© Author(s) 2023. CC Atribution 4.0 License Geological-genetic structure of Irpin city, the role of lithological factors during engineering-geological zoning and construction assessment Geološko-genetska zgradba mesta Irpin, vloga litoloških dejavnikov pri inženirsko-geološkem določanju con in oceni gradnje Pavlo ZHYRNOV 1 & Iryna SOLOMAKHA 2 1 Design Institute of Security Service of Ukraine, str. Zolotovorytska, 5, 01030 Kyiv, Ukraine; e-mail: sbu-misto@ukr.net 2 Ukrainian State Scientific Research Institute of Cities’ Design “DIPROMISTO” named after Y.M. Bilokonya, blvd.LesiUkrainky, 26, 01133 Kyiv, Ukraine; e-mail: gis@dipromisto.gov.ua Prejeto / Received 21. 9. 2022; Sprejeto / Accepted 4. 4. 2023; Objavljeno na spletu / Published online 4. 8. 2023 Key words: engineering-geological zoning, engineering-geological units, geological-genetic structure, engineering- geological map, construction assessment Ključne besede: inženirsko-geološka rajonizacija, inženirsko-geološke enote, geološko-genetska zgradba, inženirsko- litološka karta, gradbena ocena Abstract The scheme of engineering-construction assessment created based on engineering-geological zoning of the city’s territory is desirable among additional graphic materials in the design of master plans projects as determined by building regulations. Engineering-geological zoning provides for different ranks’ selection of engineering-geological units (EG units), which have a particular range of common engineering-geological conditions that ultimately determine the construction sites’ affiliation to a specific suitability category. Geological-genetic structure of Irpin city of Kyiv region (Ukraine) is explored in this article. A variant of the creation of a large-scale engineering-geological map and corresponding geological-lithological sections by supporting boreholes in the borders of the city based on the engineering- geological survey conducted is presented. The obtained result allowed the selection of engineering geological zoning units – engineering geological districts by general conditions of geological development and subdistricts by engineering- geological complexes of Quaternary rocks’ thickness. The analysis of soils’ geomechanical properties (engineering- geological elements) lays the foundations for the selection of engineering-geological sites based on the comparison of this information with geomorphological, hydrogeological and geodynamic data. Accounting of geological-lithological factors in the preparation of the construction assessment scheme in the project of Irpin city’s master plan has become the ultimate result. Izvleček Shema inženirsko-gradbene presoje, ki je ustvarjena na podlagi inženirsko-geološkega razvrščanja mestnega ozemlja, je zaželena informacija, ki bi bila na voljo projektantom pri izdelavi gradbenega projekta. Inženirsko geološko razvrščanje predvideva različno rangiranje inženirsko geoloških enot (EGE), ki imajo skupne nekatere osnovne inženirsko-geološke lastnosti, ki vplivajo na gradnjo objektov. V tem članku je raziskana inženirsko-geološka sestava tal mesta Irpin v Kijevski regiji (Ukrajina). Predstavljena je varianta izdelave obsežne geološko-litološke karte in ustreznih geoloških litoloških prerezov z vključenimi podatki iz raziskovalnih vrtin, izvedenimi za inženirsko-geološke raziskave različnih predelov mesta. Dobljeni rezultat je omogočil rangiranje tal glede na inženirsko-geološke zahteve glede temeljenja objektov. V naslednjem koraku se tla rangirajo še na debelino kvartarnih plasti. Analiza geotehničnih lastnosti zemljin (inženirsko- geoloških elementov) postavlja osnovo za izbiro primernih lokacij za gradnjo na osnovi inženirsko-geoloških podatkov pridobljenih z geomorfološkimi, hidrogeološkimi in geosezmičnimi podatki. Končni rezultat raziskave je ocena tal glede na primernost gradnje v mestu Irpin. GEOLOGIJA 66/1, 167-183, Ljubljana 2023 https://doi.org/10.5474/geologija.2023.007 168 Pavlo ZHYRNOV & Iryna SOLOMAKHA Introduction In the design of projects’ master plans building regulations determine that among some addition - al town-planning documentation the engineer - ing construction assessment scheme is desirable and that scheme takes into account natural and anthropogenic factors that define construction sites’ suitability for urban development (Build - ing regulations B.1.1-15:2012, 2012). Estimated natural and technogenic factors (geological pro - cesses triggered by civil engineering activity that harm building structures: technogenic waterlog - ging, eutrophication, technogenic landslides, wa- ter erosion, ground subsidence, etc. (Shnyukov et al., 1993) of engineering-construction assessment should include geomorphological characteristics, geologic-lithological structure, geomechanical properties of rocks, hydrogeological circumstanc - es, microseismic circumstances, etc. (Zhyrnov et al., 2019). Engineering-geological maps are a generalized image on a topographic base of a complex of geo - logical parameters, the interaction of which deter - mines the engineering-geological conditions, the specifics of surveys, construction and operation of engineering structures. The most important of engineering-geological conditions in the maps are the basis for the engineering construction scheme’s elaboration, namely the geological struc - ture of the territory, lithological composition, hy - drogeological conditions and current natural and technogenic geological processes. Engineering-ge - ological zoning maps have particular importance among engineering-geological maps for engineer - ing construction assessment. They are drawn up as a result of identification in the space based on theoretical positions’ combination and methodo - logical procedures of objectively existing territo - rial elements that have common engineering-geo - logical features of their delineation from territories that haven’t such features, their mapping and de - scription. Different-order engineering-geological units are allocated during the regional type of en- gineering-geological zoning and each next unit is allocated from the previous (larger) by dividing it into separate parts based on specific classification features (Trofimov & Krasilova, 2008). A significant role belongs to EG units that are allocated by geological-genetic and lithological features during engineering-geological zoning. Geological-genetic and lithological structure of the territory plays the main and crucial role in the engineering-geological substantiation of con- struction projects, determination of the type of buildings’ foundations, planning the features of building operation and their reverse impact on the ecological state of the geological environment (Bell, 2007). Therefore, there is an urgent need to characterize the geological-genetic and lithologi- cal structure of the deposits used for construction. Identification of engineering-geological dis- tricts and subdistricts, as well as preconditions for the selection of engineering-geological sites based on detailed geomorphological, geological-genet - ic and lithological characteristics using the ex - ample of Irpin city, Kyiv region (Ukraine) is the purpose of this article. Determination of the place of lithological factors in the structure of engineer- ing-geological zoning and complexity categories of geologic-lithological conditions for construction assessment are also the objectives of this article. Attempts of engineering-geological zoning detailing with geologic-lithological features’ ac - counting have been implemented in Tunis city, (El May et al., 2010) Split city (Šestanović et al., 2012) Moscow city, (Osipov et al., 2012) Velopolja region, (Muceku, 2010) Fortaleza region, (Zuquette et al., 2004). We took into account the scientific experi - ence of the predecessors and offer our opinion on the consideration of geologic-lithological factors in the engineering-geological zoning for urban plan- ning. One of the previous articles (Zhyrnov & Solo - makha, 2022) provides an example of a complet - ed engineering-geological zoning of the Irpin city. However, in this study, there is not enough information about the geomechanical properties of engineering-geological elements, there are no recommendations for choosing the types of foun - dations for buildings and structures, and protec- tive measures for buildings located in areas with a high level of groundwater are not introduced. In previous work is no accounting for the category of complexity of geological-lithological conditions for engineering-construction assessment. In addition, here we will dwell in more detail on the principles for selection such important engineering-geologi - cal units as districts and subdistricts. The current article aims to fill these important gaps. Study area Irpin city administratively is situated in the central part of the Kyiv region at a distance of 7 km northwest of Kyiv, which is Ukraine’s capital (Fig. 1). Irpin city is situated in the southwest part of the East European Plain in the limits of Kyiv Pole - sia as a part of the Polesian Lowland. According 169 Geological-genetic structure of Irpin city, the role of lithological factors during engineering-geological zoning and construction assessment Fig. 1. Irpin city in the central part of Kyiv region, Ukraine. Sl. 1. Mesto Irpin v osrednjem delu Kijevske regije, Ukrajina. to the geomorphological map (scale 1: 55 000) of Ukraine, the investigated territory corresponds to Makariv moraine fluvioglacial wavy slightly dis - sected plain between Irpin’s, Buchanka’s, Teteriv’s and Zdvyzh’s River valleys. Knowing the physi - cal-geographical and administrative location of the city, it is easy to identify that according to prin- ciples of engineering and geological classification, Irpin is situated in the limits of East-European Craton, the north-east slope of Ukrainian Shield province, Kyiv Polesia subprovince, engineering geological region of Makariv moraine fluvioglacial wavy slightly dissected plain (Paton et al., 2007). There are such engineering geological districts in the limits of Irpin according to engineering geo - morphological zoning of Kyiv city district’s map: erodible and depositional alluvial plain and denu- dation-depositional watershed moraine and flu - vioglacial plain (Barshchevsky et al., 1989). Upper- and Holocene Quaternary Q III -Q IV erod- ible and depositional alluvial plain with absolute altitudes of 107–118 m. Middle Quaternary Q II denudation-depositional watershed moraine flu - vioglacial plain with absolute altitudes of 120– 160 m. In the borders of the erodible and depo - sitional alluvial plain are allocated: 1) Alluvial floodplain flat inundated terrace of Buchanka and Irpin Rivers of Holocene age with swamped areas and peat depressions of Holocene age; 2) Alluvi - al upper Holocene, slightly dissected first above- flood terrace of Buchanka and Irpin Rivers. In the borders of the denudation-depositional watershed moraine, fluvioglacial plain is allocated: 1) Plateau and highland of moraine fluvioglacial wavy and slightly dissected plain of Dnipro age with cor- responding absolute altitudes of 135–160 m; 2) Lowland part of moraine fluvioglacial wavy and slightly dissected plain of Dnipro age with abso- lute altitudes of 120–135 m; 3) Arroyos’ bottoms and detrital cones of Holocene age; 4) Sites with artificially modified relief (Tsybko, 2020). Flooding in the Buchanka and Irpin Rivers’ floodplains, waterlogging in the borders of the floodplain and the first terrace of the Buchanka and Irpin Rivers are part of the dangerous haz- ards in the Irpin. Waterlogging is connected with a naturally high level of groundwater, floodplain flooding during spring and also the unloading of aquifers in permanent and temporary watercours - es. Eutrophication occurs in the Buchanka and Irpin Rivers’ floodplain and is connected with spring floods and unloading of aquifer related to Middle-Quaternary fluvioglacial deposits of divid- ing range. River erosion is generally weak along the Irpin and Buchanka Rivers and occurs at local sites during spring. Eolian sand deflation is ob - served on some sites of the f loodplain and first ter - races of the Irpin and Buchanka Rivers (northeast and northwest city outskirts) (Tsybko, 2020). Significant hydration of Quaternary depos- its and high groundwater level, which provokes flooding, waterlogging and eutrophication are the main obstacles to urban development (Rudenko et al., 1971). Comparison of data on the territory’s mor - phogenetic structure and areas of development of natural hazards made it possible to build a geo - morphological map of Irpin city (Zhyrnov & Solo - makha, 2022) (Fig. 2). The morphogenetic and morphological struc - ture of the relief lays the foundations for the se- lection of engineering-geological districts and subdistricts, but it is necessary to distinguish corresponding geological-genetic complexes of Quaternary sediments within the erosion-accu - mulative alluvial plain and the denudation-accu - mulative watershed moraine water-glacial plain and determine the lithological composition of the mentioned Quaternary deposits for the relief’s morphological elements. 170 Pavlo ZHYRNOV & Iryna SOLOMAKHA Materials and methods There are such initial data for engineering-geo - logical mapping: a topographic survey of Irpin city on a scale of 1: 5000, a geological map on a scale of 1: 50 000 on sheets of Kyiv region, (Solovytsky & Vozgryn, 1990) project of the master plan of Irpin city (Gubenko et al., 2017), state geological map of Ukraine – 200 (Ivanenko, 2020), a geological map of Ukraine (Panchenko, 2019), materials of engi - neering-geological investigations between 1990 and 2020 years under construction for residential and public buildings that have been made by different design organization and companies. 154 geotech - nical reports were analyzed, and those materials were collected and systematized at SE “Ukrainian Institute of Engineering Technical Exploration for Construction” (UKRIINTR) (Tsybko, 2020). The principles of engineering-geological zon - ing were most fully developed by Ivan Popov, who proposed to distinguish engineering-geological re- gions, oblasts, districts and subdistricts of various orders as independent taxonomic units. Engineering-geological regions are distin- guished by structural-tectonic features. The engi - neering-geological region of the first order is the largest taxonomic unit. The second-order region, namely the engineering-geological province, is distinguished by its morphostructure and hydro - geological structure. The region of the third order (subprovince) is distinguished based on the mor - phogenetic type of the territory of the first order (Popov, 1951). Fig. 2. Geomorphological map of Irpin city (Zhyrnov & Solomakha, 2022). Sl. 2. Geomorfološka karta mesta Irpin (Zhyrnov & Solomakha, 2022). 171 Geological-genetic structure of Irpin city, the role of lithological factors during engineering-geological zoning and construction assessment Popov proposed to distinguish engineering- geological areas within one region based on geo- morphological features. With this approach, the geomorphological features of the territory are a consequence of the history of its geological devel - opment, mainly in recent times. We can say that engineering-geological regions are territories that are distinguished by geostructural features as a result of the analysis of the history of the geologi- cal development of this territory for the entire time available to us, and engineering-geological oblasts are parts of regions that have had different devel- opment in recent times, which was reflected in their geomorphological features (Popov, 1951). So, engineering-geological oblasts are distinguished based on the II nd order morphogenetic type. Engineering-geological districts in the engi- neering-geological oblasts are distinguished on the territory of which the uniformity of the geological structure is noted, which is expressed in the same sequence of rocks’ occurrence, their thickness and petrographic composition. Such relatively small territories can be formed under the conditions that they experienced tectonic movements of the same sign and intensity over their entire area and were in the same paleoclimatic conditions throughout their development history, which goes beyond the latest stage of the Earth’s geological development (Popov, 1951). Therefore, engineering-geological districts are distinguished based on the common conditions of geological development. Engineering-geological subdistricts can be al- located within one engineering-geological district according to a different state of rocks, and the manifestation of modern and ancient geological processes, if necessary (Popov, 1951). For exam - ple, within one engineering-geological area, there may be different strata of rocks located in a strati - graphic sequence and characterized by similarity or natural variability of engineering-geological characteristics. So, engineering-geological subdis - tricts are distinguished based on engineering-geo- logical complexes of rocks of a certain age geolog - ical layer. Engineering-geological sites are allocated within subdistricts during a large-scale engineer- ing-geological study of the territory, within which engineering-geological subsites can be allocated as well. As a rule, engineering-geological sites are distinguished according to the conditions of con- struction, that is, according to the assessment of a complex of natural and technogenic factors (Pop - ov, 1951) (Fig. 3). Fig. 3. Procedure of engineering-geological zoning (adapted after Zhyrnov & Solomakha, 2022). Sl. 3. Postopek inženirsko-geološkega razvrščanja (prirejeno po Zhyrnov & Solomakha, 2022). 172 Pavlo ZHYRNOV & Iryna SOLOMAKHA The following methods were used in the current research: field engineering-geological researches (geomorphological, geological and hydrogeological survey, identification of natural hazards) methods of interpretation of remote sensing data (analysis of satellite images Sentinel-2 (scale 1: 40 000, pe- riod - 2017–2020 years) of the study area in or - der to fix natural hazards) methods of mining and drilling operations: 72 wells were drilled by per - cussion-rope method with a depth of 1.6 to 94 m, 9 points of cone penetration test were made (study - ing the geological structure, indication of tecton- ic processes and rock fracturing, conducting field experimental work, sampling rocks with an undis - turbed structure and water samples, organization of observations of the regime of groundwater and exogenous geological processes) hydrogeologi - cal research (research of state of rocks, depth of groundwater level and the level of soils’ permea - bility) methods of engineering-geomorphological (engineering-geomorphological maps are nar - row-purpose maps that serve engineering pur - poses in construction, reflect the structural and geomorphological characteristics, dynamics and stability of the relief, its qualitative and quantita - tive features and development forecast elements (Palienko, 1978) and engineering-geological map - ping (creation of engineering-geomorphological (scale 1: 55 000) and engineering-geological maps (scale 1: 55 000) for the purposes of urban plan - ning) laboratory methods for obtaining data on the geomechanical properties of soils (selection of engineering-geological elements, research of gran - ulometric composition, description of strength, deformation properties, compressibility indi - cators, etc.) as well as the method of conjugated cartographic analysis (complex comparison of car - tographic data into a single multicomponent syn - thetic map) (Fig. 4). Results As noted earlier borders of genetic types and relief morphology were delineated during the en - gineering-geological survey using GPS equipment, made relief’s morphologic description, research of natural hazards and made a detailed description Fig. 4. Data and methodology of current research (adapted after Zhyrnov & Solomakha, 2022). Sl. 4. Podatki in metodologija trenutne raziskave (prirejeno po Zhyrnov & Solomakha, 2022). 173 Geological-genetic structure of Irpin city, the role of lithological factors during engineering-geological zoning and construction assessment of sediments, that are involved in construction, selected soil samples for determination of their geomechanical properties in the geotechnical lab - oratory. All this information was exported from GPS equipment and referenced to the existing topographic survey. Geotechnical reports’ analysis allowed to specify Quaternary deposits’ lithologi - cal composition and correct the areas of hydrolog - ical and hydrogeological hazards’ manifestation in particular flooding, waterlogging and eutrophica- tion (Tsybko, 2020). Irpin is situated on the borders of the Ukrainian Shield’s northern-east slope in geostructural terms, which gradually dips in a north-easterly direction to the side of the Dnieper-Donets Rift. The sediments of the Cretaceous, Paleogene and Quaternary systems lie on the eroded surface of the Precambrian basement. Deposits of the Ceno - ma nia n layer, represented by sa nds a nd sa ndstones on siliceous cement are the oldest sedimentary formations exposed in the territory of Irpin. The sand is greenish-gray, fine- and medium-grained, quartz-glauconite. Deposits of the Upper Creta - ceous are on the rocks of the Cenomanian layer represented by white, light gray chalk with an av- erage thickness of 9.0 m. The Kaniv, Bucha, Kyiv and Kharkiv suites are established as part of the Paleogene sediments. Rocks of the Kaniv Forma - tion (P 2 kn) lie on chalk rocks and are represented by shallow marine formations: dark gray fine- and fine-grained glauconite-quartz, micaceous sand with underlying layers of aleurites and clays, and sometimes sandstones. The thickness of the Kaniv suite varies from 20.4 to 30.5 m with an average thickness of 25 m. The sediments of the Bucha suite (P 2 bc) lie on the Kaniv sediments and are overlain by clays and marls of the Kyiv suite, they are represented by shallow marine formations: greenish-gray, fine- and fine-grained sands of quartz-glauconite com - position and dark green and greenish-gray clays with thickness from 8.0 to 20.0 m. Deposits of the Kyiv suite (P 2 kv) are repre - sented by a layer of greenish-gray clayey marls, which pass into marly clays with a thickness of 4.0-30.0 m. A significant change in the capacities of the Kyiv suite is due to its erosion in the Irpin and Buchanka Rivers’ riverine zones for which the Kyiv suite’s deposits are a water-resistant layer. Deposits of the Kharkiv suites (P 3 ch) are limitedly distributed on the territory of the city’s south-western part, where they are confined to the most mountainous part of the watershed between the Irpin and Buchanka Rivers, they are blurred in the rest of the area in Quaternary time. The sedi - ments of the Kharkiv suite are gray, greenish-gray, shallow- and fine-grained sands of quartz-glauc - onite composition with a thickness of 4.5-5.0 m. Quaternary sediments completely cover pre-Quaternary formations. They are represented by the following genetic types: water-glacial, gla- cial, alluvial, marsh and technogenic. Quaternary deposits in terms of age are represented by Middle Quaternary, Upper Quaternary and modern sedi - ments. Mid-Quaternary water-glacial submarine sed - iments (f II dn 1 ) lie on formations of the Kharkiv and Kyiv suites. They are widely distributed on the city’s territory and consist of the highlands between the Irpin and Buchanka Rivers. They are represented by yellow-gray, gray, ochreous, fine- and medium-grained, quartz sands with admix - tures of feldspars with layers and lenses of clays. They overlap with moraine and water-glacial mo - raine sands with a capacity of 12 m. Mid-Quaternary glacial (moraine) deposits (g II dn 2 ) are represented by glacial deposits with red-brown loams and clays, sometimes green - ish-gray with ochre spots of ferrugination with inclusions of gravel and pebbles of crystalline rocks. Coarse-grained material is represented by granites, gneisses, limestones and sandstones. Moraine sediments were not widely distributed, they were preserved only in upland watershed ar- eas and remnant mounds. The moraine deposits are covered everywhere by fluvioglacial deposits, their thickness ranges from 3.0 to 11.5 m. Mid-Quaternary water-glacial over-moraine deposits (f II dn 3 ) are the most widely distributed on the city’s territory, they are the basis for the foun - dations of most buildings and structures. They are represented by light-gray, brown-yellow and yel- low-gray quartz sands. Sands are multi-grained, medium-grained prevail. Sandstone layers and lenses are often found in gravel-pebble material with a thickness of 0.2–2.7 m, including boulders of crystalline rocks. The total thickness of flu - vioglacial deposits varies from 5 to 20 m with an average thickness of 10 m. Alluvial Upper Quaternary a III deposits are rep- resented by alluvial formations of the Irpin and Buchanka Rivers’ floodplain terraces – quartz, fine-grained, light-gray and yellow-gray sands with a thickness of 8–12 m with interlayers and lenses of sands with a thickness of 0.2–0.5 m. Al- luvial deposits lie on the washed-out surface of Kyiv suite’s marls. Modern Quaternary alluvial a IV and biogenic deposits b IV consist of the floodplain of the Irpin and Buchanka Rivers. They are represented by 174 Pavlo ZHYRNOV & Iryna SOLOMAKHA fine-grained light-yellow and gray-yellow quartz sands with a thickness of 10–16 m with lens - es and interlayers of sandy loams and silts with a thickness of 0.13–0.9 m. Biogenic deposits are represented by peat with a thickness of 0.3-5.0 m, which covers alluvial deposits in most of the flood - Fig. 5. Geological-lithological map of Irpin city (Zhyrnov & Solomakha, 2022). Sl. 5. Geološko-litološka karta mesta Irpin (Zhyrnov & Solomakha, 2022). 175 Geological-genetic structure of Irpin city, the role of lithological factors during engineering-geological zoning and construction assessment plain. Peat is mainly poorly decomposed, brown and brownish-brown in colour. The composition of peat is dominated by reed material. Peat is of - ten sandy, which is the result of washing out the organic component from its mass (Tsybko, 2020; Veklych, 1958; Zhyrnov & Solomakha, 2022). Therefore, the analysis of the territory’s geo - morphological features and geological structure made it possible to distinguish four geological- geneti crock complexes on the territories of Irpin’s city. 1. A complex of modern alluvial sandy-clay de - posits (a IV ) with a thickness of 10–16 m rep- resented by fine-grained quartz sands of light yellow and gray-yellow colour with lenses and interlayers of sandy loams and loams with a thickness of 0.3–0.9 m; 2. A complex of Upper Quaternary alluvi - al sandy-clay deposits (a III ) with a thick - ness of 8–12 m, represented by quartz Fig. 6. Geological-lithological columns by boreholes on lines of geological sections and by individual boreholes (Zhyrnov & Solomakha, 2022). Sl. 6. Geološko-litološki popisi vrtin na linijah geoloških pre- rezov in po posameznih vrti - nah (Zhyrnov & Solomakha, 2022). medium-grained sands of light gray and yel - low-gray colour with lenses and layers of sand with a thickness of 0.2–0.5 m; 3. A complex of Upper Quaternary water-glacial sand-clay deposits (f II dn) with a thickness of 5–20 m represented by granular quartz sands of a light gray colour with lenses and interlay- ers of sands, loams and clays with a thickness of 0.2–2.7 m with the inclusion of gravel and weakly rolled pebbles of crystalline rocks; 4. A complex of Upper Quaternary moraine de - posits (g II dn) with a thickness of 8–13 m, rep- resented by boulder loams and clays, in places with layers of sand (Figs. 5, 6). The analysis of the geomechanical properties of the soils according to SSU B V.2.1-2-96 made it possible to divide the selected complexes into 12 engineering-geological elements (EGE) which are presented in the geological-lithological sections (Fig. 7). 176 Pavlo ZHYRNOV & Iryna SOLOMAKHA 177 Geological-genetic structure of Irpin city, the role of lithological factors during engineering-geological zoning and construction assessment 178 Pavlo ZHYRNOV & Iryna SOLOMAKHA № EGE Description 1 Peat, mainly finely decomposed, brown and brownish-brown in colour. Reed material is present in the composition of peat, and sedge material plays a secondary role. Peat is often sandy, which is the result of the washing-out of or - ganic components from its mass. The peat is medium ashy, strongly moist, plasticity and very compressible. Peat is characterised by poor geomechanical properties and cannot be the basis for buildings and structures. 2 Quartz sand with the inclusion of weakly rounded quartz grains. Lenses and layers of sandy loam, loam and silt are found at various depths. The sand is heterogeneous, of poor density, fine and fine-grained, horizontally layered, low water perme - ability, medium deformability, compressibility and strength. 3 Medium-grained quartz sand of light gray and yellow-gray colour, with lenses and layers of sand 0.2–0.5 m thick. Sand is heterogeneous, poorly compacted, medium permeable, medium deformability , compressibility and strength. 4 Light-gray multi-grained quartz sands with brown and red-brown layers and spots of ferruginization. The sand is layered with the inclusion of weakly rounded quartz grains with separate inclusions of gravel and pebbles, as well as with layers of gravel-pebble material with a thickness of 5 to 25 cm. The sand is homogeneous, with a low degree of compactibility, high permeable, medium deformability, compressibility and strength. 5 Light-yellow and brown-yellow sandy loam. The soil is thin-layered, sometimes with layers of sand, loam and clay. Statis - tical processing of the granulometric composition gave the following content of fractions: sand – 64 %, dust – 28 %, clay – 8 %. Sandy loam is solid, dense, weakly compressible and medium deformability . 6 Moraine loam of light composition. Loam is dense, stiff, low water permeability, weakly compressible and medium deform - ability. 7 Moraine clay of dark brown colour with inclusions of pebbles and boulders. Clay is dense, stiff, impermeable, weakly com - pressible and medium deformability. 8 Moraine loam. Loam is dense, stiff, low water permeability, weakly compressible and slightly deformable. 9 Quartz sand. The sand is homogeneous, with a high permeable, medium deformability , compressibility and strength. 10 Quartz sand. Sand is heterogeneous, poorly compacted, medium permeable, medium deformability, compressibility and strength. 11 Sandy aleurite, thinly laminated, of low strength, medium-deformable. 12 Marl. Fig. 7. Geological-lithological sections I-V on Irpin city’s territory along conditional lines (Zhyrnov & Solomakha, 2022). Sl. 7. Geološko-litološki profili I-V na območju mesta Irpin (Zhyrnov & Solomakha, 2022). Table 1. Engineering-geological elements (EGE) are presented in the geological-lithological sections. Tabela 1. Inženirsko-geološki elementi (IGE), ki so predstavljeni na geološko-litoloških profilih. 179 Geological-genetic structure of Irpin city, the role of lithological factors during engineering-geological zoning and construction assessment Table 2. Geome chanical properties of biogenic soils. Tabela 2. Geome chanske lastnosti biogenih tal. № Indicators of geomechanical properties EGE-1 1 Degree of soil decomposition, R (%) > 20 2 Soil ash content, % 24 3 Weighted soil moisture, w (%) 390 4 Plasticity index 143 5 Density of wet peat ɣ o (g/cm 3 ) 1.01 6 Density of dry peat, ɣ d (g/cm 3 ) 0.22 7 Solid particles density, ɣ s (g/cm 3 ) 1.57 8 Porosity, e 19 9 Volume shrinkage, ε shV 34 10 Specific adhesion, C (KPa) 0.33 11 Modulus of deformation, E o (MPa) 2.6 Table. 3. Geomechanical properties of sandy soils. Tabela. 3. Geomechanske lastnosti peščenih tal. № Indicators of geomechanical properties EGE-2 EGE-3 EGE-4 EGE-9 EGE-10 1 Coefficient of non-uniformity, Cu 1.7 2.1 3.4 4.0 1.9 2 Compaction coefficient, Cc (%) 7–15 8–12 8–12 - 7–10 3 Density, ɣ o (g/cm 3 ) 2.02 2.00 2.00 1.99 1.97 4 Bulk density, ɣ c (g/cm³) 1.70 1.70 1.72 1.66 1.68 5 Natural slope’s angle dry ( °) 33 32 33 - 29 6 Natural slope’s angle underwater ( °) 25 25 29 - 23 7 Internal friction’s angle, φ ( °) 34 37 27 33 33 8 Specific adhesion, C (KPa) 2.94 0.98 1.96 2.94 0.98 9 Modulus of deformation, E o (MPa) 23.5 27.5 31.4 22.6 23.5 Table. 4. Geomechanical properties of clayey soils. Tabela. 4. Geomehanske lastnosti glinenih tal. № Indicators of geomechanical properties EGE-5 EGE-6 EGE-7 EGE-8 EGE-11 EGE-12 1 Moisture content, W (%) 16 13 22 14 29 31 2 The upper limit of plasticity, W l (%) 22 26 44 35 50 34 3 Plasticity index, P I 4 10 22 14 18 25 4 Density, ɣ o (g/cm³) 1.92 2.14 1.99 2.08 1.91 1.89 5 Bulk density, ɣ c (g/cm³) 1.69 1.89 1.63 1.80 1.48 1.44 6 Porosity, e 0.58 0.43 0.67 0.51 0.84 0.90 7 Internal friction’s angle, φ (°) 27 23 18 22 20 18 8 Specific adhesion, C (KPa) 15.7 25.9 49.0 32.4 42.2 72.6 9 Modulus of deformation, E o (MPa) 29.4 45.1 34.3 53.9 23.5 25.5 Engineering-geological districts and sub- districts can be distinguished based on the geo- morphological and engineering-geological maps’ comparison (Figs. 2, 5) by the procedure of engi - neering-geological zoning. Geomechanical prop - erties of engineering-geological elements are the basis for the selection of engineering-geological sites, however, hydrogeological data are needed for this, so the selection of engineering-geological sites is not possible yet. However, the soils’ geo - mechanical characteristics determine the litholog - ical component of Irpin city’s construction assess - ment, which will be discussed later. So, the I district is represented by Upper- and Holocene Quaternary Q III -Q IV erodible and dep- ositional alluvial plain with absolute altitudes of 107–118 m. Alluvial deposits with a thickness of 8–16 m lie on the Kyiv suite’s marls, which are a water-resistant layer for this area. Two engi - neering-geological subdistricts are allocated in the first district: 1) Alluvial floodplain inundat - ed flat terrace with swamped areas and peaty 180 Pavlo ZHYRNOV & Iryna SOLOMAKHA depressions of Holocene age that composed mod - ern alluvial deposits a IV with a capacity of 10– 16 m, that covered by modern organogenic forma - tions (silt, peat) b IV with a capacity of 0.3–5.0 m. Alluvial deposits are represented by quarts of fine-grained sands of light yellow and grey-yellow colours with a layer of sandy loams and loam with a capacity of 0.3–0.9 m. The alluvial complex lies on the washed-out surface of the Kyiv suite’s marls P 2 kv; 2) Alluvial Upper Holocene slightly dissect - ed first above-flood terrace that composed by al - luvial sandy and clayey deposits a III with a capac- ity of 8–12 m, that represented by alluvial quarts fine-grained sands of light grey and yellow-grey colours with lens and layers of sandy loams with a capacity of 0.2–0.5 m. The alluvial complex lies on the washed-out surface of the Kyiv suite’s marls P 2 kv. The II district is represented by the Middle Quaternary Q II denudation-depositional watershed moraine fluvioglacial plain with absolute altitudes of 120–160 m. Fluvioglacial and glacial deposits with a thickness of 5 to 23 m lie on the marls of the Kyiv suite, which is a regional water-resis- tance layer for this area. Two engineering-geolog - ical subdistricts are allocated in the II district: 1) Lowland part of moraine fluvioglacial wavy and slightly dissected plain of Dnipro age with abso- lute altitudes of 120–135 m. Subdistrict composed of complex of Middle Quaternary fluvioglacial sandy-clayey deposits (f II dn 3 ) with a capacity of 5–20 m at 10 m medium capacity. The complex is represented by middle-grained quarts of sands of light grey colour with lens and layers of san- dy loams, loams and clays with a capacity of 0.5– 2.7 m with the inclusion of crystal rocks’ gravel Fig. 8. Engineering-geological districts and subdistricts of Irpin city. Sl. 8. Inženirsko-geološka okrožja in podokrožja mesta Irpin. 181 Geological-genetic structure of Irpin city, the role of lithological factors during engineering-geological zoning and construction assessment and pebble. Sometimes the gravel-pebble material is collected in the form of lenses and layers; 2) Pla - teau and elevated portion of moraine fluvioglacial wavy and slightly dissected plain of Dnipro age with absolute altitudes of 135–160 m. Subdistrict consists of moraine complexes (g II dn 2 ) with a ca - pacity of 8–13 m, which cover and underlie with fluvioglacial sandy-clayey deposits of advance and retreat of Dnipro glacier (f II dn 1 and f II dn 3 ). Moraine deposits are represented by loams and clays with the inclusion of pebbles and boulders, fluviogla- cial deposits are represented by average-grained quarts sands with layers of sandy loams and loams including gravel and pebbles. (Fig. 8) (Tsybko, 2020; Zhyrnov & Solomakha, 2022). Sites with artificially modified relief and ar - royo’s bottoms and detrital cones of the Holocene age will relate to engineering-geological sites due to the small size and local spread. Discussion The conducted research on the geological-ge - netic structure map of Irpin city allows us to de - termine two topics for discussion: • Disadvantages of studying soil properties (engineering-geological elements) within Irpin city; • Geological-lithological factors’ accounting for drawing up schemes of construction as - sessment in the project of the master plan of Irpin city. 1. Disadvantages of studying soil properties (engineering-geological elements) within Irpin city; The main disadvantages in the determination of soils’ geomechanical properties (engineer - ing-geological elements) within Irpin city are the absence of the following studies: a) determination of chemical soils’ properties, in particular, miss - ing data on solubility, acid-base properties and soils’ chemical aggressiveness; b) determination of soils’ physical properties, in particular, missing information on thermophysical (thermal capaci - ty, soils’ frost resistance) and electrical properties (electrical conductivity, soils’ corrosive activity); c) determination of soils’ biotic properties (biolog - ical activity, bioaggressiveness and biocorrosion in soils);d) determination of certain geomechan - ical properties of soils (rheological properties: creep, relaxation of stresses in soils, soils’ long- term strength; dynamic properties: soils’ behavior under vibration and impulsive effects, soils’ liq - uefaction)(Trofimov et al., 2005). The categories of soils according to seismic properties according to the construction sites’ normative seismicity are not defined (Building regulations B.1.1-12:2014, 2014). It is worth noting that the construction of geological-lithological sections and the determina - tion of soils’ geomechanical properties took place only in the high-density area and most developed northern, north-eastern and north-western city’s parts, while the rest of Irpin’s territory has not been explored, which is a significant disadvantage for the urban development in the distant future. 2. Geological-lithological factors’ accounting for drawing up schemes of construction assessment in the project of the master plan of Irpin city. The compiled geological-lithological map and sections can be used to determine the territory with dif - ferent degrees of geological conditions’ complexity for the city’s construction assessment at this stage. (tab. 5; Building regulations A.2.1-1-2008, 2008). The study of the geological-lithological struc - ture of Irpin city allows us to conclude that the engineering-geological conditions for the develop- ment of the city’s territory are simple and the soils that consist of the Quaternary and Paleogene rock strata suitable for their use by their geomechanical properties as a natural base for laying foundations, except the peat layer, which must be removed or which must be excluded during construction de - velopment (Amaryan, 1990). Factors I (easy) II (average) III (difficult) Geological- lithological No more than four different geological-lithologicalunitsof rocks with horizontal laying lithological layers. Soil characteristics by plan or by depth with natural changes. Absence of soils with poor geome - chanical properties. No more than six different geo - logical-lithological units of rocks with sloping laying lithological layers. Soil characteristics as per plan or according to depth with natural changes. Absence of soils with poor geomechanical properties. More than six different geolog - ical-lithological units of rocks. Capacity suddenly changed, lens’ soil laying. There are a high diversity index’s soil characteris - tic, which vary with out-of-spec- ification changes. Presence of soils with poor geomechanical properties (peak, silt). Table 5. Category of geological-lithological conditions’ complexity for construction assessment. Tabela 5. Kategorija zahtevnosti inženirsko-litoloških razmer za oceno gradnje. 182 Pavlo ZHYRNOV & Iryna SOLOMAKHA Conclusion 1. Qualitative engineering-construction as- sessment as part of the project of the urban master plan should be based on the engineer - ing-geological zoning of the territory with the determination of engineering-geological units. Consideration of geological-lithological es - timated factors in engineering construction assessment is the basis for the selection of engineering-geological units (districts and sub - districts) and also sets the preconditions for the selection of engineering-geological sites based on the geomechanical properties of engineer - ing-geological elements (EGE). 2. The morphogenetic and morphological structure of the relief forms a basis for engi - neering-geological districts and subdistricts selection. It is necessary to distinguish the geological-genetic complexes of Quaternary de - posits, that constitute them, while relief’s mor - phological elements determine the lithological composition of the mentioned Quaternary de - posits. 3. The analysis of the territory’s geomorpho - logical features and their geological structure made it possible to distinguish four geologi - cal-genetic rocks’ complexes on the territories of Irpin’s city: 1) complex of modern alluvial sandy-clayey deposits (a IV ) with a thickness of 10–16 m (sands with lenses and layers of sandy loams, loams); 2) complex of Upper Quaternary alluvial sandy-clay deposits (a III ) with a thick - ness of 8–12 m (sands with lenses and layers of sandy loams); 3) complex of Upper Quater - nary water-glacial sand-clay deposits (f II dn 1 ) with a thickness of 5–20 m (sands with lens - es and layers of sandy loams, loams and clays with inclusion of gravel, boulders, pebbles); 4) complex of Upper Quaternary moraine depos - its (g II dn 2 ) with a thickness of 8–13 m (boulder loams, clays and clays with layers of sand). 4. The analysis of the soils’ geomechanical properties made it possible to divide the select - ed complexes into 12 engineering-geological el - ements (EGE) with appropriate geomechanical properties, of which only EGE-1 (peat) is un - satisfactory as a natural basis for laying foun- dations. The peat layer must be removed during construction. 5. There are engineering-geological districts according to morphogenetic features and com - mon conditions of geological development and engineering-geological subdistricts according to morphological features and engineering-ge - ological complexes of Quaternary rocks based on the conjugate cartographic analysis’ method of geomorphological and engineering-geologi - cal maps. So, the first district is represented by an erodible-depositional alluvial plain with two engineering-geological subdistricts: floodplain terraces of the Irpin and Buchanka rivers with swamped areas and peat depressions with al - luvial (sands, sandy loams, loam) and biogenic (peat) deposits and first above-flood terraces of mentioned rivers with alluvial deposits (sands, sandy loam. The second district is represented by a denudation-depositional watershed mo - raine water-glacial plain with two engineer- ing-geological subdistricts: lowland part, high- land part and plateau of moraine fluvioglacial plain with fluvioglacial and glacial deposits, (sands, sandy loams, loam with inclusion of gravel, pebbles and boulders). 6. Geological-lithological estimated factors of Irpin city are simple in complexity and soils, in general, are suitable for use as a natural basis for laying foundations. Engineering-geological elements (EGE) 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12 can serve as a natural basis for laying foundations. The development of the f loodplains of the Buchanka and Irpin Rivers is not recommended for en - vironmental reasons, therefore EGE-2 is ex - cluded from use. A deep strip foundation is rec - ommended for low-rise buildings, taking into account the geomechanical properties of soils. The best type of foundation is the pile type for multi-storey buildings. It is necessary to use waterproofing materials, when arranging foundations. It is necessary to equip horizon - tal drainage and rainwater drainage for areas with a high level of groundwater, for aggressive waters appropriate grades of concrete and an- ti-corrosion protection for underground metal reinforcement should be used. (Building regu - lations B.2.1-10:2018, 2018). 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