NEW STATE RECORDS OF KENTUCKY (USA) STONEFLIES (PLECOPTERA) 


 
Donald C. Tarter1, Dwight L. Chaffee2, Scott A. Grubbs3, & R. Edward DeWalt4 
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Peltoperlidae

Pteronarcyidae

Nemouridae

Taeniopterygidae

Chloroperlidae

Leuctridae

Capniidae

Perlodidae

Perlidae


 
1 Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia 25755, U.S.A. 
E-mail: tarter@marshall.edu 
 
2 Forest Biologist, P.O. Box 814, Richmond, Kentucky 40476, U.S.A. 
 
3 Department of Biology and Center for Biodiversity Studies, Western Kentucky University, 
Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101, U.S.A. 
E-mail: scott.grubbs@wku.edu 
 
4 University of Illinois, Prairie Research Institute, Illinois Natural History Survey, 1816 S Oak St., Champaign, Illinois, 61820, U.S.A. 
E-mail: dewalt@illinois.edu 
 
 
 
 
 
ABSTRACT 
The checklist of the stoneflies of Kentucky is updated to 125 species. Fourteen new or confirmed state records and associated range extensions are reported for Leuctra carolinensis Claassen, L. truncata Claassen, L. variabilis Hanson, Alloperla aracoma Harper & Kirchner, Sweltsa lateralis (Banks), Agnetina annulipes (Hagen), Neoperla coosa Smith & Stark, Paragnetina kansensis (Banks), Perlesta ouabache Grubbs & DeWalt, P. placida (Hagen), Hydroperla fugitans (Needham & Claassen), Isoperla bilineata (Say), I. kirchneri Szczytko & Kondratieff, and I. namata Frison. 
 
Keywords: Plecoptera, stoneflies, Kentucky, U.S.A, state records, range extensions 
 
 
 
 
 
 
INTRODUCTION 
Tarter et al. (2006) provided the most recent checklist to the stoneflies of Kentucky, reporting 110 species in 34 genera. Fifteen new state records were included. The intent of this paper is to update the Kentucky faunal list of Plecoptera, including the addition of 14 species either previously unknown from the state or whose identity has been confirmed with recent taxonomic changes and revisions. 
MATERIALS AND METHODS 
New and confirmed state records were based mainly on independent collecting efforts by the authors since Tarter et al. (2006) and material housed at the Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois (INHS). Some locality data were recorded directly with portable GPS units or georeferenced using ACME Mapper 2.1. Other codens used herein are R.W. Baumann collection, Monte L. Bean Museum, Brigham Young 
University, Provo, Utah (BYUC), Donald C. Tarter collection, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia (DCTC), Ohio Biological Survey Collection, Columbus, Ohio (OBSC), Purdue Entomological Research Collection, West Lafayette, Indiana (PERC), and Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green (WKUC). 
 
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
Emendations and taxonomic changes have resulted in the removal or substitution of six species from the state checklist. Prior records of Sweltsa onkos (Ricker) likely all pertain to S. hoffmani Kondratieff & Kirchner and are discussed in greater detail below. Perlesta napacola DeWalt was placed as a junior synonym of P. teaysia Kirchner & Kondratieff by Grubbs & DeWalt (2008). Previous Kentucky records of Perlesta shubuta Stark now refer to the broadly distributed eastern Nearctic species P. ephelida Grubbs & DeWalt (Grubbs & DeWalt 2012). Szczytko & Kondratieff (2015), in their revision of eastern Nearctic Isoperla, were subsequently unable to confirm the presence of I. bilineata (Say), I. namata Frison, I. richardsoni Frison, and I. similis (Hagen) in Kentucky. 
Five additional new species descriptions have occurred since Tarter et al. (2006). Soyedina calcarea Grubbs and Leuctra schusteri Grubbs were described from the Mammoth Cave region (Grubbs 2006, Grubbs 2015). These two additions increased the number of species with Kentucky type localities from seven to nine (Tarter et al. 2006). Alloperla petasata Surdick was described from Virginia (Surdick 2004) and noted from Kentucky by Baumann & Kondratieff (2009). Perlesta shawnee Grubbs was described from Illinois and Indiana (Grubbs 2005) and first reported from the state in Grubbs (2012). Szczytko & Kondratieff (2015) provided the first Kentucky record of Isoperla montana (Banks) and included I. nelsoni Szczytko & Kondratieff in the distribution list for the state. 
Fourteen new or confirmed state records are presented below, plus additional records of three species whose distribution in Kentucky is also still meagerly understood. Overall, 125 species are now known from Kentucky. All nine Nearctic families are represented (Table 1). The Perlidae is easily the most species-rich family in the state (37), followed by Perlodidae (21), and Capniidae (16) (Fig. 1). Six genera in particular comprise just over half (66/125 = 53%) of the recorded species: Allocapnia (15), Isoperla (13), Acroneuria (10), Leuctra (10), Perlesta (10), and Alloperla (8). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fig. 1. Distribution of species among families of stoneflies known to occur in Kentucky. 
Table 1. List of Kentucky stoneflies. New or confirmed records are marked by an asterisk * 
 
Family Capniidae 
Allocapnia cunninghami Ross & Ricker 
Allocapnia curiosa Frison 
Allocapnia forbesi Frison 
Allocapnia frisoni Ross & Ricker 
Allocapnia granulata (Claassen) 
Allocapnia indianae Ricker 
Allocapnia mystica Frison 
Allocapnia nivicola (Fitch) 
Allocapnia ohioensis Ross & Ricker 
Allocapnia pygmaea (Burmeister) 
Allocapnia recta (Claassen) 
Allocapnia rickeri Frison 
Allocapnia smithi Ross & Ricker 
Allocapnia vivipara (Claassen) 
Allocapnia zola Ricker 
Paracapnia angulata Hanson 
 
Family Leuctridae 
Leuctra alexanderi Hanson 
Leuctra alta James 
*Leuctra carolinensis Claassen 
Leuctra ferruginea (Walker) 
Leuctra rickeri James 
Leuctra schusteri Grubbs 
Leuctra sibleyi Claassen 
Leuctra tenuis (Pictet) 
*Leuctra truncata Claassen 
*Leuctra variabilis Hanson 
Paraleuctra sara (Claassen) 
Zealeuctra claasseni (Frison) 
Zealeuctra fraxina Ricker & Ross 
 
Family Nemouridae 
Amphinemura alabama Baumann 
Amphinemura delosa (Ricker) 
Amphinemura nigritta (Provancher) 
Amphinemura varshava (Ricker) 
Amphinemura wui (Claassen) 
Ostrocerca truncata (Claassen) 
Prostoia completa (Walker) 
Prostoia similis (Hagen) 
Soyedina calcarea Grubbs 
Soyedina vallicularia (Wu) 
 
Family Taeniopterygidae 
Oemopteryx contorta (Needham & Claassen) 
Strophopteryx appalachia Ricker & Ross 
Strophopteryx fasciata (Burmeister) 
Taenionema atlanticum Ricker & Ross 
Taeniopteryx burksi Ricker & Ross 
Taeniopteryx lita Frison 
Taeniopteryx maura (Pictet) 
Taeniopteryx metequi Ricker & Ross 
Taeniopteryx parvula Banks 
Taeniopteryx ugola Ricker & Ross 
 
Family Chloroperlidae 
*Alloperla aracoma Harper & Kirchner 
Alloperla caudata Frison 
Alloperla chloris Frison 
Alloperla hamata Surdick 
Alloperla idei (Ricker) 
Alloperla imbecilla (Say) 
Alloperla petasata Surdick 
Alloperla usa Ricker 
Haploperla brevis (Banks) 
Sweltsa hoffmani Kondratieff & Kirchner 
*Sweltsa lateralis (Banks) 
 
Family Perlidae 
Acroneuria abnormis (Newman) 
Acroneuria carolinensis (Banks) 
Acroneuria covelli Grubbs & Stark 
Acroneuria filicis Frison 
Acroneuria frisoni Stark & Brown 
Acroneuria hitchcocki Kondratieff & Kirchner 
Acroneuria internata (Walker) 
Acroneuria kirchneri Stark & Kondratieff 
Acroneuria lycorias (Newman) 
Acroneuria perplexa Frison 
*Agnetina annulipes (Hagen) 
Agnetina capitata (Pictet) 
Agnetina flavescens (Walsh) 
Eccoptura xanthenes (Newman) 
Hansonoperla hokolesqua Kondratieff & Kirchner 
Neoperla catharae Stark & Baumann 
Neoperla choctaw Stark & Baumann 
Neoperla clymene (Newman) 
*Neoperla coosa Smith & Stark 
Neoperla gaufini Stark & Baumann 
Neoperla occipitalis (Pictet) 
Neoperla stewarti Stark & Baumann 
Paragnetina immarginata (Say) 
*Paragnetina kansensis (Banks) 
Paragnetina media (Banks) 
Perlesta adena Stark 
Perlesta cinctipes (Banks) 
Perlesta decipiens (Walsh) 
Perlesta ephelida Grubbs & DeWalt 
Perlesta lagoi Stark 
Perlesta nitida Banks 
*Perlesta ouabache Grubbs & DeWalt 
*Perlesta placida (Hagen) 
Perlesta shawnee Grubbs 
Perlesta teaysia Kirchner & Kondratieff 
Perlinella drymo (Newman) 
Perlinella ephyre (Newman) 
 
Family Perlodidae 
Clioperla clio (Newman) 
Diploperla kanawholensis Kirchner & Kondratieff 
Diploperla robusta Stark & Gaufin 
Helopicus subvarians (Banks) 
*Hydroperla fugitans (Needham & Claassen) 
*Isoperla bilineata (Say) 
Isoperla burksi Frison 
Isoperla decepta Frison 
Isoperla dicala Frison 
Isoperla holochlora (Klapαlek) 
*Isoperla kirchneri Szczytko & Kondratieff 
Isoperla marlynia Needham & Claassen 
Isoperla montana (Banks) 
*Isoperla namata Frison 
Isoperla nana (Walsh) 
Isoperla nelsoni Szczytko & Kondratieff 
Isoperla orata Frison 
Isoperla transmarina (Newman) 
Malirekus hastatus (Banks) 
Remenus bilobatus (Needham & Claassen) 
Yugus kirchneri Nelson 
 
Family Peltoperlidae 
Peltoperla arcuata Needham 
Tallaperla maria (Needham & Smith) 
 
Family Pteronarcyidae 
Pteronarcys biloba Newman 
Pteronarcys comstocki Smith 
Pteronarcys dorsata (Say) 
Pteronarcys pictetii Hagen 
Pteronarcys proteus Newman 
 
New or confirmed state records 
 
Leuctra carolinensis Claassen 
Distribution. USA: MD, MS, NC, NJ, TN, VA, WV (DeWalt et al. 2015), AL, CT, PA (Grubbs 2015) 
Material examined. Bell Co., Shillalah Creek, 8 June 2010, M. Floyd, 1>, 29+ (DCTC). 
Comments. The presence of this headwater Appalachian species in eastern Kentucky was not surprising. Shillalah Creek drains Brush Mountain in the far southeastern portion of the state. 
Leuctra truncata Claassen 
Distribution. Canada: NF, PQ. USA: CT, ME, PA, VA, WV (DeWalt et al. 2015) 
Material examined. Bell Co., Shillalah Creek, 21 September 2005, M. Floyd, 1>, 1+ (DCTC). Comments. Leuctra truncata is still a poorly understood species that is typically collected in the adult stage during late summer and autumn. This record is near the southern extent of its known range. 
 
Leuctra variabilis Hanson 
Distribution. USA: MA, MD, ME, NH, NJ, NY, PA, VA, VT (DeWalt et al. 2015) 
Material examined. Bell Co., Shillalah Creek, 21 September 2005, M. Floyd, 1>, 1+ (DCTC); Harlan Co., Watts Creek, Blanton Forest State Nature Preserve, 9 September.4 November 2009, M. Floyd, 4> (DCTC). 
Comments. This species is mainly collected only during mid.late autumn (e.g. Hanson 1941, Nelson et al. 2002). The presence of L. variabilis in Kentucky was expected. 
 
Alloperla aracoma Harper & Kirchner 
Distribution. USA: MD (Grubbs 1997), PA, WV (DeWalt et al. 2015) 
Material examined. Breathitt Co., Bookers Fork, Robinson Forest, 37.4802, -83.1403, 10 May 2010, S.A. Grubbs, 2> (WKUC); Harlan Co., Watts Creek, Blanton Forest State Nature Preserve, 7 June 2007, M. Floyd, 1>, 3+ (DCTC). 
Comments. The presence of A. aracoma in eastern Kentucky was expected. This uncommon species is now known from the northern portion of the Cumberland Plateau of eastern Kentucky northeastward to western Maryland and southwestern Pennsylvania. 
 
Sweltsa lateralis (Banks) 
Distribution. Canada: NB, ON, PQ. USA: CT, GA, MA, MD, ME, NC, NH, NY, OH, PA, SC, TN, VA, VT, WV (DeWalt et al. 2015) 
Material examined. Harlan Co., Watts Creek, Blanton Forest State Nature Preserve, 7 June 2007, M. Floyd, 1>, 5+ (DCTC). 
Comments. The presence of this common, broadly 
distributed Appalachian species in eastern Kentucky was expected. 
 
Agnetina annulipes (Hagen) 
Distribution. USA: AL, DC, FL, IN, LA, MD, MS, OH, PA, SC, VA, WV (DeWalt et al. 2015) 
Material examined. Bell Co., Cumberland River, Pineville, 36.7644, -83.6935, 24 June 1938, T.H. Frison & T.H. Frison Jr., 5> (INHS); Harlan Co., Harlan, 36.8436, -83.3217, 12 June 1940, T.H. Frison, C.O. Mohr, & A.W. Hawkins, 1> (INHS). 
Comments. This uncommon species may no longer be present in the Cumberland River. Several trips by one of us (RED) to the Cumberland River at Pineville have produced only Perlesta nymphs and adults. 
 
Neoperla coosa Smith & Stark 
Distribution. USA: AL, IN, NC, NY, OH, TN (DeWalt et al. 2015) 
Material examined. McCreary Co., (Big South Fork) Cumberland River, Alum Ford Campground, 5 mi NW Whitley City, 36.7620, -84.5457, 5 June 1973, W.P. McCafferty & A.V. Provonsha, 12+(PERC). 
Comments. This species is likely commonly distributed across eastern and central Kentucky. 
 
Paragnetina kansensis (Banks) 
Distribution. USA: AL, AR, FL, GA, IL, IN, KS, LA, MO, MS, NC, SC (DeWalt et al. 2015) 
Material examined. Calloway Co., Blood River, 18 May 2000, G. Pond, 2 nymphs (DCTC); Graves Co., Terrapin Creek, 36.5016, -88.4940, 7 September 1989, P. Bagdonas, 1 nymph (INHS). 
Comments. These two records are from the Jackson Purchase area in far western Kentucky. 
 
Perlesta ouabache Grubbs & DeWalt 
Distribution. USA: IL, IN (DeWalt et al. 2015) 
Material examined. McCreary Co., Cumberland River, Cumberland Falls State Resort Park, 36.8382, -84.3453, 12 June 1940, T.H. Frison, C.O. Mohr, & A.W. Hawkins, 1>, 1+(INHS). 
Comments. To date this species had been collected only from a few lowland rivers in Illinois and Indiana (Grubbs & DeWalt 2011). We expect this species is still present in Kentucky. 
 
Perlesta placida (Hagen) 
Distribution. USA: AL, DC, DE, FL, GA, LA, MD, ME, MS, NC, PA, TX, VA, WV (DeWalt et al. 2015), TN (DeWalt & Heinold 2005) 
Material examined. Bell Co., Cumberland River, Pineville, 36.7626, -83.6923, 24 June 1938, T.H. Frison & T.H. Frison Jr., 1> (INHS). 
Comments. Following the revision of Perlesta by Stark (1989) this species was known mainly from the Gulf and Atlantic Coastal Plain region. Subsequent work has found this species further inland (e.g. Great Smoky Mountains National Park, DeWalt & Heinold 2005). One of us (SAG) has also collected this species from the Big South Fork Cumberland River in northern Tennessee. More records of this species from the Cumberland River drainage are expected. 
 
Hydroperla fugitans (Needham & Claassen) 
Distribution. USA: AR, IA, IL, IN, KS, MO, TN, TX (DeWalt et al. 2015) 
Material examined. McCreary Co., Cumberland River, Cumberland Falls State Resort Park, 36.8393, -84.3446, 12 May 1939, T.H. Frison & H.H. Ross, 9 exuviae (INHS); same locality but 12 June 1940, T.H. Frison & H.H. Ross, 4 exuviae (INHS); same locality but 11 May 1988, R.W. Baumann, R.F. Kirchner, B.C. Kondratieff, & C.R. Nelson, 4 exuviae (BYUC). 
Comments. Nymphs and nymphal exuviae of this species have distinctive pigmentation patterns (Ray & Stark 1981, Nelson 1996). The recollection of exuviae in 1988 is evidence that this species still persists in the Cumberland River Basin. We anticipate that H. fugitans is in other large rivers such as the lower Green and Ohio rivers. 
 
Isoperla bilineata (Say) 
Distribution. Canada: MB, NB NF, ON, PQ, SK, USA: AL, CO, CT, FL, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, MA, ME, MI, MN, MO, MS, NC, ND, NE, NY, OH, PA, SD, VA, WI, WV (DeWalt et al. 2015) 
Material examined. Crittenden Co., Ohio River, 1.8 km WSW Weston, 37.4678, -88.0917, 17 May 1999, S.W. Chordas III & E.G. Chapman, 1> (OBSC). 
Comments. This record confirms the presence of this riverine species in Kentucky. Isoperla bilineata likely is commonly distributed along the Ohio River bordering Kentucky. We have recently obtained this species from two Ohio River localities from the Indiana side of the river. We also anticipate that I. bilineata will be obtained from other large rivers in the state. 
 
Isoperla kirchneri Szczytko & Kondratieff 
Distribution. USA: NC, NY, PA, TN, VA, WV (DeWalt et al. 2015) 
Material examined. Adair Co., Damron Creek, 12 km NNE Russell Springs, R.F. Tarter Wildlife Management Area, 37.1626, -85.0690, 27 April 2002, S.A. Grubbs, 1>, 1+ (WKUC); Casey Co., Dry Creek, 15 km NW Liberty, 37.3992, -85.0474, 12 May 2004, S.A. Grubbs, 1>, 1+ (WKUC). 
Comments. These represent the first confirmed records of this recently described species from Kentucky. 
 
Isoperla namata Frison 
Distribution. USA: AR, IL, IN, MO, OH, OK (DeWalt et al. 2015) 
Material examined. Adair Co., Casey Creek, 5 km NE Knifely, 36.2656, -85.1511, 13 April 2013, S.A. Grubbs & J.M. Yates, 1>, 1+ (WKUC); Taylor Co., Robinson Creek, 24 km NE Elk Horn, 37.3285, -85.2666, 13 April 2013, S.A. Grubbs & J.M. Yates, 8>, 7+ (WKUC). 
Comments. The recent revision of eastern Nearctic Isoperla by Szczytko & Kondratieff (2015) did not include this species from Kentucky. These two series definitively fit the concept of I. namata. The ranges of I. namata and I. kirchneri overlap in central Kentucky. 
 
Additional records – uncommon species 
 
Soyedina calcarea Grubbs 
Distribution. USA: KY (DeWalt et al. 2015) 
Material examined. Hart Co., spring run, Green River Preserve, 37.2550, -86.0045, 8 March 2013, S.A. Grubbs, 2> (WKUC). 
Comments. Described from a single spring run (Grubbs 2006), S. calcarea appears to be restricted to the Mammoth Cave region in central Kentucky. This is only the second known locality for this species, although several more are likely and particularly within Mammoth Cave National Park. 
 
Isoperla montana (Banks) 
Distribution. Canada: NS, ON, PQ. USA: CT, DE, IN, KY, MD, ME, MN, NC, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, SC, VA, WV (DeWalt et al. 2015) 
Material examined. Clinton Co., McIver Creek, Rolan, 36.6568, -85.0455, 19 May 2002, S.A. Grubbs, 1>, 2+ (WKUC). 
Comments. One state locality was included in Szczytko & Kondratieff (2015), but this species likely is very commonly distributed across central and eastern Kentucky. This is only the second confirmed state record. 
 
Isoperla nelsoni Szczytko & Kondratieff 
Distribution. USA: AL, GA, KY, NC, TN, VA (DeWalt et al. 2015) 
Material examined. McCreary Co., Big South Fork Cumberland River, Rte. 92, Yamacraw Crossing, 36.7262, -84.5434, 27 May 2014, S.A. Grubbs, 1> (WKUC). 
Comments. Szczytko & Kondratieff (2015) noted the inclusion of this recently-described species from Kentucky. 
 
Species emendation 
 
Sweltsa hoffmani Kondratieff & Kirchner 
Distribution. USA: AL, IN, KY, NY, OH, PA, TN, WV (DeWalt et al. 2015) 
Material examined. Adair Co., tributary to Casey Creek, Rte. 551, 16 km SE Campbellsville, 37.2542, -85.1715, 27 April 2002, S.A. Grubbs, 5>, 5+ (WKUC); Allen Co., tributary to Garrett Creek, U.S. 231, 13 km SSW Scottsville, 36.6434, -86.2453, 28 April 2001, S.A. Grubbs, 10>, 8+ (WKUC); Breathitt Co., Falling Rock Branch, 23 km SE Jackson, Robinson Forest, 37.4760, -83.1379, 24 April 2004, S.A. Grubbs, 3>, 1+ (WKUC); Harlan Co., Brownies Creek, 24 April 2005, D.C. Tarter, 1>, 1+ (DCTC); Rowan Co., Claylick Branch, Hwy 801, Daniel Boone National Forest, 38.1023, -83.4960, 15 May 1998, S.A. Grubbs, 1>, 2+ (WKUC). 
Comments. These specimens were once determined as S. onkos (Ricker), a species shown to be distributed mainly in the northeastern Nearctic region by Kondratieff & Kirchner (2009). Sweltsa onkos likely does not occur in Kentucky. Kondratieff & Kirchner (2009) included records of S. hoffmani from eastern Kentucky (Lawrence and Rowan Counties) but none of S. onkos from the state. 
 
CONCLUSIONS 
Kentucky harbors a rich stonefly fauna. The finding of 14 new or confirmed state records since the last published checklist approximately 10 years ago, with arguably only modest collecting efforts and with only one or two locality records for each species, points out that little is still known about the state-wide distribution of many species. Similar to comprehensive work carried out recently in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio (e.g. DeWalt & Grubbs 2011, DeWalt et al. 2012, Grubbs et al. 2012), a combination of focused collecting efforts in regions of the state with comparative little prior work and examination of material residing in museums and personal collections will provide valuable data to start the process of constructing historical and modern distribution patterns. Transcending from a state checklist to species distribution patterns is the next step. 
 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
We thank the following individuals who loaned specimens or helped with the species identification: J.F. Brumley, Kentucky Division of Water, Frankfort, Kentucky; M.A. Floyd, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Frankfort, Kentucky; B.C. Kondratieff, Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University; C.H. Nelson, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Tennessee-Chattanooga; G.J. Pond, US EPA Region III, Wheeling, West Virginia; J.B. Robinson, Biological Systems Consultants, Lexington, Kentucky; M.J. Vogel, Kentucky Division of Water, Frankfort, Kentucky. Special thanks to Monica Shafer for assisting with the initial preparation of the manuscript. The compilation of stonefly specimen databases at the INHS was partially funded by the following grants: USA NSF DEB 09-18805 ARRA and a USA DOI-USFWS X-1-R-1. 
 
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Submitted 11 November 2015, Accepted 1 December 2015, Published 11 December 2015