ANN ALES • Ser. hist. nat. - 13 • 2003 • 2
original scientific article	UDK 582:616-056.3(450.361)
received: 2003-10-20
THE ALLERGENIC FLORA OF TRIESTE (NE ITALY)
Lovedana RiZZi LONGO, Marialuisa PIZZULIN SAULI & Fabrizio MARTINI University of Trieste, Department of Biology, 1-341,27 Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10
Franceses LARESE FILON University of Trieste, Department of Public Health, Unit of Occupations! Medicine, 1-34129 Trieste, Via Pieta t9
ABSTRACT
In order to establish the allergenic flora of Trieste, aerobiologies! monitoring, clinical analysis and fieldwork were carried out at the same time. Using data from the medical and aerobiologiesI literature, and on the basis of the data resulting from the local aerobiologies! and epidemiological monitoring, a selection of the over 1000 species recorded in the urban area was made to recognize the species locally inducing allergic diseases. The ailergophyics growing in Trieste are 264, belonging to 26 allergenic families.
Key words: aerobiologicai monitoring, allergenic flora, clinical data, pollen calendar, Trieste, Italy
FLORA ALLERGENICA D! TRIESTE {ITALIA NE)
SINTESl
tn parallelo al censimento floristico della citta sono stati er'feltuati un monitoraggio aerobiologico ed ur/anallsi clínica al fine di conoscere la flora aílergenlca di Trieste. Durante il lavoro di campo sono state raccolte nell'area urbana oltre 1000 specie, poí selezionate per identificare quelle potenzialmente in grado di indurre manifestazioni allergiche da poli i ríe in sede, lócale. Tale selezione é stata falta sulla base del dad della letteratura medica e aetobi-ológica, dei risultati del monitoraggio poülnico dell'atmosfera di Trieste e di quelli derivanti dall'indagine clínica sulle pollinosi. II contingente allergofitico della citta risulta costituito da 264 specie appattenenti a 26 famiglie aller-geniche.
Parole chiave: monitoraggio aerobiologico, flora allergenica, dati clinici, calendario dei pollini, Trieste
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ANN ALES • Ser. hist. nat. - 13 • 2003 • 2
Lorccbiij Rl7.7J LONCO « *'■■: THE ALLCRCENIC FLORA Ot TRiiSTC !Nf: ITAiYi 265-280
INTRODUCTION
Pollen with allergenic properties can induce polle-nosis. The severity of the symptoms depends both on the amount of pollen grains occurring in the air and the sensitivity degree of the subject. The amount of the different pollen types occurring in the air varies greatly. Some pollen types are recorded only sporadically, others are always present in great amounts. Seasonal variations occur, depending on the flowering time of every species. Great, variations in airborne pollen concentration are possible from year to year. Pollen from anemophi-lous species is usually the most relevant in inducing allergic disease due to high quantity in the air (D'Amato et a I.. 2001). Grass pollen is the most common cause of pollenosis in Europe (Weeke & Spieksma, 1991). According to )<iger & D'Amato 12001), the most allergenic trees in Europe are Betula, Olea and Cupressus; of reduced allergenic significance are Alnus, Corylus, Plata-nus and Caslanea. The most allergenic weeds are Ambrosia, Artemisia and Parietaria, while Plantago, Cheno-pociium, Rumex, Mercurial is annua and Brassica napus show minor allergologica! interest. Entomophilous species are scarcely significant in pollen allergy due to their low pollen amount in the environment, although they can be allergenic in subjects living in their proximity (Ariano ef al.t 1991a). Isolated cases of occupational pollenosis have also been reported for some cultivated plants (e.g. Ariano et at., 1991b; Garcia-Ortega et ah, 2001).
The aim of the present study is to draw up the allergenic flora of the town of Trieste. Aerobiological monitoring, clinical analysis and field work were carried out at the same time, in order to recognise, according to specific literature and on the basis of the data resulting from the local aerobiological and clinical monitoring, the town's allergenic flora.
MATERIAL AND METHODS Study area
Trieste is situated on the coast of the North-Adriatic Sea and at the base of the Karst plateau. The town lies on clay and sandy rocks (Eocenic flysch) and deposited quaternary sediments, sited mainly along the coast. In the studied area, Euro-Siberian and Mediterranean vegetation coexist (Poldini, 1989). On the coast, hop hornbeam and holm oak scrub prevail, while the arenaceous hills around the town are rich with mixed mesophilous and thermophilous oak woods. On the outskirts of the town and in its urban area, anthropogenic and ruderal vegetation is common, due to the construction of buildings, roads, highways, and relating to industrial ducts and horticultural activities (Rizzi Longo & Martini, 2000).
Aerobiological data
Airborne pollen was collected using a Hirst type 7-day recording volumetric spore trap (Burkard type) placed 20 m above the ground level at Bastions Fiorito of San Giusto Castle, in the town centre. The samples were collected, prepared, and analysed according to the standard method adopted by the Italian Aeroatlergen Network (Mandrioli, 1990). On the basis of the most abundant airborne pollen grains recorded from 1996 until 1999, the pollen calendar for Trieste was constructed.
Clinical data
Clinical analyses were carried out at the Department of Occupational Medicine between January 1si 1996 ad December 1999 on 3,089 subjects of both sexes with allergic symptoms believed to be IgE mediated. The history of all the subjects was taken before clinical examination. Skin prick tests were performed with perennial allergens (house dust mites Dermatophagoides pteronys-sinus and D. farinae) and pollens: Poaceae, Asteraceae, Parietaria, Ambrosia, Oleaceae, Corylaceae/Betufaceae, Cupressaceae and Platanaceae produced by Lofarma Allergen!, Milano. Skin reactions were read after 15 minutes using a millimetre rule. The reaction was compared to the size of a positive histamine control (10 mg/ml) and to a negative control (extraction solution without allergen), and was considered positive when the diameter was >= 3 mm. Symptoms were defined as seasonal when they were present only during certain months of the year, from January to October.
Floristic data
The mapping project of the urban flora of Trieste, which began in 1992 (Rizzi l.ongo et af„ 1994) and ended in 2002, permitted us to implement about 48,000 floristic data. For this purpose, the urban area of Trieste (28 km2) was subdivided by a conventional grid into 282 Operational Geographic Units (OGUs), following the methods of the quantitative phytogeography (Ehrendorfer & Hamann, 1965; Crovello, 1981). The monitoring of the vascular flora was carried out in each OGU measuring 15" x 10" (about 325 x 307 m). Systematic nomenclature follows Poldini et at. (2001): life forms and chorological groups were detected from Poldini (1991) or Pignatti (¡982).
RESULTS Aerobiological data
The pollen calendar of the town is shown in Figure 1. In the calendar, the most frequent pollen types
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liirwTaiid kiZFi i ON GO elWE AU.CRGINIC HORA Of TKJtSTi (Nr- ITALY], 26S-2&0
monitored in She atmosphere of Trieste between January 1 5"' and October 15lh in the 1996-1999 period are listed in alphabetical order. These pollen types reach 85% of the year's total. The airborne pollen counts were expressed as pollen grains per cubic meter of air (p/m3). The pollen calendar was drawn using the four-year average of the monthly sums of the daily pollen counts. The quantitative intervals were selected to show the pollination peaks of the different pollen types. Very low monthly pollen quantities (<50 p/m3) or sporadically occurring pollen grains were not indicated.
As pointed out in previous papers (Rizzi l.ongo & Cristofolini, 1987; Rizzi Longo, 2002), pollen of trees prevails in the air of Trieste. The most common arboreal pollen types account together for 64% of the year's total. Particularly abundant are the pollen grains of Cu-pressaceae, reaching nearly one fourth of the year's total. Very great amounts of airborne pollen of Moraceae, almost all of Broussonetia papyrifera, are also present. Pollen grains from Corylaceae, lagaceae, Oleaceae and Pinaceae are abundant. The higher monthly mean air concentrations for the indicated years are recorded in March for pollen from Cupressaceae (13,918 p/m3) and
in May for pollen from Moraceae (10,632 p/m3). Other pollen types show very iower monthly mean values.
Non-arboreal pollen types are less abundant. Only Urticaceae release great pollen concentrations in air, reaching globally almost one fifth of the year's total. Starting from March, the pollen counts of Urticaceae, mostly due to Parietaria pollen grains, increase quickly, reaching their peak in May (5,468 p/m3) and remaining high during the entire summer. Pollen from Poaceae is abundant, too, but the monthly amounts are lower. The pollen shedding of Poaceae is long, beginning in April, peaking in May (1,216 p/m3) and decreasing after September. Pollen grains from Asteraceae (mostly due to the pollen shedding of Artemisia and Ambrosia) and Che-nopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae are less abundant, showing only in late summer enough great air concentrations, with peaks in August (679 and 128 p/m! respectively). Plantaginaceae and Polygonaceae (mostly Rumex) also show rather low pollen concentrations, the former occurring in spring/summer and peaking in July (203 p/m1), the latter having a significant occurrence (63 p/mJ) only in May.
The pollen calendar of Trieste shows the occurrence
												
		JAN	FEB	MAR	APR	MAY	JUN	JUL	AUG	SEP	OCT	
												
	Asteraceae											
	Betulaceae											
	Cheno-Amaranthaceae											
	Corylaceae			|i|||§|§								
	Cupressaceae/Taxaceae											
	Fagaceae											
	Moraceae											
	Oleaceae											
	Pinaceae											
	Plantaginaceae											
	Platanaceae				m							
	Poaceae					■ "i:.						
	Polygonaceae											
	Salicaceae											
	Ulmaceae											
	Urticaceae				*	mgmm& i				:' ; -,.>' '"i!:		
												
			SC-350	pW	- -	355-1700		BaJaáiái	:* 35(10			
		j •' ■	JSt-S5<l	p/m'	éím	1701-3500	pV					
Fig. J: Pollen calendar of Trieste. Only major airborne pollen tvpes are represented. Monthly mean values from daily pollen counts are reported.
SI. 7; Tržaški pelodni koledar. Vključeni so samo poglavitni v zraku pojavljajoči se pelodni tipi s srednjimi mesečnimi vrednostmi njihovega dnevnega štetja.
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Lorttbna RIZ7J LONGO « aJ..- THE ALLERGENIC flORA OF TRIESTE (N't llAI.V), 205-230
of three pollen seasons: winter, spring, and Summer. The winter season is marked by the highest pollen shedding from Cupressaceae/faxaceae and by the increasing pollen values for Betulaceae (mostly Alnus), Corylaceae (mostly Corylu$), Salicaceae, and Ulmaceae. The spring season shows the occurrence in the air of the more frequent pollen types; it is dominated by the highest airborne pollen values for Corylaceae (mostly Ostrya), Fa-gaceae (mostly Que reus), Mo race-re (fast all Brous-sonelia), Oleaceae (mostly Fraxinus ornus and Olea), Pinaceae (mostly Pinus), Platanaceae, Poaceae and Urticaceae (mostly Parietaria). The summer season, on the other hand, is marked by decreasing values of ail the previous pollen types, and by the highest pollen shedding from Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae and Plantaginaceae. During the summer, Poaceae and Urticaceae pollen grains maintain relative high values. After September, only Pinaceae and Urticaceae show a relatively high pollen concentration in the air, the former because of the pollen shedding from Cedrus, the latter because of the long pollen season of Parietaria.
Clinical data
The mean age of the studied population is 41 ±17.2 years, with the women in majority (58.3%). 1768 persons were atopic by prick test and 676 resulted sensitized to almost one pollen extract. The most common symptom is rhinitis (40.9%), less common asthma (28.5%) while others report conjunctivitis, pharingitis and urticaria (30.6%).
Subjects with pollenosis present frequently a skin prick test positive to Poaceae (64.9%l, less common sen-sitisation to Oleaceae (48.8%), Betulaceae/Corylaceae (37%), Parietaria (35%). Cupressaceae (29%), Asteraceae (27.1%), Platanaceae (19.2%) and Ambrosia (14.2%). The clinical data reveal sensibility to 9 taxa (Fig. 2), 4 of which are herbaceous families and genera (Poaceae, Asteraceae, Ambrosia, Parietaria) and 5 woody families (Oleaceae, Corylaceae, Betulaceae, Cupressaceae and Platanaceae).
Floristic data
Over 1000 species belonging lo 106 families have been recorded so far in the town of Trieste. A selection of these species was made to recognize the species locally inducing allergic diseases.
The allergenic significance of some genera or families is well known (D'Amato, 1981; D'Amato & Spiek-sma, 1992; D'Amato eta/., 1991a, 1998, 2001). Species belonging to these taxa were therefore inserted in the allergenic floristic list, where some species reported as allergenic in Ciampolini & Cresti (1981), Crimi et al. (1985), De Leonardos ef a/. (1985-1987) and reaching enough airborne pollen amounts were also included.
Fig. 2: Pollen sensitisation trend in the 4 considered years in Trieste.
SI. 2: Pe/odni senzibilizacijski trendi v štirih preučevanih letih v Trstu.
It is not known yet whether many other species recorded in the urban area produce pollen with allergenic properties. Tite identification of pollen allergens or the biochemical characterisation of the pollen has been made only lor some plants of allergological interest (e.g. Shibata et a/., 1989; Matthiesen et al., 1991; Baldo ef al., 1992; Mondal et al., 1997; Patriarca et al., 2000; Pini, 2001). Skin test reactivity to pollen extracts or clinico-immunological studies are sometimes reported for some species, which have not been known as allergenic, and not for other closely linked species (e.g. Fountain & Cornford, 1991; Ariano ef al., 1993; Parui er al., 1998; Chakraborty et al., 1999; Ravai. et al., 2000}.
Therefore, it is very difficult to draw up a realistic list of allergenic species, as also pointed out by Driessen & Derksen (1989), Pecere & Chiesura Lorenzoni (1992), Selle ef al. (1992), Leporatti et al. (2000) and Lorenzoni-Chiesura et al. (2000).
To summarise, on the basis o( these considerations the following list contains: species with pollen allergen characterization; the species unanimously acknowledged as allergenic in the medical literature; all species belonging to genera known as allergenic in the medical literature; all species reaching high airborne pollen concentrations belonging to families known as allergenic in the medical literature.
Species not mentioned in any studies, belonging to genera or families till now unknown as allergenic or known as scarcely significant in inducing pollenosis, were not inserted. For example, the following species, though recorded in the town of Trieste and listed as allergenic in Crimi ef al. (1985), were not included in the following list owing to their sporadical pollen occurrence in the air, too low for inducing allergic diseases: Arum italicum, Heliotropium europaeum, Campanula rapunculus, Cappari$ spinosa, Cornus sanguines, Fcbal-lium e later in m, Cares flacca and C. péndula, Iris ger-
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l.orctíaiu RlZZI I.DNCO rt ni: 1 HE AUCRGCW ( LORA OF TRIESTE (Nf ITAI.YK «,5-280
mantea, Laurus nobilis, Acacia dealbata, Ceicis sili-quasUum, Lotus comicufatus, Medicago sativa, Robinia psGudacacia, Spaitium junceum, Trifolium pratense, Malva sylvestris, Papaver rhoeas, Consolida regalis, Ranunculus bulbosos, Prunus spinosa, Sanguisorba minor, Galium mollugo, Solatium nigrum, Thypha fatifolia, Daucus carota, Smyrnium olusatrum, Vitis vinifera. Though listed in Ciampolini & Cresti (1981) and Crimi et al. (1985), even Hederá helix, whose pollen grains were abundantly found in the atmosphere of Trieste (Rizzi
Longo & Martini, 2000) and frequently occur in the air (Nilsson et al., 1977), was not included in the following list, as there is no evidence of sensitisations in literature.
in the floristk: list of the local aliergophytes, which are presented in systematic order, the family, the biological form, the life form and the chorological group are given for each taxon, the area of provenance only for the adventitious plants. The cultivated plants sensu Viegi etal. (1974) are listed in bold.
PINACEAE
Pinaceae are reported as not-recommended plants by Loienzoni-Chiesura et al. (2000), even if they are of low allergenic interest {Rogers, 2001). All the species found in the urban area are included in the present fist due to their local airborne abundance of pollen grains.
Abies afba Mill.
Abies cephaionica Loudon
Abies nordmanniana (Steven) Spach
Abies pinsapo Boiss.
Cedrus atlantica (End!.) Carriere
Cedrus deodara (D. Don) Don
Cedrus libani A. Richard
Picea abres (L.) H. Karst.
Picea orientalis (L.) Link
Picea pungens (Sieb & Zucc.) Carriere
Pinus brutia Ten.
Pin us hafepensis Mill.
Pinus nigra I.E. Arnold ssp. nigra
Pinus pinaster Ait.
Pinus pinea L.
Pinus strobus L.
Pinus sylvestris L.
Pinus waHichiana Jackson
P scap	cult.(S-European-montane)
P scap	cult. (Greece)
P scap	cult.(Caucasus)
P scap	cult. (SW-Spain)
P scap	cult. (Morocco)
P scap	cult. (Himalaya)
P scap	cult. (Lebanon)
P scap	cuit. (Eurosiberian)
P scap	cult. (Asia minor-Caucasus)
P scap	cult. (N-America)
P scap	cult. (NE-Mediterran.-montane)
P scap	cult. (Stenomediterran.)
P scap	S-lllyric
P scap	cult. (W-Stenomediterran.)
P scap	cult. (Eurimediterran.)
P scap	cult. (N-America)
P scap	cult. (Eurosiberian)
P scap	cult. (Central Asia)
CUPRESSACEAL
Cupressaceae, Fagaceae and Oleaceae are the most relevant tree families in inducing allergic: diseases (D'Amato, 2001). Pollen grains of Cupressaceae are responsible for winter polienosis (Panzarii et al., 1991).
Cbamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murray bis) Pari. P scap
Cupressus arizonica Green	P scap
Cupressus macrocarpa Hartweg	P scap
Cupressus sempervirens L.	P scap
Jitniperus chinensis L.	P scap
Juniperus communis L. ssp. communis	P caesp
Juniperus virginiana L.	P caesp
Thuja occidentalis L.	P scap
Thuja orientalis L.	P scap
cuit (W-USA) mit. (N-America) cuit. (N-America) cuit. (E-Mediierran.) cuit. (China, JaparO Ctrcumboreal cuit. (N-America) cuit. (N-America) cuit. (E-Asia)
TAXAC.T.AF
Pollen grains of Taxus are similar to grains of Cupressaceae, and are generally counted together in the aerobio-logica! studies. Taxus baccata is reported as allergenic in Ciampolini & Cresti (1981) and Driessen & Derksen (1989).
Taxus baccata L.	P scap PaSaeotemperate
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CHENOPODIACEAE
Pollen grains of Chenopodiaceae may be responsible for summer pollenosis (Bricchi et al., 1997), even if of minor allergological interest (Jäger & D'Amato, 2001).
Arthrocnemum fruUcosum (L.) Moq.	Cb succ	Eurimediterran.
Atriptex hortensis L.	T scap	Eurasiatic
Atriplex micrantha t.edeb.	T caesp	Anthropochore (E-Europe)
Alriplex patula L.	T scap	C ire umbo real
Atriplex portuhcoides L.	Ch suffr	C ire umbo rea I
Atriplex prostrate Boucher ex DC.	T scap	Circumboreal
Bassia scoparia (L.) A.j. Scott ssp. scoparia	T scap	Anthropochore (Europe/E & Centr. Asia)
Beta vulgaris L	H bienn	Eurimediterran.
Chenopodium album L.	T scap	Cosmopolitan
Chenopodium ambrosioides I.	T scap	Anthropochore (Tropical America)
Chenopodium botrys I...	T scap	Cosmopolitan
Chenopodium hybridurn L.	T scap	Circumboreal
Chenopodium murale L,	T scap	Cosmopolitan
Chenopodium polyspermum L.	T scap	Palaeotemperate
Salicornia patula Duvai-Jouve	T scap	European
Salso!a soda I.	T scap	Palaeotemperate
Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort ssp. maritima	T scap	Cosmopolitan
AMARANTHACEAE		
The pollen grains of Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae are very much alike. In the aerobiobgical studies they		
are counted together as Cheno-Amaranthaceae. In some cases they are responsible for seasonal allergic diseases		
(Lombardero el ai, 1991).		
Amaranthus albus L.	T scap	Anthropochore (N-America)
Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson	T scap	Anthropochore (N-America)
Amaranthus blitum L. ssp. blitum	T scap	Eurimediterran.
Amaranthus bouchonii Theil.	T scap	Anthropochore (unkn.)
Amaranthus cruentus L.	T scap	Anthropochore (America)
Amaranthus deflexus !..	T scap	Anthropochore (S-America)
Amaranthus graecizans L.	T scap	Anthropochore (Subcosmopolitan)
Amaranthus hybridus L.	1 scap	Anthropochore (N & SW-America)
Amaranthus retroflexus L. ssp. retroflexus	T scap	Anthropochore (N-America)
POLYGONACEAE		
Rumex, put by D'Amato (2001) in the group of allergenic weeds, releases in the air pollen of minor allergological		
interest (jager & D'Amato, 2001). Rumex shows a not well-defined clinical relevance (Frank et at., 1991).		
Rumex acetosa L. ssp. acetosa	H scap	Circumboreal
Rumex conglomerate Murray	H scap	Eurasiatic
Rumex crispus L. ssp. crispus	H scap	Cosmopolitan
Rumex kerneri Borbás	H scap	Anthropochore (SE-European)
Rumex obtusitolius L. ssp. obtusifolius	H scap	European
Rumex pulcber L. ssp. pulcher	H scap	Eurimediterran.
PLATANACEAE		
The pollen of Platanus is allergenic, but Platanaceae are of		reduced allergenic importance in Europe (Jäger &
D'Amato, 2001).		
Platanus x hispanica Mill, ex Münchh.	P scap	Eurimediterran.
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FAGACEAE
Cross-reactivity is frequent among Fagales (D'Amato, 2001). When airborne pollen grains are abundant, Faga-ceae could be responsible for allergic manifestations {Ickovic &Thibaudon, 1991).
SE-European Eurimediterran. Stenomediterran. European Pontic
BETULACEAE
Pollen from Betulaceae, particularly from Betula, is a significant contributor to the incidence of pollenosis in northern and centra! Europe (D'Amato, 1991; Vik et al., 1991). A/nus shows a high degree of cross-reactivity with Betula pollen allergens (Spieksma & Frenguelii, 1991).
Caslauea saliva Mill.	P scap
Queráis ceiris L.	P scap
Que reus Ilex I. ssp. ilex	P scap
Quercus petraea Liebl.	P scap
Quercus pubescens Willd.	P caesp
Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.	P scap	Palaeotemperate
Betula pendula Roth	P scap cult, (Eurosiberian)
CORYLACEAE
Cross-reactivity is frequent among Fagaies, i.e. between Corylus of reduced allergenic importance (Jäger & D'Amato, 2001) and Betula (D'Amato, 2001), Ostrya carpinifolia has recently shown an increased allergenic interest (Voltolini, 2001).
Carpinus betulus L.	P scap	European
Carpinus orientalis Mill.	P caesp	Pontic
Corylus avellana L.	P caesp	European
Corylus colurna L	P caesp	cult. (Balkan Peninsula)
Corylus maxima Milier	P caesp	cult. (Pontic)
Ostrya carpinifolia Scop.	P caesp	Mediterran.-Pontic
ULMACEAE
Ulmus is also a plant of allergological interest (Matthiesen et a!., 1991). A low skin test reactivity to pollen of Celtis is reported in Rogers (2001).
Celtís austraiis L. Ulmus laevís Pal!. Ulmus minor M ill. ssp. minor Ulmus pumila L.
P scap	Eurimediterran.
P caesp	Anthropochore (Central Europe)
P caesp	European
P scap	Anthropochore (E-Asia)
MORAŒAE
Morus is an important plant m inducing pollen allergy (Matthiesen ef a/., 1991). Broussonetra papyriiera, a doubtful allergenic species, was put on the present list due to the high amount of airborne pollen grains detected in the air ot the town.
Broussonetia papyriiera (t.) Vent.	P caesp Anthropochore (E-Asia)
Mort/s alba L.	P scap Anthropochore (E-Asia)
CANNABACEAE
Pollen of Humulus is reported as allergenic in Ciampolini & Cresti (1981).
Humulus lupulus L.	P han	European
URTICACEAE
Parietaria is the most relevant allergenic genus in the Mediterranean region, while Udica shows a small clinical relevance (D'Amato etai., 1991b).
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Parietaria judaica L.	H strap	Eurimediterran.
Parietaria officinalis L.	H scap	European
Urtica dioica L. ssp. dioica	H scap	Cosmopolitan
Urtica umns L.	T scap	Cosmopolitan
JUGLANDACEAE
A moderate skin test reactivity to pollen of Juglans is reported in Rogers (2001). Juglans regia L.	P scap Anthropochore (SW-As ia/T-Mcdi terra n.'i
ACERACEAE
Acer is one of the plants of allergological interest (Matthiesen et al., 1991).
Acer campestre L.	P scap	European Acer monspessulanum L.
ssp. monspessulanum	P scap	Eurimediterran.
Acer negundo I.	P scap	Anthropochore (N-America)
Acer platanoides L.	P scap	European
Acer pseudopiataims L.	Pscap	European
HIPPOCASTANACEAE
Aesculus is reported as a riot-recommended tree in torenzoni-Chiesura et al. (2000). A very low skin test reactivity to pollen of Aescu/us is repotted in Rogers (2001).
Aesculus hippocastanum L	P scap Anthropochore (St-European)
Aesculus x camea Hayne	P scap cult, (unkn.)
EUPHORBIACEAE
Mercurialis releases pollen of minor allergological interest (Jäger & D'Amato, 2001).
Mercurial is annua L. ssp. annua	T scap Palaeotemperate
Mercurialis ova la Sternb. & Hoppe	C rhiz Pontic
Mercurialis perennis L.	C rhiz European
BRASSSCACEAE
Brassica napus is a weed of minor allergological interest (Jäger & D'Amato, 2001), Capsella bursa-pastoris and Erysimum cheiri, collected in the town, are listed among allergenic species in Crirni et al. (1905), but were not inserted in the present list owing to their small airborne pollen amount and scarce clinical data.
Brassica napus L. ssp. napus	T scap Anthropochore (unkn.)
Brassica oieracea L.	Ch suffr Mediterr.-Atlantic
Brassica rapa L.	T scap Eurimediterran.
SALICACEAE
Populus is a tree of allergological interest (Matthiesen ei a/., 1991). Salix alba is noted as allergenic in Driessen & Derksen (1989).
Populus alba L.	P scap	Palaeotemperate
Populus nigra L. ssp. nigra	P scap	Palaeotemperate
Populus tremula L.	P scap	Eurosiberian
Populus x canescens (Aiton) Sm.	P scap	SE-Europeari
Salix alba L. var. alba	P scap	Palaeotemperate
Salix babylonica L.	P scap	cult. (E-Asia)
Salix caprea L.	P caesp	Eurasiatic
Salix cinerea L. ssp. cinerea	Pcaesp	Palaeotemperate
Salix daphnoides Vi Ii.	P caesp	Eurasiatic
272
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Loferions KKZI I.ONGO el 3).: THE AUEKCFN1C M 08 A OF TRIE51E (NE ITALY). 26.5-2BO -----~T-
Pcaesp Eurasiatic Pscap	cult, (unkn.)
TILIACEAE
Tiliti seems responsible for allergic manifestations (Ciampolini & Cresti, 1981 ; Mur et a!.. 2001). ..
Tilia corda ta Mill.	Pscap European
Tilia platyphvlios Scop. ssp. platyphyllos	P scap European
OLEAŒAE
There is a high degree of cross-reactivity among O/ea and other genera of Oleaceae. Pollen from Olea is one of the most relevant allergenic pollens in Mediterranean Europe (Macchia et a!., 1991).
Forsythia x intermedia Zab.	P caesp	cuit, (E-Asia)
Forsythia viridissima Lindl.	P caesp	cult. (E-Asia)
Fraxinus excelsior I. ssp. excelsior	P scap	European
Fraxinus omus t. ssp. ornus	P scap	Mediterr.-Pon tic
/dsminum nudiflorum Lindl.	P caçsp	cult.
Ligustrum lucidum Ait.	P scap	Anthropochore (E-Asia)
Ligustrum vulgare L.	NP	European
Olea europae<1 L.	P caesp	cult. (Stenomediterran.)
Syringa vulgaris L.	P caesp	Med i terr. -Monta ne
CAPRfl'OUACEAE
Sambucos nigra is reported as allergenic in Driessen & Derksen (1989).. the same as 5. ebulus in Ciampolini & Cresti (1981).
Sambucus ebuius L	H scap Euriinediterran.
Sambucus nigra L.	P caesp European
ASTER ACE AE
A great number of species recorded in the town of Trieste belongs to Asteraceae, but only the wind pollinated species belonging to Artemisia and Ambrosia are relevant in inducing allergic: diseases (lager, 1991; Jager & D'Amato, 2001). Pollen grains from a small number of entomophilous plants belonging to Asteraceae, such as Soli-dago, Taraxacum and Helianthus, may be incidentally released into the air, but are obviously of minor allergenic significance (Spieksma & Von Wahl, 1991). Xanthium and Chrysanthemum (in the past including Leucanthemum and Tanacetum) are listed among the taxa of allergological interest (Matthiesen et a/., 1991) and were therefore included in the present lis!.. Other species recorded in the urban area release into the air a little amount of pollen grains, too low for inducing allergic diseases. They were therefore not inserted in this list, the same as, for instance, Aster sqvamatus, Centaurea calcitrapa and Inula viscosa listed in Crimi et al. (1985), Tussiiago fat fata mentioned by Ciampolini & Cresti (1981), Bellis perennis and Matricaria chamomilla reported in Leporatts et al. (2000).
Salix purpurea L. ssp. purpurea Salix x sepufctalis L.
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.
Artemisia absinthium L.
Artemisia alba Turra ssp. lobelii (All.) Cams
Artemisia annua L.
Artemisia caerulescens l. ssp. caerulescens Artemisia verlotorum La motte Artemisia vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris Chrysanthemum segetum L. Helianthus annuus L. Helianthus tuberosas L. Leucanthemum ircutianum (Turcz.) DC. Leucanthemum platylepis Borbás Solidago giganfea Aitón Solidago virgaurea L. ssp. virgaurea
T scap	Anthropochore (N-America)
Ch suffr	Euriinediterran.
Ch suffr	Euriinediterran.
T scap	Eurasiatic
Ch suffr	Euriinediterran.
H scap	Eurasiatic
H scap	Circumboreal
T scap	Mediterr.-Atlantic
T scap	Anthropochore (N-America)
G bulb	Anthropochore (N-America)
H scap	Eur i mediterran.
H scap	S-lllyric
H scap	Anthropochore (N-America)
H scap	Circumboreal
273
ANNALES Ser. hist. nat. • 13 • 200.3 • 2
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Tanacetum corymbosum (L.) Sen, Sip.
ssp. corymbosum	H scap	Eurimediterran.
Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch. Blp.	H scap	Anthropochore (SEEurope/SW-Asia)
Tanacetum vulgare L.	H scap	Eurasiatic
Taraxacum íae viga turn (Wiild.) DC.	H ros	Palaeotemperate
Taraxacum officinale aggr.	H ros	Circumboteal
Xanthium Hah cum Moretti	T scap	Eurimediterran.
PLANTAG! NAC F.AE
Pollen from Plantaginaceae is of minor allergological interest (Jäger & D'Amato, 2001) and may contribute to poilenosis only under exceptional conditions (Watson & Constable, 1991).
Plantago argenten Chaix ssp. liburnica Ravnik	H ros	Pontic
Plantago coronopus L. ssp. coronopus	T scap	Euri mediterran.
Plantago hotosteum Scop.	H ros	Politic
Plantago lanceolata L.	H ros	Eurasiatic
Plantago major L.	H ros	Eurasiatic
Plantago media L. ssp. media	H ros	Eurasiatic
POACEAE
Pollen from Poaceae is the major cause of poilenosis in the world (D'Amato, 2001). All species recorded in the town were put on the list due to their known cross-reactivity (Weeke & Spieksma, 1991), the widespread lasting pollen shedding and the high frequency of sensitisations to Poaceae recorded in the locally studied population.
Aegilops cylindrica Host	T scap	Pontic
Aegilops gen ¡culata Roth ssp. genicuiata	T scap	Stenomediterran,
Agrostis capillaris L. ssp. capillaris	H caesp	Circumboreal
Agrost.is stolonifera L.	H rept	Circumboreat
Aira elegantísima Schur	T scap	Euri mediterran.
Alppecurus myosuroides 1 luds.	T scap	Palaeotemperate
Art/saní/ia diandra (Roth) 1'utin		
ex Tzvelev ssp. diandra	I scap	Eui'i mediterran.
Anisantha madritensis (L.) Nevski ssp. madritensis	I scap	Eurimediterran.
Anisantha sien lis (L.) Nevski	T scap	Euri mediten an.
Anisantha tectorum (L.) Nevski	T scap	Palaeotemperate
Anthoxanthum odoratum L.		
ssp. odoratum	H caesp	Eurasiatic
Apera spica-venti (L.) P. Beauv,	T scap	Euros i herían
Arrhenatherum eiatius EL .) P. Beauv.		
ex J. Presi & C. Presl ssp. eiatius	H caesp	Palaeotemperate
Arundo donax L.	G rbiz	Anthropochore (Asia)
Avena barba ta Pott. ex Link ssp. barba ta	T scap	Eurimediterran.
Avena fatua L. ssp. fatua	T scap	Eurasiatic
Avena sativa L.	T scap	Anthropochore (E-Asia)
Avena sterilis L. ssp. steriiis	T scap	Eurimediterran.
Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng	H caesp	Mediterr.-Pontic
Brachypodium rupestre (Host) Roem.		
& Schult. ssp. rupestre	H caesp	European
Brachypodium syivaticum (Huds.)		
P. Beauv. ssp. syivaticum	H caesp	Palaeotemperate
Briza media L. ssp. media	H caesp	Eurosiberian
Bromopsis condensata (Hade.) Holub		
ssp. microtricha (Borhás) Jogan & Bacic	H caesp	lliyric-S-Alpine
Bromopsis erecta (Huds.) Fourr.	H caesp	Palaeotemperate
Bromopsis inermis (Leyss.) Holub	H caesp	Etirasiatic
Bromus commutaüis Schrad.	T scap	European
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ANN ALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 13 • 2003 • 2
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Bromus hordeaceus L.	T scap	Cosmopolitan
Bromus japónicas Thunb. ssp. ¡aponíais	i scap	Palaeoternperate
Calamagrostts arutidinacea (L.) Roih		
ssp. arutidinacea	H caesp	Eurasiatic
Calamagrostis epigejos (U Roth		
ssp. epigejos	H caesp	Eurosiberian
Catapodium marinum (L.) C.E. Hubb.	T scap	Mediterr,-Atlantic
Catapodium rigidum (L.) C.E. Hubb.		
ex Dony ssp. rigidum	T scap	Euri mediterran.
Cenchrus longispinus (Hack.) Fernald	T scap	Anthropochore (America)
Cetatochloa cathartica (Vahi) Herter	H caesp	Anthropochore (S-America)
Chrysopogon gryiius (L.) Irin.	H caesp	Eurosiberian
Cleistogenes serótina (L.) Keng	H caesp	Eurimediterran.
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.	G rhiz	Cosmopolitan
Cynosurus cristatus L.	H caesp	European
Cynosuivs echinatus L,	T scap	Eurimediterran.
Dactylis glomerate L. ssp. glomerata	H caesp	Palaeoternperate
Danthonia decumbens (L.) DC. ssp. decumbens	H caesp	European
Dasypyrum villosum (L.) P. Candargy	T scap	Eurimediterran.
Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. ssp, flexuosa	H caesp	Cosmopolitan
Digltaria iscbaemum (Schreb. ex Schweigg.)		
Schreb. ex Muhl.	T scap	Cosmopolitan
Digitada sanguinaiis (L.) Scop. ssp. sangumahs	T scap	Cosmopolitan
Echinoc.bfoa crus-galli (I.) P. Beau v.		
SSp. crus-galli	T scap	Cosmopolitan
E'leusine indica (I.) Gaertn, ssp. indica	T scap	Cosmopolitan
E leus ine imtachya (lam.) Lam.	T scap	Anthropochore (S-America)
/ íytngia atherica (Link) Kerguélen		
ex Carreras Martínez	G rhiz	Eurimediterran.
Elvtrigia intermedia (Host) Nevskt ssp. intermedia	G rhiz	Eurosiberian
Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevskt		
ssp. barhulata (Schur) Á. Löve	G rhiz	Eurosiberian
Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex Nevski	G rhtz	Circumborea!
Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vignolo ex Janch.	T scap	Cosmopolitan
Eragrostis minor Host	T scap	Cosmopolitan
Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees	T scap	Anthropochore (N-America)
Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. Beauv.	T scap	Cosmopolitan
Eragrostis virescens j. Pres i	T scap	Anthropochore (S-America)
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. ssp. arundinacea	H caesp	Palaeoternperate
Festuca heterophylla Lam. ssp. heterophylla	H caesp	European
Festuca pratensis Huds. ssp. pratensis	H caesp	Eurasiatic
Festuca rubra L. ssp. rubra	H caesp	Circumboreal
Festuca rupicola Heuf. ssp. rupicola	H caesp	SE-European
Festuca vales taca Schleich, ex Gaudin		
ssp. valesiaca	H caesp	European
Hofens lanatus L.	H caesp	Circumboreal
Hordeum murinum L.		
ssp. ieporinum (Link! Arcang.	T scap	Eurimediterran.
Hordeum murinum L. ssp. murinum	T scap	Circumboreal
Koeleria lobata (M. Sieb.) Roem. & Schult.	H caesp	Medit.-Mont.
Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult	H caesp	Circumboreal
Koeleria pyramidata (Lam.) P. Beauv. ssp. pyramidata	H caesp	European
Lagi/rus ovatus L- ssp, ovatus	T scap	Eurimediterran.
Lolium multifiorum Lain.	T scap	Eurimediterran.
Lolium perenne L.	H caesp	Eurasiatic
Mélica adate L.	H caesp	Eurimediterran.
ANN ALES • Ser. hist. nat. - 13 • 2003 • 2
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Melica uniflora Retz. Molinia caerulea (L.) Moench ssp. arundinacea (Schrank) H.K.G. Paul Muhlenbergia vagini flora (Torr, ex A.. Gray) jogan Panicum capiHare L. panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. Paiileum miliaceum L. ssp. miliaceum Parapholis incurva (L.) C.E. Hubb. Paspalum dilatatum Poir. Paspalom distichum L. Phalaris arundinacea L. ssp. arundinacea P ha la ris canadensis L. Phalaris paradoxa L. Phleum bertolonii DC. Phleum pra tense L.
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Irin, ex Steud. Piptatherum miliaceum (L.) Coss. ssp. miliaceum Poa augustifolia L. Poa annua L. ssp. annua Poa bulbosa I. ssp. bulbosa Poa compress a L. Poa nemoralis L. ssp. nemoralis Poa pratensis L.
Poa trivialis L. ssp. sylvicola (Guss.) H. Lindb. Poa trivialis L. ssp. trivialis Poiypogon monspeiiensis (L.) Desf. Poivpogon viridis (Gouan) Breistr. Puccinellia festuciformis (Host) Pari. ssp. festuciformis Rostraria cristate (L.) Txvelev Sesleria auturnnalis (Scop.) F.W. Schultz Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. ssp. italics Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. 5efana verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. Setaria venicilliformis Dumort. Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. Sporobolus neglectus Nash Stipa eriocaulis Borbäs ssp. ausfnaca (Beck) Martinovskv Trisetum flavescens (L.) P. Beauv. ssp. flavescens Triticum aestivum I.. Vtilpia ciliata Dumort. Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel. ssp. myuros
DISCUSSION
Among the over 1000 wild and cultivated species found m Ihe urban area during the field work, in order to draw up tiie allergenic flora of Trieste, were selected those ones locally inducing allergic diseases. The selection was carried out using the data resulting from the local aerobiological and epidemiological monitoring and on the basis of the medical literature. About a quarter of the recorded species were, regarded as allergenic. In the
Palaeotemperate European
Anthropochore (N-America) Anthropochore (N-America) Anthropochore (N & C-America) Anthropochore (Asia) Medit.-Atlan.
Anthropochore (S-America) Anthropochore (Neotropical) CircLimboreal
Anthropochore (W-Mediterran.) Stenomediterran. Eurimediterran. European Cosmopolitan Stenomediterran. Cosmopolitan Cosmopolitan Palaeotemperate Circumboreal Circum boreal Circumboreal Eurimediterran. Eurasiatic Subtropical Eurimediterran. Stenomediterran. Palaeotemperate SE-European Cosmopolitan Cosmopolitan Cosmopolitan Cosmopolitan Cosmopolitan Cosmopolitan
Anthropochore (N-America) Anthropochore (N-America)
Eurimediterran.
Eurasiatic
Anthropochore (SW-Asia) Eurimediterran. Cosmopolitan
following discussion, it does not consider the cultivated species.
The family composition of the allergenic wild flora (Tab. 1) shows that the core of the group is represented by Poaceae (50.4%), which account for about a half of the total number of taxa, followed by Asieraceae (8.8%) and Chenopodiaceae (7%). Amaranthaceae, Salicaceae, Plantaginaceae, Polygonaceae and others have a clearly subordinate role.
H caesp
El caesp T caesp T scap T scap T scap T scap H caesp G rhiz He
T scap T scap H caesp H caesp He
H caesp H caesp T caesp H caesp H caesp H caesp H caesp H caesp H caesp T scap H caesp H caesp T caesp H caesp T scap T scap T scap T scap T scap G rhiz H caesp T caesp
H caesp
H caesp T scap T caesp T caesp
276
ANNALtS • Ser. Iiis», nat. • 13 • 2003 • 2
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Tab. 1: family composition of the allergenic flora of Trieste.
Tab. 1: Sestava tržaške alergene flore po družinah.
[famiiy	%	Famiiy	%
Poaceae	50.4	Cruciferae	1.3
Asteraceae	8.8	Euphorbiaceae	1.3
Chenopodiaceae	7.0	Caprifoliaceae	0.9
Amaranthaceae	3.9	Moraceae	0.9
Saficaceae	3.9	Tiliaceae	0.9
Piantaginaceae	2.6	Betulaceae	0.4
Polygonaceae	2.6	Cannabaceae	0.4
Aceraceae	2.2	Cupressaceae	0.4
Fagaceae	2.2	Hippocastanaceae	0.4
Oleaceae	2.2	juglandaceae	0.4
Coryiaceae	1.8	Pinaceae	0.4
UI ma cea e	1.8	Platanaceae	0.4
Urticaceae	1.8	Taxaceae	0.4
Tab. 2: Life form and growth form spectra of the allergenic flora of Trieste.
Tab. 2: Spekter življenjskih in rastnih oblik tržaške alergene flore.
j Life form	Growth form	%
j Therophytes		37.7
	scapose	34.6
j	caespitose	3.1
Hemicryptophytes		34.2
	caespitose	21.9
	scapose	8.3
	rosulate	3.1
i	biennial	0.4
	reptant	0.4
j Phanerophytes		19,7
I	scapose	12.7
	caespitose	6.1
	nanopbanerophytic	0.4
	lianas	0.4
j Geophytes		4.8
1	rhizomatous	4.4
	bulbous	0.4
j Chamaephytes		2.6
	suffrutescent	2.2
	succulent	0.4
I Helophytes		0.9 ■csnuaaaifr.nn
i he lite form spectrum of the allergenic wild species ('fab. 2) is dominated by therophytes and hemicrypto-phytes (together more than 70% of the total); the thero-phytes are dominated by the scapose (34.6%), and the hemicryptophytes by tire caespitose (21.9%). The presence of parks and gardens, especially on the town's out-
skirts, is well outlined by the high percentage of phan-erophytes scapose (12.7%) and caespitose (6.1%), as Pinus nigra ssp. nigra, Quercus pubescens, Carpinus orientaiis, Corylus avellana, Ostrya carpinifolia, Ulmus minor, Broussonetia papyrifera, Acer campestre, Frax-inus ornus, Sambucus nigra and others.
The chorologicaf spectrum (Tab. 3) is highlighted by the adventitious element (18.9%) and particularly by the N-Amertcan neophytes (Tab. 4), which constitute more than a third of the total percentage (34.8%) of the an-thropochores. Other macrothermic chorotypes (sensu Poldirti & Martini, 1995) as Eurimediterranean (16.7%) are also well represented, the same as some mesother-mic geoelements as European (11.4%) or palaeotemper-ate (9.2%).
Tab. 3: Chorological spectrum of the allergenic flora of Trieste.
Tab. 3: Kronološki spekter tržaške alergene flore.
Chorological group	% 1
Adventitious	18.9
Euri mediterranean	16.7
Cosmopolitan	11.8
European	11.4
Palaeotemperate	9.2 ;
Circumboreal	8.3
Eurasian	8.3
Furos iberia n	3.1 j
Pontic	2.6
Stenomed ¡terra nean	2.2
Mediterr.-Atlantic	1.8
SI:-European	1.8
Mediterr.-Pontic	1.3
Mediterr.-Montane	0.9
S-lllyric	0.9
j lllyric-S-Alpine	0.4
Neotropical	0.4
Tab. 4: Origin of the anthropochores of the allergenic flora of Trieste.
Tab. 4: Izvor antropohornih elementov v tržaški alergeni flori.
Origin	%
America	53.5
North & Central Am.	34.0
South Am.	13.9
North & South Am.	4.7
Asia	18.6
Europe	14.0
Mediterranean basin	6.9
Neotropical	2.3
unknown	4.7
277
ANNALES • Sor. his t. (tat. • 13 2003 • 2
Lonxkna R¡ZZl I.ONi ;o el *!.: THF AI URGCNIC I'LORA Of TRIESTE (NE ITALY), 265-280
Regarding the origin of the allergophytlc anthropo-chores, Table 4 shows that the American species (S3.5%) distinctly prevail over the others, particularly Asiatic (18.6%) and European neophytes 114%).
The results of this research have shown that 264 allergenic taxa (species, subspecies and hybrids), belonging to 26 allergenic families, are found in the urban flora of Trieste. Of these, 35 are cultivated species and hybrids (e.g. Salix x sepuicratis or Aesculus x carnea) not growing wild and not considered in the previous discussion, while 229 are indigenous or adventitious taxa. Most of these are hemerophytic species as defined by
Ahti & Hamet Ahti (1971). There are also several species belonging to the semi-natural vegetation, for instance Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae, Festuco-Brometea or Moimio-Arrhetiatheretea, growing in some natural parks inside the town, as Villa Ciulia and Bosco Famelo, or on the town's outskirts.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The financial support of the MltJR (Ministero dei-I'lstruzione, delTUniversita e delta Ricerca) is gratefully acknowledged.
TRŽAŠKA ALERGENA FLORA
Loredana RiZZI LONCO, Marialuisa PIZZULIN SAULI & Fsbrizio MARTINI University of Trieste, Department of Biology, (-34127 Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10
Francesca LARESE F HON University of Tries!?, Department of Public Health, Unit of Occupational Medicine, 1-34129 Trieste, Via Pieta 19
POVZETEK
Med preučevanjem alergene flore v Trstu so avtorji članka opravljali aerobiološki monitoring, klinične analize in terensko delo hkrati. Z uporabo podatkov iz medicinske in aerobioloSke literature in tudi na osnovi podatkov, pridobljenih z lokalnim aeroblološkim in epidemiološkim monitoringom, so napravili izbor več kot tisoč vrst, zabeleženih v mestnem urbanem okolju, da bi identificirali vrste, ki povzročajo alergijske bolezni. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da v Trstu raste 264 alergofitov, pripadajočim 26 alergenim družinam.
Ključne besede: aerobiološki monitoring, alergena flora, klinični podatki, pelodni koledar, Trst, Italija
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