242/243 ab 31 30 Koje su to osnovne ljudske potrebe? Pripremajući tekst za jedno snimanje zagreba!kih klasika u stanogradnji, pokušao sam odgovoriti na to pitanje i došao do zaklju!ka da se esenci- jalne ljudske potrebe mogu najkraće svesti na: obitelj, prijatelje, zdravlje, nešto u želucu i krov nad glavom. Za preživljavanje je potrebno zadovoljiti barem posljednje tri, a za život najmanje !etiri. Profesionalno nas, dakako, zanima ona posljednja – krov nad glavom. Bushcraft zajednica doživljava svoj ironi!an revival na Y ou T ubeu. Ironi- !an zato što su bushcraft videomaterijali (i općenito videomaterijali o planinarenju i boravku na otvorenom) izuzetno popularni, ali nas po svojoj naravi ujedno vežu za pametne telefone te zasićuju ogromnom koli!inom informacija i predivnih slika – taman u toj mjeri da, ironi!no, NE odemo na izlet. Ogroman dio spomenutih videouradaka bavi se testiranjem i ocje- njivanjem bushcraft opreme kako bismo shvatili !emu ona zapravo služi te zašto, pobogu, teglimo sve te stvari na le+ima (konzumerizam treba zalijevati novcem da bi opstao, a uostalom – svi znamo da je važnije kupiti opremu i držati je na polici nego znati njome rukovati). Ukratko – opremu nosimo kako bismo zadovoljili osnovne ljudske potrebe, a izme+u ostalog i izgradili privremenu spavaću sobu. Pišući ovaj tekst, sjetio sam se da sam termin „bivak” prvi put !uo u plani- narskoj školi, još kao dijete. Sam koncept i fraza su mi tako već bili poznati prije po!etka studiranja, no mnogi su se kolege s tim terminom prvi put sreli na kolegiju Arhitektonsko projektiranje 2. Spominjem to jer je bivak toliko važan da je uveden u kurikulum na prvoj godini studija na Arhitek- tonskom fakultetu u Zagrebu, kako bi se eksperimentiralo s idejama pri- vremenih nastambi i arhitektura koje su danas ovdje, a sutra ih više nema. Prvo što moramo u!initi kad želimo prenoćiti u prirodi jest upravo izraditi bivak – malo sklonište koje će nas sa!uvati suhima, ugrijanima i zaštiće- nima od vjetra. Jedno je roštiljati na livadi i sjediti na plasti!nim stolicama dok nam lagani povjetarac „drži” žar na pravoj temperaturi, a nešto je What are our basic human needs? While preparing a text for an upcoming photo shoot of some of Zagreb’s classics in residential architecture, I tried to answer that question and concluded that essential human needs can be boiled down to: family , friends, health, something in the stomach, and a roof over one’s head. T o survive, one must meet at least the last three needs, and to live, at least four of them. Professionally, of course, we are interested in the last one – a roof over our head. The bushcraft community is experiencing an ironic revival on Y ou T ube. Ironic, because bushcraft videos (and, more broadly , videos about hiking and outdoor activities) are immensely popular , yet by their very nature they keep us tethered to our smartphones, flooding us with vast amounts of information and beautiful images – just enough, ironically , so we don’t actually go on a trip. A large number of these videos are devoted to test- ing and reviewing bushcraft gear , so we can understand what it is actually for, and why, for heaven’s sake, we haul all that stuff on our backs (con- sumerism needs to be watered with money to survive, and besides – we all know it is more important to buy the gear and keep it on a shelf than to actually know how to use it). In short – we carry the gear to meet our basic human needs, and, among other things, to build a temporary bedroom. While writing this text, I remembered that I first heard the term “bivouac” back in mountaineering school, as a child. The concept and the word were therefore already familiar to me before I began my studies, but many of my colleagues first encountered the term during the Architectural De- sign 2 course. I mention this because the bivouac is considered important enough to be included in the first-year curriculum at the Faculty of Archi- tecture in Zagreb, as a way to experiment with ideas for temporary shel- ters and architectures that are here one day and gone the next. The first thing we need to do when we want to spend the night in nature is to make a bivouac – a small shelter that will keep us dry , warm, and O spavaćoj sobi i projektnim standardima Janko Kralj About the bedroom and design standards sasvim drugo prenoćiti na istoj toj livadi usred proloma oblaka. Zabo- ravljamo da je dio dnevno-noćnog ritma u kojem postajemo nepokretna, ranjiva bića koja spavaju iznimno izazovan dio boravka u prirodi. T aj period uzimamo zdravo za gotovo kad boravimo u ure+enom, grijanom interijeru, kad je prelazak iz svjesnog u nesvjesno gotovo neometan. No taj period vrlo brzo postaje središtem naše pozornosti kad smo vani, na otvorenom, i kad riskiramo pothla+enost, ozljede i gubitak alata (ili hrane) potrebnih za preživljavanje. Boyd Varty , traga!, life coach i pripovjeda!, slikovito opisuje trenutak u kojem grupa koju vodi kroz rezervat Londolozi odlazi na po!inak. Uvijek je jedna osoba iz grupe zadužena za održavanje vatre i stražu. Dakako, budući da su !lanovi grupe u pravilu ljudi koji nikad nisu kro!ili u divljinu, svi odmah postavljaju isto pitanje: kako mogu vjerovati osobi na straži da svoj zadatak odradi kako treba? Odgovor leži u samoj prirodi – kada svi zaspu i kada baš VI ostanete na straži, svaki šum, svaki povjetarac, svako pucketanje vatre podsjete vas da je u vašoj neposrednoj blizini gomila grabežljivaca i da će, utonete li u san, netko ostati bez udova. U tim uvjeti- ma, NITKO ne zaspi. Svi drže stražu. Jer im život doslovno ovisi o tome. Ta k v o j e s p a v a n j e u p r i r o d i , t a m o g d j e s u j e d i n a p r a v i l a k o j a v r i j e d e o n a koja je postavila sama priroda. Kada zatvorimo vrata spavaće sobe, ostavimo prozor „na kip” i legnemo u krevet, unutar debelog smo oklopa koji nas štiti od prirode, i u kojem je toliko lijepo, bezbrižno zaspati. Upravo ta ljuska, naš moderni bivak, spavaća soba s dodacima (kuhinjom, sanitarnim !vorom, boravkom, spremištem…), razlog je zbog kojeg spomi- njem okrutnost prirode. Jer naša spavaća soba posljednja je crta obrane u borbi protiv prirode i njene surovosti. No borimo li se mi zapravo za svoju spavaću sobu? 1 2 protected from the wind. It is one thing to have a barbecue in a mead- ow, sitting on plastic chairs while a light breeze keeps the coals at just the right temperature, and quite another to spend the night in that same meadow in the middle of a downpour . We forget that the part of the day– night cycle when we become motionless, vulnerable beings who sleep is an extremely challenging part of the time spent in the wild. We take that period for granted when we’re in a comfortable, heated interior , where the transition from consciousness to unconsciousness is almost undisturbed. But that same period quickly becomes the focus of our attention when we are outdoors, exposed to the elements, and at risk of hypothermia, injury , or losing the tools (or food) we need to survive. Boyd Varty – tracker , life coach, and storyteller – vividly describes the moment when the group he is leading through the Londolozi reserve settles down for the night. One person in the group is always assigned to keep the fire going and stand watch. Naturally , since the group members are usually people who have never set foot in the wild, they all immedi- ately ask the same question: how can I trust the person on watch to do their job properly? The answer lies in nature itself – when everyone else has fallen asleep and it is you who remains on watch, every rustle, every breeze, every crackle of the fire reminds you that a host of predators is nearby and that if you drift off, someone will lose a limb. In those condi- tions, nobody falls asleep. Everyone stands watch. Because their lives literally depend on it. That is what sleeping in the wild is like, where the only rules that apply are the ones set by nature itself. When we close the bedroom door , leave the window tilted open, and lie down in bed, we are inside a thick shell that shields us from nature, and in which it is so pleasant and carefree to fall asleep. That very shell, our modern bivouac, a bedroom with additions (a kitchen, bathroom, lounge, storage…), is the reason I speak of nature’s harshness. 1 Tlocrtni prikaz jednostavnog bivaka, izra+enog pomoću šatorskog krila i užeta. Autor: Janko Kralj 2 Spavaća soba mora ponuditi dovoljno korisnog prostora oko kreveta. Izrada vizualizacije: Dora (pani!ek 1 Floor plan of a simple bivouac, made using a tent sheet and rope. Author: Janko Kralj 2 A bedroom must provide sufficient usable space around the bed. Visualisation: Dora (pani!ek 242/243 ab 33 32 Struka nigdje nije definirala što je to stan, što je to kuhinja, što su to pro- zor , hodnik, vrata… a kamo li što je to dostojanstvena spavaća soba. Ovo pišem zapravo ne znajući kakvo je stanje u Sloveniji, ali u Hrvatskoj su projektni standardi u stanogradnji – porazni. Godinama se oslanjamo na standarde koje su kolege i profesori izradili po!etkom stoljeća u svrhu projektiranja i izgradnje poticane stanogradnje, ne uzimajući u obzir da se tu radi o apsolutnom minimumu projektantske i graditeljske pristojnosti. Minimumu kojeg bismo se trebali pridržavati samo u krajnjoj nuždi ili even- tualno pri izgradnji socijalnih stanova, ali nipošto kada govorimo o ozbilj- nim standardima stanovanja u 21. stoljeću. Pravno gledajući, zanimljivo je primijetiti da se nigdje ne navodi što je to spavaća soba. )ovjek bi pomislio da je, s obzirom na manjak definicije, zaista teško definirati takav prostor . „Prompting” je nešto što polagano postaje novom normom, što je odli!no jer će nas kona!no natjerati da NA- PI(EMO (TO JE (TO, !ime možda dosegnemo nivo profesionalizma jedne odvjetni!ke ili medicinske „branše” . Tko zna, možda nam definiranje poj- mova na kraju i presudi kao profesionalcima jer će kona!no netko (ili bolje reći nešto) imati dovoljno hrabrosti da preuzme odgovornost za pojmove u stanogradnji. %alosno je što taj netko (ili bolje reći nešto) neće biti osoba, već umjetna inteligencija. U tom kontekstu, nema druge nego da se izbori- mo za spavaću sobu i barem pokušamo definirati što ona jest. Zar ne? Here goes nothing: Spavaća soba je prostor preporu!enih minimalnih tlocrtnih dimenzija 360*x*360 centimetara, u kojem se na sredini jednog zida nalazi bra!ni krevet tlocrtnih dimenzija minimalno 180*x*210*cm, nasuprot kojeg se nala- zi ormar u punoj visini sobe duž cijelog zida. Minimalna širina prostora za kretanje oko kreveta iznosi 80 centimetara, dok minimalna dubina ormara iznosi 65 centimetara. Obavezno je postavljanje vrata sobe na udaljenosti od minimalno 70 centimetara od bilo kojeg kuta sobe. Svijetla širina vrata sobe iznosi minimalno 80 centimetara. U slu!aju odstupanja od navede- nih tlocrtnih dimenzija u jednom ili drugom smjeru, rotacije kreveta radi bolje orijentacije prozora ili vrata, pomicanja vrata bliže uglu prostorije na udaljenost manju od 70 cm ili uvo+enja dodatnih sadržaja u spavaću sobu, organizaciju prostora i položaj vrata i prozora moguće je mijenjati. Uvjet je da se ispoštuje širina prostora za kretanje oko kreveta od minimalno 80 centimetara te da ormar ne bude manji od tri modula po 100 centimetara. U slu!aju da iz konstruktivnih ili organizacijskih razloga u spavaću sobu ne stanu ormar dužine minimalno tri modula po 100 centimetara i dubine minimalno 65 centimetara ili pojedini moduli ormara, potrebno je punu duljinu ormara ili preostali broj modula (minimalno tri modula, svaki dulji- ne 100*cm) smjestiti unutar stambene jedinice u drugim prostorijama, tj. smjestiti odgovarajući broj preostalih modula ormara u odvojenu gardero- bu. Smještaj ormara minimalne duljine tri modula (100*cm po modulu) i du- bine minimalno 65 centimetara u prostor stana uvjet je da jedinica dobije oznaku „stan” , a time i uporabnu dozvolu. U slu!aju potrebe za posebnim vrstama, oblicima i dimenzijama spavaćih soba koje ne odgovaraju defini- ciji spavaće sobe, promjene gabarita, sadržaja i orijentacije sobe provjerit će nezavisno tijelo Komore arhitekata po za to predvi+enoj naknadi koju plaća naru!itelj provjere. Komora će izdati potvrdu za odobrene promjene te novi iznimni tip sobe uvrstiti u Katalog korisnih prostora u stanogradnji koji će ostati dostupan svima na korištenje, bez mogućnosti ostvarivanja autorskih prava od strane naru!itelja provjere. Izvedba bilo koje sobe ili prostora u stanu kao substandardnog automatski !ini cijeli stan substan- dardnim. Because our bedroom is the last line of defence in the struggle against nature and its cruelty . But are we really fighting for our bedroom? The profession has never defined what a flat is, what a kitchen is, what a window, corridor , or door is... let alone what constitutes a dignified bedroom. I write this without knowing what the situation is in Slovenia, but in Croatia the design standards in residential construction are frankly dismal. For years we have relied on standards developed by colleagues and professors at the beginning of the century for the purpose of design- ing and building subsidised housing, without taking into account that these represent the bare minimum of design and construction decency . A minimum we should follow only as a last resort or , perhaps, when building social housing, but by no means when talking about serious standards of living in the 21st century . From a legal perspective, it is interesting to note that there is no availa- ble definition of what a bedroom actually is. One might think that, given this lack of definition, it would indeed be difficult to define such a space. Prompting is something that is slowly becoming the new norm, which is excellent because it will finally force us to write down what is what, perhaps bringing us to the level of professionalism found in the legal or medical professions. Who knows, perhaps defining these terms will, in the end, prove to be our undoing as professionals, because at last some- one (or rather , something) will have the courage to take responsibility for the terminology in residential construction. It is a pity that this someone (or rather , something) will not be a person, but artificial intelligence. In that context, there is nothing left for us but to fight for the bedroom and at least try to define what it is. Don’t you think? Here goes nothing: A bedroom is a space with recommended minimum floor plan dimensions of 360x360 centimetres, with a double bed measuring at least 180x210 cm positioned in the middle of one wall, and a full-height wardrobe run- ning along the entire opposite wall. The minimum width of the circulation space around the bed is 80 centimetres, while the minimum wardrobe depth is 65 centimetres. The bedroom door must be positioned at least 70 centimetres from any corner of the room. The clear width of the bedroom door is at least 80 centimetres. Of course, if there is any deviation from the specified floor plan dimensions in either direction, if the bed is rotat- ed for better orientation to the window or door , if the door moves closer than 70 cm to a corner , or if any additional features are introduced – the organisation of the space and the positioning of doors and windows may be altered. The requirement is that the circulation space around the bed must be at least 80 centimetres wide and that the wardrobe must be no smaller than three modules, each 100 centimetres long. If, for structural or organisational reasons, a wardrobe of at least three modules, each 100 centimetres long and 65 centimetres deep, or individual wardrobe modules, cannot be accommodated in the bedroom, the full wardrobe length or the remaining number of modules (a minimum of three, each 100 cm long) must be placed elsewhere within the residential unit – i.e. the required number of remaining wardrobe modules must be placed in a separate walk-in wardrobe. The inclusion of a wardrobe with a minimum length of three modules (100 cm per module) and a minimum depth of 65 centimetres within the flat is a requirement for the unit to be designated as a “flat” and thereby be granted an occupancy permit. In cases where special types, forms, and dimensions of bedrooms that do not comply with the definition of a bedroom are required, changes to the size, con- tents, and orientation of the room shall be reviewed by an independent body of the Chamber of Architects, for the prescribed fee payable by the applicant requesting the review. The Chamber will issue a certificate for approved changes, and the new exceptional room type will be entered into the Catalogue of Useful Spaces in Residential Construction, which will remain available for public use, without the possibility of the appli- 3 Primjeri organizacije i minimalnih dimenzija spavaće sobe, projektirani sukladno Standardu. Autor: Janko Kralj 4 (ator - klasi!no dobra privremena spavaća soba. Fotografija: Siniša Glogoški 3 Examples of the organisation and minimum dimensions of a bedroom, designed in accordance with the Standard. Author: Janko Kralj 4 Te n t – a c l a s s i c e x a m p l e o f a g o o d temporary bedroom. Photo: Siniša Glogoški cant claiming copyright. The construction of any room or space in the flat to a substandard specification automatically renders the entire flat substandard. It took me literally twenty minutes, without any preparation, to write this attempt at defining a bedroom and the way we approach standards in residential construction. I believe it would take days to define exactly , yet with sufficient flexibility , what each room is, and to refine this attempt into some form of final definition. It does not seem such a difficult or time-con- suming task, does it? I leave it to you to consider how long it would take to apply this approach to defining elements in residential construction to every room in a flat, and how much it would change the face of unregulated residential construc- tion in these parts. What elements must be present in a kitchen for it to be called a kitchen? What is the minimum size of a sofa that must be placed in the lounge? What is the minimum size of a wardrobe in the entrance area of a flat? Do we have an alternative term for rooms that fail to meet the required dimensions – for example, a “substandard bedroom” or a “substandard kitchen”? Just imagine if displaying scaled-down furniture on floor plans in flat advertisements were punishable by ,75,000 per residential unit for legal entities, or ,50,000 per unit for natural persons – or if an advert stated that someone was selling a substandard flat with a substandard bedroom and a substandard kitchen – how much more atten- tion would developers (and “developers”) pay to standards in residential construction, as well as to proper design and construction? How many dignified bedrooms would we secure if we had standards? That is, if we knew what a bedroom actually is. Tr e b a l o m i j e d o s l o v n o d v a d e s e t a k m i n u t a d a , b e z i k a k v e p r i p r e m e , n a p i - šem ovaj pokušaj definiranja spavaće sobe i na!ina na koji se ophodimo prema standardima u stanogradnji. Vjerujem da bi bili potrebni dani da se za svaku sobu dovoljno to!no, a opet dovoljno fleksibilno definira što je što te da se navedeni pokušaj dovede do neke svoje finalne definicije. Ne !ini se kao toliko težak niti toliko vremenski zahtjevan posao, zar ne? Va m a p r e p uš t a m d a r a z m i s l i t e ko l i ko b i v r e m e n a t r e b a l o d a s e ov a k a v na!in definiranja elemenata u stanogradnji primijeni na sve prostorije u stanovima te koliko bi to promijenilo sliku divlje stanogradnje na ovim pro- storima. Koji sve elementi moraju biti prisutni u kuhinji kako bi se ona mo- gla zvati kuhinjom? Kolika je minimalna dimenzija trosjeda koji mora stajati u dnevnom boravku? Kolika je minimalna dimenzija ormara u ulaznom prostoru stana? Imamo li zamjenski naziv za prostorije u kojima tražene dimenzije nisu zadovoljene – primjerice „substandardna spavaća soba” ili „substandardna kuhinja”? Zamislite samo da je prikazivanje smanjenog namještaja na tlocrtima pri oglašavanju stanova kažnjivo sa 75.000,00 , po stambenoj jedinici za pravne osobe, odnosno 50.000,00*, po jedinici za fizi!ke osobe, ili da u oglasu piše da netko prodaje substandardan stan koji ima substandardnu spavaću sobu i substandardnu kuhinju – koliko bi pažnje developeri (i „developeri”) posvetili standardima u stanogradnji te ispravnom projektiranju i izvedbi istih? Koliko bismo dostojanstvenih spavaćih soba izborili kada bismo imali standarde? Kada bismo znali što je to spavaća soba? 3 4 65 70 80 100 360×360 180×210