@0@ DOI: https://d0i.0rg/10.4312/keria.22.2.85-117 Matej Hribersek Dominik Penn, Lexicographer at the Intersection of Slovenian and Greek 1. ABOUT VID (DOMINIK) PENN Dominik or Vid Pen(n)1 is one of those Slovenian lexicographers whose work has remained relatively poorly noticed and quite forgotten in the history of Slovenian literature and Slovenian lexicography as well as in the history of classical philology, since he was not a writer who would decisively mark the history of Slovenian or Greek linguistics. He did, indeed, devote more than three decades of his life to the preparation of a dictionary which has never been published but remained in manuscript; due to certain peculiarities, the dictionary and its writer remained anonymous and poorly known or completely unknown to most people. Only scant notes are found about them which are scattered across the scientific and expert bodies of literature, and only one article (Stabej 1975) that somewhat more precisely sketches Dominik Penn's lexicographical and grammatical work. Nevertheless, he was a fascinating and slightly unusual lexicographer of the Slovenian language who included Greek in his work in a very unusual way. Dominik Penn was born as Vid Penn on 5 May 1785, in the village of Sveti Vid near the town of Ptuj in Slovenian Styria, to father Franc and mother Marija; his Godparents were Mihael and Marjeta Kacijan.2 No information or records can be found about his youth. He probably went to primary school in his home town; in 1802, he enrolled in the gymnasium in Maribor, which he attended for six years, between 1802 and 1808. This was relatively late, since he was eighteen years old at the time, i.e. the age at which students usually completed gymnasium. At the time, the closest university 1 In the sources and documents his surname is mostly written with double n (nn), which he used himself also. 2 SAM, RMK (Parish register and obituary) Sv. Vid pri Ptuju 1756-1787, p. 325. 86 Matej Hriberšek centre for students originating from Styria was the Karl-Franzens-Univer-sitat in Graz, Austria, where Vid Penn went in 1808 for a two-year course of studies in philosophy, which was a direct preparation for studying at the university. After these two years of studying philosophy, he enrolled to study theology at the university in Graz; at the end of the 18th century, this was also the only option if one wanted to study theology since that was a period when it was not possible to study it in Ljubljana: Four-year theological studies at the faculty, which had the right to award academic titles, started in Ljubljana in 1811, in the period of the Illyrian Provinces, when the authority over this territory was French. During his school years, he was influenced by a few patriotic individuals who knew how to appeal to the patriotic note in young people and encourage them to be active in the fields of literature, science, and culture. On 13 May 1810, students of Slovenian nationality and young Slovenian intellectuals in Graz, among whom was most probably also Vid Penn (even though this has not been documented), joined in the so-called Slovensko društvo (Societas Slovenica), which was headed by the Slovenian teacher and intellectual Janez Nepomuk Primic; the primary mission of the society was to preserve the Slovenian language, its research, and to collect the Slovenian linguistic material.3 During his study of theology, Vid Penn decided that he would not work as a regular diocesan priest but entered the order of Friars Minor and chose his monastic name Dominik. He completed the study of theology in 1814; on 21 September of the same year he was ordained. As a priest he functioned only locally, on the narrow area of his home town and its surroundings in parishes run by Friars Minor: first, he was a chaplain in the parish of Sveta Trojica (The Holly Trinity, now Podlehnik) in Haloze until 1829, which was under the care of friars from the Minorite monastery; during this time, he was in close contact with his friend from his student years, Anton Krempl (1790-1844).4 In 1829, he took over his home parish of Sveti Vid (Saint Vitus) near Ptuj, which he ran until 1844; that year, he returned to Ptuj, where he became the monastery vicar and one of the members of the definitory of the Minorite province. He worked here until 14 April 1855, when his heart gave out and he was buried on 16 April in the cemetery near the church of St. Ožbalt in Ptuj.5 3 See Šumrada (2002), Slodnjak (2013), Kidrič (1934 a-b), Kidrič (1929: 381-383, 430-440, 483-546, 573-589), Legiša (1959: 36-38), von Wurzbach (1872: 309-310), Prunč (1983: 281). 4 See Glazer (2013-a), Raič (1869), Medved (1895), Macun (1883: 80-83), Glaser (1896: 183-184). 5 See Ilešič (1905: 6, 7, 10), Kidrič (1930: 80, 92, 229, 273), Kidrič (2013-c), Stabej (1975: 42). Dominik Penn, Lexicographer at the Intersection of Slovenian and Greek 87 2. PREVIOUS DISCUSSIONS Not counting the sporadic mentions of the dictionary and Penn himself, the dictionary did not receive detailed study until the second half of the 20th century. It is interesting that later literary historians practically never mention him; and it is truly surprising that he is not mentioned even by Ivan Macun in his work Književna zgodovina Slovenskega Štajerja (Literary History of Slovenian Styria), the review of literary creativity in Styria.6 The only exception is France Kidrič, who first mentioned him in 1929 in his Zgodovina slovenskega slovstva (History of Slovene Literature), where he primarily stresses the role of Penn as a revivalist in Styria and his participation in the circle of Slovenian students and intellectuals in the time when he studied theology in Graz.7 A year later (1930), he presented D. Penn and his references in the sources of his work about Dobrovsky and his age, and he also wrote a short presentation of Penn's life and work for the Slovenski biografski leksikon (Slovenian Biographical Lexicon).8 The most in-depth discussion about Penn's dictionary, which has remained unnoticed until now, was published by Jože Stabej in the magazine Slavistična revija quarterly (Stabej 1975). In the last twenty years, the dictionary has been dealt with by Marko Jesenšek.9 3. THE DISCOVERY OF THE DICTIONARY At the time when dictionary material was being collected and his dictionary made, Penn's lexicographical work was entirely unknown; it was familiar only to rare individuals who, like Penn, collected Slovenian vocabulary units. Indirectly, Penn's work was connected to the creation of the Slovenian-German dictionary, which Fran Miklošič started writing in 1849 (Ilešič 1905: 88). In collecting linguistic material, Miklošič was aided by some of the Slovenian students in Vienna, including Ivan Ertl (Ilešič 1905: 87-88, Kotnik 1919). He invited everyone who would be prepared to either collect the material or hand over previously prepared collections of words to join him; he also addressed his acquaintances to help him collect the dictionary material. In a letter of January 1850 (precise date unknown), he wrote to Jožef Muršec:10 6 Cf. Šlebinger (2013). 7 See Kidrič (1929: 458, 494, 496, 575). 8 See Kidrič (1930: 80, 92, 229, 273), Kidrič (2013-c). 9 See Jesenšek (1999-b: 369-370), Jesenšek (2015: 351-352). 10 About Muršec see Ditmajer (2019: 6-22), Vrbanov (1898), Macun (1883: 123-125), Legiša (1959: 157, 165). 88 Matej Hriberšek Dragi prijatelj! ... Ja sem sklenil izdati slovensko-nemški rečnik: kar sem skoz dolge leta nabral, zdaj s pomočjo svojih dobrih prijateljev v Beču dopolnjavam. Ali če učeni ljudje v slovenskih deželah meni ne pomorejo, delo ne bo moglo doseči tiste popolnosti, ktero toliko želim. Zato Vas lepo in lepo prosim, naj se Vam rači meni poslati če kako zbirko slovenskih besed pripravljeno imate: Ertel, kteri mi je od velike pomoči v mojem delu, mi je rekel, da tako zbirko imate. Ja sem dobil dve zbirki: Kopitarjevo, Rudeševo in celo kratko Ravnikarjevo. Poznate li Vi koga, ki bi tako zbirko imel, ali ki bi mogel in htel meni pomagati? Jaz rad platim, če kdo kaj za me včini. Morebiti bi v semenišču se kdo najšel ... Dear friend! ... I've decided to publish a Slovenian-German dictionary: what I have gathered over many years, I'm now supplementing with the help of my good friends in Vienna. But if learned people in Slovenian lands don't help me, the work won't be able to achieve the perfection I'm striving for. Therefore, I kindly ask you to be willing to send me a collection of Slovenian words, if you have one prepared: Ertl, who is of great help to my work, told me you might have such a collection. I have received two collections: one from Kopitar and one from Rudeš, and even a short one from Ravnikar. Do you know of anyone else who might have such a collection or who could and would want to help me? I gladly pay if someone does something for me. Maybe someone could be found at the seminary. (Ilešič 1905-a: 88, 1905-b: 158) Fran Miklošič solicited assistance from a wide circle of Slovenian intellectuals who would collect for him primarily less known Slovenian words against payment; they sought help from the wider public, since the project was obviously seriously thought through. The only thing missing was people who would help collect the material, since Miklošič himself could not devote his time to this task due to his obligations in Vienna. On 23 July 1851, an unsigned author published Miklošičs invitation in Novice11 and presented a few individuals who were collecting linguistic material around the Slovenian national territory. At the same time, the author encouraged everyone who would be willing to embark on this task to join in. This article mentions Penn for the first time: Gosp. dr. Miklošič misli tudi nabirek g. Penna, minorita v Ptujem, (kteri se neki že 30 let z nabiranjem slovenskih besed peča), kakor tudi mnogoletni gosp. Ca-fov nabirek kupiti, ako ju bo volja prodati. 11 The author was presumably Matej Cigale. See Breznik (1938: 155). Dominik Penn, Lexicographer at the Intersection of Slovenian and Greek 89 Dr. Miklošič intends to buy the collection of Mr. Penn, a Friar Minor from Ptuj (who has been dealing with the collection of Slovenian words for some 30 years now), as well as the collection of Mr. Caf, if they are willing to sell them. ("Dopisi," Novice kmetijskih, rokodelnih in narodskih rea 9, 30 (1851) [sreda, 23. maliga serpana (srednoletna)]: 151) However, Miklošič never published the intended dictionary, but did help with its creation in Ljubljana. Maks Pleteršnik, who as the editor oversaw the publication of the Slovensko-nemški slovar, explicitly wrote in the introduction to the dictionary in 1893:12 "Professor Dr F. Miklošič also gave his Slovenian-German dictionary (a manuscript in four volumes, containing 287 sheets) for the board to use." Yet, Pleteršnik does not mention Penn and his dictionary among the sources from which the composers of the dictionary drew the Slovenian words; obviously, his dictionary had been forgotten by then or they simply did not know of the lexical material (see Pleteršnik [1893] 1894-1895: iii). What happened with the dictionary after Penn's death was clearly unknown; in periodical Slovenski glasnik for 1858, a writer (probably the editorin-chief Anton Janežič) wrote that he had received a letter from one of his friends in Styria, in which this friend familiarises him with Penn's dictionary: Iz prijateljskega dopisa iz Štajerskega tole: Pravil mi je pred nedavnim nek rodoljub o slovenskem slovarju v rokopisu, ki ga je spisal po šestnajstletnem trudu P. Dominik v Ptujem l. 1845. Obsegal je po pisateljevih besedah 20-30 tisuč besed, in samo za dele v očesu je imel blizo 20 izrazov. Govorilo se je, da misli g. pisatelj svoje spise na Dunaj poslati - pa kdo ve, kje so sedaj? Škoda velika za lepo nabero, če se je zgubila. From a friend's letter from Styria: I was told recently by a patriot about a Slovenian dictionary in manuscript that was compiled after the sixteen-year labours of F. Dominik in Ptuj in 1845. According to the author, it was compiled of 20-30 thousand words, and for parts of the eye alone he had nearly 20 expressions. It was said that the writer intended to send his documents to Vienna—does anyone know where are they now? It would be such a great shame if such a big collection were to be lost. (Janežič 1858: 172) It is clear from the letter that neither Janežič nor his friend knew that the dictionary had been bought by Fran Miklošič, who had been interested in the purchase even before then. One question remains open: was the mediator between Penn and Miklošič the famous Slovenian linguist and collector of linguistic material Oroslav Caf?13 Caf's biographer Božidar Raič mentions that 12 See Breznik (2013), Pirjevec (1924), Pleteršnik ([1893] 1894-1895). 13 See Raič (1878), Kolarič (2013-a), Toš (2014), Šrimpf (1972). 90 Matej Hriberšek in 1856 Miklošič came to visit Caf and suggested that they publish a dictionary he was preparing together, but Caf turned down the invitation to collaborate (Raič 1878: 82). Was it Oroslav Caf who gave Fran Miklošič Penn's dictionary? The preserved sources do not confirm such a conclusion; in any case, Caf was in possession of Penn's manuscript, yet it is unknown whether that was while Penn was still alive or after his death. First, this is indicated by an almost unnoticeable notice on page 86 of the German-Slovenian dictionary at the entry "Brustfell, diaphragma, atis, n. Pr|ZxiZa /rečica/ (omentum, peritoneum, diaphragm)", where Caf added the Slovenian meaning 'rečica' and signed his name (Image 1). t'xy'r,J1,,:,y^cv^r/y. -rir^sou*. Ji y! A US, 'yof'fgp -Atfl!.'*, fi/, ■ ■ßi'j^ii' u i isjfi*. ' - AJ/1cL. jSiie\'c<\ fix tywArßv ~ HC T-n At'n f, /¿/¿-¿¿s rd&rttrrij. -k "J'OSiTi S'/ I-bOr'/P/ntT'. 'iS- MlS^X Sfdfrt. /^mhr f«;,,*; -n-ri,js 'J'IV. Uecfti-rt. m....., ■t'lj/;-/', v/r/ 7ru Image 1: Oroslav Caf's addition in Penn's dictionary, p. 86; source: NUK, Ms. H-><&>,.<. Otb-ijeHii. ¿täf-y/ffi^-,satiu-», jaee&rU. 'S.^i y r' ' e , >W ,i >- ,,/'//' jCv^,..,, TOO yfls.tt a-ii^c-." -AVi, Caridere, -fi/ty'*-r' . t,.'„ j^n/tiT^X,. Jg_ C/-X Si .V/y^f' Tv - Xir— fapo^iTl . -jJl'J-iJyii/c^-r.: Oi-ffO^ixKJo er.yjrrx \tr I Image 3: Example from Penn's Deutsch-lateinisch-windisches ... Wörter-Buch (1854), p. 1; source: NUK, Ms. 96 Matej Hriberšek All of the above and many other expressions are classified by contemporary Slovenian lexicography as non-literary, colloquial, or folk expressions. Again, it is not known whether the preface to the dictionary is Penn's own work; it is quite possible that he recapped it from some other dictionary or manuscript and did not mention it. Penn chose the work of an Austrian school teacher and scholar Andreas Corsinus (Franz Xaver) Schönberger (1754-1820),21 deserving for the advancement of the classical educational system and a very prolific expert writer, for the basis of his dictionary. His greatest achievement was the transformation of Scheller-Lünemanns Latin-German and German-Latin dictionary, which was published in Vienna in 1818-1820 in three volumes (Scheller, Lünemann, and Schönberger 1818-1820), with which he wanted to provide an appropriate dictionary for high schools and universities in Austria, and also for general business use, since Schönberger mentions in his introduction that the dictionary could also be of use to businessmen; this additionally proves that Penn indeed leaned on his work since he uses the same formulation in the introduction of his own dictionary. Schönbergers dictionary was thus the framework for the collection of Slovenian words. Entries in the German-Latin-Slovenian part of the dictionary are listed in alphabetical order of the German alphabet. The German entry is always written first, then Latin, and Slovenian at the end; often, word phrases are presented alongside entries. The first part includes entries from "Aal, ein Fisch, anguilla, A8qKa(xa [Luskaca] (eel)" to "zwöltens, duodecimus, öuavsatrmo [dvanestemo] (twelfth)". 5. "GRSCICA" Dominik Penn was quite an eccentric among Slovenian lexicographers due to his manner of recording dictionary material. Specifically, he wrote in uniform, well readable writing which is the same throughout the manuscript. He wrote German words in small letters Gothic script; there are no peculiarities in recording. He wrote Latin words in Latin script, for which it is character-istic—as is also stated by Stabej (1975, 47)—that the letter q is always written as g, although a small difference can frequently be noticed between g and q, for example: Aequator 'equator'—circulus aequinoctialis, Adler 'eagle'—aguila, alltäglich 'quotidian'—guotidianus, nicht einmal 'not even'—nec ... guidem, ali-guid = aliquid, acguirere = acquirere, etc. That which connects Dominik Penn's dictionary to Greek is the way he wrote Slovenian words. For that, Penn introduced writing in the Greek alphabet, which earned this writing the name 21 See von Wurzbach (1876), Harrauer-Reitterer (1995). Dominik Penn, Lexicographer at the Intersection of Slovenian and Greek 97 "grščica". And this is where the peculiarity of Penn's dictionary lies, which made him the biggest character among Slovenian lexicographers. Why use Greek letters to write down Slovenian words? The period in which Dominik Penn's dictionary was created coincided with a special phenomenon in the history of Slovenian linguistics called the "Slovenian alphabetic war" or "črkarska pravda". It had to do with the polemic that arose among Slovenian linguists as to which script should replace the Bohorič alphabet ("bohoričica") used until then, for which the rules were set by Adam Bohorič,22 the Slovenian Protestant writer and author of the first Slovenian grammar written in Latin Arcticae horulae succissivae (Slo. Zimske urice proste, Eng. Free Winter Hours), which was published in 1584 in Wittenberg. Hence, in the time of Dominik Penn, the Bohorič script had been used for 250 years and in the first third of the 19th century tendencies appeared for the introduction of a new script. Two new alphabets appeared as the competition to the Bohorič alphabet which were suggested by two Slovenian linguists: - "dajnčica", the Dajnko alphabet, which was proposed in 1824 by the linguist and religious writer Peter Dajnko (1787-1873) in his work Lehrbuch der windischen Sprache (The Textbook of Slovenian Language),23 and - "metelčica", the Metelko alphabet, which was proposed in 1825 as a substitution for the Bohorič alphabet by the Slovenian linguist, writer, and translator Franc Serafin Metelko (1789-1860) in his work Lehrgebaude der slowenischen Sprache in Königreiche Illyrien und in den benachbarten Provinzen (Textbook of the Slovenian Language of Kingdom of Illyria and Neighbouring Provinces) and which enjoyed the support of the renowned Slavicist Jernej Kopitar (1780-1844).24 Each of these alphabets brought something new to the writing of the Slovenian language, yet neither of them asserted itself, primarily due to Slovenian intellectuals of a younger generation, especially the poet France Prešeren (1800-1840) and linguist, literary historian, and critic Matija Čop (17971835); metelčica was thus prohibited in 1833 and dajnčica six years later, in 1839. The Bohorič alphabet therefore remained in use and was supplanted in the mid-19th century by the new Latin alphabet called "gajica", the (Ljude-vit) Gaj alphabet.25 Penn decided to take a completely different path; Marko Jesenšek assumes that the decision for "grščica" was his escape route because he did not want to add to the already strained relations between the defenders and opponents of "danjčica" and eastern-Styrian literary language.26 22 See Ahačič (2013), Ahačič (2007: 69-214). 23 See Kidrič (2013-b), Dajnko (1824), Rajhman (1998), Stabej (2001), Rajh (1998). 24 See Metelko (1825), Kolarič (2013-c), Prijatelj (1935: 84-85, 96, 124-125, 143), Lokar (1957-1958). 25 See Fekonja (1891), Petre (1939), Lenard (1909), Štrekelj (1922). 26 See Jesenšek (1999-b: 369-370), Orel (2017: 260). 98 Matej Hriberšek For his "grščica" he even had to design the rules for writing. Therefore, at the end of his dictionary, Penn added a special chapter entitled "Empfehlung der griechischen Buchstaben" (Slo. Priporočilo grških črk, Eng. Recommendation of Greek Letters; see Image 4 and Image 5) in which he presented his writing and the system of recording it in a table, while at the same time, he also substantiated his decision in an additional explanation, the main emphasises of which are: - once upon a time the Greeks transformed the ancient Slavic letters; - the merit of the Greeks is that they simplified the letters; - thus, they invented the short and long e, as well as the short and long o, in order for the length of the syllable to be pronounced correctly; - they also accepted the soft and sharp s; - such writing is useful and inevitably necessary for Slovenian, thus he recommends it for more than one reason. Image 4: Dominik Penn, Windisch-deutsches Wörter-Buch (1854), p. 81, Empfehlung der griechischen Buchstaben - 1; source: NUK, Ms. Dominik Penn, Lexicographer at the Intersection of Slovenian and Greek 99 aw j 4 Vl-<- t--L 4M. 'tc,T- jn. m, Ji . ^L, OZ, S. cr,]:fit;;,I yf, Y f&< ^ % sx> Or, M . ul, U. v, V. u, v c, v i it. 4} , St I fa. Un Image 5: Dominik Penn, Windisch-deutsches Wörter-Buch (1854), Alfabeticum; source: NUK, Ms. 100 Matej Hriberšek Dominik Penn's explanation actually does not offer any tangible information why he decided to write Slovenian words in the Greek alphabet. However, two things can be discerned from the afore-stated: that he was, in a similar way to numerous other Slavic experts of his time, convinced that the Slavic alphabet (including the Slovenian) was older than the Greek, and that he found the Greek alphabet useful because it differentiates between the long and short e and the long and short o and the soft and sharp s. Table 1: Penn's system of writing Slovenian with Greek letters German Latin Slovenian a, A a, A a, A b, B b, B P, B d, D d, D 5, A e, E e, E £, E (short) n, H (long) f, F f, F 9, ® g, G g, G y, r h, H h, H X, X i, I i, I I, I j, J j, J j, J k, K k, K K, K l, L l, L A m, M m, M M n, N n, N v, N o, O o, O 0, O (short) «, Q (long) P, P P, P n, n r, R r, R P, P f, s, S f, s, S a, Z (sharp) <;, C (soft) sch, Sch sh, Sh aX, Zx (sharp) Cx (soft) t, T t, T T, T u, U u, U 8, 8 v, V v, V u, Y z, Z z, Z Z, z tsch, Tsch zh, Zh zx, zx Dominik Penn, Lexicographer at the Intersection of Slovenian and Greek 101 How D. Penn solved problems with the writing and how he adapted the Greek alphabet to write Slovenian words in the so-called grscica: 1. for the short e he used the Greek epsilon (e, E) and for the long e the Greek letter eta (r|, H); 2. for the short o he used the Greek omicron (o, O) and for the long e the Greek letter omega (w, O); 3. the letter s: for the sharp s he uses the normal letter sigma (a, Z) s, for the soft s he used the final Greek sigma (q, C); the capital letter is probably the sigma lunatum, but it could be the Cyrillic s, C (it is not clearly definable from the records); 4. for the letters z, Z he uses the Greek letter sigma (a, Z); 5. sibilants—letters c, C, s, S, z, Z he composed from the Greek letters zeta and hi (Zx, Zx) and the combination of letters sigma and hi (sx, Cx, ax, ?x, Zx); 6. the letter j, J, for which there is no sign in the Greek alphabet, was taken from the Latin alphabet; 7. for the letters u, U he did not take the Greek ou, but used the Old Church Slavonic sign uk (8, 8), which replaced the digraph ou; 8. for the letters v, V he used the Greek upsilon (u, Y). It is also interesting that he wrote nouns with a capital letter (Image 6), even though there was no special reason for it (it is quite possible that in doing so he was influenced by the German language), while verbs, adjectives, and Image 6: Dominik Penn, Deutsch-lateinisch-windisches ... Wörter-Buch (1854), p. 16, examples of capital letters; source: NUK, Ms. 102 Matej Hriberšek other word types were not. For nouns, he never recorded the genitive case or their gender, while for verbs, he always wrote only the basic dictionary form, i.e. the infinitive. The German-Slovenian dictionary includes a few examples of nouns in which he used r instead of the capital letter A; the reason is unknown (it could be a mistake). When writing Slovenian words in the Greek alphabet, he never used diacritic marks and when writing Latin nouns, he frequently added the genitive and gender. 6. VOCABULARY Dominik Penn was well versed in grammatical rules and spelling tendencies of his time, which is clear from the writing of the vocabulary. Slovenian vocabulary (a more detailed analysis of this has not yet been done for Penn's work, only a few more extensive case studies) in his dictionary can be divided into three groups. The first group includes words which can be designated as literary and their use was set throughout the entire territory populated by Slovenian-speaking people. The second group is composed of words which are typically dialectal and were taken by Dominik Penn from his native, Eastern-Styrian dialect; he collected many of these on his own, but had some help in the existing printed sources, among which the Slovensko-nemški in nemško-slovenski slovar, which was published in 1833 by the Slovenian grammarian and lexicographer Anton Murko (1809-1871),27 stands out the most; since many of these words can be found also in other lexicographers who were Dominik Penn's contemporaries, while Slovenian writers often used them in the writing of their books, newspaper as well as periodical articles, it is impossible to determine which were his direct sources. In general, the words taken from dialectal speech Penn characteristically wrote in dialect. A few examples of such dialectal words: Kr|pi [keri] welcher (which); vr|KsSa [nekeda] dereinst, einstmals, einst, ehemals (once); [p(o)uh] Bilchmaus, Hasselmaus, Rellmaus (dormouse); n8ax [p(o)už] Schnecke (snail); tpo^iti [trofiti] treffen (das Ziel) (to hit, to score); uwaKt, a, o [voski] schmahl, schmal, eng (narrow, tight); etc. A completely special chapter of Dominik Penn's dictionary is the third group of words, i.e. those words which he made himself as new derivatives; thus, he suggested completely new words for numerous firmly established expressions, such as: Auwp (r|CTTVi [dvor cestni] Bahnhof (= Slo. kolodvor, železniška postaja, Eng. railway station); CwmxuXaK [sopihvlak] Lokomotive (Slo. lokomotiva, Eng. "engine, that puffs" = locomotive); Yr|qvau8K 27 See Murko (1833), Stabej (1975: 50). Dominik Penn, Lexicographer at the Intersection of Slovenian and Greek 103 [vesnavuk] Universität (Slo. univerza, vseučilišče, Eng. "all-the-knowledge" = university); etc. It is intriguing that he even substituted certain expressions that had been completely established in the literary language with new ones; two among these stand out, which are: "BipKa [birka] Buchstabe", which he used as a substitute for the generally totally established expression "črka" (letter); and "Njiuap [njivar] Bauer, Feldler, Landmann", which he used instead of "kmet" (peasant, farmer). As is generally typical for grammarians of this period, he suggested his own technical terms for some grammatical terms, such as: n£pßsar|ÖKa [perbesedka] Beiwort (adjective); nspatauKa [perstavka] Beiwort (adjective); nspatauXsvKa [perstavlenka] Eigenschaftswort (adjective); noqtwjvKa [postojnka] Strichpunct (semicolon); npnßsanÖKa [prebesedka] Vorwort (preface, foreword); etc. 7. THE SECOND PART OF THE DICTIONARY The second part is a significantly shorter Slovenian-German dictionary, which has 82 pages and includes somewhat over 10,000 Slovenian words; Penn gave it another lengthy title: Windisch-deutsches / Wörter-Buch / zum allgemeinen Gebrauche, besonders für / alle Geschäfts-Männer sowohl im weltlichen als / auch im geistlichen Stande in slavischen Ländern, / mit / beträchtlichen Vermehrungen der Wörter in / allen Amts-Geschäften, und heraus gegeben / im Jahre nach Geburt Christi / 1854. / Zweiter Theil. The Slovenian-German dictionary for general use, especially all businessmen both of secular and clerical status in / Slovenian lands, with a significant increase in words of all business fields and published in the year after Christ's birth 1854. Part two. This part of the dictionary comprises 82.25 pages and includes entries from "Aßaqx [Abaš], Abt (abbot)" to "(B^ek [Cucek], Mops, ein Hund (mops, cur)". Entries follow each other according to the alphabetical order of the Slovenian alphabet: A - B - A - E, H - O - r - X - I - J - K - A - M - N - O, O - n - P - Z - Cx - T - 8 - Y - Z (Image 7, Image 8). A few examples: Aßaq^ia, Abtei (opatija, Eng. an abbey); AXtap, Altar (oltar, Eng. an altar); A^npiKa, Amerika (Amerika, Eng. America); Baßi(a, Ambos (nakovalo, Eng. an anvil); BaßiZa, Elternmutter (babica, stara mati, Eng. a grandmother); Baßi(a, Hebamme (babica tj. pomočnica pri porodu, Eng. a midwife); BaXwv, Ballon, Luftball (balon, Eng. a baloon); ßati an, befürchten, sich fürchten (bati se, Eng. to fear, to be afraid of); ßXa^yw qvnövo, Eßwaren (živila, Eng. provisions); 104 Matej Hriberšek Image 7: Dominik Penn, Windisch-deutsches Wörter-Buch (1854), p. 1; source: NUK, Ms. Image 8: Dominik Penn, Windisch-deutsches Wörter-Buch (1854), p. 4; source: NUK, Ms. Dominik Penn, Lexicographer at the Intersection of Slovenian and Greek 105 ßXato, Schlamm, Kot (blato, gnoj, Eng. mud, manure); Aoa^vtK, Schüldige, Schüldner (dolžnik, Eng. a debtor); E\£^r|VTi, Elemente (elementi, prvine, Eng. elements); EpSsZxiva, Rothe (rdečina, Eng. a redness); cpöj!, pfui! (fuj!, Eng. yuck!); p8vt, Pfund (funt, Eng. a pound); "y\r|öaTi, schauen, zusehen (gledati, Eng. to watch); Tvjr|aöo Srkati, nisten (gnezditi, delati gnezdo, Eng. to nest); Xripßet, Rücken (hrbet, Eng. a back); Xitavjs, das Eilen (hitenje, Eng. a rush); IaSajausZ, Verräther (izdajalec, Eng. a traitor); JaßÖKa, Apfel (jabolko, Eng. an apple); Kaqxs^, Husten (kašelj, Eng. a cough); Kpiax, Kreuz (križ, Eng. a cross); Aaqtaui^a, Schwalbe (lastovka, Eng. a sparrow); MrjasuZ, Monath, Mond (mesec, Eng. a month); vatoZxiTi, einschenken (natočiti, Eng. to pour); etc. The second part of the dictionary was partly the result of Penn's independent work and collection of material, but the majority of the material was recapped after the published sources presented above and available to him. At the end, he added a simple postscript: "K8veZ [K(o)unec] (konec, Eng. the end)". 8. SLOVENIAN GRAMMAR Penn's manuscript is rounded off by his Slovenska slovnica (Slovenische Sprachlehre, Slovenian Grammar), which is written in German and has only 24.25 pages in which, just like in the dictionary, he wrote the entire Slovenian text with Greek letters. As can be discerned from the manuscript, Dominik Penn completed his grammar on the 1 January 1854. At the beginning of the grammar, he wrote an introduction, in which he explained what his purpose in writing a dictionary was and why he had added a grammar to it. First, he draws attention to his dictionary, to which he attributes too great a significance and too excessive a versatile usefulness; then he brings to the forefront the need for mastering the Slovenian language not only for businessmen and priests in the countryside but also in towns. Severe exaggeration is typical for the entire introduction; for one, he states that the number of Slovenian-speaking people in the Austrian monarchy far exceeds the number of all other nations in the monarchy. He explicitly mentions that there are not enough useful grammars for the learning of the Slovenian language; hence, he offers his own grammar to all who wish to perfect their knowledge of Slovenian; with its help, he strives to encourage as many people as possible to learn Slovenian, to perfect their Slovenian, and to use it in their literary endeavours. What he wrote was naturally not true, for from 1800 to the appearance of Dominik Penn's grammar, six Slovenian grammars were printed (Kopitar, Grammatik der Slavischen Sprache in Krain, Kärnten und Steyermark (1808 [1809]; Vodnik, Pismenost ali Gramatika sa Perve Shole (1811); Janez Leopold Smigoc, Theoretisch-praktische Windische Sprachlehre (1812); Peter Dajnko, Lehrbuch der Windischen Sprache (1824); Franc Serafin Metelko, Lehrgebaude 22 Matej Hriberšek der Slowenischen Sprache im Königreiche Illyrien und in den benachbarten Provinzen (1825); Anton Janez Murko, Theoretisch-praktische Slowenische Sprachlehre für Deutsche (1832)), which in quality and scale surpassed Penn's, yet Penn simply ignored them. Penn in his work leaned most on the grammar by Janez Leopold Smigoc (1787-1829)28 which was entitled Theoretischpraktische Windische Sprachlehre (Theoretical and Practical Slovene Grammar); Penn and Smigoc were schoolmates since they studied together at the university in Graz and were both very active in the Societas Slovenica, which encouraged the use of the Slovenian language, and Slovenian literature and culture. Comparison reveals that Penn's introduction is a plagiarism, since it summarises in an abbreviated form the text J.L. Smigoc wrote at the beginning of his grammar book. He even recaps some of the thoughts from Smigoc's introduction verbatim, but does not quote his source. Penn's grammar book is very brief; it is divided into ten chapters and only presents the basics of individual word classes: it summarises nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections, while the discussion is supplemented by a few examples and inflection patterns (Image 9). In the division of chapters, Penn more than obviously takes after Smigoc's grammar and often presents dialectal forms as examples. A few are: a) Declensions of the noun AoßpwTviK (benefactor) sSivo. Suwjvo. uvwyo. I. AoßpWTVIK I. AoßpwrviKa I. AoßpwrviKi II. AoßpwrviKa II. AoßpWTVIKOU II. AoßpWTVIKOU III. AoßpWTVIKl III. Aoßp«TviKa| III. Aoßp«TVlKO|l IV. AoßpwrviKa IV. AoßpwtviKa IV Aoßp«TVlK£ V. U AoßpWTVIKl V. u AoßpwrviKax V. u AoßpwrviKax VI. a AoßpwrviKO|i VI. a Aoßp«TviKa|ia VI. a Aoßp«TviKa|ii b) Declensions of the noun (furnace) sSivo. Suwjvo. uvwyo. I. nnZx I. nsZxi I. nsZxi II. nsZxi II. n^xnx II. n^xnx III. nnZxi III. nnzxii III. nnzxii IV. nnZx IV. nsZxi IV nsZxi V. U nr|ixi V. u nsCxni V. u n^xnx VI. a nsjj VI. a nr|íxi|a VI. a nsZxii 28 See Strekelj (1922: 15), Kidric (1930: 230 and footnote 274), Glazer (2013-c), Jelovsek (n.d.). Dominik Penn, Lexicographer at the Intersection of Slovenian and Greek 107 c) Cardinal numerals from 1 to 20 1. |Ssv, r|v, r|va, r|vo eins, eine, ein 11. sSvnj^T eilf 2. 5ua, Su|, Sua zwei 12. Suavnj^T zwölf 3. Tpijs, Tpi, Tpi drei 13. Tpivnj^T dreizehn 4. iXTipjs, iXTipi vier 14. ^XTipvnjiT vierzehn 5. nr|T fünf 15. nsTvnj^T fünfzehn 6. ^Xn^T sechs 16. iXSiTvrj^T sechszehn 7. OT|Ssv sieben 17. ^sSvnjiT siebzehn 8. wi;sv acht 18. o<;vnj<;T achtzehn 9. Ssu|T neun 19. SsusTvnj^T neuzehn 10. Ss^T zehn 20. Suaj^Ti zwanzig c) Declensions of the personal pronoun for the 3rd person [un 'he'] dritte Person I. öv I. öva I. öv« II. Njr|ya II. Njn II. Njnya III. Njniro III. Nji III. Njniio IV. Njr|ya IV. Nj« IV. Njnya V. u vjni V. u vjnj V. u vjni VI. a vji| VI. a vj«j VI. a vjni Unlike the dictionary, which was directly or indirectly used by Fran Miklošič, Oroslav Caf, Matej Cigale, and Fran Pleteršnik, Dominik Penn's grammar book had no later reaction. Penn's dictionary and grammar text includes practically no corrections, which indicates that this manuscriPt was Probably already in its clean coPy intended for potential printing. Did he intend to publish his dictionary and grammar? Obviously yes, for with the manuscript of the dictionary kept by the National and University Library in Ljubljana (NUK, Ms 1313) a sheet is preserved with a trial print of four dictionary entries meaning that, despite its peculiarity, Penn wanted to publish his dictionary material (Image 10). Why it did not happen is not known; his intention could have been prevented by his death in 1855. It is also not clear whether the sample print was made by Penn himself or any of the subsequent owners of the manuscript. 24 Matej Hriberšek :,../' A',. ■ * ■MJ' /«•'■* ......^ iV.JiM^em, V.X. K.J.„.'VA. ' fjJ&jTcei* """ ' • ■ ^ /7 'Tf-r«. j/. 'lej-.X^..,,. ■■;... /V.-/ v? A A ¿i*, T. A-7;^ 7/. III. M, ir> IV. M-»«-« V. M ur, VI. F MtIT.J/ t/uni J va T. M.vr II. M. ,) / / 0 -J -1 W -}">-■ tl-7i J rf^y^/y-W/ iillrJiVf-lv-d-f^T*** • ' t & ' j-ri -fl-n-yß-TV-'*- t-cL -iA-rt-sl-,1 -ri^i / i -A /..,*>. - /. lic ;To: Ii. rtsTf III. TûfTry IV. r*?r» y. u VoçTCtfj VI. a- Toçraj J. laSTf y. T'i^ir m. r°