SiA J (j of iX **■ « 'X C^VAJS Af ■ H&»% |5r '€(bti-^r> o^L UaTT>v\ f^jc ^£ a ^ s / 9so' 3 4 THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRAN SACTION S AND COLLECTIONS, To the End Sf the Year MDCC. ABRIDGED, And difpofed under GENERAL HEADS. VOLUME II. Containing all the PHYSIOLOGICAL PAPERS. By $OHN L OTP THORP, M. A. and F. R. S. "The FIFTH EDITION, Correded, In which the LATIN Papers are now firft tranfiated into E N G LI S H. LONDON: Printed for W. I n n V s* R. W a r e-, J. and P.KnaPto'n, S.BiRT.fe.CoMY N'3* D. Br owne, T. Longman, H, Whitridge, C. HiTch, J. Hodges, S. Austen, R.Manby and H.S. Cox, A. Mi L h A Rj J. and J, Riving ton* and J. Ward. MDCCXLIX, o the; Ideological Publifhed and Difperfed in the Philofophical Tranfa6Hons AND COLLECTIONS, A B R ID G i D; And Difpofed under GENERAL HEADS. T Chap. I. PHYSIOLOGY. Meteorology. Pneumaticks. I. >>.itsi H E Academie des Sciences has lately received great Splendour tre>t«w itc¬ hy the Regulations, Encouragement, and Orders, M. IP Abbe Acad t- Bignon has obtained to it from the King. That Academy is now miedcs Se >- compofed of io Honorary Academicians, which are chofen, learn- mT fd and eminent Gentlemen ; of 8 Strangers AJfociates , which are diftinguifhed Gceffr0 >'> n - b y their Learning; 20 Penfioners Fellows, 20 Eleves, and 20 French AJfociates , t57 F ' M4 who are divided into 6 Gaffes, viz. Geometricians, Aftronomers, Mechani¬ cians, Anatomifts, Chymifts, and Botanifts. Out of the Honorary Academicians , two are defied every Year, one for Pre- fident, the other for Vice-Prefident Only 20 Penfioners have every Year 1500 French Livres; and after the Death of one Penfoner , the Academy will propofe to the King 3 Perfons AJfociates , or Eleves, or lbmetimes others; and his Majefty will call one of the 3 for Penfoner. II. 1. I know not how it comes to pafs, but the fublimer Studies are not purlued now fo much as formerly ; whereas after fo many new Affiftances, they languid state could never be profecuted to more Advantage. I imagine it is becaufe thefe '{hJjbf-M. unhappy Times are come upon VOL. II Up, and the Wars have obliged Mankind to Lcibnitz ’ B turn »7j. S5 ' ** ( 2 ) turn their Cares another way, fo that very few of the younger Perfons are ambitious to attain to the Glory of their Predeceffors. Even Nature has but few now, that cultivate her diligently. As the French Academy of Sciences has been lately new regulated by their King-, fo I wifh that a new Ardor were irtfufed into your Royal Society. By Dr. j. 2. What you complain of, that the fublimer Studies are not purfued now ,i ' fo eagerly as formerly, and that Nature now-a-days has- not fo many diligent Obfervers, I confefs is true in fome Meafure: But it is not to be wonder’d at, that as all other Things, fo the Studies of Men fhould have their Viciffitudes. Certain it is that in the prefent Age, which is now drawing to a Period, Knowledge of all Kinds has met with great and even unhoped for Improve¬ ments ; as Phyficks, Medicine, Chemiftry, Anatomy, Botany, Mathematicks, Geometry, Analyticks, Aftronomy, Geography, Navigation, Mechanicks, and (what I leaft rejoice at,) the Art of War itfelf: And indeed far greater than for many Ages before. For then Men feem’d to aim at nothing farther than to understand what had been deliver’d by Euclid , Jriftotle , and the reft of the Ancients, with little Concern about making a farther Progrels; as tho 5 the Limits of the Sciences had been fix’d by them, which it was prefumptuous to go beyond. But after fome few had ventured to look farther, others were encouraged to enter into the wide Field of the Sciences. And a new Ardor, a new Effort urged them to attempt new Things, and not without Succels. But when it was no longer a new Thing, this new Ardor wore out. Not a few of the diligent Searchers into Nature are already dead, and others muft die foon: And the Newnefs of the Subject will no longer, as before, excite the young Men to tread in the Steps of their Predeceffors. Likewife the Matter itfelf was great, which now is partly exhaufted ; fo that a Harveft is hardly to be hoped for, but only a Gleaning. And it feems reafonable to allow, that thole that are tired and wearied fhould have fome reft-. And hence it is, as the Nature of Mankind is variable, that feyerer Studies are negledted. Nay, it may happen (tho’ \ would not have it omi¬ nous,) that the Sloth of the next Age may fucceed the Induftry of the prefent. You wifh (and fo do I too) that as the French Academy of Sciences now feems to be form’d a-new, that a new Ardor may likewife be infufed into our Royal Society. I have admonifh’d them of this in your Words. But they themfelves (which you will not be forry for) had in- a Manner prevented my Admonition. For they have lately made fome new Regulations for them¬ felves, whereby every Man is to promote fome particular Inquiry, But there is this Difference between the French Academy, and our Royal Society ; They are at the King’s Expence, and every one enjoys his Salary ; whereas ours do all at their own Expence. jUupCav. III. In the Royal Obfervatory at Paris , there is, befides many other Rooms mth'Qkkx- fa f or phjlofophical Lfcs and Purpofes, a very deep Cave, having 170 Steps Jfs'jVyM--- of Defcent; wherein many Sorts of Experiments are intended to be made, ».74.p.azi7 b c ; n g Q f t | iaC Nature, that they require to be remote from the Sun-beams and the open Air; fuch as are Tbermometrical ones, and fuch as concern Refrigera¬ tion.s, Coagulations, Indurations , and Confervatiom. of Bodies, &c, IV, , ( 3 ) IV. i. The Barometer or Barofcope was firft made publick by that noble Searcher of Nature, Mr. Boyle , and employed by him and others, to detect mm made all the minute Variations in the Preffure and Weight of Air. With this In- £'^**3. ftrument he made divers Qblervations in the Year 1659, and 1660, before any others were publick, or by him fo much as heard of. 2. Dr. J. Beal is fo much pleafed with the Difcovery already made by the Help of this Inftrument, that he thinks it to be one of the moft wonderful 154.’ that ever was in the World. For (faith he) who could ever exped, that we Men (hould find an Art to weigh all the Air that hangs over our Heads, in all the Changes of it, and as it were, to weigh, and to diftinguifh by Weight, the Winds and the Clouds? Or, who did believe, that by palpable Evidence, we fhould be able to prove the fereneft Air to be the moft heavy, and the tiiickeft Air, and when darkeft Clouds hang neareft to us, ready to diffolve, or dropping, then to be lighted. 1. My Wheel Barometer I could never fill fo exadly with Mercury, as to >55 exclude all Air; and therefore I truft more to a Mercurial Cane, and take all my Notes from it. This Cane is but 35 Inches long, of a very (lender CaVi- ty, and thick Glafs. 2. In all my Obfervations from May 28, 1664, to this prefent {December 9, 1665,) the Quick-filver never afcended but very little above 30^ Inches. 3. It afcended very feldom fo high, {viz. to 30^ Inches) chiefly in December 13, 1664, the Weather being fickle, fair Evening. 4. I find by my Calendar of June 22, 1664, at 5 in the Morning, in a Time of long fettled fair Weather, that the Mercury had afcended about half an Inch higher than 30: But I fear fome Miftake, becaufe I then took no Impreffion of Wonder at it; yet for three or four Days, at that time it con¬ tinued high, in well fettled, fair and warm Weather; moft part above 30 In¬ ches. So that I may note the Mercury to rife as high in the hotted Summer, as in the coldeft Winter Weather. 5. Yet furely I have noted it to afccnd a little higher for the Coldnefs of the Weather; and very frequently, both in Winter and Summer, ^ to be higher in the cold Mornings and Evenings, than in the warmer Mid-day. 6. Generally in fettled and fair Weather, both of Winter and Summer, the Mercury is higher than a little before, or after, or in rainy^ Weather. 7. Again, generally it defcended lower after Rain, than it was before Rain. 8. Generally alfb it falls in great Winds; and fomewhat it feemed to fink, when I opened a wide Door to it, to let in ftormy Winds: yet l have found it to continue very high in a long ftormy Wind of three or four Days. 9. Again, generally it is higher in an Eaft and North Wind (cateris pari¬ bus) than in a South and Weft Wind. 10. I tried feveral times, by ftrong Fumes, and thick Smoaks, to alter the Air in my Clofet; but I cannot affirm, that the Mercury yielded any more than might be expefted from fome Increafe of Heat. Such as nave exact Wheel Barometers, may try whether Odors or Fumes do alleviate the ( 4 ) 11. I have not in all this time found the extreafneft Changes of the Quick- filver to amount to more than 2^, or to 2f Inches at moll, 12. Very often I have found great Changes in the Air, without any per¬ ceptible Change in the Barometer-, as in the dewy Nights, when the Moifture defcends in a great Quantity, and the Thicknefs lometimes feems to hide the Stars from us. In the Days foregoing and following, the Vapours have been drawn up fo invifibly, that the Air and Sky feemed very clear all Day lpng. This I account a great Change between afcending and defending Dews and Vapours (which import Levity, and Weight) and between thick Air and clear Air; which Changes do fometimes continue, in the alternative Courfe of Day and Night, for a Week or Fortnight together; and yet the Barofcope hold¬ ing the fame. 13. Sometimes (I fay not often) the Barofcope yields not to other very great Changes of the Air: As lately (Dec. 18.) an extraordinary bright and clear Day; and the next following quite darkned, fome Rain and Snow falling ; but the Mercury the fame : So on high Winds and Calms, the fame. 14. I do conceive, that fuch as do converfe much fub dio , and walk much abroad, may find many Particulars much more exadly than I, who have no Leifure for it, can undertake. To inftance in one of many : Dec. 16, 1665, was a clear cold Day, very fharp and ftrong Eaft Wind, the Mercury very near 30 Inches high; about 3 in the Afternoon I faw a large black Cloud drawing near us from the Eaft and South-Eaft, with the Eaft Wind. The Mercury changed not that Day, nor the Day following; the Stars and moft of the Sky were very bright and clear till nine of the Clock; and then fudden- ly all the'Sky was darken’d, yet no Change of Weather happen’d. Dec. 17. the Froft held, and ’twas a clear Day, till about two of the Clock in the Af¬ ternoon ; and then many thick Clouds appeared low in the Weft; yet no Change of the Weather here; the Wind, Froft, and Quick-filver, the fame. Dec. 18. the Mercury fell almoft ~ of an Inch, and the Sky and Air fo clear and bright, and cold, with an Eaft Wind, that I wonder’d what could caufe the Mercury to defcend. I expe&ed it fhould have afcended, as ufually it does in fuch clear Skies. Cafually I lent my Servant abroad, and he difcovered the remote Hills, about 20 Miles off, covered with Snow. This feemed to manifeft that the Air, being difcharged of the Clouds by Snow, became lighter. 15. I have feldom feen the Change to be very great at any one time ; fo that I once wonder’d to fee, that in one Day it lubfided about % of an Inch. 16. Jan. 13, 1 66 §, the Mercury flood (as it did alfo the Day before) a, quarter above 30 Inches; yet both Days very dark and cloudy, fometimes ve¬ ry thick and mifty Air; which feldom falls out: For, for the moft parr, I fee it higher in ckareft fettled Weather, than in fuch cloudy and mifty Fogs. This thick Air and Darknefs hath lafted above a- Week; lately more cold, and Eaft and North-Eaft Wind. - T .( 5 ) iy. I have not yet-found any fuch infallible Prognoftick of thefe Changes n >»o.p.*f 3 of Weather, which do follow a long Serenity, or fettled Weather. And per¬ chance in brighter Climates it.may be constantly infallible. I have Store of Hygrofcopes of divers Kinds; and I do remark them, and the Sweatings of Marble, and as many other famed Prognofticks, as I can hear of; but can find nothing fo nearly indicative of the Change of Weather, as this Balance. And the open Weather-GIafs is known to fignify nothing at Certainty, having a double Obedience to two Mafters; fometimes to the Weight of the Air, fometimes to Heat, as the Service is commanded. 18. In Jan. i66f, for many Days it continued very dark, fo that all Men expected daily great Rain ; and though fometimes thick Mids arofe, and'' fome fmall Rain fell, yet the Quick-filver held at .a great Height; which did indicate to me there could then be no great Change of Weather, and I was not difappointed. , 19. if the Mercury afcends' to a good Height after the Fall of Rain (as fometimes, but Ids often it does) then I look for a fettled Serenity ; but if it proceeds after Rain in a delcending Motion, then I expedl a Continuance of broken and fhowry Weather. : ; 20. That we find the Weather and our Bodies more chill, cold and droop- ] ng, when the Mercury is lowed, and the Air. lighted; befides other Caufes, I guefs that as Air is to u r - the Breath of Life, as Water is to Fifhes; fo when we are deprived of the ufual Meafure of this our Food, ’tis the fame to us as when the Water is drawn ebb from the Fishes. 21. The lowed Defcent of the Mercury in all the Time fince I have obfer-, ved it, was OS. 26, 1665, in the Evening; when it was very near at Inches: Which I find thus circumftanced with the Weather in my Notes. OS. 25. Morning; Mercury at 28I Inches, great Storms and much Rain. OS. 26. Morning ; Mercury at 28, Winds quiet, thick dark Clouds. ;■ OS. 26. Evening; Mercury at 27 \ ; that .Day, and fome Days following,- the Weather was variable, frequent Rain, and, as you lee, the Mercury lower than ufual. , 22. Over the Place where this Mercurial Cane ftands, I have fet a Wind- Vane, with purpofe of Exactnefs, of a Streamer in Brafs fo large, and poiot- ln g to a Board indented in the Margin, that I can at a lure Level upon the fane, take every of the 32 Points of the Wind," half Points and quarter Point s at a good Didance. It were good to have an Index of Winds, that clifcovered as well their Afcent and Dcfcenr, as their fide Coading^.,, , 23. By Change of Weather and Wind, the Mercury funk fine £ March f 2, n.n.p.is? more than" an Inch ; and this lad Night of -Mani 18, by Rain and South- Wind, ’tis funk half an Inch. 24. I found the Quick-filver, Dec. 1 6, 1669, higher than .1 dare f)ofi-,n.ss.p.ms lively affirm that it was ever fince I had it in. : my (Cuftody, viz. fince May 28, 1664-. Ic was compleatly and apparently above'-ha]f an Inch more than 30 Inches, high. It continued the 14th, and fome part of the 15 thy at about that Height-; fometimes manifedly higher to an eighth or tenth part of an Inch. For this Barofcope I have two Glafs Canes in one Veflel of dagnant ( 6 ) ftagnant Quick-filver; and both of them agreed in this Indication. The Weather was, atfirft Difcovery, very bright and clear, a gentle Froft, by the Sun’s Heat melting. The Air was very filent, no Wind ftirring, and the curious Wind-Vane noting, that the Wind was direftly in the Eaft all the firft Day, viz. Dec. 13. On Dec. 14. the Wind had a fhort Swing from the North- wed, and haftened again towards the Eaft ; yet fo as to be North-eaft. During this Agitation, or Change of Winds, the Mercury defcended a little ; and after, upon the refettling of the Wind, the Mercury afcended a little higher than it had been the Day before. My Houfe and Study, where I keep this Barofcope, is on the Side of an Hill, on the higher Side of this Country, as I guels, near a Level with the Head of a River-, which River running flowly, and falling into the SfwrK Sea about 20 or 30 Miles Weft ward of Briftol , we cannot be very much above the Level of the Sea. My Thermoicope ftanding clofe by my faid Barometer, was at the juft Height of ordinary dilfolving Weather. In the following Days it was colder. Whether the late Summer Drought, or what elfe might in¬ cline this Winter Air to have more than ordinary Weight, or a ftronger Spring, I mull refer to the Conftderation of the more Skilful. WiUiC J 3- my Barofcope I never found the Quick-filver higher than 30 Inches, n. 10.p’169. nor lower than 28, (at leaftfcarce difcernibly, not of an Inch higher than that, or lower than this:) which I mention not only to Ihew the Limits with¬ in which I have obferved mine to keep, viz. full 2 Inches, but likewife as an Eftimate of the Clearnefs of the Quick-filver from Air. For though my Quick-filver was with good Care cleanfed from the Air, yet I find that which Mr. Boyle ufeth, much better: For, comparing his with mine at the fame Times, and both in Oxford , at no great Diftance ; I find his Quick-filver to ftand always fomewhat higher than mine (Tometimes near a quarter of an Inch;) which I know not how to give a more probable Account of, than that my Quick-filver is either heavier than his, or elfe that his is better cleanfed from the Air (unlefs polfibly, the Difference of the Bore, or other Circumftances of the Tube, may caufe the Alteration; mine be¬ ing a taller Tube, and a bigger Bore than his.) And upon like Reafon, as his ftands higher than mine; fo another, Jefs cleanfed from Air, may at the lame time be confiderably lower, and confequently under 28 Inches at the loweft. In thick foggy Weather, I find my Quick-filver to rife ; which I afcribe to the Heavinefs of the Vapours in the Air. In Sun-lhiny Weather it rifeth alfo (and commonly the clearer, the rfio.re ;) which, I think, may be imputed partly to the Vapours railed by the Sun, and making the A.ir heavier; and partly to the Heat, increafing the elaftick or fpringy Power of the Air: Which latter I the rather add, becaufe I have fometimes obferved in Sun-lhiny Weather, when there have come Clouds for fome confiderable time (fuppofe an Hour or two) the Quick-filver has fallen j and then upon the Sun’s breaking out again, it has rifen as before. In ( 7 ) In rainy Weather, it ufeth to fall (of which the Reafon is obvious, be- caufe the Air is lighten’d, by fo much as falls) in Ihowry Weather likewife, but not fo much as in Rain. And fometimes I have obfervecj it, upon a Hoar-Froft, falling in the Night. For windy Weather, I find it generally to fall; and that more univerfally, and more difcernibly, than upon Rain: (which I attribute to the Wind’s moving the Air collaterally, and thereby not buffering it to prefs fo much di- rehlly downwards ; the like of which we fee in fwitnming, &c.) And J have never found it lower than in high Winds. I have divers times, upon difcerning my Quick-filver to fall without any vifible Caufe at home, looked abroad ; and found (by the Appearance of bro¬ ken Clouds, or otherwife) that it had rained not far off, though not with us: Whereupon the Air being then lighten’d, our heavier Air (where it rained not) may have in part difcharged itfelf on that lighter. Whereas I formerly obferved, that in hot Weather, the Quick-filver in n .55.p.in6 the Barofcope did ufe to rile obfervably, efpecially in Sun-fliine and the Heat of the Day ; I now find (having kept the fame Barometer for the Space of five Years unaltered) the Cafe, for thefe two Years laft paft, to be fomewhat otherwife: and that in hot Sun-fhiny Weather the Quick-filver doth rather fubfide a little; and in extreme cold and frofty Weather it rifeth. I judge the Caufe of thefe contrary Obfervations to be this, viz. That the Quick- filver, at its firft putting into the Tube or Barofcope, was not fo perfe&Iy cleanfed from Air, but that feme fmall Quantity of it did remain undifcerned in the Quick-filver: Which latent Particles of Air, though fo fmall as not to be at all difcernible to the Eye by Bubbles, yet by the external Heat (ad¬ ding new Strength, as it ufeth to do, to its elaftick or fpringy Power) were fo much expanded, as to make the Quick-filver fpecifically lighter, and con- lequently to rife fomewhat higher ; and upon the Recefs of the external Heat, the Spring of the Air again flackning, fuffered the Quick-filver to be again contracted into its former leffer Dimenfions, and fo to become heavier, and not to rife fo high as before, when it was hotter. But now the Quick-filver having continued in the Tube for five Years and upwards, hath, by its own Weight, cleanfed itfelf better from that little Air that was in it; and that Air, freed from its Intanglement with the Quick-filver, being got up into the void Part of the Tube above the Quick-filver, doth adt contrariwife ; that is, when it is by Heat (upon the ftrengthning of its Spring) expanded, it preffeth downward upon the Quick-filver, and doth a little deprefs it; and on the contrary, when by Froft or very cold Weather this Air (by the Abatement of its Spring) is contracted, the Quick-filver, freed from that Preffure, rifeth a little. But the rifing and finking upon this Account, (as well that formerly, when the Air was in the Quick-filver, as that now, when it is gotten above it) is not very confiderable ; hardly exceeding the 12th part of an Inch. I fhall add another Accident which I lately took Notice of. I obferved in the late hard Froft, that a little Drop of Water (which was at firft made ufe of for the Cleanfing of the Quick-filver from the Air, and which hath ever fince remained on the Top of the Quick-filver within the Tube) was frozen ( 8 V ffoxen fall to the Glafs. Whereupon I did a little fbake the Tube by moving it up and down, fo as to make the Quick-filver undulate and ftrike againft it. The Noife upon thefe Strokes was not fuch a dull Noife, as Quick-filvier or other Liquids ufe to make in the open Air, by dafhing againft Glafs dr fee, or other fuch hard Bodies *, but fitch a hard fmart Noife, as hard Metals ufe to make by ‘knocking one againft the other; or, as if this-Ice had beeri fo knocked-by a folid Piece of Iron, or other Metal of fuch a Bignefs. Which Difference of Noife from what would have been in the open Air, (where the intermediate Air muft fir it have been beat away, before the Quick-filver could ftrike the Ice,' and thereby the Stroke of the liquid Body obtunded or broken) I attribute to that Voidilefs of Air, which was' between the Ice and the diftant Quick-filver. Jan, 7- the Barofcope was at 29, but for fome Days before about 2 8v, (the Weather* having been windy and rainy;; and fo it was in the Froft - about Dec. blit, then continued to rile till about Jan. 2, fo 29I, but had been Dec: Q'Aat; which is the higheft I have ever known it in my Baro- fcope-; zyf’beirtg*the lowed, that‘have I ever r obferved it,in (Off. 26, 1665) the moft ufftir Height being aboiit 29, or fbmewhat higher.. ByMr. Boyle 4v : It will Be'-verv convenient • b.-.c Obft.-vers give Notice, of the Situation of ■iii.p.iSi. p] aC€ wh5 ) Wucr, is as 137 to 1, or very near its fo that the Weight of Mercury to ;Mr, is as 10806 to 1, and a Cylinder of Air of 10800 Inches, or 900 Feet, ^ equal to an Inch of Mercury ; and were the Air of an equal Denfity, like Water, the whole Atmofphere would be no more than 5,1 Miles high; and >n the Afcent of every 900 Feet, the Barometer would fink an Inch, But the Expanfion of the Air increafing in the fame Proportion as the incumbent Weight of the Atmofphere decreafes, that is, as the Mercury in the Baro¬ meter finks, the upper Parts of the Air are much more rarified than the low¬ er ; and each Space anfwering to an Inch of Quick-filver, grows greater and greater; fo that the Atmofphere muft be extended to a much greater Height. I hefe Expanfions of the Air Being reciprocally as the Heights of the Mer¬ cury, it is evident, that by the Help of the Curve of the Hyperbola and its Afymptotes,' the faid Expanfions may be expounded to any given Height of Mercury; for by the 65 th Prop. Lib. 2. Conic. Mydorgii, the Reftangles Tig, j, A B C E, A K G E, A L D E, (Ac. are always equal; and confequently the Sides, C B, KG, L D, (Ac. are reciprocally as the Sides, A B, A K, A L, Ac. If then the Lines, AB, A K, AL, be fuppofed equal to the Heights of the Mercury, or the Preffures of the Atmofphere, the Lines C B, KG, LD , anfwering thereto, will be as the Expanfion of the Air under thole Prefifures, or the Bulks that the fame Quantity of Air will occupy ; which Expanfions being taken infinitely many, and infinitely little (according to the Method of Indivifibles) their Sum will give the Spaces of Air between the feveral Heights of the Barometer; that is to fay, the Sum of all the Lines between C B, and K G, or the Area, C B K G, will be proportioned to the Diftance or Space intercepted between the Levels of two Places in the Air, where the Mercury would ftand at the Heights reprefented by the Lines, AB, AK ; fo then th.e Spaces of the Air, anfwering to equal Parts of Mercury in the Barometer, are as the Areas, C B KG, G K LD, D L M F, (Ac. Thefe Areas again are, by the Demonftration of Gregory of St. Vincent, proportionate to the Loga- rythms of the Numbers, expreffing the Rationes of A K to A B, of A L to AK, of AM to AL, (Ac. So then, by the common Table of Loga¬ ry thins, the Height of any Place in the Atmofphere, having any affigned Height of the Mercury, may moft eafily be found : For the Line C B, in the Hyperbola, whereof the Areas defign the Tabular Logarytfims, be¬ ing 0,0144765 ; ’twill be as 0,0x44765, to the Difference of the Lo- garythms of 30, and any other lelfer Number; fo 900 Feet, or the Space anfwering to an Inch of Mercury, if the Air were equally preft with 30 In¬ ches of Mercuryand every where alike, to the Height of the Barometer in the Air; where it will ftand at that lefler Number of Inches: And by the Converfe of this Proportion may the Height of the Mercury be found, hav¬ ing the Altitude of the Place given. From thefe Rules I derived the follow¬ ing Tables. Given ( 16 ) ?>g. 6 , Given Heights of the Mercury. Inches 3 °- 2 9 - 2 5 —-- 20 —*- IO- 5 - 0,5- 0,25- 0,1- 0,01- o,oox-* Altitudes. Miles Feet -o -915 -— 1862 -2844 --3863 -4922 -10947 -18715 -29662 -—48378 -91831 - 110547 - 129262 29 or 154000 41 or 216169 53 or 278338 Heights of the Mercury. Inches 3°» 00 28, 91 27, 86 26, 85 2 5 > 87 24 > 93 24, 67 20, 29 16, 68 13, 72 11, 28 4, 24 1, 60 °> 95 o, 23 o, 08 O, 012 Upon thefe Suppofitions it appears, that at the Height of 41 Miles, the Air is fo rarified as to take up 3000 Times the Space it occupies here; and at 53 Miles high it would be expanded above 30000 Times ; but *tis probable, that the utmoft Power of its Spring cannot exert itfelf to fo great an Exten- fion, and that no Part of the Atmofphere reaches above 45 Miles from the Surface of the Earth. This feems confirmed from the Obfervations of the Crepufculum , which is oblerved commonly to begin and end when the Sun is about 18 Deg. below the Horizon ; for fuppofing the Air to refieft Light from its moft rarified Parts; and that as long as the Sun illuminates any of its Atoms, they are vi¬ able to an Eye not intercepted by the Curvity of the Earth, it will fol¬ low, that the Proportion of the Height of the whole Air, to the Semi¬ diameter of the Earth, is much about as 1 to 90, or as the Excefs of the Secant of about 8 j Deg. to Radius. For if E be the Eye of the Ob- ferver, S , a Place where the Sun fets at the End of Twilight in E, and the Arch E G S, or T C A, be found 18 Deg. the Excefs of the Secant of Half thereof, E C H, would be the Height of the Air, viz. G H: But the Beam of the Sun, ASH , and the vifual Ray, E H, do each of them fuffer a Refraction of about 32 or 33 Min. whereby, being bent in¬ wards from H , towards G, the Height of the Air need not be fo great as if ( 1 7 ) they went {freight; and having from the Angle ECS, taken the double Re¬ fraction of the Horizontal Ray, the half of the Remainder will be S-j- Deg. cir- citcr-, whofe Secant being ioiii, it follows that as 10000 tom, fo the Semi¬ diameter of the Earth, fuppoied 4000 Miles, to 44,4 Miles; which will be the Height of the whole Air, if the Places, E, S , whofe vifible Portions of the At- mofphere ERZH , and SERB, juft touch one the other, be 18 Deg. afunder. At this Height the Air is expanded into above 3000 Times the Space it oc¬ cupies here, and we have feen the Experience of condenfing it into the 60 Part of the fame Space ; fo that it fhould feem, that the Air is a Subftance capable of being compreffed into the 180000 Part of the Space it would natu¬ rally take up, when free from Preflure: Now what Texture or Compofition of Parts fhall be capable of this great Expanfion and Contraction, feems a ve¬ ry hard Queftion ; and which, I fuppofe, is fcarce fufficiently accounted for, by the comparing it to Wool, Cotton, and the like fpringy Bodies. ’Tis true, the Weight of the whole Atmofphere is various, being counter- poifed fometimes by 28 i Inches of Mercury, and at other Times by no lefs than 30b, fo that the under Parts being preffed by about a 15th Part Ids Weight, the fpecifick Gravity of the Air upon that Score, will fometimes be a 15th Part lighter than another; befides, Heat and Cold does very confide- rably dilate and contract the Air, and conlequently alter its Gravity ; to which add the Mixture of Effluvia or Steams riling from almoft ail Bodies, which afflmulating into the Form of Air, are kept fufpended therein, as Salts dif- folved in Liquors, or Metals in corroding Menftrua; which Bodies being all of them very much heavier than Air, their Particles by their Admixture muft needs encreale the Weight of that Air they lie incorporated withal, after the fame manner as melted Salts do augment the fpecifick Gravity of Water. ’Tis alfo true, that the Condenfations are not pofiible beyond certain De¬ grees; for being compreffed in an Sooth Part of the Space it takes up here, its Confidence will be equally denfe with that of Water, which yields not to any Force whatfoever, as hath been found by feveral Experiments tried here, and at Florence by the Academia del Cimento ; nor can the RarefaClion proceed in infinitum ; for fuppofing the Spring whereby it dilates itfelf, occalioned by what Texture of Parts you pleafe, yet muft there be a determinate Magnitude of the natural State of each Particle, as we fee it is in Wool, and the like, whole Bodies being compreffible into a very fmall Space, have yet a de¬ terminate Bulk which they cannot exceed, when freed, from all manner of Preflure. Thefe Objections difturb the Geometrical Accuracy of thefe Concluflons drawn from the fpecifick Gravity of the Air, obferved at any Time ; but the Method here fhewn will compute, by a like Calculation, the Heights of the Quick-filver, and the Rarefactions of the Air from any afligned Height of the Barometer at the Earth’s Surface, and any fpecifick Gravity given. As to the Condenfation and RarefaCtion by Heat and Cold, and the various Mix¬ tures of aqueous and other Vapours, thefe two Objections feem generally to compenlate each other; for when tire Air is rarified by, Pleat, the Va¬ pours are raifed moft copioufly, fo that tho’ the Air, properly fo call’d, be expanded, and conlequently lighter, yet the Intetflices thereof being eroud- Vol. II. D ed ( i8 ) ed full of Vapours of much heavier Matters, Bulk for Bulk, the Weight of the Compofitum may continue much the fame •, at leaft a moll curious Expe¬ riment made by the ingenious Mr. John Cnfwel of Oxford , upon the Top of Snowdon Hill in Caernarvonjhire , feems to prove that the firlt Inches of Mercury have their Proportions of Air near enough to what I'now determine; for the Height of the Hill being 1240 Yards, or very near it, he found the Mercury to have fubfided to 25,6 Inches, or 4 Inches below the mean Altitude there¬ of at the Level of the Sea, and the Space anfwering to 4 Inches, by my Cal¬ culation fhould be 1288 Yards: And it agrees as well with the Obfervation in the Appendix to Mr. Pafcall' s Book, de I’Equilibre des Liquors , made on the. high Hill in Auvergne, call’d Le Puy de Homme. So that the Rarefadion and Vapours feem not to have alter’d confiderabiy the Gravity of the under Parts of the Air; and much above the Height where thefe Experiments were, made, do few Vapours afcend, and the Cold is fuch, that the Snow lies con¬ tinually ; fo that for the more elevated Parts of the Sphere of Air there is much lels Reafon to doubt. rb'R'afon X. 1. It is obferved of the Barometer, that the Quick-filver is not affeded IfttJt with the Weather, or very rarely, let that be either cloudy, rainy, windy, or fiLlyiy ferene, in St. Helena, or tl)e Barbadoes: and therefore probably not within the ^165?"’ Tropicks, unlefs in a violent Storm or Hurricane. The firft is affirmed by Mr. v! 970. Halley, who kept a Glafs near two Months in the Eland of St. Helena, and the other of Barbadoes Hands upon the Credit of our Regifters. 2. In England, in a violent Storm, or when the Quick-filver is at the very loweft, it then vifibly breaks and emits fmall Particles, as I have more than once obferved ; which Diforder I look upon as a kind of Fretting ; and con- fequently at all Times of its Defcent, it is more or lefs upon the Fret. In this Diforder of the Quick-filver, I imagine it hath its Parts con traded, and clofer put together; which feems probable, for that, for Example, the Quick-filver then emits, and Iqueezes out frefh Particles of Air into the Tube, which encreafing the Bulk of the Air, and confequently its. Elafticiry, the Quick-filver is necelfarily deprefs’d thereby, that is, by an external Force or Power •, and alfo the Quick-filver muft of itfelf come clofer together, in its own internal Parts, that is, defcends, for both Reafons. And that much Air is mixed with it, appears from the Application of a heated Iron to the Tube, as is pradifed in the purging of it that way •, and alfo for that polifh’d Iron will rut!, though immers’d in it, as fome Philofo- phers have lately obferved. Now when the Quick-filver rifes in the Pipe (which it certainly does both in hot and frofty Weather) it may then be laid to be in a natural State, free, open, and expanded like itfelf, which it feems it ever is within the Propicks, and with us only in very hot and very frofty Weather. But when it de¬ fcends, it is then contraded, and as it were convulfed and drawn together, as it moftly is in our Climate of England, and more or lefs, as we guefs, in all Places on this Side the Propicks. Which Contraction plainly appears from the concave Figure of both Superficies, not only in that of the Quick-filver in the Tube, but alfo (if well obferved; in that which ftagnates in the Pot or Difh itfelf, The ( *9 ) The Difficulty feems to lie in the reconciling the fame Effect of the Quick-filver’s rifing in the Tube, from fuch feemingly different Caufes, as great Heat and intenfe Froft: and thofe who fhall willingly affent to us in one Particular, and grant us Warmth as a probable Caufe of its Reftitution to its Nature, will yet be at a Stand how to imagine, that great Froft likewife fhould bring the Quick-filver nearer its own Nature too. I anfwer, that Salts liquified will coagulate or cryftallize, that is, will return to their own proper Natures, both in Cold and in Heat; and therefore, tho’ moft Men pradtife the fetting them in a cool Cellar for that Purpofe, yet fome (as Zwcl- fir) advife, as the beft Means to have them fpeedily and fairly cryftallized, to keep them conftantly in Balneo. Thus alfo the Lympha of the Blood does become a Jelly, if you fet it in a cool Place, and the fame is by Warmth in like manner infpiffated. Again, that it is no new Opinion, that Water is naturally Ice, if no Difquiet from fome external Accident hinder. Borm- chius, the learned Dane, has faid fomething for it : And altho’ fome may think that what he hath faid, was a mere Compliment to his own frozen Climate, yet 1 dare venture to add, in Confirmation of that Doctrine, that Salt is naturally Rock, that is, naturally foffile, not liquid ; and yet this is moft like Ice of any thing in Nature, not only becaufe of its Tranfparency, but alfo for its eafy Liquefadtion, and the hidden Impreffions and Changes which Air makes upon it, fo that it is fcarce to be preferved in its natural State of Cryftallization. Alfo Salts of all forts feem naturally to propagate themfelves in a hard State, and to vegetate in a dry Form. The like is to be obferved in Quick-filver, of its being a hard Rock, and alfo from its Willingnefs to em¬ brace upon all Occafions a more fix’d State, as in its Amalgamizing with al- moft all forts of Metals. It will not be amifs by way of Corollary, to add a Note or two about healthful and fickly Seafons, more particularly as they may refer to this Phe¬ nomenon of great Cold and Froft. If therefore Quick-filver and Liquids are neareft their own Natures, and have left Violence done to them, in very cold and very hot Seafons, the Humours of our Bodies, as Liquids, in all Pro¬ bability, muft be in fome meafure accordingly affedled. And that there¬ fore Cold is healthful, I argue from the vaft Number of old Men and Wo¬ men, to be found upon the Mountains of England, comparatively to what are found elfewhere. Again, the Blood itfelf, or the vital Liquor of Animals equivalent to it, is in moft Kinds of Animals in Nature fenfibly cold ; for that the Species of Quadrupeds and Fowls are not to be compared for Number to Fifhes and Infects ; there -being, in all Probability, by what I have obferved, above a hundred Species of thefe latter Creatures, whofe vital Juice is cold, to one of the former: But becaufe we moft converfe with thofe whofe vital Juice is hot, we are apt to think the fame of all. Again, I have obferved, which I offer as an Argument of the little Injury intenfe Cold does to the Nature of Animals: I fay, I have feen both Hexa- pode Worms (which I compare to the render Embryo’s of fanguineous Ani¬ mals, becaufe fuch are in a middle State) and Flies of divers Sorts, hard frozen in the Winter, and I have taken them up from the Snow, and if I D 2 caft ( 2° ) cad them agajjpft the Glafs, they would endanger the breaking of it, and make it ring like fo much hard Ice ; yet when I put the Infedts under the Glals, and fet them before the Fire, they would, after a fhort Time, nimbly creep about, and be gone, if the Glafs which I whelmed upon them, had not fecured them. 2. It hath indeed been noted by a very wife Philofopher, in Con trad idlion to our Englifh Proverb, which fays, that A green Chriftmas makes a fat Church¬ yard\ that the lad Plague broke out heje at London, after a long and fevere Winter 1665. But I reply, That that was accidentally only ; for that Difeafe is never bred amongft us, but comes to us by Trade and Infection. Tis pro¬ perly a Difeafe of Afia , where it is Epidemical. And therefore, by the Pro¬ vidence of God, we are very fecure from any fech Calamities as the natural Effedt of our Climate. But we are not to judge or prognodicate of the Salu¬ brity or Sicklinefs of a Year, from foreign Difeafes, but the raging of luch as are natural to the Men of our Climate. By MrEdm. 2 . To account for the different Heights of Mercury at feveral times, ’twill iScp.’ i'io. not be unneceffary to enumerate fbme of the principal Obfervations made upon the Barometer. The firff is, That in calm Weather, when the Air is inclined to Rain, the Mercury is commonly low. 2. That in ferene good fettled Weather, the Mercury is generally high. 3. That upon very great Winds, tho’ they be not accompanied with Rain, the Mercury finks lowed of all, with relation to the Point of the Compafs the Wind blows upon. 4. That, CiSteris Paribus , the greatefl Heights of the Mercury are found upon Eaderly, and Nqrth-eaderly Winds. 5. That in calm frody Weather the Mercury generally .{lands high. 6 . That after very great Storms of Wind, when the Quick-filver has been low, it generally riles again very fad. 7. That the more northerly Places have greater Alterations of the Barofcope than the more foutherly. 8. That within the Propicks, and near them, thofe Accounts we have had from others, and my own Obfervations at St. Helena, make very little or no Variation of the Height of the Mercury in all Weathers. Elence I conceive, that the principal Caufe of the Rife and Fall of the Mer¬ cury, is from the variable Winds, which are found in the Temperate Zones, and whofe great Uncondancy here in England, is mod notorious. A fecond Caufe is the uncertain Exhalation and Precipitation of the Vapours lodging in the Air, whereby it comes to be at one Time much more crouded than at another, and confequently heavier; but this latter, in a great mea- fure, depends upon the former. Nov/ from thefe Principles, I fliall endeavour to explicate the feveral Phenomena of the Barometer, taking them in the iame Order I kid them down. Thus, 1. The Mercury’s being low, inclines it to Rain, becaufe the Air being light, the Vapours are no longer fupported thereby, being become fpecifical- Jy heavier than the Medium wherein they floated, fo that they defeend towards the Earth, and in their Fall, meeting with other aqueous Particles, they in¬ corporate ( 21 ) corporate together, ana form little Drops of Rain ; but the Mercury’s being one time lower than another, is the Effebt of two contrary Winds blow- ln g from the Place where the Barometer ftands ; whereby the Air of that Hace is carried both ways from it, and confequently the incumbent Cylin¬ der of Air is diminifhed, and accordingly the Mercury finks; as for In- dance, if in the German Ocean it fihould blow a Gale of wefterly Wind, and at die fame time an eafterly Wind in the Irijh Sea ; or if in France it Ihould blow a northerly Wind, and in Scotland a foutherly; it muft be granted me that that Part of the Atmofphere impendent over England , would,thereby be exhaufled and attenuated, and the Mercury would fubfide, and the Vapours, which be¬ fore floated in thole Parts of the Air of equal Gravity with themfelves, would link to the Earth. 2. The greater Height of the Barometer is occafioned by two contrary Winds blowing towards the Place of Obfervation, whereby the Air of other 1 laces is brought thither and accumulated ; fo that the incumbent Cylinder of Air being encreafed both in Height and Weight, the Mercury prefled there¬ by muft needs rife and ftand high, as long as the Winds continue fo to blow ; and then the Air being fpecifically heavier, the Vapours are better kept ful- pended, fo that they have no Inclination to precipitate and fall down in Drops; which is the Reafon of the ferene good Weather, which attends the greater Heights of the Mercury. 3- The Mercury finks the loweft of all by the very rapid Motion of the Air in Storms of Wind. For the Tradft or Region of the Earth’s Surface, therein thefe Winds rage, not extending all round the Globe, that ftagnant Air which is left behind, as like wife that on the Sides, cannot come in lb faft as to fupply the Evacuation made by fo fwift a Current; fo that the Air muft tteceflarily be attenuated when and where the faid Winds continue to blow, a nd that more or lefs, according to their Violence ; add to which, that the Ho¬ rizontal Motion of the Air being fo quick, as it is, may, in all Probability, take off fome Part of the perpendicular Preffure thereof; and the great Agi¬ tation of its Particles is the Reafon why the Vapours are diffipated, and do not c ondenfe into Drops fo as to form Rain, otherwife the natural Confequence of the Airs Rarefa&ion. 4. The Mercury ftands the higheft upon an Eafterly or North-eafterly Wind, becaufe in the great Atlantick Ocean, on this fide the 35th Deg. of -forth Latitude, the Wefterly and South-wefterly Winds blow almoft always Trade; fo that whenever here the Wind comes up at Eaft and North-eaft, ’tis fure to be check’d by a contrary Gale, as foon as it reaches the Ocean; wherefore, according to what is made out in our fecond Remark, the Air muft needs be heaped over this Ifland, and confequently the Mercury muft ftand high as often as thefe Winds blow. This holds true in this Country, but is not a general Rule for others where the Winds are under different Cir- cumftances; and I have fometimes feen the Mercury here as low as 29 Inches u pon an Eafterly Wind, but then it blew exceeding hard, and fo comes to be accounted for by what was obferved upon the thiid Remark. 5. In Calm Frofty Weather the Mercury generally ftands high, becaufe (as I conceive) it feldom freezes but when the Winds come out of the Northern Equilibre dcs Liquers. ( 22 ) Northern and North-eaftern Quarters, or at lead unlefs thole Winds blow at no great Diftance off; for the Northern Parts of Germany , Denmark , Sweden , Norway , and all that Trad from whence North-eaftern Winds come, are fubjeft to almoft continual Froft all the Winter; and thereby the lower Air is very much condenfed, and in that State is brought hitherwards by thofe Winds, and being accumulated by the Oppofition of the wefterly Wind blow¬ ing in the Ocean, the Mercury muft needs be preft to a more than ordinary Height; and as a concurring Caufe, the fhrinking of the lower Parts of the Air into leffer Room by Cold, muft needs caufe a Defcent of the upper Parts of the Atmofphere, to reduce the Cavity made by this Contradion to an /E- quilibrium . 6. After great Storms of Wind, when the Mercury has been very low, it generally rifes again very faff; I once obferved it to rife if Inch in lefs than 6 Hours after a long continu’d Storm of South-weft Wind. The Reafon is, becaufe the Air being very much rarified, by the great Evacuations which fuch continued Storms make thereof, the Neighbouring Air runs in the more fwiftly to bring it to an /Equilibrium •, as we fee Water runs the fafter for hav¬ ing a great Declivity. 7. The Variations are greater in the more Northerly Places, as at Stock¬ holm greater than at Paris (compared by Mr. Pafcall) becaufe the more Nor¬ therly Parts have ufually greater Storms of Wind than the more Southerly, whereby the Mercury fhould fink lower in that Extream ; and then the Nor¬ therly Winds bringing the condenfed and ponderous Air from the Neighbour¬ hood of the Pole , and that again being checked by a Southerly Wind at no great Diftance, and fo heaped, muft of Necefiity make the Mercury in fuch Cafe ftand higher in the other Extream. 8. Laftly, This Remark, That there is little or no Variation near the E- quinoSiial , does above all others confirm the Hypothecs of the variable Winds being the Caufe of thefe Variations of the Height of the Mercury ; for in the Places above named there is always an eafy Gale of Wind blowing nearly upon the fame Point, viz. E. N. E. at Barbadoes , and E. S. E. at St. Helena fo that there being no contrary Currents of the Air to exhauft or accumu¬ late it, the Atmofphere continues much in the fame State : However, upon Hurricanes (the mod violent of Storms) the Mercury has been obferved very low, but this is but once in two or three Years, and it foon recovers its fettled State, about 29-j Inches. The principal Objection againft this DoCtrine is, that I fuppofe the Air fometimes to move from thofe Parts where it is already evacuated below the ^Equilibrium , and fometimes again towards thofe Parts where it is con¬ denfed and crouded above the mean State; which may be thought contra¬ dictory to the Laws of Staticks and the Rules of the /Equilibrium of Fluids. But thofe that fhall confider how, when once an Impetus is given to a Fluid Body, it is capable of mounting above its Level, and checking others that have a contrary Tendency to defcend by their own Gravity, will no longer regard this as a material Obftacle •, but will rather conclude, That the great Analogy there is between the Rifing and Falling of the Water upon the Flux and Reflux of the Sea, and this of accumulating and extenuating the ( 2 3 ) Air, is a great Argument for the Truth of this Hypothecs. For as the Sea, 0y er againft the Coaft of Eflex rifes and fwells by the meeting of the two contrary Tides of Flood, whereof the one comes from the S. W. along the Channel of England, and the other from the North; and, on the contrary, finks below its Level upon the Retreat of the Water both w,ays, in the Tide of Ebb; fo ic is very probable, that the Air may Ebb and Flow after the fime manner; but by reafon of the Diverfity of Caufes, whereby the Air may be fet in moving, the Times of thefe Fluxes and Refluxes thereof are purely cafual, and not reducible to any Rule, as are the Motions of the Sea, depend¬ ing wholly upon the regular Courfe of the Moon. XI. i. The Experiment is briefly this-, That a Tube being after the Toni- TbeCsuftof cellian Way filled with Mercury, and before Inverfion perfectly purged of Air, doth, when inverted, remain top full, even to the Height of 75 Inches. curyata*™. Mr. Hugens, to render a probable Caufe of this ftrange Effect, conceiveth, “bfltu.uu- That befld cs the Preffure of the Air which keeps the Mercury fufpended at gens, n. 86. the Height of about 27 Inches, (and of the Truth of which we are convinced v ' 5 ° 27 ' by a great Number of other Effedls that we fee) there is yet another Preffure, ftronger than that, of a more fubtile Matter than Air, which without Diffi¬ culty penetrates Glafs, Water, Quick-filver, and all other Bodies, which we find impenetrable to Air. This Preffure, he faith, being added to that of the Air, is capable to fuftain the 75 Inches of Mercury, and poffibly more, as tang as it works only againft the lower Surface, or againft that of the Mer¬ cury, in which ftands the open End of the Tube: But as foon as it can work alfo on the other fide, (which happens when ftriking or hitting againft the Tube, or intromitting into it a fmall Bubble of Air, you give way to this Matter to begin to add) the Preffure of it becomes equal on both Sides, fo that there is no more but the Preffure of the Air which fuftains the Mercury at the ordinary Height of 29 Inches. If you ask, why the Quick-filver in the Tube of this Experiment does not feel the Preffure of this Matter, even whiift that Veffel is yet full •, fince Mr. Clugens fuppofeth, that it pierceth without Difficulty the Glafs as well as the Mercury, &c. and why the Particles of this Matter do not join together and begin the Preffure, in regard that they go and come thorough the whole Ex¬ tent of the Mercury, and that the Glafs does not hinder their Communication with thofe that are without ? To remove this Difficulty, which in Mr. Hugens 1 s own Opinion is very great, he anfwers, That though the Parts of the Matter by him fuppofed do find Taffage between thofe that compofe the Glafs, Quick-filver, isle, yet they there find not fufficiently large ones for many to pals together, nor to move there with that Force which is requifite to feparate the Parts of the Quick- filver, that have ibme Connexion together. And this very fame Connexion, he faith, is the Caufe that though on the Side of the inner Surface of the Glals, which touches the fulpended Mercury, many of its Parts be preffed by the Particles of this Matter -, yet there being alfb a great Number of them that feel no Preffure, by reafon of the Parts of the Glafs, behind which they are placed, they retain one another, and they remain all fufi pended, becaufe there is much lefs Preffure on the Surface of the Quick- filver ( 24 ) filver that is contiguous to the Glafs, than upon that below, which is all expofed to the Afition of that Matter which makes this fecond Preffure. The ingenious and can;,id Author of this Solution acknowledges himfelf, That it doth not fo fully fatisfy him, as not to leave fome Scruple behind; but then he adds, That that keeps him not from being very well allured of that new Preffure, which he hath fuppofed befides that of the Air, byreafon as well of the Experiment already alledged, as of two others; which he fufa- joins, to this Effect. Firft , When two Plates of Metal or Marble, whofe Surfaces are perfectly plain, are put one upon another, they do fo (tick together, that the upper- moft being lifted up, the undermoft follows without quitting it; and the Caufe hereof is jultly afcribed to the Preffure of the Air againft their two external Surfaces.' Pie taking then two Plates, each of them but about an Inch fquare, being of that Matter of which anciently they made Looking- Glaffes, and doling them fo exaftly together, that without putting any Thing between, the uppermoft keeps not only up the other, but fometimes alfo with it 3 Pounds of Lead fatten’d to the lowermolt; and thus they remain together as long as you pleafe. Having thus joined them, and charged them with 3 Pounds weight, he fufpended them in the Recipient of his Engine, and exhau- fted it of Air fo far as that there remained not enough to fuffain by its Preffure as much as an Inch Height of Water, and yet his Plates disjoined not. He adds, that he made the fame Experiment by putting Spirit of Wine between the two Plates, and found that in the Recipient evacuated of Air they fuftain- ed, without being fevered, the fame Weight they did when it was full of Air. This he thinks fhews clearly enough, that there remains yet in the Recipient a Preffure great enough, after that of the Air is thence taken away; and that there is no more Reafon to doubt of it, than of the Preffure of the Air itfelf. The Second Experiment is, That whereas the EffeA of a Siphon of unequal Legs, by which you make the Water of a Veffel to run over, is no longer afcribed to Fuga Vdcui , but to the Weight of the Air, which preffing upon the Water of the Veffel makes it rife in the Siphon, whilft on the other Side it defeends by its Weight; Mr. Hugens found a Means to make the Water of the Siphon run after that the Recipient was exhaufted of Air, and he law that with Water purged of Air it did the Effedt as well as without the Recipient. The fhorteft of the Legs of the Siphon was 8 Inches long, and its Aperture of two Lines. And he will not have us doubt whether the Recipient was well ex¬ haufted of Air, for he did affure himfelf of that, as well by finding that there came out no more Air through the Pump, as by other more certain Marks. And this he takes for a farther Confirmation of his Suppofidon of a preffing Matter more fubtile than the Air. To which he adds, That if you take the Pains of fearching to what Degree the Force of this Preffure reacheth (which he faith cannot be better made than by purluing rhe Experiment with Tubes full of Mercury, yet longer than thole employed by Mr. Boyle) it will perhaps be found, that this Force is great enough to caufe the Union of the parts of Glafs, and of other Sorts of Bodies, which hold too well together, not to be conjoined but by their Contiguity and Reft, as M. Deo Carles would have it. ( 2 5 ) 2. I have given an Account of this odd Phenomenon in my Treatift de Mo- By Dr. j. tu -> Cap. 14. Schol. Prop. 13. where I hinted two Reafons (though not perfectly fatisfied in either:) The one of my own, concerning the Spring of the Air ne- ceflary to put heavy Bodies in Motion, not impelled by any other Force: The other of my Lord Brounker, That there might be in the Air yet a greater Weight or Preflure than is necefiary for the Height of 29 Inches, in cafe there be nothing but the bare Weight of Quick-filver to be fupported. I find Mr. Hugens to fall in with that of my Lord Brounker , lave that what we compre¬ hend under the Name of Air, he calls a more fubtile Matter; which alters not the Cafe at all, but only the Name. But furely there niuft be fomewhat more than this fubtile Matter, to folve the Phenomenon , notwithftanding the two Experiments now alledged by Mr. Hugens in flavour of it; for, if this Matter be fo fubtile as to prefs through the Top of the Glafs upon the Quick-filver, (and confequently through the Upper upon the Nether of the two Marbles,) as is acknowledged (and without which it is no more able to precipitate the Quick-filver while impure, and when it is in part fubfided, that when it is pure, and the Tube top full :) I do not fee, why it fhould not balance itl’elf (above and bdow,) in the fame manner as common Air would do, if the Tube were pervious to it at both Ends, and the Quick-filver, by the Preponderance ef its own Weight fall prefently. And the Anfwer, That though Glafs be penetrated by it, yet not in fo copious a manner as where no Glafs is, doth not to me folve the Difficulty ; bccaufe the fame Obftacle doth juft in the fame man¬ ner remain, when the Tube is in part emptied, and when the Quick-filver is unpurged ; the Pores of the Glafs not being, by either of thole, made more open or more pervious. And if we fuppofe the fubtile Matter by Per¬ colation to be (trained through with feme Difficulty, (as Air or Water would be through a Cloth) this might poffibly caufe the Quick-filver, when it does fink, to fink gradually; but not (as we fee \t) fuddenly. to fall to the Height of 29 Inches. The Connexion or Cohefion of the Parts of Quick-filver, either each to other, or to the Sides of the Glafs, which Mr. Hugens fuppofeth to require for their Separation a greater Force than is in thefe percolated Particles, till they have Room made for them to combine; feems to me the lefs confiderable, becaufe it is not fo neceflhry to feparate them from each other, fince they may unfeparated Aide down by the Sides of the Glafs, to which it is well known, and vifible to the Eye, the Quick-filver is not at all apt toftick, but doth rather decline that Contatft •, in like manner as we find Water not apt to join with Oil or Greafc, though Water to Glafs, and Quick-filver to Gold, do very readily apply themfelves. So that there needs no fuch Force to dis¬ join the Quick-filver from the Glafs, whatever there may be for disjoining its Parts one from another. If therefore we ffiould fuppofe the Preflure of the grofier Air down¬ wards on A B (the Surface of the ftagnant Quick-filver) and confequently by means thereof upwards at C, fufficient only to bear up that in the Tube to the Height of /; but the fuperadded Weight or Preflure of the 7. jjurer Air to hold it up as high as D, (75 Inches or more) while it is full Vol. II. E and and the Quick-filver well cleanfed, as if fo long it could not enter at Z); but in cafe it be not fo cleanfed, or be already funk to H , this purer Air would en¬ ter at D, and thruft it down to 7 , counter-balancing the Prefiure (at C ) of the purer, but not of the groffer Air (which I take to be the Sum of the Caufe af- fign’d by Mr. Hugens:) I am yet to feek, why it may not as well penetrate D at firft, to begin the Defcent, as afterwards to purfue it; and why not as well begin the Defcent when the Quick-filver is well cleanfed of Air, as when it is not fo; and why alfo, if the pure Air do freely enter at D, it does not prefently fall; or, if not freely, why, when it does fall, it falls fuddenly, and not leifurely, from D to I-, efpccially fince fo fmall a Weight as D H of pure Air (for the groffer cannot enter) is very inconfiderable; if not at all, or not freely, prefied by that incumbent on D-, and the Adhefion not confiderably lefs, by being leparated only at the Top, while it yet continues to touch the Sides. I am apt therefore, as heretofore, to afcribe the Caufe of this Phenomenon to the Spring that is in Air, and the want thereof in Quick-filver -, for, that in Air there is a Spring or Elafticity, is now undoubted ; but in Water cleanfed of Air, though many Experiments have been attempted to that pur- pofe, it has not yet been found that there is any : And I am apt to think the like of Quick-filver, though I do not know that this has been yet fo rigo- roufly examin’d. Now fuppofing, That Matter being at Reft will fo con¬ tinue till it be put in Motion by fome Force; this Force may be either that of Percufiion from fome Body already in Motion (which is the Cafe when the Quick-filver falls by fluking or ftriking the Tube) or of Pulfion from a contiguous Body beginning to move, as by the Expanfion of fome adjacent Spring (which is the Cafe when the fpringy Parts of the Air, either left in un¬ purged, or re-admitted in the Quick-filver, by expanding themfclves put the Quick-filver in Motion;) or fome Conatus or Endeavour of its own, fuch as is that of a Spring, from whatever Caufe it be, which I do not here enquire, but has place only in Springy Bodies; and therefore if Water and Quick-filver be not fuch, they will not on this account put themfelves in Motion. Gravity or Heavinefs is reputed to be fuch a Conatus or Pronity to move downwards, and fo to put itfelf in Motion •, and the Wonder at prefent is, why it does not fo here. But if this which we call Gravity fhould chance to be not a pofitive Quality or Conatus originally of itfelf, but only the Effect of fome Pulfion or Percufiion from without (which pofiibly may be the Cafe, and principally from the Spring of the Air about us) then while this Pulfion and Percufiion is wanting (however obviated) the Bodies accounted heavy, will not of themfelves begin to fall; which feems to be the prefent Cafe. And this is the more confiderable, becaufe we cannot, at leaft not yet, find, what is the utmoft Height at which the Quick-filver thus accumulated will re¬ main fufpended ; there having been, for ought I know, no Height yet at¬ tempted, at which, if cleanfed, it will not ftand ; and that of 75 Inches, con- fidering the Weightinefs of Quick-filver, is a very great one, being more than equivalent to 80 Foot of Water. (' 2 7 } My Lord Brounker doth a little alter the Cafe from what I take to be the Hypothecs of Mr. Hugens ; for he fuppofeth this purer Part of the Air to be °f like Nature with the groffer Part (which I think Mr. Hugens doth not) a ^d, though finer than the reft, lb as to penetrate Glafs, which the groffer Mil not (there being in all forts of Grains, feme greater than others, and which will not pafs fo fine a Sieve) yet of a fpringy Nature, as the groffer Parts are; which therefore a ( 28 ) a Quantity of fuch fpringy Matter, the Spring hereof will be of equal ftrength with that of external Air, (and therefore able to counterbalance it, though its Weight be much lefs) becaufe admitted with fuch a Tenfure, (ibid. Prop. 12, 13.) But if only an unipringy Fluid (which prefleth but as a Weight not as a Spring) and this defended by the Glafs Tube from any other Prefiure, fave that of its own Weight, it will ftill be too weak to force its own way, till its fingle Weight be equivalent to that which if is to encounter ; which is not only the fpringy Part of the Air, but alfo that fluid unfpringy Part; which though (becaufe fluid) it would give way to a fpringy Body prefling through it, yet not to this fluid, like itfelf, and deftitute of fuch a Spring; and is therefore able to keep it up to a much greater Height than it could do if un- cleanfed of fpringy Air; fo long, at lead, till fome fpringy Body be ad¬ mitted, or fome Concuflion equivalent to it, put it in Motion ; but being once in Motion, it will fo continue (as a Bullet impelled by Gun-powder, or an Ar¬ row out of a Bow) till flopped by fome politive Force equivalent. I do not deny, but that this Explication may be fubjefl to fome Difficulties and Exceptions; but I think, fewer than that of allowing the Glafs penetra¬ ble by this fubtile Matter: But the beft way to fettle this Bufinefs is by luitable Experiments. XII. I caufed to be blown at the Flame of a Lamp fome Glafs-Bubbles, as large, thin, and light, as I could then procure; and chufing amongft them | one that feemed the lead unfit for my Turn (being of the Bignefs of a fome- what large Orange, and weighing about 1 Dr. 10 Gr.) I counterpoifed it in a Pair of Scales, that would lofe their s.Equilibrium with about the 30th Part of a Grain, and were fufpended at a Frame. I placed both the Balance and the Frame by a good Barofcope, from whence I might learn the prefent Weight of the Atmofphere; then leaving thefe Inflruments together, though the Scales being no nicer than I have exprefled, were not able to drew me all the Variations of the Air’s Weight that appeared in the Mercurial Baro¬ fcope; yet they did what I expe&ed, by fhewing me Variations no greater than altered the Height of the Quick-filver half a Quarter of an Inch, and perhaps much fmaller than thofe. I had the Pleafure to fee the Bubble fome- times in an /Equilibrium, with the Counterpoife ; fometimes when the Atmof¬ phere was high, preponderate fo manifefily, that the Scales being gently flirr’d, the Cock would play altogether on that fide, at which the Bubble was hung; and at other Times (when the Air was heavier) that, which was at the firft but the Counterpoife, would preponderate, and upon the Motion of the Balance make the Cock vibrate altogether on its fide. And this would conti¬ nue fometimes many Days together, if the Air fo long retained the fame meafure of Gravity ; and then (upon other Changes) the Bubble would regain an /Equilibrium, or a Preponderance; fo that I had oftentimes the Satisfaction, by looking firft upon the ftatical Barofcope (as for Diftinftion’s fake it may be called) to foretel, whether in the Mercurial Barofcope the Liquor were High or Low. If the Ground on which I went in framing this Barofcope, be demanded, the Anfwer in fhort may be; 1. That though the glafs Bubble, and the brafs Counterpoife, at the Time of their firft being weighed, be in the Air, wherein they ( 29 ) the y both are weighed, exaftly of the fame Weight; yet they are nothing near die fame Bulk, the Babble by Reafon of its capacious Cavity (which con¬ tains nothing but Air, or fomething that weighs lefs than Air) being, perhaps, a hundred or two hundred Times bigger than the Metalline Counterpoife. 2 - That according to the Hydroftatical Laws, if two Bodies of equal Gravity, but unequal Bulk, come to be weighed in another Medium, they will be no longer equiponderant; but if the new Medium be heavier, the greater Body, as being lighter in Specie, will lofe more of its Weight than the ieffer and more compact •, but if the new Medium be lighter than the firft, then the bigger Body will out-weigh the lefler: And this Difparity arifing from the Change of Mediums, will be fo much the greater, by how much the greater Inequa¬ lity of Bulk there is between the Bodies formerly equiponderant. 3. That, laying thefe two together, I confider’d that ’twould be all one, as to the Ef- fedl to be produced, whether the Bodies were weighed in Mediums of differ¬ ing Gravity, or in the fame Medium, in Cafe its fpecifick Gravity were con- fiderably alter’d : And confequently, that fince it appeared by the Barofcope, that the Weight of the Air was fometimes lighter, the Alterations of it, in Point of Gravity, from the Weight it was of at firft counterpoifing of the Bubble of it, would unequally affeft fo large and hollow a Body as the Bubble, a nd fo fmall and denfe an one as a Metalline Weight: And when the Air, by an Encreafe of Gravity, fhould become a heavier Medium than before, it Would buoy up the Glafs more than the Counterpoife; and if it grew lighter than it was at firft, would fuffer the former to preponderate. One Morning early, being told of a Mill, I lent to fee whether it made the Air fo heavy as to buoy up the Bubble; but I did not learn, that that Mift had any fenfible Operation on it. Though a fingle Bubble of competent Bignefs be much preferable, by rea¬ fon that a far lefs Quantity and Weight ot Glafs is requifite to comprife an equal Capacity, when the Glafs is blown into a fingle Bubble, than when it is divided into two; yet I found that the employing of two inftead of one, did not fo ill anfwer my Expeftations, but that they may, for a Need, ferve the Turn inftead of the other, than which they are more eafy to be procured : And if the Balance be ftrong enough to bear fo much Glafs, without being in¬ jured, by employing two, or a greater Number of large Bubbles, the Effedt may be more confpicuous, than if only a fingle Bubble (though a very good one) were employ’d. This Inftrument may be much improved by divers Accommodations. As, 1. There may be fitted to the Anfa (or Cheek of the Balance) an Arch of a Circle divided into'"i5 or 20 Deg. (more or lels, according to the Goodnefs of the Balance) that the Cock, retting over againft thefe Divifions, may readily, and without Calculation, Ihew the Quantity of the Angle, by which, when the Scales propend either Way, the Cock declines from the Perpendicular, and the Beam from its Horizontal Parallelifm. 2. Thofe that will be lb curious, may, inftead of the ordinary Counter¬ poife (of Brals) employ one of Gold, or at leaft, of Lead ; whereof the latter being of equal Weight with Brafs, is much lels in Bulk, and the former amounts not to half its Bignefs. 3. Thofe. ( 3 ° ) 3. Thofe Parts of the Balance, that may be made of Cbpoer or Brafs, with¬ out any Prejudice to the Exabtnefs, will, by being made c, one of thofe Me¬ tals, be lefs fubjed than Steel (which yet, if well hardened and polifhed, may laft good a great while) to ruft with long Handing, 4. Inftead of the Scales, the Bubble may be hung at one End of the Beam, and only a Counterpoife to it at the other; that the Beam may not be burden¬ ed with unnecefiary Weight. 5. The whole Inftrument, if placed in a fmall Frame, like a Iquare Lan- thorn, with Glafs Windows, and a Hole at the Top, for the Commerce of the internal and external Air, will be more free from Duif, and irregular A- gitations-, to the latter of which it will otherwife be fometimes incident. 6. This Inftrument being accommodated with a light Wheel, and an Index (fuch as have been applied, by the excellent Dr, Chr. Wren, to open Weather- Glafies, and by the ingenious Mr. Hook , to Barofcopes ) may be made to (hew much more minute Variations than otherwife. 7. And the Length of the Beam, and Exquifitenefs of the Balance, may eafily, without any of the foregoing Helps (and much more with them) make the Inftrument far exader than any of thofe I was reduced to employ. And to tbefe Accommodations divers others may be fuggefted, by a farther Confi- deration of the Nature of the Thing, and a longer Pradice. Though, in lome Refpeds, this ftatical Barofcope be inferior to the Mer¬ curial ; yet in others, it has its own Advantages and Conveniencies above it. And, 1 . It confirms, adOculum , our former Dodrine, That the Falling and Rifing of the Mercury depends upon the varying Weight of the Atmofphere; fince in this Barofcope it cannot be pretended, that a Fuga Vacui, or a Funi¬ culus, is the Caufe of the Changes we obferve. 2. It fhews, that not only the Air has Weight, but a more confiderable one than fome learned Men, who will allow me to have proved it has fome Weight, will admit; fince even the Variation of Weight, in lo fmall a Quantity of Air, as is but equal in Bulk to an Orange, is manifeftly difcoverable upon fuch Balances as are none of the niceft. 3. This ftatical Barofcope will oftentimes be more parable than the other; for many will find it more eafy to procure a Pair of good Gold Scales, and a Bubble or two, than a long Cane feal’d, a Quantity of Quick- filver, and all the other Requifites of the Mercurial Barofcope ; eipeci- ally if we comprize the Trouble and Skill that is requifite to free the de- ferted Part of the Tube from Air. 4. And whereas the Difficulty of remov¬ ing the Mercurial Inftrument has kept Men from fo much as attempting to do it, even to neighbouring Places; the eflfential Parts of the Scale Baroi- cope (for the Frame is none of them) may very eafily, in a little Room, be carried whether one will, without the Hazard of being fpoiled or injured. 5. There is not in ftatical Barofcopes, as in the other, a Danger of Uncer¬ tainty, as to the Goodnels of the Inftruments, by Reafon that in thefe the Air is in fome more, and in fome lefs perfedly excluded ; whereas in thofe, that Confideration has no Place. (And by the way, I have fometimes, upon this Account, been able to difcover, by our new Barofcope, that an efteemed Mercurial one, to which I compared it, was not well freed from Air.,) 6. It being very poffible to difcover Hydroftatically, both the Big- ( 3i ) nefs of the Bubble, and the Contents of the Cavity, and the Weight and Di¬ men fions of the Glafly Subftance (which, together with the included Air, make up the Bubble) much may be difcover’d by this Inftrument, as to the Weight of the Air, abfolute or refpe&ive. For when the Quick-filver in the Mercurial Barofcope is either very high or very low, or at a mid¬ dle Station, between its greateft and leaft Height, bringing the Scale Baro¬ meter to an exaift Equilibrium (with very minute Divifions of a Grain) you may, by watchfully obferving when the Mercury is rifen or fallen juft an Inch, or a fourth, or half an Inch, &c. and putting in the like minute Divifions of a Grain, to the lighter Scale, till you have again brought the Balance to an exquifite Equilibrium j you may, I fay, determine what known Weight, in the ftatical Barofcope, anfwers fuch determinate Altitudes of the afcending and defcending Quick-filver in the Mercurial. And if the Balance be accommodated with a divided Arch, or a Wheel and Index, thefe Obfer- vations will aflift you for the future, to determine readily, by feeing the In¬ clination of the Cock, or the Degree marked by the Index, what Pollency the Bubble hath, by the Change of the Atmofphere’s Weight, acquired or loft, y. By this ftatical Inftrument we may be aflifted to compare the Mer¬ curial Barofcopes of feveral Places (though never fo diftant) and to make fome Ettimates of the Gravities of the Air therein. As if, for Inftance, I have found, by Obfervation, that the Bubble I employ’d, weigh’d juft a Drachm, when the Mercurial Cylinder was at the Height of 29 i Inches (which in fome Places I have found a moderate Altitude) and that the Ad¬ dition of the 16th Part of a Gr. is requifite to keep the Bubble in an Equi¬ librium, when the Mercury is rifen an 8 th, or any determinate Part of an Inch above the former Station : When I come to another Place, where there is a Mercurial Barometer, as well freed from Air as mine (Tor that muft be fup- pofed) if taking out my Scale Inftrument, it appears to weigh precifely a Drachm , and the Mercury in the Barofcope ftand at juft 29 5 Inches, we may conclude the Gravity of the Atmofphere not to be fenfibly unequal in both thefe two Places, though very diftant. And though there be no Barof¬ cope there, yet, if there be an Addition of Weight, as for Inftance, the 16th Part of a Grain, requifite to be added to the Bubble, to bring the Scales to an Equilibrium, it will appear, that the Air, at this fecond Place, is at that Time fo much heavier than the Air of the former Place was, when the Mercury flood at 29 \ Inches. But in making fuch Comparifons, we muft not forget to confider the Situa¬ tion of the feveral Places; if we mean to make Eftimates, not only of the Weight of the Atmofphere, but of the Weight and Denfity of the Air. For though the Scales will fhew, as has been faid, whether there be a Difference of Weight in the Atmofphere at the two Places; yet if one of them be in a Vale or Bottom, and the other on the Top, or fome elevated Part of a Hill, it is not to be expedited, that the Atmofphere, in this latter Place, fhould gra¬ vitate as much as the Atmofphere in the former, on which a longer Pillar of Air does lean or weigh. And the Mention I have made of the differing Situation of Places, puts me in Mind of fomething that may prove another Ufe of our ftatical Ba¬ rofcope j ( 32 ) rofcope namely, that by exactly polling the Bubble at the Foot of a high Steeple, or Hill, and carrying it in its clofe Frame to the Top, one may, by the Weight requifite to be added to the Counterpoife there, to bring the Beam to its Horizontal Pofition, obferve the Difference of the Weight of the Air at the Bottom, and at the Top ; and in Cafe the Hill be high enough, at fome intermediate Stations: And, perhaps, when duly improv’d, it may affift Men to eftimate the abfolute or comparative Height of Mountains, and other elevated Places of the Earth. The ufi of XIII. By accurate Barqfcopes we may regain that Knowledge which ftill re- Ba rmtcten ; f lc j es j n 3 rui;eSj anc j we forfeited by not continuing in open Air, as they, do for n. 122. P . the mod; Part, and by Intemperance corrupting the Crafts of our Senfes. . XIV. i, Dec. 26, 1669. in the Morning, the Weather was colder than unand,ob- ev er I found it, fince I could take it by the Meafure of a Thermometer; that f m 7 dcZTtb is fince thefe 5 or 6 Years. It was very cold, and freezing quick fome Days them-,by Dr. b e fo re a nd after: And yet, in this Time the Mercury hath fometimes fallen ss- B p. a ni4. mote than an Inch, without any other Change of Weather than fome Guffs of Winds, fome Sprinklings of Snow at feveral Times, in all fcarce enough to cover the Ground ; and fome Abatements of Cold, more efpecially when the Sun was up. To note this Degree of Cold more particularly, I muff acquaint you, that in my ftanch Thermometer, on the laid 26th of December, the Liquor was at 3 t Inches: Whereas, in ordinary brilk Frofts, it is at 7 Inches. Yet here I muff obferve, that fometimes the Fioft diffolves, when it is at the 7th Figure •, and fometimes I find it at the 8th Figure, in a fmart Froft. ’Tis warm May Weather when ’tis at the 10th Figure; and ’tis not much above the 12th Figure in the hotteft Weather of June, July, and Augujl. I think it remarkable, that the 7th Inch, and fometimes the.8th, in my Thermometer, fhould abide freezing, and the Froft increafe, till the Liquor defeend 4- Inches; and yet that it Ihould not afeend from the 8th Inch more than \\ Inches in our hotteft Summer, being hung in the fame Place, within 18 Inches of the Glafs Window, facing the North-weft, and in a little Writing Room, in the 2d Row of Buildings. But now I am ftrongly perfuad- ed, that the Degrees of Heat and Cold are not ex Ytly indicated by the in- clofed Spirit of Wine : For when the Snow melted, and the Froft was firft dififolved, without Sun-fhine, the Liquor was not above the Height of 5- In¬ ches ; poftibly it retains fome Part of the Cold a while after the ambient Air becomes more tepid. By Dr. j. 2. My Thermofcope was firft made in Dec. 1664. The whole Height of the fmall Cylindrick Glafs, whofe Cavity was about ~ of an Inch Diameter, nil! ' was about 28 Inches; befides a fmall Spherical Bowl at the Top, of about $ of an Inch Diameter, and a Bowl at the Bottom, which contained the Liquor (bein 0- Spirit of Wine tinged with Cochineal) of about 2 Inches Diameter: The Space above the Liquor being, at the firft Compofure of it, void of Air, B.10, p.i6g. five what it had out of the Liquor; which being warm at the firft putting in, filled the whole Cavity, while the Glafs was Hermetically feal’d. I pla¬ ced it fo, as never to be expofed to the Sun, but in a Room that has a Win- Ap>lfi7 . dow only in the North ; and therefore it gives an Account only of the Tem¬ perature mS. ( ‘33 ) perature of the Air in general, not of the immediate Heat of the Sun-fhine. It is fo nice, as that my being or not being in my Study, I find to vary its Height fometimes almoft + of an Inch, The lowefl: Mark to which the Liquor did fubfide in Jan. and Feb. i 66 f- n. was at 124 Inches: At 144 it was Froft certain; and fometimes at 15, and at 15 j (yet this I often obierved, that the Air by the Thermofcope has ap- n.iopi.69. peared confiderably colder, and the Liquor lower, or fometimes when there was no Froft, than at fome other Times, when the Froft hath been confiderably hard:) The greateft Height in the Summer following was at 25, 26, i 6 \. In Dec. Jan. and Feb. 1665. we had at 144 Froft certain ; fometimes at 15 n 55. or higher i and the lowed, to which it did that Winter defcend, was 12^- p-IIlS The Height in the following Summer, 1666. was dually about 19, 20, 2t •, the higheft of all at 25. In Dec, and Jan. 1666. it was Froft certain, at about 13-1 (an Inch lower than the Years before ; the Liquor, itfhould ieem, becoming lefs fpirituous) fometimes at 14 or 144: It was hard Frofty Weather at 12, 11, and once at io-j •, the Weather being very cold. The ufual Height in the Summer fol¬ lowing, 1667. was about 19, 20, 21, and the higheft at 24-j. The Winter following, 1667, it was fcarce certain Froft at 13; but yet fometimes at 14, or a little higher: The lowed, to which it did defcend that Winter (being very mild after Cbriflmas) was at 12. And the following Summer, 1668. ufually about 18, 19, 20 ; the higheft of all (the Heat of that Summer being but very moderate) at 22. The next Winter it was Froft certain, about 127 ; but fometimes at 13, or higher: the lowed of all at 105. And in the Summer following, 1669. the higheft of all (being but a cool Summer) not much above 20. At Chrijlmas, 1669. though 1 found it to be Froft certain about 124, and fomething higher than 13 ; yet hath it come fometimes lower than 8 ; and particularly Dec. 26, in the Morning, to 7^ ; and did not all that Day come fo high as 8 Inches : Which being fo much lower than ever it had been in any of the precedent Years of my Oblervation, though it may, in part, be at¬ tributed to the difpiriting of the Liquor, yet principally to the Extremity of the Cold. Jan. i.when the Froft feem’d to relent, it was fomewhat higher than 9 ; and Jan. 7, about 13^. 3. The greateft Height the Spirit did rife to in the Thermometer, was two Albcmo. Divilions below extream Hot, when we were near the EquinoElial. TcTfsZ'- XV. Since the fame Degree of Heat does not proportionally expand all by Mr. ja.’ Fluids ; fome fwellingwith a gentle Warmth, and others not till they be con- ^"" ! n nB f 64 fiderably hot ; fome boiling with a moderate Heat, and others not at all; p. 577. fome capable of great Expanfion, others increafing very little ; it may well be concluded, that no one of them does increafe and diminifli in the fame Pro- raihuidt, portion with the Heat, and confequently, that the Thermometers graduated by equal Parts of the Expanfion of any Fluid, are not fufficient Standards of £>«">«<>/ TT 1 p m 1 the Thermo- Of Cold. meter j by This will be more evident from the Experiments which I made in the Months of Feb. and Mar. about 4 Years fince (the Weather being reaibnably Vol. II. F cold ( 34 ') cold and not freezing) with Water, Mercury, and Spirit of Wine; wherein the following Particulars were very remarkable. 1. I took a large Bolt-head, holding- about 3 \ lib. of Water, with a narrow Neck to make the Augment thereof more fenfible,; and having filled it with Water, and -fame few Inches up the Neck ; I noted exactly to what Mark the Water came: Then I immerfed it into a Skillet of warm Water, and let it ftand fo long, till I concluded the warm Water had communicated its Tem¬ per to the Water included in the Bolt-head; and I found, that though the Water were warm, much beyond the Degree of the Summer’s Heat,, and notwithftanding it was Winter, yet that gentle Heat had fcarce any Effed in dilating the Water; fo that it fcarce appeared to have afcended in the Neck of the Bolt-head. Then I took the Skillet, and fet it over the Fire; when it was obfervable, that the Water, as it grew hot, did flowly afcend in the Neck, efpecialiy at fir ft ; but after it began to boil in the Skillet, the Expan- fion thereof became more vifible, and it afcended apace, till fuch Time as it flopped again; the utmoft Effort of boiling Water being able to raife it no higher. Then having made a Mark at the utmoft Height whereto it had arifen, I took it out, and had the Satisfadion to obferve, that though it was not raifed fo high without a very ftrong boiling, yet it fubfided very flowly, as retaining tome Time the Space it had acquired from the Heat, even after the Heat was pafs’d, and the Glals was fo cool as to be touched without burning the Fin¬ gers. However, the next Morning I found it reduced to the firft Mark, where it flood when at firft put in, having loft nothing fenfible by Evaporation, during the Experiment ; which I attribute to the Length of the Neck, where¬ in the Vapours were condenfed into Drops before they reached the Top. Then' I examin’d how much Water would raife that in the Neck, to the Mark whereto it had been encreafed by boiling, and found it was a 26th Part of the Bulk of the firft Water, which, upon repeated Experiments, I found to be true ; but it was obvious, that Water increafing fo very little, with ail the Degrees of Heat the Air receives from the Sun, was a very improper Fluid to make a Thermometer withal; and befides, any freezing Liquor is ufekls for this Purpofe in thefe Northern Climates. 2. I took a fmaller Bolt-head, with a proportional Cane or Neck, and filled it after the fame Manner with Mercury; and having boiled it, as above, I obferved that 125 Ounces of Mercury had increafed the Space of 810 Grains, or a 74th Part of its Bulk when cold. But it was very remarkable, that whereas a gentle Heat had fcarce any Effed on Water, here, on the contrary, the Mercury did fenfibly afcend at firft, and had almoft attainted its greateft Ex- panfion before the Water boiled in the Skillet. And after it boiled, tho’ 1 let it fland very long over the Fire, I could not difeern that the moft vehement boil¬ ing had any Effed on it, above what appeared when it firft began to boil. The Mercury being taken out, as it cooled, fubfided, and in a few Hours returned to the Mark whereat it flood before it was put into the Water. This Fluid being fo fenfible of a gentle Warmth, and withal, not fubjed to evaporate without a good Degree of Fire, might moft properly be applied to the Con- ftrudion of Thermometers, were its Expanfion more confklerable. However., ( 35 ) However, fmall as it is, it W Sufficient to difturb the precife K'icety of the Mercurial Barometers Shewing the Counterpoise of the Preffure of the At- %)fj>h'ere by a Cylinder of Mercury: For if Mercury b'e more expanded, and consequently lighter in warm Weather than in cold ; it will neceffarily follow, that the lame Weight of Atmofphere will require a taller Cylinder ir> Summer, and a fliorter in Winter to counterpoife it. And if the Extremity of Weather do but occafion a 15th Part of Difference, as 5 tis probable it doth, the Effect thereof, on a Barometer, will be a Tenth of an Inch above the Mean, or a Fifth in all. 3. I fill’d thefmatler Bolt-head with Spirit of Wine ; and having fet it in the Skillet of Water over the Fire, I found that it afcended gradually, as the Heat increafed, but dower at firft, and fafter after it was well warm. At length being arrived at a certain pegree of Heat, it would fall a boiling with great Violence, emitting Bubbles, which coming into the Neck of the Bolt-head, would lift all the incumbent Spirits till they had made their Way through. And thefe fucceeding one another very fall, would often raife the Spirit to the Top of the Neck, and fpill it; fo that I found I could go no further with this Liquor, than to that Degree of Heat which occafioned this boil¬ ing, and which wanted very much of that of boiling Water, being aimoft tolerable to the Touch. It was however very remarkable, how exactly this Degree of Heat was determined by the Expanfion of the Spirit ; for in the Jnrtant it reached a certain Mark on the Neck, it began to emit its Bubbles: And having been taken out a little to cool and fubfide, it would cer¬ tainly and conftantly fall a bubbling again, when upon a Second Immerfion, it Was arrived at the forefaid Mark. During this Experiment, it appear’d' both by the Dew on the Neck, and by the Scent in the Room, .that tho’ the Neck were about 30 Inches long, yet the Spirit did evaporate very faft for the Smallnefs of the Surface of the Liquor: And I have often noted the like Evaporations con- denfed in Dew, within the Head of the ordinary .feal’d Thermometers, in very hot Weather. This Degree of Heat which made the Spirit of Wine begin to boil, being de¬ termined fo nicely as I have faid, made me conclude, that this might very properly be taken for the Limit of the Scale of Heat in a Thermometer; and the EffeCt thereof in the Expanfion of any other Fluid being accurately noted, might be eafily transferr’d to any fort of Thermometer whatfoever. Only it muff be obierved, that the Spirit of Wine ufed to this purpofe, be high¬ ly reftify’d or dephleemed ; for other.wife the differing Goodneis of the Spirit will occafion It to hoif'Sooner or later, and thereby pervert the defigned Ex- aitnefs. And by the way, give me Leave to hint, that the fooner or later boiling of Spirits or Spirituous Liquors may poffibly be as good a Teft of their Strength and Perfection, as their fpecifick Gravity, or any other yet ufed. The Spirit °f Wine I made life of was poffibly none of the beft; but I obferved, that at the Point of boiling it had increafed a 12th Part in bulk; which great Dilatation makes it'a Liquor fufficiently adapted to our Purpofe, were it not for the Evaporation thereat, and for the Difference in Goodncfs of the Spirit, arid for that, in Length of Time it becomes as it were Effete, and lofes gradually a Part of its expanfive Power. F 2 4. This ( 36 ) 4. This expanfive Power is in no Fluid comparably fo confpicuous as in that rare elaftick Fluid the Air-, for by feveral Experiments that I have made, I find that the Heat of Summer does expand the ordinary Air about a 30th Wft.cfCM, Part; and that late honourable Patron of experimental Philofophy, Mr. Boyle , alledges his own Trials, proving that the Force of the ftrongeft Cold in Eng¬ land does not contrail the Air above a A 0 Part. So that the fame Air, which in extreme Cold occupies 12 Parts of Space, in very hot Summer Weather, will require 13 fuch Spaces: which is as great an Expanfion as that of Spirit of Wine when it begins to boil: For which Reafon, and for its being io very fenfible of Warmth and Cold, and continuing to exert the fame elaftick Power, after never fo long being included, in my Opinion, it is much the mod pro¬ per Fluid for the Purpoie of Thermometers. Now the Thermometers hitherto in Ufe, are of two Sorts: the one fhewing the different Temper of Heat and Cold, by the Expanfion of the Spirit of Wine, the other by the Air : But I cannot learn that either of them of either Sort, were ever made or adjufted, fo as it might be concluded, what the De¬ grees or Divifions of the faid Inftruments did mean ; neither were they ever otherwife graduated, but by Standards kept by each particular Workman, without any Agreement or Reference to one another: So that whatfoever Obfervations any curious Perfon may make by his Thermometer, to fig- nify the Degree of Heat in the Air, or other Things (which is of conftant Ufo in Philofophical Matters) cannot be underftood, unlefs by thofe who have by them Thermometers of the fame Make and Adjuftment. Much lefs has the Way been fhewn how to make this Inftrnment without a Stan¬ dard, or to make two of them agree artificially, without comparing them together. I fhall only add, that whereas the ufual Thermometers with Spirit of Wine, do fotne of them begin their Degrees from a Point, which is that whereat the Spirit ftands when it is fo cold as to freeze Oil of Annifeeds; and others from the Point of beginning to freeze Water: I conceive thefe Points are not fo juftly determinable, but with a confiderable Latitude': And that the juft Beginning of the Scales of Heat and Cold fhould not be from fuch a Point as freezes any Thing, but rather from Temperature, fuch as is in Places deep under Ground, where the Heat of the Summer, or Cold in Winter, have (by the certain Experiment of the curious Mr. Mariotte , in the Grottoes under the Objervatory at Paris) been found to have no Manner of Effed. fiygrojcopcs ; XVI. i. The Hygrofcopt I make Ufe of, I thus contrived. I took two b -— n - pieces of Deal-board ( Poplar would have been better) each about two Foot Tijr'.l. 5J ' fong, and a Foot or more in Breadth, AB. Thefe I got well plained and Ihotten, that their Edges might meet even together. Of thefe two, fet Edge by Edge, I faftned each End between two Ledges of Oak, CC, of 2 Inches broad, and long enough to reach athwart both Boards (but one Ledge, if it be thick enough, might be made to ferveeach End, by making hollow Furrows or Gutters in it to receive the Ends of the Boards) and fo I fix’d both Boards in, as Pannels are fet in Wainfcot. This done, fuppofing A of an Inch to be the utmoft Diftarice that ( 37 ) that thefe two Boards would fhrink afunder in drieft Weather (for it mat¬ ter’d not much, though it fhould be fomewhat more or lefs) I took a thin piece of Braft, Z), of two or three Inches long and £ Inch broad ; and upon one edge, towards the end, I meafured % of an Inch (which was the ut- tnoft Diftance I fupooied the two Boards would gape afunder ("which Space dd, I divided into five equal Parts, and with a fmall File made them into fo many fine Teeth, like thofe of a Watch Wheel; this piece of Brafs I placed fiat, acrols the Juncture of the two Boards, nailing its one end, by means of two fmall Holes, bb , to the Board A only, and leaving the other End, which s the toothed one, free, and reaching to a competent Diftance over the Board B, to which it had no Coherence; next I made a Pinion (confifting of as ma¬ ny Teeth as the Brafs had) e, upon the end of a Piece of thick Iron Wire; this Axle, F, with its Pinion e, I fo fattened to the other Board B , by means of the Brachiolum E , and fo adapted to the Teeth of the Brafs-plate, that when the Boards do fhrink afunder, the Brafs being drawn a little away, muft needs turn this Axle (by means of its toothed Pinion) more or left ; and fo if ever it happens, that the Boards gape but a Quarter of an Inch afunder, this Axle, will have made one intire Revolution: Wherefore I put a long In¬ dex G G, upon the Extremity of this Axle, and made a Circle round it with the ufual Graduations, number’d from what Point I pleafcd ; and the Motion of the Index back or forward, fhews me the Degrees of the Drought or Moifture of the Air. Now this Axle may be made to come through a round Plate of Wood or Metal that hides the Contrivance, all but the Hand and Figure, as in a Clock or Watch. ’Tis to be noted, moreover, that the Boards muft be faftned to the Ledges, only at the outer Edges, as at aaaa r that they may have the more liberty of fwelling and fhrinking afunder. Tho* the Hygrofcope which I make ufe of be none of the beft Workmanlhip, nor exadtly made after the Defcription I have here given you ("the Boards hav¬ ing not liberty of gaping above r % of an Inch) yet I have oftentimes the Plea- fure of feeing the Index turn io or 20 Degrees in an Hour or two, and when the Air is changed, will return as fwiftly, by the fhrinking and fwelling of the Boards. 2. A A A A, is a Frame of Wood for two Pannels of Deal to play looie in By Mr. at top and bottom, to which at the two ends they are faftned. B B, the two Pannels of flit Deal, three foot Deep and three foot Broad apiece, withes- a diftance left in the middle for the Scope of the Motion. C, the Hand placed or faftned by the Axle-tree to the Plate, and alfo with Nail-holes which are to faften it to the middle of the Pannel within half an Inch of the Scope for Motion; at the lower or fhorter End of which Axle-tree there is, by a Wire like an S, faftned a fmall Silver Chain within a Straw’s breadth of the Axle-tree ; which Chain is to be carried and placed crofs the Diftance between the two Pannels, and faftned to the Pannel oppofite by a brafs Noofe, through which it is to flip, fo as that it may be taken up or let down at pleafure. D, the Roller with a Weight annexed, which by a String is faftned to the loweft End of the Hand C ; fo that as the Relax gives way, the Weight will adjuft the Motion of the Hand to the Index E. E t the Index of Paper, parted ( 3 » ) pafted upon the oppofite Pannel to the Hand, and fo as it is in this Figure, placed near the '('op, for the better Advantage of the Hand’s Motion-, and this Index being but a Quarter of a Circle, is divided into Inches more, dr fewer, according to the Scope which the Pannels Hand requires for their Motion ; but when the Relax fhall require more room for the Hand, then the Chain is to be taken up one Link more, and fo you will be ready for more play upwards and downwards; which taking up, may yet be again repeated' when there is occafion, or the Time of Year requires it. Now, ff the Chain be placed near the Axle-tree, the Motion will be the nicer and larger if farther off, then it will be lefs: For Example, the Mo¬ tion of 2 more than that of 3, and 3 than that of 4, &c. as you may perceive by the Figures 2,3,4,5,6 ; which are placed in this Figure by the lower end of the Hand near below the Axle-tree thereof. From this Contrivance it was, That I have for this 5 or 6 Years pad made thefe following Obfervations, t. That tliefe Pannels of Deal-wood will move by fhrinking mod in Sum¬ mer, and fwelling moft in Winter Seafons but will vary from this, accord¬ ing to the Change, to the then more or lefs Heat or Cold, Moifture or Drought, that the Temper or Seafon of the Year, fuch as Spring and Fall, do produce; it being then more apt to fwell or fhrink on the fudden, but not attaining then to the higheft fhrinking or fwelling, as in Summer and Winter it doth. 2. That for the moft part, efpecially in the Spring and Summer Time, this Motion happens only in the Day Time for then generally all Night it refts, and moves very feldom. *' 3. That one Kind or Manner of this Motion happens in dry, fair Weather, but fometimes in the forepart of the Forenoon, and fame times not until the latter part of the Forenoon, and then at that Time it relaxes or fwells the Deal for about two or three Hours; more, feldom-, lefs, often; and then all the Afternoon after (brinks; nay, fometimes even when a ftnall Rain hath newly fallen, or is then falling; and this not fo .often, but more feldom in Winter, or cold moift Weather. 4. This Shrinking is gradual very often, or for the moft part a little after a moift Time (t/z.) the firft Day after Moifture it (brinks a little ; the fecond Day, more, and fo yet more, according to the then Time of the Year; and as it is then inclined to Moifture or Drought, and Alteration of the Wind, and the then Heat or Cold. 5. The Winds being in the North, North-eaft,, and Eaft, Winter and Summer, for the moft part at that Time the Deal fhrinks, in the Night alfu as well as in the Day, but notfo much ; which is a fign of drying Weather, and fometimes of Froft or Cold in Winter, Heat of Scorching in Summer, in a clear Day. But on the contrary, the South Winds blowing, or the Weft and South-weft, the Deal then always relaxes that Day, or at leaft is at a Stay, provided this, happen in the Day Time; for then if in the Night, not fo much ; and fo this will do lome confiderable Time before Rain. 6 . By ( 39 ) % a conftant Obfervation of this Experiment of the Deals Motion an d Reft, you may be able to know or guefs at the Wind’s Situation with- 2 !?t a Weather-cock, provided you have by you a common and a feal’d Thermometer. 7. Alio you may know the Time of the Year: For in the Spring it moves quicker, and more than in Winter; in Summer it is more fhrunk than in the,Spring; in Autumn lefs in Motion than in the Summer. I fhall only add, that to find whether the Moifture was rarified out of the fmall Cylinder-like Ends of the Wood only, or out of the Sides alfo, I took two Pieces of a feafon’d Deal; the Ends of the one Piece I clofed up with Diachylon Plaifter, but the Sides of this Deal I did not fo clofe up, but left thele Sides with the other Piece without Diachylon. Both being expofed to the open Air, they were found the next Day both of them alike to have in- creafed in proportion of Weight; which feems to prove that the Sides alfo do take in and let out Moifture, In a fecond Contrivance, A A A A, is the Frame of Wood for the Pannels Fig 10 . of Deal to play loofe in, at the Top and Bottom. B B B B, the Croflfes of Deal or Iron faftened to the Frame on each fide; to which is annexed the Circular Index divided into 12, in the Center of which the Axle-tree b, for the Hands, is placed. CC, the two Pannels of flit Deal, 3 Foot deep, and 3 Foot broad apiece, faftned at each End of the Frame, with a Diftance left in the middle for the Scope of the Motion. The inward Work is thus contrived. A A, the two Hands. BB, the two Fig. 1 *. brafs Pullies or Rollers, the one bigger, the other lefs ; to the bigger a fiat .leaden Weight is faftned with a Cat-gut String;, to the fmaller is faftned a fmall filver Chain, which is by the Noofe or.Loop of the Brafs C, to be faftned to the Pannel under the middle of the Crofs, near the Gap or Scope for the Motion; and in that Noofe the Chain to have a faftning to be taken up or let down at pleafure. D, the Roller or Pulley to be placed on the other Pannel oppofite to the Noofe, and near the Gap or Scope, betwixt the two Pannels; over which Roller the fmall Chain, upon its return to the -Axle-tree, is to be placed. It, the Axle-tree, upon which the two Rollers or Pullies, Bb, are to be faftned, and the two Hands, A A, for the Index. F, the Weight annexed to the biggeft Roller or Pulley B-, and the String or Cat-gut to be moved, is to have the contrary Pofture for Motion to the fmall Roller or Pulley upon which the filver Chain is faftned : St? that as the Shrinking of the Pannel moves the Axle-tree one way, the Relaxing may give to the moving the Hands or Axle-tree the other way by the Power of the Weights drawing; which contrary Poftures will give fhe niceft Ac¬ count of this Motion. The Circumference of the fmalleft Pulley or Roller, b y is to be no bigger than juft fo much Scope or Diftance as the two Pannels make by the Ex¬ tremity of their utrnoft Swelling or Shrinking; and fo one full Revolution of the Hand upon the Index may anfwer the fuileft Shrinking and Swel¬ ling in the Year, and the Diftance between rhe two Rollers or Pullies fix’d upon the Axle-tree, muft be the Thicknefs of your Pannels; fo that the Weight is. to play or move on the one fide of the Pannel, and the Chain on ( 4 ° ) on the other, without Difturbance, or rubbing againft the Sides of the Pannei orthe'Crofs, between which, out of fight, in the Middle, they are to be .placed. , This way was fo contrived 1675. fome Years after the former ; and fo with Chain and Pullies to avoid the fhaking that would happen by applying the Work of Pinion and Teeth to move the Hands; which was then alfo propound¬ ed to Mr. Tampion the Watch-maker, but by him rejected ; though I think that way may be ufed alfo, with a Weight added to regulate the Motion. The Deal Board fhould be of the fineft ftreighteft grain’d, Drum Deal , laid a drying in your Houfe two or three Years. ByMr.Uo- j. A B, is a Whipcord about four Foot long, tied faft to the End of the $£££..Hook, A. At the End of this Whipcord there hangs the Weight, C, about Fig. a . J a p oim d, or fomething more ; this Weight is fo fitted at the End as to re¬ ceive and carry the Index, D. Under thefe there is placed a graduated Cir¬ cle on the Board, EF, fix’d by a Bragget againft the Wall. All Things being thus adapted, the Moifture of the Air twifts the Rope, and gives a Motion to the Index over the Divifions in the graduated Circle; and again, as the Air grows more dry, the Cord untwifts and brings back the Index by a contrary Motion. The Reafon of this is plain, for the little Particles of the Moifture infinuating and foaking into the Cord are like fo many Wedges which muft needs fhorten the Rope, as a Bladder is fhortned by being blown up, and wiil lift a great Weight; but the eafieft Way for the Rope, AB, to fhorten and lift up the Weight, C, is to do it by way of a Screw, for itfelf is a Screw, the Stands thereof being twifted (and each par¬ ticular Thread in it (Screw-wife, and conlequently muft give a circular Mo¬ tion to the Index. To make an Experiment of this, I wetted a Cord and hung it up with the Weight at the end of it, and I perceived as it dried it untwifted, and that too very quick, fo as to be perceived by the Eye; after the Cord had fo far untwifted, as I thought it had come to that Degree of Drinefs, that the pre- fent Conftitution of the Air would permit, I took a Bafon of warm Water, that fent out a Steam and Fume, and placed it under the Cord ; immediately the Cord began again to twift very quick, and fo continued till the Water ceafed fuming, or was removed, and then immediately it began to return its Twifts. I then tried to breathe upon it gently with my Breath, and found, according to my Expectation, that 8 or 10 Breathings would twift it 5 De¬ grees of a Circle. I then permitted it to the Air only, and I find it to obey the Alterations thereof moft nicely; there falls not the leaft Shower, at which it does not prefently twift; and when by rifing Clouds a fair Day becomes overfhadowed, the Cord is immediately fenfibie thereof, and again as fenfibie of their Vanilhing and Alteration to fair Sun-fhine. So that I repute it to be the nice ft Hygrometer that has ever yet been uled, and I am fure is as cheap and plain as any. One of the grand Defe&s of moft (indeed I think of all) Hygrometers hither¬ to invented, is, that they grow weak with Age, and do not fo nicely obey the Alterations of the Air, when long kept, as when firft made; but whether our prefent Invention be fubjed to the lame Fault, I leave to Time to determine. The ( 41 ) The Alterations alfo of the Air may give this kind of Ilygrofcopcs more than tine Turn ; now this being inconvenient, and the Dublication of the Turn hard to be regiftred, as Mr. Hook propofes in his Micrography , concerning the Beard of a wild Oat ; I have thought of a Way for remedying this, for it being in our Power to increafe the Diameter of our graduated Circle as large as we pleafe, what need have we of more than one 1 'urn, from the greatell Deg ree of Moifture to the greateft Degree of Drought ? Now fuppofe I find this Hygrofcope to have two compleat Revolutions (this is to be founded by Ob- fervation throughout a whole Year) I fay then the way of reftifying it is thus: 1 lie Index D his two compleat Turns, the Point H, as being fix’d, has no Turn or Motion, therefore the middle Point, G, has but one Turn ; and con- fequently if I hang it up at the Point G, or no longer than GD, half the for¬ mer length, the Index D will have but one Turn. What is here laid of two Turns, and the middle Point G, may be accommodated to any other Number of Turns and Parts, and Points in the Rope. If a Candle, or heated Iron, be apply’d nigh the Rope, it makes it twift very quick, contrary to Mr. Hook’s Oat-Beard. We may in this Experiment perceive lomething that may help us in the Confideration of the Strength and Motion of the Mulcles of Animals; for take a Cord able to fuffain an hundred Pound weight, by the weak Fume or Steam of warm Water this Wfcight fhall be lifted up ; for if this Steam turn the Weight (as moft certainly it will do, if the Rope be of any moderate Length) the Weight is as certainly lifted up thereby as by a Screw, as is evident to any one that confiders it. If therefore fuch mighty Performances can be pro¬ duced by the Application of fuch mean Agents, as we all know and are con- verlant with, what fhall we think is too great for thofe Parts which God has contrived and framed in the Bodies of Animals ? 4 . It is obferved, that when Oil of Vitriol is fatiated in the moifteft Wea-wi¬ ther, it afterwards retains or lofes its acquired Weight as the Air proves more or lefs tnoift. Thus one Grain, after its full Encreafe, often vary’d its Equi¬ librium fo fenfibly, that the Tongue of the Ballance of Inch long deferibed an Arch of Variation to j of an Inch Compafs (which Arch would have been '"A 2 * Inches, had the Tongue been but one Foot in length,) even with that little Quantity of Liquor; fo that if more Liquor expanded under a large Surface be ufed, the minuted: Alteration of Weather mull: needs very much more af¬ fect it, and a bare Pair of Scales will afford an Hygrofcope as nice, perhaps, as any yet known. This Balance may be contrived two Ways, either fuch whofe Pin fhould be^t?- 1 !- in the middle of the Beam, with a very (lender tapering Tongue, of a Foot, or one Foot and a half long, pointing to the Divifions on a broad arched Plate, fix’d above in the Handle •, or elfe the Scale with the Liquor may be hung to f ; s . 14 a Point of the Beam very near the Pin, and the other Extream made fo long as to mark a large Arch on a Board plac’d conveniently for that Purpofc. The Scale in either may be a Concave Glafs of four or five Inches diameter. Laft- ly, On the Divifion of the Arches fhould be inferib’d the different Tempera¬ ture of the Air fhewn by the Liquor. Vol. II. G X Another ; l Mr. Will.' Gould, ib * P* 505. Fig. 15. To obferve the Srength of Winds 5 -n. 24. p. 444.. Fig. 1,6. Remarks concerning the gradual Alteration of the Tem¬ perature of the Air in America, and in Ire¬ land } by -n. 127, p. 648. (42) I have Reafon to think that Oil of Sulphur per Campanum , as alfo Oil of Tartar per DeHqttium , and the Liquor of fix'd Nitre , &c. may fucceed as well. y 5. Another Hygrofcope may be made of a Viol-ftring running upon Puilies, and fufpending a Bullet fix’d to the ihorter End of an Index, whole other Ex¬ tremity is fo long as to deferibe a long Arch, by the falling and riling of the Bullet upon the ftretching and Ihrinking of the String ; which would be more nice, were the Index faftned to the Center of the laftPully, XVII. Expofe the Inftrument, A B C D, to the Wind, lb as the flat Side CD, may be right againft it; the Number of Degrees upon the Limb, A B, to which the Wind blows up, or raifcs that flat Side, fliews the Force or Strength of the Wind, in Proportion to the Refiftance of the flat Side of the Inltrument. XVIII. That in America (at leaft as far as the Englijh Plantations are extend¬ ed) there is an extraordinary Alteration, as to Temperature, fince the Euro¬ peans began to' plant there firft, is the joint Affertion of them all. This Change of Temperature is, and not without fome Reafon, generally attri¬ buted to the cutting down of vaft Woods, together with the clearing and cultivating of the Country. But that Ireland fhould alfo confiderably alter, without any fuch manifeft Caufe, doth very much invalidate that Reafon. For if it be true, as fome compute, that this Kingdom was better inhabited and hulbanded before the late bloody War, than at prefent, it Ihould, ac¬ cording to the Reaions alledg’d for the Change of Temperature in America, be rather grown more intemperate, viz. for want of Cultivation: But the contrary is obfervable here, and every one almoft begins to take Notice, that this Country , becomes every Year more and more temperate. Now whether there were more Inhabitants in Ireland before the late War than at prelent, I fhail not here infill upon, neither do I think it an eafy Matter to determine-, yet fure I am, that there has been no fuch Increafe of People here within thefe fixteen or twenty Years, nor fuch Improvements as to be accountable for the great Change of Temperature that is of late obferved. Within lefs than the Time newly mentioned, ’twas not unufual to have Frofl: and deep Snows of a Fortnight and three Weeks Continuance ; and that twice or thrice, fometimes oftner in a Winter; nay, we have had great Rivers and Lakes frozen all over ; whereas of late, efpcdally thefe two or three Years laft paft, we have had Icarce any Frofl: or Snow at all. Neither can I impute this ex¬ traordinary Alteration to any fortuitous Concourfe of ordinary Circumftances, requifite to the Production of fair Weather; becaufe it is manifeft, that, it hath proceeded gradually, every Year becoming more temperate than the Year preceding. And I obferved particularly, that all the Winter, 167-^, was very mild, and warmer than could be well expected hom fuch a Seaion, and but very little Rain ; having in the whole Month of February not rained above twice or thrice (at leaft in that Part of the Country where I then was:) infomuch that many took upon them to predict, that fuch unieafonable Wea¬ ther would certainly be the Caule of fome Dearth or Peftilence the enfuing Summer, or Autumn ; but their Predictions proved asfalfe as the following ITarvdt was extraordinary both for Health and Plenty , ( 43 ) This Winter, 167 I, now newly ended, I have kept on exset Account of ^htwCtS Wind and Weather, being well provided with a Barometer , fealed 'Thermo- thermo¬ meters, Hygrofcopes, &c. To tranlcribe my Journal here would be too te-^ 6 4 7 ^* dious; let it luffice therefore to tell you, that it hath been a. very fair and warm, or rather no Winter at all; that we have not had above five or fix frofty Mornings this Winter, and none that lafted longer than till Noon that we had Snow but thrice •, the firft before Chrijtmas, the fecond upon the eleventh, and the third upon the feventeenth of January : This laft, which was the longeft Snow we had this Winter, continued not iorty eight Flours, but thawed. All this Winter we 1 never had two Days of Rain together, nor above two or three that could be well called Rainy Days. March 14, we had a Shower of Rain and Hail together; the Wind being South-weft and calm. The Mercury in my Barometer (which is very (lender, but carefully nil d, and conveniently placed) is for the mod Part about 29/* Inches high, above the Surface of the ftagnant Quick-filver; but yet doth very fenfibly and fre¬ quently vary its Height, according to the Difference of the Atmolpherc s Gravity. Jan. 17, (which was the Day it laft fnowed here; the Mercury was fubfided to 28/* Inches. The next Day it was 28/*, being towards Night fomewhat blufiering, and the Snow thawed. Jan. 19, being fair, but very foggy, the Mercury was at 28^, which" is the lowed: Station it was ever ■at vet with me ; the Wind was Wefterly and calm. The next Day it was U P again to 29, and afterwards higher. Feb. 15, in the Morning, being cloudy, the Wind Wefterly and bluftering, the Mercury was at 29JL; and about eleven that Night, being fair, clear and calm, it was rifen to 3 ° Inches. The next Day being (till fair, and calm, it was at 30^ Inches-, which is the utmoft Height I have yet feen it at. Next Day it fell a little be¬ neath 30, and kept, as before, for the mod Part about 29^ or to this prefent ; only on the eleventh of March it was at 30 again. Though it be obferved, that frofty and fnowy Winters make early Springs, and for as I^tle as we have had of either this Winter, yet there hath not, within the Memory of any now living happened a forwarder Spring in Ireland ; fince this Place could produce fome Store of ripe Cherries in the mid ft of April. I he Wind keeps, for the mod: Part, here between the North-wed and the South, fddom at Ead, and yet feldomer at North or North-eaft ; info- much that many here dont fcruple to affirm, that for at lead ^ of the Y ear, the Wind is Wefterly •, and we have fometimes known Paflengers wait at Chejter and Holy-Head no Ids than three Months for a fair Wind to come hi¬ ther. XIX. I fixed a round Tunnel of twelve Inches Diameter to a Leaden Pipe, which could admit of no Water, but what came through the Tunnel, by of failing reafon of a Part folder’d to the Tunnel itfelf, which went aver the Pipe, and ferved alio to fix it to it, as well as to keep out any wet that in ftormy i ey , n .aoS. Weather might beat againft the under Part of the Tunnel which was to p- 5 '* placed, that there was no building near it that would give Oqicafion to fuf- peft that it did not receive its due Proportion of Rain that fed through the Pipe, fome nine Yards perpendicularly, and then was^ bent into a Win- G 2 dow ( 44 ) dow near my Chamber, under which convenient Veflels were placed to re¬ ceive what fell into the Tunnel; which I meafured by a Cylindrical Glafs, at a certain Mark containing juft a Pound or twelve Ounces Troy, and had Marks for fmaller Parts alio. By the PJeip of this Cylindrical Glafs I thus kept my Account of what Rain fell, and generally twice or thrice a Day ; when I took feveral other Obfervations, both of the Thermometer , Barometer , "Winds, fsV. What Rain I found in the Receivers, if not more than made what was left in the Cylindrical Glafs a full Pound, I again left in it; but if there was more than that Quantity, I filled it juft to the Pound Mark, which I threw away, and did the like with the remaining Water as often as it would allow, ft ill keeping an Account chiefly of the Pounds thrown away, and noting alfo the Parts of a Pound remaining in the Glafs ; by the Help of which latter, and the Parts remaining at any Time before, but numbering the Pounds and fubtradting the Parts at the End (for Example, of one Month) from the Pounds thrown away, and the Parts remaining at the End of ano¬ ther, I find the Quantity of Rain fall’n betwixt thefe two Times, and that fo as to affure me, that I erred no more in the Quantity of Rain of another Year, than by the Miftake in the Differences of the Parts of a Pound in the firft and laft Obfervation whereas fhould I ftiil write down the Rain that falls between two Obfervations, I might be fubjeft to make as great a Miflake in every one of them, and confequently be much mor --'vi rain of the Quantity of Rain fall’n in many of thofe added together: B. arcs, this Addition is lon¬ ger in performing and giving the Quantity fought, than the Method I make ufe of. I have added thefe Particulars to fhew you how little Trouble there is in this Talk. Obfervations of the Rainy falling Monthly for 11; Years j by Mr. Town- p.53. 1689 ( 45 ) All I have yet learnt from thefe Obfervations, as to the main Point, is, that here we have almoft juft twice the Quantity of Rain that falls at Paris: This County (of Lancajler ) and particularly that Pa,rt of it (about ’Townley) where I live, being generally efteemed to have much more Rain than other Parts, and in a greater Proportion than I thought reafonable to be allowed ; however it be, yet by what I have fent you, ’twould be unjuft, without farther Obfer¬ vations of the like Nature in other Parts, that all England fhould be efteemed to abound as much in Rain as thefe Parts do, where, by reafon of the very high Grounds in Yorkjhire , and the Eaftern Parts of Lancajhire , the Clouds driven hither by the 5 . and S. W. the general Winds in this Part of the World, are oftner flopp’d and broken, and fall upon us, than fuch as come by an E. or S. E. Wind, which, broken by the Hills, are generally lpent there, and then little affeft us ; and this is the Reaion that Lancajhire has often confidera- bly more Rain than Yorkjhire. In the Table I have fent you the Pounds and Parts are doubled, and thefe I have rather fent you than thofe of the whole Pounds; fince the fame gives both the Quantity of half Pounds, and the Height in Inches, according to the general Way of eftimating the Quantity of Rain; only with this Difference, that for the half Pounds, only the laft Figure is a Decimal Fraftion,, and the other the Number of the half Pounds; and for the Height, the two laft Fi¬ gures denote the decimal Fradtion of an Inch, and the Remainder the Height in Inches, fo near the Truth, that they only fall fliort of it i Inch in 200; which Defedt is eafily fupplied. To this I need only add, that the Numbers on the Right-hand are the Sums of all thofe in the fame Line that is in the firft Part of feveral Numbers for ten Years; fo that the laft of them fhews the Sum both of the half Pounds that have fallen during that Space of Time, and the Height the Water would have been raifed in that Time alfo. To this A Hiftory of the Weather at Oxford, 2684 ; by Dr. Plot, n, 269, p. 930. Fig. 17. (46) this I fhall only add one Example: The Sum of all the Rain in the ten firft Years is 41227 ; and therefore according to what hath been faid, 4122,7 is the Number of Half Pounds that fell in the Compafs of the Tunnel during thofe ten Years j and 412,27 the Height it would have raifed the Water during that Time. But if you defire to be more critical, if you add 206, its two hun¬ dredth Part, you will have 414,33 for the true Height, and 41,433 for the mean Height, by thole ten Years Obfer vat ions ; and 413,17' for the mean Quantity of half Pounds. By the fame Method you will have the Means foil the other five,' viz. of Height 41,78, and 417,8 for the mean Number of half Pounds, which Means do ilrangely agree, and both conlidered, do give for the Mean by all the fifteen Years 41,516 Inches in Height, which is about | of an Inch more than double to that railed by the Water at Paris, which is fet down in the Memoirs for the Ingenious , foe February laft, and is ftated about 19’- French Inches, which make 21 Englijh. My way of Gauging by Weight is grounded upon 22,7368 Cubical Inches of Rain-water, being equal in Weight to one Pound, or 12 Ounces Troy ; fo that dividing any Superficies in Inches of a Vetlel, for receiving the Rain¬ water, by the before-mentioned Number, it will give you the Pounds and Parts that will raife the Water upon that Superficies, with upright Sides, juft an Inch : And thus I found that 4,974 Pounds would fill a Cylinder equal at the Bottom to my Tunnel and one Inch high, which you fee is very near 5 Pound, which you will alfo find will only raife the Cylinder higher by 200 Part. XX. 1 here give you the Obfervations of a full Year, made by Order of the Philofopbical Society at Oxford, not only of the Rife and Fall of the Quick- filver (mark’d by the wand ring prick’d Line, after Dr. Lifter'' s Method) and the Weather-, but alfo how the Wind flood each Day. If the fame Obfer¬ vations were made in many foreign and remote Parts at the fame Time, we Ihould be enabled with iome Grounds to examine, not only the Coaftings, Breadth and Bounds of the Winds themfelves, but of the Weather they bring with them ; and probably in Time thereby learn to be forewarned certainly of divers Emergencies (fuch as Heats, Colds, Dearths, Plagues, and other Epidemical Difiempers) which are now unaccountable to us ; and by their Caufes be inftruefed for Prevention, or Remedies. Thence too in Time we may hope to be informed how far the Pofitions of the Planet^, in relation to one another, and to the fixed Stars, are concerned in the Alterations of the Weather, and in bringing and preventing Difeafes, or other Calamities; for by this means it is, doubtlefs, that the Learned Dr. Goad of London, has ar¬ rived to that Pitch of Knowledge he already has in preditfting Weather. This, no queftion was the Opinion ot the Induftrious Walter Merle, Fellow of Mer¬ ton College, who thus obferved the Weather here at Oxford every Day of the Month feven Years together, viz. from January 1337 to Jan-nary 1344 ; the MS. Copy of which Obfervations are yet remaining in the Bodleian Library. And doubtlels it was fome fuch Confideration as this, that moved Erafmus Bar¬ tholin to make Obfervations of the Weather every Day through the whole Year, 1671, which are printed inter Ahla Medka Fho. Bartholini. Weather, . ( 47 ) ( 48 ) ( 49 ) ( 5 ° ) ( 5 1 ) ( 52 ) ( 53 ) XXI. At Caps Corfe in the Latitude of 4 0 49' N. An. 18 66. Nov. 24 and 25, Clear and hot. 26, About two a. m. a Storm of Rain with Thunder for •half and Hour. 27, At the fame Hour, Rain which lafted fomewhat longer. arJ I>68 7> 28, About five a.m. feme Rain, afterwards mifty, and about ten extream hot. 29, About two'i. m. a great Storm of Rain flacking often, but renewing w-v’ again, it lafted about an Hour*, the Day after, clear. Thence to Dec. 7, clear ; then cloudy in the Morning, between twelve and oney>. m. a Shower lading about half an Hour: thence clear and hot. io > A little Mill in the Morning, otherwife very clear and hot; fo till 15. 15, And fome Days after, fomewhat thick, efpecially in the Morning. 19 and 20, We had a dry North and North-eaflerly Wind, call’d an Hermitan t and it overcame the Sea-Breeze found very ill for the Eyes, and moft Men complained of a feverifb Temper ; it was parching, but rather colder than ordinary. 21, It ceafed ; a clear Air and very hot. 23, We had the Hermitan again, but the Morrow it ceafed : Then and 25,, fome Clouds, but no rain. Thence to 29, clear and hot. 29, The Hermi- tan returned, but did not continue. Thence Clouds fometimes, but no Rain till Jan. 2. This Month we had three Funerals, one being fick of the Flux laid vio¬ lent Hands upon himfelf, through Impatience of the Pain, the third Day. The fecond, upon the twenty fifth died convulfively, not having been fick above one Day. The third, Dec. 17. Died of a Dropfy, which had fucceed- eda tedious Flux. An. 1687, Jan. 2. About five a. m. Rain for half an Hour, between ieven and nine for an Hour, from half an Hour paft nine to one p. m. the reft cloudy. 5, At two a. m. about half and Hour. 8, At one in the Morning about an Hour, the Days between fomewhat cloudy: Thence to 12, extream hot. 12 and 14, Somewhat cloudy, otherwife the Heat continued. i7,Atfeven f. m. a ‘Tornado for above half an Hour, and about twelve at Night another; but the Heat very little abated. 22, Between five and fix p. m. began a Tornado , which lafted above an Hour very violent, with great Claps of Thunder and Lightning. Tank fill’d one Foot. 23, In the Morning a great Mift, after eight clear and extream hot. The latter End of January , and the Beginning of February , commonly mifty in the Morning ; after extream hot. Feb. 10. Somewhat cloudy and cool, till then we were troubled with Coughs, for the moft part; about this Time they ceafed. So the eleventh •towards Night, Thunder a far off, and Expectation of a Tornado-, but it fail’d. 12, Extream hot. 13, A ftronger Wind than ordinary from Sea-ward. 14. Something like an Hermitan , but not from its ufual Quarter; clear and hot till about two p. m . then cloudy, but no Pain. Thence to 22, extream hot and clear. From 22 to March \, fome flying Clouds without Rain j lultry hot and unwholefom. 24, Some Shew of a Tornado , but it pafs’d away. This Monthlwe had two Funerals, The ( 54 ) The Beginning of March as the latter End of Feb. j, From fix d:m.\ for an Hour and half a violent Tornado ; the Day after cloudy. 6, Clear. 7, At Night Lightning and Clouds afar off; but nothing followed. Thence to the eleventh, clear and hot. 11, About five a. m. a violent Rain for almoft half on Hour. 12 and 13, Cloudy. 14, About fours, m. a gentle Shower, butlafted not long. 15, Be¬ tween fix and feven a. m. a few Drops, and likelihood of more, but nothing followed ; both Days cloudy. 16, Extream hot. 17, Somewhat cloudy. Thence to 20, extream hot. 20, Cloudy ; about ten a. m. fome few Drops. 21, very hot. 22, In the Morning hot; about twelve a violent Rain for a Quarter of an Hour. 23, Clear. 24, About two a. m. Rain for about half an Hour ; the Day after clear. Thence to April clear and extream hot. No Funeral. April 3, At.three/), m. a violent Tornado , but only fome few Drops of Rain ; at five p. m. a little Rain. 4, Cloudy by Fits, otherwile very hot. 5, Hot and clear. 6, In the Morning hot, about two p. m. cloudy ; about three fome Drops of Rain, in the Evening the Clouds difperfed. 7, Clear and hot. 8, Between twelve and one in the Morning, a violent Rain for near an Hour ; after two, one fomewhat longer; the Day after there appear’d to have been much Rain ; Tank fill’d two Foot and fomewhat more. 9, About feven a. m. fome Drops, cloudy all Day. 10, Cloudy about eleven a. m . a ffnatl Miff. 1 r, Prefently after Midnight it began to rain, and lafted till fix a. m. a great Part of the Time very violent¬ ly, it began with a ffrong Tornado ; Tank above three Feet. The Day after fome Clouds, otherwife extream hot. So alio 12 and 13. 14, About five a. m. a Shower for half an Hour, between fix and feven p. vi. another of the lame Continuance, the Day between extream hot. So 15, 16, A Shower for Tialf an Hour; it began with a violent Tornado, the Rain not much, afterwards cloudy. 17, 18, Clear. 19, Clear aifo, about feven p. m. a confiderable Wind, and Drops of Rain. 20, Clear, but windy. 21, Between twelve and two moderate Rain for near an Hour. 22, About two a. m. moderate Rain almoft an Hour; at eleven y>. m. a fihort Shower and gentle; the Day between extream hot. 23, Cloudy, about ten s. m. fome Drops. 24, Extream hot. 25, About one a. in. Rain for near an Hour; the Morning after hot; afternoon cloudy ; mod Part of the Night Thunder and Lightning, but no Rain. 26, At feven a. m. ffrong Rain for half an Hour, after that a litttle Miff; Afternoon from twelve to three it rained unequally, but the moft part moderate. 27, Extream hot. 28, About twelve fomewhat cloudy, at three p. m. it began to rain, and laffed about an Hour and an half; after, cloudy and fome Drops, in the Night a Shower or two. 29, Cloudy. Thence to May 6, lometimes cloudy ; but for the moft part violent hot. This Month we had three Funerals; one on the third of a Fever, another on the nineteenth of I know not what Pains in the Guts; another on the twen¬ ty-fourth of the Flux. The ( 55 ) The fifteenth, and fome Days following, there fettled upon the Caftle Walls certain Swarms of winged Ants, a little bigger than Bees* they would bite very feverely, and were blown up with Powder. May 6, in the Morning a little cloudy, Afternoon fome Wind, followed by gentle Rain, which lafted till three/), m. after, Cloudy. 7, Hot. 8, Clou¬ dy ; about ten a. in. a gentle Shower for three Quarters of an Hour •, about eight p. m. a very violent Storm of Wind and Rain, but it quickly grew mo¬ derate, and lafted in all not above half an Hour. 9, Clear. 10, About Noon a violent Shower for a Quarter of an Hour; after eight/), m. another as long, but not fo violent ; paft nine, another fhorter. 11, Clear. 12, Clear; paft nine p. m. a very violent tornado with Rain, which lafted fomewhat more than two Hours. 13, Between twelve and one in the Night a fhort Shower ; about nine a. m. fome Drops; fo alfo in the Afternoon, but nothing confiderable ; cloudy all Day. 14, Cloudy; at nine a. m. a violent Rain for a Quarter of an Hour; after, gentle for above an Hour; about three p. m. fome Drops. 15, About three a. m. Rain for half an Hour; between four and five, another; after, foggy and cloudy, with fome few Drop 1 ;; about feven p.m. a violent ‘Tornado with Rain for near an Hour. 16, About four a. m. Rain for an Hour; after eight, fora Quarter of an Plour ; after fix p, m. Rain and Wind, but both moderate, for half an Hour; paft eight, about as much. 17, About four a. m . a fhort Shower; after clear. 18, Clear. 19, Cloudy; about ten a.m. fome Drops. 20, Cloudy ; between eight and ten a. m. a Shower; firft violent, after more moderate, till it ended in a kind of Mift; it lafted in all about an Hour and half; the Day after clear. 21 and 22, Clear. 23, In the Afternoon cloudy; about fix p. m. fome Drops; the Night after, a Shower not con¬ fiderable. 24, Hot, about ten/>. m. a little Shower. 25, Clear. 2.6, In the Night, fome little Rain. 27, Held up. 28, At nine p.m. a Ihort Shower. 29, At five a. m. Rain till near feven ; a little paft feven till nine, after cloudy. 30; Cloudy; the Night after fome Rain. 31, About eight a. in. Rain for half an Hour; from nine till twelve it rained for the moft part very violently; before one, another Shower for half an Hour; from a little after two till five, with very great Thunder. One Funeral on the twenty fifth, after but three Days Sicknefs. The Beginning of this Month we had an extraordinary Number of Toads, which after fome time were not to be feen. The fourteenth we had winged Ants as before. 24, Was the firft Corn, the Seed-time having been the middle of March. June 1, About four a. m. Rain for an Hour; paft one/), m. for half an Hour; the reft cloudy and mifty. 2, From two a. in. till five, continual Rain, ’tis faid there was fome before; from nine a. m. till half an Hour paft fixp. m. continual Rain, fometimes very fierce ; from half an Hour paft nine at Night, Rain till paft ten. 3, From fix to a little paft feven a. m. a very gentle Rain, from thence till one/>. m. moft commonly very fierce ; thence for a little while, more moderate; but it rained hard again till fix/), m. then it drppped but flowly, and fo continued till about feven; in the Night fome '1C- little ( 56 ) little Rain. 4. About eighth, m. fome Drops,, thence clear. 6 and 7, Cleltr, except fome few flying Clouds. 8, After three a. m. gentle Rain for near an Hour; then cloudy, and fome Drops, after ten p. m. a Shower. '9, At five a.m. a gentle Shower, lafted till pall feven; thence a very violent Rain till almoll nine ; fome Drops after that; about three p. m. it began, and rained till paft ten fomewhat moderately. 10, Clear and hot. 11, Cloudy; about eighty, m. a few Drops. 12, From about two a, till near five, Rain, but not violent; a little before fix, a furious Storm of Rain, but little Wind, it latted till half an Hour pall feven. About three p. m. a moderate Rain till a little paft four ; and from thence to fix fomewhat more than a Mill, the Night after it rained a little. 13, Cloudy, in the Afternoon it dropp’d a little. 14, About eight a. m. a few Drops. 15, Somewhat clou* dy. 16, Extream hot, towards Night cloudy, about five p. m. a violent Shower for half an Hour; from a little before eight till paft ten it rained con¬ tinually. 17, From four a. m. till almoll fix, gentle Rain; fo from a little paft fix till paft feven, thence till paft three p. m. cloudy, and now and then fome Drops, then a violent Shower for half a Quarter of an Hour; half an Hour after four it rained again, and continued till paft ten, for the molt part very furioufly ; with fome little Intermiffion it rained all Night. 18, At three a. m. it rained very fiercely; about half an Hour after fix it held up, but clou¬ dy Hill; from eight a. m. till paft three p. m. it rained, but moderately; then it held up a little, but rained after till paft fix, all Day cloudy, and at Night a great Fog. 19, About nine a.m. fome Drops; from one till paft three p. m. very gentle Rain. Thence to the firfl of July foggy Morning and Evening, fometimes hot, but for the moft part cloudy, and more temperate than could be expected from the Climate. Two Funerals, one the ninth, of an Afthma ; the other the twenty firfl, of a Fever. We faw fome forts of Infecls not ufual here, whether monflrous or not I can¬ not tell; the moft notable, a kind of Spider about the Bignefs of a Beetle, the Form neareft that of a Crab-Fifh, with an odd kind of Orifice vifible in the Belly, whence the Web proceeded. July r, Extream hot. 2, Foggy in the Morning ; about nine a. m. a few Drops; after, clear. 3, In the Morning a great Fog ; about nine a. m. it rained fmall Rain for near an Hour; towards Night more foggy than ever be¬ fore ; about fix p. m. fmall Rain for a little time, from eight till paft nine fome¬ what more brifk Rain, after that it cleared up. 4, From nine a. m. to three p. m. fmall Rain, the reft foggy *, between ten and eleven p. m. fome Rain. 5, From two, a. m. till paft eight, conftant Rain, fometimes very fierce, fome¬ times moderate; about ten a. m. fome Rain; between two and three p. m. it began to rain, but continued not long; from eighty, m. to ten, Rain. 6, From about two a. m. to fix, Rain; after, fair. 7, Foggy and cloudy, between feven and eight a. tn. fome Drops. 8, Foggy in the Morning, otherwife clear and hot. 9, About one a. m. a fmart Shower ; between three and five fome more Rain; the Day after foggy. 10, Very dull and cloudy; from three p. m. till Night, a very great Mill. 11, Tole- ( 57 ) ii. Tolerably clear, and very hot, yet fomewhat foggy Morning and Evening. 12, Cloudy; thence to 15, in the Morning and Evening foggy, tile very hot. 15, Cloudy ; about ten a. m. fome Drops; from half an Hour paft two till four, moderate Rain ; about feven, fome Drops; cloudy, feveral tIme s it dropped a little, but nothing confiderable. 17, A little before Day a fhort Shower after, cloudy; thence to 20, foggy Morning and Evening, a od the moft part cloudy. . 2.0, Very clear all Day, and extream hot. 21, Not foggy at all ; yet fomewhat cloudy, but about Mid-day it cleared up. 22 and 23, Very clear a nd extream hot. 24, Cloudy in the Morning; after, as the two laft. 25, Cloudy, but not mifty nor foggy ; fultry hot. 2 6, In the Morning cloudy ; a fter, extream hot. 27, Hot and clear. 28, Thin Clouds, through which die Sun Ihone very hot. 29 and 30, Cloudy. 31, About three a. ffl. two fhort Storms of Rain ; the Day after, clear and hot. Two Funerals; one the feventeenth drowned, the other the twenty-firft of a Fever. ■dug. 1 to5, Clear, for the mod part in the Mornings cloudy; but without fogs, fometimes very hot. 5, About five a. m. a Shower near an Hour ^°ng; about feven, another for half an Hour; till ten, iome fmail Rain ; dience cloudy till one; about feven p. m. a few Drops. 6, Cloudy all Day, fometimes it dropp’d a little. 7, About two a. m. violent Rain with Wind f°t above half an Hour; the Day after, cloudy. 8 and 9, Cloudy and fog¬ gy. 10, More foggy than ordinary; about ten a. m. a great Miff, or fmail Rain for the moft part of the Day after. 11, Foggy, as the former, and mifty; between eight and nine a. m. a Shower of lmall Rain ; Afternoon, clear. 12, Small Rain in the Morning; a fter, as 11. 13, Clear and hot, the Land Breeze very ftrong. 14, Cloudy a H Day, the Land Breeze turn’d to a kind of Hermitan , but not troublefome, n °r continued beyond this Day. 15, Cloudy, feveral Times very mifty, and f°me fmail Rain. 16, Cloudy, but no Mift; Afternoon, clear: Thence to 2 2, clear and hot; but the Nights colder than at other Times. 22, At fix, p. m. Cloudy, a Wind Tornado , but moderate, with fome tfrops of Rain very large. 23, Clear and hot. 24, Cloudy and mifty at hrft ; about ten a. m. clear and hot. 25, Clear and hot. 26, Very foggy, Morning and Evening; for the reft, hot. 27, From five to ten a. m. it rained fmartly j thence cloudy; about two p. m. it cleared up for a while; about nine p, m _ a fharp Rain for half an Hour. 28, Between twelve and c hree a. m. it rained about two Hours; about feven fome few Drops; after, cloudy; in the Middle of the Day it cleared a little, but quickly overcaft again. 29, In the Night fome Rain; at feven, a. m. Rain for half an Hour; fill paft twelve, a very thick Mift ; about three p. m. clear; at Night a very thick Mift. To the End, cloudy and mifty. Three Funerals; 6, one of a Fever; 7, another of a Confumption ; 29, a third of a Fever. Sept, 1 and 2, as the laft. 3, Some few Drops: Thence to 8, cloudy alfb and fififty. 8, About fix j&. m. fome fmail Rain ; between eight and ten p. m. for Vol. II. , I an ( 5 * ) an Hour pretty brifk Rain. 9, In the Morning cloudy and mifty. 10, About ten p. m. a little Rain. 11, Extream hot and clear; in the Night confiderable Rain for feveraJ Hours. 12, About ten a. m. fome fmall Rain, the Morning very foggy, Af¬ ternoon clear. 13, Clear and hot. 14 and 15, In the Morning extream cloudy, and fome Drops of Rain. 16, Clear and extream hot. 17, Mode¬ rate ; about Even p. m. iome Drops; at Night alfo fome Rain, not confidera¬ ble. 18, Cloudy; in the Morning about twelve, fome Drops; all this Week, Morning and Evening, foggy and thick. 19, 20, 21, Extream hot; the fogs ceafed. 22, About one a. m. fome Rain ; the Day after cloudy. 23, 24, 25, in the Morning cloudy ; after, very hot. 26, At Night alfo fomewhat mifty., with many Flafhes of Lightning, but no Thunder. The like Flalhes molt Nights to the End of the Month, alio often cloudy ; at other Times extream hot. Two Funerals; one the nineteenth of a Fever; the other the twenty-fixth, whofe Difeafe I do not know. Odiober 1, About three a. m. a very fierce Rain for near an Hour, milder towards the End ; the Day after, fome flying Clouds. 2, About four, a. m. a little Rain, the Day after, as before ; from eight p. m. till ten, moderate Rain. 3, Cloudy ; about ten a. m. Rain for fomewhat more than an Hour. 4, Cloudy; between eight and ten p. m. a very finart Rain for above an Hour. 5, About nine a. m. a little Shower. 6, About five, a. m. a little Shower; another paft fix: The Day after, and the feventh, extream hot; 8, Hot in the Morning; Afternoon, a Shew of a ’Tornado , with Thunder, and a confiderable Wind, but no Rain. Thence to 16, fome flying Clouds, but generally hot. 16, About four p. m. a little Rain, the Sun fhining then, and the whole Day, very hot; about eight p. m. a very ftrong Tornado , Wind and Rain for about half an Hour, afterward the Rain continued, but more moderate, for near two Hours. 17, Clear and hot. 18, So too, except that about three p. m. there was a very fhort Shower. 19 and 20, Somewhat cloudy. 21, About feven a. m. a few Drops; after, clear and extream hot, but quickly cloudy again ; at eleven a. m. a violent Tornado, with very ftrong Rain and Thunder for near an Hour; thence all the Time till Night, thick and mifty ; till two p. m. Rain. 22, Cloudy. 23, Clear and hot. 24, Some¬ what cloudy ; at feven p. m. a little Rain. 25, Cloudy ; about eleven a. m. Expectation of a Tornado, with fome Thunder, but it ended in a few Drops of Rain about one p.m. 26, About two a.m. a very violent Tornado ; and after the Wind, Rain not very fierce, which lafted till eight a.m. the Day after cloudy. 27, About ten p. m. a violent Wind with Rain, but it lafted not long. 2 8, About three a. m. a ftrong Rain for near an Hour, the Day after extream hot. 29 and 30, Hot, yet with fome Clouds. 30, Half an Hour after eleven p. m. began a very furious Tornado , the Wind was quickly over, but the Rain lafted with extream Violence about two Hours. 31, In the Morning very hot, about two p.m. a violent Tornado , with Rain and Thunder very near, it ( 59 ) fometimes, but beginning again, lafted till near four/*, m. afterward Funerals, all upon the fixth D,ay ; two of Fevers, the other I know not. Nov. Clear and extream hot till the fixth. 6, About half an Hour paft °ne in the Morning, a very violent Rain for more than Hour. f hence to 14, except that the eleventh at Night there were fome few -n'ops, very hot. 14, Extream hot, about nine/*, m. a little Shower; the fame Night about 0rie i a frnart Rain for an Hour and half. 15, Hot; toward Night cloudy foggy : Thence to 19, very hot. 19, Some likelihood of a Tornado, but Nothing followed. 2o > About one/ 1 , m. a fliort Shower; about a Quarter paft two, another D *°t much longer; till Night cloudy. Thence to 26, no Rain, but cloudy Ul! ^ fomev,'hat cooler; yet fome Days extream hot. 26, About ten p. tn. " 'hort Shower. 27, About two another, the reft clear. 30, About two u ■ fierce Rain for about half an Hour. Fhis jaft Year has been the wetted: and mod cloudy of any that can be n>. p. 691 l!cr e remembred; yet the Air has been clearer than it ufes to be in England Day with another. A Tornado is a violent Storm of Wind, followed commonly by Rain, but 7 *.p.69* ‘lot always; the Wind ceafes not prefently upon the Rain, but after, fome-. TUcsij does: In this Place it comes (as does an Hermitan) mod frequently r °/t> the North, taking in the next Points, whether to the Eaft or Weft, but Wpdy tiie Eaft, tho 5 I have feen both that and an Hermitan from other 0i nts ; fo the Account is not without Exception. There are in it abort un- ' tatn Blafts from all Quarters, which I believe reach not many Yards; but ,li - general Wind (for ought that I fee) is not fo unconftant: Veftels that go Windward are helped by them, when they are not over-ftrong, for they are °Ppofne to the Sea-Breeze, and they can fteer by them a regular Courfe ; vv hich fure they could noc do, if they were very irregular. They never fail 0 give Warning before-hand, tho’ fometimes after that Warning they do Qt follow ; there is a very black Cloud appears afar, in which if there be a ;-uid of white Spot, the Wind will be rnoft ; if not, the Rain: this the ■sailors lav. Sometimes there is that Mark, fometimes not; though I doubt aiv: Prediction from it is not very certain ; as neither are any perhaps of that tiini. I 2 • XXI1. The ceafed c kudy. Three ( 6o ) XXII. 'the Rain at Grefham College, 1695 and 3696 , n. 223* P'357' t This Account of the Quantities of Rain fallen in one Year in Grefham Col¬ lege, Loud, per Month, begun Aug. 12, 1695, an ^ the Rain was weigh’d eve¬ ry Monday Morning till Auguft 12, 1696, by Pounds, Ounces and Grains, 'Troy Weight: The Diameter of the Veffd which receives the Rain being 11,4 Inches, whofe Area is a little more than 102,x Inches. Oun. gr. The Sum amounted to 13.1 7 113, which is equal to 29,11 Inches in a Cylinder of the aforefaid Diameter, viz. 11,4 Inches. r, s . is. ABCD is a Frame to fupport the GlafTes. E is a large Bolt-head, with a Neck of twenty Inches long, and capable of holding above two Gallons. F. is a Funnel, whofe Diameter is eleven Inches and T 4 o from G to H. 1 , K, are two Stays, or Pack-Threads which are ftrained by two Pins, L, M, to hold the Tunnel fteady againft the high Winds. 2 V, the Pipe of the Tunnel, at 2 V being no wider than \ of an Inch, through which the Evaporation can be but little. JANUARY,. JANUARY, 1697. xxur. ‘The Weather 1697 at Up- minfter in Efiex; by Mr. Will. Derham, n* 237. p.47. ( 62 ) FEBRUARY, 1697. ( 63 ) MARCH, 1697. ( 64 ) ( 65 ) MAY, 1697. ( 66 ) JUNE, 1697. ( 67 ) JULY, 1697. r— AUGUST, 1697. ( ^9 ) SEPTEMBER, 1697. ( 7 ° ) OCTOBER, 1097. ( 7 1 ) NOVEMBER, 1697. ( 7 2 ) DECEMBER, 1697- I 73 ) * In this Table, the Quantity of Rain, whicfTfell through a Tunnel of twelve Inches Diameter, is fet down in Pounds and Centefimals; and I meafured it with a Cylindrical Glafs, after Mr. iTownie/s Method. Where only one fort of Weather is noted upon one Day, that was the Wea¬ ker of all the Day ; efpecially if the Barometer be noted three times. The lame obferve alio in the Column of Winds. In the Column of Winds, o fignifies a Calm-, 1,2,3, &c, denotes the Strength of the Wind : wherefore 5, or 6, is a little Storm ; 7, or 8, a great Storm. I have noted in the Column of Weather, the Depth of the Snow upon the Ground. The whole Quantity of Rain that fell through my Tunnel laft Year, was 77>6 o /. which is lefs than fell from the Beginning of March (at which time I began my Rain Obfervations) till the End of December , 1696. In which ten Months there fell here, at Upminjier , almoft 11.5 /. and at Townley in Lanca- fhire (according to Mr. Townley' s Obiervations) above 172./. and in the whole Year at Townley 203,76 L XXIV. The Quantity of Rain which fell through my Tunnel this Year, 1698, was 122,32 Pounds. I find foggy Weather makes the Mercury rife, as well as the North Wind ; as may be obferved in the following Table, in the Month of December , at which Time the Mercury was very high,, although the Wind was in the Southerly Points. I fubmit it, whether the Caufe be not the Increafe of the Weight of the Atmofphere, by an Addition of thole Vapours of which the Fog confifts, which are manifeftly as heavy as the Air, becaufe they fwim in it without afcending. Thefe filling up many of the Va¬ cuities of the Air, without extruding much the Parts of Air (as I judge Clouds do) do add confiderably to the Weight of the Atmofphere, and fo caufe the Mercury to afcend. The greateft Range I have ever obferved the Mercury to have, is no more than 2,12 Inches-, it being here never higher than 30,40 nor lower than 28,28 Inches. The lowelt it ever was, within my Obfervations, was Jan . 24, about two of the Clock in the Afternoon ; about which Hour Mr. Town- ley obferved his Barometer to fall to 27,80 Inches,, which, he fays, was re¬ markably low. rhe Weather 1698, at Upminfter; by Mr. Will. Derham, n. P. 4 S* Vol. IL t JANUARY, ( 74 ) JANUARY, 1698. ( 75 ) FEBRUARY, 1698. L 2. ( 76 ■) - ft -“ - march, 1698. ( 77 ) APRIL, 1698. ( 7 « ) M A Y, 1698. ( 79 ) JUNE, 1698. ( 8 ° ) AUGUST, 1698. VolTTi; ' M ( S2 ) SEPTEMBER, 1698. ( S3 ) O CTO B E R, 1698. M 2 ( 8 + ) I NOVEMBER, 1698. ( «5 ) DECEMBER, 1698. ( 86 ) As far as I have learned, the Mercury rifes and falls much after the fame Meafure in mod Parts of our Hand ; and of this you may better judge by fome Obfervations I have here tranlcribed and fent you, of the very low Sta¬ tions: December 28, about three of the Clock, Mercury 28, 17; on the twenty ninth about two Hours and an half 28, 18; and Jan. 2, about the fame Hour, 28, 05; and this time it hardly rofe before I went to Bed ; and on the fixth hill about three Hours 28, 19 ; but this time before nine at night it was got to 29, 28. What I note is, that though once I faw it lower many Years ago, yet never fince I kept my Obfervations, did the Quick-filver de- lcend fo often to thole Pitches; or when it was found very low, did it ever continue fo for any confiderable Time, as it hath done this Year; during which it hath never been very high, and, as I remember, generally much lower than other Years. This hath proved very unfeafonable here, and fo backward, that I thought 1 had never known the like; but examining my Obfervations, I find that of 1673 much what as late, tho’ the Confequence proved not fb fatal to thefe Parts of Europe , as this. The Weather XXVI. At Emuy in China in the Latitude of 24 0 . 20 7 . N. An. 1698, OCioh. 1699 From 1 to 8, the Weather was fair and clear, the Mercury’s Alt. 29-if Di- rtmuy in git. From the eighth to the eleventh, clofe and cloudy Weather, the Mer- m ?jimi cury falling to 29U Dig. cunning- n , Clofe Weather, fomewhat cloudy. 12. Clofe Weather, blowing frefh P^n.’* 56 'at N.E. , 13. and 14. Clofe and cloudy Weather, with much Rain, and frefh Winds from N. E. to N. W. The Tides, (which commonly flow three Fathoms) did flow above half a Foot higher three Days after the Full-Moon, than it did on the Full-Moon at the TEquinox. 15. Fair and clear Weather, with fmafi Gales at N. E. From the fifteenth to the twenty-fourth, fine, moderate, fair Weather, with fmall Gales at N. E. From thence to the thirty-firft, Winds and Weather variable. Nov. x to 15. Variable, clofe and cloudy Weather, with fbme Rain, and variable Gales round the Compafs. 15. Fair and clear Weather, with fmall Gales at N. E. in the Morning the Mercury’* Alt. 29-JTj at Noon 29s*, and at ten of the Night, being cold, ri- fing ( «7 ) fing to 29 16. At Sun-rifing very cold, the Mercury’s Alt. a9i^; at Noon fair and pleafant Weather, the Mercury falling to 29^ ; at Night cold, ri¬ fing to 29if ; the Wind at N. E. 17. This Morning cold, the Mercury at fair and clear Weather all Day, and at height blowing fomewhat frefh at N. E. the Mercury at 29^. 18. This Morning cold, the Mercury at 2 9to ; all Day fair and pleafant Weather, the Mercury falling to 29U, and by Noon to 29^ ; the Weather fair, fomewhat clofe and cloudy,, the After¬ noon Sun-fhining and warm, and at Night temperate, the Mercury continu¬ ing at 29-1! ; fmall Winds at N. E. and almoft calm. 20. A pleafant Sun-fhining Morning, the Mercury at 2910 ; at Noon o- vercaft and cloudy, with little Wind at N. E. the Mercury filling to 2 g\% in the Afternoon fome Drops of Rain, with clofe Weather, and at Night the Mercury continuing at zgif, with fmall Wefterly Winds; fome Rain in the Night. 21. Clofe and cloudy Weather, with fmall Gales at N. E. the Mer¬ cury at 2gii, in the Morning, and continuing fo all Day, with fome Drops of Rain in the Afternoon, the Gale frelhning, and a Shower of Rain at eight of the Night, the Mercury riling to 29^. 22. Gray and cloudy Weather all Day, with frefh Gales between E. and N. E. the Mercury at 2gif, and at Night rifing to 29ft ;* fair Weather, fomewhat cloudy. 23. A very cold Morning, fair and clear, with frefh Gales from N. E. to N. the Mercury at 50 Dig. fair and clear all Day, with a moderate Gale about N. E. clear and very cold all Night,, the Mercury continuing at 30 Dig. 24. A fair, clear and cold Morning, the Wind at N. E. a moderate Gale, the Mercury conti¬ nuing at 30 Dig. a clear Sun-fhining Day, cold and clear all Night, the Mer¬ cury as before. 25. A fharp, cold Morning, fair and clear, with a moderate Gale at N. W. the Mercury falling to 29 ; all Day fair and pleafant, very Warm, and no Wind, the Mercury falling at Noon to 29^, and at Night being fomewhat hazy and calm withal, to 29-j*. 2 6. Temperate Weather all Night, and this Morning fomewhat clofe and hazy, and no Wind, the Mercury at 29^, and towards Noon growing clearer and warmer, rifing to 29-it; fmall Breezes at N. E. at Night falling to 2gif, temperate Weather, 27. Fine, pleafant Weather all Day, with fmall, variable Breezes from the N. to TV. and about to S. the Mercury in the Morning at igif, and at Noon falling to 29ft, and at Night rifing to 29^, fair Weather and calm. 28. Fine, moderate Weather, with a Gale at N, E. the Mercury at 2gjf ; in the Afternoon the Gale frefhned, the Weather fomewhat cloudy, and at Nighc the Mercury was at 295 blowing frefh. 29. Fair and clear Weather, fome¬ what cold this Morning, with a frefh Gale at N. E. the Mercury at 2 9 if, fine, pleafant Weather all Day, with fmall Gales at N. E. at Noon the Mer¬ cury falling to 29^ and at Night being clear and fomewhat cold, rifing to 2 9 io‘ 30. Fair and pleafant Weather, with fmall Gales at N. E. the Mer¬ cury at 2 gH ; at Noon a frefh Gale,, the Mercury falling.to 2gjfi at Night temperate Weather, and little Wind,, the Mercury rifing to 2gi§. Dec. 1. Fine, temperate Weather, with fmall Gales-at N. E. the Mercury at 29i£ in the Morning; fair Weather all Day, and fmall Breezes at N< E. the Mercury at Noon falling to 2gif, and in the Evening to 29^, and at Night rifing to 29io, being . fine,. clear Weather. 2, Fair and temperate- Weather,.. ( 88 ) Weather* fomewhat cloudy,- and overcaft, with fmall Gales at N. E. the Mercury at 29-J J,. and at Night rifing to 2‘9'ii. 3. A clear and cold Morning, with a fine fharp Gale at.jV. b. E. the Mercury at 29-55 ; a cold Air all Day, ithe'Mercury at Noon falling to 297J:, and at Night the Gale frefhning made it colder, tire Mercury rifing to 297*. 4. A fharp Morning, with a frefh Gale ‘ at N. b. E. the Mercury at 295-5 ; fair and clear all Day, with a {mall Nor¬ therly Gale, the Mercury by Noon falling to 297*; a ferene, temperate Night, and almoft calm, the Mercury as before. 5. A fine, clear Morning, with a moderate Gale at S. VV. fomewhat cold, the Mercury at 295* ; at Noon a fmall Breeze at E. b. S. pleafant Weather, the Mercury at 2955' ; at Night a fmall Gale at S. b. E. fair and'temperate Weather, fomewhat hazy, the Mercury at 2975. 6. This Morning fomewhat clofe and cloudy, with a few Drops of Rain, the Weather temperate, with fmall Southerly Breezes, the Mercury at 297I, the Afternoon calm, and fomewhat hazy, the Mercury falling to 2955; at Night overcaft and' cloudy, with fome Rain, blowing frefh at N. the Mer¬ cury rifing to 297 £. 7. A gray Morning, clearing up with a frefh Gale at N. E. the Mercury at 2955 ; in the Afternoon the Horizon a little hazy, the Mercury falling to 295! •, at Night clearer, with a frefher Gale, the Mercu¬ ry rifing to 29-55; a very cold Night. 8. A fharp, clear Morning, with a fine' Gale at N. E. the Mercury at 30; at Noon filling to 29-55, a fine Sun- fhining Day ; at Night cold and clear, a fmall Gale at N. E. the Mercury rifing^to 30. 9. This Morning as the laft, all Day and Night the fame, and the .Mercury alfo. 10. A cold Morning, fomewhat foggy, with a fine Gale at Af E. the Mer¬ cury at 36; all Day fair, clear, and furi-fhining; at Night cold, the Mercu¬ ry at 29*#.' 11. A cold Morning, with a moderate Gale at N. W. the Mer¬ cury at'295f; all Day fair and clear, the Mercury falling to 29-55; at Night a frefh Gale at N. E. the Mercury at 2955. 12. A gray, cold Morning, fomewhat cloudy, with a hazy Horizon, a frefh Gale at N. E. the Mercury at 29-55-; towards Noon falling to 297^, with little Wind and fair Weather; at Night calm, and' fomewhat cold, the Mercury rifing to 297*. 13. A fine pleafant Morning, with a fmall Breeze at N. W. the Mercury at.'297f ; at Noon a fmall Gale at N. E. and in the Afternoon calm, the Mercury falling to 295A; all Day ferene, at Night calm, with a clear Sky, fomewhat cold, the Mercury rifing to 29-5!. 14. A fine temperate Morning, with fome fmall Rain like Dew, and a moderate Gale at S. IV. the Mercury 2970 ; the Afternoon a little overcaft, and the Horizon fomewhat hazy, a fmall Gale at 5 . E. the Mercury falling to 2975; at Night temperate and calm, the Mercury rifing to 29 ff. 15. A fine, temperate, calm Morning, the Mer¬ cury at '2.9N;' at Noon fair, pleafint, calm Weather, the Mercury fallen to 2957 ; all the Afternoon, and at Night, a frefh Gale at N. E. fair Wea¬ ther, the Mercury rifing to 2975:. 16. A gray, cloudy Morning, fomewhat hazy, with a frefh Gale at N. E. the Mercury at 2977 ; at Noon fair and clear, the Gale moderate, and the Mercury falling almoft to 29N ; •the Afternoon fomewhat cloudy, with a fine Gale at N. E. at Night a little Wind, ferene and fharp, the Mercury rifing to 2975. 17. A gray Morning, ( »9 ) Morning fomewhat cold, with a fine Gale at N. E. the Mercury at 29^5 and at Noon falling to 293!-; at Night little Wind, the Mercury rifing to 2 9to- 18. A fair temperate, calm Morning, fomewhat foggy, the Mer¬ cury at 29^ ; all Day fair Weather, fomewhat cloudy, with fmall Winds at N E. the Mercury falling to 29^0 > at Night blowing frefh, the Mercury rifing to igii- 19. A grey, cloudy Morning, with a frefh Gale at N. E. the Mercury at 29I* ; clofe, thick Wea'her, with continual Rain all Day and Night, and a moderate Gale at N. E. at Night the Mercury rifing to 29ff. 20. Clofe, thick, rainy Weather, in the Morning, with a moderate Gale at N. E. the Mercury falling below 2; and by Noon to 29^0 ; continual thick, rainy Weather all Day and Night, the Mercury at 29^, and the Gale as before. 21, A grey, cloudy Morning, but fair, and beginning to.clear up, and calm withal, the Mercury at 29^; at Noon fair Weather, and fomewhat clear, with a fmall Gale at S. IV. the Mercury falling to ; at Night calm and fomewhat cloudy, the Mercury at 29^. 22. A grey, cloudy Morning, continuing fb all Day, with a fmall Gale at N. E. the Mercury at 2at Night rifing to 23. A grey, cloudy Morning, conti¬ nuing fo all Day, with fmall Gales at N. E. the Mercury at 297^ ; at Night more ferene, the Mercury rifing to 29^. 24. A grey Morning, and calm Weather, the Mercury at 29^; clofe and cloudy Weather all Day, and no Wind, the Mercury falling to 29^; at Night rifing almolt to 29^. 25. A grey, cloudy Morning (fume Rain before Day-light) with fmall Southerly Breezes, the Mercury at 29-ff. Towards Noon Sun-fhining and pleafant, little Wind variable, the Mercury falling to 29^ ; the After¬ noon, and at Night, overcaft and cloudy, the Wind at S. h. E. and the Mer¬ cury rifing to 29fi. 27. A fine pleafant Morning, with a hazy Horizon, and altogether calm, the Mercury at 29ii, and by Noon at 29^0 > all Day pleafant Weather, and at Night fmall Gales at North Eo.jl , the Mercury ri¬ fing to 29if. 28. A fine, pleafant Morning, with a fmall Breeze at E. N. E. the Horizon fomewhat hazy, and the Mercury at 29^, at Noon falling to 29i§ ; all Day fair and pleafant Weather, with the aforefaid Breeze; at Night calm, the Mercury falling almoft to 29/,. 29. A grey Morning, with a clofe Horizon, and a fmall Breeze about E. N. E. the Mercury at 29j’o ; calm all the Forenoon, in the Afternoon pleafant Weather, with a fmall Gale at S. E. the Mercury at 29 N ; at Night calm, the Mercury at 29/0* 3°- A grey, cloudy Morning, and clofe Weather, with a frefn Gale at S. E. the Mercury at 29^; all Day cloudy and dark, the Gale frefhen- ing and veering to EvN. E. the Mercury rifing to 29U. 31. Grey, cloudy Weather all Day, with a frefh Gale at N. E. in the Evening fome Rain, blowing frefh all Night. Jan. 1, 1699. Variable Weather, with fmall Gales at N. E. 2. Rainy, thick Weather all Day and Night, with little Wind at N. E. 3. Continual thick, rainy Weather all Day and Night, the Wind at WE. 4. Fair Weather, lbme- what clofe, and calm all Day and Night. 5. Clofe Weather, with fome Rain, and calm this Forenoon ; and in the Afternoon a fmall Breeze at IV. N. W. Yol. II. N JANUARY, ( 9 ° ) ( 9 r ) F E B R U A R Y, 1699. N 2 ( 92 ) March, 1699. I ( 93 ) APRIL, 1699, ‘ 2.1 ( 9 + ) ( 95 ) JUNE, 6 Very dry, hot Day 12 6 Fair 2 9 Rain 6 12 __9 6 I 2 ~~~6 I 2 _ 9 6 12 —2 6 12 ~~6 12 9 to, 12 Wfather hair and Dry 6 Great Drought 6 Cloudy 2 9 Fair 6 Fab Hot 9 Cloudy Hot and very Dry Fair Rain Winds. 3 . W. 2 S.w.b.f. o W. W.by .; W.by S. % W. 2 Clouds. W. b.S. S.W.byS W.byN. 2 w. W.byS. l E. o E. S. S. W o S.byW. 4 N. W. W.by N. W. by S. S.E.byS S. by E. S.w.by f. ( 96 ) JULY, 1699. Vo L. II.' o f 98) ( 99 ) OCTOBER, ,6 9 g. 10 , ; 1 t. > 2 . > 4 . > 6 , NOVEMBER, ( 100 ) NOVEMBER, 1699. ( 101 ) DECEMBER, 1699. Weather roit Cloudy Snow 8 Cloudy Fair 9 Rain ' 12 9 Wan 12 6 Cloudy and 9 Warm ■ 12 - 9 S Cloudy Milling Warm * .2 J? 'o.i 8 12 1 0 ‘3-U H.«2 -^9 8 $• 12 Rain Fair Rain Fair Rain and Rain Fair 8 Fa Cloudy 9 Rain 8 Cloudy and fome Rain Cloudy Fair Rain Fair 9 Cloudy «.,r' n, " E 9: Fair Winds. 11 Clouds. N. INI. W.oil N. W. o|] E. by S. 3 E. 4 ) E. E.byS. 3 | S. E. 3;p. o. E. S. by E. o»S. by W, S. 2 S.S. W. S. 2 S by E. 3 S. S. S. E. 1 S. S. E. 3 S. E. 3 S. S. E. 3’ S. by E. 1 S. by E. z S'. by W S. by E. S. W. o 3 S. by F. 2 S. by W. a. i;S. W. S. W. 3 S.w.b.w. 3! S- W. 1 W. byS. VV.byS. , W.byN.z N.N.'W N.N.W. 1 N.N.W.ij N. 1! '■orom. [Thfr. Rain. z 9 71? 73 : 29 79 6 9 5 8 | 6oj 28 52 94j z8 433 100 28 0 I 98 o 18 28 74j 99 29 o 1 29 14 29 28 29 26; z 9 3 Z z 9 39 29 50 29 48; I 12 29 48 99 110 ro 107 1 1 5 108 106 105 19 37s 109 29 3z| 116 19 _ 3 ^| ”4 29 195 *13 29 19I 117 29 20? 1,2 29 411 102 29 46I i' 2 2 9 51 29 88 29 95 98 92 ic8 29 84] >09 29 78] 1 '5 o 13 2 9 73 a! 108 29 54- 110 29 57 112: 29 63J 104 6 61 29 511 102 108 98 29 43 9 48 29 64 ,9 C9 29 91 o 21 100 103 99 30 07J 95 30 14. 101 30 27! 87 74 O 36 o 38 o 06 O 3 6 D. b. Weather. l 7 I z Fair 9 Rain 8 Froit 18. 12 Hazy 9 Fair 8 Cloudy 12 with 9 Thaw 19, 8 Cloudy 20. 12 9 Fair 8 Milling 21 12 g F’airer 8 Milling 22. 12 9 Cloudy 8 Froit 23. 12 Fog 9 Cioudy 8, 24. 12 Cloudy 9 '_ 8 Fairer 23. 12; 9'Rain 8, Cloudy 26. iz] 9y A/r. Scarsburgh, n. 231. p. ° 59 - By , . . n. 212. p. 192. A Spout at Topfham, near Exeter, by Mr. Z. Maine, n. 215. p. 18. ( 104 ) Years, when the then gentle Air (or Wind fhall 1 call it; only vibrated up¬ on that Point of the Compafs. 3. Dec. 21. 1674. The JVind liere (at Farbut) was extraordinary : It broke a Standard-Stone, that flood as an Obelijk near an old Church •, which Stone was about twelve Foot high, five Foot broad, and near two Foot thick. Whole Woods were overturned, and torn up from the Root, though in alow Situation. It blew from the North-weft, and of a long time the Wind had continued Wefterly. 4. 03 . i q. 1693. There happen’d a mod violent Storm in Virginia , which flopped the Courfe of the ancient Channels, and made feme where never were any : So that betwixt the Bounds of Virginia and Newcajile in Penfyhanid, on the Sea-board Side, are many navigable Rivers for Sloops and fmall Vefiels. 5. Aug. 1, 1694. There happen’d here (at Warrington in Northamptonfhire ) between One and Two a Clock, a very terrible Whirkvind amongft the Shocks of Corn, in that Part of Acrement Cloje, which is in the Pofieffion of Mr. Holt , and took up into the Air about 80 or 100 Shocks, carrying a great deal out of Sight; the reft was flattered about the Field, or on the Tops.of Houfes or Trees thereabouts. I have feen of the Corn which was carried a Mile diftant from the Field ; and it is reported by Perfons of good Credit, that fome was carried four or five Miles diftant. The Whirlwind continued in Acrement Clofi full half an Hour: I myfelf, and feveral other Perfons, faw at leaft three or four Waggon Loads of Corn all at once whirled about in the Air. XXIX. Thefe Appearances are frequent abroad, but very flldom or never feen before with us, tbo’ fome pretend to have feen of them in the Downs. The French call them Frombs , 1 fuppofe from the Figure and the Noife that they make, that Word fignifying a Sort of a Humming Fop. They are certain Elevations of Water during Storms and Fempejls , reaching from the Superfi¬ cies of the Sea to the Clouds. They happen leveral Ways; fometimes the Water is feen to boil, and raife itfelf for a confiderable Space round, about a Foot from the Surface, above which appears, as it were, a thick and black Smoak, in the Midft of which is obferved a Sort of Stream or Pipe refcmbling a Tunnel, which arifeth as high as the Clouds; at other Times thefe Pipes or Tunnels are obferved to come from the Clouds, and fuck up the Whiter with great Noife and Violence. They move from the Place where they were firft gathered, according to the Motion of the Wind , and difeharge themfelves fometimes into the Sea, to the unavoidable Deftrudtion of luch Ships as are in their Way, if they be lmall Vefiels, and to their great Damage be they never fo big: Sometimes on the Shore beating down all they meet with, and raifing the Sand and Stones to a prodigious Height. ’Tis faid that Vefiels, that have any Force, ufually fire their Guns at them, loaden with a Bar of Iron i and if they be fo happy as to ftrike them, the Water is prefently feen to run out of them with a mighty Noife, but no further Mifchief. One of thefe Spouts happened here, at Fopfham, Aug. 7, 1694, between nine and ten of the Clock in the Forenoon: ’Twas then very near, if not quite Low- { I0 S ) Low-Water, which is look’d on as a fpecial Providence, fince had it been High-Water, *tis concluded its Strength would have been much greater, and its Confequences more fad. The Water that was neareft feemed to fly hither and thither, as though it would fain make its Elcape from it: Yet I cannot find, upon Enquiry, that the Channel was at all wholly dry. There was alfo fome Wind, though not fo violent as it had been before, or when the Spout or Tromb began to move; it went with the Wind (which was then at V/. N. IV) like a dark Smoke. The Marks 1 - fhew the River, 0 the Spout, S Mr. Seaward's Eloufe, F! e- '?• which it gently touch’d with little Damage, blowing only off a few Tiles; G, Widow Goldjworthf s Houfe, which it in Part uncovered, and took al- moft all the Thatch off her Garden Wall. It took off alfo an Apple-tree, which was no way decay’d, and between fifteen and fixteen Inches about, within two or three Inches from the Ground, almofl as exactly as any Saw could have done it, and carried it, as I judge, between twenty and thirty foot from the Place where it grew, and that not forward in the Path that it took, but almofl: direftly backward ; which makes me conclude, that it had a dou¬ ble Motion j the one external from the Wind ftrait forward, the other inter¬ nal and circular, like the Fly of a Jack , which a Man may carry in his Hand, that will ftrike any Thing either forward or backward as it meets with it. H, Mr. Green's Houfe, which was for the molt Part untiled. Ihere were two Houfes more, W, L, very much damaged in their Coverings; yet Mr. Mox- w»*s, M. tho’ it flood between them, and was much higher than either, had only two or three Quarries of Glafs broken. E E E E E, fhews the March of the Spout. X, Planks that were blown, fome upright, fome feveral Yards out of their Place. D, a Ship newly launched, of about one hundred Tuns, Much was much fliaken, but riot hurt. K, a Mali of near a Tun Weight, thrown out of its Place. C, an Anchor that was torn out of the Ground and carried feven or eight Foot with a Boat that was faflen’d to it, and blown op into the Air 5 that Boat was rent from the Head to the Keel. B , another new Boat blown about fix Foot high, and turned upfide down. F, a Fifner- boat with one Man in it, which was near the Place where the Spout was at firft perceived, but through Mercy efcaped. P, a Lane that goes from the River in which fome Houfes fuffered Damage, which fhews that the Spout was divi¬ ded in its March. ’Tis no fmall Mercy that no Man, Woman, or Child re¬ ceived the leafl Injury in their Perfons. XXX. 1. John Gill affirms, that he hath obferved on feveral Occafions, that being in a Calm, that Way which the Sea began to loom pr move, the ^j.Giii.n!' next Day the Wind, was fure to blow, l6, p ' 4Sl ‘ 2. It hath been the Cuflom of our Englijh and French Inhabitants of the Ca- Kbbee IJlands , to fend in, about the Month of June, to the native Caribbees of Dominico and St. Vincent, to know whether there would be any Hurricanes that c a pt. hzn%- Year; and about ten or twelve Days before the Hurricane came, they did con- ' flantly fend them Word, and it very rarely or feldom failed. From one of thefe Indians (whom in 1657, I engaged by Civilities to remain with me feve- ! ; fi Years ) I had the following Prognoflicks* Voi.if. p 1. All ( 106 ) 1. All Hurricanes come either on the Day of the Full, Change, or Quar¬ ter of the Moon. 2. If it will come on the Full-Moon, you being in the Change, then ob- ferve thefe Signs. That Day you will fee the Skies very turbulent, the Sun more red than at other Times, a great Calm, and the Hills clear of Clouds, or Fogs over them, which in the Highlands are feldom fo. Likewife i n Hollows, or Con¬ caves of the Earth, or Wells, there will be a great Noife, as if you were in a great Storm, and at Night the Stars looking very big with Burs about them, and the North-weft Sky very black and foul, the Sea fmelling ftronger than at other Times, as ufually it doth in great Storms; and fometimes that Day, for an Hour or two, the Wind blows very hard Wefterly, out of its ufual Courfe. On the Full of the Moon you have the fame Signs, with a great Bur about the Moon, and many Times about the Sun. The like Signs muft be taken Notice of on the Quarter Days of the Moon, in the Months of July, Augujl, and September ; for the Elurricanes come in thofe Months; the looneft that I ever heard of was the twenty fifth of July , and the lateft was the eighth of September : But the ufual Month they come in is Augujl. The Benefit I have had of foretelling thefe Hurricanes is, that whereas n ere to fore they were fo dreadful, that all Ships were afraid to go to Sea, and did rather chufe to ftay in the Roads at Anchor, than to run the Hazard of the mercilds Sea, altho’ never Ship efcaped at Anchor, but was caft afhore, many Times by the Violence of the Storm, fome Veflels having been caft ib far on the Shore, that when the Storm was over, they have been from twen¬ ty or thirty Yards dry from the Wafh of the Shore, and the Veflels fet whole; and by this Means the Lives of thofe that were in thofe Veflels were faved : But I finding that if a Man keeps his Ship failable, with good Store of Ba- lafts, his Ports well barr’d and calked', his Top-mafts down, and his Tops too if he have Time, his Yards a-port laced, or long Ships, keeping fecure his Doors and Windows of his Ship, and fhe will lie as well -ais in other Storms; and they may, having their Ships in a Readinefs, ftay in the Road till the Storm begins, which is always firft at North, fo to the North-weft, till it comes round to the South-eaft, and then its Fury is over. So with the North Wind they may run away to the South, to get themfelves Sea-room for drift of the South-weft Wind, where it blows very fiercely: By thefe Means I have, by God’s Blefiing, preferved myfelf in two Hurricanes at Sea, and in three at Shore, in the Years 1657, 1658, 1660, 1665 and 1667; in thofe at Sea I loft not a Sail, Yard, or Maft, they being two great Hurri¬ canes. And in the Year 1667, I being on Shore at Nevis, there was a Hur¬ ricane on the nineteenth Day of Augujl ; and fourteen Days before I did take Notice of the foregoing Signs on a full Moon, and I acquainted Sir John Berry , who was Commander of his Majefty’s Ship Coronation , and feveral other Commanders there, who did make their Ships ready for the Sea; and in the Morning about four of the Clock, the Wind coming hard Northerly, ( !C ? ) they put to Sea; and by God’s Bleffing came all back in four or five Days Time lafe to the Road again. On the Shore, being confident of the Hurricane’s coming, I took fuch Care before-hand to fecure my Sugars and Goods in the Store-houfe, that when the Hurricane had carried away the Roof of the Houfe, all except one Hogfhead of Sugar remained fafe. The Reafons and Caufes of thefe violent Storms, according to my Judg¬ ment, may be thefe: 1. It is not unknown to all Men of Experience, that to the Southward of the Trcpick there is conftantly a ‘ Trade-Wind , or Eafterly Wind, which goes from the North to the South-eaft all the Year about; except where there are Reverfions of Breezes , and Inlets near the Land : So that when this Hur¬ ricane, or rather Whirlwind, comes in Oppofition to the conftant Trade- wind, then it pours down with that Force and Violence, that it exceeds all Storms of Wind in the World ; for it takes Trees away by the Roots, and thofe that are extraordinarily ftrong rooted, it twifts off in the Middle: In the Hurricane in 1667, at Nevis,. I faw the high Mountain that was all green with Trees, left in moft Places bare, and the Wood lying in fuch a Condition, with half Trees, or Stumps, or Quarters, that one would think it almoft incredible. 2. It is remarkable by all Men that have been in thofe Parts where the Sun comes to a Zenith, that at his Approach towards the Zenith, there is always fair Weather ; but at his Return to the Southwards, it occafions off the North Parts of the Equinoelial generally much Rains and Storms, as Tornado's, and the like, which makes the Winds in the Tornado's to come on feveral Points. But before it comes, it calms the conffant Eafterly Winds; and when they are paid, the Eafterly Wind gathers Force again, and then the Weather clears up fair. g. The Wind being generally betwixt the Tropicks Eafterly, unlels at fuch Times as before declared, meeting with the Oppofition of thefe Hurricanes, which come in a contrary Courfe to that Trade-Wind, doth caufe this violent Whirlwind, on the Sun’s leaving the Zenith of Barbadoes , and thofe adjacent Elands; by which the Eafterly Wind doth much decay of its Strength; and then the Weft Wind, which is kept back by the Power of the Sun, doth w 'th the greater Violence and Force pour down on thofe Parts where it en¬ croaches. And it is ufual in our failing from Barbadoes, or thofe Elands, to the North for a Wefterly Wind, when we begin to lofe our Eafterly Wind, to have it calm, as it is before Hurricanes: And then the Wind fpringing up, caufeth it, till it comes well lettled, to be various; but after the fettled Wefterly Wind comes frefh, we have been conftantly without thofe Shufflings from Point to Point. Here it is to be oblerved, that all Hurricanes begin from the North to the Weftward, and on thofe Points that the Eafterly Wind doth moft violently blow, doth the Hurricane blow moft fiercely agalnft it ; for from the N, E. to the E. S. E. the Eafterly Wind bloweth frefheft; lb doth the W. N. IV. to the S. S. IV. in the Hurricane blow moft violent; and when it P 2 comes ( io8 ) comes back to the S. E. which is the common Courfe of the Trade Wind, then it ceafeth of its Violence, and fo breaks up. So, with Submiffion to better Judgments, I take the Caufe of Hurricanes to be the Sun’s leaving the Zenith of thole Parts towards the South. And Secondly, the Reverfe or Re¬ bounding back of the Wind, which is occafioned by the calming of the Trade Wind. But it will be objected, Why fhould not this Storm be all over thofe Parts of the Weft-Indies, as well zs Barbadoes and the Leeward IJlands? To which I anfwer, That it hath, in about twenty five Years of my Experience, taken its Courfe from Bermudas or Summer-IJlands , to the Caribbee IJlands •, but fel- dom or never doth it carry fuch a Breadth, as from the Latitude of 16 to 32 Degrees, which are the Latitudes of the one and the other Place j but it hath been obferved, that when Hurricanes have been in Martinico , which is within two Degrees of Latitude, and two Degrees of Longitude, according to the Miles of that Circle,, yet no Hurricane hath been in Barbadoes •, nor could I ever call any of the former Storms at Barbadoes, Hurricanes , till that in 1675. Again, it hath been noted, that Hurricanes have done the like to the Northwards: For when the Hurricane hath been in Antegoa and St. Chri- Jtopber’s, thofe Ships that were but in the Latitude of twenty Degrees, had no Hurricane , but conftant Wefterly Winds reafonably fair, and then there were no Hurricanes in Bermudas and when the Hurricanes were at Bermudas, the Leeward or Caribbee-ljlands had no Hurricane ; nor had thofe Ifiands the Hurri¬ cane when Barbadoes had it. It may w r ell be further obje&ed, Why the Hurricane was never known to go farther to the Weftward than Porto Rico, which lies in or near the Lati¬ tude cf thofe Ifiands of St. Chrijlopher’s ? To this I anfwer, That from Porto Rico downwards, both that Ifland as well as Hijpaniola, and other Ifiands there adjacent, are of vaft Greatnefs, and very high Lands, that of themfelves do moft commonly give Reverlal or Wefterly Winds at Night, through the Year: For there, for the Reafons aforefaid, the Eafterly Wind towards Night doth calm, and thofe Lands afford a Land Wind, which the other Ifiands can¬ not do, by Reafon of the Smallnefs of thofe Carribbe-ljlands , but very near the Shore, the Trade-Wind having its full Power till this general Whirl-wind comes, for the Reafons aforefaid. I do imagine fo likewife to the Southwards of Barbadoes •, where the Torna¬ does come frequently, there are no Hurricanes ; neither was there at Barbadoes , when thefe Tornadoes did commonly come there, which made fome fmall Re- verial, though it was but for two or three Hours: Yet the Eafterly Wind, giving forne way by the Sun’s declining from that Zenith, doth prevent this furious Reverfe, where it hath no Vent, till by the Violence of the two Winds it is forced. Jr, Expert- XXXI. We took a Pan of Water (faked to the fame Degree as is common: j "vaptntim Sea-Water, by the Solution of about a. fortieth Part of SaltJ about four Inches eiw^cr ; by deep, and 7 Inches T \ Diameter, in which we placed a Thermometer, and by Means of a Pan of Coals, we brought the Water to the fame Degree of Heat 1%, P ,’ j66. which is obferved to be that of the Air in our hotteft Summers the Tbenno- metet • (109 ) meter nicely fhewing it. This done, we affixed the Pan of Water, with the Thermometer in it, to one End of the Beam of the Scales, and exactly counter- poifed it with Weights in the other Scale; and by the Application or Remo¬ val of the Pan of Coals, we found it very eafy to maintain the Water in the fame Degree of Heat precifely. Doing thus, we found the Weight of the Water fenftbly to decreafe; and at the End of two Elours we obferved, that there wanted half an Ounce fdroy, all but 7 Grains, or 233 Grains of Water, which in that Time had gone off in Vapour; tho’ one could hardly perceive it fmoak, and the Water were not fennbly warm. This Quantity in fo fhort a Time feemed very confiderable, being little lefs than 6 Ounces in 24 Hours,, from fo fmall a Surface as a Circle of 8 Inches Diameter. To reduce this Experiment to an exaft Calculus, and determine the Thicknefs of the Skin of Water that had fo evaporated. I afiume the Experiment ailedged by Dr. Edw. Barnard to have been made in the Oxford Society, viz. that the Cube Foot Englifh of Water weighs exadly 76 Pounds Troy ; this divided by 1728, the Number of Inches in a Foot, will give 253-5 Grains, or half Ounce 135; Grains for the Weight of a Cube Inch of Water ; wherefore the Weight °f 233 Grains is fff or 35 Parts of 38 of a Cube Inch of Water. Now the Area of the Circle, whofe Diameter is 7 T % Inches, is 49 fqdare Inches; by which dividing the Quantity of Water evaporated, viz. f j of an Inch, the Quote j or fhews that the Thicknefs of the Water evaporated was the. 53^ Part of an Inch : But we will fuppofe it only the 60th Part, for the Fa¬ cility of Calculation. If therefore Water, as warm as the Air in Summer, exhales the Thicknefs of a 60th Part of an Inch in two Hours from its whole Surface; in 12 Hours it will exhale T C of an Inch; which Quantity will be found abundantly Efficient to ferve for all the Rains, Springs, and Dews, and; account for the Cafpian Seals being always at a Stand, neither wafting nor overflowing as likewife for the Current faid to fet always in, at the Streights °f Gibraltar, though thofe Mediterranean Seas receive fo many, and fo confider- a ble Rivers. To eftimate the Quantity of Water arifing in Vapour out of the Sea, I think I ought to confidcr it only for the Time the Sun is up, for that the Dews return in the Night as much, if not more Vapours than are then emit¬ ted ; and in Summer the Days being longer than twelve Hours, this Excels is balanced by the weaker A&ion of the Sun, efpecially when fifing before the Water be warmed:- So that if I allow of an Inch of the Surface of the Sea to be raifed per diem in Vapours, it may net be an improbable Con- Upon this Suppofttion, every 10 fquare Inches of the Surface of the Wa- W yields in Vapour per diem, a Cube Inch of Water-, and each fquare Foot, taif a Wine Pintevery Space of 4 Foot Square, a. Gallon ; a M-ile Square, 9 1 4.Tons'; a fquare Degree, fuppofe of 69 Englifh Miles, will evaporate 33 Millions of Tuns: And if the Mediterranean be eftimated at 40 Degrees ong and 4 broad, Allowances being made for the Places where it is broader by . °* c wheve it is narrower (and I am fore I guefs at the leaft) there will oe 1 fquare Degrees of Sea; and confequently the whole Mediterranean mu ft; *Ihc Evapo¬ ration ofWa¬ ter in a Clofs Room at Grefham Coll. 1693. by Mr. Edm. Halley, n. 312 . p.183. ( ) muft lofe in Vapour, in a Summer’s Day, at lead 5280 Millions of Tuns. And this Quantity of Vapour, though very great, is as little as can be con¬ cluded from the Experiment produced : And yet there remains another Caufe, which cannot be reduced to the Rule, I mean the Winds , whereby the Surface of the Water is lick’d up fomewhat fafter than it exhales by the Heat of the Sun; as is well known to thofe that have confidered thole drying Winds which blow fometimes. The Mediterranean receives thefe confiderable Rivers; the Her us, the Rhone, the 'Tiber , the Po , the Danube , the Neijier, the Boryfthenes, the Tanais, and the Nile ; all the reft being of no great Note, and their Quantity of Water in- confiderable. We will fuppofe each of thefe nine Rivers to bring down ten Times as much Water as the River Thames, not that any of them is fo great in Reality, but to comprehend with them all the fmall Rivulets that fall into the Sea, which otherwile I know not how to allow for. To calculate the Water of the Thames, I aflume that at Kingfton-Bridge , where the Flood never reaches, and the Water always runs down, the Breadth of the Channel is 100 Yards, and its Depth 3, it being reduced to an Equa¬ lity (in both which Suppofitions I am lure I take with the moftj Hence the Profile of the Water in this Place is 300 fquare Yards: This multiplied by 48 Miles (which I allow the Water to run in 24 Hours, at 2 Miles in an Hour) or 84480 Yards, gives 25344000 Cubick Yards of Water to be eva¬ cuated every Day, that is, 2030000 Tons per diem ; and I doubt not but in the Excefs of my Meafures of the Channel of the River, I have made more than fufficient Allowance for the Waters of the Brent, the Wandel, the Lea, and DarwenP , which are all worth Notice, that fall into the Thames below King ft an. Now if each of the aforefaid nine Rivers yield ten Times as much Wa¬ ter as the Thames doth, ’twill follow that each of them yields but 203 Millions of Tons per diem, and the whole nine but 1827 Millions of Tons in a Day; which is but little more than 7 of what is proved to be railed in Vapour out of the Mediterranean in twelve Hours Time, XXXII. In order to explain the Circulation of Vapour experimentally, I caufed an Experiment of the Quantity of Vapours arifing fimply from the Warmth of the Water, without being expoled either to Sun or Wind, to be made in Grejham College , which was performed with great Care and Accuracy, by Mr. Hunt, Operator to the Royal Society. Having added up into one Sum, the Evaporations of the whole Year, I find, that from a Surface, as near as could be meafured of eight Iquare Inches, there did evaporate during the Year, 16292 Grains of Water, which is 64 Cube Inches of Water; and chat divided by eight Inches, the Area of the Water’s Surface, fhows that the Depth of Water evaporated in one Year amounts to eight Inches. But this is much too little to anl'wer to the Experiments of the French , who found that it rained nineteen Inches Water in a Year at Paris ; or thofe of Mr. Townley , who by a long continued Series of Obfervations, has lufficiently proved, that in Lan- ( III ) Ca Jhire , at the Foot of the Hills, there falls above forty Inches of Water in the Year’s Time. Whence it is very obvious, that the Sun and Wind are tnuch more the Caufes of Evaporation, than any internal Heat or Agitation the Water. > The fame Obfervations do likewife fhew an odd Quality in the Vapours of Water, which is that of adhering to the Surface that exhaled them, which they cloath, as it were, with a Fleece of vaporous Air, which once inverting h, the Vapour rifes afterwards in much lefs Quantity : Which was fhewed by the fmall Quantity of Water that was loft in twenty four Hours Time, when the Air was very ftill from Wind, in Proportion to what went away when there blew a ftrong Gale, although the Experiment were made in a Place as clofe from the Wind as could be well contrived. For which Reafon I do not a ,t all doubt, that had the Experiment been made where the Wind had come freely, it would have carried away at leaft three Times as much as we found, without the Affiftance of the Sun, which might perhaps have doubled it. •By the fame Experiment it likewife appears, that the Evaporations in May , June, July , and Augujl (which are nearly equal) are about three Times as Wuch as what evaporated in the four Months of November, December , Janua¬ ry and February , which are likewile nearly equal, March and April anfwering dearly to September and October. This Fleece of Vapour in ftill Weather hanging on the Surface of the Wa- ter , is the Occafion of very ftrange Appearances, by the Refraction of the faid Vapours differing from that of the common Air, whereby every Thing appears failed, as Houles like Steeples, Ships as on Land above the Water, and the Land raifed, and, as it were, lifted from the Sea, and many Times feeming to overhang. And this may give a tolerable Account of what I have heard of Leing the Cattle at high Water Time, in the Ifie of Dogs from Greenwich , when none are to be feen at low Water (which fome have endeavour’d to ex¬ plain, by fuppofi'ng the Ifie of Dogs to have been lifted, by the Tide coming under it.; But the evaporous Effluvia of Water having a greater Degree of Refradtion than the common Air, may fuffice to bring thofe Beams down to the Eye, which when the Water is retired, and the Vapours fubfided with it, pafs above; and confequently the Objects feen at the one Time, may be con¬ ceived to difappear at the other. JANUARY, ( H2 ) J A N U ARY, 1693. 1 FEBRUAR Y, 1693. MARCH, if ”3 ) MARCH, 1693. 1 A P R I L, 1693. Q_ MAY, ( 11 + ) MAY, 1693. | JUNE, 1693. ( ”5 ) 0.2 { n6 ) SEPTEMBER, 1693. | OCTO B E R, 1693. ( 11 7 ) The Changes of Weather from the Alterations of the Gravi¬ ty of the At- jnolphere; by Dr. Gor- den, n. 171, P-991* ( n3 ) XXXIII. 1. The Air agrees with all other Fluids in this, that i t gravitates i and it has this peculiar Property (which is not fo much obierved of other Fluids) that its fpecifical Gravity is not always the fame. Now you. know, according to the certain Rules of the balancing of Fluids atnongft themfelves, every Fluid fpecifically lighter, than another, will afeend and emerge above it * and every Fluid fpecifically heavier than another, will defend and fubftde below. Now there is fame certain Proportion between the fpecifical Gravities of the Fluid of Air , and of that which afeends in Vapours, and fails down again into Rain', and if this Proportion were ftill the iarne, ’tis like we fbould have no Commixture of thole Fluids , but the Vapours would either always float above, or always flay below. But this Proportion of their fpecifical Gravity is frequently changed : For it’s known tha t Water, when warm and tepid, is lighter than when ft is cold; and the daily Obfervations of the different Heights of the Mercury in the Baro- fcope do make appear, that the Atmofphere' s Gravity is not always the fame. And now from thele known Properties may be eafily deduced a ftatical Account of the rifing of Vapours , their being carried in the Air in Clouds, and their falling down again into Rain. For if we may be allowed to fuppofe that when the Atmofphere is heavieft, there is fame fuch Proportion between its fpecifical Gravity , and that of the Fluid of Vapours, as there is between Water and Oil ; the Vapours, according to the known Laws of Fluids, mult needs afeend, and fo long as this Proportion continues they rauft needs float above in the Air ; but when the Atmofphere's Gravity is chang’d, the Vapours mult fall down again. [ do not know any determinate xnltrument that will indicate the Afcent of Vapours, as certainly as the Barofcope does the Change of the Air's Weight, (for our common Hygrofcopes are not very exaCf, and befides, I fuppofe their Change by Moifture fhews rather the falling than the rifing of Vapours) yet there are two or three Obfervations which ieem certain Indications of their A- feent: as firft, if the Horizon and the remote Hills feems fmoaky, and incon- fpicuouS, fo that nothing can be leen at any Diftance, and that, tho’ thePIea- vens be not cloudy but clear, and tho’ there be no Fog, nor yet any Cap of Clouds upon the Hills (which do rather indicate the falling of Vapours.) Again, if when you look to any diflant Part of the Country, round about you, it appear all in an undulating Motion, this feems to be a Sign of the plentiful rifing of Va¬ pours ; for this is only cccafioned by looking through an unequal waving Me¬ dium, which makes frequent Inflections of the Beams of Light, as you fee any ObjeCt feems to have a tremulating Motion in all its Parts when you look up¬ on it through Smoke. Another Indication of the Afcent of Vapours leems to be the copious rifing of Steams above Waters, Marifh Grounds, and Fens; which is frequently feen in Frofts, and in cool Nights in Summer. To thefe I may add the Rednefs of the Sun (fo as to be eafily look’d upon) and Moon, a confiderable Time before their fetting, or after their riling. Now fince I have had Occafion to make Obfervations of the Barofcope, I have always taken notice of all thefe, when the Mercury was rifing, and confequently in the Increafe of the Atmofphere's Gravity: But on the contrary, when the Mer¬ cury has been low in the Barofcope, and fo the Atmofphere' s Gravity lefs, I have obferved none of thefe EffeCts, but the remote Hills were clear and diitinCt, (unlefs ( ”9 ) (unlefs fometimes a Cloud had fall’n down upon them) and no waving to be obferved in the Air, nor Steams from the Waters.' I know not whether I may add here a Conjecture about the great Light, and the Capra faltantes , which are fome Nights to be feen in the North. I have taken notice of them ufually when the Mercury has been high in the Barofcope ; and then they appearing in that Quarter of the Heavens where the Sun is at that Time below the Horizon , this has given me Occafion to think, that perhaps the Steams of Vapours may have afcended fo far in the Atmofphere as to be beyond the Earth’s Shadow in that Part of the Horizon , and fo by refracting the Beams of Light towards us, to occafion that Light, and thofe Capra faltantes. It may be confidered alfo whether the red Skies in the Evening, which betoken fair Weather, do not proceed from the Height of the Clouds, occafioned at that Time by the Increafe of the fpecifical Gravity of the Atmofphere. Now as to the failing down of the Vapours again, it is vifible by their ga¬ thering into thick and dark Clouds, by the falling down of Clouds and Miffs pn the Tops of Hills, and thick Fogs in the Air, and by their dropping down into Rain, Snow, &c. and that thefe do ufually fall out only when the Mer¬ cury fubfides a little, and confequently when the Atmofphere 5 s Gravity is lefs, is the conffant Obfervation of thofe who have had Occafion to take notice of the Changes of the Barofcope. Againft this it may be objected, that it is obfervable many times that even when the Mercury in the Barofcope is rifing, there will be Rain, and particu¬ larly fometimes in North-Eafi Winds. To this I anfwer, ’lnat if the CiOuds have been carried for fome while towards one Quarter of the Heavens by the "Winds, and then if the Winds do fuddanly change into another Quarter, thefe Vapours, which were formerly fcatter’d into fmall Particles, and fo did eafily float, are fuddenly driven together into little Drops, and fo muff needs fail down into Rain ; and therefore the falling of Rain while the Mercury is rifing, is obfervable only upon the fudden Change of contrary Winds. But let us confider, in the next Place, whether thofe frequent Commotions in the Air , which we call Winds , may not be accounted for upon the fame ■Principles. That known Definition of Archimides is univerfally acknowledged, tyuod earum partium minus preffa eXpellantur a magis preffis •, fo that if there be any Portion of a Fluid of a far lefs Preffure and Ilefiftance than the reft, the whole Fluid runs in a Current thither, till all be reduced to an Equilibrium. Now it is evident that the PreiTure of the Air is not always the fame, and ’tis very probable (which Experience will determine, by making joint Obferva- tions of the Barofcope in feveral Places of the Earth at the fame time) that the Air's Gravity is not alike chang’d throughout the whole Atmofphere in an In¬ fant. So that when the Air becomes fpscifically lighter in one Place, or its PrefTure leflfened, the neighbouring Parts of the Atmofphere , whofe Weight is n ot thus leffened, run thither in a Current, till the Atmofphere thereabouts be educ’d to an Equilibrium again ; and according to the Portion of Air thus changed, and the leifen’d or acquir’d Degrees of the Weight and Spring , the Currents or Winds are ftrong or weak, of a long or fhort Continuance. Now Obfervation and Experience do agree with this, the Mercury being found to- “ fubfide ( *20 ) lubfide for the moft Part in the Barofcope at the rifing of Winds; at leaft it is obferved to be in Motion, and either rifing or falling, and confequently there is a Change in the Almofphere* s Preffure at that Time. But the great Difficulty remains ftill, how to account for the different Changes of the fpecifick Gravity of the Almfphere. Of this there can hardly be expected a fatisfadtory Account, till we come to know the Caufe of Gravi¬ ty in general, and of the Air’s Weight in particular; and therefore I fhall only here offer two or three Hints, which perhaps may incite others to confi- der it more narrowly. And firfi, it is now almoft generally acknowledged, that there mull needs be a Fluid much more fubtile than common Air, and of a far greater Prel’fure than Air ; which is the Caufe of the Continuity and Co- hefion of all terreftrial Bodies, and in which the Air feems as it were to float, and to have the fame Relation to it, as the Vapours do in, and have to the Air; and therefore if we could reach its Nature and Properties, it might be confidered what Influence this may have upon the Change of the Air’s Gravi¬ ty. Or, fecondly , feeing the Infufion of one Liquor into another, in Cbymical Preparations , will alter its fpecifical Gravity, fo that the Bodies which were formerly born up in it, will fall down and be precipitated ; as the Particles of Gold floating thro’ Aqua Regis will be precipitated by the Infufion of ano¬ ther Chymical Liquor; it may be confidered, whether Plenty of nitrous Steams, or fome luch Mixture, may not alter the Air’s Jpecifical Gravity. Or, thirdly , we may poflibly come to a nearer Refolution of this, by confidering the Influence which the Heat and Cold have upon the Air’s Spring. The Air you know has this peculiar Property, which is net fo much obferved of o- ther Fluids; that it is endued with Elajlicity as well as Gravity, and there¬ fore we are to confider what Influence fire Change of its Spring may have upon the Change of its Weight: and it feems evident, that the Increafe of its Spring doth diminifh its Weight, and the leflening of its Spring will increafe it; for upon the Increafe of the Air’s Spring, the Air is rarified, and fo a leffer Por¬ tion of it prefles upon the fubjacent Fluid : But when it is leflened, the Air is condenfed, and fo a greater Portion of it prefles upon the fubjacent Body. For Example, let us fuppofe the fpringy Particles of Air to be like the fprin- gy Hairs of Wool, or the Spring of a Watch ; and thac many Millions of Rows of them go to make up the Cylinder of Air, which, from the Top of the Atmofphere , prefles upon the Mercury in the Barofcope , and keeps it fuim¬ pended to the Height of thirty Inches ; let us fuppofe this Air rarified, fo that all its fpringy Particles expand themfelves, and therefore fhut off of this Cylinder fome thoufands of thofe Rows; this Cylinder, being now made up of a far lefler Number of thofe Rows of Particles, muft needs have a lefler Prefllire upon the Mercury , fo that it will fubfide, perhaps, to twenty nine. And thus it continues till the Air’s Spring be weakned, and fo the Parti¬ cles crowded again into narrower Room. Now if this be found to hold in the Fheory , Experience feems very well to anfwer it: For I have hitherto obferved, that in cold Weather, and (harp Frofts, the Mercury riles higheft in the Barofcope ; and if the Foreign Mealures agree with ours, it is ufually higher here than in France or Italy, I ( 12 * } I fhalt here, after all, fubjoin two or three Obfervaitions, which may ferve to confirm what has been faid, The fir ft is of the Courfe of the Weather un¬ der or near the Line. I have read in the fecond and fourth Parts of Purchas his Pilgrims, (and I doubt not but later Travellers atteft the fame Truth) That, in Brafil , and Guiana in America ; in Guinea , Congo , and Ethiopia in Africa *, in the Eaft-Indies, and the Maidive Iflands ; they have almoft continual Floods of Rain from about the Beginning of May to the End of Auguft, which they call their Winter, and the reft of the Months of the Year fair and clear Wea¬ ther, which they call their Summer : So that when the Sun is neareft to them, they have conftant Rains, and when remoteft, fair Weather; and this I impute, amongft other Caufes, to the extraordinary Rarefaftion of the Air, and leflfening of its fpecifical Gravity there at that Time ; fo that the Vapours in the neigh¬ bouring Parts of the Air, do all flow thither, and defcend, as it were in Floods of Rain. And as this is reckoned to be the Caufe of the Inundation of the Nile , and fome other Rivers, fo perhaps this may be the Reafon alfo, why thole Countries which are neighbouring to them, and lomewhat remoter from the Line , fuch as Egypt, and the like, have feldom or never any Rain. My fecond Observation is of the Barofcope, viz. That when the Wind is North, North-eaft, or North-weft, the Mercury ever Riles, and fo the Air is heavier; but when the Wind comes from the South, South-eaft, or South- weft, it falls, and fo the Air’s Gravity is lefs : by which we may fee what In¬ fluence the Cold and Heat have upon the Air’s Weight; and you know a cold Wind is laid to drive the Sails of a Ship much more forcibly than a warm. My third Obfervation is of an Experiment of the honourable Mr. Boyle. n,6.p.so4?. I made, faith he, by Diftillation a Blood-red Liquor, which chiefly confifted of fuch faline fpirituous Particles, as may be obtained from the Mafs of Blood in human Bodies. This Liquor is of fuch a Nature, that if aGlafs Viol, about half filled with it, be kept well ftopt, the red Liquor will reft as quietly as any ordinary one, without fending up any Smoak; but if the Viol be un- ftopt, fo that the external Air be permitted to come in, within a quarter of a Minute or lefs, there will be elevated a copious white Smoak, which will not only fill the upper Part of the Glafs, but plentifully pafs out into the open Air, till the Viol be again flopped. And a little after he adds, If the un- ”• ^ ftopt Viol were placed in our Vacuum, it would not emit any vifible Steams at all, nor fo much as appear in the upper Part of the Glafs that held the Liquor ; whereas when the Air was by Degrees reftor’d at the Stop-cock, the returning Air would prefently raife the Fumes, firft into the vacant Part of the Viol, whence they would afcend into the Capacity of the Receiver ; and likewife when the Air that was requifite to fupport them, was pumped out, they alfo accompanied it, as their unpleafant Smell evinced, and the red Spirit, tho’ it remained unftopped, emitted no more Fumes till the new Air was let in again. So far he. Such you fee was the Proportion between the Gravity of the Vapours of this red Liquor and the Air, that the Air being in its ordinary Degree of Gravity, thefe Vapours did afcend: but the Air’s Gravity being much leflened in the Receiver, by the pumping out a great deal of it, and fo expanding the Spring of the reft, it was not able to elevate thofe Vapours. Vol. II. R a. The ( 122 ) iff?b' Wal * 2 . That there is in Our Air a Body more fubtile than are the Fumes and iooz.' P ‘ Vapours mingled with it in our lower Region, and which, with it, do make up that heterogeneous Mixture, which we commonly call Air, I think to be very certain. But whether that fubtile Body be (as Dr. Gorden fcems to fuppofe) much heavier than our common Air, I much doubt ; and do rather think it not, not having hitherto obferved any cogent Experiment, ei¬ ther to prove it heavy or elaftick : But it may, for ought I know, be void as well of Weight as Spring ; and, what we find oi either, in our common Air, may be attributed to the other Mixtures with it. For the Air being of a diffe¬ rent Gravity, indifferent Times and Places (arifing, 1 fuppofe, from the diffe¬ rent Kinds and Quantities of the Fumes and Vapours, and other Particles, which are Ingredients in it, and the different Force of the Sun’s Heat atfting thereup¬ on, increafing or allaying the Spring thereof, and otherwife) we are therefore to confider of the Air as a Fluid, whofe Parts are in fome Places heavier, and others lighter; and therefore much of a like Nature, as if they were diffe¬ rent Fluids, of different fpecifick or intenfive Gravity, oneffrom the other Now when feveral Fluids, or feveral Parts of a Fluid, are thus of different Weights, they will ("from the general Nature of heavy Fluids,) when undi- rturbed, change Places with one another, till the heavier becomes loweft, and the lighter higheft. And this not only as to the minuter Parts; it is obferved in Chymical Pre¬ cipitations, or the finking of Sand in Water, or its fmaller earthly Particles, which fubfide in a muddy Sediment, and the like of other Liquors when at reft, and the Atoms (as they were wont to be called) flying in the Air when difturbed, but lubfiding in the Form of Duff when at reft, all which, accor¬ ding as they be lmaller, do (casern paribus) fubfide more flowly: But much more as to larger Parcels; as when Oyl, Wine, Water, Beer, or other the like Liquors, are put together in the fame Vcffel, as will be obfervable to the Eye, eipecially when their Colours are coniiderably different And the fame will happen, if fome Parts of the feme Liquor, do acciden¬ tally acquire, by Expanfton, or otherwife, a greater Degree of Lightnds than the other Parts ; thole lightned Parts afcending, the heavier fubfide; as when Water, Beer, or other thin Fluids, be gradually heated by a Fire un¬ derneath, the lower Parts being Firft warmed, afeend to the Top, while the colder and heavier fubfide; whence we find, in fuch Cafes, that Bubbles do arife, and that at the Top is warmer than that at the Bottom : But in cafe what is warmed be of a thiiker Confiftence, foas that the Parts cannot readily Ihift Places, that at the Bottom will be hotter ; and in cafe it be heated by Fire over it, there will (I fuppofe) be no fuch Bubbling, (or not fo much o-f it,) that at the Top being firft heated. From fuch Considerations as this, Dr. Gorden doth well obferve, that fome Parts of the Air being thus, by Rarefaftion, or increafing the Spring there¬ of, or otherwife, become lighter than others; thefe heavier Parts, ruffling into the Places of thofe lighter, may caufe a Wind as from fuch Parts ; (in like manner as, on a like Occafion, a Tide or Current would arife in Wa¬ ter ;) and other Accidents of a like Nature. And contrariwife, on a con¬ trary Occafion. And ( 123 } And this I take to be true ; though fuch Accidents happening very varioufly and uncertainly, will caufe fuch Confufion of Motions, and Di¬ sturbance of each other, that it will be hard to reduce them to a regular Ad- juftment. But I add thereunto, that the Earth’s diurnal Motion compounded with its annual, (if we admit that Hypothecs, as moft do now-a-days) the one in fume Barts accelerating, in others retarding the other-, and its Difference in diffe¬ rent Times of the Year, (by Reafon of the Obliquity of the Zodiack to the J£- quinoElial ) and in different Times of the Month (becaufe of the Moon’s diffe¬ rent Pofition, which is an Appendance to the Earth’s Motion, and doth thereby differently affedl it) and, according to the different Place of the Earth and Moon, as to the Aphelion or Perihelion of the one, and the Apogaum or Perigaum of the other, feem to me to be of much greater Confideration, not only as to the Ebbing and Flowing of the Sea, but as to the Winds alfo; efpecially the Breezes and Trade-Winds, which at certain Times of the Day, of the Year, of the Month, are obferved to blow conffantly, or moft fre¬ quently, from fuch or fuch a Coaft. And I am not fure, that the Body of Earth and Water (or terraqueous Globe) is exactly fpherical, allowing only for the fmall Inequalities of Hills and Dales, which, in a Body of that Greatnefs are inconfiderable, but may have fomewhat of an Oblong Spheroid , having a longer Axis from Pole to Pole, than at the AEquator. And tho* this cannot be much, becaufe of the Earth’s Shadow in the Moon’s Eclipfe appearing circular; and the Defcent of heavy Bodies being always (as to Senfe) in a Perpendicular to the Horizon ; yet if it be but little, this with the Compound Motions before mentioned, will give the Air a confiderable Difturbance. To which I may add alfo, that we are not fure that the Seas and Conti¬ nents, which are of very different comparative Weights, Earth being hea¬ vier than Water, are fo adequately adjufted the one to the other, as that it Center of Gravity, by which a Plain pafting divides it into Parts ./Equipon¬ derant, is the fame with its Centre of Magnitude, by which it is divided in¬ to Parts equally great ; which, if it happen to be otherwife, will with the reft make the Confufions of the Air’s Motions yet greater. From the comparative Weight or Lightnefs of the Air at different Times, he deduced alfo the riling or falling of Vapours in it. As if when luch Fumes or Vapours, or other the like Matters are lighter than the Air, they ought, according to the exact Rules of Hydrojlaticks, to afeend therein -, but when heavier than fo, to fall down. And this certainly {cateris paribus) is to be admitted alfo. Only I add thereto, that thefe flatick Principles do chiefly take place, when Things are otherwife at Reft and Quiet: But when they are in Commotion, it is many times much otherwife. And in fuch Ca¬ fes, we mull, befides the refpedtive Gravity, take into Confideration the Force, Impulfe, or Impetus, that is fuperadded to the refpedtive Gravity of the Parts of Matter. Thus, if a Bottle be fhaken, the Sediment at the Bottom, tho’ heavier, and for which Caufe it did before fubfide, will be singled with the fupernatant (finer and lighter) Liquor. And if a Room be fwept, it will, as weule to fpeak, make a Duft, that is, the fmall earthy R 2 Particles ( 124 ) Particles of Duff will rife and mingle with the Air, not becaufe they be lighter than it, for we fee that at Leifure they will fubfide again ; but be¬ caufe by a Force upon them they be put into Motion. And this I take to be the Caufe of Fumes, Vapours, and other like Matters, (moft of them,) which afcend in the Air, not becaufe lighter than it, but becaufe impelPd upward out of the Bowels of the Earth, or from the fuperficial Parts of it, either by fome fubterranean Heats, or other Ferments, that put them into Motion, and force them upward, where they remain fufpended in the Air, fo long as that Force continues, or the Force of others fent after them on the like Er¬ rand, which rather impels them farther, than gives them leave to fall, till either fuch Force abate, or the great Weight of fo many Things fufpended doth over-power, not only the Air’s Weight, but the Strength of that that impelled them. And that there are fuch Fumes, and other like Matter pro- jetfted upwards from the Bowels of the Earth, and fome of them with great violence, is undeniable, not only from Earthquakes and other Eruptions, with great Noifes, as well of Vapours as of burning Mountains, but even poifon- ous Steams, and others, in Mines and bubbling Springs, where Bubbles of Air are ieen to make their Paffage through the Water, and other Perfpira- tions of Air or Vapour, through Cranies, or fmall Paffiges of the Earth, difcoverable by Steams, whereof fome will take Fire at the Light of a Can¬ dle, or by the moving of Leaves, and other light Things laid on the Mouths of fuch private Paffages, and by many other Means. And to fuch Caufes I do principally attribute the Origin of Winds, and the Afcent of moft other Things, which, from this lower World, mount into the Air : and without this, the comparative Gravity of the Air and them, would give us but a lame Account of them. There is yet another Notion fuggefted, which is alfo very confiderable as to this Affair, which is the weakning or ftrengthning the Spring of the Air. That Water hath, of it felf, nothing of Spring or Elafticity, otherwife than by reafon of fome airy Parts, or other elaftick Bodies, which may be inclu¬ ded within it, is generally held ; at leaft none confiderable, fuch as by any Ex¬ periments hitherto made, can be clearly evinced fo to be. But that the Air, (fuch Air, at leaft, as is the common Air which we are converfant with) is elaftick, is, I think, out of doubt: the Experiments which prove its Spring being fo many and evident, beyond Exception. And that this Spring of the Air is fometimes ltronger, and fometimes weaker, I think, is undoubted al¬ fo and that the Spring of the Air is ftrengrhned both by Compreffion and by Eleat, but in a different Manner. If the fame Quantity of Air be compreffed into a leffer Room, the Spring is certainly ftronger, as is undoubtedly feen in the Wind-Gun, and other compreffive Engines. And the fame Quanti¬ ty of included Air in a clofe Veffel, fo as not to communicate with the external Air, will by Application of Heat to it, have its Spring ftrengthned, and drive its Counterpoife farther off, or if need be, comprefs it, as is to be feen in Tbermofcopes of all forts. If the Spring be ftrengthned by Compreffion, it is manifeft that the inten- live Gravity muft be thereby increafed, becaufe the fame Quantity of Air, and confcquently of Weight, extenfively taken, is now contracted into a leffer Room, ( I2 5 ) Room, which therefore mull be intenfively heavier (as being the fame Weight in a lcfier Bulk.) Now this may poffibly, as a great Prefiure, or ftronger Spring, force up the Vapours under it with a greater Impetus (according to the Notion I mentioned before) and fo make them fly higher : unlefs we Should fuppofe it may be relieved, by Ibortning the Height of the Atmofphere:) but not fo as to make them lighter ; but rather the contrary, as prefling them clofer: Much lefs to make them fas the Phrafe is) Specifically Lighter than is the Air it felf (though thus comprefled) and it leaves lei's Room to receive them between the Particles of the comprefled Air, as being now thruft clofer together. If the Spring be ftrengthned the other way •, lb as by Heat it ufeth to be: This doth rather diminifh its interifive Gravity, by thrufting its Parts further afunder, and fo poflefling a larger Room. Now in cafe this Air be, by a dole Veflel, confined fo as not to expand upward; it will certainly prefs the har¬ der on the ftagnant Quick-filver under, and make that in the Tube rife higher: But in cafe it be unconfined, as in the open Air, it may as well relieve it felf upward, by making the Atmofphere in this Part fo much the higher. Nor is there any Neceflity, as to the fubjacent Parts, that the Atmojphere fhall be every where of the fame Height: But the Laws of Staticks, as to the fubjacent Parts, be equally preferved without it; the greater Altitude compeni'ating for the Levity of the Parts, as when a Portion of the Sea is covered with a Fleet of Ships, the under Parts are equally prefled, partly by Water, and partly by Ships, though the Tops of the Ships over fome Parts be higher than the Surface of the Water over others. Only, in fuch Cafe, the upper Part of the Atmofphere , being fluid, may flow collaterally over the other Parts on either fide, if lower. And fo, at leifure, (if thus re¬ maining otherwife undifturbed) reduce it felf to an equal Height in all' Parts; like as the Sea would do, in a perfeft Calm, though otherwife its Waves and Billows are far from being in all Places perfedly plain and even. But, however, though the Spring, fortified by Heat, may thus relieve it felf upwards, (yet becaufe it prefleth every way,) it mufl endeavour the like downward alfo, and thereby prefs harder what is under it; and becaufe it will require Time to work upward gradually before the Effedl reach, the Top of the Atmofphere ; and becaufe by fuch Dilatation of its Parts, more Room is left in the Intervals to receive what is forced : *Tis reafonable to believe, that in fuch Cafes, the prefled Vapour {cateris paribus) may rife more copioufly, than when the Spring of the Air (for want of Heat) is lefs ftrong. The rather, becaufe the lame Heat which thus fortifies the Spring of the Air, doth alfo rarify the Vapours and make them lighter ; and may alfo fortify the fubterraneal Heat (or whatever elfe it is,) that drives them up. Notwithftanding all which, we have more Rains in Win¬ ter; which fhould argue, that more Vapours do then arife to fupply them. But I fufpeft, that in this whole Bufinefs (of ftrengthning the Spring) there way be a Fallacy put upon us: And what we think to be done upon the open j the Circula¬ tion oflVa- try Vapours, by Mr . Edm. Halley, n. 192. p. 468. ( 126 ) open Air, is indeed done upon the Quick-filver; or rather upon the Air latent therein. My Meaning is this •, We find that in very hot Weather, and alfo in Frofty Weather, the Quick-filver in the Tube commonly ftands very high-, from whence we are apt to conclude, that therefore the outward Air prefles very hard on the ftagnant Quick-filver, without the Tube: Wherein I am not fatisfy’d ; for we are to confider, that, i n filling the Tube with Quick-filver, before it be inverted, if great Care be not'ufed to cleanfe it from Air, many Airy Particles will remain mixed with it ; which, while their Spring is weak, are eafily prefied by the Weight of the Quick-filver fo clofe, as hardly to be difcerned otherwife than by the Effect: But when, by the external Heat, their Spring is ftrengthned, they expand themfelves, and caufe the Quick-filver, wherein they are, to fwell in Bulk, without in- creafing its Weight; and conlequently to ftand higher, though not to prefs heavier. And the fame Account, perhaps, may ferve for its ftanding fo high in frofty Weather. Water, we know, though it contract with Cold, yet when it comes to freeze, doth expand it felf; (which makes Ice lighter than Water, and to iwim on the Top of it.) Now whether this be purely of it felf, or (in part at leaft) from the Particles of Air lodged in it, may not perhaps be fo eafy to determine. However, if there be the like Efftfts on Air, as on Water, (namely, that it expands with Freezing ,) or if in the Quick-filver there be lodged Particles of Water as well as of Air; we hawe, either way, an Account of this Phenomenon. For then the fmall Par¬ ticles, whether of Air, or of Water, lodged in the Quick-filver, being thus expanded by Freezing, will make the Quick-filver fwell, and fo ftand higher, without increafing its Weight ; and confequently, without argu¬ ing a greater Weight of external Air preffing on the ftagnant Quick- filver. XXXIV. I have formerly attempted to explain the Manner of the rifing of Vapours by Warmth, by fhewing, that if an Atom of Water were expanded into a Shell or Bubble, fo as to be ten times as big in Diameter as when it was' Water, fuch an Atom would become Specifically Lighter than Air, and rife fo long as that Flatus , or warm Spirit, that firft feparated it from the Mafs of Water, fhall continue to diftend it to the fame Degree; and that Warmth declining, and the Air growing cooler, and with all Specifically Lighter , the Va¬ pours confequently fhall ftop at a certain Region of the Air, or elfe defcend ; which may happen upon feveral Accounts, as I fhall by and by endeavour to make out. Yet I undertake not, that this is the only Principle of the Rife of Vapours, and that there may not be a certain fort of Matter whofe Conatus may be contrary to that of Gravity ; as is evident in Vegetation; wherein the Tendency of the Sprouts is diredlly upwards, or againft the Perpendicular. But whatever is the true Caufe, it is in Fatt certain, that Warmth doth fcparate the Particles of Water, and emit them with a greater and greater Velocity, as the Heat is more and more intenfe ; as is evident in the Steam of a boiling Cauldron, wherein likewife the Velocity of the Afcent of the Vapours does vifibly de.creafe till they difappear, being dilperXed into and affimilated with the ambient Air. Vapours C *27 ) Vapours being thus raifed by Warmth, let us, for a firft Suppofition, put, ’ d'at the whole Surface of this Globe were all Water, very deep, or rather that the whole Body of the Earth were Water, and that the Sun had his Di¬ urnal Courfe about it: I take it, that it would follow that the Air of it felf would imbibe a certain Quantity of Aqueous Vapours, and retain them, like Salts diffolved in Water; that the Sun warming the Air, and raifing a more plentiful Vapour from the Water in the Day-time, the Air would fuftain a greater Proportion of Vapour, as warm Water will hold more diffolved Salts, which upon the Abfence of the Sun in the Nights, would be all again difcharged in Dews, analogous to the Precipitation of Salts on the cooling of the Liquors; nor is it to be believed, that in fuch Cafe there would be any Diverfity of Weather, other than periodically, every Year a- like, the Mixture of all TerreftrjQus, Saline, Heterogeneous Vapours being taken away; which, as they are varioufiy compounded, and brought by the Winds, feem to be the Caufes of thofe various Seatons which we now find. In this Cafe the Airy Regions, everywhere at the fame Height, would be equally replenifhed with the Proportion of Water it could contain, regard being only to be had to the different Degree of Warmth, from the Near- nefs or D;(lanceof the Sun; and an Eternal Eaft-wind would blow all round the Globe, inclining only to the lame fide of the Eaft, as the La¬ titude does from the JEquator ; as is obferved in the Ocean between the Tropicks. ' Next let us fuppofe this Ocean interfperfed with wide and fpacious Trads of Land, with high Ridges of Mountains ; fuch as the Pyrenean , the Alps , the Apennine, the Carpathean in Europe ; Taurus, Caucafus, Imaus , and feve- fal others in Afia ; Atlas, and the Montes Luna:, with other unknown Ridges in Africa, whence come the Nile, the Nigre, and the Zaire, and in America the Andes, and the Apalatean Mountains: Each of which far furpafs the uftial Height to which the Aqueous Vapours of themfelves afeend, and on the Tops of which the Air is fo cold, and rarified, as to retain but a fmall Part of thofe Vapours that fhall be brought thither by the Winds. Thofe Vapours therefore that are raifed copioufly in the Sea, and by the Winds are carried over the low Land to thole Ridges of the Mountains, are there compelled by the Stream of the Air to mount up with it to the Tops of the Mountains, where the Water prefently precipitates , gleeting down by the Crannies of the Stone ; and part of the Vapours entring into the Ca¬ verns of the Hills, the Water thereof gathers, as in an Alembick, into the Bafons of Stone it finds, which being once filled, all the Overplus of Water that comes., thither, runs over by the loweft Place, and breaking out by the Sides of the Hills, forms fingle Springs ; many of thefe run¬ ning down by the Valleys, or Guts between the Ridges of the Hills, and coming to unite, form little Rivulets or Brooks ; many of thefe again meeting in one common Valley, and gaining the plain Ground, being, grown lefs rapid, become a River ; and many of thefe being united into one common Channel, make fuch Streams as the Rhine, the Rhone, the 'Da¬ nube ; which latter, one would hardly think the Colledion of Water con- denied out of Vapour , unlefs we confider how vaft a Trad; of Ground that River , ( I2S ) River drains, and that it is the Sum of all thole Springs which break out on the South-fide of the Carpathian Mountains, and on the North-fide of the immerile Ridge of the Alps , which is one continued Chain of Mountains from Switzerland to the Black-Sea. And it may almoft pafs for a Rule, that the Magnitude of a River, or the Quantity of Water it evacuates, is propor¬ tionable to the Length and Height of the Ridges from whence it? Fountains arife. Now this Theory of Springs is not a bare Hypothecs, but founded on Experience, which it was my Luck to gain in my Abode at St. Helena ; where in the Night-time, on the Tops of the Hills, about 800 Yards above the Sea, there was fo ftrange a Cor.denfation, or rather Precipitation of the Vapours, that it was a great Impediment to my Celeftial Obfervation ; for in the clear Sky the Dew would fall fo fall as to cover, each half quarter of an Hour, my Glades with little Drops, fo that I was neceffitated to wipe them off fo often, and my Paper, on which I wrote my Obfervations, would im¬ mediately be fo wet with the Dew, that it would not bear Ink : By which it may be fuppofed how fait the Water gathers in thofe mighty high Ridges I but now named. Thus is one Part of the Vapours blown upon the Land returned by the Rivers into the Sea, from whence they came. Another Part by the Cool of the Night falls in Dews, or elfe in Rains, again into the Sea before it teaches the Land ; which is by much the greateft Part of the whole Vapour, becaufe of the great Extent of the Ocean, which the Motion of the Winds does not traverfe in a very long Space of Time : And this is the Reafon why the Rivers do not return fo much into the Mediterranean as is extracted in Vapour. A third Part falls on the lower Lands, and is the Pabulum of Plants, where yet it does not reft, but is again exhaled in Va¬ pour by the Adtion of the Sun, and is either carried by the Winds to the Sea, to fall in Rain or Dew there ; or elfe to the Mountains to be there turned into Springs: And though this does not immediately come to pafs, yet after feveral Viciffitudes of rifing in Vapour, and falling in Rain or Dews, each Particle of the Water is at length returned to the Sea, from whence it came. Add to this, that the Rain-water, after the Earth is fully fated with Moifture, does by the Valleys or lower Parts of the Earth, find its Way into the Rivers, and fo is compendioufly fent back to the Sea. Af¬ ter this Manner is the Circulation performed: and I doubt not but this Hypo¬ thecs is more reafonable, than that of thofe who derive all Springs from the Rain-waters, which yet are perpetual, and without Diminution, even when no Rain falls for a long Space of Time: Or than that that derives them from a Filtration, or Percolation of the Sea-waters through certain imagi¬ nary Tubes or Paflages within the Earth, wherein they lofe their Salt- nefs; this, befides many others, labouring under this principal Abfurdity, that the greateft Rivers have their molt copious Fountains fartheft from the Sea, and whether fo great Quantities of frefh Water cannot reafona- bly be derived any other Way than in Vapour. This, if we may allow Final Caufes , feems to be the Defign of the Hills, that their Ridges being placed through the Mid ft* of the Continents, might ferve, as it were, for Alem- bicks , to diftil Frefh Water for the Ufe of Man and Beaft, and their Heights L ( 129 ) Heights to give a Defcent of thofe Streams to run gently, likefo many Veins of the Macrocofm , to be the more beneficial to the Creation. If the Diffe¬ rence between Rain and Dew, and the Caufe why fometimes ’cis cloudy, at other times ferene, be enquired •, I can offer nothing like a proper Solution thereof, only with Submiffion to propofe Conjectures, which are the beft I can find, viz. That the Air being heap’d up with the meeting of two con¬ trary Winds, when the Mercury is high, the Vapours are the better fuftain- ed and kept from coagulating or condenfing into Drops; whereby Clouds are not fo eafily generated : And in the Night the Vapours fall down Single as they arofe in imperceptible Atoms of Water. Whereas when the Mercury is low, and the Air rarified by the Exhauftion thereof, by two contrary Winds blowing from the Place, the Atoms of Air keep the Vapours not fo well Separated, and they coalefce into vifible Drops in the Clouds; and from thence are eafily drawn into greater Drops of Rain. To which tis poffible, and not improbable, that fome fort of faline or angular Particles of terreftrial Vapour being immixt with the Aqueous, which I take to be Bub¬ bles, may cut or break their Skins or Coats, and fo contribute to their more fpeedy Condenfation into Rain « XXXV. The Trade or Tropick Winds feem in great Part to arife from V the daily and conflant Breath of the Sargojja, or Lenticula Marina, which winds; by grows in vaft Quantities from 36 to 18 Degrees Northern Latitude, and elfe- ^T r where upon the deepeft Seas; becaufe the Matter of that Wind, coming P , 494. (as we fuppofe) from the Breath of only one Plant, it muft needs make it conftant and uniform ; whereas the great Variety of Plants and Trees at Land, muft needs furnifh a confufed Matter of Winds. Again, the Levant Breezes are brifkeft about Noon, the Sun quickning the Plant mod then, caufing it to breathe fafter and more vigoroufiy ; and that Plants moftly lan¬ guish in the Nio-ht, is evident from many of them, which contradt themfelves, and clofe at that time; alfo from the EfFe&s of our Winters upon them, which caufe them to caft both Fruit and Leaves too ; whereas they are faid (the fame Plants for kind) univerfally to flourilh all the Year alike within the Tropicks. As for the Direction of this Breeze from Eaft to Weft, it may be owing to the general Current of the Sea; for a gentle Air will (till be led with the Stream of our Rivers, for Example. Again, every Plant is in fome meafure an Heliotrope } and bends itfelf, and moves after the Sun, and confequently emits its Vapours thitherward; and fo its Direction is in that RefpeCt alfo ow¬ ing in fome meafure to the Courfe of the Sun. XXXVI. 1. ft is generally known that there are continual Eaftern Winds neCaufi of under the Line , which they call Breezes and therefore the Accounts of Spa- ^j^ Ch a ft* r nijh Voyages bear, that in their going to the Weft-Indies, they fail fouth- ^/Weather; wards from Spain , along the Coaft of Africk , till they be beyond the Tropick of Cancer , within 20 Deg. of the Line, where they prefently find an Eafter- I7 , P . (143. Iy Wind, and fo they lad on Weftwards with full Wind, fo as they have Scarce any Need to touch their Sails in the whole Voyage: And this they give as the Reafon why the Voyage from Spain to the Weft-Indies is lhorter, more eafy, and more allured, than-the Return to Spain. In the Vol, II. aS South- ( i3°-) South Sea alfo going From New Spain ox Peru to the Philippines or China, their* Voyage is eafy, failing always from Eaft to Weft near the Line , where the Eafterly Winds blow in their Poop. Acofta reports, that in the Year 1584, there went a Ship from Ca/loa in Lima to the Philippines, which failed 2700 Leagues without fight of Land, and this in two Months, their Courfe being almoft under the Line. Now thefe continual Eafterly Winds between the Propicks , I fiippofe to pro¬ ceed both from the Motion of the Earth, and the vertical Influences of the Sun ; after this manner. As you know the vaft Fluid and /Echer, in which the Earth floats in its annual Motion, moves forward with the Earth in that Motion, or rather carries the Globe of the Earth along with it; even fo the Atmojphere, and a large Vortex of /Ether beyond the Moon, goes round with the Earth in its Diurnal Motion ; which tho’, according as it is removed from the Earth, it may be proportionably flower in its Motion, yet that Portion of the Atmojphere , which is neareft the Earth, and furrounds it, may be luppo* fed to keep equal Pace with the Earth in its Motion ; and if there were no Changes in the Atmojphere^ Gravity, I fuppofe it would always go along with the Globe of the Earth from Weft to Eaft in an uniform Motion, which would be wholly infenfible to us. But that Portion of the Atmojphere under the line, being extreamly rarified, its Spring expanded, and fo its Gravity and Preflure much lefs than the neighbouring Parts of the Atmojphere , and confequently uncapable of the uniform Motion to the Eaft, it mutt needs be preft Weft-wards, and make that continual Breeze from Eaft to Weft between the Propicks. 2. The fame Accounts bear, that on this Side the Propick , about 28 or 30 deg. there are to be found conftant Wefterly Winds; and therefore the Spanijh Fleets from the Weft-Indies do not return the Way they went, but thofe botli from Peru, and New Spain , fail along the Coaft Northward till they touch at Havanna in Cuba, and being join’d together there, they leek their Height without the Propicks , where prefently they find Wefterly Winds, which ferve them till they come in view of the Azores , and from thence to Seville. In like manner in the South-Sea , thofe which return from the Phi¬ lippines, or China, to Mexico, to the End they may recover the Weftern Winds, mount a great Height till they come right againft the Ifland of Japan-, and dilcovering California, they return by the Coaft of New Spain to the Port of Acapulco, from whence they parted. So that though they fail eafily from Eaft to Weft, in both Seas, within the Propicks, ' for that the Eaftern Winds reign there; yet returning from Weft to Eaft they muft feek the Weftern Winds without the Propicks in the Height of 2 7 De¬ grees. Now the Reafon of this feems to me clearly deducible from the former; for the P refill re of Air between the Propicks being continually lefs than the neighbouring Parts of the Atmojphere, and fo confequently by them prefied Weft-ward, way being thereby given to the neighbouring Air for Pome Deg. without the Propicks -, its Motion from Weft to Eaft is proporti¬ onably increas’d beyond that uniform Motion it would have, if the whole Atmojphere (tgi 1 ) Atmofphere were of an equal Preflu re; and confequently there will blow a con- ftant Wind from Weft to Eaft for fome Degrees beyond the Tropicks. 3. Thofe Easterly Winds between the 1’ropicks, by what I can colled from the Accounts of Eaftern Voyages, do not blow conftantly from the fame Point, nor diredly from the Eaft‘; but for the one half of the Year, viz. from April to November, or thereabouts, they come from the South-Eaft ; and for the other half of the Year, viz. from November to April, they blow from the North-Eaft. And thefe I fuppofe they call their Monfoons, and Trade - Winds. Hence it is, that they who fail from China, Japan, See. to Ban¬ tam, mu ft wait the Northerly Monfoon , which falls between November and A- priT, and they who return from Bantam, muft go back again when the Southerly Monfoon comes, which is between April and November •, and the Currents of the Sea are faid to obferve the fame Motion and Changes with the Winds. I know not whether thefe Monfoons do blow exaftly from the fame Points in all Parts; for it’s like, where there are Bays, Highlands, and Elands, &c. the Monfoons may blow from different Points: but this is chiefly to be underftood of open Seas. Now thefe Monfoons, I think, may be eafily accounted for from what has already been faid, anent the Caufe of the continual Eafterly Winds between the Tropicks ; for feeing the leffeningof the Air’s Preffure under the Line, and the Preffure of the Neighbouring Parts of the Atmofphere thereupon, occa- fion thefe continual Breezes, if the Sun were conftantly in the Equinoctial Line, it is like the Wind would blow ftill diredtly from the Eaft ; but in that he is the one half of the Year on the one Side of the Line, and the other half on the other, there muft of Neceffity follow a Change of thefe Breezes into ftated Monfoons. For, imagine the Atmofphere to be divided into two equal Hemifpheres by the Equinoctial Plane ; if the Sun were always in the Plane, there would be ftill an equal Preffure from both thefe Hemifpheres upon the Air under the Line, and the Breeze fhould be dire&ly from the Eaft. But now when the Sun comes on the North-fide of the Line, as far as the Tropick of Cancer, and back again, there is not an equal Balance, but the Preffure of the Southern Hemifphere of the Air muft needs be greateft, and confe¬ quently the Breeze muft blow all that Seafon from the South-Eaft ; and when the Sun returns again to the Southward of the Line, as far as Capricorn, and back again, the Preffure of the Northern Hemifphere muft needs preponderate, and make the Wind blow all that half Year from the North- Eaft. And this feems to accord very well with Experience: for their Nor¬ thern Monfoons are in our Winter Seafon, when the Sun is in the Southern Signs •, and their Southern ones in our Summer, when he is in the Northern Signs. 4. The Rivers of Indus and Ganges , where they enter the Ocean, do con¬ tain between them a large Cherfonefus, which is divided in the Middle by a Ridge of high Hills, which they call the Gate, which run along from Eaft to Weft, and quite thorough to Cape Comori. On the one Side is Ma¬ labar , and on the other Coromandel. On the Malabar fide, between that Ridge of Mountains and the Sea, it is, after their Appellation, Summer from September till April', in which time it is always a clear Sky, without once, ( 132 ) or very Iittlej Raining.' On the other Side the Hills, on the Coaft of Cm - mandel , it is at the fame time their Winter, every Day and Night yielding abundance of Rain. And from April to September it is, on the Malabar Side, their Winter,, and on the other Side their Summer: So that in little more than 20 Leagues Journey in fome Places, as where they crofs the Hills to St. ‘Thomas ; on the one Side of the Hill you afcend with a fair Summer, on the other you defcend with a ftormy Winter. The like is faid to be at Cape Razalgate in Arabia-. And Dr. Trapham relates the fame of Jamaica, intima¬ ting that there is a Ridge of Hills which runs from Eaft to Weft thro* the Mid ft of the Hand, and that the Plantations on the Sourh-fide of thefe Hills have, from November to April , a continual Summer, whilft thofe on the North-ftde have as conftant a Winter; and e contra from April to No¬ vember. From theft and fuch like Accounts it ftems evident, that a bare leflening of the Atmofphere’ s Gravity will not occafion Rain, but that there is alfo need¬ ful either a fudden Change of Winds, or a Ridge of Hills to meet the Cur¬ rent of the Air and Vapours, whereby the Particles of the Vapours are driven together, and fo fall down into Drops of Rain. And hence it is, that whilft the Wind blows from the North-eaft, viz. from November to April, there are continual Rains in the northerly Plantations of Jamaica , and on the Side of Coromandel in the Eajl-Indies, becaufe the Winds beat againft that Side of the Hills ; and fo there is fair Weather on the other Side of thefe Hills, in Malabar and the fouthern Plantations of Jamaica,, there being no Winds to drive the Vapours together. But in the foutherly Monfoon, viz. from April to November , Malabar and the foutherly Plantations of Jamaica, have Floods of Rains, the Wind beating againft that Side of the Hills; whilft in Coromandel and the other Side of Jamaica , there is Fair and Clear Wea¬ ther. The Maps make thofe Mountains of Gate run South and North; and, if fo, the Monfoons muft blow from other Points, by reafon of the neigh¬ bouring Countries and Hands; or elfe this is not the true Caufe of thefe Seafons. 5. This ferves alfo to clear the Singularity of Seafons in Peru , beyond any Other Parts of the Earth, and ftems to be afligned by Ac oft a, as the Caufe ©fit. Peru runs along from the Line Southwards about x000 Leagues. It is faid to be divided into three Parts, long and narrow, which they call Lanos, Sierras and Andes ; the Lams, or Plains, run along the South-Sea Coaft ; the Sierras are all Hills, with fome Vallies;, and the Andes fteep and craggy Mountains. The Lanos have fome ten Leagues in Breadth, in fome Parts lefs, and in fome more; the Sierras contain fome 20 Leagues in Breadth,, the. Andes as much,, fometimes more, fometimes lefs; they run in Length from North to South, and in Breadth from Eaft to Weft. This Part of the World is faid to have thefe remarkable Things. 1. All along the Coaft, in the Lanos,. it blows continually with one only Wind, which, is South and South-weft, contrary to that which ufually blows under the Torrid Zone. 2. It never Rains, Thunders, Snows,, or Hails, in all this Coaft, or Lanos, though there falls fometimes a. fmall Dew. 3. Upon the Andes it rains almoft continually, though it be fometimes more clear ( I 33 ) clear than other. 4. In the Sierras, which lie betwixt both the Extreams, h rains from September to April, but in the other Seafons it is more clear, which ^ when the Sun is fartheft off, and the contrary when it is neareft. Now the Realbn of all teems to be this. The Eaftern Breezes which blow conftantlr under the Line, being ttopt in their Courfe by the Sierras and Andes, and yet the fame Breezes being to be found in the South-Sea beyond Peru, as appears by the eafy Voyages from Peru to the Philippines, a Current of Wind blows from the South on the Plains of Peru , to fupply the EaJlern Breeze in the South Seas j and there being but one conftant Gale in thefe Plains, and no contrary Winds, nor Hills for it to beat upon, this feems to be the Reafon why the Vapours are never, or very feldom, driven into Rain. And the Andes being as high per¬ haps in many Places as the Vapours afcend in the higheft Degree of the Atmojphere'^ Gravity, this may probably be the Reafon why the Eaftern Breeze, beating conftantly againft thefe Hills, occafions Rains upon them at all Seafons of the Year. And the Sierras being, it feems lower than the Andes y therefore from September to April , when the Sun is neareft, and fo the Atmof- phere’s Gravity lefs, and the Vapours lower, they are driven againft Sierras into Rain. 6. The Caufes of thofe particular, various, uncertain, and unconftant Winds, which do blow in the Countries without the Tropicks , and that moft frequently in mountainous Places, and more feldom in great Plains, fuch as Boland, I cannot fo eafily conjecture : but thofe general Winds which ufually fall out every where about both Equinoctials, feern to proceed from fome ge¬ neral Caufe : and this I take to be the Change of the Monfoons , and Trade- kVinds, about thefe Times, between the Tropicks. For there muft needs be about thefe Seafons a Change of the Balance of the Atmojphere , according to what I have difcourfed on the third Head; and this, I think, cannot but oc- cafion ftrong Winds over all the Earth. 2. Dr. Gordon endeavours to explain and give an Account of the 'Trade-winds w, ■within the Tropicks, from the different Gravity of the Atmojphere at divers times of the Year. And yet it is afferted by Dr. Lifter, that the Mercury is not aft ”237, 7 F ‘ ftfted with the Weather, or very rarely, let it be cloudy, rainy, windy or f.rene, in St. Helena or the Barbadoes, and therefore probably not within the Tropicks, unlefs in a violent Storm or Hurricane. Now if. the Mercury move vu.Sta.x., little or nothing in the Barofcope, ’cis likely there is little or no Change in the *' Gravity of the Atmojphere, within the Tropicks. 3. The univerfal Ocean may moft properly be divided into three Parts yviz. syMr.w»i~ 1. The Allantick and AEthiopick Sea. 2. The Indian Ocean. 3. The great fo-”- ,s t> South-Sea, or the Paciftck Ocean. p ' 1 1. In the Atlantick and JEthiopick Seas, between the Tropicks , there is a ge¬ neral Eafterly Wind all, the Year long, without any confiderable Variation ; excepting that it is fobjeft t0 be deflected therefrom, fome few Points of the Com- pafs, towards the North or South, according to the Pofition of the Place. 1. Near the Coaft of Africa „ as foon as you have paffed the Canary Jjles, you are fore to meet a frefh Gale of N. E. Wind, about the Latitude of 2 g 0 , North, which feldom comes to the Eaftwards of the E. N. E. or pafles the N. N. E. This Wind accompanies thole bound to the Southward, to the La¬ titude < / ( I 34)' titude of io° North, and about 100 Leagues From the Guinea Coaft, where* till the 4° of North Latitude, they fall into Calms and {Tornadoes . 2. Thole bound to the Carib'bee Iflss, find, as they approach th t American Side, that the aforefaid N. E. Wind becomes ftiil more and more. Eafterly, fo as fometimes to be E. fometimes E. by S. but yet moft commonly to the Northward of the Eaft, a Point or two, feldom more. ’Tis likewiie obfer- ved, that the Strength of thefe Winds does gradually decreafe, as you fail to the Well ward. 3. That the Limits of the Trade and Variable Winds in this Ocean, are farther extended on the American Side than the African •, for whereas you meet not with this certain Wind till after you have paft the Latitude of 28° on this Side; on the American Side it commonly holds to 30, 31, or 320 of Latitude; and this is verified likewife to the Southward of the Equinoctial , fo r near the Cafe of Good Hope , the Limits of the Trade Winds are 3 or 40 nearer the Line than on the Coaft of Brafil. 4. That from the Latitude of 4° North to the aforefaid Limits on the South- fide of the Mquator, the Winds are generally- and perpetually between the South and Eatt, and moft commonly between the South-Eaft and Eaft; ob- ferving always this Rule, that on the African Side they are morejfoutherly, on the Braftlian more eafterly, fo as to become almoft due Eaft, the little Deflexion they have being ftiil to the Southwards. In this Part of the Ocean it has been my Fortune to pafs a full Year, in an Employment that obliged me to regard, more that ordinarily the Weather, and I found the Winds conftandy about the South-eaft, the moft ufual Point S. E. by E. when it was Eafterly it generally blew hard, and was gloomy, dark, and fometimes rainy Weather; if it came to the Southwards, it was generally lerene, and a fmall Gale next to a Calm ; but this is not very common. But I never faw it to the Weftwards of the South, or Northwards of the Eaft. 5. That the Seafon of the Year has lome fmall Effeft on thefe Trade-winds., for that when the Sun is confiderably to the Northwards of the Adquator , the South-eaft Winds, efpecially the Streightof this Ocean, (if I may fo call it) between Brafil and the Coaft of Guinea , do vary a Point or two to the Sou th¬ wards, and the North-eaft become more Eafterly ; and, on the contrary, when the Sun is towards the Tropick of Capricorn , the South-eafterly Winds become more Eafterly, and the North-eafterly Winds on this Side the Line were more to the Northward. 6. There is in this Ocean a Trad of Sea, wherein the Southerly and South- weft Winds are perpetual, viz. all along the Coaft of Guinea , for above 500 Leagues together, from Sierra Leona to the Ifle of St. Thomas •, for the South- eaft Trade-Wind having paffed the Line, and approaching the Coaft of Guinea , within 80 or 100 Leagues, inclines towards the Shore, and becomes S. S. E. and by Degrees, as you come nearer, it veers about to South, S. S. W. and F'g. ici in with the Land South-Weft, and fometimes W. S. W. which Variation is bet¬ ter exprelfed in the Map than it can well be in Words. Thefe are the Winds which are obferved on this Coaft when it blows true, but there are frequent Calms, violent fudden Gufts, called Tornadoes , from all Points of the Compafs, C 1 3S ) Compafs, and fometimes unwholefome, foggy, eafterly Winds, called ILermi- ta*, by the Natives, which too often infeft the Navigation of thele Parts. 7. That to the Northwards of the Line, between 4 and 10 deg of Latitude T and between the Meridians of Cape Verde, and of the Eaftermo 1 fHands that bear that Name, there is a Tradl of Sea, wherein it were improper to fay there is any Trade Wind , or yet a Variable , for it feems condemned to per¬ petual Calms, attended with terrible Thunder and Lightning, and Rains fo frequent, that our Navigators from thence call this part of the Sea the Rains: the little Winds that are, be only fome fudden uncertain Grids, of very little Continuance and lefs Extent ; fo that fometimes each Hour you flaall have a different Gale, which dies away into a Calm before another fuc- ceed ; and in a Fleet of Ships in Sight of one another, each fhall have the Wind from a feveral Point of the Compafs; with thefe weak Breezes , Ships are obliged to make the beft of their way to. the Southward, thro’ the afore- faid fix Degrees , wherein ’tis reported fome have been detained whole Months for want of Wind. From the three laft Obfervables is fhewn the Reafbn of two notable Occur- rents in the Eajl-India and Guinea Navigations. The one is, why notwithftand- ing the narrowed Part of the Sea, between Guinea and Brafil , be about 500 Leagues over; yet Ships bound to the Southward, fometimes, efpecially in die Months of July and Auguft , find a great Difficulty to pafs it. This hap¬ pens, becaufeof the South-eaff Winds, at that time of the Year, commonly extending fome deg. beyond the ordinary Limit of 4 deg. North Lat. and withal they come fo much foutherly, as to be fometimes South, fometimes a Point or two to the Weft; there remains then only to ply to Windward, and if, on the one fide they ftand away W. S. W. they gain the Wind ftill more and more eafterly, but there is Danger of not weathering the Brafilian Shore, or at leaf!: the Shoals upon that Coaft. But if upon the other Tack they go away E. S. E. they fall into the Neighbourhood of the Coaft of Guinea,, from which there is no departing without running Eafterly, as far as the Ifie of St. Thomas, which is the conftant Praftice of all the Guinea Ships,, and which may feem very ftrange, without the Confideration of the 6th Remark, which fhews the Reafon of it. For being in with the Coaft, the Wind blows generally at S. W. and W. S. W. with which Winds they cannot go to the North¬ ward for the Land, and on the other Tack, they can lie no nearer the Wind than S. S. E. or S. and with thefe Courfes they run off the Shore, but in fo doing they always find the Winds more and more contrary ; fo that when near the Shore, they could lie South, at a greater Diftance they can make their way no better than S. E. and afterwards E. S. E. with which Courfes they fetch commonly the Ifle of St. Thomas and Cape Lopez, where, finding the Winds to the Eaftward of the South, they keep them favourable, by running away to the Weftward in the South Lat , 3 or 4 Deg. where the S. E. W inds are perpetual. For the fake of thefe general Winds, all thofe that ufe the Wft-Indian Trade, even thofe bound to Virginia , count it their beft Courfe to get as foon as. they can to the Southwards that fo they may be certain of a fair and frelh ( 136 ) frefh Gale, to run before it to the Weft-wards; and For the fame Reafon thofe homewards bound from America, endeavour to gain the Latitude of 30 deg. as foon as poffible, where they firft find the Winds begin to be variable ; tho’ the moft ordinary Winds in the northern Part of the Atlantick Ocean come from between the South and Weft. As to thofe furious Storms called Hurricanes, which are, as it were, peculiar to the Caribbee IJles and which fo dreadful afflict them in the Month of Au- gujl, or not much before or after, they do not fo properly belong to this Place, both by Reafon of their fmall Continuance and Extent, as likewife becaufe they are not Anniverfary ; fome Years having more than one, and fometimes for leveral Years together there being none at all. But their Violence is fo inconceivable, and their other Phenomena fo furprifing, that they merit well to be confidered apart. What is here faid, is to be underftood of the Sea-Winds, at fome Diftance from the Land ; for, upon and near the Shores, the Land and Sea Breezes arealmoft every where fenfible; and the great Variety which happens in their Periods, Force and Diredion, from the Situation of the Mountains, Val- lies and Woods, and from the various Texture of the Soil, more or Ids ca¬ pable of retaining and refleding Heat, and of exhaling or condenfing Va¬ pours, is fuch, that it were an endlefs Task to endeavour to account for them. 2. In the Indian Ocean, the Winds are partly general, as in the Ethiopick Ocean, partly periodical, that is, half the Year they blow one way, and the other half near upon the oppofite Points; and thefe Points and Times of Shift¬ ing are different in different Parts of this Ocean. 1. Between the Latitudes of xo deg. and 30 deg. South between Madagafcar and Hollandia Nova, the General Trade-Winds about the S. E. by E. is found to blow all the Yearlong, to all Intents and Purpoles after the fame Manner as in the fame Latitudes in the AEtbiopick Ocean, as it is defcribed in the 4th Re¬ mark aforegoing. 2. That the aforefaid S. E. Winds do extend to within 2 deg. of the AEqua¬ tor , during the Months o-f June, July, Augufi, &c. to November, at which time, between the South Latitudes of 3 and 10 Deg. being near the Meridian of the North End of Madagafcar ; and between 2 and 12 South Latitude, being near Sumatra and Java ; the contrary Winds from the N. W. or between the North and Weft, fet in and blow for half a Year, viz. from the Beginning of December till May : and this Monfoon is obferved as far as the Molucca IJles ; of which more anon. 3. That to the Northward of 3 Deg. South Latitude, over the whole Ara¬ bian or Indian Sea and Gulf of Bengal, from Sumatra to the Coaft of Africa , there is another Monfoon , blowing from October to April, upon the N. E. Points; but in the other half Year, from April to October, upon the oppofite Points of S. W. and W. S. W. and that with rather more Force than the other, accompanied with dark rainy Weather, whereas the N. E. blows clear. ’Tis likewife to be noted, that the Winds are not fo conftant, either in Strength or Point, in the Gulf of Bengal, as they are in the Indian Sea, where ( i37 ) where a certain fteady Gale fcarce ever fails. ’Tis alfo remarkable, that the S. JV. Winds in thefe Seas are generally more Southerly on the African Side, more Wefterly on the Indian. 4. There is a Trad of Sea to the Southwards of the ASquator, fubjed to the fame Changes of the Winds, viz. near the African Coaft, between it and the I (land Madagafcar or St. Lawrence , and from thence Northwards as far as the Line ; wherein from April to OBober there is found a conftant Frefh S.S.W . Wind, which, as you go more Northerly, becomes ftill more and more Weflerly, fo as to fall in with the JV.S.W. Winds, mention’d before in thole Months of the Year to be certain to the Northward of the Aiquator: What Winds blow in thofe Seas for the other half Year, I have not y et been able to obtain to my full Satisfadion: The Account which has been given me is only this, that the Winds are much Eafterly hereabouts, and as often to the North of the true Eaft as to the Southwards thereof. 5. That to the Eaftward of Sumatra and Malacca , to the Northwards of the Une , and along the Coaft of Camboia and China , the Monfoons blow North and South ; that is to fay, the N. E. Winds are much Northerly, and the S. IV. much Southerly. This Conftitution reaches to the Eaftwards of the Philippine Ifles, and as far Northerly as Japan. % The Northern Monfoon fet- ting in, in thefe Seas, in OBober or November , and the Southern in May, blow¬ ing all the Summer Months. Here it is to be noted, that the Points of the Compafs, from whence the Winds come in thefe Parts of the Wbrld, are not fo fixt as in thofe lately deferib’d for the Southerly will frequently pafs a Point or two to the Eaftwards of the South, and the Northerly as much to the Weftwardsof the North •, which feems occasioned by the great Quantity of Land which is interfperfed in thefe Seas. 6. That in the fame Meridians, but to the Southward of the Aiquator, be¬ ing that Trad lying between Sumatra and Java to the Weft, and New-Guinea to the Eaft, the fame Northerly and Southerly Monfoons are obfcrved •, but with this Difference, that the Inclination of the Northerly is towards the iV. IV. and of the Southerly towards the S. E. but the PlagaVenli are not more conftant here than in the former, viz. Variable 5 or 6 Points: Befides, the Times of the Change of thefe Winds are not the fame as in the Chinefe Seas, but about a Month°or 6 Weeks later. 7- That thefe contrary Winds do not Shift all at once, but in fome Places the Time of the Change is attended with Calms, in others with Variable Winds-, and it is particularly remarkable, that the End of the Wefterly Monfoon on the Coaft o 1 Coromandel, and the two laft Months of the Souther¬ ly Monfoon in the Seas of China, are very fubjed to be Tempeftuous: The Vi¬ olence of thefe Storms is fuch, that they feem to be of the Nature of the Weft. India Hurricanes, and render the Navigation of thefe Parts very unfafe about that time of the Year. Thefe ‘Tempefls are by our Seamen ufually term¬ ed, the Breaking up of the Monfoons. By reafon of the fhifting of thefe Winds, all thofe that fail in thefe Seas, are oblig’d to obferve the Seafons proper for their Voyages, and fo doing, they fail not of a fair Wind and fpeedy Pafiage ; but if fo be they chance to out-ftay their Time, till the contrary Monfoon fets in, as it frequently happens, Vol. II. T they ( i3 8 ) they are forced to give over the Hopes of accomplidling their intended Voy¬ ages, and either return to the Port from whence they came, or elfe put in¬ to fome other Harbour, there to fpend the Time till the Winds lhall come favourable. 8. That Navigation that there is on the Mare Pacificum, is by the Spani¬ ards , who go yearly from the Coaft of New-Spain to the Manilla’s : But that is but by one beaten Traft; fo that I cannot be fo particular here as in the other two. What the Spanifh Authors fay of the Winds they find in their Courfes, and what is confirm’d by the old Accounts of Brake and Candifh, and fince by Scbooten, who failed the whole Breadth of this Sea in the Southern Latitude of 15 or 16 deg. is, that there is a great Conformity be¬ twixt the Winds of this Sea, and thofe of the Atlantick and Ethiopick-, that is to fay, that to the Northwards of the AEquator, the predominant Wind is between the E. and N. E. and to the Southwards thereof, there is a conftant fteady Gale between the E. and S. E. and that on both Sides the Line, with fo much Conftancy that they fcarce ever need to attend the Sails, and fo much Strength, that it is rare to fail of Crofting this vaft Ocean in ten Weeks time, which is about 130 Miles per diem: _ Befides, ’tis faid that Storms and Tempefts are never known in thefe Parts; wherefore fome have thought it might be as fhort a Voyage to *Japan and China , to go by the Streights of Ma¬ gellan , as by the Cape of Good Hope. The Limits of thefe General. Winds are alfo much the fame as in the Atlan- tick Sea, viz. about the 30th Degree of Latitude on both Sides; for the Spa¬ niards, Homewards bound from the Manilla' s, always take the Advantage of the Southerly Mcnfoon , blowing there in the Summer Months, and run up to the Northwards of that Latitude, as high as Japan, before they meet with Variable Winds, to fliape their Courfe to the Eastwards. And Scbooten and others that have gone about by the Magellan Streights, have found the Limits of S. E. Winds, much about the fame Latitude to the Southwards; befides, a farther Analogy between the Winds of this Ocean and the sEthicpick appears in that, that upon the Coaft of Peru they are always much Southerly, like as they are found near the Shores of Angola. Fig. ao. To help the Conception of the Reader in a matter of fo much Difficulty, I believ’d it neceffary to adjoin a Scheme, ffiewing,. at one View, all the va¬ rious Pratts and Courfes of thefe Winds. The Limits of thefe feveral Pratts are defigned every where by prickt Lines, as well in the Atlantick and AEthio- pick, where they are the Boundaries of the Prade and Variable Winds, as in the Indian Ocean, where they alfo fhew the Extent of the feveral Menfoons. The Courfe of the Winds is expreft by Rows of Stroaks in the fame Line that a Ship would move, going always before it; the fharp End of each little Stroak pointing out that Part of the Horizon , from whence the Wind continually comes; and where there are Monfoons, the Rows of the Stroaks run alter¬ nately backwards and forwards, by which means they are thicker there than elfewhere. As to the great South-Sea, confidering its vaft Extent, and the little Variety there is in its Winds, and the great Analogy between them, and thofe of the Atlantick and AEthiopick Oceans ■, befides, that, the greateft Part thereof is wholly unknown to us; I thought it unneceflary to lengthen the Map therewith.. 1 ° ( I 39 ) In the foregoing Hiftory are contained feveral Problems, that merit well the Confideration of our acuteft Naturalifts, both by reafon of the Conftancy of the EffeCt, and of the immenfe Extent thereof; near half the Surface of the Globe being concerned ; wherein if I am not able to account for all Particu¬ lars, yet *tis hoped the Thoughts I have fpent thereon, will not be judged wholly loft by the Curious in natural Inquiries, 1. Wind is moft properly defigned to be the Stream or Current of the Air ; and where fuch Current is perpetual, and fixt in its Courfe, ’tis neceflfary that it proceed from a permanent unintermitting Caufe, capable of producing a like conftant Effect, and agreeable to the known Properties of the Elements of Air and Water , and the Laws of the Motion of fluid Bodies, Such an one is, I conceive, the ACtion of the Sun’s Beams upon the Air and Water, as he paffes every Day over the Oceans , confidered together with the Nature of the Soil and Situation of the adjoining Continents. 1 fay, therefore, Firjl , That, according to the Laws of Staticks , the Air, which is lefs rarifled or expanded by Eleat, and confequently more ponderous, muft have a Motion towards thole Parts thereof which are more rarifled, and lefs ponderous, to bring it to an jE quilibrium •, and, Secondly , That the Prefence of the Sun continually • fhifting to the Weftwards; that Part towards which the Air tends, by rea¬ son of the Rarefaction made by his greateft Meridian Heat, is with him car¬ ried Weftward, and confequently the Tendency of the whole Body of the lower Air is that way. Thus a General Eafterly Wind is formed, which being impreffed upon.all the Air of a vaft Ocean, the Parts impel one the other, and lo keep moving till the next Return of the Sun ; whereby fo much of the Motion as was loft, is again reftor’d, and thus the Eafterly Wind is made Perpetual. 2. From the fame Principle it follows, that this Eafterly Wind lhould, oil the North-fide of the JEquator, be to the Northwards of the Eaft, and in South Latitudes to the South thereof-, for, near the Line, the Air is much more rarifled, than at a greater Diftance from it-, becaufe of the Sun’s be¬ ing twice in a Year vertical, and at no time diftant above 23 deg. and a half, at which Diftance the Heat, being as the Sine of the Angle of Incidence, is but little fhort of that of the perpendicular Ray. Whereas under the Pro- picks, though the Sun ftay long vertical, yet he is as long 47 deg. off; which is a kind of Winter, wherein the Air fo cools, as that the Summer Heat cannot warm it to the fame Degree with that under the Atquator: wherefore the Air to the Northwards and Southwards, being lefs rarifled than that in the Middle, it follows, that from both Sides it ought to tend towards the Aiquator. This Motion compounded with the former Eafterly Wind, anfwers all the Phenomena of the General Prade-Winds ; which, if the whole Surface of the Globe were Sea, would undoubtedly blow al^ found the World, as they are found to do in the Atlantica and AEthiopicn Oceans. ■ 3. But feeing that fo great Continents do interpofe and break the Conti¬ nuity of the Ocean, regard muft be had to the Nature of the Sou and the Pofltion of the high Mountains; which I fuppofe the two principal Caufes T 2 ( 140 ) of the feveral Variations of the Winds from the former General Rule : For if a Country lying near the Sun prove to be flat, fandy, low Land, fuch as the Defarts of Lybia are ufually reported to be, the Heat occafioned by the Reflection of the Sun’s Beams, and the Retention thereof in the Sand, is incredible to thofe who have not felt it; whereby the Air being exceedingly rarified, it is necefiary that the cooler and more denie Air fhould run thh therwards to reftore the AEquilibrium . This I take to be the Caule, why near the Coaft of Guinea the Wind always fets in upon the Land, blowing Wefterly inftead of Eafterly; there being fufficient Reafon to believe, that the Inland Parts of Africa are prodigioufly hot, lince the Northern Borders thereof were fo intemperate, as to give the Antients Caufe to conclude, that all beyond the Tropick was made Uninhabitable by Excefs of Heat, From the fame Caufe it happens, that there are fo conftant Calms in that Part of the Ocean, called the Rains (defcribed in the 7th Remark on the Atlantick Sea:) For this TraCt being placed in the Middle, between the Wefterly Winds blowing on the Coaft of Guinea , and the Eafterly 'Trade-Winds blowing to the Weftwards thereof, the Tendency of the Air here is indifferent to either, and fo ftands in Equilibria between both ; and the Weight of the incumbent At- mofphere being diminifhed by the continual contrary Winds blowing from • hence, is the Reafon that the Air here holds not the copious Vapour it receives, but lets it fall into fo frequent Rains. 4. But as the cool and denfe Air, by reafon of its greater Gravity, prefixes upon the hot and rarified, ’cis demonftrative that this latter muft afcend in a continual Stream as faft as it rarifies, and that being afcended, it muft difperfe it felf to preferve the Equilibrium, that is, by a contrary Current, the upper Air muft move from thofe Parts where the greateft Heat is: So by a kind of Circulation, the N. E. Trade-Wind below will be attended with a S. W. above, and the S. E. with a N. W. Wind above. And that this is more than a bare Conjedlure, the almoft inftantaneous Change of the Wind to the oppofite Point, which is frequently found in palling the Li¬ mits of the Trade-Winds, feems to aflfure us: But that which above all con¬ firms this Hypothecs, is the Phenomenon of the Monfoons, by this Means moft eafily folved, and without it hardly explicable. Suppofing therefore fuch a Circulation as above; ’tis to be confidered, that to the Northward of the Indian Ocean there is every where Land within the ufual Limits of the La¬ titude of 30, viz. Arabia, Rerfia, India , &c. which, for the fame Reafon as the Mediterranean Parts of Africa, are fubjedl to unfufferable Heats when the Sun is to the North, palling nearly Vertical, but yet are tempe¬ rate enough when the Sun is removed towards the other Tropick, becaufe of a Ridge of Mountains at fome Diftance within the. Land, laid to be Frequently in Winter covered with Snow, over which, the Air, as it paf- les, muft needs be much chilled. Hence it comes to pafs, that the Air coming, according to the general Rule, out of the N. E. in the Indian Seas, is fometimes hotter, fometimes colder, than that which by this Circulation is returned out of the S. W. and by Confequence, fometimes the under Current or Wind is from the N. E. fometimes from no other Caufe, ( 14* ) Caufe, is clear from the Times wherein thefe Winds fet in, viz. in April, when the Sun begins to warm thofe Countries to the North, the S. TV. Mon - foon begins, and blows during the Heats till Ottober, when the Sun being retired, and all Things growing cooler Northward, and the Pleat increa- fing to the South, the N. E. Winds enter and blow all the Winter till A- pnl again. 5. And it is undoubtedly from the fame Principle that to the Southwards of the /Equator, in part of the Indian Ocean , the N. IV . Wind fucceeds the S. E. when the Sun draws near the Tropick of Capricorn. But I muft confefs, that in this latter occurs a Difficulty not well to be accounted for, which is, why this Change of the Monfoons fhould be any more in this Ocean , than in the fame Latitudes in the Mihiopick, where there is nothing more certain than a S. E. Wind all the Year. . . 6. ’Tis likewife very hard to conceive, why the Limits of the Trade-winds fhould be fixt about the 30th Deg. of Latitude all round the Globe •, and that they fhould fo ieldom tranfgrefs or fall fhort of thofe Bounds : as aifo that in the Indian Sea, only the Northern Part fhould be fubjeft to the changeable Monfoons, and in the Southern there be a conftant S. E. Thefe are Particulars that merit to be confidered more at large, and furnifh a fufficient Subject for a juft Volume. XXXVII. Mr. Henfoaw has obferv’d, _ That Dew newly gathered and filtred through a clean Linen Cloth, tho’ it be not very clear, is of a yellow- D eW ;tyMr. iffi Colour, fomewhat approaching to that of Urine. _ . fhaw, That having endeavour’d to putrify it, by putting feveral Proportions into p , glafs Bodies wuh blind Heads, and fetting them in feveral Heats, as of Dung, and gentle Baths, he quite failed of his Intention: for Heat, tho’ never fo gentle, did rather clarify and preferve it fweet, though continued for two Months together, than caufe any Putrefaction or Separation of Parts. That expofing of it to the Sun for a whole Summer in Glaflks, that hold about 2 Gallons, with narrow Mouths that might be flopped with Cork, the only confiderable Alteration he obferved to be produced in it was, that Store of green Stuff (fuch as is feen in Summer in Ditches and Handing Waters) floated on the Top, and in fome Places grew to the Sides of the Glafs. I hat putting 4 or 5 Gallons of it into a half Tub, as they call it, of Wood, and {training a Canvas over it to keep out Duff and InfeCb, and letting it Hand in fom e fhady Room for 3 Weeks or a Month, it did of it felf putrify and ftink exceedinslv and let fall to the Bottom a black Sediment like Mud. . That coming often to fee what Alterations appeared in the PutrefaCtion; he obferved, that at the Beginning, within 24 Hours, a flimy Film floated on the Top of the Water; which after a while falling to the Bottom, there . came another fuch Film in its Place. ThatifZ)m> were put into long narrow Veffels of Glafs, fuch as formerly were ufed for Receivers in diftilling of Aqua Fortis, the Slime would rife to that Height, that he could take it off with a Spoon ; and when he had put a pret¬ ty ( ) ty Quantity of it into a Drinking-glafs, and it had flood all Night and the Water drained from it, if he had turned it out on his Hand, it would ftand upright in Figure of the Glafs, in Subftance like boiled white Starch, tho’ fomewhat more tranfparent •, if his Memory, faith he, fail him not. That having once gotten a pretty Quantity of this Geliy, and put it into a Glafs-body and Blind-head, he fet it into a gentle Bath, with an Intention to have putrified it; but after a few Days, he found the Head had not been well luted on, and that fome Moifture exhaling, the Geliy was grown almoft dry, and a large Mujhroom was grown out of it within the Glals; it was of a loofe waterifh Contexture, fuch an one as he had feen growing out of rotten Wood. That having feveral Tubs with good Quantity of Dew in them, fet to putrify in the Manner abovefaid, and coming to pour out of one of them to make ufe of it, he found in the Water a great Bunch bigger than his Fifl, of thofe In¬ fers commonly called Hog-lice , or Millepedes , tangled together by their long Tails, one of which came out of every one of their Bodies about the Bignefs of a Horfe Hair. The Infefts did all live and move after they were taken out. That emptying another Tub, whereon the Sun, it feems, had ufed fome- times to fhine, and finding, upon the Framing it thro’ a clean Linen Cloth, two or three Spoonfuls of green Stuff, though not fo thick nor fo green as that above mentioned, found in the Glades purpofely expofed to the Sun ; he put this green. Stuff in a Glafs, and tied a Paper over it, and coming fome Days after to view it, he found the Glafs almoft filled with an innumerable Company of fmall Flies, almoft all Wings, fuch as are ufually feen in great Swarms in the Air in Summer Evenings. That fetting about a Gallon of this Dew (which, he faith, if he mifremem- ber not, had been firft putrified and ftained) in an open Jarr-Glafs with a wide Mouth, and leaving it for many Weeks ftanding in a South-window on which the Sun lay very much, but the Cafements were kept clofe fhut; after fome time, coming to take Account of his Dew, lie found it very full of little Infects , with great Heads and fmall tapering Bodies, fomewhat refembling Tadpoles, but very much lels. Thefe, on his Approach to the Glafs, would fink down to the Bottom, as it were, to hide themfelves, and upon his Retreat, wriggle themfelves up to the Top of the Water again. Leaving it thus for fome time longer, he afterwards found the Room very full of Gnats, tho’ the Door and Windows were kept fhut. He adds, that he did not at firft fufpedt that thofe Gnats, had any Relation to the Dew ; but, after finding the Gnats to be mul¬ tiplied, and the little watry Animals to be much leffened in Quantity, and finding great Numbers of their empty Skins floating on the Face of his Dew , he thought he had juft Reafon to perfuade himfelf that the Gnats were by a fecond Birth produced of thofe little Animals. That vapouring away great Quantities of his putrified Dew in Glafs Bafons •and other earthen glazed Veffels, he did at laft obtain, as he remembers, a- bove 2 Pound of greyifh Earth ; which, when he had wafhed with more of the fame Dew out of all his Bafons into one, and vapoured to Siccity, lay in Leaves ( r 43 ) Leaves one above another, not unlike to fome Kind of brown Paper, but ve¬ ry friable. That taking this Earth out, and after he had well ground it on a Marble, and given it a fmart Fire in a coated Retort of Glafs, it loon melted and be¬ came a Cake in the Bottom when it was cold, and looked as if it had been Salt and Brimftone in a certain Proportion melted together •, but, as he remembers, was not at all inflammable. This ground again on a Marble, he faith, did turn fpring Water of a reddifh, purple Colour. That by often calcining and filtring this Earth, he did at laft extract 2 Ounces of a fine fmall white Salt , which looked on through a good Microfcope , feem’d to have Sides and Angles in the fame Number and Figure, as Rock Petre. XXXVIII. 1. We had of late in the County of Limerick and Tipperary, Showers of a Sort of Matter like Butter or Greafe ; if one rub it upon one’s Butter, in Hand it will melt, but lay it by the Fire and it dries and grows hard, having a very {linking Smell. Some of it fell here at Kilkenny, Nov. 14, 1695. n.azo.p,zi3. which I did fee myfelf the next Morning. 2. Having very diligently enquired concerning a very odd Phenomenon, which was obferved in many Parts of Munflcr and Leinfter , the heft Account I can collect thereof, is as follows: For a good Part of the Winter i 6 g§, and Spring following, there fell in feveral Places a Kind of thick Dew, which the Country People call’d Butter , from the Confiftency and Colour of it, being fofc, clammy, and of a dark Yellow ; it fell always in the Night, and chiefly in moorilh low Grounds, on the Top of the Grafs; and often on the Thatch of Cabbins; ’twas feldom obferv’d in the fame Places twice, it commonly lay on the Earth for near a Fortnight without changing its Colour, but then dried and turned black ; Cattle fed in the Fields where it lay indifferently as in other Fields: It fell in Lumps often as big as the End of one’s Finger, very thin and fcatteringly •, it had a ftrong ill Scent, fomewhat like the Smell of Church- Yards or Graves; and indeed, we had during moll of that Seafon very ftink- ing Fogs, fome Sediment of which might poffibiy occafion this (linking Dew, tho’ I will by no means pretend to offer that as a Reafon of it. I cannot find that it was kept long, or that it bred any Worms or InfeSls ; yet the fuperftitious Country People, who had fcall’d or fore Heads, rubb’d them with this Sub- ftance, and faid it healed them. XXXIX. Dec. 6, 1631. Being in the Gulf of Fob, riding at Anchor, about a shiver of 10 °f the Clock that Night, it began to rain Sand or Afhes, and continued till f U Will Badily, LUC n. 21.p.377. two of the Clock -the next Morning. It was about two Inches thick on £° yb c */ f - Deck, fo that we caff it over-board with Shovels, as we did Snow f fy before. There was no Wind Airring when thefe AJhes fell; it did not ai only in the Places where we were, but likewife in other Parts, as Ships Were coming from St. John d’Acre to our Port; they being at that Time j* c ° leagues from us. We compared the Afhes together, and found them one. ^ This Shower of Afhes was upon an Eruption of Mount Fefuvius. XL, ( 144 ) a shower of XL. This City of Briftol and the Country round, is filled with Reports of ^mfiakcnfor raining Wheat about Warminfter in Wiltjhire , and other Places within 6 or 8 Wheat ’coie ' K * an d many believe it. I have procured feveral Parcels of it, and 6 find it to be the Seed of Ivy-Berries , which from Towers and Churches, Chirm neys, Walls, and high Buildings, were lately by very fierceTempefts of Wind and Hail driven away from the Holes, Chinks, and other Parts, where Birds had brought them, efpecially Sterlings and Choughs. It was (among many other prodigious Stories; confidently affirmed, that tbofe Grains were found in the Hail, as Seeds in Comfits. I have by all ways I can imagine, examined and compared them with the Seeds of Ivy-Berries , by the Tafte, Smell, Size, and Figure, with the Affiftance of Magnifying Glaffes, viewing them in both the fuperficial and inward Parts. A Sbonvir of XLI. On Wednefday before Eafler, An. 1696. a Pafture Field at Cranftead, Kent *by Dr. near Wrotham in Kent, about two Acres, which is far from any part of the Sea, Rob.Cony, or Branch of it, and a Place where are no Fifh-ponds, but a Scarcity of Wa- "jgi 43 P ' ter > was all over-fpread with little Fifhes, conceived to be rained down, there having been at that Time a great Tempeftof Thunder and Rain. The Fifhes were about the length of a Man’s little Finger, and judged by all that faw them to be young Whitings; many of them were taken up and fhewed to feveral Perfons. The Field belonged to one Ware, a Yeoman, who fhew’d fome of them, among others, to Mr. Lake, a Bencher of the Middle-Temple, who had one of them, and brought it to London. The Truth of it was averr’d by ma¬ ny that faw the Fifhes he fcattered all over that Field, and none in the other Fields thereto adjoining. The Quantity of them was effimated to be about a Bufhel, being all together. I had this Account from a worthy Gentleman of this Country, who had a Box full of the Fifhes. Hail (tones of XLI I. July 17, 1666. About ten in the Forenoon, there fell a violent Storm of fife'/upon the Coaft-Towns of Suffolk, tracing along Seckford Hall, N'ft’h.F'aS-' Woodbridge, Snape-Bridge, Aldborough, &c. more to the Northwards. The fax, n. 26. fi a n was fmall near Yarmouth ; but at Seckford-Hall one Halftone was found by Meafure to be 9 Inches about. One of this Town (viz. Woodbridge ) found one at Melton 8 Inches about. At Snape-bridge a Man affirmed, that he lighted on one about 12 Inches about. A Lady of Frifton-Hall putting one of them into a Balance, found it weigh 12 t. 6 d. Several Perfons of good Credit in Aldborough affirmed fome Iiail-ftones to have been full as big as Turkey'?, Eggs (an ordinary Hen’s Egg weighs but about 9 r.) J■ Baker of Rumbrough had his Head broken by the Knocks of them through a ftiff Coun¬ try Fef j in fome Places his Head bled, in others Bunneys arole : The Hor- fes were fo pelted, that they hurried away his Cart beyond all Command. They feemed all white, fmooth without, fhining within. ’Tis fomewhat Itrange, methinks, that their Pillar of Air fhould keep them aloft, if they were ( *45 ) were not ciap’d together in the falling, efpecially at fuch a Time of the Year when the Airis lefs thickned, and its Springs weaker. XLIII. In May 1686, there fell, at Lifle in Flanders, Hail of fo great a Bignefs, that the leaft exceeded Pigeons Eggs. Several of them were a Quar ; ter of a Pound Weight and more. One among the reft was obferved to con- tain a dark brown Matter in the Middle thereof; and being thrown into the v ' 8581 Fire, it gave a very great Report. Others were tranfparent, which melted before the Fire immediately. This Storm pafied over the Citadel and Town, and left not a whole Glafs in the Windows on the windward Side. The Trees were broken, and fome beat down; and the Partridges and Hares kill’d in Abundance. XLIV. 1. A very extraordinary Hail fell in thele Parts, April 29, 1697. The Vapours that difpofed the aqueous Parts thus to congeal, came with a Wales, ci» e . South-wcft Wind out of Caermrvanjhire, palling near Snowdon with a horrid black Cloud, attended with frequent Lightnings and Thunder. As yet I Hailey, n. hear no further of it Weftward than out of Denhighfhire , where it left St. 1Z<} ' p ‘ 57 °‘ Afaph to the Right, and did much Damage between it and the Sea, breaking all the Windows on the Weather-fide, and killing Poultry and Lambs, and at Sir John Conway's, at Deferl, a flout Dog ; and in the North Part of Flint- Jhire ieveral People had their Heads broke, and Were grievoufly bruifed on their Bodies. From Flintfhire it crofted over the Arm of the Sea that comes up to Chefter , and was only felt in Chejhire , at the very N. fV. Corner of the Peninfula, called Wtral , between the Mftuaria of Chefter and Leverpoole , at a Town called IV. Kirby , where it hailed but for three Minutes, it be¬ ing on the extreme Point thereof, on the Right-hand, but it thundred dread¬ fully, and was here at Chefter about three in the Afternoon ; but the main Body of it fell upon Lancajhire , in a right Line from Ormfkirk to Blackborn , which is on the Borders of Torkjhire ; but whether it croffed the Ridge of Hills into Torkjhire, we know not. The Breadth of the Cloud was about two Miles; within which Compafs it did incredible Damage, killing all Sorts of Fowl and fmall Creatures, and fcarce leaving any whole Panes in any of the Windows where it pafled j but which is worfe, it plowed up the Earth, and cut off the Blade of the green Corn fo as utterly to deftroy it, the Hailftones burying themfelves in the Ground ; and the Bowling-Greens, where the Earth was any Thing foft, were quite defaced, fo as to be ren- dred unferviceable for a Time. This I had from an Eye-Witnefs. The Hail¬ ftones, fome of which weighed five Ounces, were of differing Forms, fome round, fome half-round, fome fmooth, others embofled and crenulated, like the Foot of a drinking Glafs, the Ice very tranfparent and hard, but a fnowy Kernel was in the mid It of moft of them, if not all. The Force of their Fall argued them to fall from a great Height. What I take to be moft extraordinary ln this Phosnomenon is, that fuch a Sort of Vapours Ihould continue undifperft fo long a Tra< 5 t, as above fixty Miles together, and in all the Way of its Pal- %e occafion fo extraordinary a Coagulation and Congelation of the watry Clouds, ... lb. S* 57*‘ ( ) as to encreafe the Hailftones to fo vaft a Bulk, in fo fhort a Space as that of their Fall. 2. We had only the extreme Skirt of the Shower here, and there fell not above 10 Hailftones in our Court; but they were much larger and harder than the oldeft of us had feen. A Gentlewoman found one of them by Mea- fure to be about 5 Inches about, A little while after the Shower was over, I found the Stcnes had fallen at good Diftances one from another, and that they were melting very faff, the Weather being very hot; fcarce any of them was fo little as a Mufket Bullet, but moft of them far bigger, and of that Figure. A Servant who was then at Bottle-Mill , tells me, That the Sea feemed to be rifen to an unwonted Height, and to bear the Appearance of a Wood that he found Iiailftones as big as Pool Eggs and that many Sea-Fowl and Land-Fowl were killed : And as an Inftance of it, he took up a Sea-Swallow on Bottle-Marfto, whofe Wing was broken with an icy Pellet, and brought her home. Upon this Story, I rid toward the Grounds which had fhared moft in the Storm. When I came to Bottle, I faw Jane Mutche’s Windows ill bat¬ tered. I found the Storm had been as violent at Lirnker •, I faw what Breaches it had made upon Will. Haljall’s Barns, what Boughs it had broke off from his Apple-trees, and what Wounds the Hailftones had made in the green Brow by his Houfe. I meafured feveral of the Holes, and found them generally an Inch deep, and fome an Inch and a half. Will. Halfall told me, that the great Stones fell fo violently into the Marl-pit befides his Houfe, that Spouts of Water role a Yard and a half high. This unriddled my Man’s Story, that the Sea appeared like a Wood. Dr. ‘Tarleton took up Hailftones as big as Duck Eggs upon Aughton Common \ and Mr. Shepherd profeffes, that the Church-yard at Sephton feem’d as ftrew’d with Duck Eggs ■, and that one of them was weighed, which amounted to full Half a Pound : Two Hailftones were weighed at Ormf- kirk , which came to ^ of a Pound a-piece. At Ince the Stones were part as big as Duck , and part as Goofe Eggs. I fent fome People the next Morning early to the Sea-fide, and they brought in feven Sorts of Fowls, as Curlieu, Sea-Pye, Sea-Swallow, Gone, and other we want Names for: And we hear that at the little Towns next the Sea, they were pick’d up by Bufhels. No Hail fell at Everton, Lowhill , or Leverpoole , the Storm ending near Walton -, but there was fo thick a Darknefs before the Storm, that in Lever¬ poole, many People ran out of their Houfes into the Street to look at the Face of the Sky ; and it was marvellous dark here. The Neighbours tell doleful Stories of the Effedts of this Hail : As a young Woman at Bottle was running for Shelter, her Hat fell off, and a Hail-ftone that hit her behind the Ear made her tumble; a Man was knock’d off his Florfe by the Hail, but prefently got up again : Another having pull’d down his Hat to fave his Face, 2 Stone fell which tore the Brim from the Crown, fo for that he could put his Hand through the Hole : At Ormjkirk 4 Pounds Damage was done to one Inn, and the Glafs broke by the Storm in the whole Town, could not be repaired for 60/, The Stones there rebounded, many of them 2 Yards high s f H7 )) high ; at luce two Morfes were knock’d down in the Plough} and a Man fell at the fame Time ; at Crojby fome Beafts were knock’d down ; one Jo. Hol- land was found dead in Skirmfdale after the Shower, but whether by th z Hail or Lightning (for it came with Thunder and Lightning ) I have not yet heard : Two Women were fo beaten by it, in a little while before they got Cover, that they could hardly turn them in their Beds next Morning; they could hard- ly pafs the Lanes for Bafkets, Panniers, Sacks, and People, which the Horfes had thrown down in their Return from Omjkirk Market. XLV. On Tuefday, May, 4, 1697. (at Hitchin in Hertfordfoire) about nine ^ a-Clock in the Morning, it began to lighten and thunder extremely, fome Hertford- great Showers intervening; it continued till about two of the Clock in the^1697^ Afternoon, when on a fudden, a black Cloud arofe S. W. of us, the Wind sjl.Mi-.Rob. being Eaft, and blew hard; then fell a fharp Shower, with fome Hail-ftones. p * r 5 °£' * I meafured fome of them 7 and 8 Inches about; But the Extremity of the Storm fell about Offley, where a young Fellow was kill’d, one of his Eyes ftruck out of his Head, his -Body was all over black with the Bruifes; ano¬ ther Perfon nearer to Offley efcaped with his Life, but much bruifed. There Was in the Houfe of Sir Jo. Spencer , 7000 Quarries of Glafs broke, and there was great Damage done to all the neighbouring Houles thereabouts. The Hail fell in fuch vaft Quantities, and fo great, that it tore up the Ground, lplit great Oaks and other Trees in great Numbers; it cut down great Fields of Rye, as with a Scythe, and has deftroy’d feveral hundred Acres of W heat, Barley, Cfr, infomuch that they plough it up and fow it with Oats. The Tempejl was fuch when it fell that in 4 Poles of Land, from the Hills near Us, it carried away all the Staple of the Land, leaving nothing but Chalk. The Hail broke vaft Numbers of Pigeons Wings, Crows, Rooks, and other Birds: The Flood came down, fpreading 4 or 5 Acres of Land, rowling like die Bay of Bifcay ; and which is very ftrange, all this fell in the Compafs of one Englijh Mile. I was walking in my Garden, which is very fmall, per¬ haps about 30 Yards Square, and before I could get out, it took me to my Knees, and was through my Eloufe before I could get in, which I can mo- deftly fpeak was in the Space of a Minute, and went through all like a Sea, carrying all Wooden Things like Boats on the Water, the greateft Part of the Town being under this Misfortune ; the Surprife was fo great, that we had fcarce Time enough to five our Children and Wives. There fell fome hundred thoufand Cart-loads : I faw them 4 Days after ; and if the Beds of Hail had not been broke by Peoples coming, and trampling of Horfes, it might have lain till Michaelmas. They have been meafured from one to thir¬ teen and fourteen Jnches certain: Some People talk largely of it, feventeen and eighteen Inches; but the other is certain Truth. The Figures of them are various, fome oval, others round, others pricked, fome flat, . We were not fo curious to weigh them. The Damage about us, and in our Town, is Hear 4000 /. XLVI. 1. In the Parifh of Wejlhide, not fir from Hereford, there fell, the 6th June, 1697. fo great a Quantity of Hail, that it deftroy’d ail the refordfhire, Poultry, Garden-fluff, Corn, Grafs, and moil of the Fruit-trees in the Parifh, __ U 2 butjb. p.579. ( i 4 8 ) but killed no Men nor Cattle ; but hurt feveral, and broke mod of the Win¬ dows. Many of the Stones were meafured above nine Inches in Compals. gyMr-Ed*. 2. We had at Poniy-Pool in Montrtouthjhire, June 1697. an extraordinary Lhwyi, . shower of Hail , which extended about a Mile, and laded near half an Hour. It broke the Stalks of all the Beans and Wheat within that Circumference, and ruined as much Glafs at Major Hanburf s Houfe, as cod four Pounds re¬ pairing ; forneof the Hail were eight Inches about, their Figure very irregu¬ lar and unconftant, feveral of th e Hail-Jlones being compounded. Anunufuai XLVII. The fird of March , i66f. there fell an unufual Sort of Snow at Frankfort in the Oder : It had none of the ordinary Figures, but was made chr. Beck- up of little Pillars, whereof fome were Tetragonal , fome Hexagonal , with a neat men, n. 39. On the Top they were fomewhat larger, as the Heads of Columns are Confidering the whole Shape, we thought fit to give it the Name of Nix Colnmnaris. Red Snow XLVIII. On St. Jofepb’ s Day, upon the Mountains called Le Langhe , there fommifcafi ^ L1 P on the white Snow that was there already, a great Quantity of red, or tysig. if you pleafe, of Bloody Snow; from which (being Iqueez’d.) there came a “ : - 6 . Water of the fame Colour. Obferwtions XLIX. I have feen the Water of diffolved Snow perform a quick Cure, Scf™Beale'' ta ^ n S out the Fire, when the Flefh was burnt by a Warming-pan of Brafs, «. 56. p. ' which Metal commonly makes the Burning more difficult to be cured : Which II3S ' did put me in Mind to examine the Figures of the Snow which now fell in this extreme Froft. I expedted that we might fee through the fmall Particles at lead as through Lice, Fleas, Cheefe-mites, by fome kind of Tranfpa- rence: But I was deceived ; my Affiftants could make nothing of it, either by an ordinary or extraordinary Microfcope. 7 be Nature L. He that will enquire of the Nature of Snow, will do it bed, not by the «fSno W ; by Purfuit of his Fancy in a Chair, but with his Eyes abroad ; where if we ufe Grew/n.ga! them well fixed, and with good Caution, and this in a thin, calm and dill f- 5193. Snow, we may by Degrees obferve, 1. With M. Des Cartes and Mr. Hook , that many Parts hereof are of a regular Figure, for the mod Part, as it were, fo many little Rowels, or Stars, of fix Points, being perfect and tranfparent Ice , as any we fee upon a Pool or Vefiel of Water. Upon each of thefe fix Points are fee other collateral Points, and thole always at the fame Angles as are the main Points them- felves. 2. Amongd thefe regular Figures, many others alike regular, but far lefs, may likewife be difeovered. - Looking dill more warily we fhall perceive, that there are divers others indeed irregular, yet chiefly but the broken Points, Parcels and Fragments of the regular ones. Laftly, That befides the broken Parts, there are fome others which leem to ( *49 ) to have loft their Regularity, not fo much in being broken, as by various Winds firft gently thaw’d, and then froze into little irregular Clumpers again. From whence the true Notion, and external Nature of Snow, feemeth to ap¬ pear, viz. That not only fome few Parts of Snow , but originally the whole Body of it, or of a fnowy Cloud, is an infinite Mafs of Ificles regularly figur’d; pot one Particle thereof, I fay, originally, not one of fo many Millions, be¬ ing indeterminate or irregular; that is to fay, a Cloud of Vapours being ga¬ thered into Drops, the (aid Drops forthwith defcend ; upon which Defcent, meeting with a foft freezing Wind, or at lead paffing through a colder Re¬ gion of the Air, each Drop is immediately froze into an IJicle, (hooting it felf forth into feveral Points or Stria on each Hand from-ward its Center: But ftill continuing their Defcent, and meeting with (bme fprinkling and intermixed Gales of warmer Air, or in their continual Motion, and Waftage to and fro, touching upon each other, fome are a little thaw’d, blunted, frofted, clum- per’d, others broken, but the moft hanked and clung in feveral Parcels toge¬ ther ; which we call Flakes of Snow. Hence we underftand why Snow, though it feems to be foft, yet is truly hard, becaufe true Ice , the infeparable Property whereof is to be hard ; feem- ing only to be foft, becaufe upon the firft Touch of the Finger upon any of its fharp Edges or Points they inftantly thaw, or otherwife they would pierce our Fingers as fo many Lancets. Why again, though it be true Ice, and fo hard and denfe a Body, yet ’tis very light; becaufe of the extream Thinnefs of each IJicle in Comparifon of its Breadth: For fo Gold, which, though of all Bodies the moft ponderous, yet being beaten into Leaves, rides upon the lead Breath of Air. Alfo how it is White; becaufe confident of Parts all of them ftnglytranfpa- rent; but being mixed together appear white, as the Parts of Froth, Glafs, Ice, and other tranfparent Bodies, whether foft or hard. The ejjential Nature of Snow, I think may be beft underftood, by comparing its general Figure with fuch regular Figures as we fee in divers other Bo¬ dies ; in that where we fee the like Configurations, we may believe there is the like Subjell wherein, or the like Efficient whereby, both thofe and thefe are made. As for the Figure of Snow, ’tis generally one, viz. That which is above defcribed ; rarely of different ones, which may be reduced chiefly to two Generals, Circulars and Hexagonals either Ample or compounded together : More rarely, either to be feen of more than fix Points, but if fo, then, not of eight or ten, but twelve : Or in Angle Shoots, as fo many (hort (lender Cy¬ linders like thofe-of Nitre: Or by one of thefe Shoots, as the Axle-tree, and touching upon the Center of a Pair of pointed Ificles, joined together as the two Wheels : Or the feme Hexagonal Figure, and of the fame ufual Breadth, but continued in Thicknefe or Profundity, like the Stone, which, as I remem¬ ber, Boetius calls Afiroites. All thefe I fay are rare, the firft defcribed being the general Figure. As for the Configurations of other Bodies, we (hall find, that there are di¬ vers, which have fome a lefs, others a more near Refemblance hereunto. Nitre A Freezing Rain in So- merfet/hire \ by Dr. J. Beale, n. 9 c S' 5*3®- ;( 15 ° ) Nitre h formed, as is commonly known, into long Cylindrical Shoots, as al- fo all 'Lixivia! Salts , for the mod Part; refembling, though not perfectly, the feveral Points of each ftarry Jfiele of Snow. Salt of Harts Horn , Sal Armoniac , and fome other Volatile Salts , befides their main and longer Shoots, have others fhorter branched out from them ; refembling, as thofe the main, fo thefe the collateral Points of Snow. But the Ificles of Urine are dill more near : For, in Salt of Harts Horn , although the collateral Shoots dand at acute Angels with the main, yet not by Pairs at equal height; and in Sal Armoniac, although they dand diametrically oppofite, or at equal Height, yet withal at Right, not Acute Angles; whereas in the Ificles of Urine they dand at equal Height, and at Acute Angles both: In both, like thofe of Snow. And it is obfervable, that the Configuration of Feathers is likewife the fame ; the reafon whereof is, becanfe Fowls having no Organs for the Evacuation of Urine , the urinous Parts of their Blood are evacuated by the Habit or Skin, where they produce and nourifh Feathers. From hence it fhould feem, That every Drop of Rain aforefaid, contain¬ ing in it felf fome fpirituous Particles (as from the Height to which they are advanced, the prolifick. Virtue of Rain , and its eafy Tendency to Pu¬ trefaction above other Water, is argued they do) and meeting with others in their Defcent of a Saline, and that partly Nitrous, but chiefly Urinous , or of an Acidofalinous Nature, the faid fpirituous Parts are apprehended by them, and with thofe the Watry, and fo the whole Drop is fixed ; yet not into any indifferent and irregular Shape, depriving the fpiri¬ tuous Parts of their Motion in an inflant; but according to the Energy of the Spirituous , as the Pencil, and the fpecifick Nature, or determinate Pol- fibility of the Saline Parts, as the Ruler, ’tis thus figured into a little Star. LI. 1. The Freezing Rain , which fell here the 9th, iorh, or nth, of De¬ cember, 1672, (for I cannot confine the Time exadtly) hath made fuch a ' DeftruiEtion of Trees, in all the Villages and Highways from Briftol to- 1 wards TVells , and towards Shepton-Mallet, and towards Bath and Bruton, and in other Places of the Weft, that both for the Manner and Matter it may feem incredible, and is more ftrange than I have found in any Englifh Chronicle. You have the Proof and Manner, and beft Meafure of it in the following Tranfcript: “ The late prodigious Frofl (faith a very worthy “ Perfon of unquestionable Credit) hath much difabled many old Orchards, “ expofed to the North-eaft ; had it concluded with fome Gufts of Wind tc it might have been of fad Importance ; I weighed the Spriggof an Alh- “ Tree of juft three Quarters of a Pound, which was brought to my “ Table; the Ice on it weighed 16 Pounds, befides what was melted off “ by the Hands of them that brought it. A very fmall Bent at the fame “ Time was produced, which had an Ificle, encompaffmg it, of 5 Inches te round by meafure. Yet all this while, when Trees and Hedges were *■* loaden with Ice, there was no Ice to be feen on our Rivers, nor fo much “ as on our ftanding Pools.” The like, or worfe, and more ftrange Com¬ plaints, ( r 5* ) plaints, I received from feveral other Places, and From Eye-Witnefies of Credit. Some Travellers were almoft loft by the Coldnefs of the Freez¬ ing Air, and Freezing Rain. All the Trees, young and old, on the High¬ way from Briftol to Sbepton , were fo torn and thrown down on both fides the Ways, that they were unpaffable. By the like Obftrudlions the Car¬ riers of Bruton were forc’d to return back. Some were affrighted by the Noife in the Air, till they difcern’d that it was the clatter of Icy Boughs, dallied one againft another by the Wind. Some told me that riding on the Snowy Downs, they faw this Freezing Rain fall upon the Snow ; and immediately freeze to Ice , without finking at all into the Snow; fo that the Snow was covered with Ice all along, and had been dangerous, if the Ice had been ftrong enough to bear them. Others were on their Journey when the Ice was able to bear them in fome Places, and they were in great Diftrefs. Dec. 8. Much Snow fell here ; the 9th much Rain fell here ; and all the Snow palTed away, not leaving an IJicle amongft us. The 10th Day, we had fudden Fits of Cold and relaxing Warmnefs. On Wednefday (Bee. 11.) I faw a young Man, who returning home from a Journey of 5 Miles, and coming into a warm Room, cry’d out of extreme Torments in all Parts of his Body. He affirm’d, that the Air, and the Winds (which were then fome- what high) were fo unfufferably cold, that he was in utter Defpair of coming home alive; yet all that Day nothing but moift Dew fell under our Feet. If we fay, the Earth did fend forth warm Steams to keep this Freezing Ram dif- folved on her Surface; whence lhall we fay, the Air, and Rain, and Winds, got thefe Freezing Iftcles which opprelfed Men and Plants ? When the Can- ded Frojls do cover our Fruit-Trees perfectly white (as I have oft-times feen it hold for fome Weeks together) it is fo far from doing hurt to the Trees, that we have it in a Proverb, for a good Sign of abundance of Fruit, in the e nfuing Year. But this Freezing Rain , as foon as it touched any Bough, fettled into Ice, and by multiplying and enlarging the Iftcles (efpecially where it could lay hold on Mofs, or other Afperitiesof the Tree) it broke all down with the Weight. _ ■ This ffiews that a Frojl may be very fierce and dangerous in the Air, and n on the Tops of fome Hills and Plains, whilft in many other Places it keeps p at two, three, or four Foot diftance above the Ground, Rivers and Lakes; and many wander, at fome Difference of Time, in fome Places very furious ; in other Places intermediate and not far afunder, very remifs and abated ; where it was fierce, always at the Height of Trees at leaft, never on the Ground vehement, that I could hear of, but on Salijbury Plains , which are very high Grounds. As foon as thefe Frojls were over, we had glowing Heats , which caufed a n general Complaint amongft us of exceffive Sweating, by Night and Day. p The Bufhes, and many Flowers in the Garden, appeared in fuch forwardnefs, ^ if it were in April or May, I faw young Coleworts growing ; and not far from my Abode, an Apple-tree bloffomed before C hr if mas. Ihis I do not mention for extraordinary ; but I think ’tis more than ordinary, that before Hew- . n . • 357* . $0. • 5140. ( r 5 2 ) New-Tears-Tide this Apple-tree bore Apples perfectly knitted, and as big as one’s Finger’s End. At Oxford; 2 - The like ftrange Froft was with us at Oxford. It was rather a Raining of ffs^n It ^ CR '' or at Fain Freezing as it fell ; which made ftrange Iftcles hanging on 5i95.’n 9 23i. Frees, and a ftrange Nolle by the rattling of them upon the Boughs Motion by p- 6 54- the Wind ; but not fo much as at the Places you mention in Somerfetjhire : Yet more in the Country about us (as from feveral Relaters I have heard) than with us here. And the great Warmth foon after was alfo with us; infomuch that not only Blofloms, but (as was then certainly affirmed, though I was not fo curious as to get a Sight of any) green Apples were obferved on divers Trees, par¬ ticularly in the Parilh of Holywell. Efftfsof LII. i. Mr. John Schefferus , a Profeffor in the Swedifh Univerftty at Upfal , Northern" writes, That he had feen and had Hares , which about the Beginning of Winter Countries; by and Spring were half white and half of their native Colour : That in the midrt fcusl’nfit" of Winter he never faw any but all white. That Foxes alfo were white in Winter , p.350. and Squirrels greyilh, mix’d of a dark And white Colour. That Fifties are killed by reafon of the Ice not being broken : But firft, in Ponds only, or narrow Lakes; next, in fuch Lakes only where the Ice is pret¬ ty thick; for, where ’tis thin, they die not fo eafily. Laftly, That thofe Fifties that lie in flimy or clay Ground die not fo foon as others. That in great Lakes, when ’tis a very bitter Froft, Ice is wont to be broken either by the Force of the Waves, or of the imprifoned Vapours, raifed by the Agitation of the Water, and then burfting out with an Jmpetuofity ; wit- nefs the Noife made by the Rupture of the Ice through the whole Length of luch'Lakes, which lie affirms to be not lefs terrible than if many Guns went off together; whereby it falls out, that Fifhes are feldom found dead in great Lakes. That neither Oil nor] a ftrong Brine of Bay-Salt, is truly congealed into Ice in thofe Parts: That the Froft pierces into the Earth two Cubits or Swedifh Ells, and what Moifture is found in it, is white, like Ice. That Waters, if ftanding, freeze to a greater Depth, even to three fuch Ells or more; but thofe that have a Current, lefs;: That rapid Waters freeze not at all, nor ever bubbling Springs; and that thefe latter feem even to be warmer in Winter than in Summer. By m. Fehre 2. M. Fehre, Chief Secretary to Prince Radzivil, allures us, that in the ii.531. War againft the Mufcovites and Coffacks in Jan. 1655. at the Siege of Bichow in White Ruftia , all their Provifions of Spanifh Wines or Peterftmen , and Beer, were in one Night frozen upon the Sledge, notwithftanding they were co¬ vered with Straw ; infomuch that they were conftrained to carry them into a Stove to thaw them, which they could not do in two whole Days, and were obliged to break the Veffels, and put Pieces of the Ice-Wine into Kettles, to thaw them over the Fire for Drink. But he obferved that the Hungarian Wine refilled the Cold better than the Peterftmen ; for it was not fo much frozen, unlefs it be that the Butler tranfported it fooner into the Stove. That the Scrue of a Flagon of Aqua Vit not in fo great a Meafure as now) and the Fiffures clofed up a* gain; as we fee thefe do quickly after the Froft, infomuch that it is fcarce difcernible already, and the Bark not having been divided from the Body, up¬ on coming together again, each turn and twift of the Grain fitting its Place, prove frefh, and vigoroufly growing: But that ever fuch Trees will prove whole and iound, doth fcarcely confift with Reafon or our prelent Thoughts. And this Calamity hath not been found in Trees only that were frefh and ftanding, but alfo i n Trees cut down, as is affirmed by Mr. Shijh and others •, but notwithftanding it is thought to be only among fuch diieafed Trees as are before-mentioned. But it is yet to be queftioned whether Vines have proved cleft and crackt along the Bodies by the fame Way and Reafon as ‘Timber-Trees, which Decay is efpecially to be feen on Walls expofed to the Southern Afpedtj fo that the Sun, our accuftomed Friend, now proved our great Enemy, by thawing and relaxing ( r 5 8 ) relaxing the Sap every Day, and then being frozen and made ftiff again e- very Night *, which often Repetition of bending and unbending, foftening and hardning, the vivid fpirituous Juice being deftroyed, and Day and Night the Drought vigoroufly afting (the Sap being this Year difordered and furprized, not gradually feafonea even before Michaelmas-Bay, and the frefh Sap to fup- ply its Defeats being wholly detained from arifing, there then being none, or very little Exhalations or Evaporations arifing out of the frozen and bound Earth) thefe poor {lender Bodies fill’d only with thin and not vifcous Sap , have proved as great Sufferers' as if by Amputation they had been deprived of their natural Suftenance; for if they could have none from the Earth, and their own true Juice mortified ; and it be certain that omne Siccum appetit humidum, it will follow that fuch Branches will by the Conftancy and Continuance of fuch Sevrity (the Day being as bad as the Night) prove as dry as Sticks cut off long before: whereas thofe of this kind and other forts alfo growing in more fhadowy Parts, and undergoing but one Change, have remained in good Condition, efpecially among red Grapes, which feem much more hardy than white ones. We fee other IVall-Fruits on the fame Pofition, as Apricocks , Peaches , Plumbs , Cherries , &c. are not at all injured or prejudiced by the Weather, which are of a more clammy vifcous Juice: Thefe we fee run fometimes and give Gum , but the Leakage of Vines is as thin as Water •, which different Juices and Saps in other Trees, and the Degrees thereof, as well thofe with deciduous Leaves, as Ever-greens , may prove fome Caufe of the Weaknefs and Decay of fome, whilft that of another fort ftanding by, remains frefh and vigorous, only ftagnated, fedate and quiet, waiting for the benign Sun’s Beams to adluate, lenify, and put its Spirits in Motion, and its comfortable Refrefhment to arife in due Seafon : And perhaps according to the Degree of this Qualification in Trees and Plants (fome being much more fiuggifh than other) may be the Caufe of their earlier or later Germination. It is eafily obferved, that in dry, mountainous, rocky and barren Planta¬ tions, where Trees, Greens, and other Plants having been lparingly fed, and not pamper’d with fuch Luxuriance and freenefs of Sap, as in the Vallies and richer Soils, have efcaped tolerably well: and this, which in other Years proves their Poverty and Difeafe, now makes them infult over thofe growing in the fatter Yallies, proportional to the Height of the Hills they grow on. We may obferve Trees all the Winter, while the Sap remains condenfed, to be fafe and well, but if a flattering too early Glance happens in the Spring to fet their Parts in Adlion, and the Juices to become fluid, and a Hidden Mu¬ tation of that Warmth to a frefh return of Winter (which too frequently hap¬ pens in England) that then we have not only our Hopes of that Year’s Fruit blafted, but even the Paffages in the Branches and Boughs flopped, and the crude Sap fettling, commonly called Bitting (though there be many Caufes of the Effects which go under that Notion) becomes a Difeafe in Trees equal to that of Chil-blanes in juvenile Blood, which fometimes takes whole Trees, and fometimes Branches only. Hence is fuppofed the Decay of the Glafienbury Phorn , whofe Arifing-time being between Michaelmas and Chrijlmas , ( *59 ) Cbrijimas, being fappily prepared by the Beginning of the hard Frojl, which hath almoft affrighted it out of its Life. Some Trees and Shrubs feem to have their Veffels and Paflages fo flreight- ned, and as it were fhrunk with Cold, that they appear equal to a human Bo¬ dy Sinew-Jbrunk or Paralytick , that is, not without much Trouble able to move or bear his decaying Limbs: Thus we fee Trees with their Bark fhrivel’d, with their Paffages half-ftopp’d, whofe Sap now only fqueezing, and difficult¬ ly palling, hath much ado to force its Way through the dry’d and narrow •Pores and Paffages of the Body and Branches : And fometimes this Diftem- per is fo prevalent, that whole Branches of a Tree are killed, when the other Part is indifferent well. Some Liquids, fuch as EJfential Oils, do rather fhrink than increafe being frozen ; and Empyreumatical Oils, will hardly freeze but wafte ; which Con¬ federations may induce the Thoughts of what fome Trees are made of, or do abound in, as Firs, Pines, &c. which are capable of enduring the Cold of Norway, and other Countries. What Timber-Trees have buffered, are above fpecified ; but divers others of our native Trees and Shrubs have fcarcely proved able to withftand the Force of fo rude an Enemy. Tew and Holly (Things whofe Tendetnels was never fufpe&ed) were in fome places quite kill’d, and in many Places fo difcourag’d, lofing their Leaves, and blemifhing the Bark, that it is to be feared they will never take on their priftine Splendor and Verdure ; the Furze in many Places quite kill’d, and in molt Places cut down and fpring again, but often the Rellirredion in vain expected. Common Broom proves a Degree hardier. In fome Places the funny Side of a Jumper Bujh proves fcorch’d between Sun and Cold, but that proves one of the molt hardy of our native Greens-, fo that it is hard to fay what is Winter-proof even among our Natives, except ikw and Ny, which (land in Defiance of all. In the Gardens (which are generally Nurferies of Exoticks, and from warm Countries) this Calamity hath principally bent its Force againft Winter Greens , fach as dlaternus (commonly known by the Name of Phillyrea ) and the true Phillyrea alfo, which are generally kill’d; though fome upon cutting down fpring again. Alfo common Bays ieem in moft Places to be kill’d down, and LcMrel feldom proving impatient, is in fome Places kill’d, in fome Places half dead ; Rofemary, Lauruftine, Halnnus, Arbutus, white JeJfamine, and other which feldom fail, are generally kill’d through the whole Country. But in all thefe, and other fuch like, in mountainous and dry Places (as was before ob- ferv^d) there is brifk Life and Verdure yet remaining, tho’ rarely to be met with but however, enough to retain the feveral Species among us. But if for the future in fuch Times of Extremity, the Superficies of the Ground, and Bodies of fuch Things here recited, and Fig-trees were well covered with ftrawy Matter to keep off the Froft, it might fo preferve them as to fpring °ut plentifully the Spring following, tho’ their whole Tops being too large a nd high, and thereby incapable of fuch Covering, might lofe their prefent Leaves and Beauty ; which might from fuch Relpringing be eafily repaired, and prove much more latisfa&ory than to begin the World anew, as we are generally ( i6 ° ) generally forc’d to do for Cypreffes , which were tried to be excellent Ornaments both in Summer and Winter, now it proving a very rare Thing to fee one well alive ; in fome Places there appears fome lingring Life, though fcarcely fuffi- cient to recover the whole; but in moll Places they are quite dead, that have faced forty, fifty, or fixty Winters before. Alfo among thofe with Deciduous Leaves , divers have been Sufferers, as Ar¬ bor Judo;, young Platte frees-, though thofe of a confiderable Stature have pretty well efcaped ; Paliurus, the Aleppo JJh in fome Places the Locuft free ; and in mod Hedges the great common Bramble, and fome other, which upon cutting do fome or moft of them fpring again. Butfuch Greens alfo as we receive from abroad, and are the Glory of warmer Countries, and very rare, curious and pleafant with us, fuch as Oranges , Lemons , Myrtles, Pomegranates , and the perfuming Jafmines, and divers other Rarities, which are ufually kept in Pots and Cafes, for the Convenience of removing them into Green Houfes and Confervatories , not being able to endure our mild¬ er Winters, have in many Places extremely buffered, efpecially in Houfes of weaker Defence : But where the Skill, Care, and due Management of their Keepers, have met with the Convenience of good warm Houles, with keep¬ ing conftant Fires (which is a Matter to be regulated with great Difcretion) according to the Proportion of which combining Qualifications the Plants have efcaped ; as in fome Places moft of them are well, and in fome Places half, and in fome Places all dead. Among Plants , Herbs, and Flowers , there hath been great Deftru&ion alfo, and many of common Ufe, as moft of the Artichokes in England, and Winter Coleflow&s, Sage, Thyme, Mqjlick, Lavender, Lavender-Cotton, and divers other were generally kill’d ; except fuch as happened to be new planted that Year, and fo low, that they had the Enjoyment of the kind covering of a little Snow , which proves the moft natural Feeding and warm Covering of any Thing to be mention’d; but what peeped its Head above it, feemed in great Danger of being kill’d; and as we may fee in the Corn-fields, that thofe Sides of the Lands of Corn facing the South, where the Snow was melted, and the Corn deprived of its Covering, the Want proved deadly, and in many Places Huf- bandmen were forced to begin again in the Spring to plough and fow other Grain ; which may eafily teach us rather to heap Snow upon our Herbs and Flowers, than fancy it a cold, unkind Enemy. But after all this Repetition of Sorrows we are to comfort our fclves that fuch Deftruftion and Calamity happens but very rarely, the like having not been known in the Memory of Man, if ever before, and that with due Care and Obfervance the growing Cold might be kept off from fuch Things as are proved to be impatient of it; which are not all Greens in our Gardens; fome being able to endure all the Cold that ever came, as Firs, Pines of divers forts, Cedars of libanus and Virginia (tho’ that of Bermudas proves tender) Arbor Vita, all the Savins , whereof the upright or Berry-bearing is the beft Succeda- neum to Cyprefs, capable of finer cutting into Pyramids , or other Figures, or Hedges 6 or 8 Foot high, and is one of the beft of the fonfile Shrubs ; alfo the Pyracantba proves exceeding hardy, and makes good Hedges. ( 161 ) L1V. The Snow and Ice-houfes at Livorno, are commonly built on the fide of a fteep Hill, being only a deep Hole in the Ground, by which Means they S now” ; by eafily make a Pafiageout from the Bottom of it, to carry away all the Wa- Mr.w.Bail, ter; which if it fhouTd remain fiagnating therein, would melt the Ice and Snow: n ' ' P ' J39 ' But they thatch it with Straw, in the Shape of a Sauce-pan Cover, that the Rain may not come at it. The Sides (Tuppofing it dry) they line not with any Thing, as is done in St. James' s Park, by Reafon.of the Moiftnefs of the Ground. This Pit they fill full of Snow or Ice (taking Care that the Ice be made of the pureft Water, becaufe they put it into their Wine) overfpreading firft the Bottom very well with Chaff, but without any Part of the Straw ; I think they ufe Barley-chaff. This done, they further, as they put in the Ice or the Snow (which latter they ram down) line it thick by the Sides with fuch Chaff t and afterwards cover it well with the fame ; and in half a Year lying fo, (is found not to want above an eighth Part of what it weighed when firft put in. Whenever they take it out into the Air, they wrap it up in this Chaff, and it keeps it to Admiration. LV. Among feveral Ways by which I have made infrigidating Mixtures with Sal Armoniac, the moft fimple and facile is this: Take one Pound of iff powder’d Sal Armoniac, and about three Pints (or Pounds) of Water, put the Salt into the Liquor, either all together, if your Defign be to produce an in- n ' I5 ' p ' tenfe, though but a fhort, Coldnefs or at two, three, or four feveral Times, if you defire that the produced Coldnefs fhould rather laft fomewhat longer than be fo great : Stir the Powder in the Liquor with a Stick or a Whalebone (or fome other Thing that will not be injured by the fretting Brine that will be made) to haften the Diffolution of the Salt ; upon the Quicknefs of which depends very much the Intenfity of the Cold that will enfue upon this Experi¬ ment. That a confiderable Degree of Cold is really produced by this Operation, is v ery evident: Firft, to the Touch. Secondly, By this, that if you make the Experiment (as for this Reafon 1 fometimes choole to do) in a Glafs Body, or a Tankard, you may obferve, that whilft the Solution of the Salt is making, the Outfide of the metalline Veffel will, as high as the Mixture reaches within, be bedewed (if I may fo fpeak) with a Multitude of little Drops of Water-, as it happens when Mixtures of Snow and Salt, being put into Glaf- fes or other VefTds, the aqueous Vapours that fwim to and fro in the Air, and chance to glide along the fides of the Veflels, are by the Coldnefs thereof condenfed into Water. °But, Thirdly, The beft and fureft Way of finding out the Coldnefs of 0 ur Mixture, is by plunging into it a good feal’d Weather- glffs furnifh’d with tinged Spirit of Wine. For, the Ball of this being put into our frigoriftck Mixture, the crimfon Liquor will nimbly enough de¬ fend much lower, than when it was kept either in the open Air, or in com¬ mon Water, of the fame Temper with that wherein the Sal Armoniac was put to difiblve. And if you remove the Glafs out of our Mixture into com¬ mon Water, the tinged Spirit will re-afeend; and this has alfo fucceeded Vo!. II. • y with ( *62 ) with me when I removed it into Water newly impregnated with Salt Pstre. This Cold in Summer and hot Weather will foon decay and expire: But if the Quantity of the Salt and Water be great, the Effedt will be as well more lading as more confiderable. I have Reafon too to lufpeft, that there may be a confiderable difparity, as to their Fitnefs to produce Cold, betwixt feveral Parcels of Salt that are without Scruple look’d upon as Sal Amoniac. I have alio often found, that when the tinged Liquor fubfided but flowly, or was at a Stand, by putting in from Time to Time two or three Spoonfuls of frefh Salt, and ftirring the Water to quicken the Diflfolution, the Spirit of Wine would begin again to defcend, if it were at a Stand or Rifing, or fubfide much more fwiftly than it did before. And if you would lengthen the Experiment, it may not be-amifs that Part of the Sal Amoniac be butgrofiy beaten, that it may be the longer in diffolving, and confequently in cooling the Water. After this Manner a fenfible, adventitious Cold has been made in the Spring, by a Pound of Sal Amoniac, at the utmoff, to laft about two or three Hours. Experiments in March, 27. The tinged Spirit in the fealed Weather-Glafs, when firfl: put into the Water, reded 8 § Inches. Being differed to day there a good while, and now and then dirr’d to and fro in the Water, it de¬ fended at length a little beneath 7 | Inches. Then the Sal Armoniac being put in, within about a Quarter of an Hour, or a little more, it defended to 2ff Inches; but before that Time in half a Quarter of an Flour, it began manifedly to freeze the Vapours and Drops of Water on the Outfide of the Glals. And when the frigorfick Power was arrived at the Height, I feveral Times found that Water thinly placed on the Out-fide, whild the Mixture within was nimbly ftirr’d up and down, would freeze in a Quarter of a Mi¬ nute, by a Minute Watch. At about f of an Hour after the infrigidating Body was put in the Fhermofcope, that had been taken out a while before, and yet was rifen but to the lowed freezing Mark, being again put in, the Li¬ quor fell an Inch beneath the Mark. And about 2 ~ Hours from the fird Solution of the Salt, I found the tinged Liquor to be in the midd between the freezing Marks, whereof the one was at 5 -j Inches (at which Height, when the Tindlure reded, it would ufually be fome, though but a fmall, Frojl abroad) and the other at 4 ^ Inches; which was the Height to which drong and durable Frofi had reduced the Liquor in the Winter. At three Hours after the Beginning of the Obfervation, I found not the crimfon Liquor higher than the upper freezing Mark newly mentioned ; after which it continued to rife very flowly for about an Hour longer beyond which Time I had not Oc- cafion to obferve it. 2. This frigorifick Mixture having been made in a Glafs-Body (as they call it) with a large and flattifh Bottom, a Quantity of Water, which I (purpofe- ly) fpilt upon the Table, was by the Operation of the Mixture within the Glals, made to freeze, and that drongly enough, the Bottom of the Cucur- bite to the Table; that dagnant Liquor being turned into folid Ice, that con¬ tinued a confiderable while unthaw’d away, and was in fome Places about the Thicknels of a half Crown piece. ( i6 3 ) 3 - At another Time in the fame Spring, the IVeather-Glafs , which before it touched the common Water, flood at 81 , having been left there a confide- rable while, and once or twice agitated in the Water, the tinged Liquor funk but to 7* ; or at farthefl, to 7f; then the frigorifick Liquor being put into the Water, with Circumftances difadvantageous enough, in (about) half a Quar¬ ter of an Hour the tinged Liquor fell beneath 3^, and the Tbermcfcope being taken out, and then put in again, an Hour after the Water had been firft in- frigidated, fubfided beneath five Inches, and confequently within £ of an Inch of a Mark of the ftrongly freezing Weather. T he grand Thing that is like to keep this Experiment from being generally ufeful, is the Dearnefs of Sal Armoniac. But to leffen this Inconvenience, two Things may be offer’d ; Firft , That Sal Armoniac might be made much cheaper, if inftead of fetching it beyond Sea, our Country men made it here at home. Secondly, That though an Armoniac Solution being boil’d up m Earthen Veffels (for Glafs ones are too chargeable) will, by piercing them, both lofe fome of the more fubtile Parts, and thereby fomewhat impair the Texture of the reft ; yet I was not deceived in expe&ing, that the dry Salt, remaining in the Pipkins, being re-diffolved in a due Proportion of Water, would very confiderably infrigidate it j as may farther appear by the following Experiment. 4. March 29. The Fhermoftcope in the Air was at 8 s Inches; being put into a fomewhat large evaporating Glafs, fill’d with Water, it fell after it flay’d a pretty while, and had been agitated in the Liquor, to eight Inches: Then about half the Salt, or lefs, that had been ufed twice before, and felt much lels cold than the Water, being put in and ftirr’d about, the tinged Spirit fubfided with a vifible Progrefs, till it had fallen manifeftly beneath four In¬ ches ; and then having caufed fome Water to be frefhly pump’d and brought in, though the newly-mentioned Solution were mix’d with it, yet it prefently made the Spirit of Wine manifeftly to afcend in the Inftrument, much fafter than one would have expedted. The Length of the Cylindrical Pipe of the feal’d Thermofcope , whe'rewith thefe Obfervations were made, was fixteen Inches •, the Ball about the Bignefs of a fomewhat large Walnut, and the Cavity of the Pipe, by Guefs, about an eighth or ninth Part of an Inch Diameter. To cool Drinks, with this Mixture, you may put them in thin Glaffes, the thinner the better;, which (their Orifices being flopp’d, and ftill kept above the Mixture) may be moved to and fro in it, and then be immediately poured out to be drunk. By the Help hereof, Pieces of Cryftal, or Bullets, for the cooling of theMduth or Hands of thofe Patients, to whom it may be allowed, may be potently cooled ; and other fuch Refrefhments may be eafily procured. In which, and many other Ufes, it will not be requifite to employ near fo much as a whole Pound of Sal Armoniac at a Time. For, you may eafily obferve, by a feal’d Weather-Glafs , that a very few Ounces, well powder’d and nimbly diffolv’d in about four Times the Weight of Water, will ferve well enough for many Purpofes. Y 2' LVL ( 164 } Experiments LVI. i. A little Water being left at the Top of the Mercury-In the Tarried * t^-fysT Uan Experiment, and expofed to the Air in Frofty Weather, was in one Night OaroioRi- congealed into Ice of a very good Confidence. Afterwards, Rinaldini having 7Ip.'s 169- compared this Ice with that which was produced in the open Air, found, that the Ice in the Cane was in Subdance altogether like that of Hail ; that is, an opake and whitifh Body : Whereas that which was made in the Air was tranf- parent like Crydal. Befides, he obferved that the Ice made in the Cane was heavier in Specie than that in the ambient Air, which he difeover’d by putting it into a Fluid, which was in Specie lighter than Water, but heavier than Ice made in the open Air ; whereby he found, that whereas the Ice made in the Cane funk, that in the Air floated therein. By Dr.E\. 2 . December 3, 1684. At Night I expofed four Glafs Bottles in the open iter, n. 167. ^j r U p 0n the Ground to freeze; viz. of the Red Natron-Water from Egypt ; of a ftrong Solution of Nitrum Murarium in fair Water, of Sea-Water "taken up at Scarborough , and more than half evaporated ; of the Sulphur Well at Knajborougb , that is, of Natural Brine evaporated to the fame Height with the Sea-Water. The fourth in the Morning, the Solution of Nitrum Murarium was half of it Ice , but not any of the red. The fixth in the Morning, the Bottle of Nitrum Murarium was mod Ice -, the Sulphur-Water had no Ice that I could perceive at all in it ; the Natron had much Ice at the Bottom of the Bottle ; and the Scarborough Sea-Water was not without Flakes of Ice. fig.21,22, The Icicles of the Natron were prettily figured, as is reprefented in Fig. 21. The Icicles of the SeaWater were alfo figured in oblong Squares, as in Fig. 22. and were brittle and tranfparept. 1 fet the drained Icicles of Natron be¬ fore the Fire, which did readily enough melt and diflblve into Water again this Ice was both alike fait in Ice and in Water , much like the Water, to the Tade, out of which it was frozen. In like Manner having drained the SeaWater Ice , and expos’d it before the Fire, thefe Icicles became foft and moid by Degrees, but at length rather evaporated than quite melted away ; and having taken up a good thick Lump of common Ice , at lead an hundred Times their Thickneis and Bulk, this in a few Moments at the fame Di¬ dance before the Fire, grew wetter and wetter, and diflblved into Water ; whereas the Salt Icicles , after three Quarters of an Flour lying before the Fire, did at length dry into a white Powder perfeb't Salt, the moidure totally evapo¬ rating, Alfo the Sea-Water Icicles taded very fait, when firft taken out of the Water. I repeated the fame Experiment of expofing to freeze the Bottles of Natural Brine of Knaf.borough Sulphur-Well, half evaporated, and Scarborough Sea-Witer, the fame as formerly, the feven and eighth Indant at Night, and with the like Succefs, viz. no Icicles in the Natural Brine ; but the fame large ones as above deferibed I had in the Sea-Water , but not till after the fecond Night’s keen Freezing. Thele Jalt Icicles continued unthawed in the Bottles, though they were brought into the Houfe, and kept in a warm Room, long after all other Ice within ( i6$ ) within Doors was gone, viz. til! the twelfth Inftant at Night, when the Ici- £ les alfo were diffolvcd and vanifh’d. Prom thefe Experiments we note, i. That there may be Bait-Ice from Sea- IVater frozen, which the Experiments of this S. of the Iaft Year did not feetn to favour. 1. That there is as real Difference betwixt Natural Brine and Sea-Water, as there is betwixt the Salts themfelves which they yield. 3. That the great floating Mountains of Ice in th z Northern Seas (if up¬ on ftribt Trial they fhall be found to be Salt, which fnould be further en¬ quired into) are not only the Effefts of many Years Freezing, but alfo much of their Magnitude may be owing to the natural Duration of that Sort of Ice . 4- A Tube of ^ of an Inch Diameter, being fill’d with Water, to the s y u. Des Height of two Inches, and fet to freeze in a Mixture of Snow and Salt, the Water, when perfectly frozen, appeared of an Inch above the Mark it n. 247/ flood at before freezing. p ' 439 ' Another Tube, of almoft an Inch Diameter, being filled with Water to the Height of fix Inches, and fet to freeze as before, rofe § of an Inch above the Mark. The Water made U/e of in thefe Trials, was a Sort of rough Pump-Water which, according to what Trials have been made with it, does, upon the Effufion of Oil of Tartar per Delquium, immediately turn milky and turbid. And the Ice made of this Water, was a Sort of very ra- rified white Ice. The Tube of almoft an Inch Diameter being fill’d to the Height of fix In¬ ches (as before) with River-Water, which would readily mix with Oil of Tar¬ tar without the leaft Precipitation, and fet to freeze in a Mixture of Snow and Salt, it gained but * of an Inch after it was frozen ; whereas the Pump-Water got | of an Inch. It was obfervable, that when the Water (in all thefe Experiments) began to freeze, a great many ftnall Bubbles continually rofe from the Bottom. A Tube being fill’d with boiled Pump-Water, to the Height of fix Inches, and fet to freeze as before, it rofe hardly to of an Inch above the Mark, when as the fame Water unboiled rofe to LVII. In July, 1653. It was fo furioufiy hot in Poland, that in the Re- Exctjpm girnent of Foot which was the King’s Guard, marching moftof them Bare-foot 'by M. upon Sands, more than 100 fell down altogether difabled, whereof a Dozen Fchre, n. died outright, without any other Sicknefs. I9 ' p ' 3 ’ 3 ' LVIII. If the Action of the Sun be confidered as the only Caufe of the TbePropor- Ideat of the Weather, I fee no Reafon but that under the Pole, the Solftitial Day ought to be as hot as it is under the Equinoliial , when the Sun comes o//Lati - vertical, or over the Zenith •, for this Reafon, that for all the 24 Hours of the Mr! Edm. Day under the Pole, the Sun's, Beams are inclined to the Horizon, with an Hailey, n. Angle of 23 % Deg. and under the EquinoSial, though he come vertical, i3 ' p-i>: t '' yet he fhines no more than 12 Hours, and is again 12 Hours abfent; and that for ( 166 ) for 3 Hours 8 Minutes of that 12 Hours he is not fo much elevated as under the Pole ; fo that he is not 9 of the whole 24 higher than ’tis there, and is 15 Hours lower. Now the fimple Addon of the Sun is, as all other Impul- fes or Strokes, more or lefs forcible, according to the Sine's of the Angle of Incidence , or to the Perpendicular let fall on the Plane; whence the vertical Ray (being that of the greateft Heat) being put Radius, the Force of the Sun on the horizontal Surface of the Earth will be to that, as the Sines of the Sun’s Altitude at any other Time. This being allow’d for true, it will then follow, that the Time of the Continuance of the Sun’s Shining being taken for a Bafts, and the Sines of the Sun’s Altitudes eredted thereon as Perpendiculars, and a Curve drawn through the Extremities of thofe Perpendiculars, the Area com¬ prehended fhall be proportionate to the Colledtion of the Heat of all the Beams of the Sun in that Space of Time. Hence it will follow, that under the Pole the Colledtion of all the Heat of a 'Tropical Day, is proportionate to a Rectan¬ gle of the Sine of 23! Gr. into 24 Hours, or the Circumference of a Circle j that is, the Sine of 23 ^ Gr. being nearly of Radius, as A. into 12 Hours. Or the Polar Heat is equal to that of the Sun continuing 12 Hours above the Horizon, at 53 Gr. Height, than which the Sun is not 5 Hours more elevated under the Equinoctial. But that this Matter may be the better underftood, I have exemplified it by a Scheme, wherein the Area Z G H H, is equal to the Area of all the Sines of the Sun’s Altitude under the Equinoctial eredted on the refpe&ive Hours,, from Sun-rife to the Zenith, and the Area <5 IIII $ is in the fame Proportion to the Heat for the lame fix Hours under the Pole on the Tropical Day, and ® H H is proportional to the collected Heat, of twelve Hours, or half a Day, under the Pole •, which Space© H H gf, is vifibly greater than the other Area H Z G H, by as much as the Area H G d^is greater than the Area Z G ® ; which, that it is fo, is vifible to Sight, by. the great Excefs ; and fo much in Proportion does the Heat of the twenty four Hours Sun-fhine under the Pole, exceed that of the twelve Hours under the Equinoctial: Whence, eateris paribus, it is reafonable to conclude, that were the Sun perpetually under the Trcpick, the Pole would be at leaft as warm as it is now under the Line it felf. But whereas the Nature of Heat is, to remain in the Subject after the Caufe that heated is removed, and particularly in the Air, under the Equinoctial i the 12 Hours Abfence of the Sun does very little ftill the Motion imprefs’d by the paft Addon of his Rays wherein Heat confifts, before he arife again : But under the Pole, the long abfence of the Sun for fix Months, wherein the Extremity of Cold does obtain, has fo chill’d the Air, that it is as it were fro¬ zen, and cannot before the Sun has got far towards it,, be any way fenfible of its Prefence •, his Beams being obftrudted by the thick Clouds, and perpetual Foggs and Mills, and by that Atmofphere of Cold,, as the late Honourable Mr, Boyle was pleafed to term it, proceeding from the everlafting Ice, which in immenfe Quantities does chill the neighbouring Air, and which the too foon Retreat of the Sun leaves unthawed, to increafe again during the long Winter that follows this fhort interval of Summer. But ( i 6 7 ) But the differing Degrees of Heat and Cold in diffei-ing Places, depend in a great Meafure upon the Accidents of the Neighbourhood of high Mountains, whofe Height exceedingly chills the Air brought by the Winds over them ; and of the Nature of the Soil, which varioufly retains the Heat , and particu¬ larly the Sandy, which in Africa, Arabia , and generally where fuch fandy De¬ farts are found, do make the Heat of the Summer incredible to thofe that have not felt if. In Profecution of this Thought, I have folved this Problem generally, viz. lbo give the proportional Degree of Heat, or the Sum of all the Sines of the Sun's Altitude, while he is above the Horizon in any oblique Sphere, by reducing it to the finding of the Curve Surface of a Cylinarick Hoof ; or of a given Part thereof. Now this Problem is not of that Difficulty as appears at firft fight; for let Fi s- the Cylinder A BCD be cut obliquely, with the Ellipfe B K D /; and by the Center thereof H, defcribe the Circle IKLM-, I fay the Curve Surface I KLB, is equal to the Rectangle of IK and B L, or of H K and 2 B L, or B C : And if there be fuppofed another Circle, as N O P cutting the faid Ellipfe in the Points P, gj, draw P S , QR, parallel to the Cylinder’s Axe, till they meet with the aforefaid Circle IKLM, in the Points RS-, and draW the Lines R T S , QV P , bifeded in T and V. I fay again; That the Curve Surface R MS gfD P, is equal to the Rectangle of BL, or M D, and R S, or of 2 BL, or AD, and ST, or VP ; and the Curve Surface gfNP D, is equal to R S x M D— the Arch RMS x S P, or the Arch MS x 2 S P: or, it is equal to the Surface R MS gfD P, fubtracling the Surface R MS QNP. So like wife the Curve Surface SlfB P O is equal to the Sum of the Surface RMS p or RS x MD, and of the Surface R LS <2,0 P , or the Arch LSxzSP. This is moft eafily demonftrated from the Confideration, That the Cylindrick Surface IKL B is to the inferibed Spherical Surface 1 RLE, either in the Whole, or in its analogous Parts, as the Tangent B L is to the Arch E L ; and front the Demonflrations of Archimedes, de Sphara & Cylindro, Lib. 1. Prop. 30, 37» and 38 5 and Dodor Barrow's learned Lectures on that Book, Prob. 9. and the Corollaries thereof. . Now to reduce our Cafe of the Sum of all the Sines of the Sun’s Altitude Fig. in a given Declination and Latitude to the aforefaid Problem, let us confider the Analemma projected on the Plan of the Meridian; Z, the Zenith ; P, the Pole ; IIH, the Horizons .»«, ( 170 ) grew very loud and frequent, and with long rattling Claps (tho* not altoge¬ ther fo great, as 1 have fometimes heard: ) And the Lightning with Flafhes very bright (notwithftanding the clear Day-light) and very frequent; when at the fafteft, fcarce a full Minute between one Flajh and another ; many Times not fo much, but a fecond Flajh before the Thunder of the former was heard: The Thunder, for the moft Part, began to be heard about eight or ten fecond- Minutes after the Flajh ; as I obferved for a great Part of the Time by my Minute-watch ; but once or twice I obferved it to follow (in a Manner) immediately upon it, as it were, in the fame Moment ; and the Lightning ex¬ treme red and fiery ; fo that had it been by Night as it was by Day, it would have been very terrible. And though I kept within Doors, yet I fenfibly difcover’d a (linking Sulphurous Smell in the Air. About feven of the Clock it ended, before which Time I had News brought me of a lad Accident up¬ on the Water at Medley, about a Mile, or dome what more, diftant from hence. Two Scholars of JVadham-College, being alone in a Boat (without a Waterman) having newly thruft off from Shore, at Medley , to come homewards, hand¬ ing near the Head of thq Boat, were prefently with a Stroak of Thunder or Lightning , both 11 ruck off out of the Boat into the Water, the one of them hark dead, in whom, though prefently taken out of the Water (having been, by Relation, fcarce a Minute in it) there was not difcerned any Ap¬ pearance of Life, Senfe, or Motion: the other was (luck fall in the Mud, with his Feet downwards, and his upper Parts above Water, like a Poll, not able to help himfelf out * but, befides a prefent Stunning or Numbnefs, and no other Hurt; but was for the prefent, fo difturbed in his Senfes, as that he knew not how he came there out of the Boat, nor could remember either Thundring or Lightning that did effedl it ; and was very feeble and faint up¬ on it: which (though prefently put into a warm Bed) he had not thorough¬ ly recovered by the next Night; and whether fince he have or no, I know not. Others in another Boat, about ten or twenty Yards from thefe (as by their Defcription I eftimate) felt a Difturbance and (halting in their Boat, and one of them had his Chair ftruck from under him, and thrown upon him, but had no Hurt. Thofe immediately made up to the others, and fome (leaping into the Water to them) prefently drew them either into the Boat or on Shore; yet none of them law thefe two fall into the Water (not looking that Way) but heard one of them cry out for Help prefently upon the Stroke, and fmelt a very ftrange Jlinking Smell in the Air, fuch as is perceived upon the ilriking of Flints together. He that was dead, was the next Morning brought to Town ; and Dr. Wil-. Us, Dr. Millington , Dr. Lower, and my felf, with fome others, went to view the Corps, where we found no Wound at all in the Skin, the Face and Neck fwarthy and black, but not more than might be ordinary by the fettling of the Blood : On the Right-fide of the Neck was a little blackilh Spot about an Inch long, and about a Quarter cf an Inch broad at the broadell, and was as if it had been fear'd with a hot Iron; and, as I remember, one lomewhat bigger on the Left-fide of the Neck below the Ear. Straight down the Breaft, but towards the Left-fide of it, was a large Place, about three ( 1J1 ) three Quarters of a Foot in Length, and about two Inches in Breadth, in fome Places more, in fome lei's, which was burnt and hard, like Leather burnt with the Fire, of a deep blackifh red Colour, not much unlike the fcorcned Skin of a roafted Pig : and on the Fore-part of the Left-Shoulder fuch another Spot', about as big as a Shilling ; but that in the Neck was blacker, and feemed more fear’d. From the Top of the Right Shoulder, Hoping downwards towards that Place in his Breaft, was a narrow Line of the like fcorched Skin ; as if fomewhat had come in there at the Neck, and run down to the Breaft, and there fpread broader. The Buttons of his Doublet were rnoft of them off; which fome thought might have been torn off with the Blaft, getting in at the Neck, and then burfting its Way out: For which the greateft Prefumption was (to me) that, befides four or five Buttons wanting towards the Bottom of the Breaft, there were about half a Dozen together clear off, from the Bottom of the Collar downwards ; and I do not remember, that the reft of the Buttons did leem to be near worn out, but almoft new. The Collar of his Doublet, juft over the Forepart of the Left Shoulder, was quite broken afunder, Cloth arid Stif- fning, ftraight downwards, as if cut or chopp’d afunder by a blunt Tool; only the inward Linen or Tuftin-Lining of it was whole; by which, and by the View of the ragged Edges, it feemed manifeft to me, that it was by a Stroak inwards from without, not outwards from within. His Hat was ftrangely torn, not juft on the Crown, but on the Side of the Hat, and on the Brim. On the Side of it was a great Hole, more than to put in one’s p’ift through it; fome Part of it being quite ftruck away, and from thence divers Gafhes every way, as if torn, or cut with a dull Tool, and fome of them of a good Length, almoft quite to the Edges of the Brim. And be¬ fides thefe, one or two Gafhes more, which did not communicate with that Hole in the Side. This alfo I judged by a Stroak inwards ; not fo much from the View of the Edges of thofe Gafhes (from which there was fcarce any Judgment to be made either way) but becaufe the Lining was not torn, only ripp’d off from the Edge of the Hat (where it was few’d on) on that. Side, where the Hole was made. Yet his Hat not being found upon his Head, but at fome Diftance from him, it did not appear againft what Part of the Plead that Hole was made. The Night following, the three Doftors above-mentioned, and my felf, with fome Chirurgeons (befides a Multitude of others) were prefent at the opening of the Head, to fee if any Thing could be there difcover’d ; but there appear’d no Sign of Contufwn ; the Brain full and in good Order; the Nerves whole and found ; the VeJJels of the Brain pretty full of Blood. But nothing was by any of them difcem’d to be at all amifs. Some of them thought, that they difcern’d a fmall Fijfure or Crack in the Skull ; and fome who held it while it was Lwing off; faid, they felt it jarring in their Hands, and there feemed to the Lye fomething like it; but it was fo fmall, as that, by Candle-light we could not agree it certainly fo to be. Some of the Hair on the Right Temples was manifeftly finged or burnt, and the lower Part of that Ear blacker than the Parts about it, but foft j and Z 2 it ( * 7 2 ) it might be only the fettling of the Blood. The upper Part of the Left Shoulder, and that Side of the Neck, were alfo fomewhat blacker than the reft of the Body ; but whether it were by the Blow, which broke the Collar, and fcorched the round red Spot thereupon, or only by fettling of the Blood, I - cannot fay; yet I think it might very well be, that both on the Head and on this Side of the Neck, there might be a very great Blow, and a Contufion up¬ on it (and it feems to have been fo, by the tearing of the Hat, and breaking the Collar, if not alio cracking of the Skull) and yet no Sign of fuch Contufion , becaufe dying fo immediately, there was not Time for the Blood to gather to the Part, and ftagnate there (which in Bruifes is the Caufe of Elacknefs) and it was but as if fuch a Blow had been given on a Body newly dead, which does not ufe to caufe fuch a Symptom of a Bruife, after the Blood ceafes to cir¬ culate. Having done with the Head , they opened the Brtafi, and found that Burn¬ ing to reach quite through the Skin, which was, in thole {cord'dd Places, hard and horny, and fhrunk up, fo as it was not fo thick as the foft Skin about, it: But no Appearance of any Thing deeper than the Skin the Mufcles not at all diforder’d or difcolour’d (perhaps upon the Reafon that was but now livid, of the Head, Neck and Shoulder.) Having then taken off the Ster¬ num, the Lungs and Heart appear’d all well, and well colour’d without any Diford er. j„ Ham P - 2. Jan. 24, x66£. One Mr. Brooks of Hampjhire , going, from Winchejler ftire ; by Mr. towards his Houfe' near Andover , in very bad Weather, was himfelf flain by n.14.^47’. Lightning, and the Horfe he rode on, under him. For about a Mile from Winchejler he was found with his Face beaten into the Ground, one Leg in the Stirrup, the other in the Horfes Mane, his Clothes all burnt oft' his Back, not a Piece as big as a Handkerchief left entire, and his Hair and all his Body finged ; with the Force that ftruck him. down, his Nofe was beaten into his Face, and his Chin into his Bread:, where was a Wound cut almoft as low as to his Navel. The torn Pieces of his Clothes were fo. featter’d and confumed, that not enough to fill the Crown of a Hat could be found. His Gloves were whole, but his Hands in them finged to the Bone. The Hip-bone and Shoulder of his Horle burnt and bruifed, and his Saddle torn in little Pieces. This was what appeared to the Coroner’s Inquejl. .At strai- 3. June 1670. (being Sunday) After feveral lefs ftrong Reports of Thun- fund in Po- fo thewholeTown and particularly the Congregation in St. Nicholas Church - -,--11.65. (when the Minifter was Preaching) was ftrangely furprued with a molt ter- p. j° 84. r ible Flafh of Lightning and a fearful Thunder Clap, which lighted down through the lefler Steeple upon the Body of the Church, and through the large round Hole in the upper Vault within the fame,, in the Shape (as lome obferv’d) of a black fiery Ball , diredtiy upon the Altar, caufing fuch an hideous Crack, Fire-flafh, Smoak, and Damp there, as if many fire-Balls had been thrown down thither from the faid Vault, and burfted all at once, be¬ getting a dilfnal Confteraation among the People, and leaving an ill fulphurous Smell behind. The The Candle on the South-fide of the Altar was put out by the Blow ; the other remained burning. Two of the Chalices there were overthrown, and the Wine fpilt, and the Wafers fcatter’d about: But the empty Chalice flood firm. All three were fomewhat fmutted at the Foot, and one of them a little bent there, and in two Places pierced thro’, as if it had been by Hail-fhot: and the Wafer-boxes were likewife a little fmutted towards the Bottom. The Church-Book was flung on the inner Pafiage : The Covers of the Altar were finged in divers Parts, as by Powder, and fomewhat burnt and fmutted here and there, as alfo torn in fome Places. A ftrong Piece of Wainfcot with a Pidture upon it, behind the great Altar, was fplit in two. Of the Church- Clock ., in the WeJI-End , at the fame time, both the Brafs and Iron Wires of the Whole and Quarter-hour Hammers were partly broken, and the reft could not be found ; and an oaken Poft, fix’d in the Wall for the Support of the Dial was half torn, and beneath the fame divers Bricks were ftruck out of the two Head Pillars fupporting the Steeple. On the Top of the Southern Steeple,. an oaken Gutter and a ftrong Beam and Supporter were fhatter’d. • One of the Minifters, though fitting near the Altar to the South, had no. Hurt at all. Divers of the People feated round about the Altar, fell down to the Ground with the Fright. One Youth that flood next the faid Minifter’s Pew, not being able to recover his Senfes, was carried home. On the North Side of the Altar four Perfons fell down, and one of the oaken Seats being, fplit under him that fat thereon, that Perfon was much hurt by it, and more than any other. Some that flood in or by the Belfrey, near the Clock, were flightly hurt here and there ; and among them a Mariner, leaning on a,lined oaken feat there, had his right Arm bruifed ; and another Man, though but (lightly hurt, yet could not remember how he got home from- Church. There iflued forth a huge Damp like unto Smoak out of the Southern Stee¬ ple-, but the Church-Carpenter, upon fearch, met only with a prefent. Noife and thick Damp, which, tho’ it frighted him at firft into an Apprehenfion of. Eire, yet getting to the Windows, and opening them, the Damp iflued with great Violence ;°but there appear’d no Fire any where, fave only a little in the ihatter’d Parts of the Steeple, which'was foon quenched. The Church-Dial was alfo fmutted .in fundry Parts, foiling the gilt Figures, that they could fcarce be difCerned. The gilt Weather-Cocks upon both the Steeples were likewife-fmutted on the one Side of their Tails, without any other Mark. Nor could it be in the leaft difcovered in either of the Steeples, which way the Claps entred, by all* the Search that was made. It was obferv’d afterwards, that among the eight Perfons that were hurt, one who flood in the Belfrey, had the upper back Part of his Cloth-Coat, as alfo his Shirt and Skin fomewhat torn ; but the Lining of that k Coat, which was Red-Frize, had no Hurt at all. Another fitting betwixt the reft, in a Pew under the Organs, and leaning on the Door, whilft the Pew-lock (then clofe to his Body) was fo violent¬ ly ftruck out, that it hung only by one Nail, had no Qamage at all by it himfelf, nor any other that fate or flood by there, when the Stroak happen’d At Dant- zick; by Mr. Chr. Kirby, n. 96. p, £092, At Portf- moutb; by -n. 177, p. uiz. ( 17+ ) happen’d ; though they fell all to the Ground by the Fright, at the Inftant when it was given. And as for him that had his Arm bruifed, it was fomewhat ftrange that afterwards there was found a Hole palling his Coat, Waift-coat and Shirt, on the Fore-part of his Body, without in the lead hurting the Body; the Hole appearing juft as fhot through. His Waift-coat (being of a red Sarcenet) kept its Colour every where, but at the Place where the Arm was hurt : And the fmall Silver-Edging was fmutted almoft every where, and about the Neck too, where the Party wore a Cravat. One half of his Shoe was alfo torn off, the Soal being^ pierced as with Hail-fhot; and a Piece of his Stock¬ ing’s Foot on the fame Foot ftruck away, near an Pland-breadth, without any other Hurt to either Foot or Leg, but that for fome Days that Foot was be¬ numbed. Laftly, One of them that fat by the Altar, had his Breeches and Leather- Drawers on both Sides pierced through as by Hail-fhot, and Part of it plainly fcorch’d and fhrunk up, as by Fire: And divers of fuch fmall Holes in his Shirt too, yet without any hurt in his Body, fave that he found fome Pain in his Foot. One Side of his Shoe was alfo torn, and the Soal fidewards pierced through, as ’twere, with Haii-fhot. 4. About the latter End of March and Aprils 1673. we had much and vio¬ lent Thunder and Lightning , which had this unhappy Efteft upon all the Par¬ cels of Wheat and Rye, of the laft Year’s-Growth, in our Granaries, that, tho’ over-night they were dry, fweet, and fit for Shipping, the next Morning they were become clammy and ftinking; fo that the Owners, if they would not lofe their Grain, were forced to caufe it to be turned over two or three times a Day; and yet it required fix Weeks, if not longer, before it was recovered. This is a Thing which often happens to Corn that hath not lain in the Granary a whole Year, or not fweat thoroughly in the Straw before it be thrafh’d out. 5. 051 oh. 23, 1685. On Board the Royal-James, a Flafh of Lightning and Thunder together took the Malt, which was put into her for careening, being a made Matt, and bound with Iron Hoops from one End to the o- ther, and fhiver’d it down to die Deck, breaking one of the Iron Hoops in the Body of the Maft, fo that Splinters are forc’d out of the Middle of the Maft a Foot and half long (and a Ball of Fire was feen to run to and fro on the Deck) infomuch that the Maft is wholly unferviceable, and muft be taken out. On Board the Coronation , notwithftanding the Ship’s Head was to Wind¬ ward, a great Ball of Fire came into the Gun-room Ports, and threw a Boy out of one of the Ports, and he was drowned ; and feveral Work-men being on Board, as Carpenters, Joyners, and Seamen were ftruck down and made fenielefs for fome time; and the Ball of Fire ran up and Struck on the Star- board-fide of the Wardrobe, and left a Place fcorched round upon the Side, and between the two Ring-bolts, as if it had been a Shot, and beat the Wainfcot over to the Side, all fcorch’d as if with Fire ; and run up againft the Doors and Hinges, away, and run into feveral Balls of Fire on the Deck amongft (i7S ) amongft the Men ; and fome‘Part of it broke in at the Windows of the Round- houfe, and fhiver’d off a great deal of the Wainfcot, and broke the Glaffes of the Perfpeftive-Glafs, and make a Hole through a Letter that lay in the Win¬ dow eight double, the Circumference of a Musket-Bullet, and no more; it alfo fhivered the Timber that holds the Enjign-Staff on the Poop. 6 . March 20, i6 9 f. About eight at Night there arofe a very violent Guff £ 0 “$^ of Wind at South-weff, which lafted an Hour and an hair, during which time it rain’d very faft. A Quarter of an Hour, or thereabout, after Nine, fell a mighty Storm of Hail intermixt with Rain, which lay very white, and fome Depth on the Ground, and to me appeared to have Snow mixed with it. During that Storm happen’d two Flajhes of Lightning , very violent and ftrange •, it was extraordinary blue, and of a fulphurous Smell ; it feeme to Band ftiil in the Houfe fome confiderable time, and was fo great, that a Gen¬ tleman, who fat below Stairs, thought that the Houfe had been on Fire a- bove, and that the Flames rolled down Stairs. The Clap of Thunder , which immediately followed, feemed to all like the fudden Dilcharge of five or fix Field-pieces •, not with that rolling deep Noife Thunder ufually carries along With it. The fecond Flajh and Clap followed within a few Minutes of the firft, but not with that Violence as the former: Which Flafh fired the Steeple, I cannot fay, but a Piece of Wood to which the Lead of the Windows was nail¬ ed, was fet on fire, and kindled very faft, and might have done a great deal of Mifchief, had not the Earlinefs of the Night and timely Help prevented it. Phis Storm feemed to run in a direff Courfe; for feveral of our Side Towns perceived little of it ; and I believe it broke chiefly over us. At Kettering one of their Bells, as fome fay, received fome Damage, and the Wires of the Chimes were twitted one with another. The Wind was very bluftering all the "Night after. 7. Aug. 13, X693. About three a Clock ip the Morning it began to thunder and lighten, and rain •, about four a Clock came a Clap of Thunder and Light- in the Bay n 'mg all at the fame Moment of Time, that was fo (mart and violent, that I thought the Ship had been fplit in pieces; an Alarm went prefently through the n . 204. g. Ship^of Fire, Fire, the dreadfulleft Word that can happen on Board, and 9»- put us all into Confufion. But it happen’d to rain briskly about that time, and fo with the help of our Buckets, the Fire, which was occafioned by the Balls of Lightning that came between Decks, was foon put out. In the Gangway was one Man knock’d down, and lay fometime before he recovered himfelf; a fe¬ cond near him was blown almoft the Length of the Qyarter-deck; a third 'Was burnt all down his Back with the Lightning, in his Hammock. Our Main Top-Gallant-Maft was lplit in pieces, our Top-mqjl not touched •, our Main-mafl fplit from the Top down to the very Deck. . July 24, 1696. We had an extraordinary pleafant Forenoon, with con- dnual Sun-fhine, till about half an Flour after three in the Afternoon, when j and . i y We had fome Rain, after which happened two Claps of Thunder , though not n.iM.p.31* ^ er 7 great, and then a great Shower of Hail, in which time happen’d a third Clap, which made all our lofs. We were fixteen in Number, none of us happening to be out or abfent at the Time. The moftPart of them were ftand- ing At Smyrna, by Mr. R. Mawgridge, n. 135. p. 78a. ( 176 ) rng about me in the School, hard by my Chamber-door ; the two forefaid Claps of Thunder being over, we thinking nothing of them ; and now there being a great Shower of Hail, on a fudden there happen’d fuch a Flajh of Light¬ ning, which I faw, and, as I thought, fill’d the whole Houfe •, but of the Clap I minded nothing, but only I think that I heard, as it were, fome fharp Clink or Sound ; but our Neighbours in the Town, fuch as the Minifter and his Wife, told, they never heard a louder: But however, I think all our Lofs was by the Fire, which was over in an Inftant, and after which we had Darknefs in the School, by Reafon of the Smoak, with a moft violent fulphurous Smell, and the burning of fome Leaves of Books. There are five Breaches in the Walls, one in the Roof, exadtly in fhape like a Cannon-ball, another under the Chimney, » third came through the back Wall, and quite thro’ the other Wall oppofite it ; and the Chimney was fplit in pieces, and fome that came to the School-Door, and made a Breach there, rending the Stones in pieces, and carrying them out. There were four kill’d, and many of the reft hurt, having their Legs or Arms ruined; but are all, I thank God, recovered. And as for my felf, I never was in greater Danger ; for there was one kill’d before me, another at my Left-hand, and not half a Foot from me there was a Breach made in the middle Wall of my Chamber ; and yet I thank God, I received no Hurt, only I was bled in the Mouth, but how, I cannot tell. As to the Children’s Bodies that were kill’d, I found none of their Bones broken; my Brother had a Cut in his Head; and all of them, where they received the Strokes, had their Clothes cut, as if it had been eat out with Rats. They all received their Strokes on their vital Parts, and about their Shoulders, which were in -Colour of a brownifh-black. All the Children that were killed, were in different Places, and, as it were, pick’d out. 9. Nov. 26, 1696. A fad and aftonifhing Accident happened to the Trum¬ bull Galley by Lightning and Thunder. For as we lay at Anchor at Smyrna, about one of the Clock in the Morning, fhe was ftaved in feveral Places; the Bulk-head of her Rsund-houfe was ftaved all to pieces into the Captain’s Cab- bin, and hurt his Shoulder; her Mizzen-Mafi was ftaved all to pieces, and the Spindle in the Head of the Maft was melted at both Ends with the Lightning ; the Main-Top Sail-Yard was lafhed in the Top, yet notwithstanding the Yard was thrown out, and ftuck in our Awning right an End. The Quarter- Mafter (one John Page ) was on the Deck by the Mizzen-Mafi , and one John Allen, who were both ftruck down flat thereon with the Lightning. Page had one Side of him ftupified for three Days, but, under God, I reco¬ vered him infix Days; Allen was very well the next Day, when his fright was over. The Lightning did ftrike the Plank for fix Foot off the Outfide of the Galley all to pieces, and the Timber was like a Brufh ; and three Planks of the Cieling were ftarted, whereof two Foot and feven Inches was ftaved rout from the reft, within ten Inches of my Head. My Velvet Cap was hang¬ ing on a Nail in the fame Piece of Cieling, the In fide whereof, next unto the ■Lightning, had not one Stitch amifs, but the Outfide had all the Seams burft to pieces. A great weighty Nail was ftarted out of the laid Cieling, and fell over my Head, and lay upon my Pillow, and I thought my Head with the Lightning ( 177 ) Lightning had been in a Fiafh of Fire. Whilft I could but juft fhut>roy Eyes and open them again, the Lightning went down into the Hold, and ran out like a Train of Wild-fire , and burft out through the Galley’s Side, and rent ten or e- leven Foot of the outfide Plank off, within a Foot of the Water’s Edge. Some of the Lightning idiot up between the Timbers and the Cieling into the Gun- Room, and ftaved a Beam, and fet three or four Bundles of armed Match all on Fire. The Gunner, George Hardy , was lying in his Cabbin at the fame time, and the Lightning bliftred one of his Feet, and fmg’d his Hair off his Head. The Mailer’s Cabbin was between the Gunner’s and mine, but had no Damage. 10. July 27, 1691. In Ever don Field, near Davcntry in Northamptonjhire, ^ K c °' n tn * divers were at Work reaping Corn. The Morning was fair and clear •, but be- aTe fore Noon there came a violent Storm of Thunder and Lightning and Rain ■, which ^• J ^ Va p Ul ’’ cauled the Reapers being about twenty in all, to retreat for Shelter to a Quickfet Hedge , with a Ditch by the Side of it. Of thefe Perfons four were kill’d, viz. Simon Marriot, Robert Mar riot, Richard Wells , and Thomas Burroughs ■, and eight others dangeroufly hurt: of the reft feveral were ftruck down, but not much hurt. Upon the firft Tidings of this Accident, Mr. Edwards (the Minifter of Badby) repaired to the Place •, where Robert Marriot lay on his Back out of the Ditch, having flruggled (as was laid by the By-ftanders) after the Stroke. Mr. Edwards fays, he faw no Marks or Sign of Hurt on the Body: But the Woman who laid him out, and the reft, fay, there was a Hole about the Big- nefs of a Goofe-lhot in the Pit of his Stomach, and many more about his Legs. There was in the Hedge a Pollard-Afh, under which fat Simon Marriot and Richard Wells -, but Thomas Burroughs fat at the Diftancc of two or three Yards from thence. In this Tree were cut or rafed four (or more) Grooves or Fur¬ rows, from the Top to near the Bottom, deeper than the Bark, and about an Inch broad, each of them, on that Side of the Tree on which the Men fat; but no Damage appeared on the Tree elfewhere, there being a Knot on the oppofite Side, which is fuppofed to have diverted the Stream of the fiery Matter. The green Thorns were fcorched, and the Place fmelc rank of Sulphur. Simon Marriot had the Crown of his Hat cut into the Shape of a bearded Arrow, and at the Band-place cut ftnooth, almoft round about from the Brim. His Clothes on one Shoulder cut jaggedly to the Skin, where was a Scar about four Inches i n length, of a long oval Figure, the tranfverfe Diameter whereof was deepeft, of a darkifh red Colour, as hard as Horn all over. He had Snuff on his Hand, as if j u ft ready to take it. Richard Wells had a little Dog on his Lap, or between his Legs, dead. His Hand upon the Dog’s Head, his Eyes open, and with Bread and Cheefe (or one of them) in his Hand, as if going to give the Dog a Bit. His Shoul¬ der (as his Relations fay) was ftruck down, and in a manner fevered from his. Body. Thomas Burroughs fat as looking up to the Heavens, his Plead turning to¬ ward one Side, as viewing the Clouds; his Eyes open. He had in his Pocket Vol. II. A a a Copper ( * 7 8 ) a Copper Tobacco-Box, which had one little round Hole ftruck quite thro’ it ; and a little of the Metal on one Side feemed to have run. By thefe Po- ftures it is evident they died in a Moment. Mr. Edwards adds, that he took Simon Marriot's Hat, and fome of his Clothes, and held them againft the Light, and they appeared full of Holes, as a Skimmer or Cullendar. But (at which he wondred mod) the Woman who laid them out, told him, their Buttocks which fat upon the Ground were pitifully mangled, and their Privy-Members rent and torn to pieces and more efpecial- ly thofe of Thomas Burroughs , as if fmall Bars of red hot Iron had been thruft up in to them in many Places. The Hair of their Heads was burnt very much. Some had no Harm that were hard by.: But others were wounded at a Diftance, and their Wounds were cured with more Difficulty than ordinary Burns. It was (before the Storm) a pretty (till Day. But before each thunder Clap y was heard a great whirling Noife in the Trees, like Wind. The Lightning was obfcrved by Perlons at a Diftance, all falling perpendicularly upon them. Thofe who recovered had their Clothes full of Holes, as if they had been fhot through. Not a Drop of Blood appear’d upon any of them. Their Hurts were like dry, fcorched, fcarred, or healed Wounds. Simon Marriot and Robert Marriot were ftruck back ; the other two, fup- ported, as is fuppofed, by the Hedge at their Back, continued in the Pofture wherein they were kill’d, three or four Hours after, when Mr. Richard Butler of Prejlon faw them. Several of thofe who were hurt, were taken up for dead, but foon came to themfelves without any Application : But fome of them were fain to be carried home. William Gregory's Wife had four little Holes in her Knee, like Shot-holes ; which turned to Sores, and had Cores come out of them. Mary Bird (a Woman with Child) had, all over her Body near an hundred Wounds , fome as large as a Man’s Hand, on each Arm one, and one on each Side of her Belly. Out of mod of her Wounds came Cores , fome bigger, fome lefs ; the biggeft were bigger than a Walnut, dry and black like Lea-* ther. She had two Sores on the Soles of her Feet, but her Shoes and Stock¬ ings not touched. She fate nexl to thofe that were kill’d. She was taken out of the Ditch for dead, and was fuppos’d to be kill’d. She was fenfible of the Stroke, and fenfible that her Husband look’d pale, and then Iwooned away. She and her Husband were both blooded, ffie within an Hour after, and her Husband eight Hours after $ and they bled freely. Their Legs were mightily lwell’d before they were carried out of the Field. The Wo¬ man was very fore, and full of Pain, fo that fhe could hardly bear any Clothes to touch her. She was three Weeks ill before {he could rife, and continued ill about a Quarter of a Year. No Medicines ufed for Burns did any good, but occafioned great Torment to her. The firft that they per¬ ceived to do good to her was Oil of St. John's-Wort, and after the Cores were come out, the Black-Salve. She went out her full Time: The Child Jaad no Marks or Blemilh at all upon this Occafion, and is yet living. About ( *79 } that Time of the Year fhe hath been blooded ever fince. She finds a great Tingling, and hath little Pimples like Stinging of Nettles, and cannot be well until fhe hath been blooded. The Wounds of all thole that were hurt, were like thofe of this Woman, but llighter ; and fome of them had no Cores come out of them. This is the bell Account I can give you out of the broken Remarks which I had in Writing from Mr. Edwards and Mr. Butler , the two Gentlemen above mentioned. 11. Dec. 22, 1698. Jeremiah Skelton at Warley, in the Vicarage of Id alii- fax in Yorkjhire , observing a Storm coming upon him, ftepp’d afide for Shel- ty if. R a i. ter within a Barn-Door, and while there, was ftruck with a dreadful Flafh of ™° g sby ’ Fire: A young Woman that lived with her Father, in the Houfe that belong- i ed to this Farm, being fadly affrighted with the Thunder and Lightning (tor Part of the fulp'nurous Matter came down the Chimney, and filled the Houfe with a ftrong Scent, like that of Gun-powder after firing) Ihe leaves the Houfe, and not feeing the young Man about the Barn, goes with Speed, and tells the Family he was related to, that fhe fear’d he was (lain. They came to the Barn, and found it even fo: A fad Spe&acle > the young Man call down, and many Stones about him ; he was laid upon his Face, wholly naked, lave a fmall Part of his Shirt about his Neck,^ and a very little of a Stocking upon one Foot, and fo much of a Coat-Sleeve as co¬ vered the Wrift of one Arm; his Clogs driven from his beet, one not to be found, and the other cloven ; his Hat not to be found after oearch, and the reft of his Garments torn into fmall Shreds, and caft at confiderable Di-. fiances one Bit from another ; the Hair of his Head and Beard fingeci, as though it had been with a Candle, and a little Hole below his left Eye, which they fuppofed might be made with the Fall upon a Stone ; for there was a o-reat Breach made upon the Barn, the Door-tops, both of Stone, broken”, and the Wall above them fallen, with the Slate and Water- Tables. 12. April 27, 1700. We had (at Leeds in Yorkjhire) a pretty fevere Storm . of Thunder and Lightning ; one Clap particularly was very loud, and feem’u by Mr. r . * to me to be very low and near us. It fell upon a Cottage, and broke down ™°re.by, Part of the Chamber Chimney, and thence made its Way through a Chink 577. or Nick in the Floor to the lower Room, whereby the Flame thus con- • trailed was either more intenfely hot, or at leaft direbled more immediately to a Shelf, where it melted feveral Holes in two Pewter Difhes; it melt¬ ed alfo, and run into little Lumps, feveral Places in a Pewter Candleftick, and of a Brafs Mortar, yet burnt not fome Bits of Fringe, and other com- buftible Matters within it ; it burnt alfo fome Holes in a Tin Vefiel, and , ■ fmutted a white Stone Plate it flood upon, as if it had been with Lamp- Black, and filled the Room with fuch a Bituminous Smell (like fir 1 Gun¬ powder) as almoft ftifled the poor Woman, who was all alone in the Houle: But upon opening the Door, fhe received no farther Damage. I bought the Candlefticks, to preferve as a Memorial of fo uncommon an Accident* A a 2 1 I have *Xhe Diregi¬ on of Ship- Compafles changed with Thunder and Light¬ ning ; by . . n. i%-j. p. 647. By Sir R. S. n. 157. p. 5*o. ( 180 ) I have enquired of one in that Neighbourhood, concerning a more fatal Ac¬ cident, of which the PariJh-Regijler has this Note. Sept. 2, 1672. was buried 'Thomas , the Son of James Lambert, Junior, deceafed, of Holbeck , {lain the Day before, being the Lord’s-Day, by a Thunderbolt. His Skin, as I am informed, was perfeftly burnt black, and was fhrunk up hard like Parchment, or Lea¬ ther burnt with Fire. There were other Children in Company, who were alio caft down by the Storm, amongft whom the Party 1 (poke to had a Brother and Sifter •, he had a Pair of new Stockings burnt off his Legs, and himfelf was fo fcorched, that he never recovered his natural Complexion : She having a Waift- coat clafp’d before (as the Fafhion then was) was fo burnt betwixt her Breafts, that the Scars thereof remain to this Day : Another had the ftiffned Neck of his Doublet ftruck off. But all recovered except Lambert's Boy, who was found with his Face up¬ wards, whereas all the reft had theirs to the Earth: Which reminds me of our Coal-Miners Praftice, who, when any fwoon away by their fulphu- rous Damps, dig a Hole in the Earth, and lay them on their Bellies, with their Mouths in it, which, if it prove not an abfolute Suffocation, recovers them. LX. 1. Mr. Haward , who has been Mafter of feveral Ships, and is a Man of good Credit, tells me, That in a Voyage to Barbadoes , in Company of an¬ ther Ship, commanded by one Grofton of New-England , they were, in the Latitude , as I remember, of Bermudas , fuddenly alarmed with a terrible Clap of Thunder , which broke this Grofton' s Fore-maft, tore his Sails, and did fome Damage to his Rigging : But by that Time the Noife, together with the Dan¬ ger of this frightful Accident was paft, Mr. Haward , to whom this Thunder had been more favourable, was however no lefs furprifed, to fee his Companion’s Ship fteer direddy homeward again. When they were almoft out of Call, he tack’d and ftood after them, and found, That Mr. Grofton did indeed fteer by the right Point of his Compafs, but that the Card was turn’d round, the North and South Points having changed Pofitions ; and though with his Finger he brought the Flower de Lys to point diredtly North, it would im¬ mediately, as foon as at Liberty, return to this new unufual Pofture, and up¬ on Examination, he found every Compafs in the Ship of the fame Humour: Which ftrange and fudden Accident he could impute to nothing elfe but to the Operation of the Lightning and Thunder newly mentioned. He adds, that he lent Grofton one of his Compafles to finifh the Voyage, and withal, that thofe Thunder-firucken ones did never, to his Knowledge, recover their right Pofitions again, 2. July 24, 1681. The Ship called the Albemarle , whereof Mr. Edward Lad was then Mafter, being a hundred Leagues from Cape Cod , in Lat. 488, about 3 h. p. m. met with a Thunder-Jlorm ; the Lightning burnt the Main- Tbp-Sail, fplit the Main-Cap in pieces, rent the Maft all along: there was in fpecial one dreadful Clap of Thunder, in Report bigger than that of a great Gun, at which all the Ship’s Company were amazed ; then did there fall fomething from the Clouds upon the Stern of the Boat, which broke into many ( ) many fmall Parts, fplit one of the Pumps, and the other Pump much hurt alfo; it was a bituminous Matter, fmelling much like fired Gun-powder: It continued burning in the Stern of the Boat •, they did with Sticks diffipate it, and poured much Water on it, and yet they were not able by all that they could do, to extinguilh it until fuch Time as all the Matter was con- fumed. When Night came, obfervingthe Stars, they perceived that their Compares were changed ; as for the Compafies in the Bittakle , the North-Point was turned clear South. There were two other Compajfes unhung in the Locker in the Cab- bin, one of which the North Point flood South , like that in the Bittakle -, as for the other, the North Point flood Weft fo that they failed a thoufand Leagues by a Needle, whofe Polarity was quite chang'd. As for the Compafs wherein the Lightning had made the Needle to point Weft-ward , fince it was brought to New-England, the Glafs being broken, it has, by means of the Air’s coming to it, wholly loll its Virtue. Mr. Edward Randolph (who has been four: times employed to New-England,. in his Majefty’s Service) being enjoined by Mr. Flamfieed to make Enquiry into this Matter, at his Return to Lofton .in Dec. 1683. fpoke with Mr. Lad him- felf. He affirmed the fame Thing, and diftated to him an Account fuitable to what you have. But that which- you have was in the Hands of Mr. Mather , a Minifter, to whom Mr. Lad had alfo prefented one of the Compajfes, as he had done the other to an Envhjh Merchant in Amfterdam , who gave it to the State- houfe. LXI. 1. About Chriftmas 1693. at Harlech in Merionydjhire, fixteen Ricks ftjjfi f* of Hay, and two Barns, whereof one was full of Corn, the other of Hay, were fet on Fire by a kindled Exhalation, which was often feen to come from riC e) on es, n. the Sea, and lafled at lead a Fortnight or three Weeks; and it annoyed the 208. p- 49- Country, as well by poyfining their Grafs, as firing the Hay, for the Space of a Mile, or thereabouts. Such as have feen the Fire, fay it was a. blue weak ■flame, eafily extmguiffied, and that it did not the leaft Harm to any of the Men, who interpofed their Endeavours to fave the Hay, tho’ they ventured (perceiving it different from common fire) not only clofe to. it, but fometimes into it. All the Damage fuflained happen’d conflantly in the Night. Dec. 24. Richard Griffith of Lechwedh-du, Humphrey Owen of Garreg-wenn, and Richard Davydh of Erw-wenn, each of them loti. a. Rick of Hay. 27. That Night was burnt one Rick of Hay of John Philips of Tnyflanvihangely Eralthau, two Ricks of Hay 0 f Griffith John Owen of Cefn-Trevorbach, and Katharine Williams , Widow of Cefn Trefor fuawr, loft two Ricks. 29. That Night Francis Evans of Glafs-vryn had one Rick burnt. Richard Davydh of Erw- wenn, had a Barn full 0 f Hay of three Bays of Buildings, burnt down to the Ground. . _ , There are three fmall Tenements- in the fame Neighbourhood (call’d Tyd- hin Sion Wyn) whereof the Grafs is To infeblcd, that it abfolutely kills all man¬ ner of Cattle that feed upon it. The Grafs has been infeftious thefe three Years, but not thoroughly fatal till this laft. 2. An ( *82 ) TiyMr.-Ei-x. 2. An intelligent fober Perfon that lives near Harlech, aflures me, that the aijTp.szj. Fire ftill [Aug. 1694] continues there; that it is obferved to come from a Place call’d Moroa-bychan in Caemarvonjhire, about eight or nine Miles off, [over Part of the Sea.] That Cattle of all forts, as Sheep, Goats, Hogs, Cows, and Horfes, ftill die apace; and that for certain any great Noife, as Winding of Horns, Drums, &c. does repel it from any Houle or Barn, or Stacks of Hay ; upon Account of which Remedy they have had few or no Loffes fince Chrijlmas: That it happened, during this Summer, at leaft one Night in a Week, and that commonly either Saturday or Sunday ; but that now of late it appears fomething oftner. The Place from whence it proceeds is both fandy and marfhy. fdiryCnies-, LXII. I have often been puzzled to give an Account of thofe Phenomena, hMr.jtC- which are commOnly called Fairy-Circles. I have feen many of them, and p°% 4.“ 7 ' thofe of two forts; one fort Bare, of feven or eight Yards Diameter, making a round Path fomething more than a Foot broad, with green Grafs in the Mid¬ dle •, the others like them, but of feveral Bigneffes, and encompaffed with a Circumference of Grafs, about the fame Breadth, much frejher and greener than that in the Middle. But my worthy Friend Mr. iValker, gave me full Satisfaction from his own Experience. It was his Chance one Day to walk out among ibrne Mowing Grafs (in which he had been but a little while be¬ fore) after a great Storm of Thunder and Lightning, which feemed by the Noife and Flafhes to have been very near him: He prefently obferved a round Circle, of about four or five Yards Diameter, the Rim whereof was about a Foot broad, newly burnt bare, as the Colour and Brittlenefs of the Grafs Roots did plainly teftify. He knew not what to aferibe it unto but the Lightning, which, befides the odd Capricious, remarkable in that Fire in particular, might, without any Wonder, like all other Fires, move round, and burn more in the Extremities than the Middle. After the Grafs was mowed, the next Year it came up more frejh and green in the Places burnt, than in the Middle, and at Mowing-time was much taller and ranker. The Caufe of LXIII. i. There are two forts of Inftances (that often occur in Pliftory) WThun which very much favour my Opinion, That Thunder and Lightning owe their ilr confide. Matter from the foie Breath of the Pyrites. Lifted T' The firftfort of them are thofe which tell us, that in Italy it rained Iron in ij7.p*5i7. fuch a Year, and in Germany a great Body of Iron-ftone fell at fuch a time; the like Avicen affirms. Julius Scaliger fays, that he had by him a Piece of Iron which was rained in Savoy, where it fell in divers Places. Cardan reports 1200 Stones to have fallen from Heaven, and one of them weighed an hundred and twenty Pound, forr.e of them thirty, fome forty Pound, very hard, and of the Colour of Iron. Now that which is very remarkable (fays Gilbert, where thofe Inftances are reckon’d up) and a very probable Argument for the Truth of fuch like Inftances, is, that it is no where recorded, that it ever rained Gold or Silver Ore, or Tin, or Lead ; but Copper hath been alfo faid to have fallen from the Clouds. But ( i»3 ) But where-ever the Pyrites is mentioned by the Antients, it is always to be under flood of the Copper Pyrites •, they fcarce having had any Knowledge of the Iron Pyrites. And therefore the raining of Copper makes it yet more probable, becaufe of its great Affinity with Iron. Now this Ferrum or FEs Nubigenum, if there was ever anyfuch, was concreted of the Breath, of the Pyrites, which we have elfewhere ffiewn to be the Pyrites, ex tota Subfianiia. The other Inftance (which is owing to our Regifters) is of Lightning being vu.fnp. § Magnetick. This I am fure or, I have a petrified Piece of Alb, which is Lx - Magnetick ; that is, the Pyrites in.Succo which makes it probable it may be Magnetick alfo in Vapour. 2. Thunder ana .Lightning are fo very like the Effects of fired Gun-powder, that we may reafonably judge them to proceed from like Caufes. Now the ntng^w principal Ingredients in Gun-powder are Nitre and Sulphur (the Admiftion of conjidered^by Char-coal being chiefly to keep the Parts feparate, for the better kindling of Or. Waiiu. it) So that if we fuppofe in the Air a convenient Mixture of Nitrous and Sul- $ J5 . ’ phurous Vapours, and thole by Accident to take Fire, fuch Explofion may well follow, with fuch Noife and Light, as in the firing of Gun-powder And being once kindled, it will run from Place to Place, as the Vapour leads it, as in a drain of Gun-powder , with like Effects. This Explofion, if high in the Air, and far from us, will do no Mifchief, or not confiderable ; like a Parcel of Gun-powder fired in the open Air, where is nothing near to be hurt by it : But if near to us for amongft us} it may kill Men or Cattle, tear d'rees, fire Gun-powder, break Houles, or the like •, as Gun-powder would do in the like Circumflances. This Nearnefs or Farnefs may beeftimated by the Diftance of Time between feeing the Flajh^ of Light¬ ning, and hearing the Noife of the Thunder. For though in their Genera¬ tion they be fimultaneous; yet ( Light moving fafler than Sound) they come to os fucceffively. I have obferved, that commonly the Noife is about feven or eight Seconds after the Flap (that is, about half a Quarter of a Minute) but iometimes much fooner, in a Second or two, or lefs than fo, and almoft immediately upon the Flafh. And at fuch time the Explofion muff needs be very near us, or even amongft us. And, in fuch Cafes I have (more than once} prefaged the Epeclation of Mifchief, and it hath proved accord¬ ingly. Now, That there is in Lightning a fulphurous Vapour, is manifeft from the fulphurous Smell which attends it, and a fultry Heat in the Air, which is com¬ monly a Fore-runner of Lightning foon after. And that there is alfo a nitrous Vapour with it, - we may reafonably judge, becaufe we do not know of any Body fo liable to a fudden and violent Explofion. As to the kindling^ of thefe Materials, in order to fuch Explofion, I am told "• 233- p- that a Mixture of Sulphur and Filings of Steel , with the Admiftion of a little Water, will not only caufe a great Effervefcence, but will of it fell break forth into an actual Fire. I fay, a little Water, becaufe too much will hinder the Operation, or quench the Fire, which I take to be the Caufe of the Bath Waters n. 131. V- 657 . A . 133. p. 730. n. i3i. r> Hi- Vid. fup. XLIV. Vid. fup. LI. n. 136. p. Vid. fup. LIX. 10. ( ) Waters , and other hot Springs, where Steel and Sulphur caufe a great Effefve* fcence, but no Flame. So that there wants only fome Chalyheat or Vitriolick Vapour for fomewhat equivalent) to produce the whole Effect (there being no want of aqueous Mat¬ ter in the Clouds). And there is no doubt, but that amongft the various Ef¬ fluvia from the Earth, there may be copious Supplies of Matter for fuch Mix¬ tions. The fame Account may bealfo given of /Etna (and other Burning-Mountains) where the Mixture of Steel and Sulphur may give a Flame 3 which is oft attend¬ ed with prodigious ( Explofions and Earthquakes) from great quantities of Nitre, as in fpringing a Mine. This may alfo fugged fomewhat as to the Generation of Hail i which is very oft an Attendant of Thunder and Lightning. ’Tis well known, in our artifi¬ cial Congelations, that a Mixture of Snow and Nitre (or even common Salt) will caufe a prefent and very fudden Congelation of Water. And the fame in Clouds may caufe that of Hail-ftones. And the rather, becaufe there feems fomewhat like Snow , rather than Lee, in the Midftof them. And as to thole in particular fb very large (as to weigh half a Pound, or three Quarters of a Pound) fuppofing them to fall from fo great a Height, as ’tis manifelt they did by the Violence of their Fall; ’tis very poffible, that, though their firlt Concretion, upon their fudden Congelation , might be but moderately great, as in other Hail , yet in their long Defcent, if the Medium through which they fall were alike inclined to Congelation , they might receive a great Acceffion to their Bulk, and divers of them incorporate into one: Like as in that ftrange Shower of Hail in December 1672. wherein there did hang on the Trees a great deal in the Form of Icicles, a Foot or more in length. Theft Confiderations may alfo furnifh us with fome Account of the na¬ tural Caufes of thofe particular Circumftances which attended the Acci¬ dent at Ever dor., where four Perfons were kill’d, and others hurt with Light¬ ning. It feems to me, that in and over the Ditch there was Plenty of fome Cau- ftick Vapour of a like Nature with the Ingredients of Gun-powder ; and per¬ haps even under thofe who were killed or wounded. And if this explofive Quali¬ ty were attended with that of Glaciation , as "Thunder is often accompanied with Hail ( Nitre being a proper Efficient of both) there might be fuch Concretions, in the Nature of Hail , as might (by fuch Explofm) be fcattered like Hail- fhot out of a Gun, and caufe fuch Holes as are laid to have been in the Clothes and Flefh of thofe Perfons, And what is laid to have been obferved by others at a Diftance, like a Ball of Fire falling down direftly upon the Place, might, be a Propagation of tl ie-Flame kindled above, and continued, as the Vapour directed it to the Place (as would be in a Train of Gun-powder) and might there hurt fome, and fpare others, according as it was here or there more copious. For we are not to prefume that it was in all Places equally mixed. The Cores, which came out of the Wounds, feem like Efcars made by a Cauftick ( l8 5 ) Cauftick Or other Burnings. And I take them to be fcorched Skin, mortified, (beat into the Flefh by that Hail-Shot ) and appearing like burnt Leaves: Which muft be worked out before the Wound could be healed ; as is ufual, when other heterogeneous Matter is forced into the Flefh. That fome of the People, not far off, might be thrown down, and not o- therwife confiderably hurt, is not ftrange; who might be within the Blafi, though not within the Reach of the Fire * as we fee in the Explofion of Gun¬ powder (to which I take this to be very like) when Windows (and other Things at a Diftanc.eJ are fhaken and ffiatter’d by the Blaft , or great Concuflion of the Air, though the Flame do not reach them. LXIV. i. Hecemb. 25, 1666. In the Evening here (viz at Madrid) wasa^^ great Halo about th ft Moon-, the Semidiameter whereof was about 23 0 30'. e. pand-' sidebar an was juft in the North-Eaft Part of the Circle, and the two horns of Aries juft enclofed by the South-Weft of the Circle, the Moon being in the Center. I note this the rather, becaul'e 5 or b Years ago, viz. Nov. 21, 1661. an Hour after Sun-fet, 1 faw a great Halo about the Moon, of the fame Dia¬ meter, at Tangier, the Moon being very near the fame Place where fhe was now. 2. May 12, 1667. An Balo or Circle about the Sun, was obferv’d by the Phildfophical Society at Paris . The Diameter of this Circle was found to be of p . Io65 . 44 Degrees, and the Breadth of the Limb thereof, about half a Degree. The upper and lower Part were of a vivid red and yellow , with a Xxtutjntfpls Co¬ lour, but efpecially the upper* the red was within the Circle, i he other Parts appeared but whitijh , and of little Clearnefs. 1 he Space within the Halo was a little darker than that about it, efpecially towards the Parts that were coloured. Befides, there was feen the Proportion of another great Circle, which touched the Bab above, and whofe Extremities were bent downward, as is reprefented in the Figure. This Portion of a Circle had aifo its Colours py^, 2 g. like thole of the Halo , but fainter. The Height of the Sun at the Beginning of the Obfervation, was about 4b Deg. 7 here were in the Air little white Clouds, which lomewhat tarnifh’d the blue Colour of the Heavens, and lef- fened the Bnghtnels of the Sun, which fhone as in an Eclipfe. The W eather was cold, confidering the Seafon of the Year •, and it was affirmed for cer¬ tain, that it had frozen the Night before. This Halo appear’d in the fame Beauty and Splendor of Colours unchanged from 9 in the Morning (when it began to be obferv’d) until about half an Hour paft 10 j after which time it became fainter and fainter till two of the Clock in the Afternoon (when it ended) after it had refumed a little more Force fome time before it difap- pear’d. . 3 - Jan. 1. St. N. 1676. H. 3. 46’. Durante Eclipfi , ingens Halo Lunamfjo^^ ^iriXent. Hevelius, n* 4 Aug. 21, 167b. At 12 h. 40'. At Night a Halo encompaffied the Moon-, m whole Circumference was Saturn , the Pleiades , CapeUa , and the following of byMr.au- the Foot of Perfeus. Vol. II. B b LXV. 1, April ( 186 \ fermd‘%"^ LXV. i. April 9, 1 666. About half an Hour paft 9, there appeared three France; fy Circles in the Sky. One of them SC H N, was very great, a little interrupted* ^"'"219 an< ^ White every where, without the Mixture of any other Colour. It paf- 13 fed through the Midft of the Sun\ Disk, and was parallel to the Hori¬ zon. Its Diameter was above 100 Degrees, and its Center not far from the Zenith A. Fig.ij. The fectmd D E BO, was much lefs and defective in fome Places, having the Colours of a Rainbow, efpeciaily in that Part which was within the great Circle. It had the true Sun R for its Center. The third IID N, was lefs than th efirfi, but greater than the fecond‘, it was not entire, but only an Arch or Portion of a Circle, whofe Center was far diftant from that of the Sun, and whofe Circumference did, by its Middle, join to that of the leafl Circle, with which it was copfounded at D , and in¬ terfered th e great efi Circles, by its two Extreams. In this'Cz'rra? were difcern- ed alfo the Colours of a Rainbow, but they were not fo ftrong as thofe of the fe- cond. At the Place, where the Circumference of this third Circle did clofe with that of the fecond, there was a great Brightnefs of Rainbow Colours mix’d to- v gether : And at the two Extremities, where this fecond Circle interfecled the firjl, appeared two Parhelia's or Mock-funs, H, N ; which fhone'very bright, but not fo bright, or fo well defined, as the true Sun. The Midft of thefe two falfe Suns was white and very luminous ; and their Extremities towards D 1 , were tinged with the Colours of a Rainbow. The falfe Sun H, that was towards the South, was bigger, and far more luminous than that towards the Eajl. There was alfo upon the firjl great Circle, a third Mock-Sun, C, fituated to the North, which was lefs, all white, and far lefs fhifting than the two others. There was a Space very dark betwixt R and D. This Appearance is look’d upon as one of the notableft that can be feen, by Reafon of the Eccentricity of the Circle HD N, and becaufe that tht Parhelia were not in the Interdiction of the Circle D E B O, with the great Circle Cartefii Me- s C H N, as they appear’d at Rome, March 29, 1629. but in that of the Se- ,wr ‘ c,I °' micircle H D N. in Hungary; 2 A Learned Jefuit, call’d Father Mcihael, who. lives at Prefburgh , corn- Brown, n.' municated tome an Account of two Parhelia’s, which were feen Jan. 3c, 1669. 47 ' p- 953- St. N. about one of the Clock in the Afternoon, oyer the City of Cajjovia in Hungary. There was one on each Side of the true Sun, and they were fo refplendent, that the naked Eye could not bear the Brightnefs thereof. One of them (the lefifer of the two} began to decay before tlje other, and then the other grew bigger, and continued well nigh two Hours, projecting very ldng Rays from it felf. They were both, on that Part which was towards the Sun, tinged with a pale Tellow, the other Parts being fomewhat fufcous. T here were at the fame time feen feveral Rainbows , together with the Segment of a great *.■*:'-i ■ *" white ( lS 7 ) /white Circle , of a long Duration, palling through the two Parhelia's and the Sun: And all this at a time, when the Air was almoft free from Clouds, t'ho’ here and there were fcatter’d fome very thin ones. 3. An. 1670. Oft. 11. St. N. H. 7. 40' Tres Parhelii apparuerunt. ^Tm 4. Feb. 5, 1674. St. N. Not far from Marienburgh in Bsruffia , I faw ttie Sun (in a Sky every where ferene enough) being yet fome Degrees above the Horizon , and Ihiniug very bright, yet launching out very long and reddijh burgV>YBc>; Rays, 40 or 50 Degrees toward the Zenith. Under the Sun , towards the Ho- rizon , there hung a fomewhat dilute final 1 Cloud, beneath which there ap- 102. p. 26. pear’d a Mock-Sun, of the fame Bignefs ("to Senfe) with the true Sun , and un- F ' s ' der the fame Vertical, of a fomewhat Red Colour. Soon after, the true Sy.o Fig. 29. more and more defcending to the Horizon towards the fatd Cloud, the fpurious Sun beneath it grew clearer and clearer; fo that the Reddijh Colour in. that ap. parent .Solar Disk vanifh’d and put on the genuine Solar Light, And that the more, the lefs the genuine Disk of the Sun was diftant from th cfalfe Sun-, till at ; ; length, the upper true Sun palled into the lower counterfeit one, and fo remain- •' ed alone. Upon this Appearance there foon followed here an exceedingly ihtenle and Fi s- 3 *. bitter Frojl, whereby the whole Sinus Puzenffs w as frozen up, from this Town of Dantzick , as far as Held in the Baltick Sea , which lafted unto the 25th of March ; and the Bay was frozen fo hard, that with great Safety People ran out into it with Sleds and Horfes, for feveral of our Miles. _ • 5. Aug. 28, 1698. About 8 a Clock in the Morning, jorne Peifonsat 0^0-^Suffolk^ bury in Suffolk, faw the Appearance of three Suns *tis faid, then the Appa- n . 250. r . rition was mold full, or a little after. About half an Hour aftej 8, I my ielf 10 t- law it4 there was in the Eaft, a dark, dusky, watry Cloud, and below it to¬ wards the Middle, was the true Sun , filming with fierce and piercing Beams, that Perfons could not look upon it ; on each Side were the Reflexions with the true Sun in the Middle. Elfewhere much of the Firmament was of an azure, light-blue Colour., The Circles which I faw, were not of Rainbow Colours, but white. There was alfo, higher in the Firmament, more over our Heads, and toward the South, at the fame time, at a con- hderable Diftance from the other, the Form of a Half Moon ; but I think it was more than twice the Bignefs of a Hair Moon, with the Horns turned upward, and within of a fiery Red Colour, and more like a Rain¬ bow Colour ; thefe all faded gradually ; they continued, in all, I fuppcfe, two Flours. 6. Feb. 26, j6 9 i. About half an Hour after 3 in the Afternoon, chancing to lookout of a Window that faced South-Eaft, I law not far from the st. Gray, n. South to the Weft-ward, an Appearance of fomewhat not much unlike the * 51, p ' ® 26, Sun when feen through Clouds, viz. with its Periphery not exactly defi¬ ned : From which it likewife differed, in that one half of it was coloured deep Red and Te/lozv, the other White. I went immediately into the Gar¬ den and faw an Appearance exadfly like the former, but on the oppofite Side of the Sun. The Diftance of this was 23 0 from the Sun to the Weftward ; but before I could take the Diftance of the Eaftern one, it vanifhed, B b but C 188 ) but foon after re-appear’d, and then I perceived manifeftly, that they were both fituate in the Extremities of a Semicircle■ (whofe Center was the Sun, pat¬ ting betwixt it and the Zenith. This Appearance continued about haif an Hour. At Canter- 7. Apr. 7th, 1699. Between 4 and 5 a Clock, there appeared on each Side the Sun A. a Parhelion, B C, connected by an Halo B D C, of the ul'ual Dia- a'6*> p- 53s> meter ; they had each of them a Tail of a whitijh Colour, extended oppofite to Fi S' 3 1 - the Sun, of about 15 or 20 Degrees in Length ; the upper Part of the Halo was touched at D, by the Arch of a Circle, whofe Ends were turned towards the Zenith Z ; it had the Colours of the Iris, but faintly ; betwixt this and the Zenith was another Portion of a Circle E, which had the Colours of the Iris with greater Vivacity than the former. Rainbows LXVI. r. An. 1665. Aug. 10. About half an Hour paft 6 in the Evening, France*; ‘ly two odd Rainbows appeared at Chartres in France , crofting one another almoft M.Eftienne, at right Angles. The Rainbow, which was oppofite to the Sim, in the ufual Manner, was more deeply colour'd than that which croft’d it: and its great- eft Height was about 45 Degrees , The feebler Rainbow loft one of its Legs,, by growing fainter, about 20 Degrees above the ftronger •, and the Leg be¬ low appeared continued to the Horizon. This feem’d to be a Portion of a great Circle 5 and the ftronger was but a Portion of a fmall Circle, a» ufually. The Sun , at their Appearance, was about 6 Degrees high- above the Hori¬ zon. The River of Chartres, which runs very near from South to North, was betwixt M. EJlienne (the Obferver) and the Rainbow , and he flood level with- the River, whence he wasdiftant not above 150 Paces. /f/tondon; 2. Mar. nth, 1696. It rained pretty thick a fmall Rain, and the Sun, a- Hutyfn™’ b° ut 2 °f the Clock, fhone diredtly clown Abchurch-Lane , as I was palling along 2!4°- p- 195- it with my Back to him, when I perceived the Arch of the primary Rainbow in the Drops of Rain, fpanning the Street like an Arch of a Building, under vvhich I was to pafs, the Crown whereof was not much higher than my Head, and the Diameter thereof fcarce fo wide as the Street, which is but 5. Yards; and it moved along with me as faft as I went; the Colours being very vivid and diftinft, though the Arch it felf appear’d but narrow, and the Houfes were every where behind it. This, tho’ very uncommon, will not appear ftrange to thofe who have well confider’d the Nature of the Iris. At chefter.; 3 Aug. 6th, 1 698. Between 6 and 7 a Clock in the Evening, I obferved an e xcee cti n gty vivid, as to its Colours, at firft on the South-tide only, s4Wp.’i93, but in a little Time with one entire Arch ; and foon after, the Beams of the Sun being very ftrong, there appear’d a fecondary Iris , whofe Colours were more than ordinary bright, but inverted, as ufually; that is, the Red was in¬ wards, which in the primary Iris is outward, and e contra for the Blues. But what I took moft notice of was, that with thefe two concentrick Arches, there appear’d a third Arch, near upon as bright as the fecondary Iris , but coloured in the Order of the Primary , which took its Rife from the Interfcction of the Horizon and primary Iris , and went croft the Space between the two, and inter- ( i g 9 ) " interfered' the Secondary, as in the Figure AFC G interfecls the fecondary Iris E FGD,. dividing the Arch E D into three equal Parts, as near as I could then guefs: But at firft the Arch A F did not appear, which afterwards be¬ came as bright as the former. I obferved the Points F, and G , to arile, and the Arch FG , gradually to contrad, till at length the two Arches FHG, and F G, became coincident ; when, for a great Space, th t fecondary Iris loft its Colours , and appear’d like a white Arch at the Top. I obferved alfo, that at the Points F, and G, the Interfedlion of the interior Red of the fecondary Iris , and the exterior Red of the Arch was much more intenfely red than the outward Limb of the primary Iris •, and that during the whole Appearance, the upper Part of the third Iris was not at all vifible, beyond the Inter- fe&ions FG. This uncommon Sight entertained me for about 20 Min. when the Clouds blowing away, the whole vanifhed. I was at firft amazed with the Sight, but afterwards, recolleding that the Sun fhone along the River Dee, which, from thence empties it felf into the IV.N.IV. where the Sun then was, I concluded this fecondary Arch AFHGC, was produced by the Beams of the Sun reftedled from that Water, which at that time was very calm •, and it had been much more bright, had it been at that time about high, as it was low Water, when all the Sands were bare. I was loon con¬ firmed that my Suppofition was right, and that it anfwered all the Appearance without any Scruple, and that the Arch A FH G C, was no othei r h an t h ac Rart of the Circle of the Iris, that would have been under the Earth, bent up¬ wards by Refledtion. r I remember not to have read of any fuch Iris in any Author. Des Cartes indeed fpeaks of an inverted Iris by Reflexion-, but it is not poffible to be feen as he deferibes it: And I qusery whether ever any fuch has been really obferved. LXVII. The Obfervation of the Halo, which appeared at Paris, May 12, } 66y. engaged M. Hugens to propofe to the Academy there, what he had me- j> ar i ie ii», ditated fome Years before, not only of theft; Halo's, but alfo of the Parhe- Ei. As for Halo's, he faid, that they were formed by fmall and round Grains n . 60. p. made up of two Parts, one tranfparent, the other opaque ; the latter being incloftd in the former, as a Cherry-ftone is in a Cherry. Thus A A, reprelents §. lxiv. one of thefe Grains, and B the Kernel or opaque Part. He related the Obfervations of thole who have feen Hail formed after this Fl £- Manner, and explain’d how that fome of thefe little Grains, which fwim up and down in the Air betwixt us and the Sun, being lefs diftant from the Axis, which extends it felt f rom the Sun to our Eye, than of a certain Angle, do ne- ceffarily hinder the R ays , which fall on them, from coming to our Eyes, in Regard that the opaque Kernel is the Caufe that there is behind every fuch Grain a Space of . a Conical Figure, as MNO, in which the Eye of the Spetta- tor being fituated, cannot lee the Sun through that Grain, tho’ it may fee him When polled elfewhere, as fomewhat in P. And to make the Company the more diftindlly to underftand the Efteift: which thefe Grains fufpended in the Air mull produce, he drew the 35 Fig. in which B is the Place of the Eye; BA, the Axis which pafleth from the Eye to Fig. ( r 9° ) to the Sun : C, M, F, Tome of the Icy Grains with their Kernel, making -them half opaque : Among which the Grain C, being in the Axis J 3 A, and the Lines C K, L H, reprefenting the Rays of the Sun neareft to the Axis, the Paftage of' which is not hindred by the Opacity of the Kernel, it is certain,' not only the Grain C, will not be able to tranfmit any Ray of the Sun to¬ wards B, but alfo that, imagining the Superficies of a Cone, wh-ofe Top. is in the Eyb, and its Sides B D, BE, parallel to the Rays CL', LH', all the Grain; MM, which this Superficies fhall comprize, will likewiie not Lifer any Ray to .pafs to the Eye, becaufe it muft needs be in their Cone of Obfcu- rity ; but thofe that fhall be without this Superficies, as the Grains F F, will let them pafs, becaufe the Eye is without their Cone of Obfcurity. Whence it follows, that the Angle of this Cone BDE , is that which determines the Diameter of the Halo, which depends from the Proportion' the opaque Gram hath to the tranfparent, in which it is incloled. For if this Diameter is pf 44 Degrees, as is obferved in mold Halo's, the Bignris of the opaque Grain will be to the tranfparent, as 40 to 19. But he faid, that this Proportion was not always the fame, and that the Diverfuy of it was the Caufe, that fome- tinries there were feen many Halo's, one about the other, all having the Sun for their Center. Pie added, That it was eafy to know, why thefe Halo's were always of a round Figure, whether the Sun be little or much raifed above the Hori¬ zon; as allb to give a Reafon of their Colours, which is the fame with that in the triangular Glafs Prifms ; as is evident by the Tangents A , C, drawn to the Grain A, at the Points, where the Ray D A enters or comes out. Farther, he took notice, That it was alio mariifeft why the Red Colour is in the interior Circumference of the Halo, and why the Space, which it takeirh in, and chiefly near the mold lively colour’d. Parts, appears obfeurer than the Air about; viz, becaufe it is there, where moft Grains are, which tranfmit no Rays of the Sun to our Eyes, and fo do nothing but darken the Air, as the Drops of Water when it raineth. As to the Arch of the Circle, which above touched the Halo, feen May 12, 1667. as alfo that the Colours were more irivid in this Place, and in that be¬ low, that in the reft of the Circle ; he faid, that thefe Effefts did not proceed from the Grains he had been fpeaking of, but from another Caufe, which did alfo lerve for the Production of the Parhelia, and the Circles which almoft al- F; s , 3*, ways accompany them. Touching which Circles and Parhelia's, he told the Company, that befides the round and half dark Grains, there were alfo formed in the Air certain little Cylinders of the like Nature : Which be¬ ing iuppos’d to be oblong Icy Grains, and roundifh at both Ends, having' the inner Kernel of the fame Shape, it was found, that from their different Difpofitions all the. Appearances of the Parhelia and their Circles did neceffari- !y follow. And firft, That fome of thefe Cylinders being ereft, in the Situation which probably he ought to have in being formed there, muft appear in the Hea¬ vens a great •white Circle, parallel to the Horizon, pafling thro’ the Sun, and of near the fame Breadth with him; as hath been obferved in the Phenome¬ non ( 1 9 I ) turn of Rome, An. 1629. of which Gajfendus and Des Cartes have written, and which is here exhibited. That this Circle LKN M, is caufed by the Reflection of the Rays of the Sun Fig. 37 • upon the Surface of thefe Cylinders , it being eafy to demonftrate, that there are none but thofe which are raifed at the fame Angle above the Horizon with that of the Height of the Sun, that can reflect his Rays to our Eyes: Whence it manifcftly follows, that it muff appear white, and throughout of equal Al¬ titude with the Sun it felf, and by Confcquence parallel to.the Horizon. That confidering afterwards the Tranfparency of thefe perpendicular Cylinders, and their opaque Kernels, it is eafily feen, that thofe of the white Circle , which are diffant from the Sun at a certain Angle, begin to give Paffage to Ins Rays to ftrike our Eyes in the fame Manner as hath been faid of the round half dark Grains. That thefe Cylinders are thofe, which on each Side of the Sun make us lee a Parhelion in the great white Circle, as hath been noted in the Obfcrva- tion of Rome where they are mark’d with K and N, and in many others. That thefe Parhelia have commonly luminous Tails, becaufe the Cylinders, which follow thofe firft ones that form the Parhelia, and which are yet farther diifant from the Sun, let alfo pafs his Rays to our Eye ; fo that thefe Tails may be 20 Degrees and more in Length. That the fame Parhelia are always co¬ lour’d, becaufe they are made by Refraction as the Halo. That befides, there are two other Images of the Sun generated by thefe perpendicular Cylinders, and fo difpofed in the. great white Circle, that the Spedfator turning his Face towards the true Sun, hath them behind him ; as in the Roman Obfervation are the Parhelia L and M. T. hat thefe are produced by two Refractions and one Reflection in thefe Cylinders, in the fame Manner as the ordinary Rainbow in the Drops of Water, according as M. Des Cartes hath declared: So that the opaque Kernels do nothing to the Production of thefe two Sms, but that they may be fbmetimes fo big as to make them noc appear. That according to the Altitude of the Sun, more or lefs, thefe two Parhelia are more or lefs nigh to one another. That they fhould appear co¬ lour’d as the Rainbow, and that lbmetimes they have been feen iuch j but that when they are faint, they may. alfo feem white, even as the Halo’s when they are not very bright. That thefe fame perpendicular Cylinders can alfo produce an Halo about the Sun, by reafon of the rounding of their two Ends; which rnaketh, that being diftant from the Sun at a certain Angle, on what Side foever it be, they begin from thence to give Paffage to the Rays, tranfmitting them to the Eyes of the Spectator. ■ And that thefe Hula's are probably thofe, we fee almoft always pafs thro’ the two Parhelia that are on the.Sides of the true Sun, as the Halo G KNI, in the Phenomenon of Rome. j , . ' 1 That there is yet another Situation of thefe Cylinders very confiderable, which is of thofe that are couchant, fo as their Axis are Parallel to the Plane °f the Horizon, but turned divers Ways, fome one, fome another Way, like Needles confufedly thrown on the Ground : Which Horizontal Difpofition is Very natural to thofe Cylindrick Bodies fupported by the Vapours, which rife from ( '92 ) ffottf the Earth, as may be made out experimentally in Bodies thus figur’d, be* ing let fall in the Air. : . v That it is in thefe Cylinders that the Arches which touch the Halo’s above or below, are formed •, fuch as there were in the Phenomenon obferv’d at Rome A. 1630. which is defcribed by P. Shenir , in a Letter to M. Gajfendus •, as alfo in all thofe which M. Hevelius had related at the End of his Mercurius in Sole. And that the Arch, which appeared upon the la ft Halo at Paris, A. 1667. was of the fame Kind. That the Figure of thefe Arches is different according to the different Altitudes of the Sun , and the feveral Magnitudes of the Diameters of the Halo’s. That when the Sun is very nigh the Horizon , fuch an Arch appearing upon an ordinary Halo of 44 Degrees, mud reprefent, as ’twere, two Horns , as in Fig. p; s . 3 s, 38. A B, AC. But that the- Sim rifing higher, thofe Horns become lower in Proportion, and make fuch Arches as are reprefented in the fame Fig. where each Eleight of the Sun is mark’d near the Arch which it is to make. That the Place of the Arches where they touch the Halo’s being more ftrong- ]y enlightned and colour’d than the reft, maketh us judge that there are 'Par* helia in thofe Places. That the Reafon why thefe Arches do ordinarily touch a Parhelion, was, that the fame Cylinders couch ant, which produce the Arch, produce alfo that Parhelion, by the Means of their two round and tranfparent Ends, in the fame Manner as hath been faid of the perpendicular Cylinders. And that the Parhelion laft feen at Paris, had been form’d in thefe couchant Cylinders. That that was alfo confirmed, by Reafon that it was brighter in the fuperior and inferior Part than any where elfe; which neceffarily comes to pafs in a Parhelion caufed by Cylinders thus difpofed ; whereas when produced by the round Grains , it muft appear every where equally ftrong. That in thefe fame Cylinders parallel to the Horizon, there is alfo found the Caufe of the white Crofs , obferv’d together with the Parafelenes or Mock-moons , by M. Hevelius , and exhibited at the End of his Mercurius in Sole ; the per¬ pendicular Fillet of that Crofs coming from the Refledion of the Rays of the Moon upon the Surface of thefe Cylinders as the other Fillet, parallel to the Horizon, is produced by the Reflection of the perpendicular Cylinders , which make the great white Circle, of which this Fillet is a Part. That yet the Moon muft not be very high above the Horizon, to the end that the couch* ing Cylinders may produce this Effeft: And that it fhould be well heeded, when the like Meteors fball appear, whether the perpendicular Fillet be not narrower where it paffeth through the Moon, that in other Places, and efpe- cially upwards, where it muft grow larger, and difappear. That befides the perpendicular Cylinders, and thofe that are couched parallel to the Horizon, there are often a great many, which move to and fro in the Air, in all forts of Pofitions; and that thofe, by the fame Reafon that the round Grains do, muft produce an Halo about the Sun, and even a more vivid one than that which is caufed by the Grains, forafmuch as each Cylinder fends many more Rays to the Eye, than each of thefe little Spheres. That the little Halo '*'£ D E F, in the Roman Phenomenon (Fig. 37.) may very well have been caufed by fuch Cylinders. As ( *93 ) As to thofe Mock-funs, which fometimes fhew them (elves direftly oppofite to the true Sun (fuch an one as was publifhed by M .Hevelius, an,d obferv’d Feb. 23, 1661.) that he could End nothing, neither in the round Grains nor in the "Cylinders, which fnould make thefe Suns necelFarily to meet in the great white Circle, parallel to the Horizon ; and that if that (hould be al¬ ways verified by future Obfervations, the Caufe of it muft be Iodic’d for elfewhere : But that in the mean time he did believe, that that happened not but by Chance ; which being fo, a Reafon might be given of thefe Suns, by the fame Suppofition, which ferved alfo for the Antbelion , obferved by M. Hevelius, Sep. 6, 1661. in which there were two colour’d Arches of a Circle, oppofite to the Sun, which did interfedt one another, their Interfec- tion being the Place of the falfe Sun. Which although it be repi elected in the Figure of Hevelius, at the fame Height with the true Sun, yet it was in Truth higher by nj Degrees or more; as he hath acknowledged himfeu afterwards : So that, if there had been a great white Circle in this Phenomenon, the Parhelion was not at all to have been in it. That for the Generation of thefe Suns, he did fuppofe a Number of fmall Cylinders with opaque Kernels, as the precedent, which were carried in the Air, neither perpendicularly nor couching, but inclined to the Plane of the Horizon at a certain Angle, being near a half right one •, to which were par¬ ticularly appropriated thofe Cylinders, which M. Des Cartes faw fall fiom the Heavens, having Stars at both Ends; as may be feen experimentally by forming Cylinders of that Fafhion, which is reprefented in big. 39. and let- Fig. 39 . tmg them defcend in the Air, or in Water. That in thefe Cylinders was found, the following Calculus to be given in another Treatife of Parhelia's , not only the Caufe of the Anthelia made by the Interfedtion of two Arches as in Fig. 40. but alfo that of fome other extraordinary Arches and Rods, Fi s- that are fometimes obferved near the Sun, of which notwithftanding there could nothing be as yet affirmed with Certainty, for want of exact and faith¬ ful Obfervations. To make all thefe different Effedts of the Cylinders manifeft to the Eye, M. Hugens produced one of Glafs, a Foot long, of the Shape of that in Fig. 3 6. Fig. 36. and for the Kernel opaque in the middle of a Cylinder of Wood, and in the am¬ bient Space filled with Water inftead of tranfparent Ice: Which Cylinder being expofed to the Sun, and the Eye put in fuch Places as was requifite, there were fucceffively feen all thofe Reflections and Refradtions, that have been diicourled of. Whence it might be concluded, that a great Number of the like Cylinders, altho’ very fmall in Comparifon to that, being found in the Air, and having the feveral Poftures that have been fuppofed, all the Ap¬ pearances of the P arhclia and their Circles muft exactly follow. It was wiffied, for an entire Confirmation of the Truth of this Hypothejis, that fome of thofe fmall Cylinders could be obferved to fall to the Ground, at the time when any Parhelia do appear : Which yet he (hewed could not eafily be done, becaufe that the Vapours, which then rife from the Earth, op wards, and which are the Caufe of their Cylindrical Figure, keep them alfo fufpended in the Air. He added, that it was not to be thought ftrange, • Vol. II. C c that Optical Af- fertions con¬ cerning the Rainbow, by Mr. Fr. Linus, n. 117. ?. 3S6. (194) that fuchfmall Grains of Hail were thus kept in the Air by the Vapours, for as much as thefe, by being rarified and dilated upwards, might have Motion enough for this Effect; and that that was much more eafy to conceive, than to imagine how thefe fame Vapours could keep fufpended a very great and weighty Circle of Ice, fuch as Mr. Des Cartes fuppofeth to explicate the Caufe of Parhelia’s, and of the great white Circle of the Roman Pheno¬ menon. LXVIII. 1, Every the leaft Drop of Rain, when illuminated by the Beams of the Sun, fends from it a perfect Iris, not only as to the Colours, but alfo exactly like that which we fee in the Heavens, as to their Order, Situation, and Circular Figure. 2. For the Sun-beams entering the Drop, and returning towards the Sun again after two Refractions and one Reflection, are coloured at their breaking out of the Drop, and with the fame Colours that we fee in the Rain-bow ; that is, become Red, Yellow, Green, Blue, and Purple. 3. Thefe Rays thus coloured, being tranfmitted to the Eye from a multitude of Drops illuminated by the Sun in a rainy Sky, caufe that Senfation which we have of the Rainbow. 4. Now in every Drop there are two Rings, a greater and a leffer, endued with diftinCt Colours of the Iris ; the leffer of which is diftant from the Axis, or from the Radius paffing through the Center of the Drop, about 21 Degrees; but the greater is diftant from the fame Axis 78 Degrees. Now the Rays that are incident upon the leffer Ring are refleCbed from thence upon the greater ; from whence breaking forth into the Air, they are imbued with the faid Colours of the Iris. 5. Therefore thefe Colours arife from the Sun-beams ; but not from them alone, as has been hitherto thought, but alfo from the Rays of the Air itfelf, which furrounds the Body of the Sun. 6. But neither do thefe Colours arife from all the Rays, whether of the Sun or of the Air, which enter into the Drop, but only from thofe which are e- mitted by the Limb of the Sun itfelf, and from the Air that is near it. 7. Alfo of thofe Rays which are thus tranfmitted into the Drop from the Limb of the Sun and the neighbouring Air, not all belong to the faid Colours, or break out colour’d ; but thofe only of which the Angle of Incidence is not lefs than 45 Degrees, nor greater than 75 Degrees. 8. Therefore the Colours of the Iris proceed from the Solar Limb and the neighbouring Air, yet all the Eve do not immediately flow from thence, but four only; that is, the Red, Yellow, Blue, and Purple. For the Green arifes from the Yellow and Blue Rays mix’d together. 9. Therefore thefe four Colours arife from the aforefaid Limb, yet not all from one and the fame Part of that Limb ; but two of them from one Part of the Limb, and the other two from that Part which is diredly oppofite to it. That is, the Blue and Purple proceed from the upper Limb, and the Red and Yellow from the lower Limb. 10. Now as to the reafon why fuch different Colours arife from Limbs that are fo fimikr to each other, there appears to be no other but this; that in ( *95 ) in one cafe the Limb of Air is above the Solar Limb and in the otner the lar Limb is above that of Air. And this Difference feems to be Efficient here, becaufe in refpedof that different Situation, fometimes the Solar Ra>s are bent by Refradion above the Airy Rays, and fometimes on the contrary 11 Therefore thefe Colours arife by the faid refraded Rays, yet .o relratt- ed that they are very much condenfed by that Refradion. tor all the Rays from 45 to 60 Degrees are contraded into the Space of one Degree in the lefiTer Ring. Into which narrow Space alfo are contracted, y Retrogra tion, all the Rays from 60 to 75 Degrees. . , f v 12. When feveral Men fee a Rainbow at the fame time, 1 ‘ ) Rainbows feen as there are Men to fee them. _ Pninhnw 13. He that looks upon a Rainbow, every Moment fees a 11 e .... LXIX. To thofe that have carefully confidered the Phenomena of the Ram- bow, it has always been manifeft, that the Rays of the Sun ' a watry Cloud, have entered the Eye at feme certain Ang e , vv en p/«« , hc gU its Form of ’a Bow. But the reafon of its Colours, as alio of the Magmmde _ of that AnHe, by which we find the Rainbow conftantly to be diltant irom w the Point oppofite to the Sun, has given much ttoubJe bo* tc. the Anaen s and Moderns. Nor did they do any thing to the purpaft, * Cartes , calling to his Affiftance the Mathematical Science, nformed^u^y 7 . P . 74 many Examples, that thefe Phyfical Speculations rnig it an g ed in a ftrider Method of Argumentation. And among oth_ thmgs he has given us the Theory of the Rainbow. From His Demonftrat P > that the primary Iris is produced by fuch Rays of the Sun in jhich thetx- cefs of the two refraded Angles above the one Angle of Incidence, ■ g R eft of all poffible Angles. That the fecondary Ins is formed by thofe Rays only, in which the Excefs of the three refraded Angles above the one Ang e of Incidence, in like manner is the greateft poffible. And fo we mig t> to the third, fourth, or any other Iris, which are made when the Rays a g out of the Drops, after three, or four, or more Reflexions. Now m all thefe there is a general Rule, that the Excefs of four or five or more i«dAn- gles, (that is, the Number of Reflexions muft be increased by an Unit,) one Angle of Incidence, muft be the greateft of all. Now that greate being doubled is always the Diftance of the Iris from the Point oppolneto tne Sun, when the Number of Reflexions is odd. But if that Number c , the double of that greateft Angle is the Diftance of the Ins train the bun Now that thofe greateft Exceffes may be had, the Refradion of any Liquid king given, or the Ratio of the Sine of Incidence to the Sure of therer . Angle •, we muft take Notice that the Excefs of two refraded Angle °ne Angle of Incidence is then greateft, when the momentary Augmen Angle of Incidence is exadly double to the momentary Augment o Haded Angle. But of three refraded Angles the Excefs is then g re a ’ " the momentary Augment of the Angle of Incidence is triple to t e en o *be refraded Angle: And fo of the reft. And this is manifeft or it e r. No ^ C c 2 ( * 9 6 ) we frail obtain the Angles themfelves by premiff ng the following Lemma, which we mult demonftrate. Lemma. The Legs of any plain Triangle continuing the fame, if the Ver¬ tical Angle be encreafed or dirninifred by any Angle lefs than any given one, the Moments or inftantaneous Mutations of the Angles at the Bafe, will be to one another reciprocally at the Segments of the Bafe. Fig. 41. Let slBC be a Triangle, whofe Vertex is V, the Legs AB and AC ; and the Bafe B C ; upon which' let fall the Perpendicular A D. Then let the An¬ gle B AC be encreafed by any indivifible Moment C Ac, and draw the Lines Bed and cD, which will differ from the Lines BCD and CD only intellectually. I fay the Moment of the Angle ABC, that is CB c, is to the Moment of the Angle ACB or AC D, as CD to B D, that is reciprocally as the Segments of the Bafe. For as the Angle AC D is the Sum of the Angies ABC and B AC, its Moment will alfo be the Sum of the Moments of thofe Angles, or C Ac -j- C B c. But C Ac is equal to the Angle CDc ■, for becaufe of the right Angle at D, the Points A, D, C, c, are at the Circumference of a Circle whofe Dia¬ meter is AC, by Eucl. 3. 9. And therefore the Sum of the Angles CB c and CDc, that is the Angle Dcd, will be the Moment of the Angle ACD, or ACB. But the Angles C B c and Dcd, being indefinitely little, are to one another as their oppofite Sides, or as cD or CD to BD, that is, reciprocally as the Seg¬ ments of the Bafe. ChE. D. Now if either of the Angles B or C is acute, changing what is to be changed, the Lemma will be demonftrated as above. Corol. Hence it follows, that the Moments of the Angles at the Bafe arc to one another directly as the Tangents of thofe Angles. F,g. 42. By the Help of this Lemma we may eafily obtain the Diameter of any Rain¬ bow, either by a Geometrical Conftrudtion or by Calculation. For affirming any right Line C A, firft let it be divided in D, fo that C A may be to CD in the Ratio of Refraction, which in Water is as 250 to 187, or more accurately Fig. as 529 to 396. Then let C A be divided in E, fo that CE may be to AE, as Unity is to the Number of Reflexions which a Ray of the Sun buffers, pro¬ per to produce the propofed Rainbow. Then with the Diameter AE let the Semicircle AB E be described, and with Center C and Radius CD draw the Arch BD, meeting the Semicircle ABE in the Point B. Laftly, drawing the right Lines CB and AB, upon AB produced let fall the Perpendicular CF, and EB Parallel to it. I fay the Angle CB F will be the Angle of Incidence, and CAB the lefradted Angle, as were required; and thefe will produce the pro¬ pofed Rainbow. Demonftration. Since the Triangles ACF and AE B are fimilar, it will be AF to BF, fo is AC to EC, that is, as the Number of Reflexions encreafed by Unity is to Unity, by the Conftrudtion. Therefore the Moment of the Angle CB F will be to the Moment of the Angle C AF in the fame Proportion ; by the foregoing Lemma. But the Sine of the Angle CB F is to the Sine of the Angle C AF in the Ratio of the Sides C A and C B, that is, the tatio of the given Refraction, alfo by Conftrudtion. Therefore the Angle of Incidence CBF has its correfponding refradted Angle CAF, and their Moments are in the Ratio propofed ; therefore they are the Angles required. Q. E. D. And now ( i97 ) now multiplying the refraCted Angle b 7. the dumber oF Reflexions encreafed by Unity, and from the Produft fubtrafting the Angle of Incidence we fha 1 have half the Diftance of the Rainbow from the Sun, if the d umber Reflexions is even, or from the Point oppoflte to the Sun if odd, as laid foefo rc Hence by a ConftruCtion that is neat enough and not inelegant, we may ex¬ hibit by Way of Synopfis the Incidences of all Rainbows in order in any Li¬ quid, the RefraCtion of which is known. For if the aflume ine is ed in two equal Parts at E, in three at e, in four at 5, ind ' e £ ? r u e Semic'rles and with th? Diameters AE, Ae, A*, A*, &c. are defenhed the Se^arcks ABE, Abe, AH*, A»«, all which are met by the C,rcular ^ ^ g ive * deferibed with Center C and Radius CD, (which Radius is t Lines Ratio of RefraCtion,,) in the Points B, b, fi,v ; I fay t at ( j ra ' ffin o, q AB, Ab , AH, Av, they will conftitute with the Line AC the Angle ■ “ CAb, CAp, CAv, equal to the refracted Angles •, and with the Rays 6 , » Ci, 0 \ refpeCtively, Angles equal to the Angles of Incidence required. _ is, ABC , or rather its Compliment to a Semicircle for the pum.iy ‘ ’ Ab C for the fecondary, AH B for the third, and A» C for the fourth , Now if any one is defirous to inveftigate thefe Angles -by an exaft^Ca^^^ tion, from the fame Source an Analyft will eaflly oifcover, , ^ be = i, and the Ratio of Refraction as r to s, the Sine of Incidence •, but the Sine of the refraCted Angle will be from which An ' gles the primary Rainbow proceeds. But for the feconuary V s _ 8 „ the Sine of Incidence, and the Sine of the refraded Angle. For the third, the Sine of Incidence will be and the S ' me ° f thc refra£kd Angle will be -y/-f 6 "~~ 1 -. For the fourth the Sine of Incidence will be V 2 ^~, and the Sine of the refracted Angle And fo of ths red ‘ Admitting the Ratio of Des Carles you will find by Calculation, that the pri¬ mary Rainbow is diftant from the Point oppoflte to the Sun 41 °. 30. ® fecundary rr«. r ,\ The third 40°. 20'. and the fourth 45 0 . 33. from Sun itfelf. Thefe laft I know not whether any one will be able to fee, became of the Light of the Sun growing more and more feeble in every Reflexion arc Refraftion. And this may fuffice concerning the Magnitude of the Rain cow in the tranfparent Drops of a Fluid, whofe refraCtive Power is known. W e muft now add fomething concerning the Colours with which the Rainbows are painted, and rheir Order in each ; being varied by the RefraCtion through a poffible Degrees. . Firft it muft be known, that all Light of the blue kind is refraCted fomet more than any red Light; from which Difference arifes the Breadth ot t e a.n- bows, which is hardly to be determined by Obfervation, becaufe of the uncer¬ tain Limits of the Colours in the Cloud. But the greater is the Ratio of Ine¬ quality between C A and CD, or the greater the RefraCtion is, lo much tie ( * 9 » ) greater is the Diftance of any Rainbow from the Sun, and therefore the Limits of Rainbows that are more remote from the Sun always fhine with purple Co¬ lour, and the nearer are intenfely ruddy. This may always be feen in the primary Iris, which vanifhes oppofite to the Sun, if the Sine of Incidence is to the Sine of the Angle of Refradtion, as CA to CE, or as 2 to 1. If that Ra¬ tio be greater, no primary Rainbow can be feen at all. But it is to be obferved, that the fecundary Iris goes off in a Point oppofite to the Sun, whenever the Ratio of Refradtion is, as 1 to 0,847487... Thence it returns to the Sun itfelf, and there vanilhes, if the faid Ratio is, as 3 to 1, or as C A to Ce. But in intermediate Ratios, fuch as obtain in all known Fluids except Air, the greater the Ratio is, fo much the more the Iris is dif- tant from the oppofite Place of the Sun, or rather from the Sun itfelf, reckon¬ ing the Arch beyond the Semicircle. And therefore the Colours will be found in an inverted Order from the Primary, in thefe returns, unlefs the Diftance of the Iris from the Sun is taken in this Senfe. And this is to be obferved every where in the reft. The third Rainbow is loft in Oppofition to the Sun, when the Ratio of Re¬ fradtion is, as 1 to 0,91855... And thence recurs to the Sun in the Ratio of x to 0,6825... Whence again, the Order of the Colours being reftored, in the Ratio of 4 to x, or of C A to C«, it ceafes oppofite to the Sun. But the fourth Iris beginning from the Sun in the Ratio of Equality, paffes over in Op¬ pofition to it in the Ratio of 1 to 0,94895... and thence returns to the Sun, if the Ratio be as 5 to 4. Hence again it is fpread to the Sun’s Oppofition, in the Ratio of 1 100,56337... And in this Space are included the known Re- fradtions of all Fluids. Laftly, the Ratio being as 5 to 1, or as C A to C», it vanifhes in the Sun itfelf: The Colours being every where inverted |as to Sight in the return to the Sun, but diredt in the Egrefs from it. Hence in watry Clouds, the primary and fourth Iris objedt their fcarlet Colours to the Sun, but the fecundary and third their Purple. But whence the different refractive Virtue of Fluids arifes, is a Problem of no fmall Difficulty, and may very juftly be reckoned among the Secrets of Nature, not yet difeovered by our Senfes or our Argumentation. For among Fluids pure Water is found to refradt the Rays of Light leaft of all. But imbued by any Salts diffolved in it, the Refradtion is increafed according to the Quan¬ tity of the Salts and its own Weight. And corrofive Spirits, which are much heavier than Water, turn afide the Rays of Light much more. Nor is it a wonder fince they are denfer Bodies, and therefore may be conceived the more to obftrudt the Pafiage of Light. But it does not appear by a like Argument, why fo great a Refradtion is found in any ardent Spirits or Oils, efpecially in Spirit of Turpentine or Wine, fince they are very light Fluids in refpedt of Water, and confift much of ethereal Particles. This feems to require a very intimate Knowledge of the Nature of Light, as alfo of Matter. Now from the given Diftance of the Iris from the Sun, to deduce the Ratio of Refradtion, fupplies the Curious with an Occafion of obferving very accurately, and with little Trouble, the Refradtion of any Fluid whatever. For if a Drop of any tranlparent Fluid hangs at the lower Part of a fmall Glafs Tube, and the ( i99 ) the Sun being near the Horizon, but fhining dearly, it be obferved under what Angle with the oppofite Place to the Sun the Colours of the Iris are feen in the Drop ; the Ratio required may be had by a little Calculation. The liquation arifing is Cubick, explicable but by one Root, by which the Ratio is computed from having the primary Iris given. The Equation is T 5 —3 TTt.... 4 rrt = o, where T is the Tangent of the Angle of Incidence required, and t the Tangent of half the Diftance of the Iris from the Point oppofite to the Sun, to Radius r — 1. Whence according to Cardan 's Rules arifes this Theorem. From the Cube of t fubtraft the Prod lift of 2 tr into the Excefs of the Secant of the fame Arch above the Radius ; the Difference will be a leffer Cube. And the Sum of the fame, adding 4 trr, will be a greater Cube. The Sum of the Sides of each Cube, and of t, will be equal to the Tangent of the Angle of Incidence, half of which will be alfo the Tangent of the Angle cf Refraffion ; whence arifes the Ratio required. Of this take the following Example. In a Drop of Oil of Turpentine the Diftance of the primary Iris from the Point oppofite to the Sun is obferved to be 25 0 . 40'. The Ratio of Refra&ion is required. / = Tang. 12 0 . 50'. = 0,2278063 s = Secant of the fame = 1,0256197 ttt~ 0,01182217 s —r in itr — 0,01167265 Difference, or leffer Cube = 0,00014952. ^0,0530773 Sum 0,02349482 4 trr 0,91122525 Greater Cube 0,93472007. y°,9777486 t — 0,2278063 T = Tang. Incid. 5C. 32' 1,2586322 i T =z Tang. Refra£t. 52 0 . 11' 0,6293161 Finally, asv TT-f- 4, is to V 1, fo is r to s', fo is x to 0,68026. And this Ratio approaches nearly to that, which we find by Experiment ob¬ tains in Glafs, and moft other pellucid Solids. But a Diamond does not only exceed all other diaphanous Bodies in Hardnefs and Value, but alfo in this re- ra&ive Virtue •, its Ratio being nearly as 5 to 2, or more truly, as 100 to 41. u t of thefe perhaps more at large in a proper Place. While I was employed in writing this, the very skilful Geometrician, Mr. * Moivre, at my Requeft, took the Pains to find a like Equation for the Ra- 10 of the fecundary Iris, when the Diameter is given. By this the Ratio may be determined very accurately, but the Equation being Biquadratick, the Cal¬ culation cannot be performed with the fame eafe. The Equation is 7 M- t __ wl» ( 200 ) N 1100 rllltw-nn \r rlmum c-fi- it, and the Pump being early fet on Work, the Air was diligently drawn soft Pans <./ out. After a long Expectation, the more fubtile Parrs of the Blood would ,ie 0 J '* begin to force their Way through the more clammy ones, and feem to boil in large Clufters, fome as big as great Beans or Nutmegs ; and fometimes to the Wonder oi the by-ftanding Phyficians, the Blood was fo volatile, and the Expansion fo vehement, that it boiled over the containing Glafs ;. of which, when it was put in, it did not, by our Eftimate, fill above a Quarter. Having alfo included fome Milk, warm from the Cow, in a cylindrical Vef- fel of about 4 or 5 Inches high, when the external Air was fully withdrawn, the white Liquor "began to boil in a way that was not fo eafy to defcribe, as pleafant to behold : And this it did for a pretty while, with fo much Impe- tuofity, that it threw up feveral Parts of itfelf out of the wide-mouthed Glafs that contained it (and could have contained as much more) though there were not above two or three Ounces of the Liquor. A yet greater Difpofition to the Intumefcence we thought we obferv d in the Gall, which was but fuitable to the Vifcofity of the Texture. Note , That the two foregoing Experiments were made with an Eye call upon the Inquiry, that I thought might be made, Whether, and how far the- deftruftive Operation of our Engine upon the included Animal, might be im¬ puted to this, that upon the withdrawing of the Air , befides the Removal of what the Air’s Prefence contributes to Life, the little Bubbles 1 generated upon the Ablence of the Air in the Blood, Juices, and foft Paits of the Body,, may by their vaft Number and their confpiring Diftenfions, varioufly ftreighten in fome Places, and ftretch in others, the Veflels, efpecially the fmaller ones, that convey the Blood and Nourifhment •, and fo by choaking up fome Paf- fages, and vitiating the Figure of others, difturb, or hinder the due Circula¬ tion of the Blood : not to mention the Pains that fuch Diflenfions may caufe in fome Nerves and membranous Parts, which by irritating fome of them in¬ to Convulfions, may haften the Death of Animals, and deftroy ^ them fooner by occafion of that Irritation, than they would be defiroyed by the bare Ab- fence, or Lofs"of what the Air is neceflary to fupply them with. And to fliew, how this Production of Bubbles reaches even to very minute Parts of the Body, I Ihall add on this occafion (hoping that I have not prevented my- felf on any other) what may feem fomewhat Arrange, what I once obferved in a Viper, furioufiy tortured in our exhaufted Receiver, namely, that it had manifeftly a confpicuous Bubble moving to and fro in the waterifh Elumour 01 one of its Eyes. „ , 2, And ( 23 ° ) 2. And to fhew, that not only the Blood and Liquors, but alfo the other foft Parts, even in cold Animals, have aereal Particles latitant in them, we took the Liver and Heart of an Eel , as alfo the Head and Body of another Fijh of the fame Kind, cut afunder crofs-ways fomewhat beneath the Heart , and put¬ ting them into a Receiver , upon the withdrawing of the Air, we perceived that the Liver did manifeftly fwell every way, and that both the upper and lower Parts did fo likewife ; and at the place where the Divifion had been made there came out, in each Portion of the Fijh, diverfe Bubbles, fevcral of which feem’d to come from the Medulla Spinalis , or the Cavity of the Back-bone , or the adjoining Parts, and the external Air being let in, both the Portions of the Eel prefently Ihrunk, fome of the Skin feeming to be grown empty or flaccid in each of them. « < ur’fied° n XIV. i. We included in a round Vial with a wide Neck, (the whole Glafs Air!" = being capable of containing about 8 Ounces of Water) a young and fmall Moufe, and then tied ftrongly upon the upper Part of the Glaf’s Neck a fine thin Bladder , out of which the Air had been carefully expreflfd, and then conveyed this phantaftical Veffiel into a middle-fized Receiver, in which we alfo placed a mercurial Gage. The Air was by Degrees pumped out, till it ap¬ peared by the Gage that there remained but a 4th Part in the external Recei¬ ver. , (as for Diftinclion fake I call it;) whereupon the Air in the external Receiver expanding itfelf, appeared for to have blown the Bladder almoft half full, and the Moufe feemed very ill at Eafe by his leaping, and other- wife endeavouring to pafs out at the Neck of his uneafy Prifon •, we did, for fear the over-thin Air would difpatch him, let the Air flow into the external Receiver, whereby the Bladder being cornprefs’d, and the Air in the Vial reduced to its former Denfity , the little Animal quickly recovered. 2. A while after, without removing the Bladder, the Experiment was re¬ peated, and the Air, by the help of the Gage, was reduced to its former De¬ gree of Rare]allion ; and the Moufe was kept in that thin Air for full 4 Mi¬ nutes ; at the End of which he appeared fo fick, that to prevenc his dying immediately, we removed the external, and took out the internal Receiver. Whereupon, tho’ he recovered, yet ’twas not without much Difficulty •, be¬ ing unable to ftand any longer upon his Feet, and for a great while after con¬ tinued manifeftly trembling. 3. But having buffered him to reft a feafonable Space of Time, prefuming that AJfuefatiHon had accuftomed him to greater Hardffiips, we conveyed him again into the external Receiver, and having brought the Air to the former Degree of Expanfion, we were able to keep him there for a full quarter of an Hour. And *tis worth noting, That till near the latter End of the quar¬ ter of an Hour, not only the Animal did • fcarce at all appear diftrefled, re¬ maining ftill very quiet; but which is more, whereas when he was put in, the Tremblings formerly mention’d were yet upon him, and continued fo for fome Time, yet afterwards, in fpight of the Expanfion of the Air he was then in, they left him early enough. And when the internal Receiver was taken out, he did not only recover from his fainting Fit fooner than before, but efcaped thofe fubfequent Tremblings. 4. After ( 231 ) 4 - After we had allow’d him fome Time to recoiled! his Strength, we re¬ convey’d him into the Receiver , and pump’d out the Air, till the Mercury in the Gage was not only drawn down as low as formerly, but near hall an Inch lower. And tho’ this did at firft feem to difcompofe our little Beaft, yet after a-while he grew very quiet, and continued fo for a full quarter of an Hour, when we caufed 3 Exfutlicns more to be made by the Pump, before we difco- vered him to be in manifeft Danger (at which Time the Bladder appear’d much fuller than before :) But then we were oblig’d to let the Air into the outward Receiver , whereupon the Moufe was more fpeedily revived than one would have fufpefted. And thefe Trials of the Power of AffuefaTHon feem’d the more confiderable, b.caufe the Air in which the Moufe had all this while lived, had been clogged and infedted with the excrementitious Effluviums of his Body lor ’twas the fame all along, we having purpofely forborn to take off the Bladder. XV. 1. We took a Moufe of an ordinary Size, and having, not without fome Difficulty, conveyed him into an oval Glafs fitted with a fomewhat long retaining it and confiderably broad Neck, we conveyed in after him A Mercurial Gage , in Denfit r- which we had diligently obierved and marked the Station of the Mercury, and which was fo taflned to a Wire reaching to the Bottom of the Oval Glajs, that the Gage remaining in the Neck , was not in Danger to be bioken y the Motions of the Moufe in the oval Part: The upper Part of the long; N eck of the Glafs was, notwithftanding the Widenefs of it, hermetically feal d: An tho’ by Reafon of the Largenefs of the Vefiel in Comparifon of fo fmall an Animal, h e feem’d to me rather drooping than very near Death at the Find of the fecond Hour ; yet coming to look upon him about half an Hour after, he was judg’d by the Speftators quite dead, notwithftanding our fhaking of the yeftel to rouze him up. This made me caft my Eyes upon the Gage , wh re¬ in I could not perceive any fenfible Change of the Mercury's Station. But ha¬ ving caufed the feal’d Part of the Glafs to be broken off, and freffi Air to be blown in by a pair of Bellows, the gafping Animal revived, tho’ but {lowly. 2. Such an Experiment as the former we made with like Succefs upon a fmall Bird, included with a Gage in a Receiver , holding about a Quart oi Wa¬ ter. The Bird in about half an Hour appeared to be fick and drooping, and the Faintnefs and Difficulty of Breathing increafed for about 2 Flours and an half after that, at which Time the Animal died, the Gage being not fenfibly altered. 3. In a Glafs Vial , capacious enough to hold about 3 Quarts of Witer, we hermetically fealed up a fmall Bird, and found, that in a few Minutes he began to be fick and pant ; which Symptoms l fuffered to continue and increafe againft the Mind of a learned By-Jlander, who thought the Animal would not hold out fo long, till they had lafted juft half an Hour ; at which Time having provided a Veffel of Water, made exceeding cold with Sal-Armoniack, new- jy put into it, the Vial with the fick Bird was immerfed in it, and kept there in that Condition for 6 Minutes ; and yet it did not appear, that this great Re¬ frigeration did fenfibly refrefh the drooping Animal. So that this Remedy proving ineffectual, the Vial was removed out of the Witer , and the Bird fome ( 2 3 2 ) fome time after did, as I foretold, make many Strains to vomit, (tho’ fhe brought up little) followed by Evacuations downward, before fhe quite expired, which fhe did within a Minute or two of a juft Hour after the Beginning of her Imprifonment. The ufe of XVI. We made by Biftillation a Blood-red Liquor, which I have with very fpimion. e ~ little variation communicated in the Hijlory of Colours , and which chiefly con- fifts of fuch [aline and Jpirituous Particles as may be obtained from the Mafs of Blood in human Bodies. This Liquor is of fuch a Nature, that if a Glafs-Vial., about half fill’d with it, be kept well flopp’d, the red Liquor will reft as quietly as any ordinary one, without fending up any Smoke or vifible Exhalation •, but if the Vial be unftopped, fo that the external Air be permit¬ ted to come in and touch the Surface of the Liquor, within a quarter of a. Minute or lefs, there will upon this Contad be elevated a copious white Smoke, which will not only fill the upper Part of the Glafs, but plentifully - pafs out into the open Air, till the Vial be again flopped. This Experiment may ferve to illuftrate the Office of the Air to carry off in Expiration the fuli¬ ginous Steams of the Lungs. For, in our Experiment we manifeftly fee, that the very Contain of the Air may give the Corpufcles of moift Bodies a peculiar Volatility, or Facility to emerge in the Form of Steams. It may here luffice to take notice of thefe two Things : The one is, that when the Vial has lain flopped and quiet a competent Time, the upper Half of it will appear defti- tute of Fumes , of which the Air, it feems, will imbibe, and conftantly retain but a certain moderate Quantity; which may give fome Light towards the Reafon, why the fame Air, which will be quite clogged with Steams , will not long ferve for Refpiration , which requires frequent Supplies of frefh Air: The other is, That if the unftopped Vial were placed in our Vacuum , it would not emit any vifible Steams at all, nor fo much as to appear in the upper Part of the Glafs itfelf that held the Liquor ; whereas, when the Air was by degrees re- llored at the Stopcock without moving the Receiver itfelf, to avoid injuring its Clofenefs, the returning Air would prefently raife the Fumes, firft into the vacant Part of the Vial, whence they would afcend into the Capacity of the Receiver •, and likewife, when the Air that was requifite to fupport them was pumped out, they alfo accompanied it, as their unpleafant Smell evinced, and the red Spirit, tho’ it remain’d unftopped, emitted no more Fumes till the Air was let in. WLecches* XVII. i. Two white Snails without Shells, of differing Sizes, (the biggeft c ’ about an Inch and a half, and the other about an Inch in Length.) were inclu¬ ded in a fmall portable Receiver, which was carefully exhaufted, and fecured againfl the Return of the Air. Prefently after ’twas remov’d from the En¬ gine, it was eafy to difcern that both the Snails thruft out and retraded their Horns (as they are commonly call’d) at pleafure, tho’ their Bodies had in the fofter Places pretty Store of newly generated Bubbles flicking to them : But tho’ they did not lofe their Motion near fo foon, as other Animals were in our Vacuum wont to do, yet coming to look on them after fome Hours, they ap¬ peared movelefs and very tumid, and at the End of 12 Hours, the inward Parts of their Bodies feemed to be almoft vanifhed, and they feemed to be ( =33 ) Bat a couple of Irnall full-blown Bladders; and on the letting in of the Air, they immediately fo fhrunk, as if the Bladders having been pricked, the refiding Air had left behind it nothing but Skins •, nor did either of the Snails after¬ wards, tho’ kept many Hours, give any Signs of Life. 2. We included in a Receiver, wh'ofe globular Part was about the Bignefs of a large Orange , one of that Sort of Animals that they vulgarly call Efts : Ha¬ ving withdrawn, but not folicitoufly, the Air, we kept him there about 48 Hours: During all which Time he continued alive, but appeared fomewhat fwellcd in his Belly •, his under-chap moving the very firft Night, but not the Day and Night following. By opening the Receiver at length under Water, we perceived, that about half the Air had been drawn out. As foon as the Water was impelled into the Glafs, the Animal that was before dull and tor¬ pid, feem’d, by very nimble and extravagant Motions, to be ftrangely revived. 3. We took a Leech, that was of a moderate Bignefs, orTomewhat iliort of it, and having included it together with fome Water in a portable Receiver , that was guefs’d to be capable of holding about ten or 12 Ounces of that Li¬ quor, the Air was pump’d out after the ufual Manner, and the Receiver being re¬ mov’d to a lightfome Place, we obferved, as we expefted, that the Leech keep¬ ing herfelf under Water, there emerged from diverfe Parts of her Body ftore of Bubbles , fome of them in a difperfed Way, but others in Roves or Files , if I may fo fpeak', that feem’d to come from determinate Points. Though this Production of Bubbles lafted a pretty while, yet the Leech did not feem to be very much difeompofed by her prefent Condition : For after 5 Days (tho’ the Receiver continued well exhaufted) we found her very lively. XVIII. 1. We took 5 or 6 Caterpillars of the fame Sort and had the Air c Rf’" s ^ drawn from them, and carefully kept from returning. About an Hour after, ^ I found them moving to and fro in the Receiver , and even above two Hours after that,. I could by {halting the Veffel, excite in them fome Motions, that I did not fufpect to be convulfive. But about 10 Hours after they were firft included, they feem’d to be quite dead; yet the Air being forthwith reftored to them, I found the next Day, that 3 or 4 of them were perfectly alive. 2. We took from a Hedge a Branch that had a large Cobweb of Caterpillars in it, and having divided it into two Parts, we put them into like Recei¬ vers ; and in one of them fhut up the Caterpillars together with the Air, wnich from the other was exhaufted. The Event was, that in that which had the Air, the little and difficultly vifible Infebis, after a fmall Time appear¬ ed to move up and down as before, and fo continued to do for a Day or two-, wheieas that Glafs whence the Air had been drawn out, and continued kept out, fhewed, after a very little while, no Motion that we could perceive. XIX. 1. Nov.. 12. 8 a t Night. There were taken 4 middle-fiz’d Flejh-files, which having their Heads cut off, were inclofed in a portable Receiver, fur- nifhed with a pretty large Pipe and a Bubble at the End. As foon as the Re¬ ceiver was exhaufted, thofe Flies loft their Motion (which was not brisk be¬ fore.) An Hour or two after, I approached them to the Fire, which reftored n °t their Motion to them (but as to one of them I fufpefted it had a languid Motion for a while) wherefore I let in the Air upon them, after Which in a H h very ( 2 34 ) very fhort Time, tho’ not immediately, they began one after another to move their Legs, and one or two of them to walk. 2. Sept. ii. About Noon. We clofed up divers ordinary Flies, and a Bee or Wafp *, all which, when the Air was fully withdrawn , lay as dead, fave that for a very few Minutes fome of them had convulfive Motions in their Legs they continued in this State 48 Hours, after which, the Air was let in upon them, but none of them recovered. 3. Decern. 11. at Night,, we put a great Flejb-Ffy into a very {mall portable Receiver , where at firft it appear’d to be very brisk and lively, but as foon as the Air was drawn out, fell on her Back, and feemed to have convulfive Mo¬ tions in her Feet and Probofcis, from whence fhe prefently recover’d, upon the letting in of the Air ■, which being drawn out again, fhe lay as dead ; but a while alter, (within a quarter or half an Hour) I perceived, that upon fha- king the Receiver , fhe ftirred up and down, but faintly. The next Night, by Warmth, and letting in the Air, the Fly recovered : But being next Morn¬ ing foal'd up again in that Glafs, and kept 48 Hours, tho’ over the Chimney, fhe died for good and all. 4. We took a large Grajhopper , whofe Body, befides the Horns and Limbs, was about an Inch in Length, and of a great Thicknefs in Proportion to that Length : This we conveyed into a portable Receiver of an oval Form, and capable of holding, by our Guefs, about a Pint of Water. When the Air began to be confiderably rarified, he appeared to be very ill at Eafe, and feemed to fweat out of the Abdomen many little Drops of Liquor, which being united, trickled down the Glafs like a little Stream, which made at the Bot¬ tom a fmall Pool of clear Liquor, amounting to near a Quarter of a Spoonful ■, and by that time the Receiver was ready to be taken off, the Grafs-hopper, was fallen upon his Back, and lay as dead, and continued fo for 3 Hours ; after which, the Air being let in upon him, he continued without any Signs of Life for a Quarter or Half an Hour: But being carried into a Sun-lhiny Place, the Beams of a declining Sun prefently began to make him ftir his Limbs , and in a fhort time brought him perfectly to Life again. 5. Apr. 15. We took one or thofe Jhining Beetles they call Rofe-Flies, and included it in a very fmall round Receiver , which we exhaufled-, and tho’ it ftruggled much whilfl the Air was withdrawing, yet prefently after, I could perceive but little Motion (and part of that feemed almoft convul¬ five.) About fix Hours after, it feem’d quite dead, and upon the Return of the Air, no Sign of Life enfued for a pretty while j but 3 or 4 Hours after, I found him lively enough. 6. Having obferved Butterflies not only to live, but to move longer than was expe&ed, I included divers of them in fomewhat large Receivers, and tho’ whilft the Air continued in the Glaffes, they flew, actively as well as free¬ ly up and down ; and tho’ after the Exhauftion of the Air they continued to live, and were not movelefs •, nay, tho’ at the Bottom of the Receiver, they would even move their Wings, and a little flutter: Yet I could not per¬ ceive any of them to fly, by which I mean, perform any progreffive Mo¬ tion Supported by the Medium only. And by frequently inverting the Receiver ( 2 35 ) Receiver (which I took Care jhould be pretty long, to let them Fall from one Extream to the other) they would fall like dead Animals, without difplay- ing their Wings-, tho’ juft as they came to touch the Bottom, fome of them would fometimes fern to make fome Ufe of them, but not enough to fuftain themfelvcs, or to keep their Falls from being rude enough. XX. i. A pretty Number of Ants were included in a fmall portable Re- ceiver, exhaufted yefterday about Noon. They grew almoft movelefs as foon as the Air was exhaufted : And between 6 and 7 in the Afternoon, they feem’d to be all quite dead. Whereupon I opened the Glafs, and tho’ no Sign of Life appear’d for a great while, yet this Morning I found many of them alive, and moving to and fro. 2. We conveyed a pretty Number of Mites, which are reputed but liv¬ ing Points, together with the mouldy Cheefe they were bred in, to nourifh them, into 3 or 4 very fmall Receivers. One of them with the Air in it was feal’d up at a Lamp Furnace, and from all the reft we withdrew the Air. This done, we obferv’d the following Phenomena, viz. 1. Thofe Mites that were inclofed in the fmall Glafs that never came near the Engine, continued alive, and able to walk up and down for above a full Week, after they had been put in and polfibly would have continued much longer, if the Glafs had not been broken. 2. Though juft before the withdrawing of the Air, the Mites were feen to move up and down in it; yet within a few Minutes after the Receiver was ap¬ plied to the Engine, I could difcern in them no Life at all, tho’ my Eye was affifted with a double convex Glafs. Above an Hour after, I could not per¬ ceive any of them to ftir : 2 or 3 Hours after that, I let in the Air, and left the Receiver unftopped in a Window. 3. About 2 or 3 Days after, I found a Number of my little Animals re¬ vived, as an attentive Eye might eafily perceive by the Motion of certain little white Specks; and they continued to appear alive for 2 or 3 Days after that, if not longer. 4. One of the Receivers was kept exhaufted from Monday to huefday. after all which time, our attentive Eyes being unable to difcover any Signs of Life among the included Mites, the Air was let in upon them, and after a long time, we could plainly fee them creep up and down in the Glafles again. LXXVIII. j _ We took Filings of crude Copper , and put them into a cryftal- line Glafs of a conical Shape, into which we poured fome ftrong Spirit of weaknea Salt, (that was fitted for our peculiar Purpofe ) to the Height of about a Finger’s breadth above the Filings, and then clofing the Veffel with a Glafs-ftopple, f e ™ ci ff { ~ he exquifitely fitted to it, we buffered it to continue unmoved in a Window for °{ y Mr. fome Days, till the Liquor had both obtained a high and darkifh brown Rob^Boyie, Colour, by the Solution of fome of the Copper, and loft that Colour again, p growing clear like common Water (which is itfelf a fomewhat odd Pheno¬ menon,) and then taking out the Stopple, without fhaking the Liquor, and thereby giving Accefs to the outward Air, we perceived, as we had conjedtu- red, that the upper Surface of the Liquor did in a few Minutes re-acquire a dark illy hr own Colour, which penetrating deeper and deeper, at the End of H h 2 about ( 236 ) about a Quarter oF an Hour, the whole Body of the Liquor appeared to be likewife tinged. The conical Glafs being again well flopp’d, the Menftruum did again in very few Days let fall, or otherwife lofe its Tincture , which, the Stopple being taken out, it regained as before. Nor were thefe 2 the only Trials I made with the like Succefs for the main ; but afterwards being de- firous by a farther Trial to relolv'e a Doubt I had, I kept the Glafs yet long¬ er in the fame Place with the fame Filings and Menftruum in it, for, if I mift remember not, a Month or two together •> but obferved not that the Liquor would any more grow clear. 2. Having taken another conical Glafs, wherein the Liquor was grown clearer than is ufual, and had probably been fo a good while before, for the Veflel having been hid by others which flood before it, had been for fome Weeks forgotten ; we took out the Stopple, and left it out for about half an Hour, but did not perceive the Liquor to have acquired any Colour, lo much as at the Top. But putting in the Uttk Stopple, I left the Veflel clofed for 2 or 3 Hours, and at my Return to vifit it, I perceived, that it had acqui¬ red a faint Colout tending to a Green : Wherefore, taking out the Stopple again, I opened its Commerce with the outward Air, leaving rhe Glafs unftopt for 20 or 24 Hours, but found that in all that time it had not regained its wonted dark Colour, but was only arrived at a Green, deep enough,' but not true nor very tranfparent. This Obfervation being made in the fame Veflel that had been formerly em¬ ployed, fuggefted to us an Enquiry, whether the advanced Time of the Year, which was the middle of October, might not have an Intereft in the flow and imperfeR Succefs of this Trial. 3. Some ftrong Spirit of Salt having been kept upon Filings of Copper till the Solution was come to be of a dark brown Colour, about three Spoonfuls of it, by guefs, was put into a Receiver that might hold 8 or 10 Times as much : Being kept in Vacuo , if the Time be rightly remember’d, about half a Year, it retain’d its Colour ; but the Veflel being opened, and the external Air permitted a free Accefs to it, the Solution in about an Hour was turned into a fine tranfparent Green, tho’ no Precipitation of any muddy Subftance appear’d by any Sediment to be made. 4. In one of that Sort of Conical Glaffes that has been already deferibed, we had put upon fome Filings of Copper a convenient Quantity of our Spirit of Salt •, and tho’ we obferved, that for a great while it would not part with its deep and fomewhat muddy TinRure ; yet we left it in the Window for many Weeks longer, and at length, towards the latter End of December , we found it to have loft its TinRure fo much, that the Liquor appeared like common Wa¬ ter. Upon which Obfervation, tho’ the Time of the Year was unpromifing, I thought fit to try whether the Air in that Seafon would not have fome, tho’ perhaps but a flow Operation on the faline Spirit • and accordingly taking out the Glafs Stopple to give free Accefs to the outward Jir, we obferv’d, that in fome Hours its Operation on the Liquor was fcarce fenfible ; but with¬ in about 24 Hours, the Menftruum had acquired not juft its former Colour, but a fomewhat faint and moderately tranfparent Green: So that this tindted Menftruum , ( 237 ) Menftrmm, as it had been very flow in lofing its Colour, fo it did but flowly and imperfectly re-acquire it. . . •- 5. We took fome Filings of Copper, and putting them together with a Mer¬ curial Gage, in a Conical Glafs fitted with an exaCtly ground Stopple of the fame Matter (which was Cryftdline ) we poured on the Filings as much recti¬ fied Spirit of fermented Urine made per fe, as fufficed to fwim an Inch or bet¬ ter above them •, then carefully (topping the Glafs, coming to look on it many Hours afcer, we perceived that the Mercury in the feal’d Leg was confiderably depreft •, and gently drawing out the Stopple, to let in the outward Air, we perceived that Accefs to have a manifeft EffeCt : upon the Mercury. 6 . We took a Cryftal Glafs of an almoft Conical Shape, and capable of con¬ taining between 5 or 6 Ou ces of Water, and' furnifhed with a Stopple o the fame Matter, that by grinding was exactly fitted to it. Into this we put a confiderable Quantity of clean Filings of good Copper, on which we pouret as much ftrong Spirit of Fermented, or rather putrify'd Urine, as ferved to fwim about an Inch above the Copper, and having let down a Mercurial Gage, fo that it leaned upon the Bottom and Side of the Glafs, we clos d rt very well with a Stopple, and fet it in a quiet and well enlightned Place, having taken goo notice at what Mark the Quickfiker relied in the open Leg of the ^agc. . This done, we let in the Menftruiim alone to work upon the Filings ; which it did, as we forefaw, fomewhat flowly and very calmly, without producing any FJoiJe or lcnfible Bubbles, acquiring by Degrees a very plealant blue Coloui, an tie Glafs being kept quiet in the fame Place for 2 or 3 Bays longer, the Liquor, as I conjectured would happen, began to lofe of the Intenfenejs of its Colour, which by Degrees grew fainter and fainter, till at the End of J of 4 Flays, the Liquor was grown very pale, and left me little doubt but that, if I would have flayed fome Days longer, it would have loft the remaining Eye of Blue, and have look’d almoft like common Water. But being unwilling to tarry fo long, I took out the Stopple, that the Air without the Glafs might have Ac¬ cefs to that within ; and leaving the Vial in the fame Place and Pofture, my Expectation was fomewhat anfwered by finding, that within 4 or 5 Minutes, if not lefs, the upper Part of the Liquor that was contiguous to the Air, had. acquired a fine blue Colour, which deicending deeper and deeper, before the End of the 10th Minute had diffufed itfelf, but fomewhat weakned, through the Liquor, whofe Colour was fuffered to deepen for a while longer; fo that in lefs than a quarter of an Hour from the firft unftopping of the Vial the Liquor was grown to be throughout of a rich ceruleous Colour, which grew almoft too opacous within a few Minutes longer : When carefully do¬ ling the Vial again with the fame Stopple as before, we fet it afide in the fame Place, where the included Air being denied all Commerce with the exter¬ nal, the Liquor began again within 2 or 3 Bays to lofe of its Colour ; and,, to be fhort, afforded me the Opportunity of making a 2d Experiment mucii like the former. And the like Succefs I had, for the main, in a Trial or two made in another Glafs with another Portion of the fame Spirit or Urine, put upon the Filings of Copper •, fo that the Experiment was, in a 1 , made divepfe Times, as well when I was r.ot, as when I was alone ; And parti¬ cularly, ( 238 ) cularly, once to be lure that the diurnal Air, as fuch, had not any great In- tereft in the Phenomenon, I made the Trial fucceffively about Nine a-Clock at Night. In moft of thefe Experiments I forbore to (hake the Glafs, left it fhould be fufpected, that the Agitation of the Liquor might have raifed fame little fine Powder that might have been fuppofed to have been precipitated out of the Tindture, and, being thus mingled with the Liquor again, reftore it to its former Colour ; but in Truth I did not perceive any fuch Powder to be precipitated. And though to obviate the Objection, I forbore to lhake the Vial, yet I juftly fuppofed, that if, by the Agitation of the Liquor, more Parts of it fhould be quickly expofed to the Adtion of the Air, the Coloration would be haftned, which upon Trial appear’d to be true. y. We took fuch a conical Glafs, as has been lately defcribed, and cover¬ ing the Bottom of it with a convenient Quantity of Filings of good Copper , we poured on them as much ftrong Spirit of Sal-Armoniack as ferved to fwim about a Finger’s breadth above them•, and, having let down fuch a Mer¬ curial Gage as is formerly mentioned, fo that it leaned upon the Bottom and Side of the Glafs, we clofed it very well with a Stopple, and fet it in a quiet and well enlighten’d Place, having taken good notice at what Mark the Quick- filver refted in the open Leg of the Gage : This done, we let alone the Men- Jlruum to work upon the Filings , which it did, as we forefaw, fomewhat (low¬ ly and very calmly, without producing any Noije or fenfible Bubbles , ac¬ quiring by Degrees a very pleafant blue Colour, and afforded us alfo the Phe¬ nomenon we chiefly looked after •, which was, that repairing frorq time to time to the Window to fee what paft, we perceived, that for 2 or 3 Days together the Mercury in the feal’d Leg of the Gage did, tho’ very (lowly, defcend till it appeared to be near a Quarter of an Inch lower than at firft; and probably the Depreffion might have been greater, if the Experiment had not been difturb’d ; whole Event yet feem’d fufficiently to argue, that the Spring of the Air contain’d in the Cavity of the Glafs, and communicating with that in the open Leg of the Gage or Syphon , was weakned in Comparifon of that in the clofed Leg , which by the Hermetick Seal on one Side, and the Quickfilver on the other, was kept from fuch Communication. And I was farther careful to obferve, whether the Depreffion did not continue at differing times of the Day , and found it to do fo, as well at Night as at Noon , though at this laft named time the Sun fhined hot upon the Place and Veffels too. This Experiment was made, in all, 4 or 5 times, though not always with equal, yet (till with fome Succefs, the Mercury in the feal’d Leg of the Gage being fometimes more, and fometimes lefs, but always manifeftly deprejt ; which Phcenomenon was confirmed by the Obfervation we more than once made of the fudden Return of the Quickftlver to its former Station, upon the unftopping of the Glafs, to give free Admiffion to the outward Air. 8. A Mercurial Gage having been put into a Conical Glafs, whofe Bottom was covered with beaten Coral , fome Spirit of Vinegar was poured in, and then the Glafs Stopple, which was very well ground, clofmg the Neck exact¬ ly, we obferved, tha upon thet working of the Menfruum on the Coral ,, Store ( 239 ) Store of Bubbles were for a good while produced, which fucceflively broke in the Cavity of the Vefiel; and their Acceffion fo conftipated the Air, that they comprejl the Air imprifoned in the clofed Leg of the Gage three Marks or Divifions, which I gueffed to amount to about the third part of the Extent it had before : But fome Hours after the Corrofeon had ceafed, the Comprejfion made by this new generated Air grew manifeftly fainter, and the imprifoned Gage Air drove down the Mercury again till ’twas deprefi within one Divifion of its firft Station; and thereabouts, or a little lower, continued 5 or 6 Days ; fo that in this Operation there feemed to have been a double Ccmprejfive Power exercifed; the one tranfient, by the brifk Agita¬ tion of Vapours or Exhalations ; and tire other durable, from the Acred and Springy Particles either produced or extricated by the Addon of the Spirit of Vinegar upon the Coral. But a pretty Quantity of Spirit of Vinegar being put upon Minium, it con¬ tinued divers Days without any fenfible Depreffion of the Mercury in either Leg, nor did any Change appear in the Gage, upon the Removal of the Stopple, though ’twas evident by the great Sweetnefs acquired, that it had made a So¬ lution of a great Portion of the Minium. 9. We took fome Filings of Copper , and in a Vial capable of holding fome 2 or 3 Ounces of Water, we poured on them ftrong Spirit of Sal-Armoniack tnade without Quick-lime , till the Liquor, reached near an Inch above them. This was done about the 20th of Augv.jl on the Friday before Noon, and the following Monday , prefently after Dinner, it had acquired a deep Blue Tincture, and loft again fo much of it, that it was pale almoft like common Water : Then to fatisfy a Virtuofo, I unftopt the Vial, defiring him to place his Eye level with the Surface of the Liquor, which in a Minute of an Hour or left appeared to his Surprife and Wonder to have acquired a deep Blue Tincture, that reached downwards to the Thicknefs of the Back of a Knife, the whole Liquor becoming of the like Colour in 4 or 5 Minutes more, and the Glafs- being prefently ftopt again, and left where ’twas before, appeared not at the End of 9 Days to have loft its Find tire ; tho’ now and then within that Time J t feemed manifeftly paler than when the Vial was ftopt. xo; We took a round Vial, holding about 8 Ounces of Water, and having put into it Filings of Copper and a Mercurial Gage, we poured on the Metal ftrong Spirit of Sal-Armoniack, till it reached to a good Height in the Vial, which then being Hermetically feakd up, was fet by in a South Window, where it quickly acquired a deep Blue Tincture: There it flood about 12 Days, before that Finlture, which decayed but flowly, did little by little grow fo diluted that the Liquor was pale and almoft like Water •, during this Stay of the Glafs in the Window, the Mercury in. the open Leg appeared to be im¬ pelled up •, and when after 9 a-CIock at Night (which Time I chofe to try whether the notiurnal Air would have any thing to do with the Phcenome- ,!0n ) tne hermetick Seal was broken off •, immediately upon which there was produced a Noife, and the Mercury in. the {hotter and clofed Leg was brifk- f y impelled up, by our Guefs, near £ of an Inch ; and tho’ the Orifice at which the Air had Accefs was fcarce wide enough to admit a middle-fiz’d Pea, yet within ( 240 ) within a Minute and half the Surface of the Liquor being held between, the Eye and the Candle, appeared to have acquired a very lovely and fair Colour , which reached downwards a quarter of an Inch ; fo that the Vial feemed to contain two very differing Liquors fwimming one on another;, and the Coloration piercing deeper and deeper, within 5 Minutes in all, the whole Liquor liad attained a' rich Blue Colour. Pneumatical LXXIX. i. To mingle divers Liquors together by Means of the Air r>rfn- Pump, there were employed two fmall Glaffes, whereof the one could en- Dire'a'ii by ter ; n t 0 the other, and the leaft of the two was fattened to the Hook of an n' l fon ^ re » anci . t ^ e greater put under it, and the faid Wire was fo ordered, *43« * that thefe two Glaffes were a little diftant one from another. The Recipient was of a Cylindrical Figure, of which one End is all open, to be faftned to the Cement of the Pump •, the other is all clofed, except a fmall Hole, ha¬ ving a little Edge or Brim thro* which Hole you pafs the hook’d Iron Wire , and tye an Eel-Skin clofe about the fame •, and three or four Inches higher, the fame Skin is alfo to be tyed about the Iron-Wire , to keep the external Air from entering into the Recipient , and yet without taking away the Liberty to ftir therein what you will by means of the Iron-Wire , that hath a Communication inwards and outwards. For this Purpofe you mutt chufe that Part of the Eel-Skin that is next to the Head, the other Part being pierced with many Holes with Valves that do not always fhut well. To be the more fure that no Air enters by the Ligatures of the Eel-Skin, you may apply a Tube on the Recipient with Cement, and pour Water into this Tube until the Eel-Skin be quite cover’d therewith. Care alfo mutt be had, that the Hole be exaftly filled up by the Iron-Wire ; for, if it were too big, the Eel-Skin would be thruft into it with great Violence, and fo hinder the Liberty of raifing and finking it. When the Recipient was evacuated of Air, the letter Glafs was by the Iron- Wire let down into the greater, until the Liquors they contain did mingle themfelves. Thus fome Aqua-fortis was poured into the upper Glafs,, and Spi¬ rit of Wine into the lower, and the Recipient was fo well exhaufted of Air, that the Spirit of Wine boiled up with great Bubbles (as ufually it doth) and the Aqua-fortis caft fome fmall Bubbles. After that both thefe Liquors were well purged of Air, the upper Glals was funk into the lower, fo as that the Spirit of Wine was mingled with the Aqua-fortis, at which Inftant there was yet feen a very confiderable Ebullition. Now to know whether the Aqua-fortis gave to the Spirit of Wine fome new Vigour or Force to make it bubble, we mixed without the Recipient fome Aqua-fortis with Spirit of Wine ; the Quantity of the former being fomewhat more than that of the latter. This Mixture being put in Vacuo, inftead of boil¬ ing up more ftrongly than the Spirit of Wine, (as ’twas thought it would have done) it only call up fome few Bubbles: Which fhewed that the Ebullition , which was feen when they were mixed within the Vacuum, is of the fame Nature with all thofe that are made of Acids and Alcalies. For, in the very inttant that they are mixed they make great Ebullitions, but foon after they mortify one another, and lofe the Properties they had before. ( 241 ) ’Tis alfo probable, that the Aqua-fortis and the Spirit of Wine would boil always when they are mingled, but that the Preffure of the Air keeps tins Ebullition from being fenfible, and appears only when that Preffure is taken off. When you employ rectified Spirit of Wine inftead of Aqua-vita , there is re¬ quired a greater Quantity of Aqua-fortis to mortify it. It was alfo experimented, that the Solution of common Salt boils a.fa with Spirit of Wine , being mixed in Vacuo and the Solution of Sa t Peter yet more. The fame Experiment was alfo made with common Water, an its \ Ebullition with Aqua-vita , purged of Air, was alfo found to be very great, when mixed in Vacuo. Farther, it is fomewhat remarkable, that common Water doth not mortify Spirit oi Water, as Aqua-fortis doth, though they make Ebullitions with it al- moft of the fame Degree. The Experiment of it is eafy : tor, making wit i- out the Recipient, a Mixture of common Water and Aqua-vita, this being put within the Vacuum, bubbles up very well, though the common Water be there in greater Quantity than the Aqua-vita ■, whereas a Mixtuie o qua- for tis and Aqua-vita did not there bubble up at all. After this, the Experimenter being defirous to fee whether tnefe Ebu.- litions did make new Air, he putin the Recipient a Gage (t at _ is a a.s Tube fill’d either with Water freed of Air, or with Mercury ferving to mea- fure the Quantity of the Air in the Recipient) which was 4 ^ es ° n f’ and obferved, that, at the Inftant when the Liquors were ming e °g_ L 1 * the Water in the Gage rofe very nimbly to the 1 op of the Gage an nen drawing out this new Air that was made, he made the Gage-Water ul 1 e again by Decrees, in like manner as when the common Air is drawn out . And by this means it was feen, that all thefe kinds of Ebullition made an Air which expands itfelf like common Air. Yet it is very remarkable, that the Air which is made by thefe Ebullitions is not of the fame Nature : or it hath been found experimentally, that the Air forme y t re ix ure o Aqua-fortis and Copper remains always Air, and always keeps up the Water in the Glafs at that Height to which it raifed it •, but, on the contrary, tia Air, which hath been produced by the Mixture of Oyloi Tartar and OJ of Vitriol , is almoft all deftroyed of itfelf in the Space of 24 Hours; inform that in the Recipient, 24 Hours after the Ebullition had been there mac e, tue was not found much more Air than there was before the fame was ma e. 2. Mr. Boyle (as ’tis recorded in the Journal Book of the Royal Society , Ap, 1 30. 1668.) gave an Account to the faid Society of the Experiments he hac then made about generating new Air, or extricating that Air which was luik- ing before in feveral Bodies : At which Time he mentioned alio iome ways o examining, whether the Subftance thus produced be true Air or not. And long before that Time, viz. An. 1664. March the Ovfter- fame Journal) Mr. Boyle mentioned to the R. Society, that 0,as pounded, and put into diftilVd Vinegar, might prove fi prances to produce Air, wholefom for Infpiration. At which Tim f ? ’ that fome fit Animal might be put into a Receiver of his ex ng E igine, and the Air pump’d out till the Creature grew ftclulh, and that nen Yol. II. 1 1 . _ 10 C ( 242 ) fome new Air might be produced in the Receiver by a Contrivance of making difill'd Vinegar work upon the Subftances before-mentioned, to fee whether by this means the Animal would recover. About which time Sir Chr. Wren alfo fuggefted, to put a fermenting Li¬ quor in a Glafs Ball, and to fit a Stop-Cock to it, and tye a Bladder about the Top of the Stop-Cock ; by which means the Air, to be generated by the fer¬ menting Liquor, would pafs into the Bladder, and upon the turning of the Stop-Cock be kept there in the form of Air. Mr. Hook alfo mentioned fe- veral Liquors, which by their working upon one another would produce an Air ; as Oyl of Tartar and Vitriol •, Spirit of Wine and 'Turpentine. And the fame made before the R. Society the following Experiment: He took a com¬ mon Glafs Vial with two Pipes, and fome pounded Oyjler-Shells and Aqua¬ fortis ; and as foon as the latter was by one of thofe Pipes poured upon the former, and the Hole ftopt with good Cement, the Ebullition , caufed by the Shells being corroded by the Aqua-fcrtis , did in a very little Time blow up the Bladder, tyed on the other Pipe, fo as to fwell it very plump with Air ; which Expanfion remained till the Society rofe. They afterwards order’d the faid Vefifel to be carefully lock’d up till their next Meeting, which being the Week after, the Bladder was then found fomewhat fhrunk. The like Experiment was made with Bottled Ale, fuppofed to yield more wholefom Air for Refpiration. 3. One Day we mingled equal Parts of Aquafortis and Aqua-vita ; and having put two equal Quantities of this Mixture in two fmall Glafies with two equal Bits of Iron, one into each; one of the Glafies was included in Vacuo. Then there was feen a very great Ebullition, and the Liquor became black, whilft that which was left without the Recipient wrought almoft no¬ thing, but remained always tranfparent, and rather white than black. After thefe two Glafies had ftood thus 12 Hours, that which was in Vacuo was ta¬ ken out, and we found that the Iron was almoft all diflolved, whereas the other was very little diminifhed. This Experiment fucceeds quite contrary when ’tis made with Aquafortis alone and Copper ; for then the Dijfolution is lefs within the Vacuum, than without it. We made fome other Mixtures of diverfe Liquors, which make no Ebul¬ lition at all in Vacuo, no more than they do in open Air. Oyl of Olives makes none neither with Vinegar , nor with Spirit of Wine, at the inftant that they mingled; neither doth the faid Oyl mortify the Spirit of Wine. Only this we obferved one Day, that having mingled together, without the Recipient , fome of that Oyl and Vinegar and Spirit of Wine , and put this Mixture in Vacuo , ic did not boil up fo foon as when there was no Oyl ; but then the Bubbles which it made afterwards were bigger, and they began to appear again from T ime to Time, fo that fome of them were feen a Quarter of an Hour after the Recipient had been evacuated. Poffibly this may come to pafs, becaufe that the Oyl, fwimming on the Top, retains the more volatile Parts of the Spi¬ rit of Wine, which elfe would fly away as foon as the Air is begun to be pump’d out, and at the fame Time it hinders the Surface of the Liquor be¬ low from eafily rifing up into Bubbles, becaufe, to make them do fo, the Parts of the Oyl , that fticks dofe to one another, muft be feparated. When therefore ( 2 + 3 therefore the volatile Parts are gathered together in a fufficient Quantity, able to furmount the Refiftance which the Oyl makes to it, they ifiue out with much more Violence, than if nothing had retained them. All thefe Ebullitions , hitherto fpoken of, are greater in Vacuo than in the open /Hr : But with Lime it is not fo. For, taking two equal GlafTes with two equal Quantities of Water , and putting the one of them in Vacuo , the other in the free Air, there was let fall into both at the fame Time two equal Parcels of Lime, one into each, and it appeared, that that which was in Vacuo, did indeed throw up fome big Bubbles , but yet fewer of them than that which was in the Air ; and 'having taken it an Hour after out of the Recipient , and ftirred the Lime, it was found to have only the Confidence of Dint, whereas the other had the Confidence of flaked, Lime. The Reafon of which may perhaps be, that the volatile Salts of the Lime do exhale whilft the Recipient is emptying. , "f h ere was a lfo fome Plaifter of Paris flaked in Vacuo, and the Ebullition of it did there appear much more than it doth in the open Air. When it is not touched, the Bubbles that idue out leave great Holes in it, and then it fettles very uneven ; but taking care to dir it until the Bubbles be come forth, and preffing it when it begins to fettle, it becomes very fmooth, and hath not fo many little I doles as the common Plaifter. 1 took one Day a fmall Recipient , and indead of the Iron Wire I palled in¬ to the little Hole a Sprig of a known Plant, which was Balm, fo as that the Top of the Plant was within the Recipient, and the Roots without. Then I clofed the red of the Hole with Cement, and when I had taken away my ittle emptied Receiver, with the Plant half fhut up therein, I put the whole into a great Glafs fill’d with Water, the Root being downwards •, and I faw t lat there were formed little Water Drops upon the Leaves that were in Vacuo. ■1 left it ten Days in this Condition, and during that Time there were entred about two Spoonfuls of Water into the Receiver, and in all Appearance this Water had prefled through the Plant. Yet there appeared no more any Drops upon the Leaves ; but that might very well come from the groflfer excremen- titious Matter that is in the Water, which had dopp’d the Conduits. ■ A J, ter this > to know whether any Air had been form’d there, I replaced , ie ece *ver upon the Engine, and having whelmed a bigger upon it, I faw ere was but very little Air formed in the fmall one, becaufe the great Reci- pten was almod all empty before the Air included in the little one could lift it up. _ et at lad it did raife it, and I inclined the Engine, to the End that the itt e eceiver _might not be applied to its Cover, when I fhould let the Air re~ enter s an ^ after this Manner both the Recipients were filled in the fame Time, en oo tec upon the Leaves of the Plant; they were not withered, though ey were not grown ; on iy t jie L eaves dad in the Middle a little changed ni ° 0Ur> a - l ad . a Smell fomewhat fowrifh ; but the next Morning . v ant was fpoiled. We may believe that the PrefTure of the Air a made the Water enter into this Plant with fo great a Violence, that ereby it had, as it were, mortified the Parts, efpecially in the Middle ere the Leaves were mod tender; but this Water dill kept the Leaves, ex- I i 2 tended, ( ^44 ) tended, and fo they withered not; but, when the Air came to act upon them, the Parts of the Plant which had fo much fuffered were foon corrupted by it. For ’tis very probable, as well by this Experiment, as by others, hereafter to be mentioned, that the Air is a Diffolvent which corrupteth Bodies. This being done, I made the Experiment the other Way, that is, with the Leaves in the Air, and the Roots in a Bottle of Water that was in Vacuo ; and immediately I faw Air-Bubbles i filling out at the End of the Tail in Vacuo. After this I put Water upon the Leaves, to fee whether this Air came from thence, and I faw indeed foon after that thefe Bubbles began to ceafe ; and having taken away the Water wherein the Leaves were, i faw that the Bubbles began to iflTue out at the Tail as before : And I faw them ftill come out 24 Hours after, but in little Quantity •, and at length it quite ceafed. During thefe 24 Hours the Roots did lengthen about four Lines, that- is, one Third of an Inch, which is little lefs than they ordinarily do in the Air. I kept the Plant in this Condition for four Bays upon the Engine , and took care from Time to Time to draw out the Air that entered into it by the Leaves ; and then it began to wither, and the Roots fhot no more. Another Time I put two Twigs of Balm, each into a Vial full of Water., and at the End of 5 Days, when I faw manifeftly that they both fhot Roots, I included in the Vacuum that of the Two which had the longeft Roots, without taking it out of its Vial. At the end of three Bays, obferving that it was wither’d in Vacuo, I took it out, and changed the Vials of the Twigs, to fee, whether that which remained in the Air, and did thrive very well in common Water, would alfo thrive in Water freed of Air -, and whether that which was wither'd in Vacuo would revive in the common Water and in Air. Four Bays after I found the Twig that had been in Vacuo quite fpojled, and the other ftill verdant, but not thriving; and I obferved, that it did not be¬ gin to fhoot in the Water freed of Air till ten Bays after it had been put in. This Experiment drew another after it, to know whether the Water pur¬ ged of Air were lefs fit than common Water to make Plants vegetate. For this End I took two Vials full, the one of Water purged, the other of com¬ mon Water, and having put a Twig of Balm in each, I left them both in the Air. I found, that the Twig in the common Water fhot at the end of Six Days, and in Water purged fhot this Time neither but ten Bays after it had been put in. I repeated this Experiment once more, and I was much furprized to fee, that the. Twig in the Water freed of Air begun this Time to fhoot the 3d Day, and the other in the common Water ftill the 6th Day. But this was remarkable herein, that the Twig in the Water purged fhot no more but one Root, which grew very long, and on the 9th Day only it began a little to fhoot another, which lengthened but one. Line in two Days, whereas the Twig in the common Water had then 9 or ro. Roots, which were all very long, having always lengthened five Lines ox more in a Day. Although this Experiment appear’d at firft contrary to the-precedent, yet it ftill confirmed the firft Thought, to wit, that the Air which is mixed in com¬ mon Water ferves for Vegetation, confidering the little. Root which the Tv ig fhot. in the Water cleanfed of Air. After, ( 245 ') After this, I made fome Experiments upon harder Plants. One Day I put a green Piece of Sallow-Wood, part in the Air and part in Vacuo, after the Man¬ ner above defcrib’d. I put into Water that Part which was in the Air, and the Water prefently began to mount and to pafs through the Middle of the Wood, and inceffantly formed Bubbles in the Receiver. Thefe Bubbles con¬ tinued thus for the Space of 24 Hours ; and certainly it was the Water, which paffing through the Wood was in part changed into Air. For I made the fame Experiment with a Piece of Buffe, and the Water mounted -alfo and paf- fed thr ough it, but it formed no Bubbles. Mean time, if there be Valves in Wood, they muft needs be unable to refift the Prejfure of the Air \ for I have noted in Sallow, as well as in Elm, that the Water pafles thro’ them with the fame Facility what End foever you put in Vacuo.- One Day alfo I put the upper End of a little Elm Branch in the Vacuum, and. the lower End in the Air. This lower End I trenched in Water, as I had done the Roots of Balm before: But it was a whole Hour before there appeared any Drop of Water upon the Elm-Leaves in Vacuo, whereas upon the Balm- Leaves the Drops appeared prefently. The Caufe of which may be the Hard- nefs of the Elm-Wood. But I know not why Water paffing, thro’ Wood forms Bubbles, and in paffing thro’ Leaves forms nothing but Drops. I made alfo the Experiment the other Way, that is, the Leaves in the Water without the Recipient, and the lower End of the Branch in Vacuo, and I faw, that there paffed nothing for two Hours time •, infomuch that I cut a little of the upper End of the Branch which was very tender, and then indeed I faw a little Mqifture appear at die End that was in Vacuo, but that enough only to form one Drop, and there appeared no Bubbles of Air. Then I cut the Branch yet a little lower, and then there was formed one Drop of Wa¬ ter at the End that was in Vacuo, but it fell not. And having cut the Branch yet a little more, the Drop of Water fell down in Vacuo. This fhews, that they were not the Valves of the Plant that hindred the Water from paffing whilft the Branch was entire •, but rather that it was the great Tendernefs of the Leaves, buffering themfelves to be compreffed by the Preflure of the Air, and that fo the Water could not. infinuate itfelf between their-Parts. Apr. 3. 1673. *1 included an Apple, which had a little Speck of Rottennefs, and lome Water in the fame Recipient, thereby to promote the Corruption, in Experiments cafe any ffiould come to pafs: But I have Hot found that any Change happen’d to it fince that Time. the Yc “ Jun. 7. I included in a Receiver two Nofegays of Rofes, one fufpended at the l6/4 " Top, the. other having its Tail in a little Veffel full of Water. I alfo put in the fame Receiver a Gage 4 Inches long, to know whether any Air would be there produced. Two Days after 1 found my Rofes. a little wither’d, and the Water already rifeh to 8 or 10 Lines near the Top of my Gage •, and after.that the Changes of thefe Flowers became lefs Hill, fo that at this prefent time they are not much more wither’d, and the Water of the Gage is by 3 or 4 Lines nearer the Top, The Rofes, which lie dipt in the Water are as much withered as the others, and as foon. Other Rofes which 1 had included at .the fame 'A uiie, but with Air, grey/ mouldy in lefs than eight Days. At ( 246 ) At another time I included one fingle Rofe-Button in a vary little Glafs, to learn whether it would keep its Scent. At the End of 15 Days it looked a little lefs frefh, but was not at all wither’d ; and having taken it out, I found it had ftill its good Smell ; but after that it loft both Colour and Smell, in lefs than two Hours. I muft alfo add. that its I,eaves did not appear moift in the Vacuum , but they look’d all moift as foon as they were in the Air : Which fhews, that die Parts of the Leaves had afted as Springs, like as Spunges do, and that the Weight of the Air coming to prefs upon them, did exprefs the Humidity, which had infinuated itfelf between the Parts thus ex¬ panded. I did alfo include fome Gilty-Flowers , which changed but very little; only they looked as if diey had been dipped in Water. Having included fome Strawberries, at the End of two Days they look’d lefs Frefh ; but after that, feeing they changed no more, I took them out of the Vacuum after they had been there 15 Days. They had ftill the Smell and Tafte of Strawberries but they had alfo contracted a very ungrateful Tafte of the Cement which I then employed to clofe them up with. C'tlxiV ano ^ ier dme I put fome Strawberries without Cement, making ufe of a Skin, after the Manner defcribed formerly, and I then obferved nothing new, except that their Tafte kept good, but was a little fownfh, and that they yielded a little Water. Jun. 24. I included fome Cherries, to the Number of 25 or 30, in a Re¬ ceiver which was almoft fill’d with them. They all burft but two. Two Bays after they had a little changed their Colour, and thofe two, that before re¬ mained whole, were not burft like the reft. After that, I obferved no more change in them. Jul. 20. I included in the Vacuum one Cherry, with eleven great Currants. . The Cherry burft prefently, and after that I found it not changed, only it ap¬ peared turned, as the Currants alfo did : This is a Beginning of Putrefadtion, which may be imputed to the Air that remains in the Receivers. Jul. 27, I included in the Vacuum four Rasberries and three Currants. The latter appeared alfo to be turned, and the Rasberries looked lefs frelh than they were. But ’tis now more than five Months that I perceive no Change in them. Hitherto I had employed none but fmall Receivers, which did juft hold that little Fruit I put in them, and the red Curra7its feem’d to keep well enough j fo that one Day I filled a great Glafs, of the Figure of cupping Glajfes, with them, hoping to keep that as well as the fmall Receivers. But I was furpriz’d five Days after, to fee that Bubbles were formed in the Turpentine which I had put about the faid great Glafs in the Place were ’twas fatten’d to its Cover , and that thefe Bubbles were burft outwards ; and afterwards having feen that the Cover held faft to the Bolt-head no longer, I made no doubt of the Cur¬ rants having produced Air enough to lift up the faid great Glafs, and to form in the Turpentine the Bubbles Iliad feen. I was confirmed in this Thought, when I found by the Smell that they had fermented. They were yet good, except fome that had loft almoft all their Tafte, and all their Acidity. The ( 247 ) The fame thing happen’d to me with a very/mail Receiver, that could hold no more but one Cherry , of that Kind we call Bigarreaux, and one red Currant. Thefe Fruits yielded alfo Air enough to lift up their Receiver 7 Days after they had been included therein : And having reiterated this Experiment , I found the fame Succefs; only this fecond Time the Receiver was not lifted up till the nth Day. This Effect is rather to be afcribed to the Cherry than the Currant, becaufe I have kept Currants to the Number of n, fo a fmall Glafs, and they did not raife it up. Whence it follows, that the Bigarreaux yield much more Air than acid Fruit. Another time I included fome of the fame Kind of Cherries , a whole great Glafs full, and found, that from the fecond Day they had yielded Air enough to lift up the Cover. I took away Part of the Cherries, and included the reft again. This fecond time they did not raife the Glafs till the 8th Day. The Cher¬ ries looked fair, but they had loft much of their Tafte, and afterwards they were fpoiled in lefs than an Hour. I did alfo one Day include three Pears, of that Sort we call Rouffeletes, in a like figur’d Glafs, which could hold no more. They lifted up the Glafs at the end of five Days, and they were not changed, only one of them was a lit¬ tle fofter. Another time I put a Peach in fuch a Glafs emptied of Air with a Gage to it •, and I found, that the firft 6 Hours the Quickfilver in the Gage was rifen about an Inch. Yet it was not till the 13th Day that the Glafs was lifted up •, and the Peach appeared to have kept very well till then •, but after that, it rotted in a very little Time. I did once put fome Bread with a Gage, but I found not that for the Space of a whole Month it had yielded any Air, fo that I took it out, and found it yet good; only it had a little tafte of Mufiinefs , which yet appeared not at all to the Eye, and whereof the Caufe may be afcribed to that little Air that might reft in the Receiver. One Day I included a Piece of roafted Mutton with a Gage, and found, that in 4 Days it had yielded no Air, but after my Abfence of 6 Weeks, I law the Mercury was rifen to the Middle of the Gage, and having taken out the Meat, I found it of a very ill Smell. i wo Days after, I included a Piece of raw Beef, and a Gage with it, and 1 iavv, that in 2 Days the Quickfilver was rifen an Inch in the Gage ; and after 6 Weeks Abfence, I found the Mercury was got almoft to the Top of the Gage, and that this Meat had contracted a much worfe Smell than that which had been roafted. I alfo kept for 15 Days a Piece of frefh Butter in Vacuo , and I found, that it fnrelt more ftrong than when I firft put it in: But yet it could be foil e aten upon Bread, whereas another Piece of Butter, which at the fame Time i had kept in the Air, was altogether unfit to be eaten. One Day I covered a Receiver, whofe 4th Part was fill’d with Water, andn. m. p. t-ie reft all empty. I put it over the Flame of a Candle, and faw that the 544 * Water boiled very quickly, yet die Glafs not much heated; fo that the Wa¬ ter ( 248 ) ter boiled near a quarter of an Hour, with a great Ebullition , and the Glafs was no more than tepid. I then took It away from the Flame, and faw that the Water continued a very great while boiling, and that it began again from Time to Time. I then believed that the Vapors which had been raifed into the Air were recondenfed by the Cold, and that that made the hot Water bubble up, as Water ufually doth when ’tis put into the Engine , and the Air that prefles it exhaufted. Mean Time, I have fince made the Experiment with a Gage, and I did not perceive, that all the Bubbles that ilTued out of the Water made the Mercury rife to Senfe. After this, I left my Receiver expofed to the Froft, and I found that the Ice which was made therein was not yet quite free from Bubbles, though the Water thereof had boiled in the Vacuum , which one would think fnouid have driven out all the Air; yet the Bubbles were there far lefs numerous than in Ice made of ordinary Water. I perceived not that the Quickfriver was much rifen in the Gage. Afterwards I melted this Ice , and put the Water abroad to freeze again, {till without taking it out of the Vacuum , and I found that this fecond Time it was very much freer from Bubbles. The Glafs did not break ; but becaufe it was fornewhat conical, we could not know, whether it remained whole upon the Account of its Figure, or becaufe that the Water which was frozen within was freed of Air. After this, I made Spirit of Wine boil in Vacuo in the fame Manner I did the Water, and I faw that it boil’d much fooner. It made the Mercury rife about an Inch in the Gage. Then I took it from the Fire, and faw it conti¬ nue in its Boilingand even finking the Receiver into cold Water, it there¬ upon boiled much more ftrongly. One would think this proceeded from an Antiperiftajis % but we have more ground to fay it came from hence, that the Vapors of the Spirit were condenfed, and fo made the Receiver more emp¬ ty ; which is fufficient to make the Spirit of Wine boil, even tho’ it were not hot. The Quickfther did in two Hours fubfide again, to near half a Line as low as it had been. Then I put the Receiver over the Flame again, and made the Mercury rife more than two Inches ; but then the Receiver cracked. .One Day I took a Tube of Plaifter of Paris, open at one End, and clofe at the other. I applied the open End to the Cement as I was wont to do Re¬ ceivers ; and I faw it was not pofiible thus to exhauft it, becaufe the Air did eafily pafs thro’ the Plaifter. I put therefore a Tube of Iron on the Engine , fo as having filled it with Water, the Tube of Plaifter was covered there¬ with, and then having caufed the Pump to be plied, 1 found, that the Water did pafs as eafily thro’ the faid Plaifter. I therefore covered it with Venice- Turpentine inftead of Water, and then I faw that it evacuated very well, and that nothing pafied thro’ it for the Space of two Hours. Then 1 took f° me Oyl very hot, and poured it over the Turpentine, which did melt by this Heat, and pafied thro’ the Plaifter. Then I took off this Tube, which was fo per¬ vaded by the Turpentine , and I faw, that that had made it tranfparent : Which efFedfc is pretty like, and is to be explicated in the fame Manner as that of the little Stone called Oculus Mundi. Thus we may be a (Tiffed by the Weight ■of the Air to make diverfe Sorts of Glues penetrate Plaifter, baked Earth, v Wood, ( 249 ) Wood, &c. And poffibly thofe, who fhall make a good Number of fuch Trials, will find their Labour and Pains recompenfed, by giving to thofe Ma - terials fuch Properties as they never had before. I did alfo put fome Eggs in the Vacuum, and one Day I faw one of them break, which I had put in a fmall Receiver. It burft upon the very firft SuSion: But fince that Tirpe I could never make any break , tho’ I exhaufted as much as I could thofe Receivers wherein I had put fome. You muft therefore be¬ gin to crack them a little before you put them in the Vacuum , and then they do eafily break quite, and what is in the Egg rifeth all into a very thick Froth: I alfo put fome of thefe thus ordered over the Fire, where they boiled very eafily, not being prefifed by the Air •, but they boiled there very long, before it began to appear that they were fo boiled as to be ready to eat. All the little Bubbles, that appear in Milliard, do fwell and break in vacuo \ and after that the Muftard is feen to be without Bubbles. One Day I included a black Ribbon in the Vacuum, and then burnt it with a Burning- Glafs. Abundance of Smoke iflfued out of it, which fell by little and little, and fo permitted us to fee the Ribbon plainly •, which appeared not at all changed. But after I had returned the Air into it, and touched it, I found it turned to Allies. Another time I caufed fome Gunpowder to be burnt after the fame Man¬ ner and I was much furprized to lee that it burnt Grain by Giain, none of the kindled Grains firing thofe which touched. Another time, when the Sun had lefs Force, I could not at‘all kindle the Powder, but I made it only boil and emit Store of Smoke. I had put a Gage in the lame Recipient , by means whereof I obferved, that that Smoke produced no Air •, for the Quickfilver did not rife in the Tube. I noted alfo, that this Smoke falling upon the Paft- board, on which I had put the Powder, appeared yellow, of the Colour of Brimfione. After that, I took out the Powder that remained, being like a black Mafs, and having put it upon burning Coals, I faw it burned as doth halt-Petre ; and fo it appeared, that the Sulphur was almoft all exhaled. I was willing to reiterate this Experiment, and then I faw that the Powder after boiling , fuming, and being kindled Grain by Grain, (as in the firfl Experiment) at laft flalhes out all at once, when one hath the Patience to hold the Fire to it with a Burning-glafs. And when the Fumes are grown clearer, you may fee Needles of Salt-Petre flicking to the Sides of the Receiver. Another time, I put the Weight of 12 or 15 Grains of Powder in a Glafs, fhap’d like a Cupping-Glafs , capable to hold 14 Ounces of Water, and having put Fire to it, I made the Powder boil and fmoke as ufually. Afterwards, feeing that the Corns began to crack very near one after another ; I then took away the burning Concave, for fear all lliould be kindled together: But it was already too late ; for the Corns did continue to crack longer than a fecond °f I ime, and at laft all kindled, tho 5 there was then nothing left to heat them but the Fire which they had kept within themfelves. The Receiver was lifted up above a Foot high without breaking. Another time I put the Weight of 18 Grains of Powder , together with a Gage, into a Receiver holding 7 Pound of Water •, and I faw, that the Powder Vol. II. K k was ft. lZ2t 54 *. ( 250 ) was more difficult to be kindled than in finall Receivers. Yet at length it was kindled altogether, and made the Chiickfilver rife to the height of an Inch and a half in the Gage ; and I am very well allured, that all that Air was not come from without; for that Part of the Receiver , to which the Co¬ ver is applied, had always been under Water. From what I have been relating it may be concluded, that there is a fifth Part of Air in Gunpowder , fuppofing, as other Experiments do fhew, that Air is about a Thoufand times lighter than Water. For, in this Experiment , the Mercury did rife to the 18th Part of the Height where the Air commonly fuftains it; and confequently the Weight of 18 Grains of Powder did yield Air enough to fill the 18th Part of a Receiver that contains 7 Pound of Water. Now this 18th Part contains 49 Drachms of Water: Wherefore the Air, that takes up an equal Space, being xooo times lighter, weighs i???' of 49 Drachms , which is more than 3 i Grains , It follows therefore, that the W 7 eight of 18 Grains of Powder, which I employed in my Experiment, con¬ tained more than 3 i of Air, which is about the fifth Part of 18 Grains. It may alfo be calculated, how many times this Air hath been cmprejfed in the Powder: But this Calculation is more uncertain than the former, becaufe we know not, whether this Air took up more or lefs than the fifth Part of the Space which the Powder pofiefied. But yet ’tis certain, that tho’ it had even taken up three Fourths of the whole room of the Powder, and that the 14 Grains of the other Matter had taken up no more than the one remaining fourth Part, ftill this Air wonld have been comprefied about three hundred times. To calculate this, I fuppofe, that the Space of a Cubick Foot can hold only 72 Pounds of Gunpowder , which do contain more than 14 Pounds of Air , by the foregoing Calculus which Quantity of Air is therefore found in- clofed in the three Fourths of a Cubick Foot. Now this Space doth ufually contain but about 6 Drachms of Air : Wherefore, to make it hold 14 Pounds of Air, which is near 300 times fix Drachms, it muft needs be, that the Air be comprefied near 300 times. There is Reafon to believe, that this Compreffion is much greater, becaufe a Cubick Foot can hold much more than 72 Pounds of Powder , and becaufe alfo that the fifth Part of the Weight muft not in Appearance pofiefs alone the three Fourths, and all the reft take up no more than one Fourth of the Space pofiefied by all the Powder. I fhould therefore make no Difficulty to believe, that all the Effedt of Gun¬ powder comes from the Air which is comprefied therein, and efpecially in the Salt-Petre ; for I have not yet obferved that Brimjlone yields Air. Pofiibly alfo we may find in time, that all other Fulminations , Ebullitions , and Fer¬ mentations. , that make fuch furprizing Motions, are nothing elfe but Air com- prefled expanding kfelf. One Day I included in the Vacuum an In fed: which refembles a Beetle, but is a little bigger ; and when I perceived it to appear dead, I g ave lt; Air again, and it foon after recovered. Then I put it in the Vacuum again, and having left it there for an Hour, I re-admitted the Air, and found, that then the In¬ felt needed much more Time to recover. I included it there the third I itne, and {251 ) and having left it there two Days, I gave it Air again, and faw it needed about ten Hours before it began to ftir again ; yet it recovered well enough this Time : But having put it in again the fourth Time, and left it there 8 Days, it would never ftir again. Intending to try the like upon a Butterfly, I faw-, when I re-admitted Air to it, that the top of its Back, which before was much fwelled, did fall in more than it fhould, and the Infect would not recover. I alfo killed in the Vacuum many Animals that breath, as Birds, Mice, Rats, Rabbets, Cats and fome of them I recovered by quickly giving them Air again before the Engine was quite exhaufted •, but I never faw any of them Revive, that had been in a perfect Vacuum. , M. Guide did make frequent Dijfebtions of fuch Animals as we a thus kill’d, and obferved, amongft other Things, diat their Lungs fell to tie ot- tom in Water. He faith, that the Solidity or Clofenefs of the Lungs ot ni- mals, that have died in Vacuo, comes from hence •, that the Blood which is P ro " pelled into the Lungs by the Vena Arteriofa doth fo ftrongly prel's the Bronc .n of the Arteria ajpera, that it exprefles the Air out of them, and glues as ’twere their Sides to one another. But for my part I do not believe, that t ie Blood of the Vena Arteriofa can thus compreis thole Bronchi , became that t le laid Blood is incloled in its VefTels, that keep and hinder it from compreffing others. Yet I am not ignorant, that the Things that are included in the Oejo- phagus do indeed comprefs th t afperia Arteria, and that the afperia, rtena y being filled compreffes alfo the Oefophagus, upon the account °f the ltuation of thefe two Conduits. But it appears not at all, that the fmalleft Ramipca tions of thofe Bronchi, and of the Vena Arteriofa, are fituate in the fame Man¬ ner ; for the Bronchi being harder than the arterial Vein, they will compiets it more eafily, than be comprefled by it; and fo if you fhould blow them up with Bellows, they will glue the Sides of that Vein together, and hinder the Circulation : Which is direftly contrary to the Experiment, as M. Guide himfelf obferveth. It is therefore far more probable, that if the Lungs be compiened, that Comprefiion is made by the Pleura, which may be fwelled within the Breafl, as the Skin is fwell’d without. But it is not neceflary that the Lungs be com¬ prefled in Vacuo to make them fubfide in Water •, for I have diverfe times put Pieces of Lungs, and whole Lungs in the Vacuum, and they remained there extremely fwell’d but, as foon as the Air was again intromitted, they became very flat and red, and funk to the Bottom in Water. Which fhews, tis diffident for getting the Air out of the Lungs to render them dole and red •, and I have not been able to produce this Effe£t but by means of the exhauft- ing Engine.' For I have left Lungs a whole Night between two Plates with a great Weight upon them, to endeavour to prefs the Air out of them, but it would not fucceed, and thofe Lungs did ftill float upon the Water, have alfo tried to make the Air re-enter into the Lungs, after I had render d them folid in the Engine, and that I found very eafy •, for drawing mem out from the Bottom of the Water, I did blow into the afpera Aitena •, and the Lungs fwelled again, and refumed their ordinary Colour, and floated on the Water. And this is that which befalls the Lungs of Infants new born. A Pneuma- tical Experi¬ ment, by M. J«h. Chr. Sturmiui, P . Colt, n. 2. p. S. 11.251.P.14* 8.99.9.6158 11,246.9.393 n.255.p.295 n. 246. p.390 n. 247. p.461 n.249 p. 44 - n.250. p.70. n.io.p.167. 11.13. p 218. n. 91. p. 5168 n.206.p.998 n.79.p.3060 n.66.p 2020 11,23. P424- n.27. p.501. n.36.p.7 I 5. n.8. p. 45 - n,203.p,886 ( 25 2 ) LXXX. I feal’d up a round Glafs hermetically, and covered it with a double Bladder vary carefully, and including it in a large Receiver, I found, according to my Expectation, that, after about 200 Exhauftions. had been made, it broke all in Pieces with a very great noife, LXXXI. Papers, Of lefs general Ufe, omitted. 1. Lift of the French Academicians at their new Regulation in the Year i\ 1699. by M. Geoffry. 2. An Account of fome of the natural Things, with which the intelligent and inquifitive Signior Paulo Boccone, of Sicily, hath lately prefented the R. S. and enriched their Repofitory. 3. Remarks by Mr. fa. Pctiver, on fome Animals , Plants, &c. fent to him from Maryland , by the Reverend Mr. Hugh Jones. 4. A Catalogue of Shells , &c. gathered at the lfiand of Afcenfion, by Mr. Ja. Cunningham Surgeon, with what Plants he there obferved ; communi¬ cated to Mr. Ja. Petrier. 5. An Account of a China Cabinet, filled with feveral Inftruments, and fome natural Curiojities of that Country, fent to the R. Society, by Mr. Buckley, chief Surgeon at Fort St. George by Hans Sloane, M. D. 6. A Thermofcope and a Barofcopc, invented by Mr. R. Boyle, deferibed by Dr. Wallis. 7. Dr. Hook's Wheel Barometer, deferib’d in his Micrography, is here fome- thing improv’d ; by himlelf. 8. Experiments propofed, to explicate the Reafon of the Siifpenfon of Mer¬ cury in the Torricellian Tubes at an unufual Height; by Dr. Wallis. 9. Some phieries concerning the Nature of Light and Diaphanous Bodies-, by Mr. Edm. Halley. 10. Series concerning the different Effects of the Sun’s Heat collected by a burning Concave, and that of Fire, upon Gold, &c. by P. Fr. Luna. 11. An Experiment concerning the Progrefs of artificial Conglaciation, and the remarkable Accidents therein obferved ; by the Florentine Philofophers, and publifhed in their Saggi di Naturali Efperienze. 12. Propofals to try the Effects of the Pneumatical Engine, exhaufted in Plants, Seeds , Eggs of Silk-worms, &c. by Mr. R. Boyle, and Dr. Beale. LXXXII. Accounts and Emendations of Books, omitted. 1. r 1 ^ H E Hiftory of the Royal Society of London, for the Advancement of Experimental Philofophy 3 by Tho. Sprat. 2. The Progrefs and Advancement of Knowledge fince the Days of Ariftotle, in an Account of fome of the moft remarkable late Improvements of ufeful Learning; by Jof Glanvill, Lond. 1668. in 8 vo. 3. A Narration of the Eftablifhment of the Lyncei, an Italian Academy, and of their Defgn and Statutes. 4. Diogenes Laertius, Grace & Latins, cum commentariis integris Dofforum Virorum. Amfiel. 1692, ( 2 S3 ) 5 - C. Plinii Hiftoria Naturalis. Notwithjlanding the great Care of R. P. Har¬ dline, in this curious Edition, yet he hath f aft over feveral Faults, three of which Mr. Halley hath here corrected, viz. (i.) Lib. 2. Cap. i3- Defeftus [_Solis & LunA\ Ducentis Viginti Duobus Men¬ tis redire in fuos Orbes certum eft : Whereas it ought to be CCXXI 1 I ; at which £ Time that Period is compleated ; and the Moon returns to the Sun and of the fame Node accurately enough , to her Apogteum very near , and within a few Degrees to the fame Place of the Heavens, . ( 2 -) Lib. 11, Cap. 37. Jecur maxime vetuftatis patiens centenis durare An- nis Obfidionum exempla prodidere ; which Mr. Halley conjectures fhould either be Hoc Seniorum exempla, or Hoc Syrorum exempla prodidere. ( 3 -) Lib. 20. Cap. 14. Inftead .p.74* n, 97 .p. 6 i 3 S n.ii 4 .p. 3 iS 11.127.P.673 n,t99.p.73t A fcf n.tai.p f s°S n.i75-P» |lS 4 ‘ ( 25 + ) n. 9 2.p.6oo* 15. Experience intorno a diverfe Cofe Naturali, & particolar mente a quelle che ci fon portate dalP Indie 5 fatte da Francefco Redi in Firenzi. 1671. in 4 to. 11.207.P.33. 16. Obfervaticni Naturali , c-xr fi contengono materie Medico Pifiche, fsk. Natural Obfervations, containing feveral Medico-Phyjical and Botanical Mat¬ ters 3 with diverfe natural Productions•, feveral Sorts of Phofphori, fubterra- neous Fires in Italy, and other curious Subjects; in familiar Letters, by Signior Paul Boccone, M, D. Bomnia, 1684. in 1 imo. J1.207.P.37. 17. Mufeo di Fifica, L? di Efperienze, arrkbit0 di Figure di Piante Nove 0,249, p,53. OJfervazione, Note Medicinali e Ragionamenti, fecondo i Principii di Neoterici, difpojito in Decade VIII. by S Paolo Boccone. Upon this Book Mr. Ray adds here fome Remarks of his own. n.73.p.2214 I g > philofophus AutodidaClus, exhibitus in Epiftola, ex Arabic a in Latinam Linguam verfa, ab Edvardo Pocockio, Oxon 1671. in 4 to. n.69.p.2114 19. Prodromo Overo Saggio di alcune Inventioni nouve premeffo all’ Arte Maeflra, di P. Francifco Lana S. I. in Brefcia, 1670. in 4 to. *.72.p.2179 20. Of the Ufefulnefs of experimental natural Philojophy , the fecond Pome ■, by the honourable Robert Boyle, Efq. Oxon. 1671. in 4 to. n,io3.p.53. 21. About the Excellency and Grounds of the Mechanical Hypothejis, fome Confiderations occafionally propofed to a Friend, by R.B. E. Lond.167 4. in4/0. n.i8i.p.n6 22. A free Enquiry into the vulgarly receiv’d Notion of Nature ; by the Hon. R. Boyle , Efq; Land. 1686. in 8 vo. n.40. p.Sio. 23. Ren des Cartes Epiftolae ; Pars Prima & Secunda. Lend. 1668 in 4/0. n.22. p.392. 2. Le Tome Troifieme & Dernier des Lettres de M. des Cartes. n-54'P- i °94 24. Le Syjlem General de la Philofophie ; per Francois Bayle. M.D. A Tholouze, 1696. in Fol. n.62,p.zo34 25. A Difcourfe in Vindication of Des Cartes’s Syjlem ■, by Mr. Des Four- neiflis : To which is annexed, the Syjlem General of the fame Cartefian Philo- fophy, by Francis Bayle, M. D. Lond. 1670. T1.70.P.2137 26. Philofophia Veterum, e Mente Renati des Cartes breviter digefta ; ab Antonio le Grand. Lond. x670. in 12 mo. n io8 P 3 ° 9 z 2 7 ‘ -dntonii le Grand inftitutio Philofophia, fecundum Principia Renati de n.io .p.192 Cartes, nova Methodo adornata, & explicata. Lond. 1672. in %vo. n.54.p.6o46 28. Antonii le Grand Hiftoria Nature. Lond. 1673. in 8 vo. n.123. p.570 29. De confenfu Vet. & Nova Philofophia .?, Lib. 4. feu Promotae per Expe- rimenta Philofophia pars prima: Auth. J. B. du Hamel. P. S. L. in 12 mo, 11.65.P.2105 go, f j,) De Corporum Affedlionibus cum manifeftis turn occultis, Libri 2 feu Promotae per Experimenta Philofophia’ Specimen, Auth. J.B. du Hamel. Paris, Ibid, p.2i°6 1670. in 12 mo. Mr. Boyle’s Difcourfe {in his Origin of Forms and Qualities,) concerning the Necejfity of the Creator’s Concourle in the Prefervation of all Things, being mifunderflood by Mr. Du Hamel, is here explained, a. 9 s. p.6151 ( 2 .) De Corpore Animato, Libri 4. feu Promotae per Experimenta Philofophia Specimen alterum: Auth. Job. Baptifta du Hamel. P.S.L. Parifiis , 1673- 127720. a.i 3 »'P. 79 ° 31. Clavis Philofophia Naturalis, Ariftotelica Cartefiana-, Editio fecunda, aufta Opufculis Philofophicis varii Argumenti; quibus Errores Scholarum paffim deteguntur, ac veritas Philofophia, quam Cartcfianatn vocant, confirma- , . rur, Auth, Jo. de Raei. Amjl . 1677. in 4 to. ■ 32., Elements ( 255 ) 32. Elements Phyfica , five nova Philofophia Principia ; ubi Cartejianorum n,65,p - 20 ° 7 Principiorum Falfitas oftenditur, ipfiufque Errores ac Paralogifmi ad Oculum demonftrantur, ac refutantur; a Fran. Willhelmo Libero Barone de Nuland, &c. Hag a Comitis , 1669. in 12 mo. 33. Placita Philofophica Guar ini. n.20. p.365. 34. Phyfica in Decern Tradtatus Diftributa; Auth. Honor at 0 Fabri. S. J. n.fig.p.aoSx Lugd. Gal. 1669. in 4 to. 35. Honorati Fabri S. J. Tradtatus duo-, quorum Prior eft de Plantis & de n .i8.p.32.5. Generatione Animalium ; Pofterior de IPomine. 36. Traite de Phyftque par Jaques Rohault. A Paris 1671. in 4 t0 - n.70.9.2132 37. Propofitiones Hydroftatica ad Illuftrand. Arftarchi Samii Syftema de- n.i 9 i, p.440 ftinatae, & quaedam Phenomena Nature generalia. Auth. Francifco JeJfop Aim. Land. 1687. in 4/0. 38. Cafp. Bartholini Thom. F. Specimen Philofoph'ue Naturalis. Accedit, de n.237. p.6z. Fontium Pluviorunique Origine, Differtatio Phyfica. Amftelodam. 1697. in limo. 39. Fhoma Cornelii Confer tini Progymnafmata Phyfica. n.30.p.579. 40. Les Eflays Phyftques du Sieur de Launay. 41. Erafmi Bartholini de Nature Mirabilibus Quaeftiones Academicae. n -J°- p- 579- Hafnia, 1674. in 4 to. 42. Decameron Phyfiologicum : Or ten Dialogues of natural Philofophy. To which is added the Proportion of a ftrait Line, equal to half the Arch of a p s Quadrant. By Mr. Hobbs. 43. Cofmopoeia Divina, feu Pabrica Mundi explicata, per Ludov. de Beau- Ji.59-F.1w5* fort. M. D. Lugd. Batav. 1656. in 4/0. 44- Cartefius Mofaizans Auth. Job. Amerpoel Leowardite. 1669. in 12 mo. Ibld - p- 10 53 45. The Divine Hiftory of the Genefis of the World explicated and Ulu- n.6o.p.to83 Prated Land. 1670. in 4^0. 46. A Treatife of the Bulk and Selvage of the World, &c. by Hath. Fair- n.99.p.6172 fax, M. D. Land. 1673. 47. Fclluris Theoria facra. Authore F. Burnetio. Lond. 1681. in 4/0. nto°i 3 P ’6 5 48. Archeology Philofophica ?, five Dodtrina Antiqua de Rerum Originibus ; ' ’ ? ' 7 9 Libro duo. Auth. Fho. Burnet. Lond. 1692. 49- Confiderations on a Book, entituled, Fhe Fhecry of the Earth : Publifh- n -°-> ed fome Years fince by the Learned Dodtor Fho. Burnet. Written by Jo. Bur~ net, Jun. Gent. 5°. Phe Wifdom of God manifefted in the Works of the Creation , in 2 Parts, n. 196.9.61* By Mr. J. Ray. Land. 1692. in 8 vo. 5 1. 1 hree Phyfico Theological Difcourfes, concerning, 1. The Primitive ibid, p.615. Chaos, and Creation of the World. 2. The General Deluge, its Cauiesand Ef- fedts. 3. The Diffolution of the World, by Mr. J. Ray. Lond. 1692. in 8 vo. 52. The Prodromus of a Differtation concerning a Solid contained in a «.7**.*rt« Solid, by Nicholaus Steno. Englifh'd out of Latin. Lond. i6ji. in 8-00. 53; An Efiay toward a natural Hiftory of the Earth , and terreflrial Bodies, W 7 -P*«S Specially Minerals: As alfo of the Sea, Rivers, and Springs. With an Ac- ( _ 0u >H of the univerfal Deluge, and of the Effeds it had upon the Earth. By J'Woodward, M, D. Lond, 1695, in 8w. 54* La ( 2 5 6 ) ».iT9.p.iSt 24. La vana fpeculatione difingannata dal fenfo : Lettera refponfiva circa i Corpi Marini , che Petrificati fi travano in varii Luoghi Terreftri. Di Ago- Jlino Scilla Pittore Academico della Pucina , in Napoli, 1670. in 4 to. This Book is here abridg’d, fome port Notes added, and fome of the Author’s Figures an¬ nexed and explained by two of the Fellows of the Royal Society, ri.s. p. 145. 55. (1.) The Origin of Forms and Qualities illuftrated by Confiderations and n.n.p.191. Experiments; by the Hon. Robert Boyle, Efq; n.