Korean Orthography of Loanwords and spelling problems with proper NOUNS FROM SLOVENIA Minyoung CHANG University of Ljubljana oddmonica@gmail.com Chikako SHIGEMORI BUČAR University of Ljubljana Chikako.bucar@guest.arnes.si Abstract This paper firstly introduces The Korean Orthography of Loanwords and its history. Recently with more cultural and economic exchanges between Korea and Slovenia, the Korean Orthography guidelines for Slovene words are needed to guide words of Slovene origin when settling in Korean. Although Serbo-Croatian is not an official language of Slovenia, some Slovene words are currently written in Korean according to the guidelines for Serbo-Croatian in KOL. Therefore, we exam the current Korean orthography examples of Slovene words and suggest amendments based on the origin pronunciation. In order to avoid further confusion and to provide the foundation of Korean Orthography of Slovene words, we firstly demonstrated a comparison table of Slovene alphabet (abeceda) and Korean alphabet (Hangeul) supported with examples of Slovene words, and then suggested detailed guidelines on how to write Slovene words in Hangeul. Keywords: Korean orthography; Korean; Slovene; loanwords; foreignwords; spelling problems with Slovene words in Hangeul Povzetek Članek najprej predstavi Korejski zapis prevzetih besed and zgodovino prevzemanja. S stopnjevanjem kulturnih in ekonomskih izmenjav med Korejo in Slovenijo se je povečala tudi potreba po pravopisnih pravilih, ki bi besede slovenskega izvora primerno uvrstila v korejski zapis. Srbohrvaščina sicer ni uradni jezik v Sloveniji, vendar so trenutno korejske besede, ki so izvorno slovenske, zapisane po pravopisnih pravilih, ki so postavljena za izvorno srbohrvaške besede. V raziskavi torej najprej analiziramo primere zapisa slovenskih besed v korejščini in predlagamo spremembe, s katerimi bi korejski zapis bolj približali izgovarjavi izvorne besede. Z namenom, da bi se izognili nadaljni zmedi ter da bi podali osnovo pravopisnim pravilom za slovenske besede v korejščini, smo najprej primerjali slovensko abecedo in korejski zapis hangul in dodali primere, zatem pa predlagali natančna pravila za zapis slovenskih besed v korejščini. Ključne besede: korejski zapis; korejščina; slovenščina; prevzete besede; tujke; problemi pri zapisovanju slovenskih besed v hangulu Acta Linguistica Asiatica, 9(2), 2019. ISSN: 2232-3317, http://revije.ff.uni-lj.si/ala/ DOI: 10.4312/ala.9.2.117-144 118 Minyoung CHANG, Chikako SHIGEMORI BUČAR 1 Introduction Recently, interest for Slovenia in Korea is increasing as there are more cultural and economic exchanges between the two countries. Slovenia has been exposed to Koreans by mass media more and more. There were documentaries and traveling TV shows introducing beautiful, peaceful and green Slovenia to Koreans. Moreover, Slovenia became production locations for Korean television series1 and for a real variety show2. In addition, SNG Drama Ljubljana (Slovene National Theatre) performed plays in Korea, The Crazy Locomotive (^t in 2015 and Faust in 2016 as they were invited to the Seoul Performing Arts Festival for two consecutive years. Conversely, Korean animated children's television series Robocar Poli (^M^ M^/) has been airing for more than a year in Slovenia. In the field of publication, several books on Slovenia and Ljubljana have been published recently in Korea.3 Interexchange is also very active in the filed of sports, where during the PyeongChang 2018 Winter Olympic Games many Slovene athletes played well and gained the attention of Koreans. Mitja Gasparini4, a Slovene volleyball player for example, is very popular in the V-League (South Korean club volleyball competition). Getting more and more familiar to Koreans, Slovenia became a fascinating tourist destination, with the number of tourists from Korea increasing every year. Korean Studies of the Department of Asian Studies at the Faculty of Art, University of Ljubljana, have been receiving questiones on how to pronounce and write Slovene words in Korean by institutions and public organizations as well as individuals. This suggests that Slovene words are spoken and written among Koreans for their communication not only among people of certain backgrounds but in general public. Being aware of the need, the Orthography Commission5 The Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Art6 in cooperation with the Department of Asian Studies at the Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, proposed the guidelines on how to write and pronounce Korean names in Slovene based on Korean Romanization.7 The guidelines were published in February 2018 on the occasion of PyeongChang 2018 Winter Olympic 1 Filming of Dear My Friends (Etf tyO/ in 2016, which had more than 5% audience ratings at average and Black Knight: The Man Who Guards Me in 2017, which had more than 10% audience ratings at average. 2 Filming of Hiring a village for a short time (/& s^l^l) was in 2018. A real variety show is a combination of reality and variety program. This real variety show showed how a married couple with their baby lived in Slovenia for 2 weeks. The married couple were Korean singers, and they sang and played guitar in Vlado Kreslin's concert. 3 Kang Byoung Yoong. (2015). Ljubljana, a city that resembles my wife Of'-HM' an^ Paju: Nanda. Kim Yideum. (2016). Dear Slovenia (Etf 1-^tfl^Ot). Goyang: Logopolis. 4 Mitja Gasparini belongs to Incheon Korean Air Jumbos. 5 Pravopisna komisija, 6 The Slovenska Academija Znanosti in Umetnosti, , L|0f- ^^^ 7 Cf. Provapisna Komisija Pri SAZU in ZRC SAZU http://pravopisna-komisija.sazu.si/Priporocila.aspx Korean Orthography of Loanwords and spelling problems with proper ... 119 Games. What is also of great importance and still needs to be done is to set Korean orthography guidelines for words of Slovene origin. Korea and Slovenia carry a common view that their languages should preserve some distance towards the flood of foreign words coming mostly from English, as young generations consume foreign words without repulsion. Some groups of people fear that with such tendencies language destruction is unavoidable. In this regard it is meaningful that Korean orthography of loanwords gets attention in Sloveniad, and that Slovenes get familiar with principles on how to spell foreign words in Korean Hangeul Korea published 'Korean Orthography of Loanwords'8 under the 'Framework Act on the National Language (^^^I^S)'9, and these guidelines govern all loanwords. The definition of a loanword, which is most widely accepted in Korea, is a word that has assimilated into Korean and used as a Korean word. As of October 31 in 2018, there were 59,210 words included in the Korean loanword orthography examples on the webpage of National Institute of Korean Language, and 47 words out of them were from Slovene. These loanword examples are mostly proper nouns such as personal and place names, and this is the same for Slovene words. Although the guidelines are called Korean orthography of loanwords, in reality, there are rather few real loanwords, which were assimilated into Korean and used as Korean words, such as ^^ 'shirts', O^M. 'apartments', 'radio', 'meeting' etc. Lee Sang-gyu (2011, pp. 140-141) says that it is appropriate to call the current Korean orthography of loanwords as Korean orthography of foreign words in a strict sense as these guidelines are used to spell not only loanwords but also foreign words. With the development of technology and internet, the whole world became a global village, and proper nouns such as place names and personal names are nowadays exposed in real time and sometimes unexpectedly. Such words often enter written or spoken language for a single use, however, after several times they may become assimilated into Korean. It is not possible to determine whether foreign words with Korean spelling are loanwords or not as it takes time for a foreign word to get assimilated into Korean and become a loanword. This paper addresses Slovene words rather than Slovene loanwords, but the expressions Korean Orthography of Loanwords (KOL hereafter) and the Publication of 8 This is our English translation of S because there is no official English name. These guidelines will be mentioned in this paper many time with the abbreviation KOL. 9 The purpose of 'Framework Act on the National Language is to improve the quality of cultural life of the people and to contribute to the development of national culture by promoting creative thinking power of the people by promoting the use of the Korean language and setting the basis for development and conservation of Korean language, and this act covers how to promote the usage of Korean language, how to improve the Korean language ability of the people and how to popularize. This act is the foundation of 'Korean Orthography (^S ^^S)', 'Korean Standard Language Regulation (H^^ ^o)', 'Korean Standard Pronunciation Rules (H^ sh#S)', 'Korean Orthography of Loanwords H7|S)' and 'Revised Romanization of Korean 120 Minyoung CHANG, Chikako SHIGEMORI BUČAR Loanword Orthography Examples will be maintained because they are official names at present. For now, there are no guidelines on how to spell Slovene words in Hangeul. There exist guidelines for Serbo-Croatian, the official language of former Yugoslavia, which included areas of the present day Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Kosovo, and Slovenia. Close examination of the Korean orthography and 47 Slovene words listed in the Loanword Orthography Examples showed that the words were spelled based on the rules for Serbo-Croatian. In principle, the orthography of personal names and place names from foreign origin should follow the provisions of Chapter 1, Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 of the KOL, however, personal names and place names from the languages which are not listed in KOL should be spelled based on their original pronunciation. In spite of these guidelines, in case of new foreign words from Slovene, people tend to follow the KOL for Serbo-Croatian probably because of the historical background and because Serbo-Croatian and Slovene belong to the group of South Slavic languages. However, Serbo-Croatian is not the official language of the Republic of Slovenia10, and is different from Slovene, so KOL for Serbo-Croatian should not be accepted as appropriate for Slovene words. For example, Peter Prevc is spelled as ^^^ /peter prev^/ in the loanword orthography examples, but it is recommended to be spelled as /peter preuts/ because "v" in "Prevc" is pronounced as /u/ before consonants or in word final positions in Slovene. Sounds written as c /ts/ and c /tj/ in Slovene are different phonemic sounds. Another example is the case of Mitja Gasparini. His name in Korean is written as /mica gasparini/, and people call him /gaspa/ although his name is d|Ef: /mitja/. Besides, when we look into how Koreans use Slovene words for their communication, we can see that Koreans spell Bohinj in two ways: M^/bohin/ pronouncing nj as /n/ and Mo|L|/bohini/ pronouncing nj as [ni] on the internet and say the same in their conversation although M^/bohin/ is closer to the native pronunciation. All these examples lead to confusion. As there has been no discussion on this issue either in Korea or in Slovenia until now, this study would deal with the topic by providing information on Slovene alphabet and its pronunciation to avoid further confusion and to provide the foundation for detailed guidelines on Slovene loanwords in Korean. In this study, we first introduce Korean Orthography of Loanwords (KOL) and its history in Section 2.1 and 2.2. We further describe KOL for Serbo-Croatian in Section 2.3, and current examples of Slovene words spelled in Korean in Section 2.4. Slovene alphabet and its pronunciation are described in Section 3.1 and 3.2. Our suggestion of detailed guidelines for KOL for Slovene is presented in Section 3.3, and propose amendments of some Slovene words spelled in Korean based on today's Slovene 10 Lee Sang-gyu (01 2011, p. 163) points out this matter. See, "Fundamental Law of languages" based on "foreign words notation" Analysis (^ ^^ The Korean Language and Literature Korean Orthography of Loanwords and spelling problems with proper ... 121 alphabet and pronunciation in Section 3.4. In the Conclusion, we present a comparison table of the Slovene alphabet (abeceda) and Hangeul, and the Korean orthography examples of typical Slovene names, surnames and major city names as appendices. 2 Korean Orthography of Loanwords 2.1 Korean Orthography of Loanwords and its history In South Korea, spellings of words from other languages in Hangeul are guided by the Korean Orthography of Loanwords, which was introduced on 7 January 1986 by the former Ministry of Culture and Education (^H^) of Republic of Korea. Now the National Institute of Korean Language (^U^^-^) under the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (^Si^^o^) is responsible for these guidelines, modifications and supplementation. Since September in 1991, The Joint Committee of the Government and Press on Loanwords Review • ^ under the National Institute of Korean Language (^U^^-^) has made several decisions and reviews on how to spell foreign words and loanwords in Korean, which is the base for the National Language Deliberation Council to announce loanwords after deliberation.12 In the KOL, there are basic principles and detailed guidelines for spelling words from English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, Japanese, Chinese, Polish, Czech, Serbo-Croatian, Romanian, Hungarian, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Malay-Indonesian, Thai, Vietnamese, Portuguese, Dutch, and Russian. There is also a comparison table of alphabets of languages, and corresponding Hangeul.13 Among 21 languages, four languages, i.e. Polish, Czech, Serbo-Croatian, and Russian, belong to Slavic languages. The KOL is trying to reflect the original local pronunciation ( of each language as much as possible. The orthography used in South and North Korea from around 1930s was based on the Draft for Standardized Korean Orthography 1933) established by the Korean Language Society ^ A part of it is dedicated to the orthography of loanwords. In this part of the guidelines it is specified that the orthography of loanwords should be based on phonetic realization of the word origin, and that it is not allowed to use other alphabets or signs than Korean consonants 11 As to the Joint Committee of the Government and Press on Loanwords Review, refer to the webpage of National Institute of Korean Language. https://www.korean.go.kr/popup/committee.do 12 As to the deliberation on orthography of loanword, refer to article 4.4. Retrived from National Law Information center. http://www.law.go.kr/gg/^^°|£|^/(01977,19641110) 13 But as for English, German and French, IPA and Hangeul comparison table is specified with detailed guidelines instead of individual language's alphabet and Hangeul. 122 Minyoung CHANG, Chikako SHIGEMORI BUČAR and vowels. After several revisions, the current KOL was set up in 1986 in South Korea, and there have been some amendments until now. The brief history is in Table 1 below.14 Tabela 1: History of Korean orthography of loanwords Institution Year Name of Transcription Guidelines Korean Language Society (i^q Korean Language Society (i^q Former Ministry of Culture and Education (^H^) Former Ministry of Culture and Education (^H^) Former Ministry of Culture and Education (^H^) The National Institute of the Korean Language 1933 Draft for Standardized Korean Orthography that covers Loanwords transcription 1940 Draft for Standardized Loanwords Transcription Guidelines (Mq 1948 Guidelines for transcribing adopted words from abroad15 II— S) 1958 Guidelines for transcribing the Roman alphabet in Korean 1986 KOL, Notification No. 85-11 of the Ministry of Culture andEducation (OTq H7|S, ^H^ M 8511 ^)16 1992 Supplements for languages in the East European bloc, Notification No. 1992-31 of the Ministry of Culture qiH MM, M 1992-31 ^)17 14 History of Orthography Guidelines of Loanwords, refer to Lee, Sang-gyu (2011, p. 149); Lee, Gyeong-suk (2016, pp. 111-136); Lim, Hong-bin (1996, pp. 28-29) and sources retrived from webpage of National Institute of Korean Language https://www.korean.go.kr/niklintro2/20years05 01 02.jsp. 15 Among the guidelines mentioned in Table 1, the 'Guidelines for transcribing adopted words from abroad (S^S ^^ S)' announced in 1948 were different from others in the sense that they allowed to spell foreign words based on their phonetic values. In order to represent foreign sounds which do not exist in Korean phonetic system, ancient Hangeul letters, i.e. A, °, and H, were reintroduced for specific foreign words. However, these guidelines were not maintained for a long time and their use was omitted in 1958, based on the opinion that the complexity impeded wide dissemination of these guidelines. See National Library of Korea http://www.nl.go.kr/nl/search/search.jsp?all=on&topF1=title author&kwd=-—£sh%20 %20 S. 16 These guidelines included detailed rules for English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, Japanese and Chinese. 17 The comparison tables of corresponding alphabet and Hangeul as well as detailed guidelines for Polish, Czech, Hungarian, Serbo-Croatian, and Romanian supplemented and announced. Korean Orthography of Loanwords and spelling problems with proper ... 123 Institution Year Name of Transcription Guidelines The National Institute of the 1995 Supplements for languages in the North European Korean Language block, Notification No. 1995-8 of the Ministry of Culture (^U^q^^) q^a MM nm^ ^m m 1995-8 ^)18 The National Institute of the 2004 Supplements for languages in Southeast Asia, Korean Language Notification No. 2004-11 of the Ministry of Culture and (^u^q^)19 Tourism (^h0fA|0f 3 ^ MM, ^M M 2004-11 S)20 The National Institute of the 2005 Supplements for Portuguese, Dutch and Russian, Korean Language Notification No. 2005-32 of the Ministry of Culture and (^U^q^) Tourism MH^H^, B|A|0fq qsa MM, ^M M 2005-32 S) The National Institute of the 2014 Partial amendments of Korean orthography of Korean Language loanwords 1986, Notification No. 2014-43 of the (^ u^q^) Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism H7JS ^ ^M M 2014- 43 S) National Institute of Korean 2017 Partial amendments of Korean orthography of Language (^"u^q^)21 loanwords 1986, Notification No. 2017-14 of the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (2| ^ q H7JS ^ ^M M 2017- 14 S) As can be seen in Table 1, the guidelines currently used are the KOL announced with Notification No. 85-11 of the Ministry of Culture and Education in 1986. After the announcement, the guidelines have been updated with supplements in additional languages. Besides, in case of mistakes, missing information, or inconsistency among language rules, amendments have been made to avoid confusion and to present correct language guidelines. We expect that such supplements for additional languages and partial amendments will be issued in the future as well. Before the enactment of these rules, the Textbook Compilation Bureau under the Former Ministry of Culture and Education decided how to spell loanword and published 18 A comparison table of corresponding alphabet and Hangeul as well as detailed guidelines for Swedish, Norwegian and Danish supplemented and announced. 19 Only Korean name of the institute changed from ^^ ^^^^ (The National Institute of the Korean Language) to ^^^^^ (The National Institute of the Korean Language) in 2004. 20 A comparison table of corresponding alphabet and Hangeul as well as detailed guidelines for Malay-Indonesian, Thai and Vietnamese supplemented and announced. 21 The English name of the institute changed from The National Institute of the Korean Language to National Institute of Korean Language in 2015. 124 Minyoung CHANG, Chikako SHIGEMORI BUČAR Textbook Editing Materials (^t^—), proposing the related examples for each subject and those textbook editing materials were published by 1987.22 With the enactment of KOL, National Institute of Korean Language published Loanwords Orthography Examples with explanations in order to disseminate the guidelines consistently:23 • 1988 Publication of Loanwords Orthography Examples (general term, place names and personal names24).25 (^ *I9, ^9) • 1993 Publication of Loanwords Orthography Examples: place names and personal names in the East European bloc H7\ ^9 *I9) • 1995 Publication of Loanwords Orthography Examples: place names and personal names in the North European bloc H7| ^^^ ^9*19) • 2002 Publication of Loanwords Orthography Examples: place names (*I9) Publication of Loanwords Orthography Examples: personal names g^lS (^9) • 2004 Publication of Loanwords Orthography Examples for 3 languages in Southeast Asia: Malay-Indonesian, Thai and Vietnamese ^^Of 3 ^^ • 2005 Publication of Loanwords Orthography Examples: Portuguese, Dutch and Russian (i^^, MH^H^, &|A|0^) 2.2 The composition and basic principles of KOL KOL consists of four chapters: Chapter 1 "The basic principles of orthography", Chapter 2 "A comparison table of orthography", Chapter 3 "The detailed guidelines", and Chapter 4 "The principles of spelling personal names and place names". In Chapter 1, there are five clauses as shown below26: Clause 1. Loanwords should be written with the 24 Korean letters currently in use. Clause 2. One phoneme of a loanword should principally be written with one Korean letter (grapheme). 22 Lee, Gyeong-suk (2016, p. 109). 23 Cf. https://www.korean.go.kr/niklintro2/20years05 01 02.jsp 24 Authors use personal names and place names in this paper instead of proper noun as these are stipulated in the guidelines. 25 It was published by the Research Institute of the Korean Language ^^^^^ which is former National Institute of Korean language. 26 The guidelines of KOL was translated by authors. Korean Orthography of Loanwords and spelling problems with proper ... 125 Clause 3. A syllable coda, called batchim ^o27, should be written written using 'n, L, n, B, u, A, °'. Clause 4. No tense consonants should be used for spelling plosives.28 Clause 5. For loanwords in use, which need corrections, the existing common usage should be respected. The scope and examples should be decided separately. In Chapter 2 of the KOL, comparison tables of alphabet in 18 languages including IPA transcription of Hangeul are presented. In Chapter 3, detailed guidelines are given for 21 separate languages and they deal with differences between Korean and target languages, specifying that we should write in accordance with the comparison table, following distinct features of each language. In Chapter 4, the spellings of personal names and place names are proposed in Clause 1, the spellings of words that originate in Asian languages are proposed in Clause 2, and the spellings of names of seas, islands, rivers, mountains, etc. are proposed in detail in Clause 3. These principles and clauses show that KOL is under the guidelines of Korean Orthography and requires the spellings of loanwords according to Korean phonological system. There is an opinion that the comparison table of each language is of no use at all because the IPA and Hangeul comparison table could be used for all languages like English, German, and French work (Lee, 2016). But it is important to make the comparison table and detailed guidelines for each foreign language, so that all users of KOL conveniently check and use them because not all users have knowledge about the IPA symbols and not all languages indicate their pronunciation with IPA symbols in their dictionary, e.g. Slovene, Italian, and Spanish, etc. In addition, as KOL proposed to spell proper nouns according to the original local pronunciation of each language, it is more appropriate to make the comparison table for each language not to make it a useless document. Other studies (Cho & Park, 2015; Choi, 2014; Jang, 2002; Park, 1997) have shown that in case guidelines do not reflect the original local pronunciation fully, this causes confusion and eventually stops experts of each language as well as general public to use them adequately. 27 Hanguel is a syllabic alphabet and has 5 different types of syllable structures, i.e. V (e.g. 2 'five'). CV (e.g. ± 'cow'), VC (e.g. ^ 'egg'), CVC (e.g. 'river'), and CVCC (e.g. inh 'chicken'). In the syllable structures of VC, CVC, and CVCC, the last consonant or the cluster of two consonants are called batchim, and are written at the bottom of the syllabic structure. According to the Korean Standard Pronunciation Rules, only 7 consont sound values are possible in the position of batchim. Those are i—, s, □, h, a, and o . 28 Korean has plain, aspirated and tense sounds for both plosives and affricates, and plain and tense sounds for fricatives. According to this clause, tense sounds, i.e. ~n, and uu are not allowed to use to transcribe/spell loanwords. Additionally, as to loanwards derived from English, German, French and Italian, it is not allowed to use tense sounds for affricates and fricatives, i .e. ** and w are not allowed to use. For example, Paris not * HH|-E|, service not * Mozart = M not = 126 Minyoung CHANG, Chikako SHIGEMORI BUČAR There are several controversial issues in KOL. To begin with, there is no clear distinction between foreign words and loanwords. Secondly, it is not clear whether proper nouns are the objects of KOL or not. Thirdly, there are conflicting opinions on whether transcription should be based on the pronunciation of a source language or Korean phonological system. Fourthly, there are many mistakes in loanwords' orthography examples, or else KOL is not followed well. Finally, different principles have been applied for loanwords of different origin. Words from English, German and French, for example, are spelled based on the IPA and Hangeul comparison table while words from the other languages are spelled based on their own alphabet and Hangeul comparison tables. Therefore, we first propose to change the name of guidelines from 'Korean Orthography of Loanwords' to 'Korean Orthography of Foreign Words'. As mentioned above, it is almost impossible to know whether words from foreign languages could be assimilated into Korean or not in this early stage of spelling foreign words in Korean. If the name of guidelines is changed, the scope of KOl would be expanded and this could be a solution for arguments on whether proper nouns are scope of KOL or not. As for the principles of spelling loanwords, it should be acknowledged that a user of KOL is most likely Korean, and that a user can use it freely and conveniently only when they feel comfortable with the principles. Besides, the principles are ment only for spelling foreign words29, and that they should be based on Korean phonological system while trying to reflect the pronunciation of a source language. Additionally, it seems that more government's efforts are needed to call attention from academic circles, publishing houses, mass media, and general public to obtain critical thinking and suggestions on the existing guidelines.30 Lastly, we suggest that the guidelines including the IPA and Hangeul comparison tables for spellings of German and French words do not sufficiently represent pronunciations of words in a source language. Therefore, it would be appropriate to make their own alphabet and Hangeul comparison tables with detailed guidelines separately like it was done for other languages. 2.3 KOL for Serbo-Croatian The guidelines with 72 examples for Serbo-Croatian were added to KOL in 1992, though in those times the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has already collapsed. Both Slovene and Serbo-Croatian belong to the group of South Slavic languages. Officially, Slovene language has 25 letters (20 consonant and 5 vowel letters) and Serbo-Croatian 30 letters (25 consonant and 5 vowel letters), however, these two languages have some different pronunciation rules. As of January 2019, there were 269 loanword 29 Yu Kyung-Sook. (2002, p. 17) says that these guidelines are not to spell the sounds of foreign languages to teach or learn the pronunciation of foreign languages but to present the orthography of foreign words within our phonological system for the Korean's consistency in use. 30 Mistakes in Korean orthography examples of Slovene words are detected. See. footnote, 32-35. Korean Orthography of Loanwords and spelling problems with proper ... 127 orthography examples belonging to the section of Serbo-Croatian, with mainly proper nouns originating from languages in Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo, and even Bulgaria. Below are the detailed KOL guidelines for Serbo-Croatian. A comparision table of Serbo-Croatioan alphabet and Hangeul is in Table 2 below. Table 2 : Comparison Table of Serbo-Croatian alphabet and Hangeul with examples3 Hangeul before V before C, at the final Orthography examples Consonants b H h c X č X *l C, tj X *l d d C dž X d, dj X f n H g n a h O o k ^ n, H l s, ss s lj s,S| s m □ □, □ n M+ L nj L L p n H, h r s s A š M M t E E v H u z X ž bog Mn, drobnjak ESM^a, pogreb Sn^M cigara ^PhE, novac kH^ čelik 1B|H, točka kolač nac sestric A1|—ME|£| desno G||—k, drvo H^M, medved džep narudžba L^^H Durad fasada ^AfHf, kifla šaraf AfE^ gost i—M, dugme -^n^l, krug H^n hitan šah A^S korist 3.E|—M, krug H^n, jastuk Of—^H levo B||M, balkon šal ^ ljeto pasulj malo mnogo Htl, osam nos k—, banka loman Njegoš LM|iA|, svibanj — peta opština lep riba B|H, torba mir □ = sedam posle glas šal vlasništvo broš M^A| telo 1^, ostrvo S—M^M, put ¥M vatra HME, olovka proliv zavoj X|MO|, pozno S^k, obraz žena 1L, izložba muž ^ 31 National Institute of Korean Language. Retrived from https://www.korean.go.kr/front/page/pageView.do?page id=P000112&mn id=97 128 Minyoung CHANG, Chikako SHIGEMORI BUČAR Semivowel j pojas iO^, zavoj *fM0|, odjelo Vowel a Of bakar U?^ e cev i 0 dim S o £ molim u o zubar = ■ When a vowel follows after lj, nj, s, j, it is written together with the vowel as one syllable '^1, M, A|, 0|'. 2.3.1 Detailed guidelines32 There are 5 clauses that payed our attention. Clause 1. When k, p are a syllable coda position and appear before voiced consonants, they should get the epenthetic vowel — /m/, but when these are placed before voiceless consonants, they should be transcribed as a syllable final consonant jastuk O^^H, opština ^TElM Clause 2. When I and lj in the middle of a word appear before vowels, they should be transcribed as ee/-||-/, eeEI/-lli/. kula M^K Ljubljana Clause 3. When initial consonant letter m is placed before I, r, or n, or else m appears in a middle position before r, it should be transcribed together with the following epenthetic vowel —/m/. mlad mnogo Hkl, smrt ^H^K Clause 4. When šstands before a consonant, it should be transcribed as tt/ju/, while š in a final position becomes ¿1 /Ji/. šljvovica #E|MH|*f, Niš L|A| Clause 5. When consonants combine with je, they should get transcribed as 0///e/ and not O/je/. Exception is a consonant letter s, which transcribes as ¿11/Jje/. bjedro sjedlo 32 Detailed guidelines have been translated by authors. Korean Orthography of Loanwords and spelling problems with proper ... 129 With the Comparison Table of alphabet transcription and the above guidelines, the original local pronunciation is reflected as close as possible with Hangeul and Korean orthography. 2.4 Current status of loanword orthography samples from Slovene Anyone interested in how to spell loanwords in Hangeul can find loanword orthography examples on the website of the National Institute of Korean Language by searching the following keywords: Hangeul orthogra phy original language orthography name of country (^9), etc. With the keyword L|0|- (Slovenia) searched for on Oct 31, 2018, the list on the web showed 47 Slovene words in Korean, all of them being proper nouns. Table 3: Loanword orthography examples of Slovene words from the website of the National Institute of Korean Language33 No. Slovene word Loanword orthography in Korean 1 Ljubljana 2 Maribor 3 Slovenia34 4 Trieste35 5 Postojna 6 Drnovšek, Janez EltM^a, O^L — 7 Janez Premoze36 OfMI^ H3IHX1I 8 Kučan, Milan 9 Janša, Janez out, OL^ 10 Danilo Türk 11 Čeplak, Jolanda 12 Zolnir, Urska (Urška Žolnir) IMS, ^s^n 13 Cop, Iztok (Iztok Čop) 14 Spik, Luka (Luka Špik) 15 Zbogar, Vasilij (Vasilij Žbogar) 16 Tokic, Bojan (Bojan Tokic) MO 17 Kozmus, Primož 18 Polavder, Lucija 33 The table is mentioned in this paper without any correction. Retrived October 31, 2018 from https://www.korean.go.kr/front/foreignSpell/foreignSpellList.do;front=D60B9400A217F31411BB2 782218AC7AF?mn_id=96&pageIndex=1 accessed Oct. 31, 2018. 34 Slovenia is the English spelling of Slovenija. The official name is Republika Slovenija. 35 Trieste is a city in a Italian-Slovene bilingual area of today's Italy, Slovene name for it is Trst. 36 Original spelling of this surname Premoze is Premoze. 130 Minyoung CHANG, Chikako SHIGEMORI BUČAR No. Slovene word Loanword orthography in Korean 19 Debevec, Rajmond mm* 20 Isakovic, Sara (Sara Isakovič) 21 Brežice MEplXH ' 22 Celje 1EÏI 23 Cerknica 24 Črnomelj 25 Drava & 26 Idrija 0|HE|0f 27 Istria 28 Julijske ^ 29 Kočevje znm 30 Kranj H^ 31 Krško HS^ 32 Kupa 33 Mura ^ 34 Murska Sobota 35 Novo Mesto 36 Piran 37 Katarina Srebotnik 38 Ptuj 39 Sava 40 Škofja Loka 41 Tolmin 42 Žižek, Slavoj 43 Potrč, Marjetica 44 Jankovic, Zoran 45 Pahor, Borut 46 Bratušek, Alenka me^ih, 47 Prevc, Peter HEi|M*, MS When we exam loanwords orthography examples of Slovene words in Table 3, we find discrepancies between the original Slovene pronunciation and words written in Korean. Moreover, some of these words on the list are not Slovene. These shortcomings of the table come from the fact that the orthographies of these examples were made based on the guidelines for Serbo-Croatian. Therefore, it is necessary to review Slovene examples. 37 Kupa river is the Croatian name. In Slovenia, this river is called Kolpa river. The river runs on the border of two nations. Korean Orthography of Loanwords and spelling problems with proper ... 131 3 Slovene alphabet and pronunciation38 3.1 Slovene alphabet The Slovene alphabet has 25 letters: A a, B b, C c, Č č, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, R r, S s, Š š, T t, R r, V v, Z z, Ž ž. The letters q, w, x, y are sometimes found in Slovene texts but only in foreign names or borrowed expressions, e.g. New York, x žarki 'x rays'. 3.2 Slovene vowel system Standard Slovene has seven long (stressed) vowels and six short vowels (either stressed or unstressed) written with letters a, e, i, o, and u. To denote the quantity and quality of a stressed vowel, superscript diacritics: " are used but only in dictionaries and grammars. The Slovene vowel system is illustrated in Table 4 below. Table 4: Slovene vowel system39 Stressed - Unstressed short Long Short High i [i:] ü [ u:] i [ i] ù [ù] i [ i ] u [u] high mid é [é:] o [o:] Mid é [ é] e [é ] low mid ê [é: ] ô [5:] è [é ] ô [5] e [é ] o [5] Low a [ à:] à [à ] a [a] Different from Slovene vowels, Korean vowels are pronounced without stress accent on any particular vowel. The KOL guidelines do not deal with the distinction between long and short vowels. 3.3 Slovene consonant system Concerning consonants, voiceless obstruents /p, t, f, k, s, J/ have their voiced counterparts which occur as individual letters in the orthography, e.g. p-b, t-d, k-g, f-v, s-z, s-z. Voiceless obstruents h and c have their voiced allophonic counterparts y and 38 This section of the paper is based on description of Slovene phonetics in Toporišič (2004), Herrity (2000), and Lečič (2012). The purpose of this article is to shed light on how to write Slovene words in Korean in Korea and the objects are mostly proper nouns. Therefore, we deal with the phonology at the word level and do not deal with suffixes, plurals, prepositions, and inflection. 39 Herrity (2000, p. 7). Corresponding IPA symbols are in square brackets. ' and ' represent stressed vowels. : represents long vowels. 132 Minyoung CHANG, Chikako SHIGEMORI BUČAR dz. There are voiced sonorants /m, n, r, l, j/. Additionally, d and z are used sequentially for the pronunciation of [d3] in a limited number of loanwords, e.g. dzem 'jam'. In terms of place and manner of articulation, the Slovene consonant system is illustrated by the following table. Table S: Slovene consonant system40 labial labio-dental dental alveo-palatal palatal velar voiceless stops p t k voiced stops b d g voiceless fricatives f s š [j] h [x] voiced fricatives v z ž [3] [y]* voiceless affricates c [ts] č [tj] voiced affricates [dz]* dž [d3] [n]* Nasals M n Lateral l Roll r Glides J Approximants [w]* [m]* [u]* 3.3.1 Obstruents and their allophones Obstruents appear, following phonological processes of final devoicing and regressive assimilation at the word level. In the first phonological process voiced obstruents devoice at the end of a word, e.g. grad 'castle'>[grat], rob 'edge'>[rop], laž 'lie'>[laj], Janez male personal name>[Janes]. The case of /v/ will be explained later. When two obstruents occur next to each other in a word, regressive assimilation takes place. A voiced obstruent followed by a voiceless obstruent becomes voiceless, e.g. sladko 'sweet'>[slatko], težko 'heavy'>[tejko], Iztok male personal name>[istok], and a voiceless obstruent followed by a voiced obstruent becomes voiced, e.g. kdo 'who'>[gdo] glasba 'music'>[glazba], odločba 'rule, order'>[odlo^ba]. The voiced labio-dental /v/ has allophones while it is pronounced as [v] only before vowels or before syllabic /r/, e.g. vas [vas] 'village', voda [voda] 'water', vrt [vart] 'garden'. In other positions, 40 Peter Herrity (2000, pp. 15-16). Those appearing in square brackets with * are positional variants of phonemes and in square brackets are corresponding IPA symbols. Korean Orthography of Loanwords and spelling problems with proper ... 133 (a) the phoneme /v/ is realized as [u] when it appears at a word final after a vowel or when it appears as a syllable coda before a consonant, e.g. živ 'alive'>[/u], nov 'new'>[nou], pravzaprav 'as a matter of fact'>[prauzaprau], ovca 'sheep'>[ouca]. The ending -ev is pronounced as [-au], e.g. cerkev 'church'>[cerkau]. (b) /v/ may be realized as a voiced glide [w] at the beginning of a word, before a voiced consonant or a sonorant. For example, vzeti 'to take'>[wzeti], vlak 'train' >[wlak] or when it occurs between an obstruent/sonorant and a sonorant/obstruent, e.g. odvzeti 'to take away'>[odwzeti] or at the end of a word following a sonorant, e.g. barv 'color'>[barw]. (c) /v/ is pronounced as a voiceless bilabial approximant [m] at the beginning of a word, before voiceless obstruents, e.g vse 'all'>[Mse], vsebina 'content'>[Msebina] or when it occurs between a voiced obstruent and a voiceless obstruent, e.g. predvčerajšnjim 'the day before yesterday'>[pr£tM^erajj[pim]41. 3.3.2 Sonorants and their allophones Sonorants /m, n, l, r, j/ are all voiced. /n/ has a nasal velar counterpart [q] which is realized only before phonemes /k, g, h/, as in banka "bank'>[baqka] for example. /l/ is pronounced as [l] when it appears at the beginning of a word or before /j/, e.g. les 'wood'> [les], /polje/ 'field'> [polje], and in personal names, e.g. [pavdl], [vilko], [kardl]. When /l/ appears between two vowels or after a consonant, it is also pronounced as [l], e.g. telefon 'telephone'>[telefon], glava 'head'>[glava], mlad 'young'>[mlat]. However, when it is at the end of a word or at the end of a syllable before a consonant, /l/ is normally pronounced as [u], e.g. bolha 'flea'>/bouha/, solza 'tear'>/souza/, pekel 'hell' >/pakau/. /r/ is a dental roll and it can be pronounced as a single consonant [r] or syllabically as [ar], i.e. schwa followed by [r]. The r is pronounced syllabically as [ar] when it precedes a consonant at the beginning of a word, or occurs between two consonants, e.g. smrt 'death'>[smart], vrt 'garden'>[vart], prt 'table cloth'>[part]. As for the glide /j]42, when it precedes a vowel, it forms [ja], [je], [ji], [jo], [ju]. In case of consonant clusters /lj/ and /nj/, consonant sequences are pronounced as two distinct sounds at the beginning of a word when followed by a vowel or when in intervocalic position, e.g. ljubezen 7ove'>[ljubezen], volja 'will'>[vo\ja], sanje 'dream'>[sanje]. However, when they precede a consonant or occur in word final position, they are either pronounced as a simple [l] or [n] in a dialect or as a single 41 Herrity (2000, p. 18) says that the -d-devoices before m. 42 The j is considered a semivowel in Korea, and counted among vowels as there is no consonant that distinguishes a palatal approximant. 134 Minyoung CHANG, Chikako SHIGEMORI BUČAR palatalized consonant [[] or [p] like Kranj city name >[Krap/, konj 'horse' >[kop], knjiga 'book'>/kpiga/. 3.4 Suggestions for detailed KOL guidelines KOL of Slovene words On the basis of the above information on KOL, the Slovene alphabet, and pronunciation, we would like to suggest detailed guidelines for Korean orthography of Slovene words. Clause 1. Voiced obstruents 1. When b, d, g, z, ž appear at word final position or before a voiceless consonant, write as 5 [pw], — [tw], H [km], — [sw], M [si]. pogreb 'funeral', grad 2^— 'castle', Janez OfL| — male name, Iztok male name, Matjaž E^M male name, bog M3 'god', odpad S—^— 'dump' 2. When b appears before a voiceless consonant, write as the final coda of a syllable h [b]43. občina 'municipality' 3. When b, d, g, z, ž appear before a voiced obstruent, write as M [bw], — [dw], 2 [gw], ^ [zw], ^ [zu].44 dobre £MEi| 'good', zadnji ^—M 'last' razlika, 'difference', možgani S^^M 'brain' Clause 2. Voiceless consonants 1. When p, t, s, k, f, c, h appear at a word final position or before a voiceless consonant, write as 5 [pw], — [tw], — [sw], 3 [kw], 5 [pw]45 , ^ [cw], [hw]. 43 Cf. foot note no. 25. 44 As for the pronunciation of syllables (x, x, X + palatalized vowels ya, yeo, ye, yo, yu), it is provided to pronounce as a monophthong, e.g. etc. by clause 5 of the rules for Korean standard pronunciation (H^ ^hS 1 5 45 There are no labio-dental sounds in Korean, therefore we use the same p sound for both p and f, and use the same b sound for both b and v to spell foreign words in Korean. Korean Orthography of Loanwords and spelling problems with proper ... 135 Kamnik 'city name', šef 'boss', Ptuj 'city name', kruh H^o. 'bread', pust 'karnival,' kovanec ^H^MI — 'coin', vrh 'peak' 2. When k, s and č precede a voiced consonant, write as 3 [gw], — [zw], ^ [zu]. kdo 'who', glasba 'music', odločba 'rule, order' 3. When č appears at a word final position or before a voiceless consonant, make a syllable with 0| [i]. plačnik 'payer', točka 'point', moč 'power' 4. When k and p appear before a voiceless consonant, write as the final coda of syllable n [g], u [b].46 lekcija 'lesson', oktober 'october', čipka ^^ 'lace' 5. When šappears before a consonant, write as ^ [Jju], when š is the final consonant, transcribe as M| [Ji]. When š appears before a vowel a, e, i, o, u, transcribe as ^ [Ja] , A1I [Je], M [Ji] , ^ [Jo], [Ju] # respectively. številka ^EUs^f 'number', Bekeš family name, šef 'boss' Clause 3. Sonorants 1. When a non-initial l appears before a vowel, write as ss [-ll]. Wwhen it appears at a word final position or at the end of a syllable and before a consonant, write as ^ [u]. In names, write as s [l] before a consonant. Izola city name, Ljubljana city name, Pekel cave name 'hell' 46 Cf. foot note no. 43. 136 Minyoung CHANG, Chikako SHIGEMORI BUČAR bolha M—of- 'flea', Vilko male name 2. When an initial consonant m appears before l, r, n, write as H [mm]. When m appears at the end of a word or before a consonant, write as the final coda of a syllable. mlad 'young', mnogo Htl 'many', sejem 'fair' 3. When n appear before k, g, h, write as a final consonant of syllable o [q]. banka ^ 'bank', Angela tO^^f female name 4. When r47 appears before a voiced consonant or at the end of a word, write as —[rw]. But when it appears initially before a voiceless consonant or between two consonants, write as ^H — [ar]. torba 'bag', mir 'peace,' smrt 'death,' vrt t^—— 'garden' 5. When j appears before a consonant in the word middle position or after a vowel in syllable coda, write as 0| [i]. But when j is combined with vowels a, e, i, o, u transcribe as Of [ja], 0|| [je], 0| [i], [jo] or ^ [ju]. When j appears in a sequence with another consonant, write as one syllable. When nj and lj appear at word final, the j is not expressed in the Korean transcription.48 jagoda O^Lf- 'strawberry', Velenje s^lMI city name, Postojna city name Ptuj city name, Kranj city name, prijatelj HE|Of! 'friend' 47 There are no dental-roll sounds in Korean, therefore we use the same l sound for both l and r to spell foreign words in Korean. 48 Although they are a single palatalized consonant [[] or [p], there is no Hangeul to reflect relative sounds. Therefore, we should use a consonant according to the guidelines as it is required to use only Hangeul to write foreign words in Korean. Korean Orthography of Loanwords and spelling problems with proper ... 137 Clause 4. Consonant v When v appears before a vowel, transcribe as ^ [b]49. When it appears at a word final position after a vowel or when v appears at the end of a syllable before a consonant, transcribe as ^ [u]. vino 'wine', nov ^^ 'new,' vse 'all', avto 'car' Clause 5. Consonant sequence dž When d is followed by ž, write as x [d3]. džamija 'mosque' 3.5 Proposals for amendments of Korean orthography examples in case of Slovene words Based on the Korean orthography of loanwords and the suggested details for Slovene, we would like to propose amendments for some words that are alreadz included in the orthography examples from Slovene. In accordance with suggested clauses above, 1. Clause 1.1: Janez should be written as OfL| — and not *OfLL|^. Iztok should be written as and not Finally, Primož should be written as and not 2. Clause 3.3: Alenka should be written as ^^^ and not 3. Clause 3.5: Celje should be written as and not Also, Marjetica should be written as D^l EW and not *DEi|E|*K50 4. Clause 4: Drnovšek should be written as and not Kočevje should be written as and not and Polavder should be written as = and not In addition, we would like to suggest the use of the tense sound -Win order to spell the c sound51. Although it is not allowed to use tense consonants for loanword 49 cf. footnote no. 43. 50 As to Slovene c sound, we suggest to use the tense sound ** and the reason is explained. 51 In a comparison table of Serbo-Croatian and Hangeul, for both c and č sounds, a Korean sound * [tj] is used because of the clause 4 of chapter 1 which does not allow tense sounds. 138 Minyoung CHANG, Chikako SHIGEMORI BUČAR orthography, there were some exceptions with Malay-Indonesian, Thai, Vietnamese, and the confirmed loanwords from Japan already. Besides, there was an argument that this orthography matter with tense sounds should be reviewed for both Eastern European languages and Russian (Lee, 2016). In Slovene, the letter c, which is pronunced as [ts], has the same quality as Hangeul a tense consonant. Slovene words in question do not derive from English, German, French or Italian. There is a typical and popular women's name Mojca [moitsa] ( S0|$f- ) and it sounds very strange if we pronounce it as *S0|£f- [moitja], which is based on KOL for Sebro-Croatian. Therefore, considering the existence of one to one matching consonant and the original sound, it is desirable to accept the use of the tense consonant [ts] for Korean orthography of Slovene words. From the sociocultural point of view, in the 1980s when KOL was prepared and announced, it is understandable that one Korean alphabet was used for two different foreign alphabets. The first reason is that it was simple and convenient, and secondly, it was not easy for Koreans to distinguish the difference between two similar sounds: c and č. However, with an increasing exposure to foreign languages there is no problem to detect the difference between the two sounds and we feel rather uncomfortable to use the same spelling for two different sounds. In addition, considering the principle of orthography, and phoneticism, it is more proper to use the tense sound for c. Then, Lucija is rather than Brežice becomes and not *MEp|Xi|, Celje is written as and not Cerknica is and not and Marjetica is and not *Df£l|E|*f- in order to reach the more correct pronunciation of Slovene names Korean. 4 Conclusion and proposal The purpose of this paper is to introduce KOL (Korean Orthography Guidelines of Loanwords, to review the current Korean orthography examples of Slovene words, and to shed light on the necessity to add up-to-date guidelines for Slovene to the KOL by proposing detailed guidelines with a comparison table of Slovene alphabet and Hangeul. There are several reasons for this. First, Korean orthography for Slovene words is composed based on the guidelines for Serbo-Croatian although there are differences between the two languages. Secondly, there are some Slovene words written wrongly in Korean orthography examples as well as on the internet. Such mistakes certainly lead to confusion. Finally, there is an endeavor to spell Slovene words correctly. Therefore, after introducing Korean Orthography Guidelines for Loanwords and their history, we looked in detail into the guidelines for Serbo-Croatian and Slovene alphabets, and Slovene pronunciation at a word level in order to review Korean orthography examples of Slovene words and to propose the detailed guidelines for Slovene. In the end, we added a comparison table of Slovene alphabet and Hangeul. Korean Orthography of Loanwords and spelling problems with proper ... 139 In addition, we proposed to change the name of the guidelines into "Korean Orthography of Foreign Words" as a solution to the arguments on the distinction between loanwords and foreign words, and its scope. Since the users of KOL are Koreans, and the guidelines have to make Koreans spell foreign words consistently, we suggested that guidelines be based firstly on Korean phonological system and orthography. At the same time, the pronunciation in the source language should also be reflected at its maximum. The table below is a comparison table of the Slovene alphabet and Hangeul as a summary of detailed guidelines for Slovene. Table 6: Comparison table of Abeceda and Hangeul for Korean orthography of Slovene words Hangeul Abeceda before a vowel before a consonant, final position Orthography examples Consonants B H H, M C M Č X *l D d d E F n H G n n, 3. H O o J 0| * K n, n, L s, ss s M □ —, □ N L O, L P n H, — R s S A bled dobro kM^, občina pogreb Sa^H cesta Logatec čokolada točka Zupančič delo 1^, vrednost M^Ek^I, grad n^J fakulteta šef gibanica 7|d|-L|W|-, igra 0|n^, bog M3 hrana uspeh ^^^^ jagoda / / read as incorrect form Korean Orthography of Loanwords and spelling problems with proper ... 143 Appendix 1 The most frequent Slovene personal names spelled in Korean based on our proposal to spell in Hangeul52 Male Female No. Names Number of names Names spelled Korean in No. Names Number of names Names spelled in Koran 1 Franc 23.554 EE^ 1 Marija 55.190 □raw 2 Janez 20.955 2 Ana 25.463 OM 3 Ivan 17.406 3 Maja 13.445 □O 4 Anton 17.228 4 Irena 12.099 01314 5 Marko 17.149 5 Mojca 11.302 6 Andrej 16.745 ohHEi|0| 6 Mateja 10.370 □m 7 Jožef 15.198 7 Nina 10.257 MM 8 Jože 14.063 fill 8 Nataša 10.035 9 Luka 12.508 9 Andreja 9.350 OHEM 10 Peter 12.220 10 Barbara 9.325 Appendix 2 The most frequent Slovene family names spelled in Korean based on our proposal to spell in Hangeul53 No. Family names Number of family names Family names spelled in Korean 1 Novak 10.999 2 Horvat 9.496 3 Kovačič 5.544 4 Krajnc 5.476 aa^^ 5 Zupančič 4.999 6 Potočnik 4.689 7 Kovač 4.623 8 Mlakar 3.899 9 Kos 3.838 10 Vidmar 3.809 52 Source retrieved January 1, 2018 from SURS https://www.stat.si/lmenaRojstva/sl/FirstNames 53 Source retrieved January 1, 2018 from SURS https://www.stat.si/ImenaRojstva/sl/FamiliyNames 144 Minyoung CHANG, Chikako SHIGEMORI BUČAR Appendix 3 Slovene city names spelled in Korean based on our proposal to spell in Hangeul 54 No. City names Population City names already in orthography examples City names which are not in orthography examples and spelled in Korean 1 Ljubljana 280.940 2 Maribor 95.171 □ |-B|M = 3 Celje 37.520 lail 1^55 4 Kranj 36.874 5 Velenje 25.456 liM 6 Koper 24.996 7 Novo mesto 23.341 8 Ptuj 18.164 9 Trbovlje 15.163 10 Kamnik 13.644 11 Jesenice 13.440 mm\ 12 Nova Gorica 13.178 13 Domžale 12.406 14 Škofja Loka 11.969 15 Murska Sobota 11.614 16 Izola 11.223 17 Postojna 9.183 18 Logatec 8.942 19 Kočevje 8.672 20 Vrhnika 8.413 54 Source retrieved January 1, 2018 from http://kraji.eu/thematic page/najvecja slovenska mesta po velikosti/slovenija/slo 55 We propose to amend the Korean orthography of this word from Si into 56 We propose to amend the Korean orthography of this word from Ml into