Dolinar: Richard Klemen, the First Lecturer of Enzymology ... Acta Chim. Slov. 2020, 67, S49–S61 S49DOI: 10.17344/acsi.2020.6152 Edicational Chemistry Richard Klemen, the First Lecturer of Enzymology at the University of Ljubljana Marko Dolinar University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Chair of Biochemistry, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia * Corresponding author: E-mail: marko.dolinar@fkkt.uni-lj.si Received: 05-28-2020 Abstract Richard Klemen was the first teacher of enzymology at the University of Ljubljana. His early career in Ljubljana ended in January 1942 when he moved to Vienna, Austria. During the war he conducted experiments that led him to describe the so-called Hofmann-Klemen effect in clay. Later he was a research assistant and titular associate professor in the field of biochemical technology at the Vienna Technical University and finally a lecturer at the University of Natural Resources in Vienna. His life is an interesting example of a scientist and educator whose Gottscheer German origin would proba- bly prevent him from continuing his career in post-war Yugoslavia. At the same time, he did not achieve in Austria the positions and status that his former colleagues and students had achieved in Slovenia. Although he was almost forgotten, he remains important as the first trained enzymologist and teacher of enzymology in Slovenia. This article also presents his full bibliography. Keywords: enzymology education; University of Ljubljana; biochemistry 1. Introduction Since its foundation in 1919, the University of Lju- bljana (UL), Slovenia, has offered the study of chemistry. The first appointed professor of chemistry was Maks Samec (1881–1964), who graduated from the University of Vienna, Austria, in 1904. He was a versatile researcher with broad interests, who after joining UL concentrated on the study of biological polymers, mainly starch. The major part of this research today would fit into the field of physi- cal chemistry, but also analytical, organic chemistry and biochemistry. A hallmark of the first decades of chemical education at the University of Ljubljana was the duality of an aca- demically-oriented and a technically-oriented chemistry programme, which were essentially divided between the Faculty of Arts (Slov.: Filozofska fakulteta) and the Faculty of Technical Sciences (Slov.: Tehniška fakulteta). This du- ality probably reflects the arrangement of chemistry stud- ies in Vienna at the time, as chemistry courses were offered by both the University of Vienna and Vienna College of Technology (Ger.: Technische Hochschulle; later Vienna University of Technology, TU Wien). With the expansion of the understanding of enzyme function and structure in the late 1920s, it became clear that a course on enzyme chemistry should be included in the chemistry curriculum of the University of Ljubljana. At about the same time, as Slovenia was still largely de- pendent on its own agriculture, the need arose to impart specific knowledge about agricultural chemistry. It is remarkable that the development of biochemis- try as an independent scientific discipline is even reflected in educational guidelines at the state level. Biochemical content in higher education has been officially requested by the General University Decree1 (Slov.: Obča univer- zitetna uredba) of 1932, which prescribed the organisation of state universities in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. In this decree, 35 chairs were defined for the faculties of the arts, including a chair in chemistry (Article 96). It should cover topics of inorganic, organic and physical chemistry as well as biochemistry. For the faculties of agriculture and for- estry (Article 102), agricultural chemistry was prescribed, among other fields. At that time the University of Ljublja- na did not yet have a faculty specifically devoted to agri- culture, which probably played an important role in the decision to include agrochemistry in the chemistry pro- gramme of the Faculty of Technical Sciences. A pioneering role in biochemistry education in Slo- venia belongs to Richard Klemen, one of the early students of Maks Samec. Klemen was the first lecturer in enzymol- Dolinar: Richard Klemen, the First Lecturer of Enzymology ... Acta Chim. Slov. 2020, 67, S49–S61S50 ogy and agricultural chemistry in Slovenia. The circum- stances led him to move from Ljubljana to Vienna, where he was actively involved in biochemical and food technol- ogy research and teaching. Nevertheless, his work and ca- reer are almost forgotten, both in Slovenia and in Austria, where he spent most of his life. 2. Training and First Employment of Richard Klemen Richard Klemen belonged to the German minority in Slovenia, the so-called Gottcheers (Slov.: Kočevarji). Since the 14th century they were settled in about 170 vil- lages in the wooded south of Slovenia, with the town of Gottchee (Slov.: Kočevje) as their cultural and adminis- trative centre. Richard’s parents lived in Tschermoschnitz (Slov.: Črmošnjice), where Richard was born on 24 Janu- ary 1902 and where he attended primary school. At the age of 10 he enrolled at a grammar school in Ljubljana2 (Ger.: Kaiserlich-königliche Staats-Oberrealschule, Slov.: Cesar- sko-kraljeva državna višja realka; Engl.: Imperial and royal secondary school) with German as the school language. He was an excellent student who in July 1920 graduated from the Realschule with distinction3. This falls into the post-war period, when the Austro-Hungarian Empire was dissolved and a new state – the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes – was founded. Accordingly, the language of school education changed from German to Slovenian. At the age of 18, Richard Klemen was enrolled with the second generation of chemistry students (1920) at the newly founded University of Ljubljana (UL). He graduated on 18 July 1925 with an engineering degree (B. Eng.) in chemistry and was thus the 8th student to complete chem- istry studies at the University of Ljubljana. The diploma thesis, which he completed under the mentorship of Maks Samec, dealt with the staining of starch with iodine4. The results of this work were published by Maks Samec in Kol- loidchemische Beihefte shortly afterwards5. In 1925/26 Richard Klemen attended a military school for reserve officers in Maribor where he spent 8 months. After completion, he was ranked as second lieu- tenant in reserve pioneer troops. Immediately thereafter, he returned to Ljubljana to join the group of Maks Samec at the University of Ljubljana as a research assistant, but only for a relatively short period (1 July 1926 to 31 May 1927). This is certainly a consequence of the university’s financial problems and years of discussions with the Bel- grade administration about the need to maintain a tech- nology-oriented faculty in Ljubljana6. Namely, for the last two months at the university, he had to agree to work as laboratory operator for a considerably lower salary. Richard Klemen appeared on the list of members of the newly-established Yugoslav Chemical Society7, with his home address Črmošnjice near Semič, Dolenjska re- gion, not the university address as would be expected for a faculty member. In the years 1927–29 Klemen worked as an expert in a sugar factory in North Croatia. In the first edition of the Index Biologorum almanac8, Richard Klemen was listed as an assistant to Professor Samec at the UL Institute of Chemistry, working in the field of physical chemistry, but this probably reflected his status in mid- 1927. 3. Klemen’s Connection to Agrochemistry A part of the Klemen family lived in Gonobitz (after 1918: Konjice, today Slovenske Konjice) in northern Slo- venia, where Richard’s uncle Ferdinand was town coun- cillor, deputy mayor and mayor in several mandates. He was one of the pro-German local politicians9. Richard was very close to his uncle Ferdinand and they visited regu- larly. In addition, Richard’s parents bought a considerable plot of land with vines in a place named Škalce not far from the town of Gonobitz as early as 1900. Apparently the funds for the purchase of vineyards came from wood sold from forests in South Slovenia that were premarital assets of Richard’s mother Maria. They still owned a farm in Tschermoschnitz and a vineyard in the Bela Krajina region, and Richard’s father Franz was a merchant who, anecdotally, represented the Bavarian coffee substitute fac- tory Kathreiner in the Duchy of Carniola, so that the fam- ily could be regarded as well-off (Ulrich Klemen, personal communication). The connection to family and land in Gonobitz could be the reason Richard was attracted to agriculture. His stage in the state sugar factory in Beli Manastir (Sep- tember 1927 to January 1929) was the first obvious step in this direction, followed by employment (in 1929) at the agricultural experimental and control station in Maribor (Slov.: Laboratorij državne poskusne in kontrolne posta- je v Mariboru) where he held an assistant position. It was during his Maribor stage that he was also adjunct profes- sor (Slov.: pomožni učitelj) of chemistry with agricultural chemistry10 at the winemaking and fruit-growing second- ary school (Slov.: Vinarska in sadjarska šola v Mariboru). In addition to the routine work in the agricultural station, Klemen was also interested in the basic and applied chemistry. In 1930 his first professional article appeared in the Austrian journal Das Weinland. The subject of the ar- ticle11 was a comparative chemical analysis of the leaves of selected grape varieties. His work mainly referred to some earlier publications by German and French authors who suggested that the nutritional status of vines could be de- termined quantitatively by chemical analysis of individual leaves. Klemen has improved this approach by combining three leaves per vine and determining the average values for the chemical composition. Soil samples were analysed for comparison. Klemen discovered no obvious difference between well- and poorly-fed vines from the Maribor and Konjice vineyards, respectively. The elemental analysis of Dolinar: Richard Klemen, the First Lecturer of Enzymology ... Acta Chim. Slov. 2020, 67, S49–S61 S51 the vine leaves did not seem to be prognostic for the condi- tion of the vines, and the analysis of the soil could indicate the condition of the vines much better. 4. Doctorate and Habilitation After years of financial crisis and the uncertainty to keep the Faculty of Technical Sciences as a constitutive part of the University of Ljubljana, a new law on univer- sities was passed in 1930, according to which all faculties at the then renamed University King Alexander I in Lju- bljana were retained6. This could be one of the reasons for Klemen’s return to the faculty (Figure 1), where he worked as a teaching assistant between 1930 and 1933. His first research topic in Ljubljana had nothing to do with his other scientific activities. He worked with his colleague Janko Kavčič (a future professor of inorganic chemical technology) on a study of coal from various Slovenian mines. The aim of this study was to determine which coal was best suited for heating in the so-called Celus heaters and what is the best practice for heating different types of coal12. Richard Klemen concluded his doctoral studies on 8 October 1931 with a dissertation on the characterisation of individual starches in connection with their systemati- zation into groups13 under the mentorship of Maks Samec. In the same year, Samec and Klemen published an article in the journal Kolloid-Beihefte in which they described properties of different starch types14 which obviously sum- marized the results of the doctoral thesis. From May 1931 until June 1932 Richard Klemen was a visiting scholar in Prague, Czechoslovakia, in the group of Ernst Waldschmidt-Leitz. He was a productive German enzymologist who graduated in Munich in 1920 under the supervision of Richard Willstätter (1915 Nobel Prize Laureate). Waldschmidt-Leitz wrote a book15 on enzyme activity and properties as early as 1926, which was one of the first extensive monographs on enzymes. In 1927 Wald- schmidt-Leitz became head of the Institute of Biochem- istry in the German Technical College (Ger.: Deutsche Technische Hochschule) in Prague where his research on various enzymes and their substrates continued. In Ljubljana, Maks Samec’ interest in enzymes may have increased as a result of working with Wald- schmidt-Leitz, with whom he published the first paper on the enzymatic degradation of starch in 1931. In addition, colloid chemistry, which was at the forefront of chemical research in Ljubljana, was considered to be closely related to enzyme chemistry16. The fact that the 1929 Nobel Prize for chemistry was awarded to Arthur Harden and Hans von Euler-Chelpin for their investigations of fermentative enzymes could be important as well. On the part of UL, starch degradation by enzymes was first investigated by Zvonimir Čanić as part of his B. Eng. degree17, for which the experiments were carried out in the Waldschmidt-Leitz laboratory in Prague. Next, Richard Klemen joined the Czech group to complete his postdoctoral training in en- zymatic techniques. It is easy to see that one year in Prague paved Klemen’s way to enzymes, which he studied over the next almost 10 years. On 20 November 1931 Richard Klemen was ap- pointed a Privatdozent for colloid chemistry and enzyme chemistry at the Faculty of Technical Sciences in Ljublja- na (Fig. 2), and on 29 March 1933, by a royal decree, a University Assistant Professor of chemical technology. He appeared in 1934 in the compendium on Education in the Drava Banate (Slov.: Dravska banovina; the administrative province of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, to which Slove- nia largely belonged between 1929 and 1941) as university assistant professor at the Faculty of Technical Sciences re- sponsible for ‘agricultural chemistry and work instructions in the analytical and physical laboratory’18. It was not until 27 February 1936 that he was appointed honorary lecturer at the Faculty of Arts, although he held lectures and practi- cal courses for students of this faculty since 1934. Figure 1: Identity photograph of Richard Klemen from 1930. Pho- tographed from his civil servant folder from University of Ljubljana Archives with permission. Dolinar: Richard Klemen, the First Lecturer of Enzymology ... Acta Chim. Slov. 2020, 67, S49–S61S52 At first, Richard Klemen continued to supervise students who were completing their degrees under the mentorship of professor Maks Samec, but soon he took on some practical and his own theoretical courses. In Table 1, Klemen’s tasks per semester are summarized for the period 1933 to 1942. Interestingly, Richard Klemen was leading several practical courses in the analytical laboratory, which was located in the premises of the 1st State Real Gymnasium (essentially the same school he attended from the age of ten to eighteen), which housed several chemical labora- tories that belonged to the Faculty of Technical Sciences in the basement. Faculty actually arranged laboratories in this building in the year Richard completed his second- ary education, so that this might have played a role in the choice of chemistry studies. As shown in Table 1, enzymology has been part of chemical education at the University of Ljubljana since 1933. In the first three years of Klemen’s teaching there seems to have been little interest in the Chemistry of Fer- ments course, as neither the time nor the place were fixed in the course description. The same applied to his newly established course on Agricultural Chemistry. Klemen’s teaching and research initially remained largely associated with starch, but soon turned to en- zyme biochemistry, as his published works show. He was a co-mentor (mentor M. Samec) for the B.Eng. disserta- tion by Anton Tepež on pancreatic amylolysis20, the results of which were published in the journal of the Yugoslav Chemical Society under the authorship of M. Samec and R. Klemen (1934) under the title A trisaccharide observed in pancreatic amylolysis of erythroamyloses21. Although today obsolete, the starch subspecies were divided in the 1930s into amyloamylose and erythroamylose, based on iodine staining22. In the mid-1930s there was a gap in the published articles, but from 1938 the publications began to take on a new dynamic. Klemen’s next article came from the field of analytical biochemistry and appeared in 1938 in the jour- nal Biochemische Zeitschrift. It dealt with influence of ni- trogenous compounds on the determination of maltose by two established methods23. This work was also presented at the natural science conference in Ljubljana in February 1938 and published in conference proceedings24 a year lat- er in Slovenian language. In continuing his early work on amylolysis with the help of his student Dušan Stucin, whom he supervised for his B.Eng. dissertation entitled Contribution to kinetics of amylolysis in wheat autolysates25, an accompanying work on yeast autolysates was published26 in Biochemische Zeitschrift in 1939. Another enzymes-related contribution from the late 1930s was Klemen’s supervision of a B.Eng. thesis of Karel Andreč on amylase27. In memory of the work of the late Johan Rudolf Katz (1880–1938), an important Dutch colloid chemist, a spe- cial edition of Kolloid-Beihefte was published in March 1939. In this issue an article appeared28 which contained results of Richard Klemen and Zvonimir Čanić. A detailed analysis of the temporal changes (aging) of the starch solu- tion was described in this paper. The collaboration with J. R. Katz probably begun in early 1930s, since in 1932 a joint article29 with M. Samec appeared in the January issue of the Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie, followed by three further articles in the following years. Figure 2: Decision of the university senate dated 20 November 1931 approving election of Richard Klemen as Privat- dozent for colloid chemistry and enzyme chemistry at the Faculty of Technical Sciences. Photographed from civil servant folder preserved at the University of Ljubljana Archives with permission. Dolinar: Richard Klemen, the First Lecturer of Enzymology ... Acta Chim. Slov. 2020, 67, S49–S61 S53 Richard Klemen not only worked as a universi- ty teacher. In 1939 he co-authored two textbooks30,31 on mineralogy and chemistry for secondary schools (3rd and 4th grade) together with Vladimir Žitko, another former student of Maks Samec initially working on starch chemis- try who later taught chemistry at various grammar schools in Slovenia and Croatia. In addition, in 1940 he wrote an article32 on chemistry of fertilization for the Slovenian popular science magazine Proteus. In this article Klemen described the activity of extremely highly diluted saffron crocin-type molecules onto gamete mating in green algae as previously reported by Kuhn and co-workers33. 5. Emigration and Early Career in Vienna With the death of Richard’s father in 1936, his land in Konjice was inherited by Richard. As assistant profes- sor he was not able to be personally involved in grapevine cultivation and wine production. Instead, in their Konjice house lived two families of vintners who worked in the Klemen vineyards34. In April 1941 World War II began in Yugoslavia. The Slovenian territory was divided between Italy, Germany and Hungary. The Province of Ljubljana was integrated into the Kingdom of Italy and the work at the university was significantly impeded35. For the winter semester 1941/42, which ended on 15 February, Richard Klemen was still listed as a lecturer, but he received permission from the Italian provincial author- ities to quit his position at the UL and emigrate to Ger- many after 31 January 1942. His enzymology course was later appointed to honorary lecturer Marta Blinc, who was advertised for the summer semester 1942/43 as lecturer for the course Selected Topics in Biochemistry and Enzymol- ogy (Slov.: Izbrana poglavja iz biokemije in enzimologije). Strangely enough, Richard Klemen still appeared in the course catalogue19 for the winter semester 1942/43, which indicates that these lists are to be regarded as a historical source with care. It could only be speculated about the reasons for Kle- men’s decision to leave the Italy-occupied Ljubljana, but there were probably several of them: German language ties, family property in the north of the country, which were now part of the German Reich, constantly growing teaching duties (reflected in the number of courses he de- livered, see Table 1), rumours that resistance troops were hostile to people of German origin, and perhaps the fact that he appeared on the list of Kočevje Germans to be moved from the Kočevje area36 to the plains along the Sava river on the then German side of the border to the Slove- nian territories occupied by Italy. In this exodus almost all members (about 12,000, i.e. 95%) of the German minority left their villages37. The inability to conduct competitive research under Italian occupation in Ljubljana could also be important. The difference between the highly produc- tive years of 1938–9 and the war situation must have been considerable. At that time Austria seemed isolated from war activities and thus offered itself as a comfortable refuge with perspectives for further research in the field of chem- istry. Last but not least, Vienna was regarded as the centre of chemical education and he might have used some con- nections to colleagues of his former mentor, Maks Samec. It seems obvious that Klemen’s emigration to Ger- many (actually Austria, which was annexed to Germany in 1938) was well planned, as he was already working as a research assistant at the Vienna College of Technology on April 1, 1942. He was a member of the Institute of Inorgan- ic and Analytical Chemistry led by Ulrich Hofmann and later by Robert Strebinger. Essentially from the wartime comes Klemen’s re- search, which was published only in 1950 in Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie38 with double authorship of Ulrich Hofmann and Richard Klemen. This is certain- ly the most frequently cited work of Richard Klemen. It describes an important observation in clay chemistry that is still referred to as the Hofmann-Klemen Effect. Ulrich Hofmann (1903–1986) is a well-known German chem- ist who (between 1942 and 1945) headed the institute in Vienna, where Klemen began as a research assistant after leaving Ljubljana. Hofmann’s earlier position was that of a university professor in Rostock, Germany, from where he received one of the then rare and valuable electronic mi- croscopes. In addition to basic research, he conducted sev- eral military projects39. Due to his involvement in German army-linked research and his membership in the paramil- itary SA (Sturmabteilung) forces where he hold the title of Scharführer40, he had to leave Austria in 1945. Since it was not possible for him to work in an exposed position after the war, he was first engaged as a gardener in a chemical production plant in Bavaria. Then, in 1948, he was asked to establish chemistry courses at the Regensburg universi- ty (then Philosophisch-Theologische Hochschule), where he first had to set up laboratories and start up courses41. For this reason, Klemen’s research was probably published only in 1950 and with affiliation to the Regensburg univer- sity. However, Klemen remained bound to Vienna College of Technology and belonged to the minority of researchers who were not removed from their positions during the so- called “denazification” in post-war Austria. Only 35% of the researchers were allowed to remain42. In their 1950 paper, Hofmann and Klemen presented results that had already been achieved in Vienna in 194441. Experimental data indicated that in clay (bentonite, more precisely montmorillonite) suspension with lithium, swell- ing and cation exchange capacity were lost when heated to 125°C. The proposed explanation was that lithium ions diffused into the octahedral sheet of the montmorillonite layer. This effect was later studied by several authors and the 1950 paper is still occasionally quoted. Klemen’s habilitation obtained at the University of Ljubljana in 1933 was recognized in January 1946 as proof Dolinar: Richard Klemen, the First Lecturer of Enzymology ... Acta Chim. Slov. 2020, 67, S49–S61S54 Se m es te r C ou rs e 1 C ou rs e 2 C ou rs e 3 C ou rs e 4 C ou rs e 5 C ou rs e 6 W in te r 19 33 /3 4 In st ru ct io ns fo r r es ea rc h w or k (N av od ila za zn an st ve no d el o) , to ge th er w ith P ro f. Sa m ec ; ( 20 h; M o- Sa 8 h - 18 h ) In st ru ct io ns fo r w or k in a na ly tic al an d ph ys ic al -c he m ist ry la bo ra to ry (N av od ila k d el u v an al its ke m in fiz ik o- ke m ič ne m la bo ra to rij u) (8 h ) C he m ist ry o f f er m en ts (K em ija fe rm en to v) (1 h ) Su m m er 19 33 /3 4 In st ru ct io ns fo r w or k in an al yt ic al a nd p hy sic al * la bo ra to ry (N av od ila k d el u v an al iz ne m in fi zi ka ln em la bo ra to rij u) (6 h ) A gr ic ul tu ra l c he m ist ry (A gr ik ul tu rn a ke m ija ) ( 2 h) W in te r 19 34 /3 5 Ex pe rim en ta l c he m ist ry pr ac tic al co ur se (V aj e iz ek sp er im en ta ln e ke m ije ) f or ch em ist ry st ud en ts e nr ol le d at th e Fa cu lty o f A rt s (4 h ) C he m ist ry o f f er m en ts (2 h ) Su m m er 19 34 /3 5 Ex pe rim en ta l c he m ist ry pr ac tic al co ur se fo r c he m ist ry st ud en ts (e nr ol le d at th e Fa cu lty o f A rt s; 4 h) A gr ic ul tu ra l c he m ist ry (2 h ) In st ru ct io ns fo r w or k in an al yt ic al la bo ra to ry (2 h ) W in te r 19 35 /3 6 Ex pe rim en ta l c he m ist ry pr ac tic al co ur se fo r p hi lo so - ph er s* * ( Fa cu lty o f A rt s; 4 h) C he m ist ry o f f er m en ts (2 h ) In st ru ct io ns fo r re se ar ch w or k (2 h ) Su m m er 19 35 /3 6 Ex pe rim en ta l c he m ist ry pr ac tic al co ur se fo r p hi lo so - ph er s – n at ur al sc ie nt ist s (F ac ul ty o f A rt s; 4 h) In st ru ct io ns fo r p ra ct ic al co ur se on e xp er im en ta l c he m ist ry fo r ph ilo so ph er s – n at ur al sc ie nt ist s (F ac ul ty o f A rt s; 1 h) A gr ic ul tu ra l c he m ist ry (2 h ; M on da ys 7 :1 5 to 9: 00 ) In st ru ct io ns fo r w or k in a na ly tic al la bo ra to ry (2 h ) W in te r 19 36 /3 7 Ex pe rim en ta l c he m ist ry pr ac tic al co ur se fo r p hi lo so - ph er s – n at ur al sc ie nt ist s (F ac ul ty o f A rt s; 4 h) In st ru ct io ns fo r p ra ct ic al co ur se on e xp er im en ta l c he m ist ry fo r ph ilo so ph er s – n at ur al sc ie nt ist s (F ac ul ty o f A rt s; 1 h) C he m ist ry o f f er m en ts (2 h ; M on da ys 7 :1 5 to 9: 00 ) In st ru ct io ns fo r w or k in a na ly tic al la bo ra to ry (2 h ) In st ru ct io ns fo r r es ea rc h w or k (2 0 h) Ta bl e 1: L ist o f c ou rs es a ss ig ne d to R ic ha rd K le m en , s or te d by se m es te r. Th e tw o ne w ly e st ab lis he d K le m en ’s co ur se s a t t he U ni ve rs ity o f L ju bl ja na a re p re se nt ed in re d. R . K le m en w as th e fir st u ni ve rs ity te ac he r a t t he U ni ve rs ity o f L ju bl ja na w ith a h ab ili ta tio n in e nz ym e ch em ist ry . I f d efi ne d, th e nu m be r o f h ou rs p er w ee k is sh ow n in b ra ck et s n ex t t o th e pl an ne d tim es . S lo ve ni an c ou rs e tit le s a re o nl y lis te d in b ra ck et s w he re th ey fi rs t a pp ea r. A ll da ta fr om th e pu bl ish ed li st s o f l ec tu re s a t t he U ni ve rs ity o f L ju bl ja na 19 . n .d . – D at a no t a va ila bl e. Dolinar: Richard Klemen, the First Lecturer of Enzymology ... Acta Chim. Slov. 2020, 67, S49–S61 S55 Se m es te r C ou rs e 1 C ou rs e 2 C ou rs e 3 C ou rs e 4 C ou rs e 5 C ou rs e 6 Su m m er 19 36 /3 7 Ex pe rim en ta l c he m ist ry pr ac tic al co ur se fo r p hi lo so - ph er s – n at ur al sc ie nt ist s ( 4 h; Th ur sd ay s 1 4h -1 8h ) In st ru ct io ns fo r p ra ct ic al co ur se on e xp er im en ta l c he m ist ry fo r ph ilo so ph er s – n at ur al sc ie nt ist s (F ac ul ty o f A rt s; 1 h) A gr ic ul tu ra l c he m ist ry (2 h ; S at ur da ys 7 :1 5 to 9: 00 ) In st ru ct io ns fo r w or k in a na ly tic al la bo ra to ry (2 h ) In st ru ct io ns fo r r es ea rc h w or k (2 0 h; M o- Fr 8 h - 18 h ) W in te r 19 37 /3 8 Ex pe rim en ta l c he m ist ry pr ac tic al co ur se fo r p hi lo so - ph er s – n at ur al sc ie nt ist s ( 4 h; Th ur sd ay s 1 4h -1 8h ) In st ru ct io ns fo r p ra ct ic al co ur se on e xp er im en ta l c he m ist ry fo r ph ilo so ph er s – n at ur al sc ie nt ist s (1 h ; W ed ne sd ay s 1 7h -1 8h ) C he m ist ry o f f er m en ts (2 h ; S at ur da ys 7: 15 -9 :0 0) In st ru ct io ns fo r w or k in a na ly tic al la bo ra to ry (2 h ) In st ru ct io ns fo r r es ea rc h w or k (2 0 h; M o- Fr 8 h - 18 h ) Su m m er 19 37 /3 8 Ex pe rim en ta l c he m ist ry pr ac tic al co ur se fo r p hi lo so - ph er s – n at ur al sc ie nt ist s ( 4 h; Th ur sd ay s 1 4h -1 8h ) In st ru ct io ns fo r p ra ct ic al co ur se on e xp er im en ta l c he m ist ry fo r ph ilo so ph er s – n at ur al sc ie nt ist s (1 h ; W ed ne sd ay s 1 7h -1 8h ) A gr ic ul tu ra l c he m ist ry (2 h ; S at ur da ys 7 :1 5 to 9: 00 ) In st ru ct io ns fo r w or k in a na ly tic al la bo ra to ry (2 h ) In st ru ct io ns fo r r es ea rc h w or k (2 0 h; M o- Fr 8 h - 18 h ) W in te r 19 38 /3 9 n. d. Su m m er 19 38 /3 9 Ex pe rim en ta l c he m ist ry pr ac tic al co ur se fo r p hi lo so - ph er s – n at ur al sc ie nt ist s ( 4 h; Th ur sd ay s 1 4h -1 8h ) In st ru ct io ns fo r p ra ct ic al co ur se on e xp er im en ta l c he m ist ry fo r ph ilo so ph er s – n at ur al sc ie nt ist s (1 h ; W ed ne sd ay s 1 7h -1 8h ) A gr ic ul tu ra l c he m ist ry (2 h ; 7 :1 5 to 9 :0 0) In st ru ct io ns fo r w or k in a na ly tic al la bo ra to ry (2 h ) In st ru ct io ns fo r r es ea rc h w or k (2 0 h; M o- Fr 8 h - 18 h ) W in te r 19 39 /4 0 n. d. Su m m er 19 39 /4 0 Ex pe rim en ta l c he m ist ry pr ac tic al co ur se fo r p hi lo so - ph er s – n at ur al sc ie nt ist s ( 4 h; Th ur sd ay s 1 4h -1 8h ) In st ru ct io ns fo r p ra ct ic al co ur se on e xp er im en ta l c he m ist ry fo r ph ilo so ph er s – n at ur al sc ie nt ist s (1 h ; T ue sd ay s 1 4h -1 5h ) A gr ic ul tu ra l c he m ist ry (2 h ; S at ur da ys 7 :1 5 to 9: 00 ) In st ru ct io ns fo r w or k in a na ly tic al la bo ra to ry (2 h ) In st ru ct io ns fo r r es ea rc h w or k (2 0 h; M o- Fr 8 h - 18 h ) W in te r 19 40 /4 1 n. d. Su m m er 19 40 /4 1 Ex pe rim en ta l c he m ist ry pr ac tic al co ur se fo r p hi lo so - ph er s – n at ur al sc ie nt ist s ( 4 h; Th ur sd ay s 1 4h -1 8h ) In st ru ct io ns fo r p ra ct ic al co ur se on e xp er im en ta l c he m ist ry fo r ph ilo so ph er s – n at ur al sc ie nt ist s (1 h ; T ue sd ay s 1 4h -1 5h ) A gr ic ul tu ra l c he m ist ry (2 h ; S at ur da ys 7 :1 5 to 9: 00 ) In st ru ct io ns fo r re se ar ch w or k (2 0 h; M o- Fr 8 h - 18 h ) Pr ac tic al co ur se in p hy sic al ch em ist ry (V aj e iz fi zi ka ln e ke m ije ) (1 0 h) W in te r 19 41 /4 2 Ex pe rim en ta l c he m ist ry pr ac tic al co ur se fo r p hi lo so - ph er s – n at ur al sc ie nt ist s ( 4 h; Th ur sd ay s 1 4h -1 8h ) In st ru ct io ns fo r p ra ct ic al co ur se on e xp er im en ta l c he m ist ry fo r ph ilo so ph er s – n at ur al sc ie nt ist s (1 h ; T ue sd ay s 1 4h -1 5h ) C he m ist ry o f f er m en ts (2 h ; S at ur da ys 7 h - 9h ) Ph ys ic al ch em ist ry (F iz ik al na k em ija ) (2 h ) Pr ac tic al co ur se in p hy sic al ch em ist ry In st ru ct io ns fo r re se ar ch w or k (2 0 h, M o- Fr 8h -1 8h ) * W ith ‘p hy sic al la bo ra to ry ’ p hy sic al ch em ist ry la bo ra to ry is m ea nt ** W ith ‘p hi lo so ph er s’ ch em ist ry st ud en ts w ho e nr ol le d at th e Fa cu lty o f A rt s ( Sl ov .: Fi lo zo fs ka fa ku lte ta ) a re m ea nt Dolinar: Richard Klemen, the First Lecturer of Enzymology ... Acta Chim. Slov. 2020, 67, S49–S61S56 of competence for teaching in Austria, but it seems that he was not regularly involved in teaching over the next few years. In June 1950 Richard Klemen moved from the In- stitute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry to the Insti- tute of Biochemical Technology and Microbiology under the direction of Armin von Szilvinyi. Between 1953 and 1955 Klemen was acting head of this institute before ap- pointment of Alexander Janke and during his illness. On 1 October 1954 Richard Klemen was appointed permanent university assistant. While employed at the Vienna College of Technolo- gy, Richard Klemen contributed the biographical outline of Max Bamberger43 for volume 1 of Neue Deutsche Biog- raphie. Max Georg Matthias Bamberger (1861–1927) was an Austrian chemist, professor of organic and technical chemistry, associated with the Vienna College of Technol- ogy. He investigated natural compounds which is a con- necting point to Klemen’s interest. In addition, Bamberger was supervisor of the doctoral thesis of Margarete Garzuly (1923), who later married Alexander Janke, head of the Institute of Biochemical Technology and Microbiology44. One can imagine that A. Janke was originally supposed to write the text, but either because of his illness or perhaps because of a conflict of interest, the biography was finally prepared by Klemen. The list of publications from Klemen’s Vienna period is unexpectedly short, which is likely due to the fact that he was not in the role of project leader but rather assisted in various research and applied projects. Nevertheless, he was co-author of some of the publications in the field of food technology. In 1957, together with Alexander Janke he published a professional paper on the biological stabi- lization of grape juice with an ion-exchange resin45. Two years later, together with E. Seitz, he published an article on paper chromatographic analysis of the Maillard reac- tion46. This paper was dedicated to Professor Janke on the occasion of his 70th birthday. 6. Klemen’s Late Career in Vienna In April 1964 Richard Klemen was appointed “Titu- lar Associate Professor”, which is an honorary professional title in Austria. In 1967 he retired from the Vienna College of Technology, but continued to teach at the University of Agriculture in Vienna (BOKU), from 1966 as an external lecturer. He was in charge of the course on operational and quality control (Ger.: Betriebs- und Qualitätskontrolle), appointed to the Institute of Food Technology and Chair (Ger.: Lehrkanzel) of Biochemical Technology. In 1964, Klemen was actually among the candidates for the head of the newly founded BOKU’s Institute of Food Technology as the second choice after Hans Klaushofer, who was later appointed to this office47. The appointment of Klemen to BOKU coincided with the retirement of Professor Armin von Szilvinyi in 1966. Interestingly, von Szilvinyi held two positions: he was head of the Institute of Biochemical Technology and Microbiology (where Klemen was employed from 1950 to 1967) at the Vienna College of Technology and professor at the Chair for Applied Biochemistry and Microbiologi- cal Research Methods at BOKU, where Klemen from 1966 was finally offered the opportunity to give his own lectures. In each semester Klemen gave 3 h lectures per week, while the practical course was not under his direct su- pervision. In the academic year 1976/77 this course was taken over by Helmut Zenz, the later head of the Institute of Food Technology. In parallel to his assignments at the BOKU, Klemen also worked with the Experimental Station for Fermentation Professionals (Ger.: Experimentalstation für Gärungsgewerbe)48 which was closely associated with BOKU47, but later developed into an independent school for professional education. From his late career, Klemen’s contribution at a seminar on sensory analysis in milk pro- duction was published49. On the occasion of his 85th birthday, Alfred Lech- ner, head of archives at TU Wien, assembled a curriculum vitae50 summarizing Richard Klemen’s achievements. This summary was an important source of information for the present article. 7. Richard Klemen’s Private Life In his young years, especially when he attended schools with German as language of instruction, Klemen’s first name was written with a ‘ch’ (Richard), while as stu- dent and until 1942 his first name was written with an ‘h’ only (Rihard). After his move to Austria he adopted the German form of his first name again. During the outbreak of World War II in Yugoslavia in April 1941, Richard Klemen was mobilized to Serbia where he was captured by German troops and sent as a prisoner to Essen, Germany. After several weeks of impris- onmenta, he was allowed to return to Ljubljana, where he continued his work at the university. Richard’s mother (aged 82) and his younger brother Toussaint and his family were part of the 1942 organized Gottscheer move from their home villages to the Ger- man-occupied lowlands along the Sava River, from which the local population had previously been expelled. Tous- saint worked on a farm, but after partisans attacked the area he decided to move to Konjice. There, Richard’s moth- er died in 1943. Toussaint and his family were expelled51 to Austria in January 1946. They initially lived as war refu- gees in Austria, but later settled in Germany. a UL archives keep a letter from the Italian chemical supplier Eigen- mann e Veronelli dated 3 July 1941, which was replied in written on 12 July 1941. The Italian company inquired about the current ad- dress of Richard Klemen. UL rectorate replied as follows: »We have the honour to inform you that Dr. Richard Klemen is prisoner of war in Germany«. Dolinar: Richard Klemen, the First Lecturer of Enzymology ... Acta Chim. Slov. 2020, 67, S49–S61 S57 After Richard Klemen obtained his research assistant position in Vienna in 1942, he refused to join the National Socialist German Lecturers League (Ger.: Nationalsozialis- tischerDeutscher Dozentenbund), a division of the Nazi Par- ty. This could be the reason why he was not allowed to work as a lecturer, which was his previous position at the Univer- sity of Ljubljana. It is known that until 1945 the ‘Lecturers League’ was giving opinion about all candidates for teaching positions at German (and also Austrian) universities52. After World War II Richard Klemen was visited sev- eral times by strangers, who inquired about his possible re- turn to Yugoslavia. On 17 September 1947 he was granted Austrian citizenship. Richard married to Gertrud Steindl, a chemist by profession. Their son Ulrich was born in 1948. During his stay in Vienna, Richard Klemen occasionally hosted colleagues from Slovenia, among others Friderik Gerl (a chemical engineer who received his B.Eng. from UL in 1926, later Associate Professor of Economics and Organization of the Chemical Industry at the University of Ljubljana, retired in 1972) and his former student Dušan Stucin (who died in 1976 as Professor of Biochemistry and head of the Institute of Biochemistry at the UL Medical Faculty). Richard Klemen was not particularly satisfied with his career in Austria and often spoke with sympathy about Slovenia and his land in Konjice (U. Klemen, personal communication). Their family land and house were con- fiscated by the state in November 1945 (registered in Land Registry in January 1946) and declared ‘general people’s property’ in 1948. Since 1951 it has been managed by the local agricultural enterprise (Kmetijsko gospodarstvo v Slovenskih Konjicah), later by the company Zlati grič34. Attempts by the family to recover possession of the confis- cated property were unsuccessful. Richard Klemen died on 19 May 1998 at the age of 96. He is buried in Vienna Central Cemetery. He is sur- vived by his son Ulrich, who studied medicine and spe- cialized in ophthalmology. He became chief physician and associate professor of ophthalmology. His wife Christine is also an ophthalmologist. 8. Bibliography English translations of original titles are in square brackets. Richard Klemen as (co-)author is underlined in all entries. R. Klemen (1925) Kako se spreminja jodova barva ter množina adsorbiranega joda pri spremembi koloid- nega stanja škrobovih sestavin. Univerza Kraljevine Srbov, Hrvatov in Slovencev v Ljubljani, Tehniš- ka fakulteta. Engineer degree thesis, mentor: Maks Samec [How iodine stain and amount of adsorbed iodine change with changing colloidal state of starch compounds] M. Samec (1925) Studien über Pflanzenkolloide XVI. Verhalten der Stärkekomponenten zu Jod und ihre kolloide Schutzwirkung / nach Versuchen von R. Klemen. Kolloidchemische Beihefte 21(3–6), 55–77[Studies of plant colloids XVI. Behaviour of starch components against iodine and their collo- id protection activity / Based on experiments of R. Klemen] R. Klemen (1930) Ueber vergleichende Rebblattanalysen in verschiedenen Weinbergslagen zu bestimmten Zeiträumen. Das Weinland, Zeitschrift für Keller- technik und Weinbau 2, 90–92 [On the comparative analysis of grapevine leaves in different vineyards at selected timepoints] M. Samec (1931) Ugljevi Dravske banovine kao gorivo u Celus peći. Rad izveden uz sudelovanje J. Kavčiča i R. Klemena. Rudarski i Topionički Vesnik 3(1–2), 3 pp. (in Serbian language) [Coals of Drava Banate as fuel for Celsus heaters. With cooperation of J. Kavčič and R. Klemen.] R. Klemen (1931) Koloidno kemijska karakterizacija posameznih škrobov v zvezi z njihovo razvrstitvijo v skupine. Univerza Kralja Aleksandra I. v Ljubljani, Tehniška fakulteta. Doctoral Degree thesis, mentor: Maks Samec [Colloid-chemical characterization of individual starches in connection to their systemisa- tion into groups] M. Samec, R. Klemen (1931) Studien über Pflanzenkol- loide XXVIII. Eigenschaften verschiedener Stärkear- ten. Kolloid-Beihefte 33(5–8), 254–268. [Studies of plant colloids XXVIII. Properties of various types of starches] A. Tepež (1934) K spoznavanju pankreatične amilolise. Univerza Kralja Aleksandra I. v Ljubljani, Tehniška fakulteta. B.Eng. thesis, mentor M. Samec, co-men- tor R. Klemen [Towards understanding of pancreatic amylolysis] M.Samec, R. Klemen (1934) Trisaccharid pri pankre- antični amilolizi Eritroamiloz (po poizkusih A. Tepeža). Glasnik Hemijskog društva Kraljevine Ju- goslavije 5(1), 25–30 [A trisaccharide observed in pancreatic amylolysis of erythroamyloses] R. Klemen (1938) Über den Einfluss stickstoffhaltiger Stoffe auf die Maltosebestimmung nach Bertrand, Willstätter-Schudel und Auerbach-Bodländer. Bio- chemische Zeitschrift 299, 58–62 [Effect of nitroge- nous compounds on the determination of maltose by the methods of Bertrand, Willstätter and Schudel, and Auerbach and Bodländer] Dolinar: Richard Klemen, the First Lecturer of Enzymology ... Acta Chim. Slov. 2020, 67, S49–S61S58 R. Klemen (1939) Doprinosi k določevanju maltoze po Bertrandu. In: Pavel Grošelj (ed.) Zbornik Prirodo- slovnega društva, 1. zvezek. Prirodoslovno društvo, Ljubljana. Referatni sestanek (Ljubljana, February 25–26, 1938), pp. 28–31 [Contribution to maltose determination by Bertrand] D. Stucin (1939) Doprinos h kinetiki amilolize v pše- ničnih avtolizatih. Univerza Kralja Aleksandra I. v Ljubljani, Tehniška fakulteta. B.Eng. thesis, mentor R. Klemen [A contribution to kinetics of amylolysis in wheat autolysates] R. Klemen, D. Stucin (1939) Über den mittels verschie- dener Methoden bestimmten zeitlichen Verlauf der Zuckerbildung in Weizenautolysaten. Biochemische Zeitschrift 300(5), 338–342 [About the temporal course of sugar formation in yeast autolysates deter- mined by means of various methods] K. Andreč (1939): Poizkus karakterizacije elektrolitne ob- čutljivosti amilaze neklitega pšeničnega zrna. Univer- za Kralja Aleksandra I. v Ljubljani, Tehniška fakulteta. B.Eng. thesis, mentor R. Klemen [An experiment for characterization of electrolytic susceptibility of amyla- se from non-germinated wheat grain] J. R. Katz, M. Samec (1939) Studien über Pflanzenkol- loide XLVI. Die Alterung der Stärkelösungen, bet- rachtet vom kolloidchemischen, enzymatischen und röntgenspektrographischen Standpunkt aus (nach Versuchungen von Z. Čanić und R. Klemen). Kol- loid-Beihefte 49 (9–12), 455–470 [Studies of plant colloids XLVI. Aging of starch solutions as observed from colloid-chemical, enzymatic and X-ray spec- trographic points of view (based on experiments of Z. Čanić and R. Klemen)] V. Žitko, R. Klemen (1939) Mineralogija in kemija s te- hnologijo za 3. razred meščanskih šol. Ljubljana: Banovinska zaloga šolskih knjig in učil. [Mineralogy and chemistry with technology for 3rd classes of ci- tizen schools] V. Žitko, R. Klemen (1939) Mineralogija in kemija s te- hnologijo za 4. razred meščanskih šol. Ljubljana: Banovinska zaloga šolskih knjig in učil. [Mineralogy and chemistry with technology for 4th classes of citi- zen schools] R. Klemen (1940) Oploditev z vidika kemije. Proteus 7(2–3), 43–45 [Fertilization from the chemical point of view] U. Hofmann, R. Klemen (1950) Verlust der Aus- tauschfähigkeit von Lithiumionen an Bentonit durch Erhitzung. Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 262(1–5) 95–99 [Lost exchange capability of lithium ions on betontite upon heating] R. Klemen (1953) Bamberger, Max. In: Neue Deutsche Biographie 1, p. 574 [Online-Version]; URL: htt- ps://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd116047607. html#ndbcontent (accessed October 3, 2019) A. Janke, R. Klemen (1957) Weitere Untersuchungen über die biologische Stabilisierung von Trauben- säften mittels eines Ionenaustauschers. Frucht- saft-Industrie 2, 224–227 [Further examination on biological stabilization of grape juices using an ion-exchanger] R. Klemen, E. Seitz (1959) Ein papierchromato- graphischer Beitrag zur ,,Maillard-Reaktion“. Zeit- schrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und –For- schung 109 (5), 386–390. [A paper chromatography contribution to Maillard Reaction] R. Klemen (1970) Einführung in die Qualitätsprüfung von Lebensmitteln unter besonderer Berücksich- tigung der sensorischen Analyse. Presented at IN- TERLAB-Seminar »Sensorik in der Milchwirtschaft« (Wolfpassing, 24.–25.6.1970). Milchwirtschaftliche Berichte aus den Bundesanstalten Wolfpassing und Rotholz 25, 245–249 [Introduction to quality testing of foodstuffs with special emphasis on sensory ana- lysis] 9. Acknowledgement I wish to thank Dr. Tatjana Peterlin-Neumaier for her first contacts with the Archives of the Vienna Univer- sity of Technology and for her interest in the progress of my research on Richard Klemen’s life. This article would not be possible without the information provided by Dr. Paulus Ebner, head of TU Wien Archives, and Mag. Peter Wiltsche, head of the Archives at the University of Natu- ral Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna. I would also like to thank the Archives of the University of Ljubljana for providing access to their historic materials, especially the civil servant folder of Richard Klemen. Insight into Rich- ard Klemen’s background and private life was given by his son, Prof. Dr. Ulrich Klemen, whom I was able to reach through the community of Gottscheer Germans with the help of Mag. Herman Leustik from the Klagenfurt section of the Gottscheer Hometown Society (Gottscheer Lands- mannschaft) and the president of its Vienna section, Mr. Karl Hönigmann. Information about the Versuchsstation für das Gärungsgewerbe was received from Dr. Günther Seeleitner and Dr. Hans-Joachim Schmidt, the director of the Oesterreichisches Getraenke Institut. I would also like Dolinar: Richard Klemen, the First Lecturer of Enzymology ... Acta Chim. Slov. 2020, 67, S49–S61 S59 to thank Mr. Branko Škrinjar, head of the UL FRI-FCCT faculty library, for checking several bibliographic records on works of Richard Klemen published in his Ljubljana period. 10. Literature 1. Obča univerzitetna uredba, in: Službeni list kraljevske banske uprave Dravske banovine 1932, 3, 365–392. 2. Jahresbericht der k. k. Staats-Oberrealschule (1912/1913). Laibach: Verlag der k. k. Oberrealschule, 1913. 3. Večerni list (newspaper). July 14, 1920. p. 4. Ljubljana: Kon- zorcij Večernega lista. 4. R. Klemen, Kako se spreminja jodova barva ter množina ad- sorbiranega joda pri spremembi koloidnega stanja škrobovih sestavin. Ljubljana: Univerza Kraljevine Srbov, Hrvatov in Slovencev v Ljubljani, Tehniška fakulteta, 1925. 5. M. Samec, Studien über Pflanzenkolloide XVI. Verhalten der Stärkekomponenten zu Jod und ihre kolloide Schutzwirkung / nach Versuchen von R. Klemen. Kolloidchemische Beihefte 1925, 21, 55–77. 6. T. Dekleva, The Faculty of technical sciences, University of Ljubljana, in: J. Ciperle (Ed.): Tehniška fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani 1919–1957. Ljubljana: University of Ljubljana, 2010, pp. 91–201. 7. V. Njegovan, R. Podhorsky, Jugoslovensko hemijsko društvo, Sekcija Zagreb, Arhiv za hemiju i farmaciju 1927, 1, 41–47. 8. G.C. Hirsch, Index Biologorum: Investigatores, Laboratoria, Periodica. Editio Prima. Berlin: Julius Springer 1928. 9. Straža (newspaper), January 8, 1909. Maribor: Konzorcij. p. 4. 10. J. Priol (Ed.) Izvestje za šolsko leto 1928/29 ter gospodarski leti 1928 in 1929. Maribor: Vinarska in sadjarska šola v Mari- boru, 1930. 11. R. Klemen, Ueber vergleichende Rebblattanalysen in ver- schiedenen Weinbergslagen zu bestimmten Zeiträumen. Das Weinland, Zeitschrift für Kellertechnik und Weinbau 1930, 2, 90–92. 12. M. Samec, Ugljevi Dravske banovine kao gorivo u Celus peći, Rudarski i topionički vestnik 1931, 3, 3 pp. 13. R. Klemen, Koloidno kemijska karakterizacija posameznih škrobov v zvezi z njihovo razvrstitvijo v skupine. Ljubljana: Univerza Kralja Aleksandra I. v Ljubljani, Tehniška fakulteta, 1931. 14. M. Samec, R. Klemen, Studien über Pflanzenkolloide XXVIII. Eigenschaften verschiedener Stärkearten. Kolloid-Beihefte 1931, 33, 254–268. 15. E. Waldschmidt-Leitz, Die Enzyme – Wirkungen und Eigen- schaften, Braunschweig: F. Wieweg & Sohn, 1926, 235 pp. DOI:10.1007/978-3-322-99074-7 16. E. Nordenskiöld, The history of biology – A survey. London: Taylor & Francis, 1929. Republished 2018 under the title Re- vival: The history of biology – A survey. Abingdon: Routledge. 17. Z.F. Čanić, Prilog diferencijaciji amilo i eritro-amiloze po- moću encima pankreasa, ječma i slada, Ljubljana: Univerza kralja Aleksandra I. v Ljubljani, Tehniška fakulteta, 1931. 18. Stalež šolstva in učiteljstva ter prosvetnih in kulturnih ustan- ov v Dravski banovini, Ljubljana: Prosvetni oddelek kr. ban- ske uprave, 1934. 19. Seznam predavanj na Univerzi kralja Aleksandra I. Ljubljana: Univerza kralja Aleksandra I. v Ljubljani, 1930 –1942. 20. A. Tepež, K spoznavanju pankreatične amilolise. Ljubljana: Univerza kralja Aleksandra I. v Ljubljani, Tehniška fakulteta, 1934. 21. M. Samec, R. Klemen (1934) Trisaccharid pri pankreantični amilolizi Eritroamiloz (po poizkusih A. Tepeža). Glasnik Hemijskog društva Kraljevine Jugoslavije 1934, 5, 25–30. 22. H. Kraut, M. Rohdewald, Carbohydrasen, in: G.M. Schwab (Ed.), Handbuch der Katalyse, Band 3: Biokatalyse. Wien: Springer Verlag, 1941. 23. R. Klemen, Über den Einfluss stickstoffhaltiger Stoffe auf die Maltosebestimmung nach Bertrand, Willstätter-Schudel und Auerbach-Bodländer. Biochemische Zeitschrift 1938, 299, 58–62. 24. R. Klemen, Doprinosi k določevanju maltoze po Bertrandu, in: Pavel Grošelj (Ed.), Zbornik Prirodoslovnega društva, 1. zvezek. Ljubljana: Prirodoslovno društvo. Referatni sestanek (Ljubljana, February 25–26, 1938), 1939, pp. 28–31. 25. D. Stucin, Doprinos h kinetiki amilolize v pšeničnih avtoliza- tih. Ljubljana: Univerza Kralja Aleksandra I. v Ljubljani, Teh- niška fakulteta, 1939. 26. R. Klemen, D. Stucin, Über den mittels verschiedener Metho- den bestimmten zeitlichen Verlauf der Zuckerbildung in Wei- zenautolysaten. Biochemische Zeitschrift 1939, 300, 338–342. 27. K. Andreč, Poizkus karakterizacije elektrolitne občutljivosti amilaze neklitega pšeničnega zrna, Ljubljana: Univerza kralja Aleksandra I. v Ljubljani, Tehniška fakulteta, 1939. 28. J.R. Katz, M. Samec, Studien über Pflanzenkolloide XLVI. Die Alterung der Stärkelösungen, betrachtet vom kolloid- chemischen, enzymatischen und röntgenspektrographischen Standpunkt aus (nach Versuchungen von Z. Čanić und R. Klemen). Kolloid-Beihefte 1939, 49, 455–470. 29. M. Samec, J. R. Katz, J. C. Derksen, Abhandlungen zur physi- kalischen Chemie der Stärke und der Brotbereitung, VIII. Inwieweit bestehen Verkleistern und Retrogradieren bei den mit nativer Stärke verwandten Substanzen? Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie 1932, 158A, 321–336. DOI:10.1515/zpch-1932-15823 30. V. Žitko, R. Klemen, Mineralogija in kemija s tehnologijo za 3. razred meščanskih šol. Ljubljana: Banovinska zaloga šol- skih knjig in učil, 1939. 31. V. Žitko, R. Klemen, Mineralogija in kemija s tehnologijo za 4. razred meščanskih šol. Ljubljana: Banovinska zaloga šol- skih knjig in učil, 1939. 32. R. Klemen, Oploditev z vidika kemije. Proteus 1940, 7, 43–45. 33. R. Kuhn, F. Moewus, C. Jerchel, Chemische Natur der Stoffe, welche die Kopulation der männlichen und weiblichen Gam- eten von Chlamydomonas eugametos im Lichte bewirken. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1938, 71, 1541–1547. DOI:10.1002/cber.19380710733 34. V. Hazler, Kulturna dediščina – izziv sodobnemu podjetništ- vu; Ljubljana: Univerza v Ljubljani, Filozofska fakulteta, Zbir- Dolinar: Richard Klemen, the First Lecturer of Enzymology ... Acta Chim. Slov. 2020, 67, S49–S61S60 ka kulturna dediščina, 9. zvezek, 2013. 35. T. Peterlin-Neumeier, Življenjepis Maksa Samca (1881–1964), in: B. Stanovnik (Ed.), Maks Samec (1881–1964): življenje in delo. Ljubljana: Slovensko kemijsko društvo, 2015, pp. 17–70. 36. Verzeichnis der Volks- und Reichsdeutschen Umsiedler, die auf Grund des Abkommens vom 31. August 1941 aus der Provinz Laibach umgesiedelt wurden, 1941. Available on- line at http://gottschee.de/Dateien/Dokumente/Web%20 Deutsch/Umsiedlungsverzeichnis/nachname.php (Accessed October 16, 2019). 37. M. Ferenc, Kočevska, bleak and empty. Lecture at the “Bridg- ing Our Worlds” conference, Ljubljana, Sept. 10–12, 2001. Published on-line at http://www2.arnes.si/~krsrd1/confer- ence/Speeches/Ferenc_eng.htm (Accessed October 16, 2019). 38. U. Hofmann, R. Klemen (1950) Verlust der Austausch- fähigkeit von Lithiumionen an Bentonit durch Erhitzung. Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie, 1950, 262, 95–99. DOI:10.1002/zaac.19502620114 39. J. Mikoletzky, Researching for the “ultimate victory”: The TH in Vienna as part of the wartime economy, in: Die Technische Hochschule in Wien 1914–1955 / The Technische Hoch- schule in Vienna 1914–1955, Teil 2: Nationalsozialismus – Krieg – Rekonstruktion (1938–1955) / Part 2: National So- cialism – War – Reconstruction (1938–1955). Vienna: Böhlau Verlag, 2016, pp. 121–141. DOI:10.7767/9783205202219-011 40. H. Maier, Chemiker im “Dritten Reich”: Die Deutsche Che- mische Gesellschaft und der Verein Deutscher Chemiker im NS-Herrschaftsapparat. Berlin: WILEY‐VCH Verlag, 2015. DOI:10.1002/9783527694631 41. K. Beneke, G. Lagaly, Curriculum vitae and scientific research of Ulrich Hofmann (1903 – 1986). ECGA (European Clay Group Association) Newsletter 2002, 5, 13–23. 42. J. Mikoletzky, ‚Säuberungen‘ im Zuge der nationalsozialis- tischen Machtergreifung 1938 an der Technischen Hoch- schule in Wien, in: J. Koll (Ed.), “Säuberungen” an öster- reichischen Hochschulen 1934–1945: Voraussetzungen, Prozesse, Folgen. Vienna: Böhlau Verlag, 2017, pp. 243–266. DOI:10.7767/9783205205845-008 43. R. Klemen, Bamberger, Max, in: Neue Deutsche Biographie 1, 1953, p. 574 [Online-Version]; URL: https://www.deut- sche-biographie.de/pnd116047607.html#ndbcontent (Ac- cessed October 3, 2019) 44. J. Mikoletzky, Margarete (Rita) Janke-Garzuly – Viele „Firsts“ und eine gebrochene Karriere, in: Frauenspuren an der TU Wien, 2012. Available at https://www.frauenspuren.at/ frauenspuren_gestern/pionierinnen/margarete_janke_gar- zuly/ (Accessed November 18, 2019). 45. A. Janke, R. Klemen, Weitere Untersuchungen über die bi- ologische Stabilisierung von Traubensäften mittels eines Ionenaustauschers. Fruchtsaft-Industrie, 1957, 2, 224–227. 46. R. Klemen, E. Seitz, Ein papierchromatographischer Beitrag zur ,,Maillard-Reaktion”. Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersu- chung und Forschung 1959, 109, 386–390. DOI:10.1007/BF01885012 47. H. Klaushofer, Geschichte der Studienrichtung Lebensmit- tel- und Biotechnologie, in: D. Mattanovich (Ed.), 50 Jahre Lebensmittel- und Biotechnologie an der Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna: Fachgruppe Lebensmittel- und Biotechnologie der Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, 1995, pp. 10–50. 48. Mitteilungen der Versuchsstation für das Gärungsgewerbe in Wien, Vol. 21–23 (1967–69) to Vol. 30–31 (1976–1977). 49. R. Klemen, Einführung in die Qualitätsprüfung von Leb- ensmitteln unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der sen- sorischen Analyse. Presented at INTERLAB-Seminar »Sen- sorik in der Milchwirtschaft« (Wolfpassing, 24.–25.6.1970). Milchwirtschaftliche Berichte aus den Bundesanstalten Wolf- passing und Rotholz 1970, 25, 245–249. 50. A. Lechner, Titl. A.O. Univ.-Prof. Univ.-Doz. Dipl.-Ing. Dr. techn. Richard Klemen; Persönliche Daten, zusammengestellt für die Laudatio anläßlich des 85. Geburtstages am 24. Jänner 1987. Vienna: Technische Universität Wien, Universitätsar- chiv, 1987 (unpublished). 51. International Refugee Organization, Decision of the review board, Geneva. Act Nr. 16636, referring to Linz District case 998.602/4, 1949. Obtained through Arolsen Archives. 52. A. C. Nagel, “Er ist der Schrecken überhaupt der Hochschule”. Der Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Dozentenbund in der Wissenschaftspolitik des Dritten Reichs, in: J. Scholtyseck, C. Studt (Eds.), Universitäten und Studenten im Dritten Reich: Bejahung, Anpassung, Widerstand. Proceedings of the XIX. Königswinterer Tagung (17.–19. February 2006). Berlin: LIT Verlag, 2008, pp. 115–132. Dolinar: Richard Klemen, the First Lecturer of Enzymology ... Acta Chim. Slov. 2020, 67, S49–S61 S61 Povzetek Richard Klemen (1902–1998) je bil prvi učitelj encimatike na ljubljanski univerzi. Za privatnega docenta za področje ko- loidne kemije in kemije encimov je bil izvoljen takoj po doktoratu leta 1931, poleg predavanj iz encimatike in kmetijske kemije pa je vodil tudi kemijski praktikum. Doktoriral je pod mentorstvom Maksa Samca na temo sistemizacije škrobov, nato pa se je eno leto izpopolnjeval iz encimatike na Nemški tehniški visoki šoli v Pragi. Z raziskovalnim delom na po- dročju encimatike je nadaljeval do italijanske okupacije, nato pa januarja 1942 z dovoljenjem takratne oblasti emigriral v Avstrijo. Na Dunaju se je že aprila istega leta zaposlil kot raziskovalni asistent na Inštitutu za anorgansko in analizno kemijo Tehniške visoke šole. Iz medvojnega obdobja je njegovo najbolj citirano delo, ki je sicer izšlo šele leta 1950 z afiliacijo regensburške univerze, kjer se je kasneje zaposlil Klemnov nekdanji predstojnik Ulrich Hofmann. Po njima se imenuje tudi Hofmann-Klemnov pojav v kemiji gline. Leta 1950 se je Klemen zaposlil na Inštitutu za biokemijsko tehnologijo in mikrobiologijo Tehniške visoke šole na Dunaju, kjer je ostal kot raziskovalni sodelavec in občasno učitelj do upokojitve leta 1967. Tri leta pred upokojitvijo je bil imenovan za nazivnega izrednega profesorja in v letih 1966 do 1976 predaval na dunajski kmetijski univerzi predmet Nadzor obratovanja in kakovosti. Njegova znanstvena bibliografija je sorazmerno kratka in je v tem sestavku prvič zbrana. Ob stoletnici ljubljanske univerze in bližnji 60-letnici katedre za biokemijo na Fakulteti za kemijo in kemijsko tehnologijo je poznavanje začetkov biokemije na Slovenskem za stroko še posebej pomembno.