. A fmaller Spider,, of a dark colour; with a fmall thorax and large round abdomen, and with the joints of the legs marked with whitiftu No. 3. A fmall fpecies of Crab, or Cancer, of a pale colour, and which fhould be ranked amongft the Cancri brachyuri in the Linnaean divifion of the genus. No. 4. A Caterpillar, befet with branchy prickles, and confequently belonging to fome fpecies of Papilio or butterfly. LIZARD LIZARD EGGS. With the fpecimens of Lacertae, feveral Eggs were received. They were of an oval fhape, and of a livid brown colour, whitifti within and not much larger than peafe. On opening them the young Lizards were extracted, perfectly formed, and in all refpects refembling the Scincoid Lizard, except that the tail was longer in proportion. See Plate of the Skinc-formed Lizard, Fig. 2, 3, and 4, which are given of the natural fize. Fig. 1. reprefents the Eggs*in the proportion they bear to the adult fpecimen. SMALL SMALL PARO QJJ E T. PsiTTACUS PUSTLLUS. Pfittacus fubmacrourus viridis, capiftro reflrkumque baji rubris. » Cauda fubtus jlavefcens, bafi rubra. Remiges latere interlore fvfcez. Mag* nitudo Pfittaci Porpbyrionis. Rqftrum Jubflavejcens, Jeu jufco-jlavefcens Pedes Jubfufcu Green Paroquet, with fomewhat lengthened tail; the feathers' round the beak, and the bafe of the tail feathers, red. About the fize of the violet-coloured Otaheite Paroquet. The beak is yellowifh, or brownifh yellow. The feet dufky. The tail feathers yellowijfh beneath, and red at the bafe. The wing feathers dufky on the interior margin. RED f.t'/lt/rJI l"nJ'/l//lrit as f/t. ,1ct ,/ir,-,-. M f ,', i A, /./J,,'/,a 9,t?*q A///>. Aw/ RED SHOULDERED PAROQJJET. Psittacus Discolor. Pfittacus macrourus viridis, reel rici bus bqfiferrugineisy burner is fubtus fan-gurnets. Long tailed Green Parrot, with the tail feathers ferruginous towards the-bafe, the fhoulders blood-red beneath. This fpecies, which appears to be new, is of that fort generally termed Paroquets. It is about ten inches in length : the general colour of the bird a fine green : the outer edge of the wing, near the fhoulders, blue: the edge of the fhoulders deep red; the under part the fame.. On the fides of the body a patch of red: round the beak a few red feathers : long feathers of the wings of a deep blackifh blue, edged flightly with yellow: tail deep ferruginous toward the bafe, each feather becoming blue at the. tip : bill and feet pale brown. CYPRI- CYPRINACEOUS LABRUS. Labrus Cyprinaceus. Labrus corpore aJbefcente. Labrus with whitifh. body. The length of this fifh was about fix inches: the colour whitifh: fcales large. From the bad condition of the fpecimen it was not ppffi-ble to make fo accurate an examination of its characters as might have been wifhed. DOUBT- ■ N. S. > T 4 DOUBTFUL LOPHIUS. Lophius Dubius. Lophius nigricans, Jitbtus pallidas. Blackifh Lophius, pale beneath. This fifh was about fix inches in length; its general colour a very deep brown, almoft black; the mouth extremely wide, and furnifhed with feveral rows of flender fharp teeth. On opening it many ova were found, which were very large in proportion to the fifh. M m SOUTHERN SOUTHERN COTTUS. Cottus Australi6. Cottus albidus, capite aculeato9 cor pore fafciis tranfverfis Hvidis. Whitifh Cottus, with aculeated head, body marked with tranfverfe livid bands. This fifh did not exceed four inches in length, and is fufficiently defcribed in its fpecific character, DOUBTFUL DOUBTFUL, or COMPRESSED SPARUS. Sparus? Compressus. Sparus? Argenteus, comprcffus, Sparus ? Of a filvery colour, the body much cornprefTed, The fpecimen figured was nearly fix inches in length; the colour a filvery white; fcales of a moderate fize, and the body much compreffed. It feemed to poffefs the characters of a Sparus, though they could fcarce be determined with fufflcient certainty, from the bad condition of the fpecimen. M m 2 FASCIATED FASCIATED MULLET. Mullus Fasciatus. Mullus fubflavefcens, fafciis longitudinalis fttfcis. Pale yellowifh Mullet, with longitudinal brown bands. Length about five inches: fcales large. 60 The Non-defcript Animals of New South Wales occupied a great deal of Mr. White's attention, and he preferved feveral fpecimens of them in fpirits, which arrived in England in a very perfect: ftate. There was no perfon to whom thefe could be given with fo much propriety as Mr. Hunter, he, perhaps, being moft capable of examining accurately their ftructure, and making out their place in the fcale of animals; and it is to him that we are indebted for the following obfervations upon them; in which the anatomical ftructure is purpofely avoided, as oeing little calculated for the generality of readers of a work of this kind. It is much to be wilhed that thofe gentlemen who are defirous of obliging their friends, and promoting the ftudy of Natural Hiftory, by fending home fpecimens, would endeavour to procure all the information they can relating to fuch fpecimens as they may collect, more efpecially animals. The fubjects themfelves may be valuable, and may partly explain their connection with thofe related to them, fo as, in fome meafure, to eftablifh their place in nature, but they cannot do it entirely; they only only give us the form and conftruction, but leave us in other refpects to conjecture, many of them requiring further obfervations relative to their ceconomy. A neglect: in procuring this information has left us, almoft to this day, very ignorant of that part of the Natural Hiftory of animals which is the mod interefling. The Opoffum is a remarkable inftance of this. There is fomething in the mode of propagation in this animal that deviates from all others; and although known in fome degree to be extraordinary, yet it has never been attempted, where opportunity offered, to complete the inveftigation. I have often endeavoured to breed them in England; I have bought a great many, and my friends have affifted me by bringing them or fending them alive, yet never could get them to breed; and although poffeffed of a great many facts refpecting them, I do not believe my information is fufficient to complete the fyftem of propagation in this clafs. In collecting animals, even the name given by the natives, if poffible, fhould be known ; for a name, to a Naturaliff, fhould mean nothing but that to which it is annexed, having no allufion to any thing elfe; for when it has, it divides the idea. This obfervation applies particularly to the animals which which have come from New Holland; they are, upon the whole, like no other that we yet know of; but as they have parts in fome refpect fimilar to others, names will naturally be given to them expreffive of thofe fimilarities; which has already taken place: for inftance, one is called the Kangaroo Rat, but which fhould not be called either Kangaroo or Rat; I have therefore adopted fuch names as can only be appropriated to each particular animal, conveying no other idea, Animals admit of being divided into great claffes; but will not fo diftincfly admit of fubdivifion, without interfering with each other. Thus the clafs called Quadruped is fo well marked, that even the whole is juflly placed in the fame clafs. Birds the fame; Amphibia (as they are called) the fame; and fo of fifh, &c.; but when we are fubdividing thefe great claffes into their different tribes, genera, and fpecies, then we find a mixture of properties; fome fpecies of one tribe partaking of fimilar properties with a fpecies of another tribe. Of Of the KANGAROO. This animai (probably from its fize) was the principal one taken notice of in this ifland; the only parts at firft brought home were fome fkins and fculls; and I was favoured with one of the fculls from Sir Jofeph Banks. As the teeth of fuch animals as are already known, in fome degree point out their digeftive organs, I was in hopes that I might have been able to form an opinion of the particular tribe of the animals already known, to which the Kangaroo fhould belong; but the teeth did not accord with thofe of any one clafs of animals I was acquainted with, therefore I was obliged to wait with patience till I could get the whole: and in many of its other organs the deviation from other animals is not lefs than in its teeth. In its mode of propagation it very probably comes nearer to the Opoffum than any other animal; although it is not at all fimilar to it in other refpects. Its hair is of a greyifh brown colour, fimilar to that of the wild rabbit of Great Britain, is thick and long when the animal is old ; but it is late late in growing, and wdien only begun to grow, it is like a ftrong down; however, in fome parts it begins earlier than others, as about the mouth, &c. In all of the young Kangaroos yet brought home (although fome as large as a full grown cat), they have all the marks of a foetus ; no hair; ears lapped clofe over the head ; no marks on the feet of having been ufed in progreffive motion. The large nail on the great toe fharp at the point; and the fides of the mouth united fomething like the eye-lids of a puppy juft whelped, having only a paffage at the anterior part. This union of the two lips on the fides is of a particular ftructure, it wears off as it grows up, and by the time it is of the fize of a fmall rabbit, difappears. Of the 'Teeth of the Kangaroo. The teeth of this animal are fo fingular, that it is impoffible, from them, to fay what tribe it is of. There is a faint mixture in them, correfponding to thofe of different tribes of animals. Take the mouth at large, refpecting the fituation of the teeth, it would clafs in fome degree with the Scalpris N n dentata; deiitata*\ in a fainter degree with the Horfe, and Ruminants; and wi th regard to the line of direction of all the teeth, they are very like thofe of the Scalpris de?itata* The fore teeth in the upper jaw agree with the Hog; and thofe in the lower, in number, with the Scalpris dentata \ but with regard to pofition, and probably ufe, with the Hog. The grinders would feem to be a mixture of Hog and Ruminants ; the enamel on their external and grinding furfaces, rather formed into feveral cutting edges^ than points. There are fix incifors in the upper jaw, and only two in the lower ; but thefe two are fo placed as to oppofe thofe of the upper; five grinders in each fide of each jaw, the moft anterior of which is fmall. The proportions of fome of the parts of this animal bear no analogy to what is common in moft others. The difproportions in the length between the fore legs and the hind are very confiderable; alfo in their ftrength; yet perhaps not more than in the Jerboa. This difproportion between the fore legs and the hind is principally in the more adult; for in the very young, about the fize of a half grown rat, they are pretty * This tribe includes the Rat, &c* well well proportioned ; which fhews that at the early period of life they do not ufe progreilive motion. The proportions of the different parts of which the hind legs are compofed, are very different. The thigh of the Kangaroo is extremely fhort, and the leg is very long. The hind foot is uncommonly long; on which, to appearance, are placed three toes, the middle toe by much the largeft and the ftrongeft, and looks fomething like the long toe of an Oftrich. The outer toe is next in fize; and what appears to be the inner toe, is two, inclofed in one fkin or covering. The great toe nail much refembles that of an Oftrich, as alfo the nail of the outer toe; and the inner, which appears to be but one toe, has two fmall nails, which are bent and fharp. From the heel, along the under fide of the foot and toe, the fkin is adapted for walking upon. The fore legs, in the full grown Kangaroo, are fmall in proportion to the hind, or the fize of the animal ; the feet, or hands, are alfo fmall; the fkin on the palm is different from that on the back of the hand and fingers. There are five toes or fingers on this foot; the middle rather the largeft; the others become very gradually fhorter, and are all nearly of N n 2 the the fame fhape. The nails are fharp, fit for holding. The tail is long in the old ; but not fo long, in proportion to the fize of the animal, in the young. It would feem to keep pace with the growth of the hind legs, which are the inftruments of progreffive motion in this animal; and which would alfo fhew that the tail is a kind of fecond inftrument in this action. The under lip is divided in the middle, each fide rounded off at the divifion. It has two clavicles; but they are fhort, fo that the fhoulders are not thrown out. WHITE- WHITE JOINTED SPIDER. The fpecies of Spiders, unlefs feen recent, and in the utmoft flate of perfection, are not eafily diftinguillied. The prefent fpecies is moft remarkable for the lucid furface of its thorax and legs, which latter are furnifhed with feveral long moveable fpines, that may be either elevated or depreffed at the will of the animal: this however is not peculiar to the prefent fpecies, but is feen in fome others. The eyes are eight in number, and are arranged in the fame manner as thofe of the great American Spider, or Aranea Avicularia of Linnaeus. The colour of this Spider is a clear chcfnut brown, except the body, which is a pale brown, with a very deep or blackifh fafcia on its upper part, reaching about half way down. The orifice at the tip of each fang is very vifible by fo flight a magnifying power as that of a glafs of two inches focus : this Spider is therefore of the number of thofe which poifon their prey before they deftroy it. The Plate exhibits the back and front view, of the natural fize. A. the order in which the Spines are placed, The leffer corpore granofo. Valde qffinis B. Papilkfo Linncei. Corpus albido-cincrafcens, papillls par- vu/is ajperfum, thorax velut in facculum produtlus* Baliftes with the anterior dorfal fin two-fpined, and the body covered with granules. This fiili is extremely nearly allied to the Baliftes Papillofus of Linnaeus.. The body is of a whitifh afh-colour, and covered with fmall papilla?. The thorax as it were produced into a Sacculus bensath. See PLrte Page 254;- southern; SOUTHERN ATHERINE. Atherina Australis. Au vere diJlinSla ab A. Hepfeto Lin. ? A. pinna ant radiis Jedecim. Corpus jubferrugineum. Cauda fcrjicata. Fafcia lateralis nitidiflima. Doubtful whether really diftindr, from the A. Hepfetus of Linnaeus. Atherine with the anal fin furnifhed with fixteen rays. The body is of a fubferruginous eaft. The tail forked. The lateral line extremely bright. THE TOBACCO-PIPE FISH. This fifh is fo well known, that a particular defcription need not be given. It is the Fiftularia Tabacaria of Linnasus. REM OR A, or SUCKING-FISH. The Echeneis Remora of Linnaeus. This fifh, like the preceding, does not require a particular defcription ; is met with in moft feas, and poffeffes powerfully the faculty of adhefion, by the top of the head ; frequently to fhips bottoms, whence it is named Remora. NEW NEW HOLLAND CREEPER, Female. The general colours of the female are the fame as in the male, but lefs vivid ; nor has it the white markings on the front of the head and over the eye, but on the cheeks only. The back and breaft are black without white interfperfions. The abdomen black, ftreaked with dufky white ; the yellow on the wings and tail inclining to an olivaceous green, the feathers in the latter obtufely pointed. A fcapulary of brown adorns the fhoulders, terminating in a lanceolate fhape, half way down the back. In this bird the bill is longer, and the legs and general form flouter than the male. DEATHS DEATHS between December 1786 and July 1788. On the Paffage. Marines Children After the Landing. I 1 1 Marines Children On the Paffage. Total 3 2 8 Female Convicts * Convicts Children - After the Landing. 36 4 5 22 8 9 Total H Executed, by a fentence of the Criminal Court - -Condemed to death by the Court, but pardoned by the^ 4 6 9 ESTABLISHMENT of CIVIL DEPARTMENT. Arthur Phillip, Efq.—Governor in Chief, Captain General &c. 5c c. Robert Ross, Efq______Lieut. Governor, and Commander of the Troops. Rev. Richard John soN-Chaplain. Andrew Miller--------Commiflary, and Secretary to his Excellency. David Collins----------Judge Advocate. John White------------Surgeon. D. Considor------------Firft Afiiltant Ditto. Th omas Arndell-------Second Ditto Ditto. William Balmain------Third Ditto Ditto. W illiam Brewer------Provoft Marihal. H, T. Au gustus Alt, Efq. Surveyor of Lands. Amm NEW SOUTH WALES. MILITARY DEPARTMENT. Captains------------James Campbell. --John Shea. Capt. Lieutenants - Meredith. - Watkin Tench. Firft Lieutenants—G. Johnston. ----■- John Cress well. - Robert Kellow. --■ John Poulden. ----— John Johnston. ---James Ma it land Shairp, -----Thomas Timmins. — • '---Thomas Davy. Second Lieutenants < ■ Clarke. ■--—— William Feddy. -----John Long, Adjutant. Firft Lieutenant----James Furzar, Ouartermafter. vell, 1 ns, J Firft Lieutenant----James Maxwell, "J Returning to Eu- ( rope for the re- Second Lieutenant- Collins, J JJJg of their ►a W o X 10 o sO A D I A R Y of t ii e Winds, Weather, Temperature of the Air, &c. WITH THE DIFFERENT LATITUDES and LONGITUDES, IN A VOYAGE T O PORT JACKSON, NEW SOUTH WALES. a t) I a R Y of the Winds, Weather, Temperature of the Air, &c. with the different Latitudes and Longitudes. MAY 1787. Days. Winds. Weather. Latitude in Long, in Longitude per Time-keeper, and Lunar Ob. Therm. Barom. Variation per Az. and Am. remarks. S. E. Clear — — i — 52 O — — ( Squally in the evening, anc ( a high fwell. S. E. Clear - — — 52 O — — Some fmail rain. 15 Variable Clear 0 1 49 49 N. 4 49 w- — 52 O 30 8 — Strong breezes, at times rain. 16 E. S. E. Cloudy 48 47 6 26 4 33 54 0 29 9 ■— Strong breezes. *7 s. s. w. Rain 49 0 7 30 6 12 59 0 30 0 18 s. w. Clear 49 2 8 56 7 5i 60 0 30 8 — Little wind. *9 South Cloudy 48 33 10 43 ■ 9 21 58 0 29 44 — Much rain. 20 W.N.W. Foggy 47 37 11 36 ■— 60 0 30 20 Light airs of wind. (21 'w. S. W. Clear 47 2 N. 11 38W.I 11 45 W. 11 40 f 60 0 30 12 22 W. by N. Clear 47 2 11 11 11 35 63 0 30 21 — Frefh gales in the evening. Some rain in the eveninp-. Strong gales, and high fea. Saw fome Gulf weed. C Frelli gales, with a following I fea. 23 N.N. W. Clear 45 42 11 23 11 2 57 0 30 14 — 24 N. N. W. Clear Clear 44 15 12 12 10 38 59 0 29 93 — 25 26 North 42 24 13 9 11 30 60 0 30 25 N. E. Cloudy 40 42 13 59 12 20 61 0 - 30 12 20 17 20 36" 27 N. E. Clear 38 44 14 59 12 46 64 0 30 26 — 28 29 30 N. E. Cloudy 36 9 16 24 13 52 61 0 30 15 — N. E. Cloudy 33 56 16 24 — 63 0 30 10 —1 J Ditto weather: no obferva-1 tion. c Saw the Deferter Ifles, alfo ( fome turtle. Mercury in the Sun 98. N. E. Clear 32 18 l5 5° 16 30 65 0 30 3 — 3i North Clear 3° 47 15 16 — 70 0 30 0 — Days. Winds. S. W. Calm s. w. s. w. s. w. South S. by E. Weather. Clear Clear Clear Clear Cloudy Clear Clear Latitude in 29 52 N. 29 40 Long, in 15 18 w. 5 24 Longitude per Time-keeper, and Lunar Ob. 15 17 w. Therm. Barom. 71 o 74 0 73 0 74 o 72 o 75 o 75 ° 30 3 30 2 Variation per Az. and Am. 18 27 18 O remarks. Little wind: faw many fmall fifh. rAnchored in Santa Cruz < Road, in the Ifland of l Teneriffc. ^Still at anchor. > X 8 S. W. Cloudy 73 0 1 V Still at anchor. r We failed ; very little wind, ■I an Iris round the Sun at (. equal diltance. T Current fetting us to the £ weftward. Sea luminous. Saw a flying-fifh, J A great number oF flying-l fifh. 9 S. E. Cloudy — — — ': 75 ° — lO Variable Cioudy — 75 0 — — 1 i Calm Clear — — 1— 76 0 12 Calm Clear — — — 78 0 — — *3 South Cloudy 26 33 N. 17 11W. - 73 ° 29 98 — ii N. E. Cloudy ,5 8 18 29 - 72 0 30 0 15 N. E' Cloudy 23 24 19 40 19 4O •73 0 30 1 15 40 *5 45 16 N. E. Cloudy 21 23 21 2 21 lO 73 30 J 3° 2 — > D X j U N E 1787. Days. *7 Winds. Weather. Latitude in Long, in Longitude per Time-keeper, and Lunar Ob. Therm. Barom. Variation per Az. and Am. REMARKS. N. E. Cloudy i°8 53 N. 22 8 W. 22 22 W. 74 0 30 11 — Saw a ftrange fail. J* Horizon line about two £ miles. r PafTed the Iflands of Sal, j Bonavifta, and Mayo; i looked into Port Pray a. Lightning. T Heavy rain, lightning, and £ diflant thunder. 18 N. E. Hazy 16 27 23 11 - 76 0 30 0 — N. E. Hazy *4 53 23 11 - 76 0 30 O — 20 E, by N. Hazy 13 29 2 2 56 - 81 0 29 96 21 Eaft Clear 11 52 22 45 23 10 82 0 30 6 IO 23 22 Eail Clear 10 43 22 57 22 57 82 0 3° 14 —1 23 N. E. Cloudy 9 49 22 51 82 0 30 8 — 24 Eaft. Cloudy 9 2 25 Variable Showery 8 3« 26 Variable Clear 8 45 27 Variable Calms 8 12 28 S. W. Clear 7 29 29 S. S. W. Clear 7 28 30 w. s. w. Clear 7 J9 22 46 22 56 22 50 22 31 22 19 2i 33 21 7 22 34 21 45 21 41 19 43 8i 0 30 3 — Ditto weather. 82 0 30 2 — c Strong current fetting to I the N. W. 85 0 3° 3 — Light airs. > 82 0 30 4 r Heavy rain, with thunder I in the evening. *d W 80 0 3° 3 — r In the evening moderate I breezes. a d 81 0 30 4 >< 82 0 30 5 5 Ditto weather in the even-t ing- ULY 1787. Days. Winds. Weather. Latitude in Long, in Longitude per Time-keeper, and Lunar Ob. Therm. Barom. Variation per Az. and Am. REMARKS. 1 s. s. w. Cloudy 6 48 N. 20 37 W. 18 51 w. 79 0 30 7 — T Heavy rain : faw a gull, and £ many flying-fifh. 2 South Clear 6 36 20 33 — 80 0 30 6 — T Tacked Ship, and flood tc \ the weftward. 3 S. S. E. Cloudy 6 36 21 29 —' 80 0 30 5 4 S. S.E. Cloudy 6 18 22 5 — 80 20 30 8 5 S.W.byS. Cloudy 5 51 22 25 — 81 0 30 6 — f A great variety of fifh in \ chafe of one another. 6 3. S. W. Cloudy 5 38 21 39 — 80 40 30 1 — Jf Frefh breezes t a fwell from I the S.E. ' 7 S. byE. Cloudy 5 l5 22 19 — 80 0 3° 4 — Caught a Boneta. 8 S. by E. Cloudy 4 36 j 23 O — 79 0 3° 7 — f Fifh round us in great num-i bers. X • 9 lO 11 >.E.byS. Clear 3 57 N- 23 28W. S.E. byS. Cloudy 3 29 24 18 S. by E. Hazy 2 59 24 54 12 S.E. byS. Hazy 2 24 25 6 *3 S.E.byE. Cloudy 1 22 26 6 14 E. S. E. Cloudy 0 18 N. 26 37 *5 16 E. S. E. Clear 0 25 s. 26 24 Eaft Clear 1 24 26 22 *7 Eaft Clear 2 54 26 19 78 0 30 7 — 78 0 3° 5 — 77 0 30 6 77 0 30 6 78 0 30 6 — 77 0 3° 3 — 77 40 3° 5 — 78 0 30 3 — 79 0 3° 7 5 9W. 4 40 Moderate weather, the fea very luminous. i Caught an Albucore, and feveral Bonetoes. 5" Sea luminous, with Dol-}_ phins ; caught two. { Pleafant weather; fea quite luminous with ditto. r Saw a Noddy, and two Pin-\ tado birds. Sea perfectly luminous with fiih; ftruck 14 with a gig- Days. Winds. Weather. Latitude in Long, in Longitude per Time-keeper, and Lunar Ob. Therm. Barom. Variation per Az. and Am. REMARKS, 18 E. by N. Clear 0 / 4 18 s. 26 Jw. — 80 O 30 6 5 6W. 0 0 E. by S. Clear * 3 — 80 40 30 7 6 oW, 0 0 20 Eaft Clear 6 57 25 49 — 79 0 3° 7 6 35 W. 6 52 21 E. by S. Clear 8 0 26 0 79 0 30 7 22 E. by S. Cloudy 9 8 26 4 — 79 0 3° 9 —, Saw a Noddy, 23 E. by N. Rainy 10 4 26 0 - 75 0 3° T3 — T Heavy fhowers ; faw two £ Grampufes, 24 E. by S. Cloudy 11 52 26 3 — 77 0 30 17 J Strong breezes, as the day \ before. w l-H X 25 E. S. E. Cloudy 13 29 26 13 26 E. by S. Cloudy 15 18 26 41 27 E. S. E. Showers 16 36 27 12 28 E. S. E. Cloudy 18 13 28 2 29 Eaft Clear 19 36 29 38 iN.E.byE. Cloudy 20 41 30 50 3i N E.byE. ! Clear 21 48 32 5 76 0 30 20 0 0 3 44 W. 75 0 30 2 — 73 0 30 20 — 73 0 30 22 — 72 0 30 24 0 0 1 30 E. 72 0 30 26 75 0 30 26 5 47 E. 5 24 Ditto weather. c Saw flying-filh with double I fins. t Unfettled weather; fwell i from the eaftward. Frefh breezes. r Pleafant weather. Looking I for Trinidada. Pleafant dry weather. > X 1 Days. I 2 Winds. Weather. Latitude in Long, in Longitude per Time-keeper, and Lunar Ob. Therm. Barom, Variation per Az. and Am. REMARKS. N. E. Clear 22 39 S. 33 z4 W. — 75 0 30 17 — Pleafant weather. Saw the coaft of Brazil. C In fight of Rio de Janeiro t Sugar Loaf. c Saw many Whales and Por-c poifes. Anchored out fide of Rio bar. N. E. Clear 23 3 — 73 0 — 3 4 5 Variable Hazy 23 12 — — 72 0 - — Variable Hazy — — 69 0 Variable Hazy 23 6 — - 71 0 - — 6 Variable Clear —■> — — 72 0 — — 7 Calm Clear <— — — 72 0 - — C Anchored in Rio de Janeiro 1 Harbour. 1 8 Calm Dark -— — '— 74 o — f A vifit of ceremony by all ) the Officers paid the Vice-l King. ^At anchor in Rio de Janeiro Harbour. 9 — Rain — — — 65 0 — — io — Cloudy — — — 70 0 — — i i Calm Clear — — — 77 0 — — 12 Calm Clear — — — 76 0 — — 13 Calm Clear — — 75 0 — —• 14 Calm Clear — — — 76 0 — — 15 Calm Clear — ■— — 75 0 — — i€ Calm Clear — — — 76 0 — — Days. Winds. Weather. Latitude in Long, in Longitude per Time-keeper, and Lunar Ob. Therm. 1 Barom. Variation per Az. and Am. REMARKS. Variable Rain - — ■— 69 O — — • > 18 Variable Dark - '— — 69 O — — , At anchor in Rio de Janeiro Harbour. *a Variable Dark — 72 0 — — w 20 Variable Cloudy — — 74 ° — j 0 1—I 21 Variable Clear — — 75 ° — — I •Princeof Brazils birth-day paid compliments to the . Vice-King. 22 Calm Clear — — 76 0 — — At anchor in Rio de Janeiro * Harbour. 23 Calm Hazy — — — 76 0 — — j 24 Variable Plazy — — — Calm Clear — — — 26 Variable Clear —■ —- — 27 Variable Cloudy i—i —i 28 Variable Clear — — — 29 Calm rClear — — — 3° Variable Clear — — 31 Calm Clear — — f 74 o — 72 0 — 70 0 — 72 0 —* 76 0 — — 78 0 — — 74 0 — — 75 0 — — ^At anchor in Rio de Janeiro Harbour, > a X Days. Winds. Weather. Latitude m Long, in Longitude per Time-keeper, and Lunar Ob. Therm. Barom. Variation per Az. and Am. REMARKS. 1 Calm Clear —- — — 78 O — — T All the Officers took leave \ of the Vice-King. | Still in Rio harbour, jT Sailed for the Cape of Gooc \ Hope. Rio Sugar Loaf in fight. At night heavy rain. 2 Calm Cloudy — — j — 72 O — 3 Calm Dark - — — 72 O — — 4 Variable Clear - — 76 O — — 5 Variable Cloudy — — — 71 0 — — 6 7 N.E. Cloudy 0 1 24 33 s- 0 , 42 32W. — 72 O 30 2 N. N. E. Dark 25 47 40 52 — 73 0 3O 28 — 8 S. by E. Cloudy 25 54 S. 39 4-7w- 39 39 W. 68 0 30 21 — Showery at times. 9 S. ^E. Clear 26 6 38 25 38 9 67 3° 3° 23 Fine dry weather. 10 S. S. E. Clear i 25 55 37 '5 37 7 63 0 30 22 4 3oE-0 0 > n E. N. E. Cloudy 27 6 37 18 — 68 0 30 16 — Strong breezes, with fqualls. 12 E. N. e. Rainy 28 40 36 8 — 67 0 3° *4 — f Ditto weather, with heavy C rain. m z N. by E. Rainy 29 52 34 7 — 64 0 30 14 — Ditto weather. u < 14 S.byE. Dark 30 28 32 26 — 66 0 30 12 — Light airs. X * *S South Cloudy 3° 37 32 11 3i 39 68 0 30 20 — Caught a Shark. 16 N. by E. Cloudy 30 54 31 21 — 67 0 30 25 Damp moift air. 3ays. Winds. Weather. Latitude in Long, in Longitude per Time-keeper, and Lunar Ob. Therm. Barom. Variation per Az. and Am. REMARKS. '7 E. by N. Cloudy 0 / 31 36 s. 28 56 W. 31 34 w. 66 0 30 17 — Damp mcift air. 18 N. N.E. Dark 32 17 26 20 — 63 0 30 14 — T Rain. Saw feveral Alba-£ trofifes and Pintado Birds. *9 South Cloudy 32 10 24 14 24 30 57 0 3° *5 — A Convict loft overboard. 20 S.E. byE. Cloudy 31 54 22 26 — 58 0 30 12 — J Albatrofles and Pintado C. Birds about the fhip. 21 S. E. Clear 32 7 22 24 22 45 58 3° 3° '5 22 N. E. Cloudy 33 4 22 4 — '59 0 3° 38 — Cold dry weather. 23 N. N. E. Dark 33 54 19 28 | — j 59 0 29 96 — Strong fqualls. 1 s. s. w. Cloudy 34 9 16 37 25 W. by N. Squally 34 25 13 24 26 Weft Clear Cloudy 34 19 10 10 27 Weft 34 25 7 '3 28 29 W. N.W. 1 Cloudy 34 36 3 59 S. S. E. Squally 34 20 33 55 S. 1 56 1 8 W. 30 Variable Clear 54 0 29 94 — Cold weather high fea. 54 0 29 84 — ( Strong gil"s, wiih fome hail, C and a high fea. 53 0 30 20 — Many birds about the fhip. — 30 36 61 0 29 96 Unfettled weather. 59 0 30 1 — J* Cold, wet, unpleafant wea-£ ther. 56 0 3° 4 6 oW. Inclinable to calm. 1 Days. Winds. Weather. Latitude in Long, in Longitude per Time-keeper, and Lunar Ob. Therm. Barom. Variation per Az. anc Am. REMARKS. I N. N. W. -——— Dark 0 1 34 42 s. 0 ' 1 10 E. — 60 7 29 19 — C Saw a great many birds of \ different kinds. Pleafant weather. Light air, and fmall rain. Moderate weather j fome rain. Cloudy, damp weather. C Light air, and pleafant wea-\ ther. 2 3 4 N. W. Clear 35 9 2 49 E- 0 36 E. 60 4 30 17 — N. E. 1 Cloudy 35 20 3 *7 — 62 O 30 22 12 8W. N. by W. Foggy 35 35 4 56 — 63 6 30 14 — 5 — Foggy 35 39 5 57 — 62 9 30 22 — 6 E. by N. Clear 36 18 6 9 — 63 4 30 8 — 7 N. E. Dark 36 5i 6 37 5 52 E- 61 5 29 93 16 30 W. Damp, moderate weather. 8 N. W. Clear 36 59 8 35 . 7 55 60 0 29 97 — Air damp, although clear. 9 W. by N. Clear 36 28 10 39 — 60 3 30 0 16 40 W. 16 54 w. Flocks of Oceanic Birds, lO W. by N. Clear 35 27 13 37 57 8 30 36 — \ ' Flying clouds \ many birds about. > 1 i Weft Cloudy 35 0 T5 49 — 60 1 3° 3i — Saw fome Peterels. 12 South Cloudy 34 28 S. 24 E. — 60 4 30 20 21 10 W. 18 45 A fwell from the S. E. m *3 W. S.W. Hazy — — — — \ " Anchored in Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope. 0 — — — — — — — — - X ■ — — — — — ►At anchor. 16 — — — — — — — Days, Winds. Weather. Latitude in Long, in Longitude per Time-keeper, i and Lunar Ob. Therm. Barom. Variation per Az. and Am. REMARKS. 17 1 1 1 > 18 — — - 1 \ — — — 20 — — — — — — — — YAt anchor: my living on fhore lor the recovery ol my hea'rh prevented me from filling up this blank j I a 2 r — — — — — — — — X • 22 — — — J — — — — 23 — — — — — — — 24 — — ■— — — — —■ — 25 — — — — — — — — 26 — — — — — — — —- 27 — — — — — — — — ►Still at anchor at the Cape of Good Hope. 28 — — — — — — 29 — — —' — — — — —1 3° — — — — — — 31 — — — — - — — — J B- "" 1 « 1 Hi ' ~ ' ■ ■ < Days. Winds. Weather. Latitude in Long, in Longitude per Time-keeper, and Lunar Ob. Therm. Barom. Variation per Az. and Am. RE MARKS. l — ■— —■ — — — ►Still at anchor at the Cape of Good Hope. 1 2 — — - — — — - — 3 — — -— —■ — — - 4 — — — — — - — 5 — — — — — — - — 6 — — — — — — - — 7 — — — — — — — — 8 — — :—■ — — — — — *< -> ►Still at anchor at the Cape of Good Hope. 9 — — — — — — — — 10 — — ■— — — — i i ■— — — — — — — 12 — — —- — — — — S. by E. S. by E. Clear — 16 2 E. — 63 0 30 40 — K Sailed from the Cape of \ Good Hope. t" A dyfentery made its ap-\ pearance. M 15 ■i6 Clear Clear 35 12 S. 15 7 E. 63 0 3° 3° S. by W. 35 23 15 4 13 29 62 30 3° 53 Variable Hazy 34 44 14 56 12 37 63 45 30 25 — )ays. Winds. Weather. Latitude in Long, in Longitude per Time-keeper, and Lunar Ob. Therm. Barom. Variation per Az. and Am. REMARKS. n South Squally 0 / 36 40 s. 0 ' 14 10 E. 11 42 E. 61 15 30 H — Rain. 18 South Cloudy 37 *3 14 26 10 43 6l 30 30 32 21 99 W. Variable Hazy 37 4o 13 58 10 29 °~2 45 30 8 20 54 Inclinable to calm. 20 ' Calm Hazy 37 38 13 5° io 21 64 15 29 99 21 l8 21 N.N E. Clear 33 59 16 37 12 57 65 0 29 88 - Saw fome Whales. 22 N. N. W. 1 - ' j Ck>ar 39 0 20 5 — 65 0 29 91 20 4 23 Wed Cloudy 39 8 22 49 — 65 30 29 95 - f Prince of Wales loft a Sailor \ overboard. 24 S. S. W. Cloudy- 39 5 25 3 — H 30 30 7 — Saw a great number of birds. 25 Variable Cloudy 38 48 24 34 20 49 61 30 31 1 — Heavy rain, with fqualls. 26 s.w- Clear 38 8 25 3* — 62 0 30 20 - 27 E. S. E. Clear 38 31 26 17 — 61 30 3° 20 28 E, N. E. Hazy 39 10 28 5 — 62 0 29 8 27 0 27 3° C Strong gales, with drizzling \ rain. 29 !W. S. W„ Hazy 39 56 30 12 63 30 29 3° — Moderate weather; damp air. 30 Variable i j Clear 40 0 31 22 — 66 30 30 9 28 30 W. Heavy rain. > W d I—* DECEMBER 17S7. Days. Winds. Weather. Latitude in Long, in Longitude per Tiine-keeper, and Lunar Ob. Therm. Barom. Variation per Az. and Am. REMARKS. I VV. S. W. Clear 0 ' 40 4 s. 0 ' 33 5* E- — 62 O 29 8 26 54 w. Moderate, pleafant weather. 2 S.W.byW. Clear 40 3 35 *° 36 45 61 30 29 3° 29 20 28 30 Saw many birds. 3 North Clear 40 18 38 44 41 1 61 45 29 87 30 42 jl 20 4 N. N. W. Cloudy 40 36 42 40 — 60 30 29 8 — T Strong gales; wet, unplea-\ fane weather, and high lea. 5 Calm Hazy 40 15 44 20 — 58 0 29 8 31 IO 5" A great fwell in the evening; \ wind at E. N. E. 6 N.W.byW Clear 40 49 45 54 — 60 0 29 62 7 W. N.W. Clear 40 34 48 11 — 61 30 29 77 20 58 8 Weft Clear 40 19 50 21 9 N. N. E. Rain 40 21 53 20 10 W. s. w. Clear 41 12 56 20 ii Weft Cloudy 40 56 58 34 12 N.N: E. Clear 40 56 61 50 W. S. W. Hazy 40 57 65 40 14 s. w. Clear 41 2 68 50 io j N.N.W. ! Clear 40 56 ;7i 8 i6 W. N.W. Clear 4i 6 I74 54 — ■— 3i 0 61 30 29 77 i2 12 Moderate breezes. 59 3° 29 81 — Cold, moderate weather. > 62 30 30 0 29 3° 9 30 tf 5zl 62 3° 29 6 K Squally at times, with fmall \ rain. Q »—< 60 0 3° 33 28 27 33 W. 30 Moderate, light winds. • 61 0 29 85 23 25 30 0 Saw fome large Whales. 61 30 30 16 22 22 16 5° f Saw a Seal, fome rock-weed, \ and many birds of the Pe-terel kind. DECEMBER 17S7. Days. Winds. Weather. Latitude in Long, in j Longitude per i Time-keeper, '! and Lunar Ob. Therm. Barom. Variation per Az. and Am. REMARKS. 17 N. N. W. Dark- 0 10 s. 0 / 77 37 E- — — — C Saw fome Gulls in the even i ing, > 18 S. by W. Cloudy 41 6 79 47 - 55 30 30 6 — J Cold weather; faw fome \ Whales. Variable Dark 41 5 82 29 — 55 3° 30 8 — rCold weather. The fcurvy < broke our. on board the L Prince of Wales. 20 Variable Cloudy 41 4 84 29 — 55 3° 29 96 19 O 0 21 s. W. Dark 41 4 86 47 — 57 0 29 80 — Rain. Saw fome fea-weed. >< 22 W. N.W. Hazy 41 21 90 7 — 59 0 29 82 — f Frefh breezes, with fmall \ rain. 23 W. by N. Hazy 41 34 93 27 — 59 0 3° 7 24 W. by N. Cloudy 41 44 95 49 25 N.W.byN. Hazy 42 9 99 33 26 w. s. w. Clear 42 20 102 6 27 W. N.W. Hazy 42 40 105 36 28 29 30 W. N.W. Hazy 42 59 109 14 N. W. Hazy 43 35 113 29 W. S. W. Clear 43 5i 116 32 3i N. N. W. Cloudy 43 53 S. 120 39 E. 58 30 30 10 17 40 18 0 ? Moderate weather; many I birds about the fhip. 61 30 29 98 — Drizzling rain. 57 0 30 2 <4 30 > — — Saw more fea-weed. 5s 30 30 11 — r Saw feveral AlbatrofTes and 1 Gulls. Bjj — — 15 20 High following fea. M 55 30 29 67 — Some Whales about the fhip. — — — ( Dark gloomy weather, with t rain and fquaMs. JANUARY 1788. Days. Winds. N. by W. W. N.W. W. N.W. W. N.W. Weft NT. N. W. Weather. Clear Cloudy Rain Cloudy Clear Cloudy Cloudy Latitude in 44 4 S. 43 34 43 4S 44 0 44 2 44 4 44 4 Long, in 123 48E. 126 4S 130 40 *34 15 *37 5° 141 '5 144 48 Longitude per Time-keeper,] Therm, and Lunar Ob. 59 0 56 30 *35 3° 57 45 Earom. 29 62 29 96 30 O 55 0 29 56 o 88 62 o 1 29 90 Variation per Az. and Am. I 22\V, I O i o E. REMARKS. ("Heavy gales, with fudden < fqualls ; at night the wind I JN. by E. Unp^afant, unfettled weather; many birds about the fhip. f Saw fome Seals, and many I Albatrtfles. C Some Mother Carey's chick ( ens about the fhip. Cold weather; pafTed fome fca-weed. Some fqualls, with rain. f Saw the S. W. Cape of New i Holland. > W o X ] 1 8 Variable — — — 63 45 29 92 : 9 Variable Squally 44 »5 — — 65 30 29 96 5 3° T Dark, damp weather, with \ thunder and lightning. lO Variable Dark 42 2S* •— — 61 40 29 1 7 24 Strong, fudden fqualls. 11 Variable Cloudy 41 15 — — 65 0 29 77 S 50 f Squally, Birds and Seals \ about the Ship. 12 S. S. W. Clear 40 1 — — 62 30 29 31 9 40 f Whales and birds about the I fhip. Variable Hazy — — — 66 30 29 70 10 50 10 52 *4 W. S. \Y. Hazy 37 39 — — 66 30 29 79 10 30 Warm moift air. *5 Variable Dark 37 39 151 30 74 30 30 29 — « Ditto weather, with ftrong t breezes. 16 North Hazy 37 22 — 151 40 75 15 29 66 — c Ditto weather at night I thunder and iightning. JANUARY 1788. Winds, Weather. Latitude in Long, in Longitude per Time-keeper, and Lunar Ob. Therm. L Barom. Variation per Az. and Am. REMARKS. 1 J Variable Clear 0 / 35 48 S. — 151 36 74 15 29 6 9 40 E. Inclinable to calm. 18 S. S E. Cloudy- 34 30 — — 72 30 29 96 — c Pleafant weather. Saw the ( land over Red Point. Variable. Cloudy — — — 70 30 3° 33 — C In the morning faw the lane X near Botany Bay. 20 — Clear — 0 ' 34 0 £• 151 23 E. 74 45 30 20 — Anchored in Botany Bay. 21 — Clear — — — 75 ° 30 2i 22 — — — — 74 30 30 21 23 — —■ — — — 75 0 30 17 > 24 — — ■— — — 75 0 29 97 - 25 — — — — — 70 0 29 98 — ►This day I had the misfortune to break the only ther mometer I had left of fix, and my barometer, on taking them on more, to determine the difference between it and the air on board a fhip. 26 — — — — — — — — > 27 w 28 — — — — — — — d 29 >< 30 — — — — — — — — 3i — — — — — — — ~~ J NEW PUBLICATIONS printed for j. DEBRETT, oppofite Burlington House, Piccadilly. 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