Pbi6a - MM^onorMHecRMM npoo6pa3 nogRM ffaunwc Pa3aycKac The known mythological ideas of the water body either as the way to the other world or as the very other world are first recalled in the article. Then, the ideas of the deceased sailing to the other world in boats or ships. After that, the archaic image of death as a big fish swallowing the deceased. This image, as a form of hut, is also traced in primitive initiations. Finally, it is furthermore maintained, on the grounds of some additional data, that the fish in this aspect is the mythological prototype of the boat or ship as such, which was firstly invented according to the knowledge gained during the corresponding initiation. BogHaa CTMXMfl noBceMecrao ABnaeTcfl ogHUM u3 ochobhhx np006pa30B Mupa MepTBbix, unu ®e BogHoe npocTpaHCTBo npegcTaBnaeT co6om nepenpaBy nu6o npe-nflTCTBMe, KoTopoe gyme yMepmero Heo6xoguMo npeogoneTb na nym b o6uTenb MepT-bhx. TaK, y®e b BaBunoHcKoM ^^oce o DunbraMeme cKa3aHo: «TpygHa nepenpaBa, TH®ena gopora, Diy6oKu Boga c m e p t u, hto ee nperpa^garoT. A hto, TMnbraMem, nepenpaBHBmacb m o p e m, -Bog cMepTM gocrurayB, - th 6ygemb genaTb?»1. B cnaBHHCKon Tpagu^uu «b nnaHe cooTHeceHHocTu Bonoca c 3arpo6HbiM mm-poM oco6eHHo noKa3aTenbHo cTaponemcKoe Bbipa^eHue k Velesu za more [„k Bene-cy 3a Mope"], oTHocH^eeca k cMepTu u o3Hanaro^ee, co6cTBeHHo, „Ha tot cBeT"»2. B yKpaMHCKon necHe, no nepecKa3y A. H. A^aHacbeBa, «geBymKa npocuT aHrena non-nHTb do 6amenbKa (yMepmero) no uopm u npuHecTu ot Hero BecTu»3. «CBH3b Mopa c oTpu^TenbHbiM HaqanoM, b HacTHocTu co cMepTbro, nogTBep^gaeTca TaK®e npeg-cTaBneHUHMu, oTpa^eHHbiMu raaBHbiM o6pa3oM b cKa3Kax, coraacHo KoTopbiM Mope cny®uT goporon Ha tot cBeT (cp.: m o p e paccmynunocx, ^opo^a omKpunacx, dypaK cmynun pa3-^py^ou u onymuncx... na moM c b e m e)»4. CooTBeTcTBeHHo b hmtobc- M. ^^Mage. CBa^eHHbie tckcth HapogoB Mupa. MocKBa, 1998, c. 321. E. A. YcneHcKMM. Ounonoru^ecKue pa3bicKaHua b o6nacTu ctobshckux gpeBHocTen. (PenuKTbi s3bmecTBa b boctomhoctobshckom KynbTe HuKonas MupnuKuftcKoro). MocKBa, 1982, c. 56. BcTaBKu b KBagpaTHbix cKo6Kax 3gecb u ganee - mom. A. H. A^aHacbeB. noaTu^ecKue Bo33peHua ctobsh Ha npupogy: OnbiT cpaBHUTenbHoro u3yqeHua ctobshc-kmx npegaHun u BepoBaHun b cbh3m c mu^utockumu cKa3aHuaMu gpyrux pogcTBeHHbix HapogoB, III. MocKBa, 1995, c. 396. Bot. Bc. MBaHoB, B. H. TonopoB. CraBSHcKue a3biKoBbie Mogenupyro^ue ceMuoTu^ecKue cucTeMbi (flpeB-Hun nepuog). MocKBa, 1965, c. 115; BHyTpeHHaa ^uTaTa u3: HapogHbie pyccKue cKa3Ku A. H. A^aHacbeBa b Tpex ToMax / nogroToBKa TeKcTa, npegucnoBue u npuMe^aHua B.fl. nponna. - MocKBa, 1958, c. 163, N 216. Kux CKa3Kax, HanpuMep: Nieko nereikalauju, kad tik perneštum mane per šitas mares in anq svietq 'Hunero He Tpe6yro, nepeHecu T0HbK0 MeHa nepe3 ^T0 m o p e Ha tot CBe t'5. nogoÖHHM 0Öpa30M, no Ha6nK>geHuK> B.H. TonopoBa, ogHuM u3 0Öpa30B CMepTu «b naTHmcKMx gaßHax c ynacTueM Velu mate 0Ka3biBaeTca Boga b pa3Hbix ee Bugax, BKnronaa u cnaKoTb, 6ohoto, Mope, Bnary u T.n. Cp., b MacTHocTu, motmb Mopa: Dar', Dievini, zelta setu / Visgarami jüras malas, / Lai nevar Vela mate / Visu zemi zegelet ['Cgenaß, Bo»e, 30H0Tyro 3aropogb / Bgonb Bcero MopcKoro 6epera, / Hto6h MaTb Bena He CMorna / no Bceß 3eMHe HocuTbca'] (27683). Cyga no ^T0My ^pameHTy, Vela mate HaxoguTca 3a MopeM», u b ^T0M cnynae «naTbimcKuß Mu^onorunecKuß motub (Vel- Ha Mope) go geTaneß coBnagaeT co CTaponemcKuM CBugeTeHbCTBoM o TaKoß »e ^0Ka^u3a^uu Beneca (cp. npoKnaTue-oTCbMKy XV b.: nykam k Velesu za more; nykam k Velesu pryč na more, nogoÖHo oTCbiHKe 3a Mope HuxopagoK, 6one3Heß u T.n. b pyccKux 3aroBopax)»6. B Hakane XX b. b Manoß ^uTBe 3a^uKcupoBaHo noBepbe o tom, mto bo BpeMa BenuKoß qyMbi 1709 r. Giltine atejo iš marty ir smauge žmones 'CMepTb npu-mna u3 Mopa u gymuna nrogeß'7. npu ^T0M oneBugHo cooTHomeHue Mopa u cMepTu u Ha ^0HeTunecK0M ypoBHe: cp. hut. märios, märes, mariä, märe 'Mope' u mara, märas 'cMepTb, yMupaHue, Mop, qyMa', mareti 'BbiMupaTb', marinti 'MopuTb, yMep^BnaTb'8. M ^T0 co3Bynue HocuTenaMu a3biKa xopomo oco3HaeTca: TaK, no onpegeneHuro hu-ToBcKoro nucaTena u KynbTypHoro geaTena BpeMeH Ha^u0Ha^bH0^0 B03p0»geHua B. neTapuca (1894 r.), «Chobo marios 'Mope' npoucxoguT ot chob marus 'cMepTHbiß, cMepToHocHbß', marinantis 'MopuTenbHbiß, yMep^Bnaro^uß', mhhmh cnoBaMu, marios 'Mope' - to »e, hto marinančios 'Mopa^ee, yMep^Bnaro^ee'»9. Cp. b pyccKoM cxogcTBo Me»gy Mope u Mop u, b CBoro onepegb, MHeHue A. H. A^aHacbeBa o tom, mto Hapagy c cooTBeTcTByro^uMu cnoBaMu b gpyrux u.-e. a3biKax «cnaBaH. Mope - ot mri- 'yMupaTb' = MepTBaa, nycTHHHaa noBepxHocTb»10. BMecTe c A. O. ^ypaBneBbiM «6bino 6h He6e-3HHTepecHHM npocneguTb Ha CHaBaHCK0M a3biK0B0M MaTepuane HapogH0^TUM0H0^u-necKue c6nu»eHua noHaTuß 'Mope' u 'cMepTb', Bbipa»aeMbix omohumuhhhmu KopHa-mu *mor-. Ha nepBbiß cnynaß yKa»eM napannenu3M „oTMecTB" MopeBun '»uTenb MopcKoro no6epe»ba' b cu6upcKux 6binuHax u MopeBHa - Mapbx MopeBHa u3 „CKa30K A^aHacbeBa", KoTopaa M0»eT 6biTb 3anogo3peHa b HeKoeß KocBeHHoß npunacTHocTu noTycTopoHHeMy Mupy, cp. ee noxu^eHue Ka^eeM, cy^HocTb („c m e p t b") KoTopo-ro, KaK u3BecTH0, noKanu3yeTca b K0HeMH0M cneTe 3a m o p e M-0KeaH0M, Ha ocTpoBe»11. OoHeTunecKoe cxogcTBo cooTBeTCTByro^ux chob aBHo bo MHorux uHgoeBponeßcKux a3biKax. y^uTHBaa TaK»e ux ceMaHTunecKyro cooTHocuMocTb, 6hho BbiCKa3aH0 npeg- 5 Lietuvi^ rasytoj^ surinktos pasakos ir sakmes / Parenge Bronislava Kerbelyte. Vilnius, 1981, c. 47, N 16. 6 B. H. TonopoB. K peKoHCTpy^uu ogHoro ^MKHa apxau^Hbix MM^onoaTM^ecKMx npegcTaBHeHuß b cBeTe «Latvju dainas» (K 150-HeTuro co gHa po»geHua Kp. BapoHa) // BaHTo-CHaBaHCKue uccHegoBaHua 1984. MocKBa, 1986, c. 55. 7 R. Racenaite. Regimieji mirties pavidalai skirtinguose lietuvi^ tautosakos žanruose // Tautosakos darbai, XXIII. Vilnius, 2007, c. 85. 8 Lietuvi^ kalbos žodynas, VII. Vilnius, 1966, c. 846-849, 858-860 u gaHee. 9 ^MT. no: B. Kabašinskaite. Lietuvi^ kalbos liaudies etimologija ir artimi reiškiniai. Vilnius, 1998, c. 61. 10 A. H. A^aHacbeB. noaTuqecKue B033peHua cHaBaH Ha npupogy, II, c. 65. A. H. A^aHacbeB npugep»uBaH-ca ycTapeBmero y»e b ero BpeMa npegcTaBHeHua o ^poMCxo»geHMM Bcex uHgoeBponeficKux a3HK0B u3 caHcKpuTa, n03T0My BMecTo u.-e. *mer- yKa3HBaeT cooTBeTcTByro^ufi caHcKpuTcKuß raaroflbHbifi KopeHb HyHeBoß cTeneHu MepegoBaHua raacHbix (b coBpeMeHHoß TpaHCKpM^^MM) mr-. 11 A. O. ®ypaBHeB. h3hk u mu^: guHrBucTuMecKufi KoMMeHTapuß k Tpygy A. . A^aHacbeBa «noaTuqecKue B033peHua CHaBaH Ha npupogy». MocKBa: MHgpuK, 2005, c. 289; pa3pagKa A. nojo»eHue o tom, hto KopHU u.-e. *mör- 'Mope, cTOHHaH Boga' u *mer- yMupaTb; CMepTb' geñcTBMTenbHo ABjaroTcH pogcTBeHHbiMU, T.e. cBH3aHHbiMU reHeTUHecKU, ^TUM0,J0^U-HecKU12. TunojoruHecKU noKa3aTejbHo, hto, HanpuMep, UHgeñ^i «KBaKuyTJb npegcTaB-jhju ce6e Mope KaK orpoMHyro peKy, TeKy^yro Ha ceBep. TaK »e Ha ceBep (b gpyrux TeKCTax roBopuTcH o 3anage), b jro6oM cjynae b oTKpbiToe Mope, oTKpbiBaeTca Bxog b nog3eMHHM Mup, rge gymu yMepmux coeguHHroTcH co cBepxbecrecTBeHHbiMU gyxa-Mu. Korga npujUB y6biBaeT, Mope HanojHHeT nog3eMHbm Mup; oho onopo»HHeT ero, Korga BHoBb nogHUMaeTcH»13. no HayHeHuro pyccKOM UH^opMaHTKU o 3aroBopax, ecnu óournbcx, nmo noKoüuuK Bepuemcn, mo, Ko^^a npudemb c Knadóum^a, omKpoü Bce 3acoBu y nenKU u npo^oBopu b mpyóy: Tu - 3 a p e k o ü, h - 3a ^py^oü, mu k ñau - hu Ho^oü■■ cp. e^e 3aroBop ot BO3Bpa^eHUH noKOMHUKa: M - 3 a p e k o ü, mu - 3a ^py^oü, He bu-öambcx Hau c moóoü. Eydb cBxm, neMu Ha cBoeu uecme14. «.ro6onbrrao b ^TOM CMbicje, hto ropuM flonropyKUM, no CBugeTejbCTBy jeTonucu, Ha3biBaj 3agHenpoBcKUM KueB-ckum gBop „paeM" faoMe 3Bamemb cau^ [föpuü] PaeM»); mo»ho npegnojo»UTb, hto b ^TOM HauMeHoBaHuu aKTyajU3upyeTcH H3biHecKoe npegcraBjeHue o pae KaK MecTe, oTgejeHHOM BogHbiM npocTpaHcTBoM»15. no oTHomeHuro k cKa3aHHoMy 3acjy»UBaroT npucTajbHoro uHTepeca coo6pa»eHUH O.H. Tpy6aHeBa o6 ^TUMO,JO^UHecKOM conpa-»eHHocTU cjaBHHcKoro o6o3HaneHuH Mupa 6ja»eHHbix *rajb c raarojbHbiM rae3goM u.-e. *rei- / *roi- / *röi- 'TeW, Kyga npuHagje»UT u cjaB. *reka 'peKa'; *rajb TOJKyeTcH KaK 'cBH3aHHbIM c TeHeHUeM, B HacTHOcTU, '3apeHHHM'16. B KanecTBe npuMepa caMOM peKu KaK nyTu Ha tot cBeT npuBegeM gjH conocTaB-jeHUH oguH 3a gpyruM crpo^y yKpauHcKOM KopoBaMHOM necHu (3anucaHHOM b cepe-guHe XIX b. Ha BejUKopyccKUM MaHep), b KOTopoñ gyma b paro ynogo6jHeTcH pbi6e b flyHae: Buüch, KopoBam, Ew,e Bummuü Budpam, Mk dymeüKa no pam, A puóoüKa no ffyHam17; HeTBepocrumue jaTbimcKOM gaÖHbi (3anucaHa b 5 BapuaHTax), b KOTopoM gymu njHByT no peKe flBUHe (3aMeTuM: Ha 3anag u no HanpaBjeHuro k m o p ro, o6beguHHH TeM caMbiM gBa MecTonojo»eHUH Mupa MepTBbix BoeguHo): 12 B. n. Ka3aHcKeHe. «Cromas Boga» u «cMepTb» b UHgoeBponeñcKoñ TpagM^MM // BaflTo-caaBSHcKue stho-KyjbTypHwe u apxeojoruHecKue gpeBHocTu: norpe6ajbHbm o6psg (Te3ucw goKjagoB). MocKBa, 1985, c. 43-44. 13 K. .eBU-CTpocc. nyTb MacoK. MocKBa, 2000, c. 65. 14 PyccKue 3aroBopw u 3aKJMHaHMa / nog pega^ueñ npo^. B. n. AHUKUHa. M3gaTejbcTBo Mockobckoto yHMBepcuTeTa, 1998, c. 385, 2462 u 2456; cm. A. O. »ypaBjeB. H3biK m mm$, c. 288-289. 15 B.A. YcneHcKUM. OujojoruHecKue pa3bicKaHua, c. 56; cm. A. O. ®ypaBjeB. fl3biK m mm^, c. 288-289. 16 A. O. ®ypaBjeB. fl3biK m mu^, c. 290; O. H. Tpy6aHeB. ^THO^eHe3 u KyjbTypa gpeBHeñmux caaBSH: .UHr-BucTMHecKue uccjegoBaHua. MocKBa: HayKa, 2003, c. 190. Cp., KcTaTU, 3apeHbe b cTapoM BujbHroce, go cux nop UMero^ee oco6wm KyjbTypHbm cTaTyc. 17 H. O. CyM^OB. CuMBOJMKa cjaBHHcKUx o6pagoB: M36paHHwe Tpygbi. MocKBa, 1996, c. 241. Strauji tek Daugavina, 'Eucmpo menem ffBUHymKa, Strauji dienu, strauji nakti. Eucmpo drnu, 6ucmpo Honbm. Ka ta strauji neteces, KaK Me oHa He nomenem 6ucmpo, Pilna dargu dveselišu. nonHax ^opo^ux dym'l&; M OTpbIBOK M3 MaHgeuCTCKOrO COHMHeHMfl «n^aH Ticuna», B KOTOpOM tot gna cnaceHua gym C03gaeT peHHbie n0T0Ku: «ft C03gan pyHbu u3 CBe^en Bogbi, KaK BÓgbi b MopgaHe, b K0T0pHX gymu npuHuMaroT Kpe^eHue. ft C03gan nyTb, TaK hto Bee gymu nnbrnyT no TeHeHuro u BoecTaroT»19; * Hto ^e KacaeTca Hamen TeMH, uHTepec npegcTaBnaroT cnegyro^ue pyccKue 3a-ragKM c OTBeTOM «Kopa6nb unu nogKa», b K0T0pbix Mope TaK^e npaMO ynogo6naeTCH CMepTu: Edem B03 6e3 Konec, a dopo^a 6e3 necKy, a KHym 6e3 necKy, cudum no^oHxem, Ha cuepmb no^nxdaem; unu ^e: Edy, edy - cnedy Hemy, o^nmycx - cMepmu 6omcx; TeM 6onee cnegyro^aa: Edy, edy, hu nymu, hu cnedy, cuepmb nodo mhoü, Eo^ Hado mhoü20. TaK^e b cooTBeTCTByro^MX 6enopyccKMx: Edy-edy Ha cubum dedy, cyxonuHuü nb^umm, Ha cMepw nunudam [no^nxdam] = BogHaa n0BepxH0CTb21; Edy, edy Ha cmapuM d3edy, KieM nanixam, Ha cMepna^nxdam = HenH; Edy, edy - hí cnedy. nyMKam Maxam, Ha cMep^ na3ipam; Edy na paymd3i, ad cMep^ Ha mpu nxd3i i nad Ha^aMi He6a = nogKa; Bo3 6e3 Kanec, dapo^a 6e3 nxcKy, cbímhom na^ame, Ha cMep^ na^nxdae = nnbiTb Ha HenHe; Ha cyxiM edy, cyxiM na^aHxm, Ha cMep^ na^nxdam = nogKa, Becno22. B naTbimcKMx: Celš bez smilšu, zirgs bez kaju, apakša nave 'flopora 6e3 necKa, KOHb 6e3 Hor, BHU3y CMepTb' = nog-Ka Ha Boge; Krasla sed, nove veras 'B Kpecne cuguT, Ha CMepTb CMOTpuT'; Pats koka, koks roka, nave skatas 'CaM b gpeBe, b pyKe gpeBO, Ha CMepTb CMOTpuT' = HenoBeK b nogKe23. B nuTOBCKOM: Kumelé be klušiq, kelias be dulkiq, botagas be pavaros - mirtis ant nosies 'Ko6brna 6e3 na^eK, gopora 6e3 nanM, 6uh 6e3 nog6opbi - CMepTb Ha Hocy' = nnbiTb Ha nogKe24. M nogKa unu Kopa6nb, KaK cpegcTBO npeogoneHua «Mopa CMepTu» unu nepe-gBu^eHua no HeMy, 3gecb noaBnaeTca He cnynaMHO. TaK, b gpeBHeeruneTCKux «TeKCTax capKO^aroB» mh o6Hapy^MBaeM cnegyro-^ee o6pa^eHue k yconmeMy: «Th nepennbiBemb Ha gpyryro CTopoHy Ha nogKe u He 18 Krisjana Barona Dainu skapis // , N 30710-5; cm. J. Kursite. Latviesu folklora mitu spoguli. Riga, 1996, c. 57. 19 The Gnostic Bible / Edited by Willis Barnstone and Marvin Meyer. Boston & London, 2003, c. 559. 20 3aragKu / M3gaHue nogroTOBuna B. B. MuTpo^aHoBa. ^eHMHrpag, 1968, c. 134, N 4471, 4492; 3aragKu pyccKoro Hapoga: C6opHMK 3aragoK, BonpocoB, npuTH u 3agaq / CocTaBun fl. CagoBHMKoB. C.-neTep6ypr, 1876, c. 183, 185, N 1485, 1509. 21 npocToHapogHwe 3aragKM / Co6pan b Brne6cKoM ry6epHuu H.H. HuKu^opoBcKMM. BuTe6cK, 1898, c. 27, N 476 (3anucu H. H. HuKu^opoBcKoro Bbmo;raeHbi TorgamHMMu pyccKMMu nucMeHaMM m oT^MHaroTca ot no3®e npuHSToro 6enopyccKoro npaBonucaHua). 22 3aragKi: 2-e BwgaHHe, BwnpayneHae i ganpa^BaHae / CK^agHiKi: M. H. rpwH6naT, A. I. rypcKi. MiHcK, 2004, c. 265, 266, N 2868, 2870, 2875, 2878, 2879. 23 Latviesu tautas miklas. Izlase / Sastadijusi A. Ancelane. Riga, 1954, c. 170-171: N 1726, 1738, 1739. 24 „Menu mjsl^ keturgysl^": Lietuvi^ liaudies mjsles / Paruose K. Grigas. Vilnius, 1970, c. 139, N 953. o6epHembca, th nonnbiBemb no BonHaM n0T0Ka, u tboh ^M3Hb HaHHeTca cbi3HOBa»25. B CBoro oHepegb, Ha pocnucax boctohhom cTeHbi rpoÓHM^i TyTaHxaMOHa HaxoguTca u3o6pa^eHue nagbu, u TaK^e «cpegu Be^en, HangeHHbix b rpo6Hu^ TyTaHxaMOHa, mh BcTpeHaeM nagbu, Becna»26. B gpeBHeeruneTcKOM Mu^onoruu rpo6 c yno^eHHbiM b Hero OcupucoM nycKaeTCH bhu3 no TeHeHuro Huna27. «„.HogKa yMepmux" urpaeT 3HaHuTenb-Hyro ponb b Manafeuu u MHgoHe3uu, KaK b co6cTBeHHo maMaHCKux npaKTUKax, TaK u b norpe6anbHbix o6biHaax u nnaHax. Bce ^Tu BepoBaHua, KOHeHHo, CBH3aHH, c ogHon cTopoHbi, c o6biHaeM KnacTb tokomhukob b nogKu unu norpy^aTb ux b Mope, a c gpyron CTopoHbi, c norpe6anbHHMu Mu^onoruaMu»28. «B MHgoHe3uu maMaH conpoBo^gaeT yMepmero b noTycTopoHHun Mup u gna ^T0^0 ^KCTaTUHecK0^0 nyTemecTBua HacTo uc-nonb3yeT nogKy», b to BpeMH KaK «gaaKcKue nnaKanb^u^i BopHeo BbmonHaroT Ty ^e ponb, HaneBaH puTyanbHbie necHu, b KOTopbix ugeT peHb o nyTemecTBuu yMepmero b nogKe»29. y gaaKOB Hrag^y b M^hom BopHeo, cooTBeTcTBeHHo, «rpo6 uMeeT ^opMy nogKu»30. y nneMeHu Topag^a b ^HTpanbHOM CynaBecu «rpo6 Ha3biBanca nu6o 6aH-^Ka, nu6o bMyuy. BTopoe cnoBo o6o3HaHaeT nro6on noKpoB, Torga KaK nepBoe uMeno 3HaneHue „nogKa" [...]. Hto rpo6 gencTBuTenbHo Mbicnunca nogKon, HBcTByeT u3 Toro ^aKTa, hto ecnu KoMy-To bo cHe npuBugenca HenoBeK, ugy^un Ha Becnax, to cHuTanocb, hto ^pe6e^ BcKope yMpeT»31. no cnoBaM B.H. TonopoBa, <«tot Kpyr o6pa3oB cMepTu b nocnegHee BpeMH nonyHun nogTBep^geHue b cBugeTenbcTBax ^a^ueHTOB, nepe^uBmux KnuHunecKyro cMepTb. Bot ogHo u3 TaKux noKa3aHun: noTepana co3HaHue, nocne Hero ycnbimana HenpuaTHoe ^y^^aHue u 3boh. 3aTeM h noMHK), KaK oKa3anacb Ha ko-pa6ne unu b He6onbmon nogKe, nepennbiBmen Ha gpyron 6eper BogHoro npocTpaHcTBa, a Ha tom 6epery h Bugena Bcex, Koro h nro6una b ^TOM ^u3Hu..."»32. «AHanoruHHbie BepoBaHua u norpe6anbHbie npaKTuKu (nogKa yMepmux u T.n.) BcTpenaroTca y repMaH^B u y otoh^b»33. Cp. u3BecTHbie cKaHguHaBcKue 3axopoHeHua b nagbax BpeMeH BuKuHroB u paHee, noxopoHHbie nagbu b repMaHcKon Mu^onoruu (Ha-npuMep, noxopoHH Kopona b «BeoBynb^e», Banbgpa b <^ggax») u gp.34 CxogHbiM o6-pa3OM, a BepoHTHo u b HenocpegcTBeHHon cbh3u c ^TUM, no cnoBaM E.E. ^eBKueBcKOM, «Bepa b to, hto gyma no gopore Ha „tot" cBeT nepenpaBnaeTca Hepe3 BogHyro nperpagy, Hamna oTpa^eHue b gpeBHepyccKOM noxopoHHOM o6page: yMepmero Hecnu k MecTy norpe6eHua b nagbe»35. no Ha6nrogeHuro B.A. HucTHKOBa, «b KaneHgapHo-o6pagoBOM ^onbKnope coxpaHunucb u oTronocKu Bepbi b to, hto 3arpo6Hbin Mup HaxoguTca b hu-3OBbax peKu: HyHeno unu gpyron 3HaK c TeM ^e 3HaHeHueM 6pocanu b Bogy, uMuTupya npu ^TOM noxopoHH. OguH u3 nogo6Hbix o6pagoB - noxopoHH pycanKu - 3aKnK>Hanca b tom, hto Hapa^eHHyro b nnaTbe KyKny Knanu b rpo6, „noxopoHHaa" npo^ccua HanpaB- 25 M. ^.raage. CBs^eHHbie TeKCTbi HapogoB Mupa, c. 347. 26 M3. MaTbe. M3ÖpaHHbie TpygH no Mu^onoruu u ugeonoruu flpeBHero ErunTa. MocKBa, 1996, c. 51. 27 L. Spence. Myths and Legends of Egypt. London, (1915) 1998, c. 67-68. 28 M. ^.raage. fflaMaHM3M: Apxau^ecKue TexHMKM ^KCTa3a. KueB-MocKBa, 2000, c. 330. 29 TaM ®e, c. 332. 30 M. ^.raage. CBs^eHHbie TeKcTH HapogoB MMpa, c. 166. 31 TaM ®e, c. 339. 32 B. H. TonopoB. O «^0^TMMecK0M» KoMnneKce Mops m ero ncMxo^M3MonorM^ecKMX ocHoBax // Oh ®e. Mh^, puyan, cuMBon, oöpa3: MccnegoBaHua b oönacTu MM^o^o^TMMecKoro (M3ÖpaHHoe). MocKBa, 1995, c. 619. 33 M. ^.raage. fflaMaHM3M, c. 330. 34 H. R. E. Davidson. Gods and Myths of Northern Europe. London, 1990, c. 133-137. 35 E. E. geBKueBcKaa. Mh^h pyccKoro Hapoga. MocKBa, 2002, c. 172. nanacb k peKe, rge c pycanKOM npo^anucb u 6pocanu rpo6 b Bogy. TaK b KaneHgapHOM ^onbKnope OTpa3unca pacnpocTpaHeHHHM gpeBHecnaBHHCKMM o6braañ norpe6eHua unu co®«eHMS b nogKe [...]. BocnoMUHaHUH o6 ^TOM coxpaHunucb u b TonKOBaHuax cHa - nepeg noKOMHUKOM HKo6bi chmtch nogKa»36. Cp. cuHOHUMuro 'rpo6a' u 'nagbu' b cnoBax Konoda 'rpo6' u 'gon6neHHaa nogKa, (nonec.) dy6 'rpo6' u 'gon6neHHaa nogKa' u T.n.; A. O. ^ypaBneB nogMenaeT: «Ka»eTca, b ^TOM cbh3m go cux nop He o6pa^anu bhm-MaHua Ha ogHy b BHcrnew CTeneHu 3aMenaTenbHyro yKpauHcKyro (3anucaHHyro Ha yMaH-^uHe, TeppuTopua coBpeMeHHOM HepKaccKOM o6nacTu) napeMuonorunecKyro ^opMy-ny, KOTopaa cny»uT OTBeTOM »anyro^eMyca Ha to, hto oh He Bbicnanca: Bucnuccx b hobhí (a6o: b dy6i) 'Bbicnumbca b nenHe (unu: b nogKe-gon6neHKe)', to ecTb 'b rpo6y, Ha TOM cBeTe'»37. 3gecb TaK»e yMecTHO BcnoMHuTb o tom, hto cTapocnaB. KOBbHe^^¡ uMeno 3HaneHue 'rpo6' u Boo6^e 6bino 3auMcTBobaHO u3 boctohhhx h3hkob, cpegu KOTopbix qynHM.-TaTap. koyur 'rpo6',MOHron. qagurcaq '6obmoñ h^uk, rpo6' u gp.38 «He cKa3anocb nu onucHBaeMoe HBneHue, - 3agaeTca BonpocoM A. O. ^ypaBneB, - u b aHanorunecKOM Bbipa6oTKe MeTa^opunecKoro 3HaqeHUH 'cMepTb, KOHe^ y TropKU3Ma KamK 'nogKa, nen-hok' (u3 TaTap., Type^K., KpbiM.-TaTap. kajyk)?»39. B npyccuu o6Hapy»eHbi 3axopoHeHua Ha BbiMO^eHHbix KaMHeM nno^agKax, uMero^ux ^opMy Kopa6nH40. PeMUHuc^eH^uu norpe6anbHHX nogoK OTpa»aroTca b HapogHbix necHHX nuTOB^B u3 Manon ^utbh41, MO»eT 6biTb, u b HeKOTopbix nuTOBcKux nereHgax u npegaHuax42. B HeKOTopbix naramc-kux 3aragKax caMa nogKa ynogo6naeTcfl MepTBe^y: Nedzivs dzivu nes (vizina) 'MepTBbin »uBoro HeceT (bo3ut)'; Dzivs zalu kroni nes, nomiris - dzivas dveseles 'Bygynu *mbhm hocut 3eneHyro KopoHy, yMepmu - »mbhx gym' = nenoBeK b nogKe43. Cp. Bbme 3aragKu o nogKe Ha Boge = cMepTu. B ^TOM OTHomeHuu cnegyeT o6paTuTb BHuMaHue Ha TaKue cnoBa cooTBeTcTBy-ro^ux h3hkob, KaK nTm. nave (b HacTHocTu, b Tex »e 3aragKax), nuT. nové 'cMepTb', npyccK. nowis 'Tpyn', gp.-pyc. HaBb, roT. naus 'Teno MepTBe^' u gp. C ogHon cTopoHbi, pacnpocTpaHeHue gaHHbix cnoB «orpaHuneHO 6anTO-cnaBHHO-repMaHcKUM apeanoM, HTO HBcTBeHHO yKa3biBaeT Ha o6^HocTb npegcraBneHuñ o cMepTu u cooTBeTcTByro^ux o6pagoB y ^Tux uMeHHO rpynn uHgoeBponeñ^B», «ho BMecTe c TeM - cornacHO Bhh. Bc. MBaHOBy, - u3Becrabie gaHHbie o ponu nogKu unu Kopa6na b norpe6anbHOM o6page y Tex »e nneMeH genaroT BecbMa BepoaTHbiM conocTaBneHue c o6^euHgoeBponeñcKUM Ha3BaHueM 'cygHa, 3Byna^uM npaKTunecKu TaK »e [cp. naT. navis, gp.-rp. vava u gp.]. Ecnu ^Ta runoTe3a BepHa, to npeBpa^eHue 'cygHa, Kopa6na, nogKu' *nau- b oguH u3 Ba»Henmux ^neMeHTOB norpe6anbHoro o6paga Morno 6h cHUTaTbca cy^ecTBeHHbiM ^THonuH^BuCTUHecKUM npu3HaKOM Bcero 6anTO-cnaBHHO-repMaHcKoro apeana»44. 36 B. A. Hmcthkob. npegcTaBneHMH o gopore b 3arpo6HbiM Mup b pyccKux noxopoHHbix npuMMTaHuax IX-XX bb. // 06pagbi m o6pagoBbiM ^onbKnop. MocKBa, 1982, c. 122. 37 A. O. ^ypaBneB. h3hk m mm^, c. 290. 38 A. O. ^ypaBneB. H3hk m mm^, c. 291; cm. M. OacMep. ^TMMono^MMecKMM cnoBapb pyccKoro H3bKa, II. CaHKT-neTep6ypr, 1996, c. 272. 39 A. O. ^ypaBneB. h3hk m mm^, c. 288. 40 V. Siménas. Archeologini^ tyrinéjim^ Prüsijoje istorija // Uimirstieji prüsai: Archeologija, istorija, padavimai ir turistiniai marsrutai. Vilnius, 1999, p. 45. 41 R. Balsys. Maiosios Lietuvos ¿vej^ dainos. Klaipéda, 2003, p. 157-158. 42 J. Balys. Rastai, IV. Vilnius, 2003, c. 94, 116-117: N» 61-65. 43 Latviesu tautas miklas, c. 171: » 1740, 1741. 44 Bot. Bc. MBaHOB. gMHrBMcTMMecKMe MaTepuanbi k peKOHCTpyK^MM norpe6anbHwx tckctob b 6anTMMc-KOM TpagM^MM // BanTO-cnaBHHcKue uccnegoBaHMH 1985. MocKBa, 1987, c. 9; cm. T. B. raMKpenug3e, Bhm. CoraacHo Mupna ^^Hage, «puTyanbHaa nogKa, Ha KoTopyro cKnagbrnanu Tpynbi, 6brna npoTOTunoM Bcex nponux nogoK. ^T0 oneHb Ba®Hoe 3aMenaHue, m6o oho n0M0-raeT nynme npegcraBuTb ce6e 3apo®geHue HenoBenecKoro MacTepcTBa. To, hto Ha3biBa-eTCH „noKopeHue npupogbi HenoBeKoM", 6bmo He cronbKo pe3ynbraToM HenocpegcTBeH- HHX HayHHblX oTKpHTMM, CKoHbKo nnogoM pa3HuHHbIX „CHTya^HM", B KoTopbx HenoBeK oKa3HBancH b ^T0M Mupe, CHTya^HM, onpegenaeMbix guaneKTuKoñ uepo^aHuñ»45. B ^TOM oTHomeHuu TaK®e mo®ho yKa3aTb Ha noBceMecTHo H3BecTHbM MH^onorunecKUM mothb gepeBHHHoM Kop3HHb, H^HKa uhu 6ohku, 3aKnroneHHHM b KoTopyro repon (uhu 6ygy^uñ repon) nycKaeTCH b Mope uhu no TeneHuro peKH - cp. y®e oTMeneHHbiM Bbime rpo6 Ocupuca. * Ho o6pa3 nogKu b Bogax cMepTu, pa3yMeeTcH, He ABnaeTcH nepBuHHbiM. McTopu-necKu 6onee paHHuM npegcTaBneHueM cMepTu 6brna nacTb, raoTKa qygoBu^a, b nepByro onepegb - BogHoro qygoBu^a, b HacTHocru, 6onbmoñ pbi6bi. no cnoBaM B. nponna, «cMepTb-no®upaTenbHu^ gpeBHee gpyrux BugoB cMepTu», ^0^T0My «6biTb nporaoneH-HbM 6bmo nepBHM ycnoBueM npuo6^eHufl k uHoMy ^pcTBy», a «Bxog b ^pcTBo ugeT nepe3 nacTb ^ubothhx»46. 3gecb yMecTHo HanoMHuTb, hto gpeBHerpenecKoe chobo %áoq 'xaoc' - ogHoro KopHH c xpioxu> '3eBaTb, 3uHTb, pacKpHBaTb poT' u ganee c pyccKuMu 3uxmb,paseeamb, hutobckumu zióti(s) 'pa3eBaTb, pacKpHBaTb poT, ziótys 'nacTb; ropno-BuHa' u BocxoguT k u.-e. KopHro *ghe- / *ghs- co 3HaneHueM 'pa3eBaTb poT, 3eBaTb, 3uHTb', k KoTopoMy TaK®e BocxoguT gpeBHeucnaHgcKoe Ha3BaHue nepBuHHoñ 6e3gHH xaoca Ginnunga gap47. no cnoBaM A. ^oceBa, «xaoc mOToMy o3HanaeT npe®ge Bcero '3eB, '3eBaHue', '3uHHue'», «oh - MupoBoe lygoBuqe,cy^HocTb KoToporo ecTb nycToTa u huhto»48. noHHTue o6 Auge KaK o nygoBu^e, norao^aro^eM yMepmux, He 6hho ny®go u xpucTuaHcKoM mhchu, HanpuMep, b ogHoM u3 cpegHeBeKoBbix u3o6pa®eHuM «Xpuc-toc ctout y otkphtom nacTu orpoMHoro pbi6onogo6Horo nygoBu^a, u3 KoToporo BHxogHT nepBbie npegcTaBuTenu nenoBenecTBa - AgaM u EBa»49. npeucnogHroro b Bc. MBaHoB. MHgoeBponeficKMM s3biK m MHgoeBpone^bi: PeKoHcTpy^us u McTOpMKo-TMnonorMMecKMM aHanu3 npas3biKa u npoToKynbTypbi. M3gaTenbcTBo TöunuccKoro yHMBepcuTeTa, 1984, c. 825; O.H. Tpy-öa^eB. ^THO^eHe3 u KynbTypa gpeBHefimux cnaBSH, 190-191; A. O. ®ypaBneB. H3biK u mh^, c. 288; cp. H.A. KpuHMMHas. PyccKas HapogHas MM^onoru^ecKas npo3a: Mctokm m nonuceMaHTM3M 0Öpa30B, I: Bbi-nuMKM, öwBanb^uHw, nereHgw, noBepbs o gyxax-«xo3seBax». CaHKT-neTepöypr, 2001, c. 421. 45 M. ^nMage. O^epKM cpaBHMTenbHoro penuruoBegeHMs. MocKBa,1999, c. 148. 46 B. H. nponn. CoöpaHue TpygoB: Mop^onorus (BonmeÖHofi) cKa3KM [C. 5-111]; McTopu^ecKue KopHM Bon-meÖHOM cKa3Ku [C. 112-436]. MocKBa, 1998, c. 332, 345, 367. 47 Cm.: T. B. TonopoBa. CeMaHTMMecKas cTpyKTypa gpeBHerepMaHcKofi Mogenu Mupa. MocKBa, 1994, c. 42; M. OacMep. ^TMMono^MMecKMM cnoBapb pyccKoro s3WKa, II, c. 98; n. H. HepHwx. McTopMKO-^TMMono^M-MecKMM cnoBapb coBpeMeHHoro pyccKoro s3WKa, I. MocKBa, 1999, c. 325; E. Fraenkel. Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg, Göttingen, 1962-1965, c. 1312-1313; J. de Vries. Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Leiden, 1962, c. 156, 167; a TaK^e J. Pokorny. Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, I. Bern-München, 1959, c. 418-422, 449 u gp. fflupe oö ^TOM BecbMa pacnpocTpaHeHHoM u pa3BMToM npeg-cTaBneHuu cm.: A. O. ^ypaBneB. H3wk m mm^, c. 386-388; fl. Pa3aycKac. CuMBonuKa pwöw, cBS3aHHas c hh»hhm MupoM u cMepTbro, b 6anTo-cnaBSHcKoM TpagM^MM // BanTo-cnaBSHcKue uccnegoBaHus XVII. MocKBa, 2006, c. 332-344. 48 Mu^bi HapogoB Mupa: ^H^MKno^egMs b gByx ToMax, II. MocKBa, 1982, c. 579, 581. 49 ^. B. Tafinop. nepBoöwTHas KynbTypa. MocKBa, 1989, c. 163. Buge 6onbmon pbi6bi, pa3Bep3HyBmen rnoTKy, mh HaxoguM u b ucKyccTBe, b nacraocTu, b KapTUHe ^nb TpeKO «Coh ^ununna II» (cm. MHM II, 43) u gp. 3gecb mo®ho BcnoMHUTb cnoBa EBaHrenua ot MaT^ea 12.40, rge npe6biBaHuro Mohh bo npeBe 6onbmon pbi6bi ynogo6naeTca rpo6Hu^ Mucyca XpucTa: «M6o, KaK 6bm MoHa bo npeBe KuTa Tpu gHa u Tpu hohu, TaK 6ygeT Chh HenoBenecKuM b cepg^ 3eMnu Tpu gHa u Tpu hohu». TaKuM o6pa3oM, rpo6Hu^ Mucyca XpucTa - a BMecTe c TeM u Morunbi Bcex yconmux go u nocne Hero, KoTopbix Oh Cboum BocKpeceHueM cnac u3 nacTu BeHHon noru6enu, - npupaBHuBaroTca k npeBy «6onbmon pbi6bi», npegcTaB-naro^en co6on cMepTb. M conocraBneHue ^T0 TaK®e ganeKo He cnynaMHo. HangeHHbiM b nunpaxBe KaMeHHbin cocyg c ocTaHKaMu rayTaMbi Byggbi To®e, KcTaTu, uMeeT ^opMy pbi6bi50. no cnoBaM nponna, «rpo6, ^T0, KoHeHHo, no3gHenmee aBneHue. Ho bo3huk-HoBeHue u ^Bonro^ua rpo6a Boo6^e MoryT 6biTb npocne®eHbi. npegmecTBeHHuKaMu rpo6a aBnaroTca gepeBaHHbie xpaHunu^a ®ubothom ^opMbi. TaKue xpaHunu^a 3a-cBugeTenbcTBoBaHH bo MHorux MecTax. fflyp^ HanpuMep, coo6^aeT o goMax c gepe-BaHHbiMu u3o6pa®eHuaMu a k y n, BHyTpu KoTopbix xpaHunucb Tpynbi Bo®gen. ^T0 - gpeBHenmaa ^opMa rpo6a. TaKaa ^opMa, b cBoro onepegb, 0Tpa®aeT 6onee paHHue npegcTaBneHua o npeBpa^eHuu nenoBeKa npu cMepTu b ®uB0TH0e unu o ctegeHuu ero ®ubothhm. B ganbHenmeM rpo6 TepaeT cbou ®uB0THbie aTpu6yTbi. TaK, b eruneTcKon „KHure MepTBbix" mo®ho BugeTb u3o6pa®eHua capKo^aroB unu nocTaMeHToB, Ha ko-Topbix ne®uT MyMua. Ohu uMeroT ho®ku ®ubothoto u ronoBy u xboct ®ubothoto. B ganbHenmeM ®uB0THbie aTpu6yra coBceM oTnagaroT, u rpo6 npuHuMaeT u3BecTHbie HaM ^opMbi»51. TeM 6onee hto capKo^ar, gp.-rp. oapxo-fáyoq, 6yKBanbHo 03HanaeT 'no-®upaTenb nnoTu, nnoTo-agHbin' u HenocpegcTBeHHo yKa3biBaeT Ha conocTaBneHue rpo-6a, MorunH c nygoBu^eM, npornoTuBmuM nnoTb yMepmero. ^0^T0My gencTBuTenbHo, no cnoBaM fl®. ^Mn6enna, «capKo^ar unu rpo6 aBnaroTca Bapua^uaMu npeBa KuTa»52. Oco3HaHue ^T0^0, HaKoHe^ coBepmeHHo neTKo 0Tpa®aroT pyccKue 3aragKu c oTBeToM «MoHa»: rpoó nnuBem, b HeM MepmBe^ noem; rpoó xodxrne, b HeM MepmBe^ nonme; nnuBem ^po6 no Mopm, a b HeM MepmBe^ UMe xepyBUMU noems3; rpoó nnuBem, a MepmBe^ noem; rpoó muboü u MepmBe^ muboü, ^po6 nnuBem, a MepmBe^ noem; Eun HenoBeK mu-boü nonoMeH b MUBym Mo^uny, Mo^una c hum mpu dm xobuna54. no cnoBaM roHra, «„3HaMeHue Mohh npopoKa" BocxoguT k 6onee gpeBHen Tpa-gu^uu, n0BecTB0BaBmen o repounecKoM hohhom nyTemecTBuu u no6ege Hag cMepTbro, Korga repon 0Ka3biBanca npornoneH pbi6on („KuT0M-gpaK0H0M"), a 3aTeM B03p0®gan-ca. MMa cnacuTena Memya, Meromya ['^xBe ecTb cnaceHue'] (rpen. Mucyc) cBa3aH0 c pbi6on: Memya - chh HyHa, a HyH 03HanaeT 'pbi6a'»55. yKa3aHHbiñ roHroM apxauHHHn Mu^onorunecKuñ motub u3BecreH noBceMecTHo. HanpuMep, b pyccKon cKa30HH0n Tpagu^uu oh 6bm paccMoTpeH y®e A. H. A^aHacbe-bhm. npuBegeM ero KopoTKun nepecKa3: «Bbin y My®uKa (noBecTByeT pyccKaa cKa3Ka) ManbHuK-ceMuneToK - TaKon cunan, KaKoro Hurge He BugaHo u He cnbixaHo! nocnan ero 0Te^ gpoBa py6uTb; oh noBanun ^nbie gepeBba, B3an ux cnoBHo Ba3aHKy gpoB u noHec 50 R. G. Chandra. Indian Symbolism: Symbols as Sources of Our Customs and Beliefs. New Delhi, 1996, c. 73. 51 B. fl. nponn. CoôpaHMe TpygoB, c. 218. 52 fl®. foMn6e.ra. repoM c Twcaqbro .ra^MM. KueB, 1997, c. 302. 53 3aragKM pyccKoro Hapoga, c. 271, Ne 2194. 54 3aragKM, c. 153, N 5162-5164. 55 K.r. roHr. Aion: Mcc.egoBaHMe ^eHoMeHo.orMM caMocTM. MocKBa-KueB, 1997, c. 128. goMoß. Gran Hepe3 moct nepenpaBnaTbca, yBugana ero MopcKaa pbióa-KMT (no gpyro-My cnucKy: pbi6a-^yKa), pa3UHyna nacTb u crnoTHyna Mónog^ co BceM KaK ecTb - u c TonopoM, u c gepeBbaMu. ManbHUK u TaM He yHHBaeT, B3an Tonop, Hapy6un gpoB, go-cTan u3 KapMaHa KpeMeHb u orHuBo, BbiceK orHa u 3a®er KocTep. HeBMoroTy npumnocb pbióe: ®®eT u nanuT eß Hyrpo cTpamHbiM nnaMeHeM! Grana oHa 6eraTb no cuHro Mopro, bo Bce cTopoHH TaK u KugaeTca, u3 nacTu gHM cTon6oM - tohho u3 nenu BanuT; nogHa-nucb Ha Mope BbicoKue BonHH u MHoro noTonunu Kopa6neß u 6apoK, MHoro noTonunu ToBapoB u rpemHoro nrogy ToproBoro; HaK0He^ npbirayna Ta pbi6a bhcoko u ganeKo, nana Ha MopcKoM 6eper ga TyT u u3goxna. HeTBepo cyToK pa6oTan ManbHUK TonopoM, noKa npopy6un y Heß b 6oKy oTBepcTue u Bbine3 Ha BonbHHM 6enHM CBeT»56. M3BecTeH ^TOT motub u b naTbimcKoñ (Kursite, 364) u hutobckom Tpagu^uax. Cp naTbimcKyro 6h-nuHKy: Reiz jürä redzeta tik liela zivs, ka bedas... Veläk zivs, prom iedama, ierijusi zvejnieku ar visu laivu. Zvejnieks citädi gan palicis vesels; tikai zivs vederä bijis nejauki tumss un est art gribejies. Te atminejies, ka laivä malka ltdz un kabatä skiltavas. Iesktlis uguni, saküris un nu tikai griezis zivs treknumus un cepis un noedies labi. Zivs täpat büs mantjusi säpes, tadel izsplävusi so ar visu laivu atkal dienas gaismä 'OgHa^gbi b Mope noKa3anacb TaKaa 6onbmaa pbi6a, hto CTpamHo... noToM pbi6a, yxoga npoHb, npornoTuna pbi6aKa BMecTe c nogKoß. Pbi6aK TeM He MeHee ocranca ®mb, TonbKo bo HpeBe y pbi6bi 6bino oTBpaTu-TenbHo TeMHo u xoTenocb ecTb. TyT oh BcnoMHun npo gpoBa b nogKe u orHuBo b Kap-MaHe. BbceK oroHb, 3a®er u cTan oTpe3aTb pu6uß ®up u ®apuTb, u Haenca gocbiTa. Ho pbi6a TaK®e n0HyBcTB0Bana 6onb, mOT0My BHnnroHyna ero BMecTe c nogKoß b gHeBHoß cBeT'57. npu ^T0M nuToBcKaa cKa3Ka c cooTBeTcTByro^uM motubom o6Hapy®uBaeT npa-MHe yKa3aHua Ha uHu^ua^uro u nonyneHue HygecHbix 3HaHuß. repoß cKa3Ku no Ha-cTaBneHuro o^a Ka^gbiß geHb Kpomun b Mope xne6, ho co BpeMeHeM ycTan u cTan 6po-caTb y®e TonbKo HecKonbKo KpomeK: Uzpyko uz tai didzuvé, émé vienq syk¡ irprarijo j¡ ir nunesé zuvy. karaliui. - Uz kq gi tu j¡ prarijai? - klausé zuvy. karalius. - Jis tau gera daré, o tu jam piktu atsimokéjai! Taip negalima daryti. Ismokink tq zmogy ir paleisk. Karaliaus reikia klausyti: paémé didzuvé tq zmog^ pas save, ismokino j¡ paukscty ir gyvulty kalbos, o paskui isnesé ir isspjové ant kranto. 'Pa3rHeBanacb 3a ^T0 6onbmaa pbi6uHa, B3ana, ga u npornoTuna ero u oTHecna k pbi6HoMy Koponro. - 3a hto ®e th ero npornoTuna? - cnpocun ph6hhM Koponb. - Oh Te6e go6po genan, a th eMy 3noM oTnnaTuna! TaK Henb3a genaTb. H a y h u ^T0^0 HenoBeKa u ot-nycTu. Kopona Hago6Ho cnymaTbca: B3ana pbi6uHa Toro HenoBeKa k ce6e, Haynuna ero nTuHbeMy u 3BepuH0My a3HKy, a noToM Bbrnecna u BHnnroHyna Ha 6eper'58. 56 A. H. A^aHacbeB. noaTMHecKMe B033peHua cnaBaH Ha npupogy: OnHT cpaBHMTenbHoro M3yHeHua cnaBaH-ckmx npegaHMM m BepoBaHMM b cBa3M c mm^mhcckmmm cKa3aHMaMM gpyrux pogcTBeHHHX HapogoB, t. II. MocKBa, 1995, c. 79. 57 ^t. no: . 58 Lietuvi^ tautosaka, III: Pasakos / Paruosé L. Sauka, A. Seselskyté. Vilnius, 1965, c. 563, Ns 198; cp. Lietuviskos pasakos jvairios / Surinko Jonas Basanavicius, IV. Vilnius, 1998, c. 495, N 232. B «KaneBane» (XVII.617-620) BHMHHMeMHeH, Bbißga M3 HpeBa npornoTuBmero ero BenuKaHa BunyHeHa, To^e npu3HaeTcH: «CTa cnoBaM a HayHunca, / TbicaHy y3Han 3aKnHTMM, / Bbrnec cKpbTbe 3aKnHTbH / M cnoBa M3 TaMHoß rny6u»59. fleöcTBMTenbHo, KaK nogHepKHyn M. ^nMage, «b HeKoTopbix peruoHax o6pagbi MHM^Ma^MM npu HacTynneHMM nonoBoß 3penocTM BKnroHaroT Bxo^geHue b ^urypy, Ha-noMMHaro^yro BogHoe ^MBoTHoe (KpoKoguna, KMTa unu 6 o n b m y ro p h 6 y)»60. Ha-npuMep, no cnoBaM P. napKMHcoHa, «b KynbTe KBaT Ha ocTpoBe BaHKa Ha yeguHeHHoM MecTe genaeTca cBoero poga 3aroH (enclosure) nocpegcTBoM 3a6opa M3 TpocTHMKa, gBa koh^ KoToporo HaBucaroT u o6pa3yroT Bxog. ^T0 Ha3biBaeTca nacTbro aKynbi»61. «Boac b cBoeß KHure o c0^ManbH0M op^aHM3a^MM nneMeHu KBaKuyTn[b] noKa3an, KaKoe 6onb-moe pacnpocTpaHeHue uMeeT pbi6a b KaHecTBe ToTeMHoro äubothoto; ^acagbi MHorux goMoB pacnucaHH orpoMHHMu pbi6aMu, TaK hto BcTynaro^uß b goM KaK 6h BcTynaeT b pbi6y»62. Cp. nuToBcKyro 3aragKy, b KoTopoß pbi6a ynogo6naeTcfl goMy: Maža maža kletele, skatikeliais dengta 'ManroceHbKaa KneTb, geHb^aTaMu noKpbiTa'63; TaK^e naram-cKue: Dzivai majinai sidraba jumtinš 'Y äubom u36ymKu cepe6pflHaa KpHma'; Maza majina ar sudraba sienam 'ManeHbKaa u36ymKa c cepe6pHHbiMu cTeHaMu' = pbi6a64. B ^noHuu bo BpeMH «npa3gHuKa ManbHuKoB» (HeKoe nogo6ue o6paga MHM^Ma^MM), koto-pHM oTMeHanca naToro gHH naToß nyHH, a HHHe - npocTo 5-ro Maa, «gna gocru^eHua ycnexoB b äu3hu ManbHuK gon^eH 6bin npegBapuTenbHo npone3Tb cKBo3b MaTepHaToro Kapna»65. TaK^e «cHuTaeTca, hto maMaHH ^annaHguu bo BpeMa cboux TpaHcoB BxogaT b KumeHHuK 6onbmoß pbi6bi unu KuTa»; HaKoHe^ «He Mo^eT 6biTb HuKaKoro coMHe-Hua, hto p h 6 a, KoTopaa npornaTHBaeT MoHy u gpyrux Mu^unecKux repoeB, cumbo-nu3upyeT cMepTb; ee 6proxo npegcTaBnaeT npeucnogHroro. B cpegHeBeKoBHx npegcTaB-neHuax npeucnogHHH HacTo pucoBanacb KaK orpoMHoe MopcKoe HygoBu^e, KoTopoe, BepoHTHo, uMeno cboum npoToTunoM 6u6neßcKoro ^eBua^aHa. n^ToMy 6biTb npo-rnoHeHHHM um paBHo3HaHHo cMepTu, cnycKy b npeucnogHroro - nepe^uBaHuro, KoTopoe hbho nogpa3yMeBaeTca BceMu npuMuTuBrniMu o6pagaMu MHM^Ma^MM»66. TaKuM o6pa3oM, «oüht Bxo^geHua b HpeBo KuTa unu 6onbmoß pbi6bi, KaK b ucTopuu Mohh, cpogHu TeM penuruo3HHM npegcTaBneHuaM, KoTopbie cTanu ochobom gna Mucrepuß MHM^Ma^MM u puTyanoB cMepTu u Bo3po^geHua Hepe3 BHoBb o6peTeHHyro MygpocTb. BapuaHTH gaHHoro cuMBona nepexoga o6Hapy^uBaroTca noBceMecTHo, ot o6pagoB MHM^Ma^MM b OKeaHuu, 3anagHoß A^puKu, ^annaHguu u ^uHnaHguu go ceBepoaMe-puKaHcKoro uHgeßcKoro cKa3aHua o ruaBaTe, npornoHeHHoM ^peM Ph6»67. 59 KaneBana / nepeBog g.n. Be.bcKoro. neTpo3aBogcK, 1985, c. 150. 60 M. ^¡mage. Ma^a, cHoBugeHua, MucTepuu. MocKBa, KueB, 1996, c. 256. 61 B. 3. nponn. Co6paHue TpygoB, c. 157, cm. 308-309. 62 B. 3. nponn. Oo.bK.op u geMcTBMTe.bHocTb: M36paHHbie cTaTbu. MocKBa, 1976, c. 228. ^.biM pag npuMe-poB cTpoeHMM MHM^Ma^MOHHo^o Ha3Ha^eHua b ^opMe MM^M^ecKoro qygoBM^a npuBoguT, HanpuMep, fl®. fl®. Op^3ep. 3o.oTaa BeTBb. MocKBa, 1998, c. 725-728. 63 Lietuvi^ folkloro chrestomatija / Parenge Bronislava Kerbelyte, Brone Stundiiene. Vilnius, 1996, c. 161, Ns 319; Lietuvi^ tautosaka, V: Smulkioji tautosaka, iaidimai ir sokiai / Paruose K. Grigas. Vilnius, 1968, c. 528, N 6181. 64 Latviesu tautas miklas, c. 320, N 3715, 3716. 65 A. H. Me^epaKoB. KHura anoHcKux cmmbo.ob. MocKBa, 2004, c. 170. 66 M. ^¡mage. mm^m, cHoBugeHua, MucTepuu, c. 259-260. 67 The Encyclopedia of Religion / Editor in chief Mircea Eliade, V. New York, 1993, c. 347. * HaM b gaHHOM cnyHae cy^ecTBeHHo to, hto, no cnoBaM B. nponna, «motmb nepe-Hoca b nogKe unu 6oHKe npou3omen ot MOTMBa nepeHoca b pbi6e. B aMepuKaHcKMx cKa-3aHuax BHoma nepeHocuTca b HpeBe pbi6bi, KOTopaa ero npornoTuna. Oh ce6a Bbipe3a-eT. nepexog ot pbi6bi k nogKe u 6oHKe, ot Bbipe3aHua M3 pbi6bi k Bbi6MBaHMK> gHa 6ohkm Mo^eT 6biTb noKa3aH Ha MaTepuane oHeHb tohho. HaM Ba^Ho oTMeTUTb 3gecb numb to, hto b McTopMHecKoft nepcneKTUBe ^TOT motmb BocxoguT k norno^eHuro pbi6oft»68. «BepoaTHo croga BocxoguT u Hom, TaK^e Bxoga^uft b 6onbmyro nogKy, unu KOBHer, 3aKpHBaro^UM ce6a b HeM u Bbixoga^uft U3 Hero pogoHaHanbHMKOM nrogeft», HaKOHe^ «c ^TOM tohkm 3peHua UHTepecHo nepecMoTpeTb npe6biBaHue b nnaBaro^eft Kop3UHe Moucea (kotophm 3aTeM craHOBMTca Bo^geM u cnacuTeneM cBoero Hapoga)»69. K TaKo-My ^e 3aKnroHeHMK> npuxoguT PeHe Rhoh: «Ecnu mm Tenepb cpaBHUM c ^TMM ucropuro mohh, yBuguM, hto kmt, BMecTo Toro, hto6h npocTo BecTU KOBHer, Ha caMoM gene c ^TMM KOBHeroM oTo^gecTBnaeTca. fleftcTBMTenbHo, MoHa HaxoguTca b Tene KUTa TaK ^e, KaK... Hom - b KoBHere»70. HaKOHe^ UMeroTca gaHHbie o tom, hto nogKa unu Kopa6nb b MM^onoruHecKOM co3HaHMM Boo6^e M3HaHanbHo BocnpuHMManucb b KaHecTBe BogaHoro HygoBM^a, b HacTHocTM MMeHHo «6onbmoft pbi6bi». B ^TOM oTHomeHMM, HanpuMep, oHeHb noKa3a-TenbHM npegcTaBneHua o6 MHM^Ma^MM MacTepa no M3roTOBneHuro nogoK nneMeHM Bap-pay ycTba Opmhoko. Bo BpeMa MHM^Ma^MM roHomy npornaTbiBaeT u BHOBb M3BepraeT HygoBM^e, a «b ^TO BpeMa oh o^ynbiBaeT 6oKa HygoBM^a u TeM caMbiM nonyHaeT npeg-cTaBneHue, KaKOBbi gon^Hbi 6biTb pa3Mepbi u ^po^op^MM nogoK, KOTopbie oh 6ygeT genaTb»71. Ha yHMBepcanbHocTb TaKMx apxauHHbix npegcTaBneHMM yKa3biBaeT u XVII pyHa «KaneBanbi», b kotopom BaMHaMeMHeH, 6ygyHM «b yTpo6e» BenuKaHa BunyHeHa, y3HaeT ot Hero «Tpu cnoBa» 3aKnuHaHua, Heo6xoguMbix gna M3roTOBneHua nogKM72. YKa3aHua Ha MMeBmee MecTo oTo^gecreneHue nogKM unu Kopa6na c «6onbmoft pbi6oft» MMeroTca u b naTMHcKOM a3biKe: Hapagy c piscis 'pbi6a' cp. pistris,pistrix 'MopcKoe Hygo-BM^e (kmt, aKyna)', ho b to ^e BpeMa u 'He6onbmoe 6bicrpoxogHoe BoeHHoe cygHo'73. npuTOM u b aHTMHHOM u xpucTuaHcKOM cuMBonu3Me Kopa6nb MHorga oTo^gecTBnaeTa c pbi6oft.74 3oguaKanbHOMy 3HaKy Pbi6 b eBponeftcKoft TpagM^MM, b cBoro oHepegb, co-oTBeTcTByeT Kopa6nb «Apro», b eBpeftcKoft - Kopa6nb75. O tom ^e, b KOHeHHOM cHeTe, cBugeTenbcTByeT u pyccKaa 3aragKa, b kotopom Kopa6nb unu nogKa HenocpegcTBeHHo 68 B. H. nponn. OonbKnop u geMcTBUTenbHocTb, c. 275; cm. B. H. nponn. Co6paHue TpygoB, c. 324-325. 69 B. H. nponn. Co6paHue TpygoB, c. 326. 70 R. Guenon. Fundamental Symbols: The Universal Language of Sacred Science. Oxford and Northampton, 1995, c. 110. 71 ro. E. Eepe3KMH. Mm^h ro^HoaMepuKaHcKMx MHgeM^B Ha cro®eT o6paga MHM^Ma^MM // OonbKnop u st-Horpa^ua: y STHorpa^MHecKMx mctokob ^onbKnopHbix cro®eTOB u o6pa3OB / nog pega^ueM E.H. nyTM-noBa. geHMHrpag, 1984, c. 14. 72 KaneBana, c. 143-151. 73 gaTMHo-pyccKMM cnoBapb / CocTaBunu M. X. flBope^KMM u fl.H. KoponbKOB. MocKBa, 1949, c. 672. 74 C. G. Jung, C. Kerenyi. Essays on a Science of Mythology: The Myth of the Divine Child and the Mysteries of Eleusis. Princeton University Press, 1973, c. 46, 51. flononHMTenbHo no aTOMy noBogy cp., c ogHoM cTopo-hh, «AMTapea 6paxMaHy» III.2.29: «^epTBa - sto 6bicTpaa p h 6 a, nponnbiBaro^aa mmmo», a c gpyroM, «fflaTanaTxa 6paxMaHy» IV.2.5.10: «^epTBa, bo BceM cBoeM eguHcTBe, - sto k o p a 6 n b, Hecy^uM Te6a b He6o» ^mt. no: M. ^nMage. fflaMaHM3M, c. 369). 75 Cm. Ta6nu^i b: B.H. TonopoB. Meca^i // Mm^h HapogoB Mupa, II, c. 143, 145. ynogo6naroTca pbi6e: Pu6uHa-6enyMUHa Bce 6epe^a OKpyMuna, 3UMa npurnna - OHa b ^opy nornna = Kopa6nb unu nogKa76. TaK^e naramcKaa 3aragKa: Lidaka upe, zarnas meža '^yKa b peKe, noTpaxa b necy' = nogKa b peKe77. TaKUM 06pa30M, pbi6a, TOHHee - Mu(onoruHecKaa «6onbmaa pbi6a» Mo^eT chu-TaTbca np006pa30M nogKU unu Kopa6na, Heo6xoguMbie gna nocrpoeHua KOToporo 3HaHua, a Mo^eT 6biTb, u caMa ugea ero BnepBbie, BnonHe BepoaTHo, 6binu nonyneHbi HenoBeKOM bo BpeMa apxauHecKoñ UHU^ua^uu, cocroaBmeñ bo Bxo^geHUu b HpeBo ^Toñ «6onbmoñ pbi6bi», 6ygyHU npornoHeHHbiM ero, u ycnemHOM Bbixoge oTTyga, cum-BonuHecKU npeogoneB cMepTb. KcTaTU, 3acny^UBaeT BHUMaHua b gaHHOM KOHTeKcTe ^TUMono^ua caMoro pyc-cKoro cnoBa KOpa6nb, BbicKa3aHHaa B. ^. OpnoM, HanpaMyro cBa3aBmuM ^T0 cnoBo c HemcK. guan. koräb 'nomaguHbiñ cKeneT, octob', HU^Heny^. kórabja, kórabje 'cKeneT' Ha ocHOBaHUu npegnono^eHua o tom, hto Kopa6nb U3HananbH0 6bin «(KpynHoñ) mnaHro-yTHoñ KOHcTpy^ueñ» b oTnuHue ot MenKUx cyg0B-0gH0gpeB0K78. Cp. Bbime 6ygy^ero MacTepa no U3r0T0BneHuro nogoK nneMeHU Bappay ycTba OpuHOKo, bo BpeMa UHU^ua-^uu o^ynHBaBmero U3HyTpu 6oKa npornoTUBmero ero HygoBU^a. 76 3aragKU pyccKoro Hapoga, c. 186, N 1519; 3aragKU, c. 134, N 4485. 77 Latviešu tautas miklas, c. 170: N1723a. 78 A. O. ^ypaBneB. fl3biK m mu(, c. 293, c yKa3aHueM Ha pyKonucb. The Fish as a Mythological Prototype of the Boat Dainius Razauskas There is a well known idea in very many (perhaps all) mythological traditions that some kind of water body lies between this and the other world. The deceased must cross it to get to the land of the dead. Sometimes the land of the dead is placed in the very depths of this water body. On these grounds, it was suggested by V. Kazanskiené that the Indo-European roots designating 'sea' and 'death' respectively (cf. Lat. mare and mors etc.) might be connected even etymologically. Sometimes the deceased float to the sea as their last resting place by a river. There are in the Eastern slavic (at least Russian and Belarusian) and Baltic (Latvian and Lithuanian) traditions some riddles which directly define the water body as death. For example, Russian: Edy, edy, hu nymu, hu cnedy, cuepmb nodo mhoü, Eo^ nado mhoü 'I ride, I ride, no way before, no trace behind, just death under me and the God above'; Latvian: Cels bez smilsu, zirgs bez kaju, apaksa nave 'The road without sand, the horse without legs, death below' = riding a boat. And in very many traditions, beginning perhaps with those of Ancient Egypt, and including the Slavic and the Baltic, the deceased sail to the place of their destination in a boat, or ferry. Cf. also the well known burials in ships, the Northern in the first place, known also in Baltic and Eastern slavic regions. In this connection, attention is called to such words as Lett. nave, Lith. nové 'death', OPruss. nowis, ORuss. naBb, Goth. naus 'dead body, corpse' and, on the other hand, Lat. navis, Gk. naus 'boat, ship'. But the idea of the boat in the waters of death is not the primary one. Its antecedent is the idea of death as a big fish swallowing the deceased (cf. sarko-fagos, namely 'the corpse-eater', etc.). The examples of this idea are numerous and well known. What is of interest in our case, is the mythological subject of a hero being swallowed by a fish, yet managing to get out of it, sometimes with a kind of new magical knowledge, evidently meaning an initiation. Cf. initiation huts in the form of a big fish known in some primitive traditions. Notable in our case is the traditional initiation of the shipwright (boat-tailor) at the mouth of the Orinoco: he is swallowed by a big fish which he then studies from inside, in this way gaining the necessary information on the structure of boats he is going to make. Cf. also the 17th rune of "Kalevala" where Vainamoinen, when swallowed by a monster, knows from him the "three words" indispensable for making boats. One of the etymological solutions for the Russ. Kopaónb 'ship' is of interest in this context, that which connects it with the Lower Sorbian (Lusatian) kórabja, kórabje 'skeleton'. Cf. also Lat. piscis 'fish', pistris, pistrix 'sea monster (whale, shark)' and at the same time 'man-of-war, warship'. This same archaic identification of the fish and the boat is still present in Slavic and Baltic folk traditions, for instance, in the Russian riddle: Pu6una-óenyMuna Bce 6epe^a oKpyMuna, 3UMa npurnna - ona b ^opy nornna 'The big white fish encircled all the banks (shores), the winter came - it went uphill' = boat (ship); and in the short but expressive Latvian one: Lidaka upé, zarnas meza 'The pike is in the river, the guts are in the wood' = boat on the river.