ANNALES Ser. hist. nal. • 13 • 200J ■ 1
original scientific article	UDK 597.3(262-13)
received: 2003-01-OS
RECORDS OF BASKING SHARKS, CETORHINUS MAXIMUS (GUNNERUS, 1 765) (CHONDRICHTHYES: CETORHINIDAE) OFF THE MAGHREBIN SHORE (SOUTHERN MEDITERRANEAN): A SURVEY
Christian CAPAPÉ
Laboratoire d'Ichtyologie, Université Montpellier II, Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, F-34 095 Montpellier cedex OS
E-mail: capape@univ-montp2.fr
Farid HCMIDA & jalil BENSACI
Laboratoire Halieutique, Institut des Sciences de la Nature, Université des Sciences et Techniques Houari Botimedienne,
16111 Bab Ezzouar, Alger. 8. P. 32. El Alia, Algérie
Bédvr 5AÏDI & Mohamed Nejmeddine BRADA! Institut National des Sciences et Technologies cfe la Mer, Centre de S fax, 3018 S fax, P. P 103S, Tunisie
ABSTRACT
/n the present paper, the authors list a number of records on historical and recent captures o/ Cetorhinus maxi-mits off the Maghrehine shore (Algerian and Tunisian coasts) and compare rhem with similar data concerning other Mediterranean areas. They discuss and comment on the occurrence of lite basking shark population in the Mediterranean Sea.
Key words: Chondi icbthyes, Cetorhinidae, Cetorhinus maximus, Maghrebin shore, Algeria, Tunisia,
Mediterranean Sea
SEGNALAZÍONI Di SQUALO ELEFANTE, CETORHINUS MAXIMUS (GUNNERUS, 1765) (CHONDRICHTHYES: CETORHINIDAE) DI FRONTE ALL A COSTA MAGREBINA (MEDITERRANEO MERIDIONALE): INDAGI.NE
SINTESI
Nell'articolo gli auton es pongo no minuziosamente dati storici e recenti di catture di Cetorhinus maximus di ironie alla costa magrebina (algerina e tunisina). e li confrontano con dati simili provenienti da altre aree del Mediterráneo. Gli autori inoltre discutono e commentano la presenza délia popolazione di squalo elefante nel mar Mediterráneo.
Parole chiave: Chondrichthyes, Cetorhinidae, Cetorhinus maximus, costa magrebina, Algeria, Tuntsia,
mare Mediterráneo
ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. - 13 • 2003 • 1
ChriKi.nl CAPAPÉ etaJ..- RiCORDS OF BASKING SHARKS, CB'OKHINU5 MA-VIMUSiCUNNFRUS. tTONCMONDRICl 1*1 IVES: CtlORHINIDAfl..., 13-18
INTRODUCTION
Out of the fourteen large migratory sharks reported olí the Maghrebin shore (Quignard & Capapé, 1971, 1972; Capapé, 1987, 1989; Hemida, 1998; BradaT, 2000; Hemida & l.abidi, 2001; Hemida & Capapé, 2002, 2003; Hemida et a!., 2002a, b), only three species, the sandbar shark, Carcharlvrius plumbeus, the spinner shark, C. brevipinria, and the blue shark, Prionace glauca, reproduce and develop in the area (Capapé, 1984, 1989; Hemida & Capapé, 2003). The other migratory sharks are occasionally captured in the area. In the last ten years, records of basking sharks from the waters off the Maghrebin shore have been more frequent (Bradai, 2000) than those reported earlier on by other authors (DieuzeirJe ef a!., 1953; Quignard & Capapé, 1971; Capapé, 1975; Capapé et al., 1975). In this paper, the authors present historical and recent records of C. maximus off the Maghrebine shore and compare its occurrence with those in other Mediterranean areas, such as the Tyrrhenian and Ligurian Seas and the eastern Adriatic, from where similar observations have been reported by Serena ef at. (2000) and Soldo & Jardas (2002).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Records of basking sharks off the Maghrebine shore were collet.ted from literature data concerning the area and observalions at fishing sites located along the Algerian and Tunisian coasts d ig. 1 >. The former is divided into western, central and eastern areas and the latter in northern, central and southern areas.
Table 1 presents details of each record, sex (when
possible), total length (to the nearest mm), mass (to the nearest gram), capture depth (in metres), fishing gear, fishing site and the area either in Algerian or Tunisian waters, fishing date and reference. Fishing sites are plotted in figure 1 for Algerian records and in figure 2 for Tunisian records, the latter showing the captures made in the Gabes Gulf. Some body measurements were made on two specimens caught off the Algerian coast. They are detailed in Tabic 2. Body measurements pro pane follow Compagno (1984) and ctasper length was measured on the inner edge of lhe clasper from the pelvic girdle to tip of clasper according to Col lend (1969).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Altogether, 21 records are presented in Table I, 20 from the period between 1966 and 2002, and 12 since 1998. Record No. 21 is also presented In figure 3. Observations of fishes from both Algerian and Tunisian coastal waters began at the end of the 19lh century according to the literature review included in Hureau & Monod (1973). Furthermore, research focusing exclusively on elasmobranch species was conducted thirty years ago off the Tunisian coast (Quignard & Capape, 1971, 1972) and recently off the Algerian coast (Hemida, 1998; Hemida & Labidi, 2001). Since 1960, 39 specimens were reported by Serena ef a/. (2000) from the Tyrrhenian and Ligurian Seas, and 13 specimens by Soldo & Jardas (2002) from the eastern Adriatic.
in our case, males outnumbered females; sixteen specimens were males and only five were females (F/M= 3.2:1). On the other hand, of the 24 specimens
Fig. 1: Map of the Maghrebin shore showing the Cetorhinus maximus fishing sites where a single specimen (small black stars) or two or more specimens (large black stars) were captured.
Si 1: Zemljevid maghrebskega obrežnega morja, kjer so bili ujeti morski psi orjaki Cetorhinus maximus: eden na lokalitetah, označenih z majhnimi črnimi zvezdicami ter dva ali več na lokaliteti, označeni z večjo črno zvezdico.
14
ANNALES • Ser. hist, nat • 13 • 2003 • 1
nirii.ti.jL! CAP Art «I il.: EČ5Š0Š Of BASKING SHARKS, CETOKHINUS MAXIMi .»SiOUNNQRUS. 17031 (CHONDRICI ITHViS;CfTORHINiOAES .... 1.3-18
(among 47) sexed by Serena ef ai. (2000), 11 were males and 13 females (F/M = 1:1.18), while among 27 specimens. Soldo & Jardas (2002) reported the sex of four specimens, two mates and two females.
in Table 1, total length ranged from 2700 to 7350 mm, but of the 14 measured specimens ten were over 4000 mm. Most of the measured specimens reported by Serena etal. (2000) and Soldo & Jardas (2002) were over 4000 mm long. They are large specimens and most of them were adult.
All the specimens from the Maghrebin coastal waters were captured by pelagic fishing gear at depths of max. 30 m. According to Serena ef a!. (2000), only three specimens were found at depths between 70 and 200 m.
Twelve individuals were caught between March and August, and one in winter. Information provided by Algerian fishermen revealed that in the waters off Annaba (eastern Algeria, Fig. 1), basking sharks were exceptionally caught in spring and summer. These capture periods agree with those presented by Serena et a/, (2000) for Tyrrhenian and Ligurian Seas and Soldo & Jardas (2002) for the Adriatic. Serena et al. (2000) suggested that the occurrence of basking sharks was probably due to the increase in primary production and to the higher production of zoopiankton. Soldo & Jordas (2002! added that this opinion requires a further and thorough investigation in the Adriatic Sea.
Nine specimens were caught off the Algerian coast and twelve off the Tunisian coast. All the fishing sites were in inshore waters, generally in more or less protected areas, such as Bays of Ouahran and Annaba along the Algerian coast. Decades ago, Dieuzeide et a!. (1953) reported on the capture of a juvenile male with a typically curved nose ar the end of 1929 and added that c. maximus was rather common off the coast of Algeria. After more than 70 years it appears that in spile of the great anthropogenic fishing pressures basking sharks are still caught in the area, although only as bycau h species.
Serena et a/. (2000) suggested that the basking shark population inhabiting Tyrrhenian and Ligurian waters is an appropriate hypothesis. With regard to the previous papers and their own observations. Soldo & Jardas (2002) noted that 'the basking shark is a relatively rare but constant species in the Adr at c'.
Serena ef al. (2000) added that the Mediterranean Sea could be also an important reproductive area for C. maximus, although they did not exclude the possibility that Atlantic migrants entered the Mediterranean through the Straits of Gibraltar. They emphasized that C. maximus was relatively more abundant in the eastern Atlantic Ocean than in the Mediterranean Sea. Barmll & Mate (1996, 2002) wrote that the basking shark was more often reported from the western Mediterranean than from its eastern part.
TunlslŽSS^ ^
1 ®teFarps; SI. Pantslleria
rr
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if '.......' '
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—I
Fig. 2: Map of the Tunisian coast showing the Cetorhi-nus maximus fishing sites where a single specimen (small black stars) or two or more specimens (large black stars) were captured
SI. 2: Zemljevid tunizijskih obalnih voda, v katerih so ribiči ujeli morske pse orjake Cetorhinus maximus: enega na lokalitetah, označenih z nu/hnirni črnim/ zvezdicami ter dva ali več na lokalitetah, označenih z večjimi črnimi zvezdicami.
Among the specimens recorded along the Maghre bine shore, only the two reported from the western Algerian area could be considered Atlantic migrants. The other records were made in the region located between central Algerian and southern Tunisian coasts, l.ipej et al. [2000) reported on the occurrence of C. maximus in the Gulf of Trieste, off Piran (northern Adriatic). The basking shark has also been recorded in the Levantin Basin (Gol an i, 1996) and, quite recently, in Turkish coastal waters in the Mediterranean by Kabasakal (2002), who wrote that 'it is not clear whether the occurrence of the basking in the seas of Turkey is incidental or exhibits a seasonal regularity'.
Our present observations speak in favour of the opinion presented by Soldo & Jardas (2002). Migrations from the eastern Atlantic certainly need to be confirmed. On the other hand it is difficult to state, at present, whether the basking shark population develops, and re-
15
ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. - 13 • 2003 • 1
Christen CAI'APf el si.; RECORDS OF BASKING SHARKS. CČTORHIN05 MAXIMOS IGUNNfcRUS, 17&S> (CHONDRICHTHYES: CE I'OftHINlDAtl... 13-18
Tab. 1: Historical and recent records of Cetorhinu:s maximus off the Maghrébin shore.
Tab. I: Starejši in novejši podatki o morskem psu orjaku Cetorhinus imximus iz obrežnih maghrebskih voda.
Record	Sex	TOT (mm)	Mass (kf.)	Depth (m)	Capture method	Fishing site	Area	Fishing date	Reference
1	Male	37SO	?	?	Giil-nets (;)	Ras falcon	western Algeria	27/12/1929	Dieuzeide ei ai. il9531
2	Male	?	?	?	7	Tunis Gulf	northern Tunisia	1964	Cliakroun Ü%í>)
3	Male	?	7	?	?	Tunis Gulf	northern Tunisia	1965	Chakroun (1966}
4	Male	5340	?	30 (?)	Pelagic trawl	Kuriate Islands	central Tunisia	03/1976	C a papé ef,?/. 0 975)
5	Male	6000	t	t	?	Tunis Gulf	northern Tunisia	1979	Najav ( 1980)
6	Male	2700	>	\	?	Tunis Gulf	northern Tunisia	19S0	Naja. (1980)
7	Female	6270	?	10(?>	Pelat>ic Irawl	Off Monastir	central Tunisia	1981	unpubl data
8	Male	3500	332	5	Gill-nets	Ras Fartas (Tunis Gtilf)	northern Tunisia	03/1981	unpubl. data
9	Female	7100	?	12	Pelagic p,ill-nets	Off SMiira (Gabes Gulf)	southern Tunisia	1992	Bradai & Ghorbel 11992)
10	Female	?	?	S	Pelagic gill-nets	Off Annaba	eastern Algeria	19/04/1996	unpubl. data
1)	Male	?	;>	5	Pelagic gill-nets	Off Beni-Saf	western Algeria	03/05/1998	unpubl data
12	Male	?	?	?	Pelagic giil-nets	Off Annaba	eastern Algeria	¡0/05/1998	unpubl. data
13	Male	7150	?	?	Gill-nets	Ras Jebe! {Tunis Gulf)	northern Tunisia	1993	Rais S. Uaccar (1993)
14	Male	7370	?	j	Gill-nets	Gabès Gulf	southern Tunisia	29/5 2/1999	unpubl. data
1T>	Male	?	?	.	;	Off Salakta	central Tunisia	23/03/2000	unpubl. data
16	Male	4900	546	5	Pelagic trawl	Of! Bou-Haroun	Central Algeria	31/03/2000	unpubl. data
17	female	3300	176	t -t	Pelagic trawl	Off Annaba	eastern Algeria	03/04/2000	unpubl. data
18	Male	>6000	1000	ÎT	Pelagic trawl	Ras Toukoudi	eastern Algeria	18/05/2000	unpubl. data
19	female	?	?	5	Pelagic trawl	Ras loukouch	pastern Algeria	18/05/2000	unpubl. data
20	Male	4250	?	?	Purse seine	Gabfes Gulf	southern Tunisia	24/04/2001	unpubl. data
21	Male	>7000	1500	?	Pelagic trawl	Off Annaba	eastern Algeria	28/03/2002	unpubl. data
Tab. 2: Body measurements made on two Cetorhinus maxim us caught off the Algerian coast. Tab. 2: Telesne mere dveh morskih psov orjakov Cetorhinus maximus, ujetih v tunizijskih obrežnih vodah.
produces off the Maghrébin shore or whether it onfy feeds in the area. However, as captures of basking sharks increased during the last ten years, both feeding and reproducing cannot be excluded in the area but need further observations.
Nevertheless, the belief that the Mediterranean Sea can be considered a potential reproductive area has been given a boost by records of the second Mediterranean filter feeding species, the devii ray Mobula mohular
reported by Capapil & Zaouaii (1976), BradaT & Capape <2001) and Hemicfa et al. (2002a). Moreover, the ray is even considered a Mediterranean endemic species (No-tarbartolo di Sciarra & Bianchi, 1998). In this area, these two species probably found sufficient resources to reproduce as well as to develop, just as other pelagic teleost fishes (Kartas, 1981; Chavance et a!., 1986; BradaT, 2000).
Fig. 3: Head of a male shark caught off Annaba, Algerian coast (for details see record 21 in Table 1). (Photo: F. Hemida)
SI. 3: Glava samca, ujetega v bližini Annabe ob alžirski obali (o podrobnostih glej zapis št. 21 v tabeli 1). (Foto: F. Hemida)
Measurements (mm)	Record 16	Record 17
Total length	4900	3300
Snout to first dorsal fin	2020	1700
Snout to second dorsal fin	3600	2220
First dorsal height	520	350
Second dorsal height	150	100
Pectoral fin length	t>20	510
Pelvic (in length	390	260
Caudal fin length	1050	770
Snout to nostril	90	60
Mouth width	680	430
Internostril space	140	90
Snout to mouth	310	185
Clasper length	390	-
16
ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. ■ 13 • 2003 • 1
C Iwisl 1*1 CAP APC d al : RECORDS OF BaSKinG SI-lAfiKS, Cf TOR HINII5 MAXIMUS (CUNNFMJS, 1765) (CHONDRlCUTHYtS: CETORHINiDAK) ...., t X.
POJAVLJANJE MORSKEGA PSA ORJAKA, ŒTORHINUS MAXIMUS (GUNNERUS, 1 756) (CHONDRICHTHYES: CETORHINIDAÊ), V BLIŽINI MACHREBSKEGA OBREŽJA
(JUŽNO SREDOZEMLJE): PREGLED
Christian CAPAPÉ
laboratoire d'Ichtyologie. Université Montpellier !l, Sciences et Techmcyias du Languedoc, F-34 095 Montpellier cedex OS
E-mail: capape'ëuniv-montp^.tt
Farid HEMIDA & lalil BENSACl Laboratoire Halieutique, Institut des Sciences de Sa Nature, Université des Sciences et Techniques Houari Boumedienne.
(6-1 ! Qab Ezzouar, Alger, S. P. 32. El Alia. Algérie
Béchii SAÏDl & Mohamed Nejmeddine BRADAI Institut National des Sciences et technologies de !a Mer, Centre de Sfax, 30i 8 Sfax, IL P. 1035, Tunisie
POVZETEK
V pričujočem prispevku avtorji navajajo starejše in novejše podatke o ujetju morskih psov orjakov Ceiorhinus maximus v bližini Maghrehskega obrežja (v alžirskih in lunizijskih vodah) iti jih primerjajo s podatki o pojavljanju populacije teh morskih psov v drugih delih Sredozemskega morja.
Ključne besede: Chondrichthyes, Cetorhintdae, Cetorhinus maximus. Maghrebsko obrežje, Alžirija, Tunizija, Sredozemsko morje
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