NEW ASSOCIATION OF SMALL-LEAVED LIME IN EASTERN SLOVENIA (VIBURNO OPULI-TILIETUM CORDATAE ASS. NOVA) NOVA ZDRUŽBA LIPOVCA V VZHODNI SLOVENIJI (VIBURNO OPULI-TILIETUM CORDATAE ASS. NOVA) Mitja ZUPANČIČ1 & Vinko ŽAGAR2 ABSTRACT UDC 581.9:582.685.24(497.43) New association of small-leaved lime in eastern Slovenia (Viburno opuli-Tilietum cordatae ass. nova) On a steep slope in Posotelje on Rudnica near Podčetrtek, we recorded probably a new association Viburno opuli-Tilie-tum cordatae ass. nova. We originally envisaged that it was a new initial stage of the already known association Tilio cor-datae-Aceretum platanoidis Ž. Košir 1953. However, Jacca-rd's and S0rensen's indexes showed very low coefficients of similarity (Oj = 23.4, a^ = 37.9), which made us consider the existence of a new, previously named association. We consider the association Viburno-Tilietum to be a vicariant phy-tocenosis of the edge of the subpannonian region of Slovenia, of the subalpine-alpine association Tilio-Aceretum. Key words: phytocenology, Tilio-Aceretum, Viburno-Ti-lietum, Tilia cordata, Acerplatanoides, Quercus cerris, Q. pe-traea, Acer campestre, Sorbus torminalis, edge of subpannon-ian Slovenia. IZVLEČEK UDK 581.9:582.685.24(497.43) Nova združba lipovca v vzhodni Sloveniji (Viburno opuli-Tilietum cordatae ass. nova) V Posotelju na Rudnici pri Podčetrtku je na strmem pobočju zabeležena verjetno nova asociacija Viburno opuli--Tilietum cordatae ass. nova. Prvotno smo predvidevali, da gre za nov inicialni stadij že znane asociacije Tilio cordatae--Aceretum platanoidis Ž. Košir 1953. Vendar sta Jaccardov indeks in indeks S0rensenove pokazala zelo nizke količnike (aj = 23,4, as = 37,9) podobnosti, kar je dalo misliti na obstoj nove, prej imenovane asociacije. Asociacijo Viburno-Tilie-tum štejemo za vikariantno fitocenozo obrobnega pred-panonskega območja Slovenije predalpsko-alpske asociacije Tilio-Aceretum. Ključne besede: fitocenologija, Tilio-Aceretum, Viburno--Tilietum, Tilia cordata, Acer platanoides, Quercus cerris, Q. petraea, Acer campestre, Sorbus torminalis, obrobje sub-panonske Slovenije. 1 Dr., SAZU, Novi trg 5, 1000 Ljubljana 2 Bevkova ul. 1, 1290 Grosuplje FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 54/2, 261-289, LJUBLJANA 2013 P. KošiR and L. Marincek (1999: 53-55) wrote about research into noble broadleaves in Europe and especially in Slovenia. We will restrict ourselves in this paper to phytocenoses of noble broadleaves that, in our opinion, are developmental or related or, on an objective judgement, are connected with the question of our phytocenosis of noble broadleaves on Rudnica near Podčetrtek. In order to confirm the independence of our association, we made a comparison with the associations Tilio cordatae-Aceretum platanoidis Ž. Košir 1953 (synonyms Ostryo-Tilietum cordatae, Tilio-Ostryetum), Co-rydalido ochroleucae-Aceretum Accetto 1991, Saxifrago petraeae-Tilietum platyphylli Dakskobler 1999 and Acero-Tilietum platyphylli Faber 1936 (Ž. Košir 1953, Accetto 1991, Dakskobler 1999, Oberdorfer 1957). In a wider sense, we additionally made a partial comparison with the phytocenoses Omphalodo vernae--Aceretum pseudoplatani P. Košir & Marinček 1999, Lamio orvalae-Aceretumn pseudoplatani P. Košir & Marinček 1999, Dentario polyphyllae-Aceretum P. Košir & Marinček 1999, Dryopterido affini-Aceretum P. Košir 2005 (P. Košir & Marinček 1999, P. Košir 2002, 2005 a, 2005 b, 2005 c), Veratro nigri-Fraxinetum Dakskobler 2007, Carici albae-Tilietum cordatae Müller & Görs 1958 var. geogr. Anemone trifolia Dakskobler 2007, Ornithogalo-Fraxinetum Čušin & Dakskobler ex Dakskobler 2007, Hacquetio-Fraxinetum Marinček in Wallnöfer et al. 1993 (Dakskobler 1999, 2007 a, 2007 b); Corydalido cavae-Aceretum Moor 1938 var. geogr. Dentaria enneaphyllos Zupančič 1996, Arunco-Acere-tum Moor 1952 var. geogr. Dentaria enneaphyllos Zupančič & Žagar (1997) 1999, Arunco-Aceretum Moor 1952 var. geogr. Dentaria pinnata Zupančič & Žagar 1999 (Zupančič 1996, Zupančič & Žagar 1999). We were initially convinced that this was a case of an initial stage of Ž. Košir's association Tilio cordatae--Aceretum platanoidis and, subsequently, in particular its geographic variant on the edge of the subpannonian phytogeographic region. We were led to this thinking by a comparison that showed that of the six characteristic species that Ž. Košir determined for the association Tilio cordatae-Aceretum platanoidis, our phyto-cenosis has four or five (Ostrya carpinifolia 2 1-3, Tilia cordata 2 1-3, Tamus communis 11, Euonymus latifolia 2+ and in the shrub layer Acer platanoides 1+). Comparison showed that the characteristic species Ostrya carpinifolia, Euonymus latifolia and Tamus communis frequently appear, with higher levels of abundance value, in other phytocenoses of noble broadleaves and are not only diagnostic species for the association Tilio corda-tae-Aceretum platanoidis. Instead of them, we propose Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz s. lat. (= E. latifolia (L.) All.) as the diagnostic species. We do now know very much about it and its ecological characteristics. Oberdorfer (1979) characterises it as a common species in damp, herb-rich oak and beech forests, as well as in mixed scrub and water meadows or in associations of flood forests. It grows on fresh, nutrient and base rich, medium deep, clayey, composted soil, with moderately mild, acid, friable humus. It is an indicator of clayey soil. It grows in associations of the alliances Fagion, Carpinion, Alno-Ulmion or the order Fagetalia; it more rarely appears in associations of the alliance Quercion pubescentis. It is classified among Euro-Asian (suboceanic)-sub-Mediterranean species. In Austria it grows up to an altitude of 1350 (1400) m. In Slovenia, the species Epipactis helleborine s. lat. grows in associations of the class Querco-Fagetea. It grows on carbonate ground, usually at lower altitudes. It prefers warm exposures on fresh habitats. It tolerates thermophilous, damp habitats very well so it is common in the association of small-leaved lime and Norway maple. It is not found in damp forests of maple, European ash or similar forests of noble broadleaves and beech. A review or comparison from relevant phy-tocenological tables of Accetto (1991), Dakskobler (1999, 2007 a, 2007 b), Peter Košir (2005 a, 2005 b, 2005 c) confirms this statement. Because of its ecological properties, we have classified it among characteristic species of the association Tilio cordatae-Aceretum platanoidis. It has a more than half median level of presence in this association, which ranks it among diagnostic species of the association. We also find that it is not found in similar associations of noble broad-leaves, or is very rare in them. The selection of characteristic species of the association Tilio cordatae-Acere-tum platanoidis would be: Tilia cordata, Acer platanoides, Rhamnus fallax and Epipactis helleborine s. lat. The above combination of characteristic species of the association Tilio cordatae-Aceretum platanoidis more or less corresponds to our phytocenosis, although ours is only presented with two phytocenological rel-eves. In relation to the similarity between the phytocenoses, we therefore calculated the coefficient of similarity according to Sorensen and Jaccard. The coefficients are very low (a = 37.9 and a. = 23.4), which means that the phytocenoses are very different and independent. From the comparison tables (Tables 2 and 3), we established that the species Cardamine pen-taphyllos (L.) Crantz, Aconitum napellus L. em. Ska-licky s. lat. (A. napellus subsp. lobelii, or even a cross?), Cirsium erisithales (Jacq.) Scop. and Carex alba Scop. distinguish the association from other similar phyto-cenoses of noble broadleaves, including ours, so we chose them as the distinguishing species of the asso- ciation Tilio cordatae-Aceretum platanoidis. The distinguishing species Cardamine pentaphyllos and Aconitum napellus s. lat. indicate damp and cold habitats, Cirsium erisithales prefers fresh, relatively warm habitats and Carex alba is a species that grows on more or less initial soils. All the enumerated distinguishing species correspond to the ecological conditions in which the association Tilio cordatae-Aceretum platano-idis thrives. Ž. KošiR (1953) compared his phytocenosis with surrounding related phytocenoses of Kamniška Bistrica and the Swiss association Tilio-Asperuletum tau-rinae Trepp (1944) 1947, from which he »obtained the necessary synthetic signs, which distinguish (his) association from other forest types«. He found that the Swiss association shows a great deal of relatedness to his phytocenosis but there are some essential floristic differences. The species Tilia platyphyllos, Staphylea pinnata, Asperula taurina, Acer campestre are not found in the association Tilio cordatae-Aceretum plata-noidis, it is more impoverished with species of the order Prunetalia spinosae and richer in fagetal species, especially Southeasteuropean-Illyrian species. He thoroughly describes in detail the ecological conditions that are important for the existence of the association Tilio cordatae-Aceretum platanoidis, the geological basis (limestone, dolomite and marl gravel, with a thickness of gravel of 2-6, 6-12 cm), amount of precipitation (2200-2400 mm), air temperature (8.5-9 °C), he draws attention to the micro-climate, air humidity, insulation, evaporation, wind, period of snow cover, inclination, exposure and altitude of the terrain. He deals in detail with the soils, which are skeletal, young, undeveloped, gravel with an admixture of dark-brown-black humus and he classifies them among rendzinas and »humo-carbonate« soils. The terrain is unstable due to landslip, rock fall and rolling gravel, which is released by game. He draws attention in this to damage to the thickness and the dubious human exploitation of such an ecologically sensitive structure. In view of the described ecological conditions and flo-ristic composition, Ž. Košir distinguished three types of succession, namely on dry (crest), damp (wide trenches) and parched habitats. From the phytoceno-logical table, on a floristic basis there is a clearly expressed initial stage, represented by the first ten of twenty releves in the table. It must be stressed above all that the species Tilia platyphyllos is not found in the association Tilio cordatae-Aceretum platanoidis. Ž. Košir's association should be properly evaluated syntaxonomically as follows: Tilio cordatae- Aceretum platanoidis Košir 1953 nom. nov. hoc loco Basionom: Ostryo-Tilietum Košir 1953 (Art. 34) Nomenclature type (Neotypus hoc loco): Slovenia, Kamniška Bistrica, 850 a.s.l.., exposure WSW, inclination 35-40 15 October 1953, Ž. Košir: E3: Acer platanoides 2.1, Tilia cordata 1.1, Ostrya carpinifolia 1.2, Acer pseudoplatanus +.1, Fagus sylvati-ca 2.2, Fraxinus excelsior 1.2, Ulmus glabra +.1, Fraxi-nus ornus (r), Sorbus aria (+.1) E2: Acer platanoides 1.1, Tilia cordata 1.1, Ostrya carpinifolia +.1, Rhamnus fallax (+.1), Euonymus latifo-lia 2.2, Acer pseudoplatanus +.1, Fagus sylvatica +.1, Daphne mezereum 1.1, Corylus avellana 1.3, Clematis vitalba +.1, Ulmus glabra 1.1, Lonicera xylosteum (+.1), Laburnum alpinium +.1, Rosa alpina +.1, Sambucus ra-cemosa +.1 E1: Acer platanoides +.1, Tilia cordata +.1, Ostrya carpinifolia +.1, Acer pseudoplatanus +.1, Fagus sylvatica +.1, Fraxinus excelsior +.1, Carpinus betulus +.1, Tamus communis 1.1, Galeobdolon flavidum 1.1, Polygo-natum multiflorum +.1, Dryopteris filix-mas 1.1, Paris quadrifolia +.1, Viola reichenbachiana +.1, Phyteuma spicatum +.1, Epipactis helleborine s. lat. +.1, Cyclamen purpurascens 1.1, Mercurialis perennis 1.2, Galium lae-vigatum +.1, Carex digitata 1.3, Actaea spicata 2.1, Asa-rum europaeum 1.1, Carex digitata 1.3, Actaea spicata 2.1, Asarum europaeum 1.1, Cardamine pentaphyllos 1.2, Hepatica nobilis +.1, Lilium martagon +.1, Mycelis muralis +.1, Cephalanthera longifolia +.1, Lamium or-vala 2.1, Campanula trachelium 1.1, Platanthera bifolia +.1, Hacquetia epipactis 1.1, Pulmonaria officinalis 1.2, Symphytum tuberosum +.1, Veronica urticifolia +.1, Salvia glutinosa 1.2, Senecio fuchsii +.10, Gentiana asclepi-adea +.1, Carex alba +.2, Calamagrostis varia +.1, Pre-nanthes purpurea 1.20, Solidago virgaurea +.1, Cirsium erisithales +.1, Aconitum napellus s. lat. +.1, Cardamine trifolia +.1, Melittis melisophyllum +.1, Hypericum hir-sutum +.1, Helleborus niger ssp. niger +.1, Primula vulgaris +.1, Aposeris foetida +.1, Arabis (gerardii?)* +.3, Veratrum album +.1. *Not in Slowenia! E0: Ctenidium molluscum +.2, Neckera sp. +.2, Hylocomium triquetrum +.2, Thuidium abietinum +.2, Camptothecium lutescens +.2. Despite the similarity in characteristic species between Ž. Košir's phytocenosis and ours, the floristic and ecological conditions are different. We determined the soil conditions of our phytocenosis as rendzina or shallow skeletal carbonate soil, but other abiotic and biotic influences are essentially different, especially in relation to climate and the (non)dynamic terrain. Our phytocenosis is located in a region of continental dry subpannonian climate (800 mm precipitation annually and average temperature 9.2-10.3 °C) and on terrain which is more or less stable, with a limestone geological base. This is followed by a difference in the number of fresh and moisture-loving species, of which there are ten fewer in our phytocenosis (20 : 30). We decided in addition to make a comparison with the associations Corydalido-Aceretum Accetto 1991, Saxifrago-Tilietum Dakskobler 1999 and Acero--Tilietum Faber 1936 (Accetto 1991, Dakskobler 1999, Oberdorfer 1957). Despite the fact that large-leaved lime Tilia platyphyllos is leading in the mentioned associations, we were interested in a possible link with Ž. Kosir's and with our phytocenoses, especially because in Accetto's and Dakskobler's associations the species Tilia cordata is in low abundance, and the species Acerplatanoides in Dakskobler's and Faber's (Oberdorfer's) associations has at least a fifty per cent or more level of presence. Above all, we were interested in a comparison with our phytocenosis, whether it is possible to include it in any of them, when we found that it could not be classified in Ž. Košir's Tilio corda-tae-Aceretum platanoidis. Comparison between our phytocenosis and Accetto's association Corydalido ochroleucae-Aceretum showed very low coefficients of similarity - a^ = 26.7 and a. = 15.4. There was a slightly higher coefficient of similarity, although still low (as = 35.6 and a. = 21.6), between our phytocenosis and Dakskobler's association Saxifrago petraeae-Tilietum. The similarity between our phytocenosis and Faber's (Oberdorfer's) association is as = 37.6 and a. = 23.4, which means that there is little similarity between them. The conclusion is that our phytocenosis cannot Table 1 be classified into Accetto's, Dakskobler's or Faber's (Oberdorfer's) associations. The provisional decision is that our two releves represent a new phytocenosis-association, which we have designated Viburno opuli-Tilietum cordatae ass. nova Nomenclature type: Zupančič & Žagar (2013: Tabela 1, popis 2) Neotypus hoc loco. Characteristic species: Viburnum opulus, Ligus-trum vulgare, Pyrus pyraster, Brachypodium rupes-tre. Distinguishing species: Acer campestre, Quercus cerris, Q. petraea, Sorbus torminalis. The association was inventoried on southeast and southwest exposures of a steep slope of Rudnica near Podčetrtek, with an inclination of 40 to 45° on a limestone base at altitudes of 280 and 310 m. The climate is continental, with average annual precipitation between 800 and 900 mm and average annual temperature between 9 and 10 °C. The soils are rendzinas or shallow skeletal carbonate soils, fresh to damp. Because of the specific ecological conditions of a warm-damp habitat, thermophilous and fresh-loving or even moisture-loving plant species appear in it - these are in a ratio of 1 : 2 in favour of thermophilous species. Fagetal species predominate, species of the orders Prunetalia spinosae and Quercetalia pubescentis and the class Trifolio-Ge-ranietea were noted, which corresponds with the finding of predominately thermophilous species, to which can be added species of the classes Festuco-Brometea and Molinio-Arrhenatheretea. Synsystematic units Tilio-Aceretum Viburno-Tilietum no. % no. % Carpinion s. lat. 3 2.8 5 5.0 Prunetalia spinosae 3 2.8 12 11.9 Quercetalia pubescentis-petraeae 6 5.6 9 8.9 Quercetalia roboris-petraeae 0 0.0 3 2.9 Querco-Fagetea s. str. 52 48.6 33 32.7 Querco-Fagetea s. lat. 64 59.8 63 61.3 Vaccinio-Piceetea 19 17.9 4 4.0 Erico-Pinetea 3 2.8 2 2.0 Betulo-Adenostyletea (Mulgedio-Aconitetea) 5 4.7 1 1.0 Epilobietea angustifolii 3 2.8 2 2.0 Trifolio-Geranietea 1 0.9 11 10.9 Festuco-Brometea 1 0.9 6 5.9 Molinio-Arrhenatheretea 0 0.0 4 4.0 Artemisietea 1 0.9 1 1.0 Asplenietea trichomanis 3 2.8 3 2.9 Other species 7 6.5 5 5.0 Total 107 100.0 101 100.0 There is a more exact presentation of individual taxa in Table 1, in which there is also a comparison with the association Tilio cordatae-Aceretum platanoidis. There is a clear difference in the higher share of species of the classes Vaccinio-Piceetea and Betulo-Adenostyle-tea in the association Tilio cordatae-Aceretum platanoidis and in the share of already mentioned (thermophil-ous) synsystematic units in the association Viburno-Ti-lietum cordatae. The share of picetal species of high stemmed plants ranks the association Tilio cordatae--Aceretum platanoides in the subalpine phytogeograph-ic region, and thermophilous species places the association Viburno-Tilietum cordatae in the subpannonian region. We find that only three southeast-European-Il-lyrian species that are characteristic of the Illyrian floral province have been recorded so far in the association Viburno-Tilietum cordatae, while there are nine in the association Tilio cordatae-Aceretum platanoidis. Table 2 The phytogeographic affiliation and ecological differentiation of the associations is confirmed by the distribution of geoelements (Table 2), whereby there are more thermophilous species in the association Vi-burno-Tilietum cordatae, such as Pontic, Mediterranean-Atlantic, Mediterranean-Pontic and even one Eu-mediterranean geoelement. In the association Tilio cordatae-Aceretum platanoidis there are three times more Mediterrannean-montane species than in the association Viburno-Tilietum cordatae. These species stress the warm-damp conditions of habitats of the association Tilio cordatae-Aceretum platanoidis in the subalpine/alpine world (Cyclamen purpurascens, Sani-cula europaea, Sambucus racemosa, Laburnum alpi-num, Abies alba, Saxifraga cuneifolia, Valeriana tripte-ris, Adenostyles glabra, Larix decidua, Cirsium eristha-tes, Buphthalmum salicifolium, Aposeris foetida, Cala-mintha nepeta). Geoelements (accord. to Poldini 1991) Tilio-Aceretum Viburno-Tilietum no. % no. % European 25 23.4 30 29.6 European-Asian 15 14 15 14.9 Circumboreal 9 8.4 8 7.9 European-Siberian 7 6.5 7 6.9 Paleotemperate 6 5.6 6 5.9 Eastalpine 1 0.9 0 0.0 Alpine-Carpathian 1 0.9 0 0.0 Arctic-Alpine 1 0.9 0 0.0 Mediterranean-montane 13 12.1 4 4.0 Southernillyrian 3 2.8 0 0.0 Northernillyrian 3 2.8 2 2.0 Pontic 3 2.8 6 5.9 Southeasteuropean 2 2.0 2 2.0 Mediterranean-Atlantic 1 0.9 3 3.0 European-Mediterranean 1 0.9 3 3.0 Mediterrannean-pontic 2 2.0 3 3.0 Eumediterranean 0 0.0 1 1.0 Cosmopolitan 3 2.8 3 3.0 Adventive 0 0.0 1 1.0 Other species 11 10.3 7 6.9 Total 107 100.0 101 100.0 The results of the analysis of the biological forms of species (Table 3) correspond with the above findings. The association Viburno-Tilietum cordatae thrives in relatively less favourable ecological conditions, in which there are slightly more phanerophytes and hemicryptophytes and half as many geophytes as in the association Tilio cordatae-Aceretum platanoidis. According to I. Horvat (1949), these would be similar to the ecological conditions that prevail in habitats of oak and hop (Querco-Ostryetum). For comparison, we should highlight that ecological conditions in the association Tilio cordatae-Aceretum platanoidis more approximate to beech habitats of the temperate zone (according to I. Horvat 1949), except that there are more phanerophytes in them. Table 3 Biological form Tilio-Aceretum Viburno-Tilietum no. % no. % PHANEROPHYTES 28 26.2 33 32.8 P caesp - tufted 13 12.2 15 14.9 P scap - stemmed 11 10.3 12 11.9 P lian - liana 1 0.9 2 2. NP - Nano ph. 3 2.8 4 4. CHAMAEPHYTES 11 10.2 9 9.0 Ch sufr - shrubby 1 0.9 2 2.0 B Ch - mossy 10 9.3 7 7.0 HEMICRYPTOPHYTES 43 40.2 48 47.4 H scap - stalked 23 21.5 31 30.7 H casp - tufted 6 5.6 6 5.9 H ros - rosette 11 10.3 5 5.0 H rep - climbing 2 1.9 3 2.9 H bien - biennial 1 0.9 3 2.9 GEOPHYTES 25 23.4 11 10.8 G bulb - G. with bulb 3 2.8 1 0.9 G rhiz - G. with rhizome 21 19.7 9 9.0 G rad - G. with root tuber 1 0.9 1 0.9 Total 107 100.0 101 100.0 It can be said in general that both life spectra according to Raunkiaer (I. Horvat 1949) are classified more or less in the temperate zone. On the basis of the aforementioned analyses, we decided on designating characteristic and distinguishing species of the association Viburno-Tilietum corda-tae. Their ecological properties are fairly similar, which the selection confirms. The characteristic species Viburnum opulus, Ligustrum vuglare, Pyrus pyraster and Brachypodium rupestre thrive on fresh to damp, but also dry, nutrient and base rich soils with neutral to moderate acidity, light to composted humus. In relation to light, they are classified in semi-shade to light-loving species. In terms of character, they are thermo-philous and, for the most part, pioneer species (Oberdörfer 1979). The first three are classified in the order Prunetalia spinosae, and the last in the class Festuco--Brometea, some people even in the alliance Geranion. With their fairly similar ecological conditions they suitably represent the association Viburno-Tilietum cordatae. The distinguishing species Acer campestre, Quer-cus cerris, Q. petraea and Sorbus torminalis very well distinguish the association Viburno-Tilietum cordatae from similar associations (Table3). In relation to ecological conditions, they correspond to the characteristic species of the association. They grow on dry to fresh, for the most part base rich and only in one case (Quercus petraea) base poor, more or less rich soils with moderately acid humus. All the distinguishing species are thermophilous and semi-shade to light-loving species (Oberdörfer 1957). Their general ecological determination is in their thermophilous nature, which characterises the summer warmer region of subpannonian Slovenia. Finally, we made a further comparison of similarity with and between other associations dealt with in Table 3, Corydalido-Aceretum, Saxifrago-Tilietum and Aceri-Tilietum. As expected, it showed that there are floristic and consequently ecological differences among them, as S0rersen's (as) and Jaccard's (a.) indexes show. Table 4 Compared phytocenoses 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 S0rensen 37.9 26.7 35.6 37.9 41.3 44.8 44.9 Jaccard 23.4 15.4 21.6 23.4 26.0 28.9 29.0 1 Viburno-Tilietum 2 Viburno-Tilietum 3 Viburno-Tilietum 4 Viburno-Tilietum Tilio-Aceretum Corydalido-Aceretum Saxifrago-Tilietum Aceri-Tilietum 5 Tilio-Aceretum : Corydalido-Aceretum 6 Tilio-Aceretum : Saxifrago-Tilietum 7 Corydalido-Aceretum : Saxifrago-Tilietum We made the comparison with selected phyto-cenoses of noble broadleaves due to the caution dictated by some more or less general ecological similarities that they have, e.g., in the geological base, soils, steep warmer exposures, fresh to damp habitats, sometimes even in the presence of some leading, diagnosti-cally important tree species of one phytocenosis or another (Tilia cordata, T. platyphyllos, Acer platanoi-des, A. pseudoplatanus) and other trees in the chosen phytocenoses, which appear more or less constantly because of similar ecological conditions, e.g., Ostrya carpinifolia, Fraxinus ornus, F. excelsior, Ulmus scabra. On the basis of the cited findings, despite there being only two releves, we can consider the association Viburno-Tilietum cordatae to be an independent phy-tocenosis with clearly recognisable characteristic and distinguishing species. In classifying the association Viburno-Tilietum cordatae into higher syntaxonomic units, it is clearly in the class Querco-Fagetea Br.-Bl. & Vlieger 1937 and order Fagetalia sylvaticae Pawl. 1928. Because of the two more widely distributed southeast-European-Il-lyrian species, Cyclamen purpurascens and Knautia drymeia subsp. drymeia of the association, we cannot classify it into the Illyrian alliance Aremonio-Fagion (Ht. 1938) Borhidi in Török, Podani & Borhidi 1989. We must consider the more or less suitable central-European alliance Tilio-Acerion Klika 1955 with its relative (disputed) species. These are the following in our association: Acer platanoides, A. pseudoplatanus, Actaea spicata, Euonymus latifolia, Geranium robertia-num, Geum urbanum and perhaps also the characteristic species of the association Viburnum opulus, which is considered to be more or less characteristic of the alliance Alno-Ulmion Br.-Bl. & R. Tx. 1943. Perhaps further research into the association Viburno-Tilietum cordatae will bring a clearer specification into any of the already known or even perhaps new alliances, or suballiances eg Ostryo-Tilienion platyphylli P. Košir, Čarni & Di Pietro 2008. The association Viburno-Tilietum cordatae does not have great economic value but it is important as protective forest or perhaps in some less extreme conditions as economic forest with limitations. In addition to the nature protection function, it has importance in the mosaic of our proverbially rich biological diversity. POVZETEK O raziskovanjih fitocenoz plemenitih listavcev v Evropi in še posebej v Sloveniji sta pisala P. Košir in L. Marinček (1999: 53-55). V našem prispevku se bomo omejili na tiste fitocenoze plemenitih listavcev, ki so po našem mnenju razvojno ali sorodstveno ali zaradi objektivne presoje povezani s problematiko naše fitocenoze plemenitih listavcev na Rudnici pri Podčetrtku. Za potrditev o samostojnosti naše asociacije smo naredili primerjave z asociacijami Tilio cordatae-Acere-tum platanoidis Ž. Košir 1953 (sinonima Ostryo-Tilie-tum cordatae, Tilio-Ostryetum), Corydalido ochroleucae--Aceretum Accetto 1991, Saxifrago petraeae-Tilietum platyphylli Dakskobler 1999 in Acero-Tilietum platyphylli Faber 1936 (Ž. Košir 1953, Accetto 1991, Dakskobler 1999, Oberdorfer 1957). V širšem smislu pa smo delne (parcialne) primerjave naredili še s fitocenozami: Omphalodo vernae-Aceretum pseudoplatani P. Košir & Marinček 1999, Lamio orvalae-Aceretumn pseudoplata-ni P. Košir & Marinček 1999, Dentario polyphyllae-Ace-retum P. Košir & Marinček 1999, Dryopterido affini-Ace-retum P. Košir 2005 (P. Košir & Marinček 1999, P. Košir 2002, 2005 a, 2005 b, 2005 c), Veratro nigri-Fraxi-netum Dakskobler 2007, Carici albae-Tilietum cordatae Müller & Görs 1958 var. geogr. Anemone trifolia Dakskobler 2007, Ornithogalo-Fraxinetum Čušin & Dakskobler ex Dakskobler 2007, Hacquetio-Fraxinetum Marinček in Wallnöfer et al. 1993 (Dakskobler 1999, 2007 a, 2007 b); Corydalido cavae-Aceretum Moor 1938 var. geogr. Dentaria enneaphyllos Zupančič 1996, Arun-co-Aceretum Moor 1952 var. geogr. Dentaria enneaphyllos Zupančič & Žagar (1997) 1999, Arunco-Aceretum Moor 1952 var. geogr. Dentaria pinnata Zupančič & Žagar 1999 (Zupančič 1996, Zupančič & Žagar 1999). V začetku smo bili prepričani, da gre v našem primeru za inicialni stadij Ž. Koširja asociacije Tilio corda-tae-Aceretum platanoidis zlasti, kasneje za njeno geografsko varianto na obrobju subpanonskega fitogeo-grafskega območja. K temu razmišljanju nas je vodila primerjava, ki je pokazala, da ima naša fitocenoza od šestih značilnic, ki jih je Ž. Košir določil za asociacijo Tilio cordatae-Aceretum platanoidis, kar štiri oziroma pet (Ostrya carpinifolia 2 1-3, Tilia cordata 2 1-3, Tamus communis 11, Euonymus latifolia 2+ in v grmovni plasti Acer platanoides 1+). V primerjavi se je pokazalo, da se značilnice Ostrya carpinifolia, Euonymus latifolia in Tamus communis pogosto pojavljajo, z višjimi stopnjami vrednot abundance, v drugih fitocenozah plemenitih listavcev in niso samo diagnostične vrste za asociacijo Tilio cordatae-Aceretum platanoidis. Namesto njih predlagamo za značilnico Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz s. lat. (= E. latifolia (L.) All.). O njej in o njenih ekoloških značilnostih ne vemo kaj dosti. Oberdorfer (1979) jo označuje kot pogostno vrsto v vlažnih zeliščno bogatih hrastovih in bukovih gozdovih, tudi v mešanih grmiščih in lokah oziroma v združbah poplavnih gozdov. Porašča sveža, s hranili in bazami bogata, srednje globoka, ilovnato sprsteninasta tla, z zmerno blagim, kislim, rahlim humusom. Je kazalka glinastih tal. Uspeva v združbah zvez Fagion, Carpinion, Alno-Ulmion oziroma reda Fagetalia, redkeje se pojavlja v združbah zveze Quercion pubescentis. Uvrščamo jo med evroazi-jsko (suboceansko)-submediteranske vrste. V Avstriji uspeva do 1350 (1400) m nadmorske višine. Pri nas vrsta Epipactis helleborine s. lat. raste v združbah razreda Querco-Fagetea. Porašča karbonatna tla, najpogosteje na nižjih nadmorskih višinah. Prednost daje toplejšim legam na svežih rastiščih. Zelo dobro prenaša toploljubna, vlažna rastišča, zato je pogosta v združbi lipovca in ostrolistnega javorja. Ni je v vlažnih gozdovih javorjev, velikega jesena in podobnih gozdovih plemenitih listavcev in bukve. Pregled oziroma primerjava iz ustreznih fitocenoloških tabel Ac-cetta (1991), Dakskoblerja (1999, 2007 a, 2007 b), Petre Košir (2005 a, 2005 b, 2005 c) potrjuje to trditev. Zaradi njenih ekoloških lastnosti smo jo uvrstili med značilnice asociacije Tilio cordatae-Aceretum platanoidis. V tej asociaciji ima nadpolovično srednjo stopnjo navzočnosti, kar jo uvršča med diagnostične vrste asociacije. Ugotavljamo pa tudi, da je v podobnih združbah plemenitih listavcev ni, ali je zelo redka. Izbor značilnic asociacije Tilio cordatae-Aceretum platanoidis bi bil: Tilia cordata, Acer platanoides, Rhamnus fallax in Epi-pactis helleborine s. lat. Zgornja kombinacija značilnic asociacije Tilio cor-datae-Aceretum platanoidis bolj ali manj ustreza naši fitocenozi, sicer predstavljeni le z dvema fitoceno-loškima popisoma. Zato smo glede podobnosti med fitocenozama izračunali količnik podobnosti po S0-rensenovi in Jaccardu. Količnika sta zelo nizka (a = 37,9 in a. = 23,4) kar pomeni, da sta si fitocenozi zelo različni in samostojni. Iz primerjalnih tabel (Tabeli 2 in 3) smo ugotovili, da vrste Cardamine pentaphyllos (L.) Crantz, Aconitum napellus L. em. Skalicky s. lat. (A. napellus subsp. lobelii, ali celo križanci?), Cirsium erisithales (Jacq.) Scop. in Carex alba Scop. razlikujejo asociacijo od drugih podobnih fitocenoz plemenitih listavcev, tudi naše, zato smo jih izbrali kot razlikoval-nice asociacije Tilio cordatae-Aceretum platanoidis. Razlikovalnici Cardamine pentaphyllos in Aconitum napellus s. lat. kažeta na vlažno in hladno rastišče, Cir-sium erisithales daje predanost svežim, razmeroma toplim rastiščem in Carex alba je vrsta, ki porašča bolj ali manj inicialna tla. Vse naštete razlikovalnice ustrezajo ekološkim razmeram, kjer uspeva asociacija Tilio cordatae-Aceretum platanoidis. Ž. Košir (1953) je svojo fitocenozo primerjal z okolnimi sorodnimi fitocenozami Kamniške Bistrice in švicarsko asociacijo Tilio-Asperuletum taurinae Trepp (1944) 1947, da je »dobil potrebne sintetične znake, ki (njegovo) združbo ločijo od ostalih gozdnih tipov«. Ugotovil je, da švicarska asociacija v primerjavi z njegovo fitocenozo kaže veliko sorodnost, vendar so bistvene nekatere floristične razlike. V asociaciji Tilio cordatae-Aceretum platanoidis ni vrst Tilia platyphyllos, Staphylea pinnata, Asperula taurina, Acer campestre, siromašnejša je z vrstami reda Prunetalia spinosae in bogatejša s fagetalnimi, zlasti z jugovzhodnoevropsko-ilirskimi vrstami. Zelo podrobno in utemeljeno opisuje ekološke razmere, ki so pomembne za obstoj asociacije Tilio cordatae-Aceretum platanoidis, geološko podlago (apneni, dolomitni in lapornati grušč, debelina grušča 2-6, 6-12 cm), količino padavin (2200-2400 mm), temperaturo zraka (8,5-9 °C), opozarja na mikroklimo, zračno vlago, insolacijo, evaporacijo, veter, čas ležanja snega, nagib, ekspozicijo in nadmorsko višino terena. Podrobno obravnava tla, ki so skeletna, mlada, nerazvita, grušč s primesjo temnorjavo-črnega humusa, in jih uvršča med rendzine in »humo-karbonatna« (hu-musno-karbonatna) tla. Teren je neustaljen, plazi, pada kamenje, kotali se grušč, ki ga sproža divjad. Pri tem opozarja na poškodbo debel in na sporno človekovo izkoriščanje tako ekološko občutljivega sestoja. Glede na opisane ekološke razmere in floristično sestavo je Ž. Košir ločil tri vrste sukcesij, in sicer na sušnih (greben-skih), vlažnih (široko jarkastih) in izsušenih rastiščih. Iz fitocenološke tabele pa je na floristični osnovi jasno izražen inicialni stadij, ki ga predstavlja prvih deset od dvajsetih popisov v tabeli. Predvsem pa moramo poudariti, da vrsta Tilia platyphyllos v asociacijo Tilio cordatae-Aceretum platanoidis ne prihaja. Asociacijo Ž. Koširja moramo pravilno sintak-sonomsko ovrednotiti takole: Tilio cordatae-Aceretum platanoidis Košir 1953 nom. nov. hoc loco Basionom: Ostryo-Tilietum Košir 1953 (Art. 34) Nomenklaturni tip (Neotypus hoc loco): Slovenija, Kamniška Bistrica, 850 m. n. v., ekspozicija WSW, nagib 35-40 15. oktober 1953, Ž. Košir: E3: Acer platanoides 2.1, Tilia cordata 1.1, Ostrya carpinifolia 1.2, Acer pseudoplatanus +.1, Fagus sylvati-ca 2.2, Fraxinus excelsior 1.2, Ulmus glabra +.1, Fraxi-nus ornus (r), Sorbus aria (+.1) E2: Acer platanoides 1.1, Tilia cordata 1.1, Ostrya carpinifolia +.1, Rhamnus fallax (+.1), Euonymus latifo-lia 2.2, Acer pseudoplatanus +.1, Fagus sylvatica +.1, Daphne mezereum 1.1, Corylus avellana 1.3, Clematis vitalba +.1, Ulmus glabra 1.1, Lonicera xylosteum (+.1), Laburnum alpinium +.1, Rosa alpina +.1, Sambucus ra-cemosa +.1 E1: Acer platanoides +.1, Tilia cordata +.1, Ostrya carpinifolia +.1, Acer pseudoplatanus +.1, Fagus sylvatica +.1, Fraxinus excelsior +.1, Carpinus betulus +.1, Tamus communis 1.1, Galeobdolon flavidum 1.1, Polygo-natum multiflorum +.1, Dryopteris filix-mas 1.1, Paris quadrifolia +.1, Viola reichenbachiana +.1, Phyteuma spicatum +.1, Epipactis helleborine s. lat. +.1, Cyclamen purpurascens 1.1, Mercurialis perennis 1.2, Galium lae-vigatum +.1, Carex digitata 1.3, Actaea spicata 2.1, Asa-rum europaeum 1.1, Carex digitata 1.3, Actaea spicata 2.1, Asarum europaeum 1.1, Cardamine pentaphyllos 1.2, Hepatica nobilis +.1, Lilium martagon +.1, Mycelis muralis +.1, Cephalanthera longifolia +.1, Lamium or-vala 2.1, Campanula trachelium 1.1, Platanthera bifolia +.1, Hacquetia epipactis 1.1, Pulmonaria officinalis 1.2, Symphytum tuberosum +.1, Veronica urticifolia +.1, Salvia glutinosa 1.2, Senecio fuchsii +.10, Gentiana asclepi-adea +.1, Carex alba +.2, Calamagrostis varia +.1, Pre-nanthes purpurea 1.20, Solidago virgaurea +.1, Cirsium erisithales +.1, Aconitum napellus s. lat. +.1, Cardamine trifolia +.1, Melittis melisophyllum +.1, Hypericum hir-sutum +.1, Helleborus niger ssp. niger +.1, Primula vul-garis +.1, Aposeris foetida +.1, Arabis (gerardii?)* +.3, Veratrum album +.1. *Ni v Sloveniji! E0: Ctenidium molluscum +.2, Neckera sp. +.2, Hylocomium triquetrum +.2, Thuidium abietinum +.2, Camptothecium lutescens +.2. Kljub podobnostim z značilnicami med fitocenozo Ž. Koširja in našo so floristične in ekološke razmere različne. Talne razmere smo za našo fitocenozo določili kot rendzine oziroma plitva skeletna karbonatna tla, vendar so drugi abiotični in biotični vplivi bistveno drugačni, zlasti glede klime in (ne)dinamike terena. Naša fitoce-noza se nahaja na območju kontinentalnega sušnega su-bpanonskega podnebja (800 mm padavin letno in povprečno temperaturo 9,2-10,3 °C) in na terenu, ki je bolj ali manj stabilen z apneno geološko podlago. Temu sledi tudi razlika v številu sveže in vlagoljubnih vrst, teh je v naši fitocenozi za deset manj (20 : 30). Odločili smo se še za primerjavo z asociacijami Corydalido-Aceretum Accetto 1991, Saxifrago-Tilie- tum Dakskobler 1999 in Acero-Tilietum Faber 1936 (Accetto 1991, Dakskobler 1999, Oberdorfer 1957). Ne glede na dejstvo, da je v omenjenih asociacijah vodilna navadna lipa Tilia platyphyllos, nas je zanimala mogoča povezava s fitocenozo Ž. Koširja in našo fitocenozo, posebno zato, ker se v Accettovi in Dakskoblerjevi asociaciji z majhno abundanco pojavlja vrsta Tilia cordata, ter vrsta Acer platanoides v Dakskoblerjevi in Fabrovi (Oberdorferjevi) asociaciji z vsaj petdeset ali več odstotno stopnjo navzočnosti. Predvsem nas je zanimala primerjava z našo fitocenozo, ali jo je mogoče vključiti v eno izmed njih, ko smo ugotovili, da je ne moremo uvrstiti v asociacijo Ž. Koširja Tilio cordatae-Aceretum platanoidis. Primerjava med našo fitocenozo in Accettovo asociacijo Co-rydalido ochroleucae-Aceretum je pokazala zelo nizek količnik podobnosti - as = 26,7 in aj = 15,4. Nekoliko višji količnik podobnosti, vendar še vedno nizek (as = 35,6 in a. = 21,6), je med našo fitocenozo in Dakskob-lerjevo asociacijo Saxifrago petraeae-Tilietum. Podobnost med našo fitocenozo in Fabrovo (Oberdorferjevo) je as = 37,6 in a. = 23,4, kar pomeni, da je med njima majhna podobnost. Zaključek je, da našo fitocenozo ne moremo uvrstiti v Accettovo, Dakskoblerjevo ali Fabrovo (Oberdorferjevo) asociacijo. Začasna odločitev je, da naša dva popisa predstavljata novo fitocenozo - asociacijo, ki smo jo poimenovali Viburno opuli-Tilietum cordatae ass. nova Nomenklaturni tip: Zupančič & Žagar (2013: Tabela 1, popis 2) Neotypus hoc loco. Značilnice: Viburnum opulus, Ligustrum vul-gare, Pyrus pyraster, Brachypodium rupestre. Razlikovalnice: Acer campestre, Quercus cerris, Q. petraea, Sorbus torminalis. Asociacija je popisana na jugovzhodni in jugozahodni legi strmega pobočja Rudnice pri Podčetrtku z naklonom 40 do 45° na apnenčasti podlagi na nadmorskih višinah 280 in 310 m. Podnebje je kontinentalno, s povprečnimi letnimi padavinami med 800 in 900 mm in povprečno letno temperaturo med 9 in 10 °C. Tla so rendzine ali plitva skeletna karbonatna tla, sveža do vlažna. Zaradi posebnih ekoloških razmer toplo-vlažnega rastišča se v fitocenozi pojavljajo top-loljubne in sveželjubne ali celo vlagoljubne rastlinske vrste - te so v razmerju 1 : 2 v korist toploljubnih. Prevladujejo fagetalne vrste, zaznavne so vrste redov Prunetalia spinosae in Quercetalia pubescentis ter razreda Trifolio-Geranietea, kar se ujema z ugotovitvijo prevlade toploljubnih vrst, h katerim lahko prištejemo še vrste razredov Festuco-Brometea in Molinio-Arrhe-natheretea. Preglednica 1 Sinsistematske enote Tilio-Aceretum Viburno-Tilietum št. % št. % Carpinion s. lat. 3 2,8 5 5,0 Prunetalia spinosae 3 2,8 12 11,9 Quercetalia pubescentis-petraeae 6 5,6 9 8,9 Quercetalia roboris-petraeae 0 0,0 3 2,9 Querco-Fagetea s. str. 52 48,6 33 32,7 Querco-Fagetea s. lat. 64 59,8 63 61,3 Vaccinio-Piceetea 19 17,9 4 4,0 Erico-Pinetea 3 2,8 2 2,0 Betulo-Adenostyletea (Mulgedio-Aconitetea) 5 4,7 1 1,0 Epilobietea angustifolii 3 2,8 2 2,0 Trifolio-Geranietea 1 0,9 11 10,9 Festuco-Brometea 1 0,9 6 5,9 Molinio-Arrhenatheretea 0 0,0 4 4,0 Artemisietea 1 0,9 1 1,0 Asplenietea trichomanis 3 2,8 3 2,9 Ostale vrste (Other species) 7 6,5 5 5,0 Skupaj (Total) 107 100,0 101 100,0 Natančnejša predstavitev posameznih sintaksonov je v Preglednici 1, kjer je hkrati še primerjava z asociacijo Tilio cordatae-Aceretum platanoidis. Očitna je razlika v višjem deležu vrst razredov Vaccinio-Piceetea in Betulo-Adenostyletea v asociaciji Tilio cordatae-Ace-retum platanoidis ter v deležu že prej imenovanih (toplih) sinsistematskih enot v asociaciji Viburno-Tilie-tum cordatae. Delež piceetalnih vrst in vrst visokih steblik uvršča asociacijo Tilio cordatae-Aceretum pla-tanoides v predalpsko fitogeografsko območje, asociacijo Viburno-Tilietum cordatae pa toploljubne vrste uvrščajo v subpanonsko območje. Ugotavljamo, da so v asociaciji Viburno-Tilietum cordatae do zdaj zabeležene le tri jugovzhodnoevropsko-ilirske vrste, ki so značilne za ilirsko f lorno provinco, v asociaciji Tilio cordatae-Aceretum platanoidis jih je devet. Fitogeografsko pripadnost in ekološko raznolikost asociacij potrjuje razdelitev geoelementov (Preglednica 2), kjer je več toploljubnih vrst v asociaciji Viburno--Tilietum cordatae, kot so pontski, mediteransko-at-lantski, mediteransko-pontski in celo en eumediteran-ski geoelement. V asociaciji Tilio cordatae-Aceretum platanoidis pa je prisotnih trikrat več mediteransko-montanskih vrst kot v asociaciji Viburno-Tilietum cor-datae. Te vrste poudarjajo toplo-vlažne razmere rastišča asociacije Tilio cordatae-Aceretum platanoidis v predalpsko/alpskem svetu (Cyclamen purpurascens, Sanicula europaea, Sambucus racemosa, Laburnum al-pinum, Abies alba, Saxifraga cuneifolia, Valeriana trip-teris, Adenostyles glabra, Larix decidua, Cirsium eri-sthates, Buphthalmum salicifolium, Aposeris foetida, Calamintha nepeta). Preglednica 2 Geoelementi (po Poldiniju 1991) Tilio-Aceretum Viburno-Tilietum št. % št. % Evropski 25 23,4 30 29,6 Evropsko-azijski 15 14 15 14,9 Cirkumborealni 9 8,4 8 7,9 Evropsko-sibirski 7 6,5 7 6,9 Paleotemperatni 6 5,6 6 5,9 Vzhodnoalpski 1 0,9 0 0,0 Alpsko-karpatski 1 0,9 0 0,0 Arktično-alpski 1 0,9 0 0,0 Mediteransko -montanski 13 12,1 4 4,0 Južnoilirski 3 2,8 0 0,0 Severnoilirski 3 2,8 2 2,0 Pontski 3 2,8 6 5,9 Jugovzhodnoevropski 2 2,0 2 2,0 Mediteransko-atlantski 1 0,9 3 3,0 Evropsko-mediteranski 1 0,9 3 3,0 Mediteransko-pontski 2 2,0 3 3,0 Eumediteranski 0 0,0 1 1,0 Kozmopolitski 3 2,8 3 3,0 Adventivni 0 0,0 1 1,0 Ostale vrste 11 10,3 7 6,9 Skupaj 107 100,0 101 100,0 Rezultati analize bioloških oblik vrst (Preglednica 3) se ujemajo z gornjimi ugotovitvami. Asociacija Vi-burno-Tilietum cordatae uspeva v relativno manj ugodnih ekoloških razmerah, kjer je nekoliko več fan-erofitov in hemikriptofitov in polovico manj geofitov kot v asociaciji Tilio cordatae-Aceretum platanoidis. Po I. Horvatu (1949) bi bile te podobne ekološkim razmeram, ki vladajo na rastiščih hrastov in črnega gabra (Querco-Ostryetum). Za primerjavo naj opozorimo, da se ekološke razmere v asociaciji Tilio cordatae--Aceretum platanoidis bolj približujejo bukovim rastiščem zmernega pasu (po I. Horvatu 1949), le, da je v njej več fanerofitov. Preglednica 3 Biološka oblika Tilio-Aceretum Viburno-Tilietum št. % št. % FANEROFITI 28 26,2 33 32,8 P caesp - Sopasti 13 12,2 15 14,9 P scap - Steblasti 11 10,3 12 11,9 P lian - Lijane 1 0,9 2 2, NP - Nano f. 3 2,8 4 4, HAMEFITI 11 10,2 9 9,0 Ch sufr - Grmičasti 1 0,9 2 2,0 B Ch - Mahovni 10 9,3 7 7,0 HEMOKRIPTOFITI 43 40,2 48 47,4 H scap - Steblasti 23 21,5 31 30,7 H casp - Sopasti 6 5,6 6 5,9 H ros - Rozetni 11 10,3 5 5,0 H rep - Plazeči 2 1,9 3 2,9 H bien - Dvoletni 1 0,9 3 2,9 GEOFITI 25 23,4 11 10,8 G bulb - G. z gomolji 3 2,8 1 0,9 G rhiz - G. s koreniko 21 19,7 9 9,0 G rad - G. s koreninskimi brsti 1 0,9 1 0,9 Skupaj 107 100,0 101 100,0 Na splošno lahko rečemo, da oba življenjska spektra po Raunkiaerju (I. Horvat 1949) uvrščamo bolj ali manj v zmerni pas. Na osnovi navedenih analiz smo se odločili za postavitev značilnic in razlikovalnic asociacije Vibur-no-Tilietum cordatae. Njihove ekološke lastnosti so si precej podobne, kar potrjuje izbiro. Značilnice Viburnum opulus, Ligustrum vuglare, Pyrus pyraster in Bra-chypodium rupestre uspevajo na svežih do vlažnih, tudi suhih, s hranili in bazami bogatih tleh z nevtralnim do zmerno kislim, rahlim do prsteninanstim humusom. Glede svetlobe jih uvrščamo med polsenčne do svetloljubne vrste. Po svojem značaju so toploljubne in večinoma pionirske vrste (Oberdorfer 1979). Prve tri uvrščamo v red Prunetalia spinosae, zadnjo pa v razred Festuco-Brometea, nekateri celo v zvezo Geranion. S svojimi precej podobnimi ekološkimi razmerami ustrezno predstavljajo asociacijo Viburno-Tilietum cor-datae. Razlikovalnice Acer campestre, Quercus cerris, Q. petraea in Sorbus torminalis zelo dobro razlikujejo asociacijo Viburno-Tilietum cordatae od podobnih asociacij (Tabela 3). Glede ekoloških razmer se približujejo značilnicam asociacije. Poraščajo sušna do sveža, večinoma z bazami bogata in le v enem primeru (Quer- cus petraea) z bazami revna, bolj ali manj bogata tla z zmerno kislim humusom. Vse razlikovalnice so toploljubne in polsenčne do svetloljubne vrste (Oberdörfer 1957). Njihova splošna ekološka določitev je v njihovi toploljubnosti, ki označuje poletno toplejše območje predpanonske Slovenije. Na koncu smo naredili še primerjavo podobnosti z drugimi asociacijami, obravnavanimi v Tabeli 3 in med njimi, Corydalido-Aceretum, Saxifrago-Tilietum in Aceri-Tilietum. Po pričakovanju se je izkazalo, da so med njimi floristične in posledično ekološke razlike, kar kažeta indeks S0rersenove (a^) in Jaccardov (a.) indeks. Preglednica 4 Primerjane fitocenoze 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 S0rensen 37,9 26,7 35,6 37,9 41,3 44,8 44,9 Jaccard 23,4 15,4 21,6 23,4 26,0 28,9 29,0 1 Viburno-Tilietum : Tilio-Aceretum 2 Viburno-Tilietum : Corydalido-Aceretum 3 Viburno-Tilietum : Saxifrago-Tilietum 4 Viburno-Tilietum : Aceri-Tilietum 5 Tilio-Aceretum : Corydalido-Aceretum 6 Tilio-Aceretum : Saxifrago-Tilietum 7 Corydalido-Aceretum : Saxifrago-Tilietum Primerjanje z izbranimi fitocenozami plemenitih listavcev smo naredili iz previdnosti, ki nam jo narekujejo njihove nekatere bolj ali manj splošne ekološke podobnosti, npr. v geološki podlagi, tleh, strmih toplejših legah, sveželjubnih do vlažnih rastiščih, včasih celo v prisotnosti nekaterih vodilnih, diagnostično pomembnih drevesnih vrst te ali one fitocenoze (Tilia cordata, T. platyphyllos, Acer platano-ides, A. pseudoplatanus) ter drugih drevnin v izbranih fitocenozah, ki se pojavljajo bolj ali manj stalno zaradi podobnih ekoloških razmer, npr. Ostrya carpinifolia, Fraxinus ornus, F. excelsior, Ulmus scabra. Na osnovi navedenih ugotovitev lahko, kljub le dvema popisoma, štejemo asociacijo Viburno-Tilietum cordatae za samostojno fitocenozo z jasno prepoznavnimi značilnicami in razlikovalnicami. Uvrstitev asociacije Viburno-Tilietum cordatae v višje sintaksonomske enote je jasna v razredu Querco--Fagetea Br.-Bl. & Vlieger 1937 in redu Fagetalia sylva-ticae Pawl. 1928. Zaradi dveh bolj razširjenih ju-govzhodnoevropsko-ilirskih vrst Cyclamen purpura-scens in Knautia drymeia subsp. drymeia asociacije ne moremo uvrščati v ilirsko zvezo Aremonio-Fagion (Ht. 1938) Borhidi in Török, Podani & Borhidi 1989. Upoštevati moramo bolj ali manj primerno srednjeevropsko zvezo Tilio-Acerion Klika 1955 z njenimi relativnimi (spornimi) vrstami. Te so v naši asociaciji naslednje: Acer platanoides, A. pseudoplatanus, Actaea spicata, Euonymus latifolia, Geranium robertianum, Geum urbanum in morda še značilnica asociacije Viburnum opulus, ki naj bi bila bolj ali manj značilna za zvezo Alno-Ulmion Br.-Bl. & R. Tx. 1943. Morda bodo nadaljnje raziskave asociacije Viburno-Tilietum cordatae prinesle jasnejše določitve v katero od že znanih ali celo morda novih zvez, oziroma podzvez npr. Ostryo--Tilienion platyphylli P. Košir, Čarni & Di Pietro 2008. Asociacija Viburno-Tilietum cordatae nima velike gospodarske vrednosti, je pa pomembna kot varovalni gozd ali morda v nekaterih manj ekstremnih razmerah kot gospodarski gozd z omejitvami. Poleg naravovarstvene funkcije pa ima pomen v mozaiku naše pregovorno bogate biološke raznovrstnosti. REFERENCES - LITERATURA AccETTO, M., 1991: Corydalido ochroleucae-Aceretum ass. nova v Sloveniji. Razprave 4. razreda SAZU (Ljubljana) 32 (3): 89-128. Daksköbler, I., 1999: Gozdna vegetacija Zelenega potoka v dolini Idrije (zahodna Slovenija). Razprave 4. razreda SAZU (Ljubljana) 40 (7): 103-194. Daksköbler, I., 2007 a: Fitocenološka in floristična analiza obrečnih gozdov v Posočju (zahodna Slovenije). Razprave 4. razreda SAZU (Ljubljana) 48 (2): 25-138. Daksköbler, I., 2007 b: Gozdovi plemenitih listavcev. Scopolia (Ljubljana) 60: 1-287. Horvat, I., 1949: Nauka o biljnim zajednicima. Zagreb. Košir, P. & L. Marincek, 1999: Predhodno poročilo o raziskavah javorjevih gozdov v Sloveniji. ABS (Ljubljana) 42 (3): 53-58. Košir, P.,2002: Prispevek k sinsistematiki združbe Hacquetio-Fraxinetum excelsioris Marinček in Wallnöfer et al. 1993. Hacquetia (Ljubljana) 1 (1): 109-131. Košir, P.,2005a: Forest of valuable broad-leaved tress on non-carbonate bedrock in Slovenia (Dryopterido affini-Ace-retum pseudoplatani ass. nova hoc loco). Hacquetia (Ljubljana) 4 (1): 61-89. Košir, P.,2005 b: Noble hard wood forests of the altimontane belt (Lamio orvalae-Aceretum pseudoplatani P. Košir et Marinček 1999) in Slovenia (Westeren part of the illyrian floral province). Natura Croatica (Zagreb) 14 (2): 59-86. Košir, P. 2005 c: Maple forests of the montane belt in the western part of the illyrian floral province. Hacquetia (Ljubljana) 4 (2): 37-82. Košir, Ž.,1953: Gozdni tip črnega gabra in lipovca. Fitocenološka in pedološka karakterizacija ter gozdnogojitveni problemi. Fakulteta za agronomijo in gozdarstvo (Diplomska naloga). Oberdörfer, E., 1957: Süddeutsche Pflanzengesellschaften. Pflanzensoziologie 10. Jena. Oberdörfer, E., 1979: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursions Flora. Stuttgart. Pöldini, L., 1991: Atlante corologico delle piante vascolari nel Friuli - Venezia Giulia. Udine. Zupančič, M., 1996: European maple association in Slovenia (Corydalido cavae-Aceretum pseudoplatani Moor 1938). Razprave 4. razreda SAZU (Ljubljana) 37 (8): 189-205. Zupančič, M. & V. Žagar, 1999: Asociacija Arunco-Aceretum Moor 1952 v severovzhodni Sloveniji. Razprave 4. razreda SAZU (Ljubljana) 40 (9): 315-361. PHYTOCOENOLOGICAL TABLE (Fitocenološka tabela) 1: VIBURNO OPULI-TILIETUM CORDATAE ass. nova J^'ji ti a g Number of releve (Zaporedna številka popisa) Altitude in m (Nadmorska višina v m) Aspect (Nebesna lega) Slope in degrees (Nagib v stopinjah) Bedrock (Geološka podlaga) Cover (Pokrovnost) %: Tree layer (drevesna plast) Shrub layer (grmovna plast) Herb layer (zeliščna plast) Moss layer (mahovna plast) Releve (Velikost popisne ploskve) m2 S( Location (Kraj popisov) 1 280 SE 40 2 310 SW 45 limestone (apnenec) I 80-90 70 II 70-80 40 III 20 80 IV 0 0 400 400 Rudnica, Podčetrtek Presence (Prezenca) VIBURNO OPULI-TILIETUM CORDATAE ass. nova CHARACTERISTIC SPECIES (Značilnice) FB Brachypodium rupestre P Viburnum opulus P Ligustrum vulgare P Pyrus pyraster DISTINGUISHING SPECIES (Razlikovalnice) OO Quercus cerris F3 Quercus petraea C Q2 F Acer campestre Sorbus torminalis Cyclamen purpurascens Knautia drymeia subsp. drymeia Lamium orvala C CARPINION Issler 1931 em. Oberd. 1953 Tilia cordata Carpinus betulus Acer campestre Rosa arvensis Malus sylvestris F2 FAGETALIA SYLVATICAE Pawl. 1928 s. lat. Primula vulgaris Epipactis helleborine (subsp. orbicularis ?) s. lat. Galium laevigatum Campanula trachelium Euonymus latifolia Phyllitis scolopendrium Digitalis grandiflora Heracleum sphondylium Ranunculus lanuginosus Salvia glutinosa Tamus communis Acer pseudoplatanus Fagus sylvatica Geranium robertianum Asarum europaeum Carex sylvatica Cephalanthera rubra Daphne mezereum Galeobdolon flavidum (=Lamium galeobdolon) 1 2 III + 2.3 II + 1.1 + + + + 1 2 I 3.2 2.1 II + I + 2.1 II + I + + II 1.1 1.1 + hidi1989 1 2 III 1.2 + + 1 2 3.2 1.1 1.1 + + + + 1.1 1.1 + + + 1 2 III + 1.2 + 1.1 + 1.1 + + II + + III 2.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 I + - II 1.1 + I + - II + + III +.2 + + + II + III + 2 Galium odoratum Mycelis muralis Pulmonaria officinalis Viola reichenbachiana P PRUNETALIA SPINOSAE R. Tx. 1952 s. lat. Cornus sanguinea Viburnum lantana Clematis vitalba Crataegus monogyna Ligustrum vulgare Pyrus pyraster Viburnum opulus Berberis vulgaris Cornus mas Juniperus communis Prunus spinosa Rhamnus catharticus Q, QUERCETALIA PUBESCENTIS Br.-Bl. 1931 1 2.2 + + + + + + 2 2.2 1.1 + + + + + + + + + + 1 2 Ostrya carpinifolia I 2.1 3.2 I 3.2 2.1 2 Quercus cerris II + 1 Fraxinus ornus I + 1 II 1.1 2.2 2 Camptothecium lutescens IV +.3 Buglossoides purpurocaerulea III + Hypericum montanum + Melittis melissophyllum + Sorbus aria II + Sorbus torminalis + RP2 QUERCETALIA ROBORIS-PETRAEAE R. Tx. (1931) 1937 s. lat. Festuca heterophylla Hieracium racemosum Galium lucidum F3 QUERCO-FAGETEA Br.-Bl. et Vlieger 1937 s. lat. III 2 1.2 1.1 + Bromopsis ramosa (=Bromus ramosus) III Fragaria vesca TG TRIFOLIO-GERANIETEA SANGUINEI T. Müller 1961 s. lat. Clinopodium vulgare III 1 2 Hedera helix II 2.2 2.2 2 Quercus petraea I + 2.1 2 2 II + 1 Carex digitata III +.2 + 2 Corylus avellana II 2.2 1 Acer platanoides + 1 Lonicera xylosteum + 1 Prunus avium + 1 VACCINIO-PICEETEA Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939 em. Zupančič (1976) 2000 s. lat. 1 T Plagiothecium neglectum IV 1 +.2 2 +.3 2 Solidago virgaurea III + 2 Hieracium murorum + 1 Hypnum cupressiforme IV + 1 ERICO-PINETEA Ht. 1959 s. lat. 1 T Buphthalmum salicifolium III 1 2 1.1 1 Chamaecytisus hirsutus + 1 EPILOBIETEA ANGUSTIFOLII R. Tx. & Prsg. in R. Tx . 1950 s. lat. 1 2 II 2 3 2 Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Coronilla varia Anthericum ramosum Campanula persicifolia Geranium sanguineum Inula conyza Peucedanum cervaria Polygonatum odoratum Veronica chamaedrys Viola hirta 1.2 +.2 + + + + + + + + FB FESTUCO-BROMETEA Br.-Bl. & R. Tx. 1943 s. lat. Brachypodium rupestre Silene viridiflora (=S. cucubalus) Arabis hirsuta (?) Euphorbia cyparissias Galium verum Teucrium chamaedrys MA MOLINIO-ARRHENATHERETEA R. Tx. 1937 s. lat. Iris sibirica Ajuga reptans Carex flacca Centaurea jacea III III 2 2.3 + + + + + 2 +.2 + + + AS ASPLENIETEA TRICHOMANIS Br.-Bl. in Meier & Br.-Bl. 1934 corr. Oberd. 1977 s. lat. 1 Asplenium trichomanes III +.2 Asplenium ruta-muraria . Calamintha nepeta . O OTHER SPECIES (Ostale vrste) TH Sedum maximum A3 Dryopteris filix-mas AR31 Geum urbanum Juglans regia III 2 + + + 2 +.2 M MOSSES (Mahovi) Anomodon sp. Leucodon sciuroides Eurhynchium sp. Fissidens taxifolius IV 1 +.5 +.3 +.2 +.2 2 +.3 LEGEND (Legenda) Sinsistematical characteristic (Sinsistematska pripadnost) OO Fraxino orni-Ostryion Tomažič 1940 A3 Betulo-Adenostyletea Br.-Bl. et R. Tx. 1943 s. lat. (=Mulgedio-Aconitetea Hadač & Klika in Klika & Hadač 1944) AR1 Alliarion Oberdorfer (1957) 1962 TH Thlaspietea rotundifolii Br.-Bl. Et al 1947 II + S a e ia <0 (A PHYTOCOENOLOGICAL TABLE (Fitocenološka tabela) 2: TILIO CORDATAE-ACERETUM PLATANOIDIS Ž. Košir (1953) 1954 (Tilio-Ostryetum Ž. Košir 1953=Ostryo-Tilietum Ž. Košir 1954) VIBURNO OPULI-TILIETUM CORDATAE ass. nova Number of anal. table (Zaporedna številka tabele) 1 Author of anal. Table (Avtor anal tabele) ŽK Altitude in m (Nadmorska višina v m) 650-980 Aspect (Nebesna lega) N-W-S Slope in degrees (Nagib v stopinjah) 25-45 Bedrock (Geološka podlaga) apn, gru Stoniness in % (Kamnitost v %) Location (Kraj popisov) Kamniška Bistrica Number of releve (Število popisov) 20 2 ZŽ 260-390 SE-SW 40-45 apn 0 Rudnica, Podčetrtek 2 TILIO CORDATAE-ACERETUM PLATANOIDIS Ž. Košir (1953) 1954 CHARACTERISTIC SPECIES (Značilnice) 1 EI>3 EP, FB P P P OO I 677 V 21-2 Tilia cordata II 156 V - III 8 IV - I 565 V - Acer platanoides II 131 V 1+ III 10 V - Rhamnus fallax II 170 V Epipactis helleborine s. lat. DISTINGUISHING SPECIES (Razlikovalnice) III 4 III 1 2 Cardamine pentaphyllos III 465 V Carex alba 31 V Cirsium erisithales 6 IV Aconitum napellus 103 III VIBURNO OPULI-TILIETUM CORDATAE ass. nova CHARACTERISTIC SPECIES (Značilnice) 1 2 Brachypodium rupestre 2+-2 Ligustrum vulgare 2+ Pyrus pyraster 2+ Viburnum opulus DISTINGUISHING SPECIES (Razlikovalnice) 2+ 1 2 Quercus cerris I II 1+ Quercus petraea I II 2+-2 1+ Acer campestre I II 2+ 1+ Sorbus torminalis 1+ AREMONIO-FAGION (Ht. 1938) Török, Podani & Borhidi in Borhidi 1989 t Cyclamen purpurascens III 1 476 V 2 1+ Rhamnus fallax II 170 V Cardamine trifolia III 105 IV Lamium orvala 386 III 1+ Cardamine enneaphyllos 54 III Hacquetia epipactis 115 II Helleborus niger subsp. niger 3 II Knautia drymeia subsp. drymeia 1+ CARPINION Issler 1931 em. Oberd. 1953 I 1 677 V 2 21-3 Tilia cordata II 156 V - III 8 IV I 53 II 2+-- 1 Carpinus betulus II 2 I 1+ III 3 II - Listera ovata 2 II Acer campestre I 2+ II 21 2 C F F F 2 F F F Rosa arvensis Malus sylvestris F2 FAGETALIA SYLVATICAE Pawl. 1928 s. lat. Mercurialis perennis Actaea spicata Fagus sylvatica Lonicera alpigena Cardamine pentaphyllos Galeobdolon flavidum (=Lamium galeobdolon) Galium laevigatum Daphne mezereum Polygonatum multiflorum Salvia glutinosa Acer pseudoplatanus Paris quadrifolia Asarum europaeum Prenanthes purpurea Viola reichenbachiana Cardamine bulbifera Tamus communis Lilium martagon Aconitum napellus Sanicula europaea Pulmonaria officinalis Campanula trachelium Phyteuma spicatum Polystichum aculeatum Epipactis helleborine (subsp. orbicularis ?) s. lat. Euonymus latifolia Mycelis muralis Euphorbia amygdaloides Symphytum tuberosum Primula vulgaris Sambucus racemosa Phyllitis scolopendrium Cephalanthera longifolia Neottia nidus-avis Digitalis grandiflora Heracleum sphondylium Ranunculus lanuginosus Carex sylvatica Cephalanthera rubra Galium odoratum Geranium robertianum P PRUNETALIA SPINOSAE R. Tx. 1952 s. lat. Clematis vitalba Rhamnus catharticus Berberis vulgaris Cornus sanguinea Viburnum lantana Crataegus monogyna Ligustrum vulgare Pyrus pyraster Viburnum opulus Cornus mas Juniperus communis Prunus spinosa Q, QUERCETALIA PUBESCENTIS Br.-Bl. 1931 s. lat. 2+ 1+ 1 2 III 750 V 727 V I 590 V 1+ II 108 V 2+ III 5 III - II 528 V III 465 V 415 V 1+ 402 V 2+-' II 353 V 1+ III 279 V 255 V 1.1 I 156 V 1+ II 7 V 2+-1 III 8 V 9 V 601 IV 1+ 179 IV 80 IV 1+ 151 III 127 III 1+ 104 III 103 III 103 III 101 III 54 III 1+ 29 III 5 III 4 III II 139 II 2+ III 53 II 1+ 52 II 28 II 3 II II 2 II III 1 II 12 1 I 1 I 1 28 II 2 I 1 I OO Ostrya carpinifolia I II III 1 2152 V 5 III 1 I 11 11 11 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 2 2+ 1+ 1+ 22 2+-1 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 1+ 1+ 1+ II OO Fraxinus ornus Camptothecium lutescens Melittis melissophyllum OO Euonymus verrucosa Sorbus aria OO Quercus cerris Buglossoides purpurocaerulea Hypericum montanum Sorbus torminalis I 52 III II 78 III III 54 III IV 5 III III 3 II II 2 I I 1 I II 27 II III 3 II I II III II 21-2 RP2 QUERCETALIA ROBORIS-PETRAEAE R. Tx. (1931) 1937 s. lat. Festuca heterophylla III Hieracium racemosum Galium lucidum F, QUERCO-FAGETEA Br.-Bl. et Vlieger 1937 s. lat. Acer platanoides Lonicera xylosteum Carex digitata Ctenidium molluscum Hepatica nobilis Corylus avellana Laburnum alpinum Fraxinus excelsior Ulmus glabra Festuca gigantea Platanthera bifolia Hedera helix Quercus petraea Convallaria majalis Prunus avium I II III II III IV III II I II III I II III II I II III II 1 565 V 131 V 10 V 490 V 464 V 405 V 277 IV 129 IV 7 IV 153 III 241 IV 30 III 53 II 54 III 3 II 51 II 3 II 2 2+-1 2+-1 1+ VP VACCINIO-PICEETEA Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939 em. Zupančič (1976) 2000 s. lat. 1 Gentiana asclepiadea III 180 V Solidago virgaurea 7 IV I 6 IV Abies alba II 1 I III 4 II Homogyne sylvestris 288 III Gymnocarpium dryopteris 226 III Clematis alpina II 176 III Oxalis acetosella III 54 III I 6 III Picea abies II 5 III III 1 I Hylocomium triquetrum IV 5 III Veronica urticifolia III 4 III Rosa pendulina II 3 III Saxifraga cuneifolia III 126 II Valeriana tripteris 77 II Rubus saxatilis II 52 II Aposeris foetida III 27 II Pleurozium schreberi IV 3 II Polystichum lonchitis III 3 II Adenostyles glabra 2 II 2+ 1+ 2 2 2 2 Larix decidua Plagiothecium neglectum Hieracium murorum Hypnum cupressiforme EP3 ERICO-PINETEA Ht. 1959 s. lat. Calamagrostis varia Carex alba Cirsium erisithales Buphthalmum salicifolium Chamaecytisus hirsutus I IV III IV III 1 I 1 33 V 2+ 1+ 1+ 31 V 6 IV 1+ 1+ BETULO-ADENOSTYLETEA Br.-Bl. et R. Tx. 1943 s. lat. (=MULGEDIO-ACONITETEA Hadač & Klika in Klika & Hadač 1944 s. lat.) Dryopteris filix-mas Senecio fuchsii Athyrium filix-femina Aruncus dioicus Veratrum album III 1 205 V 34 V 52 II 1 I 1 I 2 1+ EPILOBIETEA ANGUSTIFOLII R. Tx. & Prsg. in R. Tx. 1950 s. lat. 1 Fragaria vesca III 3 II Bromopsis ramosa (=Bromus ramosus) 2 II Hypericum hirsutum 2 II TG TRIFOLIO-GERANIETEA SANGUINEI Th. Müller 1961 s. lat. Vincetoxicum hirundinaria III Clinopodium vulgare Anthericum ramosum Campanula persicifolia Coronilla varia Geranium sanguineum Inula conyza Peucedanum cervaria Polygonatum odoratum Veronica chamaedrys Viola hirta FB FESTUCO-BROMETEA Br.-Bl. & R. Tx. 1943 s. lat. 1 3 II 1 1 I Arabis hirsuta (?) III Brachypodium rupestre . Silene viridiflora (=S. cucubalus) . Euphorbia cyparissias . Galium verum . Teucrium chamaedrys . MA MOLINIO-ARRHENATHERETEA R. Tx. 1937 s. lat. 1 Ajuga reptans III . Carex flacca . Centaurea jacea . Iris sibirica . ART ARTEMISIETEA Lohm., Prsg. & R. Tx. ex von Rochov 1951 s. lat. 1 Tussilago farfara III 101 II Geum urbanum . 2 1+ 1+ 2 11 2+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 2 1+ 2+-2 2+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 2 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 2 1+ AS ASPLENIETEA TRICHOMANIS Br.-Bl. in Meier & Br.-Bl. 1934 em. Oberdorfer 1977 s. lat. Asplenium viride III Asplenium trichomanes Asplenium ruta-muraria Calamintha nepeta O OTHER SPECIES (Ostale vrste) 280 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 54/2 - 2013 1 2 28 II 2 II 2+ 1 I 1+ 1+ 2 A E Sorbus aucuparia II Sedum maximum III Juglans regia II M MOSSES (Mahovi) Neckera sp. Fissidens taxifolius Plagiochila asplenioides Thuidium abietinum Polytrichum sp. Ulota sp. Anomodon sp. Eurhynchium sp. Leucodon sciuroides LEGEND (Legenda) Autor of analitical table (avtor analitične tabele) ŽK Živko Košir ZŽ Zupančič & Žagar Bedrock (Geološka podlaga) apn limestone (apnenec) gru rubble, breccia (grušč) Sinsistematical characteristic (Sinsistematska pripadnost) OO Fraxino orni-Ostryion Tomažič 1940 TH Thlaspietea rotundifolii Br.-Bl. 1948 1 3 II 1 57 V 5 III 5 III 4 III 3 II 1 I 2+ 1+ 2 1+ 2+ 1+ 1+ 2 PHYTOCOENOLOGICAL TABLE (Fitocenološka tabela) 3: SINTHETIC TABLE OF SOME ASSOCIATIONS OF NOBLE BROADLEAVES (Sintezna tabela nekaterih združb plemenitih listavcev) t« -C ti a g £3 Number of anal. table (Številka anal. tabele) Author of anal. table (Avtor anal. tabele) Altitude in m (Nadmorska višina v m) Aspect (Nebesna lega) Slope in degrees (Nagib v stopinjah) Bedrock (Geološka podlaga) Stoniness in % (Kamnitost v %) Location (Kraj popisov) 1 ŽK 700-1000 S SW SE 30-40 apn Kamniška Bistrica 2 ZŽ 260-310 SE-SW 40-45 apn 0 Rudnica pri Podčetrtku Country (Država) Number of releve (Število popisov) 20 S l o w e n i a 2 3 AC 630-800 N-NE 0-40 apn 60-90 Čičarija, Slavnik, juž. Notranjska (Slovenija) 27 4 DA 190-400 N-NE 30-45 apn 50-100 Zeleni potok, Dolina Idrije 13 5 OB 600-700 gna Jura Deutschland 12 TILIO CORDATAE-ACERETUM PLATANOIDIS Ž. Košir (1953) 1954 f2 F, EP3 ep3 F P P P FB CHARACTERISTIC SPECIES (Značilnice) 1 2 3 4 5 I V 2 I I Tilia cordata II V - - - III IV - - Ia V - II III Ib - - II - Acer platanoides IIa V 1 III - IIb - - II III V - - Rhamnus fallax II V IV Epipactis helleborine s. lat. III III 2 DISTINGUISHING SPECIES (Razlikovalnice) Cardamine pentaphyllos III V Carex alba V Cirsium erisithales IV Aconitum napellus III VIBURNO OPULI-TILIETUM CORDATAE ass. nova CHARACTERISTIC SPECIES (Značilnice) 2 3 4 5 Viburnum opulus II 2 Ligustrum vulgare 2 I I Pyrus pyraster 2 Brachypodium rupestre III 2 DISTINGUISHING SPECIES (Razlikovalnice) C Acer campestre OO Quercus cerris F3 Quercus petraea Q2 Sorbus torminalis CORYDALIDO-ACERETUM Accetto 1991 TH Corydalis ochroleuca PAR Cymbalaria muralis FB Festuca carniolica Normandina pulchella TH Dryopteris villarii SAXIFRAGO-TILIETUM Dakskobler 1999 F3 Tilia platyphyllos F3 Veratrum nigrum VP3 Saxifraga cuneifolia AS Saxifraga petraea Q2 Sesleria autumnalis I II I II I II III IV III Ia Ib IIa IIb III 5 IV 3 4 5 V V V - IV - V V - - I - II V - V . V V I V F 2 F 2 4 5 2 Q2 Ruscus aculeatus Q2 Cnidium silaifolium F3 Laburnum alpinum Molopospermum peloponnesiacum subsp. bauhinii F1 Anemone trifolia ACERI-TILIETUM Faber 1936 TG Vicia dumetorum TG Vicia sylvatica S Centaurea montana Q2 Viola mirabilis IIa IIb III V IV IV II III F1 AREMONIO-FAGION (Ht. 1938) Török, Podani & Borhidi in Borhidi 1989 1 Cyclamen purpurascens III V Rhamnus fallax II V Cardamine trifolia III IV PA Lamium orvala III Cardamine enneaphyllos III Hacquetia epipactis II Helleborus niger subsp. niger II Knautia drymeia subsp. drymeia . Calamintha grandiflora . Aremonia agrimonoides . Geranium nodosum . Polystichum setiferum . Anemone trifolia . Euphorbia carniolica . Ruscus hypoglossum . F2 FAGETALIA SYLVATICAE Pawl. 1928 Mercurialis perennis TA Actaea spicata Fagus sylvatica Lonicera alpigena Cardamine pentaphyllos Galeobdolon flavidum (=Lamium galeobdolon) Galium laevigatum Daphne mezereum Polygonatum multiflorum Salvia glutinosa TA Acer pseudoplatanus Paris quadrifolia Asarum europaeum Prenanthes purpurea Viola reichenbachiana Cardamine bulbifera Tamus communis Lilium martagon Aconitum napellus Sanicula europaea Pulmonaria officinalis Campanula trachelium Phyteuma spicatum TA Polystichum aculeatum Epipactis helleborine s. lat. TA Euonymus latifolia Mycelis muralis 3 V IV I III IV V I I 4 V I II V V II I I 1 2 3 4 5 III V I IV V V V I II Ia V IV II IV Ib I - II V I - - III III - - - II V IV III III V V IV V V II V V III V III V I IV V IV II Ia V V II V Ib - - II - IIa V III II - IIb - II - III V I V- - - V II I IV V IV II III I IV I I II II II III V II I I V IV III IIa II 2 II III IIb - - II II 1 V IV I II 2 4 2 IV III IIa IIb III Euphorbia amygdaloides Symphytum tuberosum Primula vulgaris Sambucus racemosa II Phyllitis scolopendrium III Cephalanthera longifolia Neottia nidus-avis Digitalis grandiflora Heracleum sphondylium Ranunculus lanuginosus Carex sylvatica Cephalanthera rubra Galium odoratum TA Geranium robertianum Eurhynchium striatum Galeobdolon montanum Sambucus nigra TA Adoxa moschatellina Cardamine impatiens Lathyrus vernus Poa nemoralis Scrophularia nodosa Epilobium montanum TA Arum maculatum Brachypodium sylvaticum Melica nutans Daphne laureola II Galanthus nivalis III Helleborus odorus Asarum europaeum subsp. caucasicum Lilium martagon Festuca altissima Euphorbia dulcis Allium ursinum Galium sylvaticum Phyteuma spicatum Aquilegia vulgaris Pulmonaria obscura II V V V V IV II II II I I I I I I IV III III IV V III I I V V IV IV IV I I C CARPINION Issl. 1931 em. Oberd. 1953 1 2 3 4 5 I V 2 I I Tilia cordata II V - - - III IV - - - I II II II I Carpinus betulus II I - III II - - Listera ovata II Acer campestre I 2 I IV II 1 I Rosa arvensis 2 III III III Malus sylvestris 1 Vinca minor III III Dactylis polygama I PRUNETALIA SPINOSAE R. Tx. 1952 s. lat. 1 2 3 4 5 Clematis vitalba II II 2 II Rhamnus catharticus IIa - I IIb I 1 I Berberis vulgaris II I 1 I Cornus sanguinea IIa - II IIb 2 I I V- Viburnum lantana IIa - I - IIb 2 II IV Crataegus monogyna II 2 I III Ligustrum vulgare 2 I I Pyrus pyraster 2 Viburnum opulus 2 JA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 54/2 - 2013 V V V V Cornus mas Juniperus communis Prunus spinosa Staphylea pinnata Euonymus europaea Rubus fruticosus agg. Rubus montanus (?) Rosa corymbifera Crataegus oxyacantha Rosa glauca Helleborus foetidus Ribes uva-crispa Q2 QUERCETALIA PUBESCENTIS-PETRAEAE Br.-Bl. 1931 s. IIa IIb II IIa IIb IIa IIb II III OO Ostrya carpinifolia OO Fraxinus ornus Camptothecium lutescens Melittis melissophyllum OO Euonymus verrucosa Sorbus aria OO Quercus cerris Buglossoides purpurocaerulea Hypericum montanum Sorbus torminalis Sesleria autumnalis Homalothecium sericeum Arabis turrita Campanula pyramidalis Epipactis atrorubens Lathyrus venetus Valeriana officinalis Ruscus aculeatus Cnidium silaifolium Asparagus tenuifolius Quercus pubescens Aristolochia lutea Viola mirabilis Chrysanthemum corymbosum Ia Ib II III Ia Ib IIa IIb III IV III II Ia Ib IIa IIb III I II III II III IV III V Ia Ib II III RP, QUERCETALIA ROBORIS-PETRAEAE R. Tx. (1931) 1937 Festuca heterophylla Hieracium racemosum Galium lucidum Hieracium sabaudum Castanea sativa Quercus robur Carex montana Veronica officinalis III II I III at. at. 3 V II I-I IV I II II II I I I I I V I I IV IV II III II II II 4 V III I IV V IV II III IV I II III II II V III V IV V IV IV II II 5 2 5 VP QUERCO-FAGETEA Br.-Bl. & Vlieger in Vlieger 1937 s. lat. 1 2 3 4 5 Ia V II III Ib - - II - Acer platanoides IIa V 1 III - IIb - II - III V - Lonicera xylosteum II V IV IV V Carex digitata III V IV IV V Ctenidium molluscum IV V V V Hepatica nobilis III IV II III Corylus avellana IIa IV V II V IIb - - I - Ia - I Laburnum alpinum Ib - III II IV II Ia III IV V Ib - I - Fraxinus excelsior IIa IV I - IIb - III - III III - Ia II III I Ib - I - Ulmus scabra IIa III I-I I - IIb - - I - III II I - Festuca gigantea II Platanthera bifolia T II T TT Hedera helix I II 2 I III II II III III - I II - Quercus petraea I 2 II 1 Convallaria majalis III 1 IV Prunus avium II 1 Ia V V V Ib - IV - Tilia platyphyllos IIa V V - IIb I - III I-I V - Isothecium alopecuroides IV IV V Platanthera bifolia III III V Acer campestre I 2 I IV II 1 I Anemone nemorosa II I II Clematis vitalba II III I- Melica uniflora I I III Veratrum nigrum V Taxus baccata IIa I IIb I Moehringia trinervia III I Spiraea chamaedryfolia II I Listera ovata I Primula elatior III II VACCINIO-PICEETEA Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. Et al. 1939 em. Zupančič (1976) 1980 s. lat. 1 2 3 5 Gentiana asclepiadea III V Solidago virgaurea IV 2 IV I V I IV II Abies alba II I - III II - Homogyne sylvestris III Gymnocarpium dryopteris III Clematis alpina III Oxalis acetosella III III I III IV Picea abies II III - III I - Hylocomium triquetrum Veronica urticifolia Rosa pendulina Saxifraga cuneifolia Valeriana tripteris Rubus saxatilis Aposeris foetida Pleurozium schreberi Polystichum lonchitis Adenostyles glabra Larix decidua Plagiothecium neglectum Hieracium murorum Hypnum cupressiforme Scapania nemorea Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus Thuidium tamariscinum Dicranum scoparium Rubus hirtus Hylocomium brevirostre Rhizomnium punctatum Polytrichum formosum Mnium hornum Hylocomium splendens Atrichum undulatum Polystichum lonchitis Ribes alpinum Maianthemum bifolium IV III II III II III IV III I IV III IV II IV III II III III III III II II II II II II II I I V III III III II II II I I I I I I IV EP3 ERICO-PINETEA Ht. 1959 s. lat. Calamagrostis varia Carex alba Cirsium erisithales Buphthalmum salicifolium Chamaecytisus hirsutus Sesleria albicans subsp. angustifolia Amelanchier ovalis Carex ornithopoda A TA AU III 1 V V IV 3 II 4 IV BETULO-ADENOSTYLETEA Br.-Bl. & R. Tx. 1943 s. lat. (=MULGEDIO-ACONITETEA Hadač & Klika in Klika & Hadač 1944 s. lat.) III II III 1 V V II I I Dryopteris filix-mas Senecio fuchsii Athyrium filix-femina Aruncus dioicus Veratrum album Rubus idaeus Saxifraga rotundifolia Chrysosplenium alternifolium Dryopteris affinis Milium effusum Doronicum austriacum Polygonatum verticillatum E EPILOBIETEA ANGUSTIFOLII R. Tx. & Prsg. in R. Tx. 1950 s. lat. 1 Fragaria vesca III II Bromopsis ramosa (=Bromus ramosus) II Hypericum hirsutum II TG TRIFOLIO-GERANIETEA SANGUINEI Th. Müller 1961 s. lat. 1 Vincetoxicum hirundinaria III II Clinopodium vulgare . Anthericum ramosum . Campanula persicifolia . Coronilla varia . Geranium sanguineum . 3 V II III III II I I 5 I IV 5 IV IV V 2 5 2 4 II 4 Inula conyza Peucedanum cervaria Polygonatum odoratum Veronica chamaedrys Viola hirta Campanula rapunculoides Verbascum lanatum Origanum vulgare Vicia dumetorum Astragalus glycyphyllos Silene nutans Vicia sylvatica FB FESTUCO-BROMETEA Br.-Bl. & R. Tx. 1943 s. lat. Arabis hirsuta (?) Brachypodium rupestre Silene viridiflora (=S. cucubalus) Euphorbia cyparissias Galium verum Teucrium chamaedrys Festuca carniolica Brachypodium pinnatum Primula veris subsp. ? Ranunculus nemorosus III IV I IV V III III I I I III III I MA MOLINIO-ARRHENATHERETEA Tx. 1937 s. lat. Ajuga reptans III Carex flacca Centaurea jacea Iris sibirica Taraxacum officinale agg. Cardamine pratensis AU Galium mollugo Angelica sylvestris Knautia sylvatica Vicia sepium ART ARTEMISIETEA Lohm., Prsg. & R. Tx. ex von Rochov 1951 s. lat. 1 Tussilago farfara III II TA Geum urbanum . Solanum dulcamara . Urtica dioica . 5 IV IV IV III III II IV II TH THLASPIETEA ROTUNDIFOLII Br.-Bl. Et al 1947 s. lat. 12 Corydalis ochroleuca . . Dryopteris villarii . . AS ASPLENIETEA TRICHOMANIS Br.-Bl. in Meier & Br.-Bl. 1934 corr. Oberd. 1977 s. lat. Asplenium viride Asplenium trichomanes Asplenium ruta-muraria Sedum maximum Calamintha nepeta Polypodium vulgare Moehringia muscosa Cystopteris fragilis Polystichum illyricum Gymnocarpium robertianum Saxifraga petraea Ceterach officinarum agg. Polypodium interjectum (incl. P. australe ?) Cardaminopsis arenosa O OTHER SPECIES (Ostale vrste) III 1 II II I 3 V II V III V V III II II V IV I V V V IV II I 3 4 5 4 I II III II III II III IV Sorbus aucuparia Juglans regia PAR Cymbalaria muralis Molopospermum peloponnesiacum subsp. bauhinii Rubus caesius Hieracium sp. S Centaurea montana M MOSSES AND LICHENS (Mahovi in lišaji) Neckera sp. Fissidens taxifolius Plagiochila asplenioides Thuidium abietinum Polytrichum sp. Ulota sp. Anomodon sp. Eurhynchium sp. Leucodon sciuroides Normandina pulchella Neckera crispa Grimmia pulvinata Fissidens cristatus (=F. dubius) Thamnobryum alopecurum Anomodon viticulosus Neckera complanata Homalothecium philippeanum Homalothecium sericeum Metzgeria furcata Madotheca platyphylla (=Porella p.) Plagiochila porelloides Bryum capillare Peltigera canina Tortella tortuosa Mnium marginatum Mnium sp. Collema cristatum Plagiomnium undulatum Brachythecium rutabulum Thuidium sp. Bryum sp. Encalypta sp. Cladonia pyxidata LEGEND (Legenda) Autor of analitical table (avtor analitične tabele) AC Marko Accetto DA Igor Dakskobler OB Erich Oberdorfer ZŽ Mitja Zupančič & Vinko Žagar ŽK Živko Košir Bedrock (Geološka podlaga) apn limestone (apnenec) gna gneiss (gnajs) Sinsistematical characteristic (Sinsistematska pripadnost) AU Alno-Ulmion Br.-Bl. & R. Tx. 1943 OO Fraxino orni-Ostryion Tomažič 1940 PA Polysticho setiferi-Acerenion PAR Parietarietalia (Rivaz-Martinez 1960) Rivas Goday 1964 S Seslerietea Br.-Bl. 1948 em. Oberdorfer 1978 TA Tilio-Acerion Klika 1955 1 II 1 V III III III II I 3 IV III I IV III I III I I V IV II 2 4 V V 4 5