Zbirka / Series OPERA INSTITUTI ARCHAEOLOGICI SLOVENIAE 24 Uredniki zbirke / Editors of the series Jana Horvat, Andrej Pleterski, Anton Velušček Poznoantična utrjena naselbina Tonovcov grad pri Kobaridu. Zvezdana Modrijan in / and Najdbe Tina Milavec Late Antique fortified settlement Tonovcov grad near Kobarid. Finds Recenzenta / Reviewed by Jana Horvat, Mitja Guštin Prevod / Translation Sunčan Patrick Stone, Maja Sužnik, Tina Milavec, Zvezdana Modrijan, Borut Toškan Jezikovni pregled / Language Editors Sonja Likar, Tinka H. Selič Tehnična ureditev / Technical Editor Mateja Belak Oblikovanje ovitka / Front cover design Tamara Korošec Risbe / Drawings Dragica Knific Lunder, Tamara Korošec Računalniški prelom / DTP Mateja Belak Priprava slikovnega gradiva / Preparation of il ustrations Drago Valoh, Mateja Belak Izdala in založila / Published by Inštitut za arheologijo ZRC SAZU, Založba ZRC Zanju / Represented by Oto Luthar, Jana Horvat Glavni urednik / Editor-in-Chief Aleš Pogačnik Tisk / Printed by Formatisk d. o. o., Ljubljana Izid knjige sta podprla / Published with the support of Javna agencija za knjigo RS, Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU Fotografija na ovitku / Front Cover photo Tomaž Lauko CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 903/904(497.4Tonovcov grad) MODRIJAN, Zvezdana Poznoantična utrjena naselbina Tonovcov grad pri Kobaridu. Najdbe = Late antique fortified settlement Tonovcov grad near Kobarid. Finds / Zvezdana Modrijan, Tina Milavec ; sodelavci Peter Kos ... [et al.] ; [prevod Sunčan Patrick Stone ... [et al.] ; risbe Dragica Knific Lunder, Tamara Korošec]. - Ljubljana : Inštitut za arheologijo ZRC SAZU, Založba ZRC, 2011. - (Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae, ISSN 1408-5208 ; 24) ISBN 978-961-254-352-5 1. Milavec, Tina, 1979- 259569664 © 2011, ZRC SAZU, Inštitut za arheologijo, Založba ZRC Vse pravice pridržane. Noben del te knjige ne sme biti reproduciran, shranjen ali prepisan v kateri koli obliki oz. na kateri koli način, bodisi elektronsko, mehansko, s fotokopiranjem, snemanjem ali kako drugače, brez predhodnega pisnega dovoljenja lastnikov avtorskih pravic. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or trans- mitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. 00_zacetek.indd 2 23.1.2012 12:50:55 Zvezdana Modrijan Tina Milavec Poznoantična utrjena naselbina Tonovcov grad pri Kobaridu. Najdbe Sodelavci: Peter KOS, Dragan BOŽIČ, Matija TURK, Petra LEBEN SELJAK, Borut TOŠKAN, Janez DIRJEC, Francesco BOSCHIN in K. Patrick FAZIOLI Late Antique fortified settlement Tonovcov grad near Kobarid. Finds With contributions of Peter KOS, Dragan BOŽIČ, Matija TURK, Petra LEBEN SELJAK, Borut TOŠKAN, Janez DIRJEC, Francesco BOSCHIN and K. Patrick FAZIOLI LjUbLjANA 2011 00_zacetek.indd 3 23.1.2012 12:50:55 VSEBINA Predgovor (Zvezdana MODRIJAN in Tina MILAVEC) .................................................................................................... 9 1. Uvod (Zvezdana MODRIJAN) ....................................................................................................................................... 11 1.1 Kronologija ................................................................................................................................................................ 11 1.2 Stavbe .......................................................................................................................................................................... 13 1.3 Grobovi ....................................................................................................................................................................... 18 1.4 Literatura .................................................................................................................................................................... 20 2. Kovinske najdbe (Tina MILAVEC) ............................................................................................................................... 21 2.1 Stavba 1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 21 2.2 Stavbi 2 in 3 ................................................................................................................................................................ 64 2.3 Sklop cerkva, vmesni prostor in grobovi ................................................................................................................ 68 2.4 Vodni zbiralnik .......................................................................................................................................................... 75 2.5 Literatura .................................................................................................................................................................... 75 3. Steklene najdbe (Tina MILAVEC) ................................................................................................................................. 83 3.1 Stavba 1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 83 3.2 Stavbi 2 in 3 ................................................................................................................................................................ 89 3.3 Sklop cerkva ............................................................................................................................................................... 89 3.4 Vodni zbiralnik .......................................................................................................................................................... 94 3.5 Okensko steklo .......................................................................................................................................................... 94 3.6 Sklep ............................................................................................................................................................................ 95 3.7 Poznoantično steklo v Sloveniji ............................................................................................................................... 97 3.8 Literatura .................................................................................................................................................................. 115 4. Keramika (Zvezdana MODRIJAN) ............................................................................................................................. 121 4.1 Uvožena keramika ................................................................................................................................................... 123 4.2 Groba keramika ....................................................................................................................................................... 158 4.3 Sklep .......................................................................................................................................................................... 204 4.4 Literatura .................................................................................................................................................................. 212 5. Novčne najdbe (Peter KOS) .......................................................................................................................................... 221 5.1 Katalog ...................................................................................................................................................................... 221 5.2 Ovrednotenje novčnih najdb ................................................................................................................................. 229 5.3 Literatura .................................................................................................................................................................. 238 6. Prazgodovinske najdbe s Tonovcovega gradu in železnodobna kultna mesta v Posočju (Dragan BOŽIČ) ...... 239 6.1 Uvod .......................................................................................................................................................................... 239 6.2 Najdbe iz starejše železne dobe ............................................................................................................................. 241 6.3 Najdbe iz mlajše železne dobe ............................................................................................................................... 251 6.4 Železnodobne najdbe s Tonovcovega gradu v primerjavi z najdbami v svetiščih in na kultnih mestih ..... 260 6.5 Kamniti artefakti s Tonovcovega gradu (Matija TURK) .................................................................................... 269 6.6 Katalog ...................................................................................................................................................................... 271 6.7 Literatura .................................................................................................................................................................. 273 00_zacetek.indd 4 23.1.2012 12:50:55 CONTENTS Foreword (Zvezdana MODRIJAN and Tina MILAVEC) ................................................................................................. 9 1. Introduction (Zvezdana MODRIJAN) .......................................................................................................................... 11 1.1 Chronology ................................................................................................................................................................ 11 1.2 Structures .................................................................................................................................................................... 13 1.3 Graves ......................................................................................................................................................................... 18 1.4 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................................... 20 2. Metal finds (Tina MILAVEC) ......................................................................................................................................... 21 2.1 Building 1 ................................................................................................................................................................... 21 2.2 Buildings 2 and 3 ........................................................................................................................................................ 64 2.3 The ecclesiastical complex, space between the churches and graves .................................................................. 69 2.4 Water cistern .............................................................................................................................................................. 75 2.5 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................................... 75 3. Glass finds (Tina MILAVEC) .......................................................................................................................................... 83 3.1 Building 1 ................................................................................................................................................................... 84 3.2 Buildings 2 and 3 ....................................................................................................................................................... 89 3.3 The ecclesiastical complex ........................................................................................................................................ 91 3.4 Water cistern .............................................................................................................................................................. 95 3.5 Window glass ............................................................................................................................................................. 95 3.6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................. 96 3.7 Late Antique glass in Slovenia ................................................................................................................................. 97 3.8 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................................. 115 4. Pottery (Zvezdana MODRIJAN) .................................................................................................................................. 121 4.1 Imported pottery ..................................................................................................................................................... 123 4.2 Coarse ware .............................................................................................................................................................. 158 4.3 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................... 204 4.4 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................................. 212 5. Coin finds (Peter KOS) ................................................................................................................................................... 221 5.1 Catalogue .................................................................................................................................................................. 221 5.2 Evaluation of the coin finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 5.3 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................................. 238 6. Prehistoric finds from Tonovcov grad and iron age cult places in the Posočje area (Dragan BOŽIČ) .............. 239 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. 239 6.2 Early Iron Age finds ................................................................................................................................................ 241 6.3 Late Iron Age finds .................................................................................................................................................. 251 6.4 Iron Age finds from Tonovcov grad near Kobarid in comparison to finds from sanctuaries and cult places 260 6.5 Stone artefacts from Tonovcov grad (Matija TURK) ......................................................................................... 269 6.6 Catalogue .................................................................................................................................................................. 271 6.7 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................................. 273 00_zacetek.indd 5 23.1.2012 12:50:55 7. Antropološka analiza poznoantičnih skeletov (Petra LEBEN SELJAK) ................................................................. 279 7.1 Uvod, material in metode dela .............................................................................................................................. 279 7.2 Rezultati .................................................................................................................................................................... 280 7.3 Razprava in sklepi ................................................................................................................................................... 295 7.4 Literatura .................................................................................................................................................................. 301 8. Sesalska makrofavna (Borut TOŠKAN in Janez DIRJEC) ........................................................................................ 303 8.1 Material in metode .................................................................................................................................................. 303 8.2 Taksonomija ............................................................................................................................................................. 306 8.3 Porazdelitev najdb v času ....................................................................................................................................... 315 8.4 Porazdelitev najdb v prostoru ................................................................................................................................ 325 8.5 Analiza velikosti ...................................................................................................................................................... 333 8.6 Paleoekonomija ....................................................................................................................................................... 350 8.7 Sklep .......................................................................................................................................................................... 368 8.8 Literatura .................................................................................................................................................................. 370 8.9 Prilogi ....................................................................................................................................................................... 375 9. Kratke ugotovitve o ptičjih ostankih (Francesco BOSCHIN) .................................................................................. 389 10. Rezultati mikroskopske analize grobe keramike (K. Patrick FAZIOLI) ...............................................................395 10.1 Uvod ........................................................................................................................................................................ 395 10.2 Strategija vzorčenja ............................................................................................................................................... 395 10.3 Metodologija .......................................................................................................................................................... 396 10.4 Rezultati .................................................................................................................................................................. 397 10.5 Tehnološke izbire .................................................................................................................................................. 398 10.6 Sklepi ....................................................................................................................................................................... 400 10.7 Literatura ................................................................................................................................................................ 405 11. Katalog (Zvezdana MODRIJAN in Tina MILAVEC) ............................................................................................. 407 Table ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 451 Seznam avtorjev .................................................................................................................................................................. 557 00_zacetek.indd 6 23.1.2012 12:50:55 7. Anthropological analysis of the skeletons (Petra LEBEN SELJAK) ........................................................................ 279 7.1 Introduction, material and methods .................................................................................................................... 279 7.2 Results ....................................................................................................................................................................... 280 7.3 Discussion and conclusions ................................................................................................................................... 296 7.4 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................................. 301 8. Mammalian macrofauna (Borut TOŠKAN and Janez DIRJEC) .............................................................................. 303 8.1 Materials and methods ........................................................................................................................................... 304 8.2 Taxonomy ................................................................................................................................................................. 306 8.3 Diachronic distribution of finds ............................................................................................................................ 315 8.4 The spatial distribution of finds ............................................................................................................................. 325 8.5 Size analysis .............................................................................................................................................................. 333 8.6 Paleoeconomy .......................................................................................................................................................... 350 8.7 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................................. 368 8.8 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................................. 370 8.9 Appendices ............................................................................................................................................................... 375 9. Short considerations on the bird remains (Francesco BOSCHIN) ......................................................................... 389 10. Results of microscopic compositional analysis on coarse-ware ceramics (K. Patrick FAZIOLI) ..................... 395 10.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................... 395 10.2 Sampling Strategy .................................................................................................................................................. 395 10.3 Methodology .......................................................................................................................................................... 396 10.4 Results ..................................................................................................................................................................... 397 10.5 Technological Choices .......................................................................................................................................... 398 10.6 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................................ 400 10.7 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................................... 405 11. Catalogue (Zvezdana MODRIJAN and Tina MILAVEC) ...................................................................................... 407 Plates .................................................................................................................................................................................... 451 List of contributors ............................................................................................................................................................. 557 00_zacetek.indd 7 23.1.2012 12:50:55 00_zacetek.indd 8 23.1.2012 12:50:55 PREDGOVOR FOREWORD Zvezdana MODRIJAN, Tina MILAVEC Pričujoča monografija je drugi od dveh delov obja- This book is the second of two volumes of the ve rezultatov raziskav poznoantične višinske naselbine research results from the Late Antique fortified hil top Tonovcov grad pri Kobaridu. Raziskave, ki jih je izvajal settlement of Tonovcov grad near Kobarid. The excava- Inštitut za arheologijo ZRC SAZU, so s presledki pote- tions, led by the Institute of archaeology at ZRC SAZU, kale med letoma 1993 in 2004. were performed between 1993 and 2005 with short V prvem delu (S. Ciglenečki, Z. Modrijan, T. Mi- discontinuations. lavec, Poznoantična utrjena naselbina Tonovcov grad In the first volume (S. Ciglenečki, Z. Modrijan, T. pri Kobaridu. Naselbinske najdbe in interpretacija / Late Milavec, Poznoantična utrjena naselbina Tonovcov grad antique fortified settlement Tonovcov grad near Kobarid. pri Kobaridu. Naselbinske najdbe in interpretacija / Late Settlement remains and interpretation. – Opera Instituti antique fortified settlement Tonovcov grad near Kobarid. Archaeologici 23, 2011) so predstavljeni terenski izvi- Settlement remains and interpretation. – Opera Instituti di, interpretacija izkopanih stavb in analiza pomena Archaeologici 23, 2011) the field reports, interpretation naselbine v času pozne antike. V pričujoči knjigi pa of the excavated structures and the analysis of the impor- predstavljamo drobne najdbe, odkrite med izkopavanji. tance of the settlement in Late Antiquity are presented. Te zajemajo predvsem kovinske, steklene in kera- The present volume presents smal finds discovered mične najdbe, obravnavani pa so tudi novci ter človeški during the excavations. These are represented mostly by in živalski kostni ostanki. Posebno poglavje je posvečeno metal, glass and pottery but also by human and animal prazgodovinskim najdbam. remains. One chapter is devoted to the prehistoric finds. Obdelava številnih najdb je zahtevala sodelovanje The processing of numerous finds demanded mnogih posameznikov in inštitucij. Najprej bi se radi the cooperation of many individuals and institutions. zahvalili sodelavcem Kobariškega muzeja, posebej Firstly we would like to thank the colleagues from the direktorju Jožetu Šerbcu, za razumevanje in podporo Kobariški muzej in Kobarid, especial y the director Jože med izkopavanji in med prvo postizkopavalno obdelavo Šerbec, for their understanding and support. Jana Šubic najdb. Jana Šubic Prislan iz Goriškega muzeja je opravila Prislan from Goriški muzej in Nova Gorica undertook konservacijo vsega kovinskega gradiva. Večina dela pa je the conservation of al the metal finds. Most of the work bilo opravljenega v okviru Inštituta za arheologijo ZRC was done at the Institute of archaeology at ZRC SAZU. SAZU. Dragica Knific Lunder in Tamara Korošec sta The finds were drawn by Dragica Knific Lunder and gradivo zrisali, Mateja Belak in Drago Valoh pa pripra- Tamara Korošec and the maps and graphic material were vila karte in ostalo slikovno gradivo. Tekste sta skrbno prepared by Mateja Belak and Drago Valoh. The texts prebrali in predlagali mnoge izboljšave Jana Horvat in were read and improved by Jana Horvat and Andreja Andreja Dolenc Vičič. Posamezni poglavji sta prebrala Dolenc Vičič. Chapter Mammalian macrofauna was še Laszlo Bartosiewicz (Sesalska makrofavna) in Irena read by Laszlo Bartosiewicz and chapter Glass finds was Lazar (Steklene najdbe). read by Irena Lazar. Najdbe s Tonovcovega gradu so bile tema dveh The finds from Tonovcov grad were the topic of two doktorskih nalog na Oddelku za arheologijo Filozofske doctoral theses at the Department of Archaeology at the fakultete umiverze v Ljubljani (Tina Milavec, Primerjal- Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana (Tina Milavec, na analiza kovinskega gradiva poznoantičnih naselbin Primerjalna analiza kovinskega gradiva poznoantičnih vzhodnoalpskega prostora, Ljubljana 2008; Zvezdana naselbin vzhodnoalpskega prostora, Ljubljana 2008; Modrijan, Poznoantična groba kuhinjska keramika ter Zvezdana Modrijan, Poznoantična groba kuhinjska uvoženo posodje z območja Slovenije in Furlanije, Lju- keramika ter uvoženo posodje z območja Slovenije in bljana 2008). Pri tem bi se radi zahvalili mentorju Slavku Furlanije, Ljubljana 2008). We would like to thank our 9 00_zacetek.indd 9 23.1.2012 12:50:56 PREDGOVOR FOREWORD Ciglenečkemu za pomoč in razumevanje ob nastajanju supervisor Slavko Ciglenečki for his help and under- nalog ter Vereni Vidrih Perko za pomoč pri obdelavi standing during the writing and to Verena Vidrih Perko keramičnega gradiva. for her help with the evaluation of the pottery. Vsem naštetim, pa tudi mnogim neomenjenim, še To all mentioned, and also to many others, we are enkrat iskrena hvala. sincerely grateful. 10 00_zacetek.indd 10 23.1.2012 12:50:56 1. Uvod 1. IntrodUctIon Zvezdana ModrIjan velika večina vseh najdb je bila odkrita v izkopnem The large majority of all finds was discovered in polju bivalne stavbe 1. v ostalih objektih, stavbah 2 in 3, the excavation area of the dwelling house (building 1). sklopu treh cerkva in v vodnem zbiralniku ( sl. 1.1) je bilo In other structures, buildings 2 and 3, the ecclesiasti- drobnega gradiva bistveno manj, kar lahko pojasnimo cal complex of three churches and in the water cistern z namembnostjo objektov in njihovo ohranjenostjo. ( Fig. 1.1), much less material was found which can be Stavba 2 glede na odsotnost ognjišča v njeni notranjosti explained by the function and state of preservation of the verjetno ni bila namenjena bivanju. Stavbi 3 pripadajoče structures. Building 2 had no fireplace and consequently kulturne plasti so zelo skromno ohranjene, saj jih je probably did not function as a dwelling house. The cul- bila večina uničena ob izgradnji stavbe 2. cerkve kot tural layers belonging to structure 3 were only modestly javne zgradbe pa so že v osnovi opremljene drugače kot preserved as most of them were destroyed during the bivalni objekti. tudi v vodnih zbiralnikih predstavljajo construction of building 2. churches are public build- drobne najdbe izjemo, zato njihovo skromno število ne ings and therefore differently equipped than dwelling preseneča. houses. also in water cisterns finds are general y rare Zaradi boljše preglednosti bodo v tem uvodu so their small number is not surprising. kratko povzeta kronologija najdišča z glavnimi fazami For better understanding of this volume chronology poselitve, opis raziskanih stavbnih ostankov in grobov. of this site with the main occupation phases, the descrip- Širši opisi in opredelitve so zbrani v prvi knjigi (tonov- tion of the excavated structures and graves wil be shortly cov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, pogl. 2.2). summarized. comprehensive descriptions and definitions are available in the first volume (tonovcov grad. Settle- ment remains and interpretation, chapter 2.2). 1.1 KronologIja Prostor naselbine tonovcov grad pri Kobaridu je bil 1.1 chronology s prekinitvami poseljen od prazgodovine do srednjega veka. glavno obdobje uporabe naselbine, iz katerega The site of tonovcov grad near Kobarid was – with so bile raziskane tudi stavbne ostaline, spada v pozno- discontinuations – settled from the prehistory to the antično obdobje, ki je razdeljeno v dve poselitveni fazi. Middle ages. The architectural remains belong to late Iz prazgodovinskega obdobja so bile raziskane antiquity which is the main period of occupation and plasti brez stavbnih ostankov. drobne najdbe spadajo can be divided into two settlement phases. v dolgo obdobje med paleolitikom in bronasto dobo From prehistory only layers and no structures are (glej pogl. 6). known. discovered smal finds belong to the long period v mlajših, antičnih in poznoantičnih plasteh je bilo between Palaeolithic and Bronze age (see chapter 6). odkritih nekaj posameznih drobnih najdb, ki spadajo v In younger, antique and late antique layers, some starejšo in mlajšo železno dobo, vendar nismo naleteli individual finds from the early and late Iron age were na pripadajoče plasti ali arhitekturo (glej pogl. 6.1–6.3). found but no stratigraphy or architecture (see chapters Iz 1. in 2. st. je bilo v poznoantičnih plasteh odkritih 6.1-6.3). nekaj novcev in drobnih najdb. v ta čas lahko spadajo Some coins and small finds, found in late antiq- tudi najstarejše antične plasti pod stavbo 3, vendar tega uity layers, belong to the 1st and 2nd centuries. also the zaradi pogostega pojavljanja starejših predmetov v earliest antique layers under building 3 could belong mlajših plasteh ne moremo potrditi. Podobno velja za to this period but as older objects are very often found obdobje prve faze poselitve višinskih naselbin v Slove- in younger layers on the site this cannot be confirmed niji, ki spada v zadnjo tretjino 3. st. (ciglenečki 1990, with certainty. The situation is similar with the period 11 1_uvod.indd 11 23.1.2012 10:38:11 1. Uvod 1. IntrodUctIon Sl. 1.1: tonovcov grad. načrt najdišča z raziskanimi (št. 1–5) in v reliefu površine (št. 6–31) nakazanimi stavbami (tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, sl. 1.7). Fig. 1.1: tonovcov grad. Site plan of the settlement with the researched buildings (nos. 1-5) and the buildings (nos. 6-31) that can be seen in the surface (tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpretation, Fig. 1.7). 154–156; 1999, 292). Iz tega časa so pogosti predvsem of the first occupation phase of the hil top settlements in novci (13,5 % vseh najdenih novcev; glej pogl. 5.2). Slovenia from the last third of the 3rd century (ciglenečki 1990, 154–156; 1999, 292). Mostly coins were discovered Prve zanesljive ostanke arhitekture poznamo iz from this period (13.5 % of all found coins; see chapter poznoantičnega obdobja, v katerega spadata dve poseli- 5.2). tveni fazi tonovcovega gradu. Iz prve poznoantične faze (druga polovica 4. in začetek 5. st.) so bili poleg novcev First definite architectural remains belong to the in drobnih najdb odkriti tudi ostanki zidanih objektov, late antiquity, which is divided into two settlement to so zidovi ene ali dveh stavb pod kasnejšo stavbo 1, in phases. Beside coins and small finds, found in younger stavba 3. Skoraj polovica vseh rimskih novcev iz obdobja layers, wall remains of one or two structures under later 1.–5. stoletja (48 %) je bila kovana v drugi polovici 4. building 1 and building 3 belong to the first late antiq- stoletja, novčni obtok pa je dokaj močan še v prvi četrtini uity phase (second half of the 4th-beginning of the 5th 5. st (glej pogl. 5.2.1) century). almost a half of all discovered coins from the druga in glavna poselitvena faza, v katero spada time between the 1st-5th century (48%) was minted in večina odkritih objektov, je datirana med konec 5. in the second half of the 4th century and the coin circula- začetek 7. st. v tem času so stali stavbi 1 in 2, sklop treh tion remained strong even in the first quarter of the 5th cerkva z “memorijo” in v skalo vklesanim vmesnim pro- century (see chapter 5.2.1). storom ter vodni zbiralnik. Faza je datirana na podlagi The second and main settlement phase, where most bogatih kovinskih in keramičnih najdb, medtem ko of the excavated structures belong to, is dated between 12 1_uvod.indd 12 23.1.2012 10:38:12 1. Uvod 1. IntrodUctIon novčni obtok v tem času skoraj presahne (iz konca 5. the end of the 5th and the beginning of the 7th century. in iz 6. st. je bilo najdenih le pet vzhodnogotskih in en In this period buildings 1 and 2, the ecclesiastical com- bizantinski novec; glej pogl. 5.2.2). plex with a ‘memoria’ and a space cut into the bedrock between the churches as well as the water cistern func- Iz zgodnjesrednjeveškega obdobja je bilo raziska- tioned. The phase is dated using rich metal and pottery nih nekaj plasti in grobov vkopanih v delno porušene finds whereas coin circulation was discontinued in this ostanke poznoantične naselbine. Spadajo grobo v čas period (only one Byzantine and five ostrogothic coins med 7. in 9. st. in lahko predstavljajo eno ali več krat- were discovered from the end of the 5th and from the kih obdobij zadrževanja ljudi na prostoru naselbine 6th century; see chapter 5.2.2). (tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, pogl. 2.2.4). Some smal finds, layers and graves, dug into at least partly demolished remains of the late antique set- v srednjeveško obdobje spada le nekaj posamičnih tlement, belong to the early Medieval period. roughly drobnih najdb ter morda še neraziskani ostanki arhi- they can be dated between the 7th and 9th century and tekture na zahodnem robu naselbine, ki bi lahko pred- can represent one or several short occupations of the site stavljali obrambni stolp (objekt št. 13; sl. 1.1; tonovcov (tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpretation, grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, pogl. 2.2.5). chapter 2.2.4). Some individual finds and perhaps also an unre- 1.2 StavBe searched structure on the western edge of the settlement, which could represent a defence tower, belong to the na tonovcovem gradu so bile raziskane stavbe 1, Middle ages (building no. 13; Fig. 1.1; tonovcov grad. 2 in 3, sklop treh cerkva z vmesnim prostorom in vodni Settlement remains and interpretation, chapter 2.2.5). zbiralnik ( sl. 1.1; glej tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, pogl. 2, 3). 1.2 BUIldIngS 1.2.1 StavBa 1 Buildings 1, 2, 3, an ecclesiastical complex with a space cut into the bedrock between the churches and a v prvi poznoantični fazi so na prostoru kasnejše water cistern were excavated on tonovcov grad ( Fig. 1.1; stavbe 1 ob vhodu v naselbino stali zidani objekti, ki pa see tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpreta- jih natančno ne moremo rekonstruirati, saj jih je v večini tion, chapters 2, 3). uničila gradnja kasnejše stavbe. najdeni ostanki treh zi- dov kažejo, da sta morda na tem območju stali dve stavbi. v drugi poznoantični fazi je bila sezidana stavba 1.2.1 BUIldIng 1 1 s prizidkom in vetrolovom ( sl. 1.2; glej tudi tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, pogl. 2.3, In the first late antiquity phase masonry struc- 3.1; pril. 1). ognjišči v glavnem prostoru in v prizidku tures stood in the area of the later building 1 by the ter velika količina najdb kažejo, da je šlo za stanovanjski settlement entrance but as they were mostly destroyed objekt. Med najdbami prevladuje keramika (glej pogl. by the construction of the later building they cannot be Tab. 1.1: Stavba 1. Preglednica stratigrafskih enot (Se) (tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, tab. 2.1). Tab. 1.1: Building 1. table of startigraphic units (SU) (tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpretation, tab. 2.1). Opredelitev / Definition SE / SU Sterilna / Sterile 40 Prazgodovina / Prehistory 33, 39 Pa 1 / la 1 04, 16, 17, 20, 29a, 30, 31, 32, 36=68, 36a, 36b, 51, 53, 54, 57, 66, 68, 75, 76, 77, 78; zidovi /wal s 13, 14, 15 Pa 1/ Pa 2 / la 1/ la 2 18, 21, 22, 24, 63, 74 Pa 2 / la 2 03, 05, 12, 14, 23=26, 25, 28, 29, 35a, 50, 55, 56, 62, 64, 67; zidovi / wal s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 rušenje / destruction 01, 08, 11, 13 ZSv / eMP 09, 10 Premešano / Mixed 02, 06, 34 13 1_uvod.indd 13 23.1.2012 10:38:12 1. Uvod 1. IntrodUctIon Sl. 1.2: tloris stavbe 1 z mejo izkopnega polja in mrežo kvadrantov. M. = 1:200 (tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, sl. 2.2). Fig. 1.2: ground plan of building 1 with the excavation area and quadrant grid. Scale = 1:200 (tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpretation, Fig. 2.2). 4), med katero je daleč največ grobega hišnega posodja precisely reconstructed. Found remains of three wal s (glej pogl. 4.2). Uvožena keramika pa kaže, da je tudi v indicate that two buildings could have stood in the area. drugi poznoantični fazi naselbina še vedno vzdrževala In the second late antiquity phase building 1 with stike s sredozemskim prostorom. an outhouse and a wind shield was built ( Fig. 1.2; see also nekeramično gradivo, najdeno znotraj stavbe 1 in tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpretation, v njeni neposredni okolici, je značilno za samooskrbne chapters 2.3, 3.1; insert 1). Fireplaces in both the house staroselske naselbine jugovzhodnoalpskega prostora: and the outhouse and a large quantity of finds point to kovinski deli hišne opreme, orodje, moška in ženska the dwelling character of the building. Pottery prevails noša, orožje (glej pogl. 2) ter stekleni kozarci na visoki among the finds (see chapter 4) and among pottery 14 1_uvod.indd 14 23.1.2012 10:38:12 1. Uvod 1. IntrodUctIon nogi (glej pogl. 3). Prestižnejši uvoženi predmeti ter coarse ware is predominant (see chapter 4.2). Imported predmeti germanskega značaja niso pogosti. pottery shows that in the second late antiquity phase Potem ko je bila stavba 1 deloma že porušena, the settlement still retained contacts with the Mediter- je bila še enkrat uporabljena za bivanje. Zgodnjesre- ranean. dnjeveške plasti so bile na izkopnem polju stavbe 1 Metal finds from building 1 and the area around it ugotovljene samo v notranjosti objekta 1 in tu so bile is characteristic of the autarkic romanized settlements zgoščene tudi vse značilne zgodnjesrednjeveške najdbe of the Southeastern alps: architectural fittings, tools, (tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, male and female attire, weapons (see chapter 2) and glass pogl. 3.1.4; sl. 3.16). stemmed goblets (see chapter 3). luxurious imported and germanic objects are not numerous. after the building had been partly demolished it 1.2.2 StavBI 2 In 3 was once again used for dwelling. early Medieval layers were only discovered inside building 1 and all the char- Pod skalnim platojem, na katerem stoji sklop cer- acteristic early Medieval finds were concentrated there kva, so bili odkriti ostanki zidov, ki pripadajo dvema (tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpretation, različnima stavbama ( sl. 1.3). Stavbi sta bili povezani chapter 3.1.4; Fig. 3.16). med seboj, čeprav sta živeli v časovno različnih obdob- jih. najprej je bila v prvi poznoantični fazi postavljena stavba 3, od katere se je v celotni dolžini ohranil le južni 1.2.2 BUIldIngS 2 and 3 zid, delno pa še dva nanj prizidana zidova. na južni zid stavbe 3 so bili, ko je bil ta že delno porušen, prizidani Under the rocky plateau with the ecclesiastical zidovi stavbe 2, ki je živela v času druge poznoantične complex remains of wal s belonging to two different faze (glej tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in inter- buildings were discovered ( Fig. 1.3). The buildings were pretacija, pogl. 2.4, 3.2). odsotnost ognjišča ter skromne connected even though they functioned in two different najdbe v notranjosti stavbe 2 kažejo, da ta verjetno ni bila periods of time. In the first late antiquity phase build- namenjena bivanju. Po drugi strani so bile dokaj bogate ing 3 was erected of which only the southern wall was drobne najdbe iz časa 6. in začetka 7. st. na njeni severni preserved in its entire length with two partly preserved ones added to it. after building 3 was demolished wal s of structure 2, which functioned in the second late antiquity phase, were added to the southern wal of building 3 (see tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpretation, chapters 2.4, 3.2). The lack of a fireplace and modest finds inside building 2 indicate that it was probably not used for dwelling. on the other hand rather numerous finds from the 6th and the beginning of the 7th century were found on its northern side, in the area of the former building 3 (SU 150). Some tools, Sl. 1.3: Stavbi 2 in 3 z mejo izkopnega polja in mrežo kva- dran tov. M. = 1:200 (tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, sl. 2.34). Fig. 1.3: ground plan of building 1 with the excavation area and quadrant grid. Scale = 1:200 (tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpretation, Fig. 2.34). 15 1_uvod.indd 15 23.1.2012 10:38:13 1. Uvod 1. IntrodUctIon Tab. 1.2: Stavbi 2 in 3. Preglednica stratigrafskih enot (Se) (tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, tab. 2.2). Tab. 1.2: Buildings 2 and 3. table of stratigraphic units (SU) (tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpretation, tab. 2.2). Opredelitev / Definition SE / SU Sterilna / Sterile 117, 139, 143, 151, 157, 173, 176, 178, 183 Prazgodovina / Prehistory 180=140 antika / antiquity 171, 172=165, 177, 179 Pa 1 / la 1 121, 126, 127, 160, 170, 175 Pa 1/Pa 2 / la 1/la 2 142, 174 Pa 2 / la 2 103, 106, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 120, 122, 123, 124, 147, 150=144, 152, 155, 158, 161, 162, 164, 166, 169 ZSv / eM grob / grave 18, grobovi / graves 15?, 19?, 20? Premešano / Mixed 135, 137 zunanji strani, na območju starejše stavbe 3 (Se 150). fragments of bronze and lead sheet, old objects and a nekaj kosov orodja, več koščkov bronaste in svinčene half-finished necklace clasp could indicate manufacture pločevine, stari predmeti in polizdelek sponke verižice or at least mending of small bronze objects in this area bi morda lahko kazali na izdelavo ali vsaj predelavo (see chapter 2.2.1). manjših bronastih predmetov na tem prostoru (glej Behind the southern wal of building 2 a group pogl. 2.2.1). of graves was found, according to the grave goods one Za južnim zidom stavbe 2 je bila najdena skupina of them could be roughly dated to the 8th century (see grobov, med katerimi lahko enega (grob 18) na podlagi chapter 2.2). pridatkov okvirno datiramo v 8. st. (glej pogl. 2.2). 1.2.3 eccleSIaStIcal coMPlex 1.2.3 SKloP cerKva on the rocky plateau in the southern part of the na skalnem platoju na južnem delu naselbine so settlement three churches were built in the second late bile v drugi poznoantični fazi postavljene tri cerkve antiquity phase ( Fig. 1.4). al of them are simple hall ( sl. 1.4). vse tri sodijo med preproste pravokotne eno- one-nave churches with a free standing clergy bank. The ladijske cerkve s prosto stoječo klopjo za duhovnike. north and the main church are connected along their Severna in osrednja cerkev sta bili med seboj povezani v entire length while the presbytery of the south church is celotni dolžini, prezbiterij južne cerkve pa je s prezbiteri- linked to the presbytery of the main church by a lateral jem osrednje povezoval štirikoten zidan vmesni prostor. square space in-between. The space between the naves Prostor med ladjama je bil vglobljen v skalno osnovo, was cut into the bedrock but unbuilt ( Fig. 1.5). al three vendar nepozidan ( sl. 1.5). vse tri cerkve so imele prizi- churches had narthices added to them (see tonovcov dane nartekse (glej tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki grad. Settlement remains and interpretation, chapters in interpretacija, pogl. 2.5, 3.3; pril. 4). 2.5, 3.3; insert 4). ruševine cerkve so bile v zgodnjem srednjem veku ruins of the churches were used again in the early ponovno izkoriščene. na to kaže ostanek kurišča s ke- Middle ages. This is indicated by a fireplace with pot- ramiko v osrednji cerkvi ter v ruševino vkopan grob 21 tery finds in the main church and a grave (grave 21) dug (tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, into the destruction layer (tonovcov grad. Settlement pogl. 3.3.6). remains and interpretation, chapter 3.3.6). 1.2.4 vodnI ZBIralnIK 1.2.4 Water cIStern na najvišjem, vzhodnem platoju naselbine, je bil on the highest eastern plateau of the settlement postavljen vodni zbiralnik ( sl. 1.6) pravokotnega tlorisa a water cistern ( Fig. 1.6) of a rectangular ground plan z dvojnimi zidovi, obdaja pa ga še en zid, ki je predsta- was constructed. It was encircled by another wall which vljal ograjo (glej tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in represents the fence (see tonovcov grad. Settlement interpretacija, pogl. 2.6, 3.4; pril. 5). remains and interpretation, chapters 2.6, 3.4; insert 5). tudi vodni zbiralnik je bil po tem, ko ni več služil a strong layer of charred remains and pottery prvotnemu namenu, uporabljen kot zatočišče v zgod- fragments in the southeastern corner show that after it njem srednjem veku, na kar kaže močna žganinska plast had been abandoned the water cistern was also used as in ostanki več posod v jugovzhodnem vogalu. a shelter in the early Middle ages. 16 1_uvod.indd 16 23.1.2012 10:38:13 1. Uvod 1. IntrodUctIon Sl. 1.4: Shematični tloris cerkva z mrežo kvadrantov. M. = 1:200 (tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, sl. 2.47). Fig. 1.4: ground plan of churches with quadrant grid. Scale = 1:200 (tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpretation, Fig. 2.47). Fig. 1.5: Shematični tloris prostora med osrednjo in južno cerkvijo. M. = 1:200 (po tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, sl. 2.80). Fig. 1.5: ground plan of the space between the main and south church. Scale = 1: 200 (after tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpretation, Fig. 2.80). 17 1_uvod.indd 17 23.1.2012 10:38:14 1. Uvod 1. IntrodUctIon Sl. 1.6: Shematični tloris cisterne. M. = 1:200 (tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, sl. 2.97). Fig. 1.6: Schematic ground plan of the cistern. Scale = 1:200 (tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpretation, Fig. 2.97). 1.3 groBovI 1.3 graveS v naselbini je bilo odkritih 22 struktur, interpreti- The settlement revealed 22 structures that have been ranih kot grobovi, vendar sta bila dva prazna (grobova interpreted as graves. two of them were empty (graves 2 2 in 14), v dveh pa so bile najdene samo živalske kosti and 14), and two contained only animal bones (graves 16 (grobova 16 in 17). Človeških okostij je bilo torej 18, and 17). This means that there were 18 human skeletons, večina izmed njih je bila ohranjena v celoti, vendar so most of which were preserved in entirety, however the bile kosti v zelo slabem stanju. bones were in a very poor condition. two skeletons were dva skeleta sta po pridatkih iz zgodnjega srednjega buried together with early Medieval grave goods (graves veka (grobova 18 in 21; konec 7. do začetka 9. stoletja), 18 and 21; end of the 7th to the beginning of the 9th cen- glede na lego pa v ta čas sodita tudi grobova 15 in 20, tury); taking into account the location of graves 15 and morda pa tudi grob 1a ob stavbi 1. Preostalih 14 skeletov 23 it seems that they could also belong into this period, je iz pozne antike, verjetno pripadajo drugi poznoantični as could grave 1a next to building 1. The remaining 14 fazi (konec 5., 6. st.). v seznamu so zajeti osnovni po- skeletons were dated to late antiquity, most likely they datki o grobovih in njihove omembe v pričujoči knjigi originated to the late antiquity 2 phase (end of the 5th ter v prvem zvezku (tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki and 6th century). elementary data on the graves as well in interpretacija). antropološka analiza je predstavljena as their mention in this volume and in the volume one v poglavju 7. (tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpretation) are included in the list. anthropological analysis is pre- Seznam je urejen v naslednjem vrstnem redu: sented in chapter 7. Št. groba: spol; lega; pridatki; omembe groba. omembe groba v prvi knjigi (tonovcov grad. nasel- The graves are listed in the following order: binski ostanki in interpretacija). no. of the grave: sex; position; grave goods; quotations of the grave. Quotation of the grave in the 18 1_uvod.indd 18 23.1.2012 10:38:15 1. Uvod 1. IntrodUctIon grob 1a: moški; ob stavbi 1; brez pridatkov; 280. first volume (tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, sl. interpretation). 2.2, 2.23; str. 86, 95, 189. grob 1: moški; južna cerkev – prezbiterij; brez grave 1a: male; alongside the building 1; without pridatkov; 280–281; sl. 7.4; tonovcov grad. naselbinski grave goods; 280. tonovcov grad. Settlement remains ostanki in interpretacija, pril. 3–4; sl. 2.74, 2.75; str. 136, and interpretation, Figs. 2.2, 2.23; pgs. 86, 95, 189. 205, 209, 227, 234. grave 1: male; south church – presbytery; without grob 2: prazen grob – kenotaf; “memorija”. tonov- grave goods; 280; Fig. 7.4. tonovcov grad. Settlement cov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, pril. 3, remains and interpretation, Inserts 3-4; Figs. 2.74, 2.75; 4; sl. 2.71; str. 204. pgs. 136, 205, 209, 227, 234. grob 3: ženski; ob južni cerkvi; pridatki: t. 51: 4–7; grave 2: empty grave – cenotaph; ‘memoria’. pogl. 2.7.3; str. 69–71, sl. 2.13, 2.14; 281. tonovcov grad. tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpretation, naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, pril. 3–4; sl. 2.76; Inserts 3-4; Fig. 2.71; pg. 204. str. 139, 207, 209. grave 3: female; alongside the south church; grave grob 4: domnevno moški; v narteksu severne goods: Pl. 51: 4-7; chapter. 2.7.3; pgs. 69-71; Fig. 2.13, cerkve; brez pridatkov; 281–282, sl. 7.3–7.4. tonovcov 2.14; 281 . tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and in- grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, pril. 4; sl. terpretation, Inserts 3, 4; Fig. 2.76; pgs. 139, 207, 209. 2.69, 2.70; str. 132, 206, 209. grave 4: presumably male; in the narthex of the grob 5: otroški; v osrednji cerkvi; brez pridatkov; south church; without grave goods; 281-282; Figs. 7.3- 282. tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpreta- 7.4. tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpreta- cija, pril. 2, 4; sl. 2.67; str. 129, 209. tion, Insert 4; Figs. 2.69, 2.70; pgs. 132, 206, 209. grob 6: otroški; za severno cerkvijo; brez pridat- grave 5: child; in the main church; without grave kov; 282–283. tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in goods; 283. tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpretacija, pril. 2, 4; sl. 2.77; str. 140. interpretation, Inserts 2, 4; Figs. 2.67; pgs. 129, 209. grob 7: otroški; za osrednjo cerkvijo; brez pri- grave 6: infant; behind the north church; without datkov; 283. tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in grave goods; 283. tonovcov grad. Settlement remains interpretacija, pril. 2, 4; sl. 2.77; str. 140. and interpretation, Inserts 2, 4; Fig. 2.77; pg. 140. grob 8: otroški; za osrednjo cerkvijo; brez pri- grave 7: infant; behind the north church; without datkov; 283. tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in grave goods; 283. tonovcov grad. Settlement remains interpretacija, pril. 2, 4; sl. 2.78; str. 141. and interpretation, Inserts 2, 4; Fig. 2.77; pg. 140. grob 9: otroški; za osrednjo cerkvijo; brez pri- grave 8: infant; behind the north church; without datkov; 283. tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in grave goods; 283. tonovcov grad. Settlement remains interpretacija, pril. 2, 4; sl. 2.78; str. 141. and interpretation, Inserts 2, 4; Fig. 2.78; pg. 141. grob 10: otroški; za osrednjo cerkvijo; brez pri- grave 9: child; behind the main church; without datkov; 283–284. tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki grave goods; 283-284. tonovcov grad. Settlement re- in interpretacija, pril. 2, 4; sl. 2.79; str. 141. mains and interpretation, Inserts 2, 4; Fig. 2.78; pg. 141. grob 11: otroški grob; za “memorijo”; brez pri- grave 10: infant; behind the main church; without datkov; 284. tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in grave goods; 284. tonovcov grad. Settlement remains interpretacija, pril. 4; sl. 2.79; str. 141–142. and interpretation, Inserts 2, 4; Fig. 2.79; pg. 141. grob 12: otroški grob; za “memorijo”; brez pri- grave 11: infant; behind the ‘memoria’; without datkov; 284. tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in grave goods; 284. tonovcov grad. Settlement remains interpretacija, pril. 4; sl. 2.79; str. 141–142. and interpretation, Insert 4; Fig. 2.79; pgs. 141-142. 19 1_uvod.indd 19 23.1.2012 10:38:15 1. Uvod 1. IntrodUctIon grob 13: otroški; v narteksu severne cerkve; brez grave 12: child; behind the ‘memoria’; without pridatkov; 284. tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in grave goods; 284. tonovcov grad. Settlement remains interpretacija, pril 4; sl. 2.69; str. 132, 206, 209. and interpretation, Insert 4; Fig. 2.79; pgs. 141-142. grob 14: domneven prazen grob; v prezbiteriju grob 13: child or adolescent; in the narthex of the južne cerkve; tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in north church; without grave goods; 284-285. tonovcov interpretacija, pril. 3; sl. 2.75; str. 137, 205. grad. Settlement remains and interpretation, Insert 4; Fig. 2.69; pgs. 132, 206, 209. grob 15: ženski; ob stavbi 2; brez pridatkov; 284–285. tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in inter- grave 14: : presumably empty grave; in the presby- pretacija, sl. 2.44; str. 110, 198, 199. tery of the south church. tonovcov grad. Settlement re- mains and interpretation, Insert 3; Fig. 2.75; pgs. 137, 205. grob 18: moški; ob stavbi 2; pridatki: t. 44: 22–24, sl. 2.10: 2 ; str. 65, 66, 285. tonovcov grad. naselbinski grave 15: female; by the building 2; without grave ostanki in interpretacija, sl. 2.44; str. 71, 98, 110, 198. goods; 285. tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpretation, Fig. 2.44; pgs. 110, 198, 199. grob 19: otroški; ob stavbi 2; brez pridatkov; 285. tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, sl. grave 18: male; by the building 2; grave goods: Pl. 2.44; str. 110, 199. 44: 22-24, Fig. 2.10: 2 ; pg. 65, 66, 285-286 . tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpretation, Fig. 2.44; grob 20: moški; ob stavbi 2; brez pridatkov; pgs. 71, 98, 110, 198. 285–286. tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in inter- pretacija, sl. 2.44; str. 110, 199. grave 19: child; by the building 2; without grave goods; 286. tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and grob 21: ženski; med osrednjo in južno cerkvijo; interpretation, Fig. 2.44; pgs. 110, 199. pridatki: t. 53: 10–12; str. 67, 71, 72, 286 . tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, sl. 2.95; str. grave 20: male; by the building 2; without grave 71, 153, 210, 235. goods; 286. tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpretation, Fig. 2.44; pgs. 110, 199. grave 21: female; between the main and south church; grave goods: t. 53: 10-12; pgs. 67, 71, 72, 287 . tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpretation, Fig. 2.95; pgs. 71, 153, 210, 235. 1.4 lIteratUra / BIBlIograPhy tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpreta- cIgleneČKI, S. 1999, results and Problems in cija / tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpre- the archaeology of the late antiquity in Slovenia / tation = ciglenečki, Modrijan, Milavec 2011. Izsledki in problemi poznoantične arheologije v Slo- veniji. – Arheološki vestnik 50, 287–309. cIgleneČKI, S., Z. ModrIjan in / and t. cIgleneČKI, S. 1990, K problemu datacije MIlavec 2011, Tonovcov grad. Naselbinski ostanki in nastanka rimskodobnih višinskih utrdb v jugovzhod- interpretacija / Tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and noalpskem prostoru. – Arheološki vestnik 41, 147–176. interpretation. – opera Instituti archaeologici 23. 20 1_uvod.indd 20 23.1.2012 10:38:16 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds tina milaveC na tonovcovem gradu je bilo odkrito veliko število a large number of small finds was discovered at drobnih najdb. v tem poglavju so predstavljeni železni, tonovcov grad. This chapter presents the iron, bronze, bronasti, srebrni in svinčeni predmeti, iz praktičnih silver and lead objects and for practical reasons also razlogov pa so zajete tudi nekatere rogovinaste, kamnite selected antler and pottery ones. in keramične najdbe. by far the most material was found in the excava- daleč največ drobnih najdb je bilo najdenih v tion area of building 1, all the other structures revealed izkopnem polju stavbe 1, v vseh ostalih stavbah jih je much less finds. most of them belong to the late antique bilo bistveno manj. Časovno velika večina najdb pripada period (between second half of the 4th and the beginning poznoantičnemu obdobju (med drugo polovico 4. in of the 7th century). Prehistoric finds are not included začetkom 7. st.). Prazgodovinske najdbe niso zajete v tem here but evaluated separately (see chapter 6). poglavju, temveč so obravnavane posebej (glej pogl. 6). The smal finds are presented within buildings where Predmeti so predstavljeni po stavbah (stavbe 1, 2, 3, they were found (buildings 1, 2, 3, ecclesiastical complex, cerkveni sklop in vodni zbiralnik). Zaradi preglednosti water cistern). in the subchapter on building 1 they are di- so v najbolj obsežnem podpoglavju (stavba 1) razdeljeni vided into groups for reasons of clarity (fibulae, jewel ery, v skupine: fibule, nakit, pasne spone in okovi, orožje, belt buckles and fittings, weaponry, tools, architectural orodje, stavbno železo (ključi, zapahi, tečaji, žeblji ipd.), fittings (keys, locks, hinges, nails, etc.), toilet instruments toaletni pribor (pincete, glavniki) in odlomki bronastega (combs and tweezers) and fragments of bronze vessels). posodja. Predmeti iz grobov, ki so vsebovali grobne objects from graves which contained grave goods (graves pridatki, so obdelani v okviru stavb, kjer so bili grobovi 3, 18, 21) are included in the subchapters about structures najdeni (grobovi 3, 18, 21). where they were discovered. Z izjemo popolnoma brezobličnih kosov kovine so With the exception of the completely amorphous predstavljene vse najdbe, odkrite med izkopavanji in že pieces of metal all the discovered finds are presented pred njimi (pribl. 800 predmetov). stratigrafski podatki here (ca. 800 objects). in the texts stratigraphic data is so v besedilu navedeni le takrat, kadar pripomorejo k given only when especial y meaningful, for al objects the izpovednosti, za vse predmete pa so zbrani v katalogu. data is included in the catalogue. also, the information Prav tako so v katalogu zbrane navedbe dosedanjih objav about previous publications of certain finds is listed in nekaterih najdb. the catalogue. 2.1 stavba 1 2.1 building 1 v izkopnem polju stavbe 1 so bili odkriti ostanki in the excavation area of building 1 remains of sev- več faz poselitve. v prazgodovinsko in antično obdobje eral settlement phases were discovered. only few layers spada le nekaj plasti in drobnih najdb. Prva intenzivna and smal finds are assigned to the prehistoric and early poselitev sega v pozno antiko, delimo pa jo na prvo antique periods. The first intensive settlement belongs (Pa 1; druga polovica 4.–začetek 5. st.) in drugo po- to late antiquity, which is divided into the first (la 1; znoantično fazo (Pa 2; konec 5.–začetek 7. st.). iz Pa 1 second half of the 4th - beginning of the 5th century) je ohranjenih nekaj zidov in plasti, ki so pripadali eni and the second late antiquity phase (la 2; end of the ali več stavbam na tem mestu. v Pa 2 so zgradili veliko 5th - beginning of the 7th century). some walls and layers stavbo 1 s prizidkom in vetrolovom. večina drobnih belonging to one or several buildings in this location are najdb je iz te faze (tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki preserved from la 1. during la 2 big building 1 with in interpretacija, sl. 3.15). an outhouse and a wind shield was built. most of the 21 2_kovina.indd 21 23.1.2012 10:38:40 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds nekaj mlajših plasti kaže na zadrževanje ljudi v ru- small finds originate from this phase (tonovcov grad. ševinah stavbe 1 tudi v zgodnjesrednjeveškem obdobju settlement remains and interpretation, fig. 3.15). (glej tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpreta- a few later layers indicate that people have dwelt cija, pogl. 2.2, 2.3, 3.1). in the ruins of building 1 also in the early medieval period (see tonovcov grad. settlement remains and interpretation, chapters 2.2, 2.3, 3.1). 2.1.1 fibule fibule 1.–3. st. 2.1.1 fibulae tri bronaste fibule ( t. 1: 1–3) spadajo med močno fibulae of the 1st - 3Rd CentuRy profilirane fibule tipa almgren 68, ki je bil zelo široko razprostranjen, izviral je iz norika in Panonije in je Three bronze fibulae ( Pl. 1: 1-3) belong among the datiran v drugo in tretjo četrtino 1. st. (jobst 1975, 33; strongly profiled fibulae of type almgren 68, which is gugl 1995, 12). very widely distributed. it originates from noricum and Pogoste so fibule široko razprostranjenega tipa Pannonia and is dated to the second and third quarter of almgren 69 ( t. 1: 4–10), ki je datiran v konec 1. in 2. st. the 1st century (jobst 1975, 33; gugl 1995, 12). (jobst 1975, 33). fibulae of the widely distributed type almgren 69 fibula ( t. 1: 11) spada v tip almgren 84, ki je bil ( Pl. 1: 4-10) which is dated to the end of the 1st and the razprostranjen v noriku, Reciji in ob limesu, datiran pa 2nd century (jobst 1975, 33) are also frequent. je v drugo polovico 2. st. (jobst 1975, 40). a fibula ( Pl. 1: 11) belongs to type almgren 84 Z eno fibulo je zastopan tip almgren 70/73c ( t. 1: which is distributed along noricum, Raetia, and the 12), razprostranjen večinoma v noriku in Panoniji in danubian limes. it is dated to the second half of the 2nd datiran med drugo polovico 1. in prvo polovico 2. st. century (jobst 1975, 40). (gugl 1995, 15–16). one fibula represents type almgren 70/73c ( Pl. Pet odlomkov močno profiliranih fibul je natanč- 1: 12) which is distributed mostly along noricum and neje nedoločljivih ( t. 1: 13–17). Pannonia and is dated between the second half of the 1st močno profilirana fibula s plosko trapezasto nogo and the first half of the 2nd century (gugl 1995, 15-16). ( t. 1: 18, detektorska najdba) spada v tip jobst 4f. ta tip five fragments of strongly profiled fibulae are im- fibul je bil v evropi zelo razširjen, časovno ga umeščamo v possible to classify more precisely ( Pl. 1: 13-17). drugo polovico 1. do tretje četrtine 2. st. (jobst 1975, 140). a strongly profiled fibula with a flat trapezoid foot Razen fibule ( t. 1: 3), ki je bila najdena v plasti faze ( Pl. 1: 18, metal detector find) belongs to type jobst 4f. Pa 1, so močno profilirane fibule ( t. 1: 1–2,4–18) ležale This fibula type is widely distributed in europe and be- v plasteh faze Pa 2 ( t. 1: 7–8,10–13), ruševini ( t. 1: 9) in longs to the time between the second half of the 1st and premešani plasti ( t. 1: 5–6,14–15). the third quarter of the 2nd century (jobst 1975, 140). med noriško-panonske fibule spada primerek except for a fibula ( Pl. 1: 3) which was found in a tipa almgren 236 ( t. 1: 19), ki je ležal v plasti faze Pa layer of phase la 1, strongly profiled fibulae ( Pl. 1: 1-2,4- 1. datiran je v 1.–2. st. (garbsch 1965, 26–43), zaradi 18) were lying in layers of phase la 2 ( Pl. 1: 7-8,10-13), slabe ohranjenosti fibule pa podtipa ne moremo določiti. the destruction layer ( Pl. 1: 9), and a mixed layer ( Pl. Z niellom okrašena fibula z živalsko glavico ( t. 1: 1: 5-6,14-15). 20) je ležala v plasti zunanje hodne površine stavbe 1. an example of type almgren 236 ( Pl. 1: 19) which spada v skupino 5, tip 15 po e. Riha, to so z niellom was found in a layer of phase la 1 belongs among okrašene fibule s šarnirjem. obstaja veliko različic tega norico-Pannonian fibulae. it is dated to the 1st-2nd cen- tipa, vendar niso razvrščene v podtipe. te fibule so tury (garbsch 1965, 26-43) but cannot be attributed a bile najpogosteje v uporabi v britaniji, galiji, Švici in subtype due to poor preservation of the fibula. srednjem Porenju, datirane pa so v drugo polovico 1. niello-decorated fibula with an animal head in na začetek 2. st. (Riha 1994, 133–134). ( Pl. 1: 20) was lying in the outer walking surface of fibule iz 3. stoletja so zastopane z dvema primerko- building 1. it belongs to group 5 of type 15 according ma ( t. 2: 5–6) tipa jobst 13d, ki sta ležala v plasti faze Pa to e. Riha, i.e. niello-decorated fibulae with a hinge. 2. Za ta podtip, ki je datiran v čas med drugo četrtino 2. there are many variants of this type which is in gen- in prvo polovico 3. st., je značilna polkrožna glava, okra- eral not subdivided into variants. these fibulae most šena z motivom volčjih zob (jobst 1975, 24, 165–168). frequently appear in britain, gaul, switzerland, and tonovški fibuli imata ena ( t. 2: 6) enojno vrsto motiva, central Rhine region. they are dated to the second druga ( t. 2: 5) dvojno, od klasičnega tipa se razlikujeta half of the 1st and the beginning of the 2nd century le po tem, da imata fasetiran lok, kar je sicer značilnost (Riha 1994, 133-134). nekaterih primerkov malce kasnejšega podtipa 13e. 22 2_kovina.indd 22 23.1.2012 10:38:41 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds obRoČaste fibule fibulae of the 3rd century are represented by two Z navZnoteR Zavitimi konCi examples ( Pl. 2: 5-6) of type jobst 13d and were found in a layer of phase la 2. for this subtype which is Pri stavbi 1 so bile najdene bronasta obročasta fi- dated to the time between the second quarter of the bula s trakastim presekom obroča ( t. 2: 1) in tri železne, 2nd and the first half of the 3rd century a semicircular od katerih ima ena ima trakast ( t. 2: 2), dve pa rombast head ornamented by a motif of wolf’s teeth (jobst 1975, presek obroča ( t. 2: 3–4). ležale so v plasteh faze Pa 2 24, 165-168) is typical. one ( Pl. 2: 6) of the two fibulae ( t. 3: 1–3) in zgodnjesrednjeveški plasti ( t. 3: 4). from tonovcov grad has a single line of the motif while obročaste fibule z navznoter zavitimi konci spadajo the other ( Pl. 2: 5) has a double line. They differ from v varianto a po j. garbschu. W. jobst jih je uvrstil v svoj the classical type only in that they have a faceted bow, tip 36 a, e. Riha pa v skupino 8.2.4. datirane so v 3. in which is general y a characteristic of certain examples 4. stoletje, znane iz srednje in vzhodne evrope, in to v of a somewhat later subtype 13e. bronasti ter železni različici s trakastim ali rombastim presekom obroča (garbsch 1965, 125; jobst 1975, 217; Riha 1979, 209). PenannulaR fibulae With Rolled ends near building 1 one bronze penannular fibula with a fibule s Čebulastimi gumbi strap-shaped cross section of the ring ( Pl. 2: 1) and three iron ones, of which one has a strap shaped ( Pl. 2: 2) and najdeni so bili trije odlomki fibul s čebulastimi the other two have a rhombic cross section of the ring ( Pl. gumbi ( t. 2: 7–9). Čebulica ( t. 2: 8) je bila najdena v 2: 3-4), were found. They were found in layers of phase plasti faze Pa 2, noga ( t. 2: 7) je naključna najdba, druga la 2 ( Pl.3: 1-3) and in the early medieval layer ( Pl.3: 4). noga ( t. 2: 9) pa je ležala v plasti zunanje hodne površine Penannular fibulae with rol ed ends belong to vari- faze Pa 2. Čebulica ( t. 2: 8) spada najverjetneje k tipu ant a according to j. garbsch. W. jobst assigns them keller 4 oz. enemu od podtipov Pröttel 3/4, noga ( t. 2: to his type 36 a and e. Riha to group 8.2.4. They are 7) pa k tipu 3/4 d, ki ga je e. keller datiral med 350–380 dated to the 3rd and 4th century and appear in central (keller 1971, 35), P. Pröttel pa je to datacijo razširil na and eastern europe in the bronze and iron versions čas med 330–410 (Pröttel 1988, 363, 372). noga ( t. 2: 9) with a strap-shaped or rhombic cross section of the ring je preslabo ohranjena za določitev. (garbsch 1965, 125; jobst 1975, 217; Riha 1979, 209). fibule tiPa hRuŠiCa Roman CRossboW fibulae najdenih je bilo pet fibul tipa hrušica ( t. 2: 10–14). Three fragments of Roman crossbow fibulae ( Pl. 2: dva primerka sta neokrašena ( t. 2: 12–13), prvi je bil 7-9) were found. The onion-shaped knob ( Pl. 2: 8) was najden v plasti faze Pa 2, za drugega pa ni najdiščnih found in a layer of phase la 2, a foot ( Pl. 2: 7) is a chance podatkov. fibula ( t. 2: 10) ima lok ob straneh okrašen find, while a foot ( Pl. 2: 9) was lying on the outer walking z vrezi ter po sredini s tremi vtisnjenimi krožci s piko. surface of phase la 2. The onion-shaped knob ( Pl. 2: 8) s tremi krožci s piko je okrašena tudi glava fibule. ta most probably belongs to type kel er 4 or to one of the fibula je ležala v plasti faze Pa 1, po okrasu pa ji lahko subtypes of Pröttel 3/4 and a foot ( Pl. 2: 7) to type 3/4 d, najdemo primerjave v fibulah iz strassolda in Percota which e. kel er dated between 350 and 380 (kel er 1971, pri vidmu (buora, Candussio, Pröttel 1990, sl. 6: 6; 8: 35) and P. Pröttel extended this dating to the time between 5) ter Campi neri in sanzena (höck 2003, sl. 44: 4,6). 330 and 410 (Pröttel 1988, 363, 372). a foot ( Pl. 2: 9) is fibula ( t. 2: 11) je okrašena z dvema črtama in tremi too poorly preserved to be classified precisely. krožci s piko na loku ter tremi krožci na glavi, z dvema vrezoma in dvema krožcema na eni in petimi krožci na drugi strani je okrašena tudi noga. ta fibula je ležala v fibulae of hRuŠiCa tyPe plasti faze Pa 2, najbližjo primerjavo pa ji lahko najdemo v fibuli iz obermauerna (höck 2003, sl. 44: 1). five hrušica type fibulae ( Pl. 2: 10-14) were found. fibula ( t. 2: 14) je bila najdena z iskalcem kovin. two examples are undecorated ( Pl. 2: 12-13), the first was k objavljenim najdbam fibul tega tipa iz slovenije found in a layer of phase la 2, while for the other there (buora, Candussio, Pröttel 1990, kat. 73–76) lahko are no find spot data. a fibula ( Pl. 2: 10) has a bow which dodamo še fragmentiran primerek s krvavice pri vran- is on the sides decorated by incisions and in the middle by skem (krempuš 2000, sl. 4: 27) in del fibule s selc nad three impressed ring-and-dots. Three ring-and-dots also Zatolminom (mlinar 2010, 254–255, sl. 2; Cunja, mlinar decorate the head of this fibula. it lay in a layer of phase 2010, 126, kat. 195). la 1. Considering the decoration it can be paral eled with 23 2_kovina.indd 23 23.1.2012 10:38:41 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds tip hrušica se pojavlja v glavnem na severnoital- fibulae from strassold and Percoto near udine (buora, skem področju, v furlaniji, nekaj primerkov pa sega še Candussio, Pröttel 1990, figs. 6: 6; 8: 5), from Campi do donavskega limesa (buora, Candussio, Pröttel 1990, neri and sanzeno (höck 2003, fig. 44: 4,6). a fibula ( Pl. 616–617). a. höck je dopolnil karto razprostranjenosti 2: 11) is decorated by two lines and three ring-and-dots teh fibul in ugotovil, da se kronološko večinoma uvrščajo on the bow and by three rings on the head, the foot is also v čas med zgodnjim 4. in zgodnjim 5. stoletjem, z moč- decorated by two incisions and two rings on one side and nim poudarkom na drugi polovici 4. stoletja. Poskusil five rings on the other. The foot was found in a layer of jih je razvrstiti glede na razmerje med dolžino in višino phase la 2, the closest analogy for it can be found in the loka, tako je dobil podtipe hrušica a (vrednosti med fibula from obermauern (höck 2003, fig. 44: 1). 2,3/2,42–3,29), hrušica b (vrednosti 1,7–2,3/2,42) in a fibula ( Pl. 2: 14) was found by a metal detector. hrušica a/b (vrednosti med 1,7–2,3). ti podtipi se de- another fragmented example from krvavica near lijo dalje glede na to, ali imajo okras ali ne, na varianti vransko (krempuš 2000, fig. 4: 27) and a part of a fibula 1 (z okrasom) in 2 (brez okrasa). delitev za zdaj ni dala from selce above Zatolmin (mlinar 2010, 254-255, fig. 2; posebnih rezultatov (höck 2003, 43–48). Cunja, mlinar 2010, 126, cat. no. 195) can be added to the published finds of fibulae of this type in slovenia (buora, Candussio, Pröttel 1990, cat. nos. 73-76). samostRelne fibule type hrušica mainly appears in the northern italic area and in friuli, some examples extend to the obravnavamo samostrelne fibule dveh skupin. danubian limes (buora, Candussio, Pröttel 1990, 616- Prvo predstavljajo fibule s trdnim nosilcem igle1 pozne 617). a. höck supplemented the distribution chart and sheme z različicami invil ino, lauriacum in siscia. Zanje discovered that chronological y they mostly belong to sta značilna dolga noga s trdnim nosilcem igle in kratek the time between the early 4th and the early 5th century, gladek lok. druga skupina so samostrelne fibule s trdnim with strong emphasis on the second half of the 4th cen- nosilcem igle in gumbom na loku2 z različico gurina. tury. he tried to classify fibulae according to the ratio obe skupini sta datirani v drugo polovico 5. in prvo between the length and height of the bow, thus getting polovico 6. st. najdene v sloveniji so bile pred kratkim subtypes hrušica a (values between 2.3/2.42 and 3.29), predstavljene v samostojnem članku, v katerem smo hrušica b (values 1.7-2.3/2.42), andhrušica a/b (values se osredotočili na njihovo pojavljanje v jugovzhodnih between 1.7 and 2.3). These subtypes are divided further alpah. Različice iz tega prostora najverjetneje pripadajo according to whether they have an ornament or not to staroselskemu prebivalstvu (milavec 2009).3 variants 1 (with ornament) and 2 (without ornament). tovrstne fibule, predvsem tip invillino, so bile po- The division has so far not yielded any particular results goste tudi na območju bosne in dalmacije (busuladžić (höck 2003, 43-48). 2010). Žal jih je veliko objavljenih brez konteksta, tako da ne pripomorejo k njihovemu boljšemu razumeva- nju. objava a. busuladžića (2010), v kateri se je avtor CRossboW fibulae uspešno izognil prej pogostim zamenjavam med sicer slabo ohranjenimi in težko razpoznavnimi fibulami, here we discuss crossbow fibulae of two groups. kljub temu jasno kaže, da je prav ta prostor (predvsem The first group is represented by crossbow fibulae with hrvaška, bosna in srbija) stičišče jugovzhodnoalpskih firm catch plate1 of the late scheme with variants invil- in bizantinskih tipov samostrelnih fibul, za katere je lino, lauriacum, and siscia. a long foot with firm catch značilna nazaj zavita noga. plate and a short, smooth bow are characteristic of them. The second group are crossbow knob bow fibulae2 (also with a firm catch plate) with the variant gurina. both Samostrelne fibule s trdnim nosilcem igle pozne sheme groups are dated to the second half of the 5th and the first half of the 6th century. Those found in slovenia were tip invillino recently presented in an independent article where we focused on their appearance in the southeastern alps. Zanj so značilni kratka peresovina, polkrožen variants from this territory most probably belong to the kratek lok in dolga noga s trdnim nosilcem igle (schul- Romanized autochthonous inhabitants (milavec 2009).3 1 1 nem. armbrustfibel. german: armbrustfibel. 2 2 nem. bügelknopffibel. german: bügelknopffibel. 3 3 v članku smo obravnavali tudi v sloveniji redke najd- The article also discusses finds of balkan crossbow fib- be balkanskih samostrelnih fibul z nazaj zavito nogo. Pri tem ulae with an inverted foot rare in slovenia. two fragments smo med domnevne fibule 6. st. šteli tudi dva odlomka, ki which actual y belong to prehistoric types (milavec 2009, Pl. dejansko pripadata prazgodovinskim tipom (milavec 2009, t. 2: 10,12) were here also assigned among the supposed fibulae 2: 10,12); prim. pogl. 6, sl. 6.2: 17–18. of the 6thcentury; cf. chapter 6, fig. 6.2: 17. 24 2_kovina.indd 24 23.1.2012 10:38:41 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds Sl. 2.1: karta razprostranjenosti samostrelnih fibul tipa invillino (po milavec 2009, sl. 4). Fig. 2.1: distribution of crossbow fibulae type invillino (after milavec 2009, fig. 4). ze-dörrlamm 1986, 639–641; milavec 2009, 226–227). such fibulae, especial y type invillino, frequently na tonovcovem gradu so bile najdene tri fibule tega appear also in the area of bosnia and dalmatia tipa ( t. 2: 15–16; 3: 2) v plasteh faze Pa 2 in ruševini. (busuladžić 2010). unfortunately, many are published en primerek ( t. 2: 15) ima nenavadno dolg nosilec igle, without their contexts and thus do not contribute to a obrnjen na drugo stran noge kot pri večini fibul. fibula better understanding of this type of fibulae. The publica- ( t. 2: 16) glede na proporce in obliko noge verjetno tion of a. busuladžić (2010), where there no longer oc- pripada temu tipu, vendar ima rahlo privihan zaključek cur previously very frequent exchanges between poorly noge, tako da bi lahko spadala tudi k tipu lauriacum, preserved and hardly recognisable fibulae, nevertheless 25 2_kovina.indd 25 23.1.2012 10:38:42 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds Sl. 2.2: karta razprostranjenosti samostrelnih fibul tipa lauriacum (po milavec 2009, sl. 7). Fig. 2.2: distribution of crossbow fibulae type lauriacum (after milavec 2009, fig. 7). za katerega je značilen uvit, zapognjen ali gumbast clearly shows that this exact place (mostly Croatia, bos- zaključek noge. nia, and serbia) is the juncture of southeastern alpine k fibulam, predstavljenim v članku (milavec 2009), types and the byzantine types of crossbow fibulae, for lahko dodamo še pred kratkim objavljeno fibulo tipa which an inverted foot is characteristic. invillino iz naselbine na mostu na soči (Cunja, mlinar 2010, 129, kat. 210; brez najdiščnih podatkov). najdeni novci kažejo na trajanje te naselbine vsaj do prve polo- Crossbow fibulae with firm catch plate of the late vice 5. st. (kos 1988, 23–33; kos, Šemrov 1995, 19–20), scheme fibula pa morda še do konca 5. ali celo v 6. st. Poleg jugovzhodnoalpskih primerkov (milavec type invillino 2009) je bilo nekaj fibul tega tipa najdenih tudi na zaho- dnem balkanu, v mogorjelu in Rakovčanih (busuladžić for this type a short spring, a semicircular short 2010, kat. 339, 340, 342, 343). na gospinem otoku v so- bow, and a long foot with firm catch plate are charac- linu je bila fibula tipa invillino kot edina najdba odkrita teristic (schulze-dörrlamm 1986, 639-641; milavec pri desnem boku skeleta v grobu, ki je bil sestavljen iz 2009, 226-227). at tonovcov grad three fibulae of this neobdelanih kamnitih plošč in tegul. avtor prispevka type were found ( Pls. 2: 15-16; 3: 2) in layers of phase skupino treh grobov, od katerih sta dva povsem brez la 2 and in the destruction layer. one example ( Pl. pridatkov, tretji pa vsebuje omenjeno fibulo, na podlagi 2: 15) has an unusual y long catch plateon the other grobne arhitekture in dejstva, da je bil pokojnik iz groba side of the foot than with most fibulae. a fibula ( Pl. 1 obglavljen, pripisuje germanom (vzhodnim gotom; 2: 16), considering the proportions and shape of the 26 2_kovina.indd 26 23.1.2012 10:38:42 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds katić 1996–1997, sl. 6). Prav zaradi grobne arhitekture foot, probably belongs to this type. but it has a slightly iz plošč in tegul ter pomanjkanja pridatkov se vendarle rol ed foot ending thus it could also belong to type zdi verjetneje, da gre za staroselce. lauriacum, for which a rol ed, bentor knobbed foot dopolnjena karta razprostranjenosti ( sl. 2.1) še ending is typical. vedno poudarja jugovzhodnoalpski značaj tega tipa to fibulae presented in the article (milavec 2009) samostrelnih fibul.4 we can add a recently published fibula of type invillino from the settlement at most na soči (Cunja, mlinar 2010, 129, cat. no. 210; without findspot data). Coins tip lauriacum indicate that the settlement lasted at least until the first half of the 5th century (kos 1988, 23-33; kos, Šemrov od tipa invillino se razlikuje le v tem, da ima uvit, 1995, 19-20), and this fibula possibly also until the end zapognjen ali gumbast zaključek noge (schulze-dörr- of the 5th or even the 6th century. lamm 1986, 642–643; milavec 2009, 228). k temu tipu besides southeastern alpine fibulae (milavec lahko zagotovo štejemo fibulo z območja stavbe 1 ( t. 3: 2009) some fibulae of this type were also found in 3), najdeno v premešani plasti. the western balkans, in mogorjelo and Rakovčani k že obravnavanim (milavec 2009, 228) lahko do- (busuladžić 2010, cat. nos. 339, 340, 342, 343). at gos- damo še posamezno najdbo iz drvarja pri bosanskem pin otok in solin, one fibula of type invil ino was found Petrovcu (busuladžić 2010, kat. 338) ter fibulo iz groba as the only find along the right hip of a skeleton in a 474 v straubingu (geisler 1998, t. 170: gr. 474: 1)5. grob grave assembled of unworked stone plates and tegu- iz straubinga vsebuje veliko črno jagodo z belimi linijami lae. The author of the article, on the basis of the grave (geisler 1998, t. 170: gr. 474: 9), ki je datirana v konec 5. in architecture and the fact that the deceased from grave začetek 6. stoletja (losert, Pleterski 2003, 255–257, sl. 55: 1 was decapitated, assigns the group of three graves 2). tako ta grob kot ena redkih zaključenih celot potrjuje (from which two are completely without grave goods datacijo obravnavanih fibul v konec 5. in začetek 6. st. and the third includes the above-mentioned fibula), težišče njihove razširjenosti je jugovzhodnoalpski to germanic people (eastern goths; katić 1996-1997, prostor ( sl. 2.2). fig. 6). on the basis of the grave architecture made of plates and tegulae and the lack of grave goods it seems more probable that we are dealing with Romanized tip siscia autochthonous people. The supplemented distribution map ( Fig. 2.1) still Zanj so značilni kratka peresovina, kratek lok in emphasizes the southeastern alpine character of this dolga stožčasta noga (schulze-dörrlamm 1986, 635; type of crossbow fibulae.4 milavec 2009, 228–229). dve železni fibuli ( t. 2: 17; 3: 1) sta ležali v ruše- vinskih plasteh faze Pa 2. Pri drugi fibuli je noga sicer type lauriacum slabo ohranjena, vendar dovolj, da jo uvrstimo v ta tip. tudi pri tem tipu fibul se je izkazalo, da je središče This type differs from type invillino in that it has a njegove razprostranjenosti v jugovzhodnih alpah (mi- rol ed, bent or knobbed foot ending (schulze-dörrlamm lavec 2009, sl. 8). 1986, 642-643; milavec 2009, 228). one fibula from the area of building 1 ( Pl. 3: 3) found in a mixed layer can certainly be assigned to this type. Samostrelne fibule z gumbom na loku to the above-discussed (milavec 2009, 228) an individual find from drvar near bosanski Petrovac tip gurina (busuladžić 2010, cat. no. 338) and a fibula from grave 474 in straubing (geisler 1998, Pl. 170: gr. 474: 1)5 can Za ta tip so značilni kratka peresovina, kratek be added. The grave from straubing contains a big black polkrožen lok z zanko za os peresovine in dolga noga z bead with white lines (geisler 1998, Pl. 170: gr. 474: 9) gumbom in trdnim nosilcem igle. gumbi na nogi, na osi which is dated to the end of the 5th and the beginning peresovine in na loku so lahko zelo različno oblikovani. of the 6th century (losert, Pleterski 2003, 255-257, fig. vse fibule so bronaste z železno peresovino. Razširjene 55: 2). Thus this grave, as one of the rare closed contexts, so bile večinoma na jugovzhodnoalpskem območju, 4 on distribution map (milavec 2009, fig. 4) a fibula 4 na karti (milavec 2009, sl. 4) je fibula tipa invillino z of type invillino from the site brozany appears. it actual y najdišča brozany. v resnici izvira iz kladna, na kar me je pri- originates from kladno, to which my attention was kindly jazno opozoril e. droberjahr. brought by e. droberjahr. 5 5 na ta grob (in druge s samostrelnimi fibulami) iz stra- my attention was kindly drawn to this grave (and other ubinga me je prijazno opozoril h. geisler. with crossbow fibulae) from straubing by h. geisler. 27 2_kovina.indd 27 23.1.2012 10:38:42 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds štirje primerki pa so bili najdeni v Španiji. datirane so confirms the dating of the discussed fibulae to the end v drugo polovico 5. in v začetek 6. stoletja (schulze- of the 5th and the beginning of the 6th century. dörrlamm 1986, 663–668). The centre of their distribution is the southeastern v ta tip spadajo štirje primerki z območja stavbe 1 alpine territory ( Fig. 2.2). ( t. 3: 7–10). fibula ( t. 3: 10) je bila najdena v plasti hodne površine v stavbi 1, druga ( t. 3: 9) v plasti faze Pa 2, za ostali dve pa ni podatka. type siscia kot prejšnji tipi je tudi tip gurina zgoščen na jugovzhodnoalpskem območju (milavec 2009, sl. 11), for this type a short spring, a short bow, and a long pojavlja pa se tudi na Pirenejskem polotoku. conical foot are characteristic (schulze-dörrlamm 1986, 635; milavec 2009, 228-229). two iron fibulae ( Pls. 2: 17; 3: 1) were lying in the Neopredeljene fibule destruction layers of phase la 2. The foot of the second fibula is poorly preserved yet still enough to enable the najdenih je bilo še več fragmentov fibul s trdnim classification into this type. nosilcem igle ( t. 3: 4–6,14), vendar so preslabo ohranjeni, it was also proven for this type that the centre of da bi jih lahko razvrstili v tipe, še posebej zato, ker se its distribution lies in the southeastern alps (milavec nekateri tipi med seboj tako malo razlikujejo. ležali so 2009, fig. 8). v plasteh faze Pa 2 in v premešani plasti. del železne peresovine in loka fibule s tonovcovega gradu pripada samostrelni fibuli z gumbom na loku ( t. Crossbow knob bow fibulae 3: 11), ki pa se loči od ostalih tovrstnih fibul, ki imajo na loku zanko za os peresovine. Pri tonovški fibuli os type gurina peresovine drži lok, ki sega okrog osi od spodaj navzven in navzgor, kar je sicer značilnost samostrelnih fibul for this type a short spring, a short semicircular tipov siscia, Passau, invillino in nekaterih primerkov bow with a loop for the spring axle, and a long knobbed tipov Praga in viminacium. ti tipi se pojavljajo v meziji foot and a firm catch plate are characteristic. knobs on i in ii, daciji, dalmaciji in noriku (schulze-dörrlamm the foot, on the spring axle, and on the bow can be of 1986, 675). Zaradi slabe ohranjenosti fibule s tonovco- very different shapes. al fibulae are bronze with an iron vega gradu ne moremo uvrstiti v noben navedeni tip. spring. They are mostly distributed along the south- eastern alpine area, four examples were found also in spain. They are dated to the second half of the 5th and Sklep the beginning of the 6th century (schulze-dörrlamm 1986, 663-668). samostrelne fibule s trdnim nosilcem igle so se four examples from the area of building 1 ( Pl. 3: razvile pri barbarskih in germanskih ljudstvih v 2.–3. 7-10) belong to this type. a fibula ( Pl. 3: 10) was found st. (ioniţă 1998, 232–233; schulze 1977, 167–168), sa- on the walking surface inside building 1, another one mostrelne fibule z gumbom na loku pa v 4. in 5. st. ( Pl. 3: 9) in a layer of phase la 2, while there are no data (schulze-dorrlamm 1986, 593, 677; voss 1998, 276). for the remaining two. konec 5. in na začetku 6. st. so bile tovrstne fibule The same as the previous types, the type gurina razširjene na prostoru rimskega imperija le na omejenih is also concentrated in the southeastern alps (milavec območjih. samostrelne fibule s trdnim nosilcem igle 2009, fig. 11) but appears also on the iberian Peninsula. tipov estagel in duratón so bile razširjene v Španiji in jugozahodni franciji in so pripisane Zahodnim gotom (schulze-dorrlamm 1986, 692–694, sl. 108). drugo Unclassified fibulae področje razširjenosti samostrelnih fibul s trdnim nosil- cem igle so jugovzhodne alpe. tu se pojavljajo različice several more fragments of fibulae with firm catch tipov invillino, lauriacum in siscia, ki jih srečamo na plate ( Pl. 3: 4-6,14) were also found but these are too tonovcovem gradu ( sl. 2.1, 2.2; t. 2: 15–17; 3: 1–3), in poorly preserved to be classified into types, especial y Passau, ki ga na tonovcovem gradu ni (milavec 2009, because some types only slightly differ amongst each 226–229). od samostrelnih fibul z gumbom na loku se other. They were lying in layers of phase la 2 and in a v jugovzhodnih alpah pojavljajo tipi gurina, ki ga naj- mixed layer. demo tudi na tonovcovem gradu ( t. 3: 7–10), desana, a part of an iron spring and a bow of a fibula from altenerding in grepault (milavec 2009, 230–231). tonovcov grad belong to a crossbow knob bow fibula samostrelne fibule, znane s staroselskih naselbin v ( Pl. 3: 11). it is different from other such fibulae which jugovzhodnih alpah, kažejo, da so bile del noše roman- have a loop for the spring axle on the bow. in fibula from 28 2_kovina.indd 28 23.1.2012 10:38:43 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds skih staroselcev. le nekateri primerki samostrelnih fibul tonovcov grad the spring axle is held by the bow which z gumbom na loku tipov gurina in desana lahko glede reaches around the axle from the bottom out and up, na najdbe v grobnih celotah pripadajo tudi germanom which is general y characteristic of crossbow fibulae of (schulze-dorrlamm 1986, 665–666; glaser 2002, t. 4.). types siscia, Passau, invillino, and certain examples of Zelo verjetno so tovrstne fibule torej nosili tako types Prague and viminacium and appears in moesia Romani kot germani (milavec 2009, 233), bile pa so i and ii, dacia, dalmatia, and noricum (schulze- del moške in ženske noše (schulze-dorrlamm 1986, dörrlamm 1986, 675). due to poor preservation the 686–687). fibula cannot be assigned to any type. fibule istih tipov kot v jugovzhodnih alpah so bile razširjene tudi na zahodnem balkanu ( sl. 2.1, 2.2; busuladžić 2010). Conclusion Crossbow fibulae with firm catch plate developed okRogla fibula with barbaric and german peoples in the 2nd-3rd cen- tury (ioniţă 1998, 232-233; schulze 1977, 167-168) and srebrna okrogla fibula s kamnom ali stekelcem v crossbow knob bow fibulae in the 4th and 5th century sredini ( t. 4: 2), ki je ležala v plasti faze Pa 2, je podobna (schulze-dorrlamm 1986, 593, 677; voss 1998, 276). fibulama, ki sta bili najdeni v langobardskih grobovih at the end of the 5th and the beginning of the 6th 24 v nikitschu (beninger, mitscha-märheim 1970, 29; century these fibulae appear only at limited areas in the t. 10: 6) in 21 v hegyköju (Werner 1962, t. 36: 24–25). Roman empire. Crossbow fibulae with firm catch plate j. Werner je ti fibuli štel med langobardske. v grobu iz of types estagel and duratón are distributed in spain and nikitscha sta bili poleg okrogle fibule najdeni tudi dve southwestern france and are attributed to Western goths s-fibuli tipa nikitsch-kranj, ki je datiran v prvo tretjino (schulze-dorrlamm 1986, 692-694, fig. 108). The second 6. stoletja (beninger, mitscha-märheim 1970, 29). distribution area of crossbow fibulae with firm catch plate tonovški podobne fibule, s kamnom v sredini in is the southeastern alps.variants invil ino, lauriacum, drugačnim okrasom (grebeni v obliki trikotnikov ali and siscia appear here and also at tonovcov grad ( Figs. cvetnih listov namesto radialnih grebenov okrog ka- 2.1, 2.2; Pls. 2: 15-17; 3: 1-3), where variant Passau does mna), se pojavljajo na frankovsko-alamanskem podro- not appear (milavec 2009, 226-229). from crossbow knob čju. Zbrane so v tipih Thalmässing ali kelheim, ki sta oba bow fibulae types gurina, which is found also at tonovcov datirana v prvo polovico 6. stoletja (koch 1968, t. 95: 9; grad ( Pl. 3: 7-10), desana, altenerding, and grepault ap- losert, Pleterski 2003, 139–143). dva primerka (eden je pear in the southeastern alps (milavec 2009, 230-231). zdaj izgubljen) tipa Thalmässing sta bila najdena tudi v Crossbow fibulae appear at the Romanized auto- grobu 43 na lajhu v kranju, ki je z verjetno teodatovim chthonous settlements in the southeastern alps which novcem datiran v čas po 534–536 (knific 2005, 336). indicates that they were part of attire of the Romanized fibulo na podlagi teh primerjav oblikovno sicer autochthonous people. only certain examples of cross- lahko umestimo v prvo polovico 6. st., vendar je na bow knob bow fibulae of types gurina and desana can, tonovcovem gradu verjetneje povezana z obdobjem considering the finds in grave groups, also belong to langobardske prisotnosti po sredini 6. st. germanic people (schulze-dorrlamm 1986, 665-666; glaser 2002, Pl. 4.). Thus very probably these fibulae were worn by Romanska loČna fibula tiPa voltago both, the Roman and germanic people (milavec 2009, 233), and were part of the female as well as the male bronasta ločna fibula ( t. 3: 16), okrašena s krožci attire (schulze-dorrlamm 1986, 686-687). s piko, je bila najdena v premešani plasti. spada med fibulae of the same types as in the southeastern staroselske ločne fibule, kakršne so pogosto najdene v alps were distributed also in the western balkans ( Figs. sloveniji, furlaniji in benečiji in so opredeljene kot del 2.1, 2.2; busuladžić 2010). romanske ženske noše. med njimi so izločeni trije tipi, voltago, trient in lenzumo, nekatere pa niso uvrščene v tipe (bierbrauer 1992a). fibule s trapezasto in trikotno Round fibula nogo so skupaj poimenovane tip voltago. od slovenskih lahko k temu tipu štejemo fibule s tonovcovega gradu ( t. a silver round fibula with a gemstone or glass in 3: 16), gore nad Polhovim gradcem (Petru 1967, t. 1: 1; the centre ( Pl. 4: 2), which lay in a layer of phase la 2, knific 2004, sl. 7: 1) in z Zidanega gabra (bitenc 2001, resembles two fibulae found in the lombard graves 24 kat. 130; knific 2004, sl. 7: 3). kot posnetki germanskih in nikitsch (beninger, mitscha-märheim 1970, 29; Pl. ločnih fibul so datirane v čas po prvi polovici 6. st. ter 10: 6) and 21 in hegykö (Werner 1962, Pl. 36: 24-25). j. morda še v 7. st. (bierbrauer 1992a, 57; knific 2004, 98). Werner classified these two fibulae among the lombard 29 2_kovina.indd 29 23.1.2012 10:38:43 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds Živalska fibula v obliki goloba fibulae. in the grave from nikitsch, two s-fibulae of type nikitsch-kranj, which is dated to the first third of the srebrna polnoplastična fibula v obliki goloba z 6th century (beninger, mitscha-märheim 1970, 29), were neizraženimi krili ( t. 4: 1) je bila najdena v plasti faze Pa also found besides the round fibula. 2. spada med živalske fibule, ki so večinoma datirane v fibulae similar to the one from tonovcov grad with 6. stoletje. v sloveniji je bila najdena le ena primerljiva a gem in the centre and a different ornament (triangle- bronasta fibula na trnju pri Škofji loki (knific, sagadin or flower-shaped ridges instead of radial ridges around 1991, kat. 72). Pogostejše so na tem prostoru fibule v a central stone), appear in the frankish-alamanni obliki ploščatih in polplastičnih pavov s trikotno nogo territory. they are assembled in types thalmässing ter petelinov (knific 2004, 97, sl. 6). v nasprotju z dru- or kelheim, which are both dated to the first half of gimi fibulami v obliki ptic (npr. z omenjenimi ploščatimi the 6th century (koch 1968, Pl. 95: 9; losert, Pleterski in polplastičnimi pavi in petelini) tip polnoplastičnih 2003, 139-143). two examples (one is now lost) of type golobov ni omejen na jugovzhodnoalpski prostor ter Thalmässing were found in grave 43 at lajh in kranj, staroselske kontekste. Pojavlja se na širokem območju which is by the probably Theodatus’ coin dated to the bivšega imperija in tudi v verjetnih germanskih kon- time after 534-536 (knific 2005, 336). tekstih. Z nekaj zaključenimi celotami je datiran v čas The fibula can on the basis of these comparisons med sredino 5. in sredino 7. stoletja (ibler 1991, 21–23, formal y be assigned to the first half of the 6th century but liste 1c). is at tonovcov grad more probably connected to the pe- riod of the lombard presence after the mid-6th century. fibula v obliki kRiŽa Roman boW fibula tyPe voltago fibula iz bronaste pločevine v obliki enakokrakega križa ( t. 3: 15) je bila najdena v plasti faze Pa 2. fibule v a bronze bow fibula ( Pl. 3: 16) decorated by ring- obliki enakokrakega križa so posebej pogoste v severni and-dots was found in a mixed layer. it belongs among italiji (bierbrauer 1992b, 3), v sloveniji so dokaj redke. autochthonous bow fibulae as are often found in slo- Poleg fibule s tonovcovega gradu sta znani še fibuli z venia, friuli, and veneto and are defined as part of the Rifnika (Pirkmajer 2001, kat. 161) in svetega lamberta Roman female attire. among them three types were pri Pristavi nad stično (Cipot 2003, kat. 4), ki imata defined, voltago, trient, and lenzumo, and some are sicer obliko grškega križa, vendar sta precej drobnejši. not assigned to types (bierbrauer 1992a). fibulae with fibule v obliki križa so bile najverjetneje značilne za a trapezoid and triangular foot are commonly named žensko staroselsko nošo med koncem 5. in 7. stoletjem type voltago. among slovenian fibulae, fibulae from na območju severne italije, predvsem furlanije, v upo- tonovcov grad ( Pl. 3: 16), gora above Polhov gradec rabi pa so bile tudi drugod v italiji, istri in dalmaciji. Z. (Petru 1967, Pl. 1: 1; knific 2004, fig. 7: 1), and Zidani vinski je obravnaval do tedaj znane fibule v obliki križa gaber (bitenc 2001, cat. no. 130; knific 2004, fig. 7: 3) z območja bivše jugoslavije in jih datiral v čas med 6. in can be assigned to this type. as imitations of germanic začetkom 7. st., predvsem pa v drugo polovico 6. stoletja bow fibulae they are dated to the time after the first (vinski 1968, 127–128, 148–149). enako jih je datirala half of the 6th century and possibly to the 7th century tudi u. ibler (ibler 1991, 31). (bierbrauer 1992a, 57; knific 2004, 98). skleP animal (Pigeon) fibula Pri fibulah preseneča količina najdenih rimskih fi- a silver figural fibula in the shape of a pigeon bul iz časa 1.–2. stoletja ( t. 1: 1–20). toliko ni bilo nobene with unpronounced wings ( Pl. 4: 1) was found in a druge vrste zgodnjega gradiva. ležale so na celotnem layer of phase la 2. it belongs among animal fibulae območju stavbe 1 brez izrazite koncentracije. Zgodnje- which are mostly dated to the 6th century. only one rimske fibule so razmeroma pogoste na poznoantičnih comparable bronze fibula was found in slovenia at naselbinah in grobiščih (npr. stare 1980, t. 41: 1; 55: 6; trnje near Škofja loka (knific, sagadin 1991, cat. no. 63: 3; Ciglenečki 1994a, sl. 5: 1–2; 7: 1–2; t. 4: 1–2; 8: 1–2; 72). fibulae in the shape of flat or relief peacocks with 9: 1; 11: 1; 12: 1). na sv. hemi so bile najdene na kupu, a triangular foot and of roosters are more frequent in predvidoma namenjene nadaljnji predelavi (schretter this area (knific 2004, 97, fig. 6). unlike other fibulae 1993, 198–199). in the shape of birds (e.g. the above-mentioned flat and očitno so jih zbirali, težko pa je predvideti zakaj. relief peacocks and roosters) the type of figural pigeons morda so jih zbirali zaradi njihove vrednosti, preu- is not limited to the southeastern alpine area and the porabe ali kot amulete. na tonovcovem gradu je bila autochthonous contexts. it appears in the wide area of 30 2_kovina.indd 30 23.1.2012 10:38:43 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds možnost zbiranja starih rimskih predmetov še toliko the former empire and also in the probable germanic večja zaradi neposredne bližine gradiča, kjer sta bila contexts. With few closed contexts it is dated to the rimska naselbina in daritveni prostor. od tam bi lahko time between the mid-5th and mid-7th century (ibler izvirala precejšnja količina omenjenih zgodnjerimskih 1991, 21-23, list 1c). predmetov. mogoče pa je, da je bil v rimskem obdobju tudi na tonovcovem gradu daritveni prostor (glej pogl. 6). Pri kasnejših pregradnjah bi predmeti lahko zašli v CRoss-shaPed fibula plasti poznoantične naselbine. najdemo jih večinoma namreč ravno v plasteh druge poznoantične faze (Pa 2; fibula made of bronze sheetin the shape of an konec 5. do začetka 7. st.), ne pa tudi v plasteh prve po- equilateral cross ( Pl. 3: 15) was found in a layer of phase znoantične faze (Pa 1; druga polovica 4. in začetek 5. st.). la 2. fibulae in the shape of an equilateral cross are eno od možnih razlag ponujajo najdbe drobnega especial y frequent in northern italy (bierbrauer 1992b, orodja za obdelavo kovin (stavba 1: t. 19: 4,15–16; stavba 3) and are quite rare in slovenia. besides the fibula from 2: t. 43: 6,11) ali polizdelkov (stavba 2: t. 45: 3). mogoče je tonovcov grad fibulae from Rifnik (Pirkmajer 2001, cat. šlo za zbiranje starih bronastih predmetov, namenjenih no. 161) and sv. lambert near Pristava above stična za nadaljnjo predelavo. (Cipot 2003, cat. no. 4) are known, but have the shape v 3. st. sodita le dve kolenčasti fibuli ( t. 2: 5–6), of a greek cross and are significantly smaller. dobro pa so zastopane fibule iz 4. st. gre za obročaste Cross-shaped fibulae are most probably charac- fibule ( t. 2: 1–4), ki se sicer pojavijo že v 3. st., fibule s teristic of the female autochthonous attire between the čebuličastimi gumbi ( t. 2: 7–9) in fibule tipa hrušica ( t. end of the 5th and the 7th century in the area of northern 2: 10–14). tip hrušica je ožje regionalen tip, razširjen italy, especial y friuli but also elsewhere in italy, istria, predvsem v severni italiji. and dalmatia. Z. vinski discussed the cross-shaped najdeni so bili le trije odlomki fibul s čebuličastimi fibulae from the area of the former yugoslavia known gumbi ( t. 2: 7–9), kar je presenetljivo glede na njihovo until his time and dated them to the time between the siceršnjo pogostost na poznoantičnih najdiščih in pre- 6th and the beginning of the 7th century, but mostly to cejšnjo količino poznorimske pasne opreme na tonov- the second half of the 6th century (vinski 1968, 127-128, covem gradu (glej pogl. 2.1.3). Razlog je lahko v tem, da 148-149). They were dated to the same time also by u. so jih v tem delu slovenije deloma ali skoraj popolnoma ibler (ibler 1991, 31). nadomestile fibule tipa hrušica, ki so sočasne, najde- nih pa je bilo precej ( t. 2: 10–14). večina stratigrafsko opredeljenih fibul tega časa je ležala v plasteh faze Pa 2. ConClusion najmlajša je skupina fibul, datirana v konec 5. in v 6. st. to so samostrelne fibule ( t. 2: 15–17; 3: 1–10), surprising is the number of found Roman fibulae romanska ločna fibula ( t. 3: 16), križna fibula ( t. 3: 15) from the time of the 1st-2nd century ( Pl. 1: 1-20). no other in fibula v obliki goloba ( t. 4: 1). fibule kažejo predvsem type of early material appears in such numbers. fibulae na lokalno romansko prebivalstvo, vsaj v raziskanem were found in the entire area of building 1 without explicit delu najdišča. Posebno samostrelne fibule tipov invil- concentration. early Roman fibulae are relatively frequent lino, lauriacum in siscia ( t. 2: 15–17; 3: 1–3; sl. 2.1, at late antique settlements and cemeteries (e.g. stare 2.2) se vežejo na jugovzhodne alpe in zahodni balkan. 1980, Pls. 41: 1; 55: 6; 63: 3; Ciglenečki 1994a, figs. 5: 1-2; najdene so bile v plasteh stavbe 1, ki spadajo v drugo 7: 1-2; Pls. 4: 1-2; 8: 1-2; 9: 1; 11: 1;12: 1). at hemmaberg poznoantično fazo (Pa 2). they were found in a pile, probably intended for further eno samo malo okroglo fibulo ( t. 4: 2), ki ima pri- processing (schretter 1993, 198-199). merjave v langobardskih grobovih, bi lahko povezali s They were obviously col ected but without an appar- prisotnostjo germanske posadke na najdišču. ent reason why. They could have been col ected for their value, reuse or as amulets. at tonovcov grad the possibil- ity of gathering old Roman objects was even greater due 2.1.2 nakit to the immediate proximity of gradič, where a Roman settlement and a cult place were situated. a significant sPonka Za veRiŽiCo amount of the mentioned early Roman objects could have originated from there. it is also possible that a cult place bronasta sponka za verižico ( t. 4: 3) je naključna was located at tonovcov grad˝in the Roman period (see najdba. takšne sponke se v bronasti in srebrni različici chapter 6). The objects could have ended up in the layers pojavljajo od 4. st. dalje in so v uporabi še vse poznoan- of the late antique settlement during later demolition or tično obdobje (bierbrauer 1987, 162; martin 1991, 33). construction. namely, they are mostly found in layers of ohranjen je tudi en člen verižice. the second late antiquity phase (la 2; end of the 5th till the beginning of the 7th century) and not also in layers 31 2_kovina.indd 31 23.1.2012 10:38:43 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds of the first late antiquity phase (la 1; second half of the 4th and the beginning of the 5th century). an explanation is offered by finds of small tools for the processing of metals (building 1: Pl. 19: 4,15-16; building 2: Pl. 43: 6,11) or intermediate products (build- ing 2: Pl. 45: 3). it is possible that they were col ecting old bronze objects with the purpose to process them further. only two fibulae ( Pl. 2: 5-6) belong to the 3rd cen- tury, while fibulae of the 4th century are wel represented. These are penannular fibulae ( Pl. 2: 1-4) which appear already in the 3rd century, Roman crossbow fibulae ( Pl. 2: 7-9), and fibulae type hrušica ( Pl. 2: 10-14). The type hrušica is a narrow regional type, spread mostly through northern italy. Three fragments of Roman crossbow fibulae ( Pl. 2: 7-9) were found which is surprising considering their general frequency on late Roman sites and significant number of late Roman belt set parts at this site (see chapter 2.1.3). The reason could be that they were in this part of slovenia partly or almost completely replaced by fibulae type hrušica, which are contemporary and numerous ( Pl. 2: 10-14). most of the stratigraphical y defined fibulae of this time were found in layers of phase la 2.The latest is a group of fibulae dated to the end of the 5th and the 6th century. These are crossbow fibulae ( Pls. 2: 15-17; 3: 1-10), a Roman bow fibula ( Pl. 3: 16), a cross-shaped fibula ( Pl. 3: 15), and a pigeon fibula ( Pl. 4: 1). fibulae point primarily to the local Romanized inhabitants, at least in the researched part of the site. especial y crossbow fibulae of types invillino, lauria- cum, and siscia ( Pls. 2: 15-17; 3: 1-3; Figs. 2.1, 2.2) are linked to the southeastern alps and the western balkans. They appear in layers of building 1 which belong to the second late antiquity phase (la 2). only one small round fibula ( Pl. 4: 2), which has parallels in lombard graves, could be connected to the presence of a germanic garrison at the site. Sl. 2.3: jagode, obesek in okrasni kamen (?) iz stavbe 1 ( t. 4: 4–7, 9–12,28). 1–8 steklo, 9 steklo ali kamen. m. = 1:1. Fig. 2.3: beads, a pendant and a gemstone(?) from building 1 ( Pl. 4: 4-7,9-12,28). 1–8 glass, 9 glass or stone. scale = 1:1. 2.1.2 jeWelleRy neCklaCe ClasP jagode a bronze necklace clasp ( Pl. 4: 3) is a chance find. vijolično jagodo ( t. 4: 9; sl. 2.3: 1), ki je ležala such clasps appear in bronze and silver versions from v plasti faze Pa 2, lahko uvrstimo v rimsko obdobje the 4thcentury onwards and remain in use through the (tempelmann-mączyńska 1985, 48–52). entire late antiquity period (bierbrauer 1987, 162; sodčasta jagoda iz kalcedona6 ( t. 4: 8) je bila naj- martin 1991, 33). one necklace link is also preserved. dena v plasti faze Pa 2. jagode iz kalcedona so značilna podonavska oblika druge polovice 5. in prve polovice 6. st., izvirale pa naj bi iz južne Rusije (losert, Pleterski beads 2003, 266). a purple bead ( Pl. 4: 9; Fig. 2.3: 1) found in a layer 6 analizo je opravil miha jeršek iz Prirodoslovnega mu- zeja slovenije v ljubljani. Za posredovanje in pomoč se za- of phase la 2 can be assigned to the Roman period hvaljujem tudi timoteju knificu. (tempelmann-mączyńska 1985, 48-52). 32 2_kovina.indd 32 23.1.2012 10:38:50 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds Črna jagoda z zeleno valovnico ( t. 4: 6; sl. 2.3: 2) je a barrel-shaped bead made of chalcedony6 ( Pl. 4: ležala v ruševinski plasti in ima malo dobrih primerjav. 8) was found in a layer of phase la 2. beads made of jagode s preprosto belo ali rumeno (redko rdečo) valovni- chalcedony are a characteristic danubian form of the co so pogoste na merovinških grobiščih. starejše so črne, second half of the 5th and the first half of the 6th century mlajše pa so rdeče in bele (skupini 27 in 32 po kochovi; and are supposed to originate from southern Russia koch 1997, 146). modrozelena valovnica se sicer poja- (losert, Pleterski 2003, 266). vlja na rdečih in belih, kompleksneje okrašenih jagodah a black bead with a green wavy line ( Pl. 4: 6; Fig. : mlajše skupine, na črnih jagodah pa je nismo zasledili. 2) was lying in the destruction layer and has few good majhna modra dvodelna jagoda ( t. 4: 4; sl. 2.3: 3) je comparisons. beads with a simple white or yel ow (rarely bila najdena v plasti faze Pa 2. na grobišču v eichstettnu red) wavy line are frequent on merovingian cemeter- v južni nemčiji so majhne, kroglasto oblikovane dvodel- ies. black ones are earlier, while red and white are later ne jagode vodilni tip horizonta i.2, ki je datiran med le- (groups 27 and 32 according to koch; koch 1997, 146). toma 520 in 570 (sasse 2001, 127–128, 134). Pravokotno a blue and green wavy line general y appears on red and oblikovane miniaturne jagode v odtenkih zelene barve white, more complexly decorated beads of the younger so na grobiščih liebenau in dörverden postavljene v 7. group and were not noticed on black beads. st. (siegmann 2003, t. l: 17; 2004, 493–508, 552–566). a smal blue two-partite bead ( Pl. 4: 4; Fig. 2.3: modra prosojna jagoda ( t. 4: 5; sl. 2.3: 4) je bila 3) was found in a layer of phase la 2. at the cemetery najdena v plasti, ki v stavbi 1 predstavlja hodno površi- in eichstetten in southern germany small, annular no. Prosojne jagode so značilne za starejše merovinško two-part beads represent the leading type of horizon obdobje. na grobiščih liebenau in dörverden na spo- i.2 which is dated between 520 and 570 (sasse 2001, dnjem saškem so datirane med sredino 5. in sredino 6. 127-128, 134). Rectangular miniature beads in shades st. (siegmann 2003, t. f: 2; 2004, 493–508, 552–566). of green are dated to the 7th century at cemeteries lie- Po sredini 6. st. naj bi bile ogrlice sestavljene večino- benau and dörverden (siegmann 2003, Pl. l: 17; 2004, ma iz neprosojnih jagod (siegmann 1997, 136–137). 493-508, 552-566). tudi na grobišču v altenerdingu so prosojne modre a blue transparent bead ( Pl. 4: 5; Fig. 2.3: 4) was jagode datirane med 450–540/550 (losert, Pleterski found in a layer that was the walking surface of build- 2003, 65–67). ing 1. transparent beads are typical for the earlier melonasta modra jagoda, okrašena z rdečimi merovingian period. at the cemeteries liebenau and in belimi steklenimi drobci ( t. 4: 7; sl. 2.3: 5), je bila dörverden in lower saxony they are dated between the najdena v premešani plasti. temnomodre jagode (si- mid-5th and the mid-6th century (siegmann 2003, Pl. f: cer ne melonaste oblike), okrašene z drobci stekla, u. 2; 2004, 493-508, 552-566). after the middle of the 6th koch uvršča v skupino 11 in jih datira v čas od začetka century necklaces were supposedly assembled mostly preseljevanja ljudstev do sredine 6. st. ta tehnika okra- of opaque beads (siegmann 1997, 136-137). at the ševanja naj bi se zopet pojavila v sredini 7. st., vendar cemetery in altenerding the transparent blue beads are na črnih jagodah (koch 1997, 147). sama melonasta also dated between 450 and 540/550 (losert, Pleterski oblika jagode časovno ni natančneje opredeljiva, saj 2003, 65-67). se pojavlja skozi celo antično obdobje in tudi kasneje. a melon-shaped blue bead decorated by red and na grobišču v altenerdingu na bavarskem so kroglaste white glass fragments ( Pl. 4: 7; Fig. 2.3: 5) was found in do obročaste jagode z nepravilno posejanimi madeži a mixed layer. dark blue beads (but not melon-shaped) datirane med letoma 450–540/550 (losert, Pleterski decorated by glass fragments are assigned by u. koch to 2003, 64). dve podobni jagodi, okrašeni s steklenimi group 11 and dated to the time from the beginning of drobci, sta bili najdeni v grobu 34 na grobišču v dra- the migration of peoples to the middle of the 6th century. vljah, datiranem med koncem 5. in prvo polovico 6. st. This decoration technique supposedly reappeared in the (bitenc 2001, kat. 203). jagoda (polovica), okrašena z mid-7th century but on black beads (koch 1997, 147). The barvnimi drobci stekla, je bila najdena v ruši ob stolpu melon-shape of the bead is not possible to date precisely 4 na korinjskem hribu (Ciglenečki 1985, t. 1: 20). to for it appears throughout the entire antique period and jagodo je že s. Ciglenečki primerjal z jagodo iz knež- even later. at the cemetery in altenerding in bavaria jega groba v laa an der Thaya (Ciglenečki 1985, op. globular to ring-shaped beads with randomly set stains 41), datiranega v drugo polovico 5. st. Primerjal jo je are dated between 450 and 540/550 (losert, Pleterski tudi z jagodami iz viminacija, kjer so bile na lokaciji 2003, 64). two similar beads decorated by glass fragments burdelj v ženskem grobu 28 najdeni dve primerljivi were found in grave 34 at the cemetery in dravlje, which jagodi, v prav tako ženskem grobu 29 pa tri (Zotović is dated between the end of the 5th and the first half of 1980, t. vi: 8; vii: 3–4). oba grobova vsebujeta po en the 6th century (bitenc 2001, cat. no. 203). a bead (one par samostrelnih fibul, v grobu 29 je to par fibul tipa 6 Praga, ki ga m. schülze-dörrlamm datira v tretjo če- The analysis was done by miha jeršek from the Priro- trtino 5. st. (schülze-dörlamm 1986, 603). Primerljive doslovni muzej slovenije in ljubljana. many thanks also to timotej knific for his intervention and help. 33 2_kovina.indd 33 23.1.2012 10:38:50 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds jagode so bile najdene tudi na grobišču greblje v kninu v half) decorated by coloured glass fragments was found in grobovih dveh deklic, 53 in 84 (vinski 1989, t. iX: 8; Xiv: the humus outside tower 4 at korinjski hrib (Ciglenečki 2). grob 84 vsebuje tudi majhno mediteransko pasno 1985, Pl. 1: 20). This bead was compared to the bead spono in ga lahko datiramo v drugo polovico 6. st. glede from the princely grave in laa an der Thaya already by na naštete primerjave lahko modre jagode z rdečimi in s. Ciglenečki (Ciglenečki 1985, note 41) and the grave belimi pikami umestimo v drugo polovico in konec 5. is dated to the second half of the 5th century. Ciglenečki st., seveda pa so jih lahko uporabljali tudi kasneje. also compared it to beads from viminacium, where two v stavbi 1 je bila v zgodnjesrednjeveški plasti najde- comparable beads were found on the location burdelj in na zelena cevasta jagoda ( t. 4: 11; sl. 2.3: 6). take jagode female grave 28 and three were found in female grave 29 so bile v rabi celo poznoantično obdobje in tudi kasneje, (Zotović 1980, Pls. vi: 8; vii: 3-4). both graves include na primer na grobišču mel nau i, kjer so najdene v grobu, a pair of crossbow fibulae each, in grave 29 this is a pair datiranem v konec 7. st. (stiegemann, Wemhoff 1999, of fibulae of the Prague type which are dated by m. 273, kat. v.2), in na grobiščih liebenau in dörverden, schülze-dörrlamm to the third quarter of the 5th century kjer so datirane v 8. st. (siegmann 2003, t. m: 13; 2004, (schülze-dörrlamm 1986, 603). Comparable beads were 493–508, 552–566). found also at the cemetery knin-greblje, in graves of two Štiridelna modra jagoda ( t. 4: 10; sl. 2.3: 7) je girls, 53 and 84 (vinski 1989, Pls. iX: 8; Xiv: 2). grave 84 prav tako ležala v zgodnjesrednjeveški plasti v stavbi also includes a smal mediterranean belt buckle and can 1. večdelne jagode se pojavljajo že v antiki in pozni be dated to the second half of the 6th century. Consider- antiki, vendar so precej manjše (prim. knific 2001, kat. ing the enumerated comparisons blue beads with red and 124). Zgodnjesrednjeveške večdelne jagode so večje in white dots can be assigned to the second half and the end večinoma modre barve. R. andrae jih je v povezavi z of the 5th century, but were certainly also used later on. jagodami millefiori s historično metodo datiral v prvo a green tubular bead ( Pl. 4: 11; Fig. 2.3: 6) was tretjino 9. st. (andrae 1973, 155). d. staššíková-Štuko- found in the early medieval layer of building 1. such vská in a. Plško jih postavljata kot značilne za svojo 3. beads were used through the entire late antique period fazo, ki je datirana do leta 800 (staššíková-Štukovská, and also later, for example at the cemetery mellnau i Plško 1997, 262–264). j. Callmer jih za skandinavijo in where they are found in a grave dated to the end of the območje baltika datira med drugo polovico 8. do prve 7th century (stiegemann, Wemhoff 1999, 273, cat. no. četrtine 9. st. (Callmer 1997, t. 16). tako datacijo lahko v.2) and at cemeteries liebenau and dörverden where predlagamo tudi za tonovško jagodo. they are dated to the 8th century (siegmann 2003, Pl. m: 13; 2004, 493-508, 552-566). a four-partite blue bead ( Pl. 4: 10; Fig. 2.3: 7) was obeski also found in the early medieval layer within building 1. segmented beads appear in the antiquity and late moder steklen obesek v obliki enoročajnega vrčka antiquity but are significantly smaller (cf. knific 2001, ( t. 4: 12; sl. 2.3: 8), okrašen z belo valovnico, je bil najden cat. no. 124). early medieval segmented beads are big- v premešani plasti. Podobni se pojavljajo v poznorimski ger and mostly blue. R. andrae dated them using the dobi na območju celotnega imperija, predvsem pa v historical method in connection with the millefiori vzhodnem sredozemlju. datirani so večinoma v 4., ne- beads to the first third of the 9th century (andrae 1973, kateri tudi v začetek 5. st. (Wamser 2004, kat. 593–595). 155). d. staššíková-Štukovská and a. Plško regard them v premešani plasti sta bila najdena majhen okrogel as typical of their phase 3 which is dated up until 800 obesek iz bronaste pločevine z luknjo ( t. 4: 13) in majhen (staššíková-Štukovská, Plško 1997, 262-264). j. Cal mer železen obesek(?) v obliki črke omega ( t. 4: 14). edino dates them for scandinavia and the area of baltic be- primerjavo obesku v obliki omege smo našli v grobu 85 tween the second half of the 8th to the first quarter of the na kölnskem grobišču müngersdorf, datiranem v 6. in 7. 9th century (Callmer 1997, Pl. 16). This date can also be st., kjer je ležal ob rami ženskega skeleta poleg železnega proposed for the bead from tonovcov grad. tulca (fremersdorf 1955, t. 14: 3). Pendants PRstani a blue glass pendant in the shape of a one-handle na območju stavbe 1 je bilo najdenih trinajst celih jug ( Pl. 4: 12; Fig. 2.3: 8) decorated by a white wavy line prstanov ( t. 4: 15–27), trije obročki ( t. 4: 29; 5: 1–2) was found in a mixed layer. similar pendants appear in in en okrasni kamen ( t. 4: 28). večinoma so železni the late Roman period in the entire empire but mostly ( t. 4: 15–23), štirje prstani in dva obročka so bronasti in the eastern mediterranean. They are mostly dated ( t. 4: 24–27; 5: 1–2), najmanjši obroček ( t. 4: 29) pa je to the 4th and some to the beginning of the 5th century srebrn. vsi razen prstana ( t. 4: 15) in obročka ( t. 5: 2), (Wamser 2004, cat. no. 593-595). 34 2_kovina.indd 34 23.1.2012 10:38:50 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds ki sta bila najdena v plasti faze Pa 1, so ležali v plasteh a small round pendant made of bronze sheet faze Pa 2 ( t. 4: 20,24–25) in v premešanih plasteh ( t. 4: with a hole ( Pl. 4: 13) and a small iron pendant (?) in 15–19,21–23,26,27,29; 5: 1). the shape of the letter omega ( Pl. 4: 14) were found in bronast prstan z narebrenim obročem ( t. 4: 24) a mixed layer. The only parallel for the omega-shaped spada v tip 2.24 po e. Riha. ta tip je bil pogost v renskih pendant was found in grave 85 at the Cologne cemetery in donavskih provincah, pojavlja se tudi v Panoniji, da- müngersdorf, which is dated to the 6th and 7th century. tiran pa je v prvo polovico 4. st. (Riha 1990, 44; keller The pendent was there positionedalong the shoulder of 1971, 108–109). da je bila ta preprosta oblika v rabi tudi a female skeleton, beside an iron object (fremersdorf v kasnejšem času, dokazuje na primer narebreni prstan 1955, Pl. 14: 3). iz groba 233 na grobišču v eichstettnu, ki je datiran v sredino 7. st. (sasse 2001, t. 102: 4). več je železnih prstanov s tankim obročem in fingeR Rings razširitvijo ali ploščico, ki je bila verjetno okrašena, vendar so predmeti tako slabo ohranjeni, da tega ni Thirteen complete finger rings ( Pl. 4: 15-27), three mogoče ugotoviti. v treh primerih je ploščica okrogla rings ( Pls. 4: 29; 5: 1-2), and one ornamental (gem) stone ( t. 4: 19–20,23), v enem pravokotna ( t. 4: 22), v enem ( Pl. 4: 28) were found in the area of building 1. They are pa ovalna ( t. 4: 18). bronaste prstane teh oblik datira e. mostly iron ( Pl. 4: 15-23), four finger rings and two rings keller v srednjo in zadnjo tretjino 4. st. (keller 1971, are bronze ( Pls. 4: 24-27; 5: 1-2), while the smallest ring 109), e. Riha pa v konec 3. in 4. st., pojavljajo pa se v ( Pl. 4: 29) is silver. all except a finger ring ( Pl. 4: 15) and Podonavju, Porenju in v Panoniji (tip 2.8.2.; Riha 1990, a ring ( Pl. 5: 2), which were found in a layer of phase 35–36). v poznoantičnem obdobju se v bronastih, pa tu- la 1, were lying in layers of phase la 2 ( Pl. 4: 20,24-25) di srebrnih in zlatih izvedbah pojavljajo v italiji (Riemer and in mixed layers ( Pls. 4: 15-19,21-23,26-27,29; 5: 1). 2000, 96–97). Preprostejše, večinoma železne različice a bronze finger ring with a ribbed band ( Pl. 4: 24) be- so pogoste na poznoantičnih najdiščih vzhodnoalpskega longs to type 2.24 according to e. Riha. This type is frequent kroga (stare 1980, t. 122: 6,8; bolta 1981, t. 17: 5; knific, in Rhine and danubian provinces and appears in Pannonia, sagadin 1991, kat. 56, 58, 60; felgenhauer-schmiedt it is dated to the first half of the 4th century (Riha 1990, 44; 1993, t. 38: 2). kel er 1971, 108-109). That this simple form also appears dva železna prstana imata nesklenjeno razširitev later is proven by, for example, a ribbed finger ring from ( t. 4: 16–17). Za bronaste primerke teh prstanov e. grave 233 at the cemetery in eichstetten, which is dated to Riha meni, da so ostanki prstanov s kamni, ki pa so the mid-7th century (sasse 2001, Pl. 102: 4). se izgubili, ostala naj bi le podlaga. umešča jih v 4. st., There are quite a few iron finger rings with a thin pojavljali pa naj bi se v večini provinc imperija (tip 11; band and a widening or a platelet, which was probably Riha 1990, 36–37). decorated, but the objects are so poorly preserved that Železen prstan ( t. 4: 15), ki je bil najden v plasti this is impossible to conclude. in three examples the faze Pa 1, ima namesto ploščice pravokoten izrastek. platelet is round ( Pl. 4: 19-20,23), in one rectangular ( Pl. bronaste prstane teh oblik datira e. kel er v srednjo 4: 22), and in one oval ( Pl. 4: 18). bronze rings of these in zadnjo tretjino 4. st. (keller 1971, 109), e. Riha pa v shapes are dated by e. keller to the middle and the last konec 3. in 4. st., pojavljajo pa se v Podonavju, Porenju third of the 4th century (keller 1971, 109), while e. Riha in v Panoniji (tip 2.8.2.; Riha 1990, 35–36). dates them to the end of the 3rd and to the 4th century. eden od železnih prstanov je imel morda vstavljen They appear in the regions of the danube, the Rhine, and kamen ali steklen vložek ( t. 4: 21). Po e. Riha spada v in Pannonia (type 2.8.2.; Riha 1990, 35-36). during the tip 2.1.2., kamor sodijo železni prstani s kamni v stari, late antiquity they appear in bronze, and also silver and še helenistični tradiciji. Posebej priljubljeni so bili v 1. golden versions in italy (Riemer 2000, 96-97). simpler, st., v rabi pa tudi še pozneje (Riha 1990, 30). mostly iron versions are frequent at the late antique dva prstana sta preprosta trakasta obročka s pre- sites of the eastern alps (stare 1980, Pl. 122: 6,8; bolta segajočimi konci, prvi je narejen iz belega brona7 ( t. 4: 1981, Pl. 17: 5; knific, sagadin 1991, cat. nos. 56, 58, 60; 25), drugi je bronast ( t. 4: 26). felgenhauer-schmiedt 1993, Pl. 38: 2). Z detektorjem kovin pred začetkom izkopavanj je two iron finger rings have a band with ends which bil najden tudi velik bronast prstan s kamnom ( t. 4: 27). don’t meet ( Pl. 4: 16-17). for the bronze examples of domnevno sodi v 14. st. (Ciglenečki 1994b, op. 23). Zelo these rings e. Riha believes that they are remnants of podoben je srebrnemu prstanu s prostora nekropole finger rings with stones which were lost so that only the Cel a v Čedadu, ki je datirana v konec 6. in začetek base remained. she assigns them to the 4th century. They 7. st., vendar provenienca tega prstana ni zanesljiva supposedly appeared in most provinces of the empire (menis 1990, 461; X.171; brozzi 1987, 241). Podobno (type 11; Riha 1990, 36-37). 7 bron s 30–50 % kositra. analizo je opravil Žiga Šmit na an iron finger ring ( Pl. 4: 15) that was found in a institutu jožefa stefana v ljubljani. layer of phase la 1 has a rectangular knob instead of a 35 2_kovina.indd 35 23.1.2012 10:38:50 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds je oblikovan tudi kamen na zlatem prstanu iz ženskega platelet. bronze finger rings of these forms are by e. kel- groba 38 z alamanskega grobišča v güttingenu (steuer ler dated to the middle and last third of the 4th century 1997, 277). bronast primerek povsem enake oblike (keller 1971, 109), while e. Riha dates them to the end kot tonovški, le kamen je brušen malo drugače, je bil of the 3rd and to the 4th century. They appear in the area najden na nekropoli v Žminju, vendar zunaj grobov of the danube, the Rhine, and in Pannonia (type 2.8.2.; kot posamična najdba, tako da časovno ni izpoveden Riha 1990, 35-36). (marušić 1986–1987, t. XiX: 6). nekropola je datirana one of the iron finger rings could have had a gem med letoma 840–950. Za zdaj moramo pustiti datacijo or glass inserted into it ( Pl. 4: 21). according to e. Riha tega prstana odprto. it belongs to type 2.1.2., this is iron finger rings with v plasti faze Pa 2 je bil najden majhen rdeč neo- gems of the old, helenistic tradition. They are especial y krašen okrasni kamen ( t. 4: 28; sl. 2.3: 9). popular in the 1st century but remain in use also later v plasti faze Pa 1 je ležal preprost nesklenjen bro- (Riha 1990, 30). nast obroček s stanjšanimi konci in okroglim presekom two finger rings are simple sheet bands with sur- ( t. 5: 2). tovrstne prstane je e. Riha opredelila v tip 2.32, passing ends, the first is made of white bronze7 ( Pl. 4: v zgodnje obdobje med 1. in 3. st. (Riha 1990, 46). 25), the other is bronze ( Pl. 4: 26). bronast obroček ( t. 5: 1) je ležal v premešani plasti. a big bronze finger ring with a gem ( Pl. 4: 27) was srebrn nesklenjen obroček ( t. 4: 29) lahko pred- found with the metal detector prior to the beginning of stavlja prstan, del ogrlice ali morda uhan, najden pa je the excavations. The ring supposedly belongs to the 14th bil v ruševini. century (Ciglenečki 1994b, note 23). it is very similar to the silver ring from the necropolis Cel a in Cividale del na slovenskih poznoantičnih najdiščih sta pogo- friuli which is dated to the end of the 6th and the begin- sti dve obliki prstanov, ki sta razmeroma kronološko ning of the 7th century, but the provenience of this ring is neobčutljivi. to so preprosti obročki in železni prstani not certain (menis 1990, 461; X.171; brozzi 1987, 241). z razširitvijo ali ploščico za okrasni kamen (Ciglenečki The gem in the golden finger ring from female grave 38 1994a, sl. 7: 6; t. 10a: 15; knific 2001, kat. 123: 12; 124). from the alamanni cemetery in güttingen (steuer 1997, dragoceni prstani se v poznoantičnem času pojavljajo 277) is shaped similarly. a bronze example of completely predvsem na bizantinskih vplivnih območjih južne identical shape as the one from tonovcov grad but with italije in otokov (Riemer 2000, 95) ali v bogatejših, a differently polished gem was found at the necropolis pogosto germanskih kontekstih (slabe 1975, t. 1: 7; in Žminj. but it was found outside the graves as an vinski 1980, 22). individual find, therefore it cannot be precisely dated (marušić 1986-1987, Pl. XiX: 6). The necropolis is dated ZaPestniCe between 840 and 950. for now the dating of this finger ring must remain open. v izkopnem polju stavbe 1 je bilo najdenih devet a small red undecorated gemstone ( Pl. 4: 28; Fig. zapestnic in njihovih odlomkov (t. 5: 7–15). 2.3: 9) was found in a layer of phase la 2. večinoma so ležale v plasteh faze Pa 2 ( t. 5: a simple bronze ring with thinned ends which 10,12,15) in premešanih plasteh, dve pa sta iz zgodnje- don’t meet and of round cross section ( Pl. 5: 2) was lying srednjeveških plasti stavbe 1 in prizidka ( t. 5: 7,8). in a layer of phase la 1. such rings were delimited by Zapestnica ( t. 5: 10) je železna s polkrožnim prese- e. Riha to type 2.32., to the early period between the 1st kom. Železne zapestnice se pojavljajo v grobovih druge and the 3rd century (Riha 1990, 46). polovice 4. st. v Panoniji, kjer so jih morda prevzeli a bronzering ( Pl. 5: 1) was found in a mixed layer. od sarmatov. v zahodnih provincah se niso uveljavile a silver ring with ends which don’t meet ( Pl. 4: pred začetkom 5. st. (martin 1991, 16–17). konec 5. in 29) could represent a finger ring, a part of a necklace or v 6. st. predstavljajo zelo značilen nakit staroselskega possibly an earring. it was found in the destruction layer. prebivalstva v jugovzhodnih alpah (Riemer 2000, 92; knific 2004, 96–97, sl. 8: 10). two forms of rings which are chronological y rela- dve bronasti zapestnici sta lečastega preseka. tively insensitive are frequent on slovenian late antique Prva ( t. 5: 8) je majhnega premera in ima en zaključek sites. These are simple bands and iron finger rings with a odebeljen. lahko je bila predelana iz večje zapestnice z widening or a platelet for a gem (Ciglenečki 1994a, fig. odebeljenima zaključkoma, ki se je zlomila ali poško- 7: 6; Pl. 10a: 15; knific 2001, cat. nos. 123: 12; 124). Pre- dovala (prim. uenze 1992, 167, t. 7: 1). druga ( t. 5: 7) cious rings appear in late antiquity mostly in the areas je le delno ohranjena, z enakomerno tankim presekom. influenced by byzantium, i.e. in southern italy and the od bronaste zapestnice ( t. 5: 9) z lečastim do pol- islands (Riemer 2000, 95) or in richer, often germanic krožnim presekom se je ohranil le fragment. contexts (slabe 1975, Pl. 1: 7; vinski 1980, 22). bronasta zapestnica ( t. 5: 11) je okroglega preseka 7 bronze with 30-50 % of tin. The analysis was conducted z zaključki v obliki zelo poenostavljenih kačjih glavic. by Žiga Šmit at the institut jožef stefan in ljubljana. 36 2_kovina.indd 36 23.1.2012 10:38:51 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds bronast trak (t . 5: 12) z okrasi krogcev in pik je tudi bRaCelets lahko del zapestnice. odlomek zapestnice ( t. 5: 13) iz bronaste pločevine in the excavation area of building 1 nine bracelets je okrašen s prečnimi črtami in zaključkom v obliki and their fragments ( Pl. 5: 7-15) were found. stilizirane živalske glave. bracelets were mostly lying in layers of phase la 2 košček okrašenega bronastega traku lahko pripada ( Pl. 5: 10,12,15) and in mixed layers, while two were zapestnici ( t. 5: 14). found in the early medieval layers of building 1 and the Zapestnica ( t. 5: 15) iz bronaste pločevine je ohra- outhouse ( Pl. 5: 7-8). njena le delno, slabo je ohranjen okras prečnih črt in a bracelet ( Pl. 5: 10) is made of iron and has a semi- štirilistnega cveta. circular cross section. iron bracelets appear in graves of enako kot prstani, uhani in igle so tudi zapestnice the second half of the 4th century in Pannonia, where tipičen rimski nakit 4. st., katerega oblike se nadaljujejo they could have been adopted from the sarmatians. in tudi v pozni antiki (vinski 1980, 22; knific 2004, 96–97, western provinces they were not popular before the be- sl. 5: 10,12). ginning of the 5th century (martin 1991, 16-17). at the end of the 5th and in the 6th century they represent a very characteristic jewellery of the autochthonous people in uhani the southeastern alps (Riemer 2000, 92; knific 2004, 96-97, fig. 8: 10). najdeni so bili trije bronasti uhani s poliedrom two bronze bracelets have a lentil-shaped cross ( t. 5: 3–5). taki uhani so se uporabljali v romanski section. The first ( Pl. 5: 8) is of small diameter and one ženski noši od konca 4. st. dalje, nekoliko kasneje tudi of its endings is thickened. it could have been remade v vzhodnogermanski (zahodno- in vzhodnogotski) from a bigger bracelet with thickened endings which ženski noši. uhan ( t. 5: 3), ki je bil najden v plasti zu- was broken or damaged (cf. uenze 1992, 167, Pl. 7: 1). nanje hodne površine stavbe 1, je majhnega premera The second one ( Pl. 5: 7) is fragmentarily preserved and z razmeroma velikim poliedrom. to je v grobem zna- has an evenly thin diameter. čilno za poznorimske primerke (npr. uhan iz groba 5 only a fragment is preserved from a bronze brace- na Ptujskem gradu, datiran v konec 4. in začetek 5. st.: let ( Pl. 5: 9) with a lentil-shaped or semi-circular cross korošec 1968, t. 1: 4). uhani s konca 5. in 6. st. imajo section. večinoma večji premer in sorazmerno manjši polieder a bronze bracelet ( Pl. 5: 11) has a round cross sec- (npr. knific 2004, sl. 5: 6–7). takšna sta druga dva tion with endings shaped as very simplified snake heads. uhana. uhan ( t. 5: 4) je bil najden v plasti faze Pa 2, a bronze band ( Pl. 5: 12) with the decoration of uhan ( t. 5: 5, detektorska najdba) je večjega premera, ring-and-dotscould also be a part of a bracelet. polieder je okrašen s krožci s piko. a bracelet fragment ( Pl. 5: 13) made of bronze v prvi polovici 5. st. so uhane s poliedrom prevzeli sheets decorated by transversal lines and an ending in na alamanskem in kasneje frankovskem območju, tako the shape of a stylised animal head. da so v 6. stoletju tam zelo široko razprostranjeni, ne a piece of a decorated bronze band could belong pojavljajo pa se na primer pri langobardih. severno to a bracelet ( Pl. 5: 14). od alp so se ohranili še v 7. stoletju (freeden 1979, a bracelet ( Pl. 5: 15) made of bronze sheet is frag- 249–298; vinski 1980, 22; bierbrauer 1987, 150; Riemer mentarily preserved, the decoration of transversal lines 2000, 43–44; losert, Pleterski 2003, 54). Po bierbra- and four-petal flower is poorly preserved. uerjevem mnenju sredozemske grobne celote z uhani together with finger rings, earrings, and pins s poliedrom spadajo v 6. st., pomanjkanje celot iz 5. bracelets represent a typical Roman jewellery of the 4th st. pa je poskusil razložiti s tem, da takrat niso dajali century, the forms of which continue into the late antiq- pridatkov v grobove (bierbrauer 1987, 150). v sloveniji uity (vinski 1980, 22; knific 2004, 96-97, fig. 5: 10,12). je bila večina uhanov s poliedri dejansko najdena v grobovih na lajhu v kranju (stare 1980, t. 80: 2–3; 106: 4–5), na Rifniku (bolta 1981, t. 3: 1–2,12–14; 5: 6–7; 9: eaRRings 1,3; 11: 2; 12: 6–7; 16: 1–2,9; 17: 6–8), na blejski Pristavi (knific 2004, 96–98, sl. 5: 6–7) in na križišču iskra v Three bronze earrings with a polyhedron ( Pl. 5: kranju (sagadin 1988, t. 2: 6–7), ki so vsi datirani v 6. st. 3-5) were found. earrings with a polyhedron appear in na velikem luničastem uhanu ( t. 5: 6, detektorska Roman female attire from the end of the 4th century on- najdba) je vtisnjen okras, ki spominja na žige na pečatni wards, slightly later also in the east germanic (Western keramiki. luničasti uhani se v 6. stoletju v razkošnej- and eastern gothic) female attire. an earring ( Pl. 5: 3) ših zlatih in srebrnih izvedbah pojavljajo predvsem v that was found in the outer walking surface of building 1 vzhodnem sredozemlju in južni italiji ter na siciliji. has a small diameter with a relatively big polyhedron. Preprostejši bronasti primerki se pojavljajo šele v 7. in This is roughly typical of late Roman examples (e.g. the 37 2_kovina.indd 37 23.1.2012 10:38:51 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds 8. stoletju med staroselskim gradivom severne italije, earring from grave 5 at the castle of Ptuj, which is dated predvsem furlanije, kjer najdemo tudi najboljše primer- to the end of the 4th and the beginning of the 5th cen- jave za tonovški uhan (korošec 1961, t. iii: 3–5; brozzi tury: korošec 1968, Pl. 1: 4). earrings of the end of the 1989, t. 9: 12; 10: 1–4,7–8). 5th and the 6th century general y have a bigger diameter košček srebrne pločevine ( t. 5: 20), najden v plasti and a proportional y smal er polyhedron (e.g. knific faze Pa 2, je težko natančneje opredeliti. morda je pri- 2004, fig. 5: 6-7). The other two earrings are just like padal obesku uhana, lahko pa tudi kakšnemu drugemu that. an earring ( Pl. 5: 4) was found in a layer of phase predmetu. la 2, while an earring ( Pl. 5: 5, metal detector find) has a bigger diameter and the polyhedron is decorated by ring-and-dots. igle during the first half of the 5th century they were adopted on the alamanni and later also the frankish srebrna igla s ptico (pavom; t. 5: 17) je bila najdena territory, which means that in the 6th century these are v premešani plasti zunaj stavbe 1. widely distributed along these territories, but do not igle s pticami je zadnji zbral t. vida (2009). na appear with, for example, the lombards. north of the njih se večinoma pojavljajo golobice, le redko petelini in alps they persisted into the 7th century (freeden 1979, pavi. vezane so na vzhodno sredozemlje, v zahodnem 249-298; vinski 1980, 22; bierbrauer 1987, 150; Riemer so bile le redke (vida 2009, 244–249, sl. 4–6). Podobna 2000, 43-44; losert, Pleterski 2003, 54). bierbrauer be- igla, prvotno verjetno z dvema pticama, je bila na primer lieves that the mediterranean grave groups with earrings najdena v siparu pri umagu, datirana je v 6. ali 7. st. with a polyhedron belong to the 6th century. he tried to (marušić 1995, kat. 258). Primerek s tonovcovega gradu explain the lack of grave groups from the 5th century by spada med kvalitetnejše kose in ga lahko postavimo v the notion that grave goods were not placed in graves bizantinski kontekst 6. in 7. st. in that time (bierbrauer 1987, 150). in slovenia, most of the earrings with a polyhedron are actual y found najdenih je bilo deset bronastih in železnih igel v in graves at lajh in kranj (stare 1980, Pls. 80: 2-3; 106: obliki stilusa ( t. 5: 18; 6: 1–9). večina jih je ležala v pla- 4-5), at Rifnik (bolta 1981, Pls. 3: 1-2,12-14; 5: 6-7; 9: steh faze Pa 2 ( t. 5: 18; 6: 4,7–9) in premešanih plasteh, 1,3; 11: 2; 12: 6-7; 16: 1-2,9; 17: 6-8), at Pristava in bled ena ( t. 6: 6) pa je iz zgodnjesrednjeveške plasti. (knific 2004, 96-98, fig. 5: 6-7), and at križišče iskra in takšne igle ( t. 5: 18; 6: 1–4) so se v rimskem ob- kranj (sagadin 1988, Pl. 2: 6-7), all of which are dated dobju uporabljale bolj kot kozmetični ali medicinski to the 6th century. pripomoček, v pozni antiki pa naj bi bile del noše in on a big crescent-shaped earring ( Pl. 5: 6, metal se uporabljale za spenjanje las ali obleke. v uporabi so detector find) a decoration is impressed which resembles bile tudi v germanskem svetu, čeprav v manjši meri. Pri seals on stamped pottery. Crescent-shaped earrings ap- alamanih in frankih so bile nekoliko pogostejše igle z pear in luxurious golden and silver versions mostly in the neizrazito glavo. igle v obliki stilusa lahko okvirno dati- eastern mediterranean, in southern italy and sicily in the ramo med drugo polovico 4. in 7. st. (möl er 1976–1977; 6th century. simpler bronze examples appear among the vinski 1980, 21–22; bierbrauer 1987, 161–162; Riemer autochthonous Romanised material of northern italy, 2000, 104). especial y of friuli, not before the 7th and 8th century. Železne izvedbe so zelo redke, v sloveniji sta poleg The best analogies for the earring from tonovcov grad šestih tonovških ( t. 6: 5–9; stavba 3: t. 45: 9) objavljeni are found here (korošec 1961, Pl. iii: 3-5; brozzi 1989, le dve neokrašeni železni igli te oblike, ena iz groba 31 s Pls. 9: 12; 10: 1-4,7-8). kranjskega lajha (stare 1980, t. 16: 7) in ena iz naselbine a piece of silver sheet ( Pl. 5: 20) found in a layer of na limberku (Ciglenečki 1985, t. 8: 92). phase la 2 is difficult to define precisely. it could have mala bronasta igla ( t. 5: 19) z okroglo glavo, okra- belonged to an earring pendant or to some other object. šeno s tremi vrezi, je ležala v premešani plasti. spominja na preproste rimske in poznorimske igle, pa tudi na kratke, večinoma srebrne igle z okroglo ali bikonično Pins glavo, ki naj bi se glede na lego v grobovih uporabljale kot lasnice oz. za pripenjanje pokrivala ali pajčolana a silver pin with a bird (a peacock; Pl. 5: 17) was (möller 1976–1977, 14–18; Riemer 2000, 106). found in a mixed layer outside building 1. Železne igle z uvito sploščeno glavico ( t. 6: 10–15) Pins with birds were last col ected by t. vida (2009). so ležale v plasti faze Pa 1 ( t. 6: 13), v zgodnjesrednje- such pins mostly have depictions of doves, rarely of veški plasti v prizidku stavbe 1 ( t. 6: 12) in v plasteh faze roosters and peacocks. They are tied to the eastern medi- Pa 2 ( t. 6: 10–11,14–15). njihove funkcije ne poznamo. terranean and rarely appear in its western part (vida Po obliki so podobne bronastim iglam z uvito glavo iz 2009, 244-249, fig. 4-6). a similar pin, which original y poznoantičnih in zgodnjesrednjeveških plasti v kopru probably had two birds, was found in sipar near umag 38 2_kovina.indd 38 23.1.2012 10:38:51 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds (Cunja 1996, 60–61), vendar pri teh glava ni sploščena. and is dated to the 6th or 7th century (marušić 1995, Primerjav na drugih najdiščih jim nismo našli. lahko cat. no. 258). The example from tonovcov grad belongs da so bile tudi orodje in ne okrasni predmeti. among pieces of higher quality and can be assigned to the byzantine context of the 6th and 7th century. najden je bil tudi majhen bronast kraguljček ( t. 5: 16; detektorska najdba). ten bronze and iron pins in the shape of a stylus ( Pls. 5: 18; 6: 1-9) were found. most were lying in layers of phase la 2 ( Pls. 5: 18; 6: 4,7-9) and mixed layers, skleP only one ( Pl. 6: 6) was found in the early medieval layer. during the Roman period such pins ( Pls. 5: 18; nakitnih predmetov je bilo najdeno razmeroma 6: 1-4) were used primarily as cosmetic and medical veliko, vendar so oblikovno precej preprosti. Prevladu- accessories, while during the late antiquity they were jejo večinoma bronasti predmeti, prstani in zapestnice supposedly part of the attire and were used to pin-up hair pa so izdelani tudi iz železa ( t. 4: 15–23; 5: 10). Prese- or clothes. They also appear in the germanic world, yet neča odsotnost uhanov s košarico, ki so sicer pogosti in much less. With the alamanni and the franks pins with značilni za območje jugovzhodnih alp. a non-distinct head are slightly more frequent. Pins in večina prstanov ( t. 4: 15–26), uhani s poliedrom ( t. the shape of a stylus can approximately be dated between 5: 2–5), zapestnice ( t. 5: 7–13) in igle v obliki stilusa ( t. the second half of the 4th and the 7th century (möl er 6: 1–9) so dolgotrajne oblike, ki se pojavljajo v 4. st. in 1976-1977; vinski 1980, 21-22; bierbrauer 1987, 161-162; nadaljujejo v 5. in 6. st. Značilnejši za 4. st. so stekleni Riemer 2000, 104). obesek v obliki vrčka ( t. 4: 12), mali uhan s poliedrom iron versions are very rare. in slovenia besides the ( t. 5: 3) in del zapestnice z živalsko glavico ( t. 5: 13). six examples from tonovcov grad ( Pl. 6: 5-9; building 3: v 5. in 6. st. lahko datiramo jagodo iz kalcedona Pl. 45: 9) only two undecorated iron pins of this shape ( t. 4: 8), melonasto jagodo, okrašeno s steklenimi drobci are published, one from grave 31 at lajh in kranj (stare ( t. 4: 7), železno zapestnico (t. 5: 10) in srebrno iglo s 1980, Pl. 16: 7) and one from the settlement at limberk ptico ( t. 5: 17). (Ciglenečki 1985, Pl. 8: 92). Zgodnjesrednjeveško obdobje med 7. in 9. st. a small bronze pin ( Pl. 5: 19) with a round head predstavljata večdelna modra jagoda ( t. 4: 10) in luni- decorated by three incisions was found in a mixed layer. časti uhan z vtisnjenim okrasom ( t. 5: 6), ki povezuje it resembles simple Roman and late Roman pins, but tonovcov grad z bližnjo furlanijo. also the short, mostly silver pins with a round or bi- Prstani, uhani, zapestnice in igle so tipičen nakit conical head, which were supposedly, considering their staroselskega prebivalstva, za katerega je značilno, da position in graves, used as hair-pins or to fasten veils je preprostih oblik in izdelave. izjema je srebrna igla (möller 1976-1977, 14-18; Riemer 2000, 106). s ptico ( t. 5: 17), ki predstavlja edini kakovostnejši iron pins with a rol ed flattened head ( Pl. 6: 10-15) kos in je najverjetneje prišla iz vzhodnosredozemskih were lying in a layer of phase la 1 ( Pl. 6: 13), in the early delavnic. medieval layer in the outhouse of building 1 ( Pl. 6: 12), tudi nakitni predmeti tako potrjujejo prevladujoč and in layers of phase la 2 ( Pl. 6: 10-11,14-15). Their staroselski značaj naselbine. Prisotnost germanskega function is unknown. in form they resemble bronze prebivalstva bi se kazala z večjo količino dragocenih pins with a rol ed head from the late antique and early materialov (kot npr. kranj, dravlje: bitenc 2001, kat. medieval layers in koper (Cunja1996, 60-61) but here the 203, 218, 243; knific 2001, kat. 216, 233). head is not flattened. We did not find paral els at other sites. They could have also been a tool and not objects for decoration. 2.1.3 Pasne gaRnituRe a smal bronze rumbler bel ( Pl. 5: 16; metal detec- tor find) was also found. Pasne gaRnituRe 1.–3. st. okov noriško-panonske pasne spone tipa 3b3 ConClusion po j. garbschu ( t. 7: 1) je datiran v prvo polovico 2. st. (garbsch 1965, 89–90). ležal je v plasti faze Pa 1. Relatively many pieces of jewellery were found but Pasna spona v obliki črke d ( t. 7: 2, detektorska they are of fairly simple shapes. bronze objects prevail; najdba) je datirana v 3. st. (james 2004, sl. 37: 58). finger rings and bracelets can also be made of iron ( Pls. 4: 15-23; 5: 10). We are surprised by the absence of basket earrings which are general y frequent and characteristics of the area of the southeastern alps. 39 2_kovina.indd 39 23.1.2012 10:38:51 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds Pasne sPone bReZ okova most of the finger rings ( Pl. 4: 15-26), earrings with a polyhedron ( Pl. 5: 2-5), bracelets ( Pl. 5: 7-13), and veliko je bronastih in železnih pasnih spon brez pins in the shape of a stylus ( Pl. 6: 1-9) are long-lasting okova okrogle, ovalne, pravokotne ali d-oblike ( t. 7: shapes which appear in the 4th century and continue 11–27), nekatere predmete pa bi lahko interpretirali into the 5th and 6th century. more characteristic for the kot trne takšnih spon ( t. 7: 8–10). spona ( t. 7: 17) je bila 4th century are a jug-shaped glass pendant ( Pl. 4: 12), a najdena v plasti faze Pa 1, ostale pa v plasteh faze Pa small earring with a polyhedron ( Pl. 5: 3), and a piece of 2 ( t. 7: 13–16,18–27) in premešani plasti ( t. 7: 11–12). a bracelet with a small animal head ( Pl. 5: 13). Preproste spone so brez znanega konteksta časov- a bead made of chalcedony ( Pl. 4: 8), a melon- no težko opredeljive. najdejo se že v grobovih 4. st. na shaped bead decorated by glass fragments ( Pl. 4: 7), an prostoru imperija in zunaj njegovih meja, večinoma pa iron bracelet ( Pl. 5: 10), and a silver pin with a bird ( Pl. jih lahko postavimo v 5. in 6. st. na germanskih grobi- 5: 17) can be assigned to the 5th and 6th century. ščih srednje evrope so grobovi s preprostimi sponami a segmented blue bead ( Pl. 4: 10) and a crescent- po navadi datirani v najzgodnejšo fazo. Po m. martinu shaped earring with an impressed decoration ( Pl. 5: 6), naj bi uporaba preprostih železnih ali bronastih spon which connects tonovcov grad with the nearby friuli, v srednji evropi prenehala v času med 570–580, ko jih represent the early medieval period between the 7th nadomestijo kompleksnejši pasni sestavi (martin 2000, and the 9th century. 188). v staroselskih kontekstih jugovzhodnih alp se Rings, earrings, bracelets, and pins are typical železne spone pogosto pojavljajo med koncem 5. in 7. jewellery of the autochthonous inhabitants and are of st. (vinski 1980, 23–24; Riemer 2000, 163). characteristic simple shapes and manufacturing. an exception is a silver pin with a bird ( Pl. 5: 17) which re- presents the only piece of higher quality and most prob- PoZnoRimske Pasne gaRnituRe ably originates from eastern mediterranean workshops. Thus the jewel ery also confirms the prevailing Pasne spone autochthonous character of the settlement. The presence of the german population would have revealed itself okov ( t. 7: 5) iz bronaste pločevine z dvema luknja- through a greater amount of precious materials (as for ma za zakovice je bil najden v plasti faze Pa 2. takšni example at kranj, dravlje: bitenc 2001, cat. nos. 203, okovi so se nosili skupaj s polkrožnimi, usločenimi ali 218, 243; knific 2001, cat. nos. 216, 233). pravokotnimi obroči kot del preprostih pasnih garnitur, ki se zelo pogosto pojavljajo v 4. in na začetku 5. st. v galiji, Panoniji in vzhodnih alpah (sommer 1984, 19). 2.1.3 belt sets e. kel er jih je datiral v drugo polovico 4. st. (kel er 1971, 59–61). P. Pröttel je razširil to datacijo na čas med 330 belt sets of 1st-3Rd CentuRy in začetkom 5. st. (Pröttel 1988, 357–369). v plasti hodne površine ob stavbi 1 je ležala majhna a plate of a norico-Pannonian belt buckle of type pasna spona ( t. 7: 6), katere okov ima samo eno zakovico 3b3 according to j. garbsch ( Pl. 7: 1) is dated to the first in je okrašen z žigosanim motivom listov. Podobna pa- half of the 2nd century (garbsch 1965, 89-90). it was sna spona z motivom listov ali cveta na okovu iz bronaste lying in a layer of phase la 1. pločevine je bila najdena na gradcu pri Prapretnem (Ci- a d-shaped belt buckle loop ( Pl. 7: 2, metal detector glenečki 1994a, sl. 5: 7). Rastlinski okras teh dveh spon find) is dated to the 3rd century (james 2004, fig. 37: 58). lahko primerjamo z žigosanim okrasom okovov pasnih spon v stilu groba iz untersiebenbrunna, ki so datirane v čas okrog leta 400 oz. v začetek 5. st. (tejral 1988a, 36). belt buCkles Without buCkle Plate spone se med seboj ujemajo tudi po velikosti in obliki obroča (prim. tejral 1988b, sl. 11 [zgornja vrsta]). There are many bronze and iron belt buckle loops obroč pasne spone ( t. 7: 4), najden v plasti faze Pa without a buckle plate of a round, oval, rectangular or 2, je okrašen s stiliziranima glavicama delfinov na koncu d-shape ( Pl. 7: 11-27), while several objects could be obroča in z žigosanimi krožci in polkrožci. Po obliki interpreted as tongues of such buckles ( Pl. 7: 8-10). a spada med enostavne pasne garniture, ki so se razvile iz buckle ( Pl. 7: 17) was found in a layer of phase la 1, the garnitur s klinastim vrezom, posebno iz tipa vieuxvil e. rest were lying in layers of phase la 2 ( Pl. 7: 13-16,18- enostavne pasne garniture so nosili predvsem v severni 27) and a mixed layer ( Pl. 7: 11-12). galiji in neposredni okolici že od konca 4. st., vendar simple buckles are difficult to define without a večinoma okrog leta 400 ter v prvi polovici 5. st. (böhme closed context. They are found already in the graves of 1974, 89–91; 1986, 473, 495; sommer 1984, 110). sam the 4th century within the empire and across its bor- okras obroča – žigosanje – je sicer značilen za pasne gar- ders but are mostly assigned to the 5th and 6th century. 40 2_kovina.indd 40 23.1.2012 10:38:52 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds niture z žigosanim okrasom, ki so enostavnim sočasne in on the germanic cemeteries of central europe graves razširjene na alamanskem območju jugozahodne nemčije with simple buckles are usual y assigned to the earliest v prvi polovici 5. st. (böhme 1974, 91; 1986, 498). phase. according to m. martin the use of simple iron trn ( t. 7: 7) je pripadal eni od poznorimskih pasnih or bronze buckles ceased in central europe between 570 spon (prim. bullinger 1969, sl. 57: 7). and 580, when they were replaced by more complex belt obroč poznorimske pasne spone ( t. 7: 3) z na- sets (martin 2000, 188). in autochthonous contexts of sproti si stoječima živalskima (delfinjima) glavicama the southeastern alps iron buckles frequently appear na sredini obroča in posebej izdelano osjo je bil najden between the end of the 5th and the 7th century (vinski v stavbi 1 v zgodnjesrednjeveški plasti. Pripada široko 1980, 23-24; Riemer 2000, 163). razprostranjenim preprostim pasnim garnituram, ki se kombinirajo s pravokotnimi, krilatimi ali predrtimi oko- vi in spadajo v čas tik pred pojavom garnitur s klinastim late Roman belt sets vrezom konec 4. st. (böhme 1974, 71, 83; 1986, 473). Belt buckles Pasni okovi a buckle plate ( Pl. 7: 5) made of bronze sheet with two holes for rivets was found in a layer of phase la 2. krilati okovi ( t. 8: 9-10), ki so bili v 4. st. – najkasne- such buckle plates were worn together with semicircular, je od konstantina i. dalje – del poznorimske vojaške in kidney-shaped or rectangular loops as parts of plain belt uradniške noše, so sestavljali preproste pasne garniture sets, which frequently appear in the 4th and the begin- (s pasnimi sponami s krilatimi ali predrtimi okovi), ning of the 5th century in gal ia, Pannonia, and the redko garniture s klinastim vrezom (kel er 1971, 67; eastern alps (sommer 1984, 19). e. keller dated them to böhme 1986, 501). the second half of the 4th century (kel er 1971, 59-61). P. majhen okrogel okov ( t. 8: 11), okrašen s koncen- Pröttel widened this dating to the time between 330 and tričnimi krožci in izrastki, je imel verjetno na mestu the beginning of the 5th century (Pröttel 1988, 357-369). manjkajočega četrtega izrastka oblikovano zanko in je in the walking surface of building 1 a small belt bil lahko pritrjen na pas katere od poznorimskih pasnih buckle ( Pl. 7: 6) was found, the plate of which has only garnitur (prim. npr. bullinger 1969, sl. 29: 2; 37: 2; 39: 1). one rivet and is decorated by a stamped motif of leaves. a Podobno funkcijo je lahko imel majhen kvadraten okov similar belt buckle with the motif of leaves or a flower on z zanko ( t. 8: 13), izdelan iz tanke bronaste pločevine. the plate made of bronze sheet was found at gradec near nenavaden je podolgovat okov s privzdignjenim Prapretno (Ciglenečki 1994a, fig. 5: 7). Plant decoration osrednjim delom, okrašen v tehniki klinastega vreza ( t. 8: of these two buckles can be compared to the stamped 15), za katerega še nismo našli primerjave. lahko ga širše ornament of belt buckle plates in the style of the grave uvrstimo v čas garnitur s klinastim vrezom, torej konec from untersiebenbrunn, which are dated to around 400 4. in začetek 5. st. (böhme 1974, 91; Pflaum 2002, 272). or to the beginning of the 5th century (tejral 1988b, 36). majhen pravokoten bronast okov z narebrenim buckles match also in size and shape of the loop (cf. robom ( t. 8: 12) je morda prav tako spadal k poznorimski tejral 1988a, fig. 11 [the upper row]). pasni opremi, čeprav ni jasno, kako je bil pritrjen, saj a belt buckle loop ( Pl. 7: 4) found in a layer of phase nima ohranjenih lukenj za zakovice. la 2 is decorated by stylised dolphin heads at the end of končni okov ( t. 8: 16) s trikotnimi izrastki je v. the loopand by stamped circles and semicircles. Consider- Pflaum glede na primerjave z germanskimi izpeljankami ing the shape it belongs among simple belt sets (einfache pasnih spon s predrtim okovom, ki so se pojavljale v Po- gürtelgarnituren) which developed from chip carved donavju, na balkanu in kavkaško–južnoruskem prosto- beltsets, especial y from type vieuxvil e. simple belt sets ru, povezala z vzhodnorimskim krogom in ga previdno were primarily worn in northern gaul and its immediate datirala v drugo polovico 5. st. (Pflaum 2000, 84–86). surroundings from the end of the 4th century onwards, Poškodovan bronast gumb ( t. 8: 14) pasne garniture but mostly around 400 and the first half of the 5th century je ležal v plasti, ki je predstavljala zunanjo hodno površino (böhme 1974, 89-91; 1986, 473, 495; sommer 1984, 110). stavbe 1. dva enaka gumba sta bila najdena v grobu 0b The decoration of the loop – stamping – is otherwise grobišča servis v Pomarolu v severni italiji. grob je z novč- typical for belt sets with a stamped decoration which are nimi najdbami datiran v dvajseta ali trideseta leta 5. st. in contemporary to simple belt sets and are spread over the pripisan posadki federatov (Cavada 2002,151–155, t. X; Xi). alemanni area of the southwestern germany in the first Z izjemo krilatega okova ( t. 8: 10), ki je bil najden half of the 5th century (böhme 1974, 91; 1986, 498). v plasti notranje hodne površine stavbe 1 iz faze Pa 2, a tongue ( Pl. 7: 7) belonged to one of the late Ro- so vsi našteti okovi detektorske najdbe. man belt buckles (cf. bullinger 1969, fig. 57: 7). Pravokoten jermenski zaključek iz dveh plasti bro- a loop of the late Roman belt buckle ( Pl. 7: 3) with naste pločevine ( t. 8: 17; sl. 2.4) je okrašen z bisernim opposite facing animal (dolphin) heads in the middle of 41 2_kovina.indd 41 23.1.2012 10:38:52 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds Sl. 2.4: karta razprostranjenosti pravokotnih pasnih zaključkov in spon s figuralnim okrasom in bisernim nizom (kot t. 8: 17). Fig. 2.4: distribution of rectangular strap ends with figural decoration and pearl border (similar to Pl. 8: 17). nizom in reliefnim prizorom lova na jelena na obeh the loop and a special y made axis was found in build- straneh. najden je bil v plasti faze Pa 2. jermenske ing 1, in the early medieval layer. it belongs among the zaključke z bisernim nizom in figuralnim okrasom widely distributed belt sets which are combined with lahko najdemo na grobiščih ob donavskem limesu in v rectangular, winged or perforated buckle plates and Panoniji, primerjave motivu in izvedbi pa tudi v okrasu belong to the time immediately before the appearance skrinjic iz ženskih grobov na istem prostoru. Posebno of chip carved belt sets at the end of the 4th century pri najkakovostnejših kosih je očitno, da predstavljajo (böhme 1974, 71, 83; 1986, 473). del vojaške, najverjetneje častniške noše konec 4. in na začetku 5. st. (Ciglenečki, milavec 2009, 179, 181, t. 1: 6; milavec 2011). Belt fittings Winged fittings ( Pl. 8: 9-10) which were in the 4th PoZnoantiČne Pasne gaRnituRe century – from Constantine i onwards – part of the late Roman military and administrative attire composed Pasne spone plain belt sets with belt buckles with winged or perfo- rated buckle plates, rarely chip carved belt sets (keller mala srebrna pasna spona ( t. 8: 8, detektorska najd- 1971, 67; böhme 1986, 501). ba) spada med enodelne mediteranske pasne spone 6. a small round fitting ( Pl. 8: 11) decorated by con- in 7. st., ki imajo po navadi pravokoten obroč, tonovški centric rings and projections probably had a loop formed pa je ovalen. tipološko spada med starejše, saj po obliki at the point of the missing fourth projection. it could spominja še na poznorimske spone s trikotnim okovom. have been attached to a belt of one of the late Roman 42 2_kovina.indd 42 23.1.2012 10:38:52 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds belt sets (cf. e.g. bullinger 1969, figs. 29: 2; 37: 2; 39: 1). a small square fitting with a loop ( Pl. 8: 13) made of thin bronze sheet could have had a similar function. an elongated fitting with a raised central part (belt- slide) decorated in the technique of chip carving ( Pl. 8: 15) is unusual and its parallels have yet not been found. it can broadly be assigned to the time of chip carved belt sets, i.e. to the end of the 4th and the beginning of the 5th century (böhme 1974, 91; Pflaum 2002, 272). a small rectangular bronze fitting with a ribbed edge ( Pl. 8: 12) could have possibly also belonged to a late Roman belt set, although it is not clear how it was attached since the holes for rivets are not preserved. The end fitting ( Pl. 8: 16) with triangular projections Sl. 2.5: Rombaste pasne spone. 1 kranj, lajh (po stare 1980, was by v. Pflaum seen as eastern Roman and with hesita- t. 77: 12), 2 klistići pri tinjanu (po Šonje 1980–1981, t. i: 3), tion dated to the second half of the 5th century (Pflaum 3 tonovcov grad ( t. 8: 7). 1–2 bron, 3 bron in železo. m. = 1:1. 2000, 84-86). it was done on the basis of comparisons to Fig. 2.5: Rhomb-shaped belt buckles. 1 kranj, lajh (after stare german versions of belt buckles with perforated plates 1980, Pl. 77: 12), 2 klistići near tinjan (after Šonje 1900–1981, which appear in the danubian region, in the balkans, and Pl. i: 3), 3 tonovcov grad ( Pl. 8: 7). 1-2 bronze, 3 bronze and in the area of Caucasus and southern Russia. iron. scale = 1:1. a damaged bronze button ( Pl. 8: 14) of a belt set was found in the layer representing the outer walk- datiramo jo lahko v drugo polovico 6. st. (vinski 1967, ing surface of building 1. two identical buttons were 41–50; vinski 1980, 24). natančne primerjave ji nismo found in grave 0b of the cemetery servis in Pomarolo našli, zelo primerljivi, tudi srebrni primerki pa so dokaj in northern italy. The grave is due to coin finds dated pogosti na kranjskem grobišču lajh (stare 1980, t. 30: to the 420s or 430s and is assigned to a crew of federati 6; 69: 10; 91: 4; 110: 7; 121: 4). (Cavada 2002,151-155, Pls. X; Xi). k pasnim sponam 6. st. spada tudi masiven bronast all the above enumerated fittings are metal detec- ščitast trn ( t. 8: 6, detektorska najdba; prim. bitenc 2001, tor finds with the exception of the winged fitting ( Pl. kat. 185, 242). 8: 10) which was found in the inner walking surface of majhne spone s pravokotno oblikovanim obročem building 1 from phase la 2. ( t. 8: 2–5) so verjetno zapenjale obuvala ali torbice. le- a rectangular strap end made of two layers of žale so v plasti zunanje hodne površine stavbe ( t. 8: 4) bronze sheet ( Pl. 8: 17; Fig. 2.4) is decorated by a pearl in plasti faze Pa 2 ( t. 8: 2), druge pa v premešani plasti. border and an embossed depiction of stag hunt on ena je okrašena z znakom X, tri so brez okrasa. Časovno both sides. it was found in a layer of phase la 2. strap so postavljene večinoma v sredino in drugo polovico ends with a pearl border and figural decoration can be 6. st. in so pogoste na germanskem območju (losert, found on the cemeteries along the danubian limes and Pleterski 2003, 214; bierbrauer 1987, 168). in Pannonia, parallels for the motif and the making are bronasta pasna spona rombaste oblike z železnim found on casket decoration from female graves of the trnom ( t. 8: 7; sl. 2.5: 3), ki je bila najdena v ruševini, ima same area. especial y the high quality pieces obviously dobro primerjavo v grobu 253 na kranjskem grobišču na indicate that these are parts of military, probably officer’s lajhu (stare 1980, t. 77: 12; sl. 2.5: 1). obe sponi imata attire of the end of the 4th and the beginning of the 5th presek v obliki črke l in luknji za zakovici. kranjska century (Ciglenečki, milavec 2009, 179, 181, Pl. 1: 6; spona ima ščitast trn, zato lahko umestimo obe v 6. st. milavec 2011). Zelo podobna spona je bila najdena tudi v grobu 8 v klistićih pri tinjanu v istri, ki je s tremi sponami datiran v drugo polovico 6. st. (Šonje 1980–1981, t. i: 3; sl. 2.5: late antique belt sets 2). Rombasta spona je interpretirana kot spona torbice (Šonje 1980–1081, t. ii: 9; ibler 1991, 142). Belt buckles v majhen bronast pravokoten okvir okova spone ( t. 8: 1, detektorska najdba) so bili nekoč vstavljeni ka- a smal silver belt buckle ( Pl. 8: 8, metal detec- mni ali stekla, ki so izpadli. spona spada okvirno med tor find) belongs among single-piece mediterranean zgodnjebizantinske mediteranske spone s konca 5. in belt buckles of the 6th and 7th century. These usual y začetka 6. st., ki se pojavljajo v različicah s polkrožnimi, have a rectangular loop, while the one from tonovcov ledvičastimi in pravokotnimi okovi ter z več oblikami grad is oval. typological y it belongs among the earlier obročev, skupen pa jim je okras vloženih poldragih ones since in its form it resembles the late Roman belt 43 2_kovina.indd 43 23.1.2012 10:38:53 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds kamnov ali steklenih ploščic v okovu. tovrstne spone buckles with a triangular plate. it can be dated to the v dragocenih kovinah, z odebeljenimi obroči in moč- second half of the 6th century (vinski 1967, 41-50; vinski no presegajočimi trni se pojavijo v evropi v hunskem 1980, 24). Precise analogies could not be found, yet very obdobju, značilne pa so za celoten horizont predvsem comparable, also silver examples are quite frequent at bogatih grobov nomadskih in vzhodnogermanskih the cemetery lajh in kranj (stare 1980, Pls. 30: 6; 69: ljudstev iz sredine 5. st. 10; 91: 4; 110: 7; 121: 4). v drugi polovici 5. st. in začetku ali prvi polovici 6. a massive bronze shield-shaped tongue ( Pl. 8: 6, st. so te spone v nekoliko spremenjenih oblikah pogoste metal detector find) also belongs to belt buckles of the v merovinški evropi ter celotnem sredozemlju, upora- 6th century (cf. bitenc 2001, cat. nos. 185, 242). bljala naj bi jih različna germanska ljudstva (vzhodni small buckles with a rectangular loop ( Pl. 8: 2-5) in Zahodni goti, vandali itd.) in Romani, pripisujejo were probably used to fasten footwear or purses. They pa jim večinoma vzhodnorimski izvor (böhme 1994; were found in the outer walking surface of the building kazanski 1994). v sloveniji so bile najdene spone tega ( Pl. 8: 4) and in a layer of phase la 2 ( Pl. 8: 2), others in tipa v emoni (slabe 1978, sl. 5), na Zidanem gabru mixed layers. one is decorated by symbol X, three are nad mihovim in gradcu pri veliki strmici (Ciglenečki unornamented. They are mostly dated to the middle or 2008, sl. 13: 12; 14: 9). tonovškemu okovu oblikovno the second half of the 6th century and are also frequent najbližji (majhen pravokoten okov z dvema vmesnima in the german territory (losert, Pleterski 2003, 214; prekatoma ali okroglim poljem v sredini) je najden na bierbrauer 1987, 168). korinjskem hribu (vmesni prekati so morda izpadli: a bronze belt buckle of rhombic shape with an Ciglenečki 1994a, t. 9: 10). dve sponi z okovom brez iron tongue ( Pl. 8: 7; Fig. 2.5: 3) that was found in the vmesnih prekatov sta bili najdeni v grobovih 12 in 238 destruction layer has a good analogy in grave 253 at na kranjskem lajhu (stare 1980, t. 11: 1; 73: 13), še en the cemetery lajh in kranj (stare 1980, Pl. 77: 12; Fig. okov pa v grobu 21 na Rifniku (bolta 1981, t. 4: 11). 2.5: 1). both buckle loops have an l-shape cross section Širše primerjave kažejo, da se v grobovih pojavlja- and two holes for rivets. The buckle from kranj has a ta po dve sponi, od katerih je večja interpretirana kot shield-shaped tongue which could place both buckles pasna, manjša pa kot spona za pripenjanje spathe: Ra- into the 6th century. a very similar belt buckle was found kovčani, grob 33 (miletić 1970, t. iv: 33), Weimar, grob in grave 8 in klistići near tinjan in istria, which is – with 31 (schmidt 1970, 80–81), flonheim, grob 9 (menghin three other buckles – dated to the second half of the 1983, kat. 44), Capraia pri livornu (Ciampoltrino 1991, 6th century (Šonje 1980-1981, Pl. i: 3; Fig. 2.5: 2). The 54–59), precej podobne po okrasu, vendar večje, pa še v rhombic buckle is interpreted as a purse buckle (Šonje grobu 15 v deeresheimu (böhme 1994, sl. 8a) in grobu 1980-1981, Pl. ii: 9; ibler 1991, 142). 21 v Petersfingerju v angliji (böhme 1994, sl. 12). gemstones or glass which fel out were once inserted v nekaterih primerih, ko sta bili v grobu najdeni into the smal bronze rectangular frame of the buckle plate dve sponi različnih oblik, so manjše prepoznane kot ( Pl. 8: 1, metal detector find). The buckle belongs among spone torbic (npr. grob 8, klistići; Šonje 1980–1981, the early byzantine mediterranean belt buckles of the t. ii). glede na velikost (d. in š. pribl. 3 cm) in krhkost end of the 5th and the beginning of the 6th century. These tonovške spone menimo, da gre tudi tu za spono torbice. appear in variants with semicircular, kidney-shaped, and rectangular plates and with several loops hapes. Common to them al is the decoration of inserted cut semi-precious Pasni okovi stones or glass in the buckle plate. such belt buckles made of precious metals, with thickened loops and with masiven bronast pasni okov ( t. 8: 19) je bil najden a strongly surpassing tongues appear in europe in the v plasti faze Pa 2. period of the huns and are typical for the entire horizon of Pasni jeziček ( t. 8: 20) iz srebrne pločevine, najden primarily rich graves of nomadic and eastern germanic v plasti zunanje hodne površine stavbe, spada med peoples of the middle of the 5th century. bizantinskodobne zaključke jermenov, ki so viseli s in the second half of the 5th and the beginning or pasu. garniture so bile sestavljene iz velikega števila the first half of the 6th century in a slightly altered form jermenov z zaključki, ki so bili pogosto srebrni ali celo such buckles are frequent in the merovingian europe zlati, večinoma tudi okrašeni (Wamser 2004, 283–285). and the entire mediterranean and were supposedly used tonovški zaključek ni okrašen, vendar je dovolj tipičen, by various germanic peoples (eastern and Western da ga lahko uvrstimo v sklop omenjenih pasnih gar- goths, vandals etc.) and by the Romans, while they nitur konca s 6. in iz 7. st., ki so jih med drugim radi are mostly assigned eastern Roman origin (böhme uporabljali tudi avari. vrsta pasnih garnitur, h kateri bi 1994; kazanski 1994). in slovenia belt buckles of this lahko spadal, je postavljena v zgodnje avarsko obdobje type were found in emona (slabe 1978, fig. 5), Zidani (horizont 1 po breuerju; breuer 2005, 45–49), ki je gaber above mihovo, and gradec near velika strmica datirano v čas približno med 568 in 620/630. delno (Ciglenečki 2008, figs. 13: 12; 14: 9). The closest in form 44 2_kovina.indd 44 23.1.2012 10:38:53 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds (a smal rectangular buckle plate with two partitions or a round field in the centre) to the buckle plate from tonovcov grad was found at korinjski hrib (partitions could have fallen out: Ciglenečki 1994a, Pl. 9: 10). two buckle plates without partitions were found in graves 12 and 238 at the cemetery lajh in kranj (stare 1980, Pls. 11: 1; 73: 13) and another one in grave 21 at Rifnik (bolta 1981, Pl. 4: 11). broader comparisons show that two buckles appear in every grave, the bigger of the two is interpreted as a belt buckle, while the smaller one was used to fasten the spatha: Rakovčani, grave 33 (miletić 1970, Pl. iv: 33), Weimar, grave 31 (schmidt 1970, 80-81), flonheim, grave 9 (menghin 1983, cat. no. 44), Capraia near livorno (Ciampoltrino 1991, 54-59), and quite similar in decoration but bigger also in grave 15 in deeresheim (böhme 1994, fig. 8a), and grave 21 in Petersfinger in england (böhme 1994, fig. 12). sometimes when a grave reveals two buckles of various forms smaller buckles are recognised as purse buckles (e.g. grave 8, klistići; Šonje 1980-1981, Pl. ii). Considering the size (l. and w. ca. 3 cm) and fragility of the buckle plate from tonovcov grad we believe that this is also a purse buckle. Belt fittings a massive bronze belt fitting ( Pl. 8: 19) was found in a layer of phase la 2. a strap end ( Pl. 8: 20) made of silver sheet and found in the outer walking surface of the building be- longs among the byzantine period strap ends hung from the belt. belt sets were assembled from a large number of straps with strap ends which are often silver or even golden and are mostly also decorated (Wamser 2004, 283- 285). The strap end from tonovcov grad is not decorated but is typical enough to al ow the assignment among the above mentioned belt sets of the end of the 6th and 7th century, which were also favourite with the avars. The type of belt sets, to which it could belong, is dated to the early avar period (horizon 1 according to breuer; breuer 2005, 45-49), i.e. approximately between 568 and 620/630. Partly comparable golden strap end was found in the so-cal ed ‘golden grave’ from the mid-6th century at the cemetery lajh in kranj (knific 2001, cat. no. 216; bras kernel 2002, 127-128). Comparable, bigger and decorated strap ends were found at sadovec, the author repeats Werner’s dating into the last third of the 6th and the beginning of the 7th century (uenze 1992, 192). an l-shaped bronze ornamental fitting ( Pl. 8: Sl. 2.6: Rekonstrukcije torbic. 1 buissière, spontin, essigny-le- 18) was lying in a layer of phase la 2. its analogies are Petit, Wittislingen (po Werner 1950, sl. 25); 2 essigny-le-Petit found at cemeteries of the 6th century. similar fittings (po martin 1991, sl. 81). were found in graves 253 and 238 at the cemetery lajh Fig. 2.6: Reconstructions of purses. 1 buissière, spontin, essigny- le-Petit, Wittislingen (after Werner 1950, fig. 25); 2 essigny-le- in kranj (stare 1980, Pl. 77: 8), in grave 21 at Rifnik Petit (after martin 1991, fig. 81). (bolta1981, Pl. 4: 9), in lombard (?) grave 24b at brunn 45 2_kovina.indd 45 23.1.2012 10:38:54 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds primerljiv zlat pasni zaključek je bil najden v tako ime- am gebirge in lower austria (aspöck, stadler 2003, Pl. novanem “zlatem grobu” iz sredine 6. st. na kranjskem 19: 5-7), in grave 8 at klistići near tinjan in istria (Šonje grobišču na lajhu (knific 2001, kat. 216; bras kernel 1980-1981, Pl. ii: 9), and in female grave 5 at s. Cristina 2002, 127–128). Primerljivi, večji in okrašeni pasni di lozio (Riemer 2000, Pl. 40: 15-17). zaključki so bili najdeni na sadovcu, avtorica povzema Comparisons reveal that such fittings decorated Wernerjevo datacijo v zadnjo tretjino 6. in začetek 7. leather purses which were fastened by small buckles. st. (uenze 1992, 192). The most revealing are comparisons with otherwise bronasti okrasni okov v obliki črke l ( t. 8: 18) je approximately 100 years younger sites in belgium and ležal v plasti faze Pa 2. Primerjave ima na grobiščih 6. st. northern france (Werner 1950, 52-57; fig. 25; martin Podobni okovi so bili najdeni v grobovih 253 in 238 na 1991, fig. 81). Reconstructions of the purses clearly kranjskem grobišču lajh (stare 1980, t. 77: 8), v grobu show that they could have been fitted by one l-shaped 21 na Rifniku (bolta 1981, t. 4: 9), v langobardskem (?) fitting in each corner ( Fig. 2.6). grobu 24b v kraju brunn am gebirge v spodnji avstriji a fitting of a purse ( Pl. 8: 21) was also discovered, (aspöck, stadler 2003, t. 19: 5–7), v grobu 8 v klistićih such fittings are frequent in the 6th century (vinski pri tinjanu v istri (Šonje 1980–1981, t. ii: 9) in v žen- 1980, 26). skem grobu 5 v s. Cristini di lozio (Riemer 2000, t. 40: 15–17). Primerjave kažejo, da so takšni okovi krasili eaRly medieval belt sets usnjene torbice, ki so se zapenjale z majhnimi sponami. najbolj izpovedne so primerjave s sicer približno sto a cast bronze belt fitting ( Pl. 8: 23) found in a layer let mlajših najdišč v belgiji in severni franciji (Werner of burnt remains of phase la 2 within building 1 belongs 1950, 52–57; sl. 25; martin 1991, sl. 81). na rekonstruk- to the avar period belt sets, most probably of the late cijah torbic je lepo vidno, da so bile lahko okovane s po avar period (horizon 5 according to breuer). The late enim okovom v obliki črke l v vsakem vogalu ( sl. 2.6). avar period lasts approximately from 680 to 793, this odkrit je bil tudi okov torbice ( t. 8: 21), kakršni so belt fitting is dated probably to the beginning of the 8th bili pogosti v 6. st. (vinski 1980, 26). century (ca. 730; breuer 2005, 69-75). a bronze and gilt strap end ( Pl. 8: 22, metal detec- tor find) belongs among the early Carolingian objects, ZgodnjesRednjeveŠke Pasne gaRnituRe dated around 800. its parallels are found in istria, for example in sipar near umag, where a similar strap end ulit bronast pasni okov ( t. 8: 23), ki je ležal v žga- is dated to the 9th century (giesler 1974; marušić 1995, ninski plasti faze Pa 2 v stavbi 1, spada k avarskodobnim cat. no. 489, fig. 132). pasnim garnituram, najverjetneje poznega avarskega ob- dobja (horizont 5 po breuerju). Poznoavarsko obdobje traja približno med 680–793, ta pasni okov je datiran ConClusion verjetno v začetek 8. st. (pribl. 730; breuer 2005, 69–75). bronast in pozlačen ulit pasni jeziček ( t. 8: 22, late Roman belt sets ( Pls. 7: 3-7; 8: 9-17) are quite detektorska najdba) spada med zgodnjekarolinške numerous and represent the first late antiquity phase predmete, datirane okrog leta 800. Primerjave mu lahko (la 1: second half of the 4th and the beginning of the 5th najdemo v istri, na primer v siparu pri umagu, kjer je century), which is not wel noticeable in the architecture. podoben zaključek datiran v 9. st. (giesler 1974; marušić The rectangular strap end ( Pl.8: 17; Fig. 2.4) with a 1995, kat. 489, sl. 132). figural depiction is connected to similar finds of military attire along the danubian limes and Pannonia around 400. The belt buckle with a stamped ornament ( Pl. 7: 6) skleP can also reach into the 5th century. We were unable to find good parallels for the unusual end fitting ( Pl. 8: 16) Poznorimska pasna oprema ( t. 7: 3–7; 8: 9–17) je and an elongated fitting with a raised central part (belt- dobro zastopana in predstavlja poznoantično fazo 1 slide; Pl. 8: 15) but they also belong to the time around (druga polovica 4. in začetek 5. st.), ki v arhitekturi sicer 400. other late Roman finds, which include pottery ni dobro opazna. (see chapter. 4.1) and coins (see chapter 5), are also Pravokotni jermenski zaključek ( t. 8: 17; sl. 2.4) s well represented at tonovcov grad. but it is the belt set figuralno upodobitvijo se navezuje na podobne najdbe remains that point to the presence of a military garrison vojaške noše ob podonavskem limesu in Panoniji okrog at the settlement in the time after the abandonment of leta 400. tudi pasna spona z žigosanim ornamentom Claustra (see tonovcov grad. settlement remains and ( t. 7: 6) prav tako lahko sega še v 5. st. nenavadnima interpretation, chapter 1.5). končnemu ( t. 8: 16) in podolgovatemu okovu s privzdi- 46 2_kovina.indd 46 23.1.2012 10:38:54 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds gnjenim srednjim delom ( t. 8: 15) nam ni uspelo najti The time from the end of the 5th to the beginning dobrih primerjav, segata pa prav tako v čas okrog leta of the 7th century (phase la 2) is represented by iron 400. tudi druge poznorimske najdbe, to so keramika buckles without a plate ( Pl. 7: 11-16,18-27), which (glej pogl. 4.1) in novci (glej pogl. 5), so na tonovcovem are typical for autochthonous Romanized sites. We gradu dobro zastopane. Prav ostanki pasov pa kažejo na frequently encounter the smaller buckles ( Pl. 8: 2-5) at prisotnost vojaške posadke v postojanki v času po opu- merovingian cemeteries. The plate frame of a smal early stitvi klavster (glej tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki byzantine mediterranean buckle ( Pl. 8: 1) which can be in interpretacija, pogl. 1.5). assigned to the end of the 5th or the beginning of the Čas od konca 5. do začetka 7. st. (faza Pa 2) pred- 6th century belongs among the early byzantine objects. stavljajo železne pasne spone brez okova ( t. 7: 11–16,18– The l-shaped purse fitting ( Pl. 8: 18) also belongs to the 27), ki so značilne za staroselska najdišča. manjše spone same time or even later. ( t. 8: 2–5) večkrat srečamo na merovinških grobiščih. The small rhombic buckle ( Pl. 8: 7; Fig. 2.5) be- med zgodnjebizantinske predmete spada okvir okova longing to the 6th century or even its second half also male zgodnjebizantinske mediteranske spone ( t. 8: 1), represents a purse buckle. The second half of the 6th ki bi jo lahko postavili v konec 5. ali začetek 6. st. v ta century is represented also by the small silver mediter- čas in še pozneje lahko spada tudi okov torbice v obliki ranean buckle ( Pl. 8: 8). The strap end made of silver črke l ( t. 8: 18). sheet ( Pl. 8: 20) could represent the byzantine or even spono torbice predstavlja tudi mala rombasta avar presence at the end of the 6th and the beginning spona ( t. 8: 7; sl. 2.5) iz 6. st., lahko celo njegove druge of the 7th century. polovice. druga polovica 6. st. je zastopana še z malo two early medieval pieces belong to the time after srebrno mediteransko spono ( t. 8: 8). jermenski za- the abandonment of the late antique settlement. The ključek iz srebrne pločevine ( t. 8: 20) lahko predstavlja fitting ( Pl. 8: 23) was found in a layer of phase la 2 (su bizantinsko ali celo avarsko prisotnost konca 6. in 11), dated to the end of the 5th and the 6th century, but začetka 7. st. it probably slid from the higher above situated early dva zgodnjesrednjeveška kosa spadata v čas po medieval layer (su 10) which is primarily due to the opustitvi poznoantične naselbine. okov ( t. 8: 23) je bil segmented bead ( Pl. 4: 10) dated to the time around sicer najden v plasti faze Pa 2 (se 11), datirane v konec 800. typological y the fitting is earlier but in slovenia 5. in 6. st., vendar je najverjetneje zdrsel iz višje ležeče it is characteristic for the objects of the avar period to zgodnjesrednjeveške plasti (se 10), ki je predvsem s appear in later contexts, supposedly as traces of those štiridelno jagodo ( t. 4: 10) datirana v čas okrog leta 800. who returned with the loot from the frankish-avar wars tipološko je okov starejši, vendar je za avarskodobne at the end of the 8th century (Pleterski 1999, 370). The predmete v sloveniji značilno, da se pojavljajo v kasnej- Carolingian strap end ( Pl. 8: 22) is a chance find and ših kontekstih, domnevno kot sledovi tistih, ki so se s its connection to the early medieval settlement in the plenom vrnili iz frankovsko-avarskih vojn konec 8. st. building is questionable (see tonovcov grad. settlement (Pleterski 1999, 370). karolinškodobni zaključek ( t. 8: remains and interpretation, chapter 2.2.4). 22) je naključna najdba, njegova povezava z zgodnjesre- dnjeveško poselitvijo v stavbi je vprašljiva (glej tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, pogl. 2.2.4). 2.1.4 WeaPonRy WeaPons and hoRse equiPment 2.1.4 oRoŽje 1st-3Rd CentuRy oRoŽje in oPRema jeZdeCa in konja 1.–3. st. a bronze link with an iron rivet ( Pl. 9: 1) – a part of a Roman period chain mail of type lorica hamata (van der v plasti faze Pa 2 je ležal bronast členek z železno sanden 1993, fig. 9) was found in a layer of phase la 2.8 zakovico ( t. 9: 1), del rimskodobnega verižnega oklepa a round ornamented bronze fitting ( Pl. 9: 2) deco- tipa lorica hamata (van der sanden 1993, sl. 9).8 rated the straps of horse equipment (cf. deimel 1987, okrogel okrašen bronast okov ( t. 9: 2) je krasil jer- 97, Pl. 84: 13). mene konjske oprave (prim. deimel 1987, 97, t. 84: 13). it is impossible to assign the precise shape of the slabo ohranjeni železni ostrogi ( t. 9: 3) ni mogoče poorly preserved iron spur ( Pl. 9: 3), the best resem- določiti natančne oblike, še najbolj ji je podoben pol- blance is recognised to the half-finished spur from izdelek ostroge s Štalenške gore na koroškem (dolenz magdalensberg in Carinthia (dolenz 1998, 99, Pl. 23: 1998, 99, t. 23: m249). m249). 8 8 večji kos takšnega oklepa je bil po naključju odkrit pri a bigger piece of such chain mail was found by chance obhodu najdišča poleti 2010, za zdaj je shranjen v narodnem during the rounds of the site in the summer of 2010 and is for muzeju slovenije. the time being kept at the narodni muzej slovenije. 47 2_kovina.indd 47 23.1.2012 10:38:55 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds PoZnoRimsko obdobje late Roman PeRiod v premešani plasti je ležala svinčena obloga rimske in a mixed layer a lead weight of a Roman plumbata plumbate ( t. 9: 4). Plumbate je v 4. in na začetku 5. st. ( Pl. 9: 4) was found. Plumbatae were in the 4th and at uporabljala redna vojska, posebno pogoste pa so bile the beginning of the 5th century used by regular army prav na območju severne italije, slovenije in severne and are especial y frequent in the area of northern italy, hrvaške (buora 1997, 240–242). slovenia, and northern Croatia (buora 1997, 240-242). Železna ost kopja ( t. 9: 5, detektorska najdba) s The iron spearhead ( Pl. 9: 5, metal detector find) tordiranim vratom in verjetno odlomljeno zalustjo ima with a twisted neck and probably broken-off barb has primerjavo na brinjevi gori nad Zrečami (Ciglenečki a comparison at brinjeva gora above Zreče (Ciglenečki 1994a, t. 2: 14). Podobne, vendar brez tordiranja, so 1994a, Pl. 2: 14). similar but not twisted spearheads were našli na ančnikovem gradišču pri jurišni vasi, v emoni also found at ančnikovo gradišče near jurišna vas, in in na invil inu (strmčnik 1997, t. 3: 8; sivec 1997, t. emona, and at invillino (strmčnik 1997, Pl. 3: 8; sivec 1: 2–3; bierbrauer 1987, t. 171: 3). tovrstna kopja je 1997, Pl. 1: 2-3; bierbrauer 1987, Pl. 171: 3). such spears uporabljala rimska vojska v 4. in 5. stoletju (feugère were used by the army during the 4th and 5th century 1996, 273). (feugère 1996, 273). PoZna antika late antiquity od obrambnega orožja so bile v premešanih pla- belonging to the defensive weapons, four halves steh najdene štiri polovice lamel lamelarnega oklepa of lamel ar armour plates ( Pl. 11: 3-6), such as were ( t. 11: 3–6), kakršnega so uporabljali v 6. stoletju poleg besides the eastern peoples used also in other parts vzhodnjaških ljudstev tudi v drugih delih evrope (lebe- of europe during the 6th century (lebedinsky 2001, dinsky 2001, 187; bugarski 2005). takšne lamele so bile 187; bugarski 2005), were found in mixed layers. such najdene tudi na nekaterih drugih slovenskih višinskih lamel ae were found also at some other slovenian hil - naselbinah, na Zidanem gabru nad mihovim (bitenc top settlements, at Zidani gaber above mihovo (bitenc 2001, kat. 236), na Rifniku (Pirkmajer 2001, kat. 238) 2001, cat. no. 236), at Rifnik (Pirkmajer 2001, cat. no. in na gradišču nad bašljem (bitenc 2001, kat. 226). 238), and at gradišče above bašelj (bitenc 2001, cat. dva v celoti ohranjena lamelarna oklepa sta bila pred no. 226). two completely preserved lamel ar armours nedavnim odkrita v kranju v stolpu ob obzidju iz druge were recently found in kranj, in the tower along the polovice 6. st. (odar 2006, 263). defensive wal from the second half of the 6th century majhen bronast okov ( t. 11: 8) je bil najden v plasti (odar 2006, 263). faze Pa 2. spominja na okove ščita, zelo podobna okova a smal bronze fitting ( Pl. 11: 8) was found in a layer sta bila najdena na primer v gültlingenu, datirana sta of phase la 2. it resembles the fittings of a shield, two v zgodnjemerovinško obdobje (quast 1993, 51–54). very similar objects were found, for example, in gült- na območju sosednje stavbe (objekt št. 26; sl. 1.1) je lingen and are dated to the early merovingian period bil najden tudi dolg dvorezen meč – spatha ( t. 11: 10, de- (quast 1993, 51-54). tektorska najdba). njegova konica ni ohranjena, sedanja in the area of the neighbouring building (building dolžina meča je 60 cm, širina pa 4,8 cm. ohranjen je trnast no. 26; Fig. 1.1) a long double-edged sword – a spatha ročaj, ki je na koncu upognjen. obloga ročaja in nožnica ( Pl. 11: 10, metal detector find) was found. The point niso ohranjeni, zato je najdbo težko časovno umestiti. of the sword is not preserved, the present length is 60 Širše ga lahko postavimo v čas med konec 5. st. in 7. st. cm, width 4.8 cm. The tanged grip which is bent at the (prim. knific 2001, kat. 249, 267, 268). Razen spathe je bil end is preserved. Parts of the handle and sheath are not najden tudi ščitnik meča ( t. 11: 9, detektorska najdba). Za preserved hence the find is difficult to date. broadly it zdaj nam ni uspelo najti mu ustreznih primerjav. can be assigned to the time between the end of the 5th and the 7th century (cf. knific 2001, cat. nos. 249, 267, 268). a sword-grip ferrule ( Pl. 11: 9, metal detector Puščične osti find) was also discovered. appropriate analogies have yet not been found. Štirinajst osti je s trokrilno konico ( t. 9: 6–19). leža- le so v plasteh faze Pa 2 ( t. 9: 9,13,15,18) in premešanih plasteh ( t. 9: 6–8,10–12,14,16–17,19). krilca so v nekate- Arrowheads rih primerih vitke ovalne oblike ( t. 9: 7–8,13,18), druga pa so bolj rombično oblikovana. Pri nekaterih osteh je fourteen arrowheads have trilobate heads ( Pl. prehod med vratom in krilci poudarjen ( t. 9: 16–17,19). 9: 6-19). They lay in the layers of phase la 2 ( Pl. 9: 48 2_kovina.indd 48 23.1.2012 10:38:55 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds Poznoantične trokrilne osti so avtorji pogosto 9,13,15,18) and mixed layers ( Pl. 9: 6-8,10-12,14,16- pripisovali hunom in avarom ali vsaj njihovemu vpli- 17,19). lobes are sometimes of a narrow oval shape vu, u. von freeden pa je poskusila ločiti avarske osti od ( Pl. 9: 7-8,13,18), others are more rhombic. in some sredozemsko-bizantinskih v poznorimski tradiciji (fre- arrowheads the transition between the neck and the eden 1991). ugotovila je, da lahko večino trokrilnih osti lobesis pronounced ( Pl. 9: 16-17,19). zunaj avarskega območja umestimo v vzhodnorimski various authors have attributed late antique tri- krog, avarske osti naj bi se pojavljale omejeno in šele v lobate arrowheads to the huns and avars or at least to 7. oziroma v drugi tretjini 7. st. their influence, while u. von freeden tried to separate med sredozemsko-bizantinske lahko uvrstimo the avar arrowheads from the mediterranean-byzantine tudi tonovške trokrilne puščične osti. v. bierbrauer ones in the late Roman tradition (freeden 1991). she meni, da so trokrilne osti najpogostejše puščične osti v discovered that most of the trilobate arrowheads outside langobardskih grobovih v italiji in zato predvsem lango- the avar territory can be seen as eastern Roman, the avar bardskodobne (bierbrauer 1987, 170–171). Pogoste so arrowheads supposedly occurred in a limited area and tudi v poznoantičnih naselbinah v sloveniji (Ciglenečki not before the 7th or the second third of the 7th century. 1994a, t. 9: 18–19; 10a: 17–18; 11: 16–17). dodaten ar- trilobate arrowheads from tonovcov grad also be- gument za tako časovno opredelitev je tudi odsotnost long among the mediterranean-byzantine arrowheads. tega tipa osti na naselbini iz konca 4. in začetka 5. st. na v. bierbrauer believes that trilobate arrowheads are the kuzelinu (sokol 1998). most frequent arrowheads in the lombard graves in dvanajst osti ima ploščato konico ( t. 9: 20–23; t. italy and thus primarily belong to the lombard period 10: 8–15). ležale so v plasteh faze Pa 2 ( t. 9: 21–22; 10: (bierbrauer 1987, 170-171). They often appear also in 10–11,14), zgodnjesrednjeveški plasti ( t. 10: 13) in preme- the late antique settlements in slovenia (Ciglenečki šanih plasteh ( t. 9: 20,23; 10: 8–9,12,15). te osti so časovno 1994a, Pls. 9: 18-19; 10a: 17-18; 11: 16-17). an additional težko opredeljive, ker so si med seboj zelo različne in se argument for such dating is also the absence of this type pojavljajo v zelo dolgem časovnem obdobju, od antike of arrowheads at settlements of the end of the 4th and do srednjega veka. do sedaj nam ni uspelo ugotoviti, ali the beginning of the 5th century at kuzelin (sokol 1998). so imele razlike med širokolistno, ozkolistno, trikotno twelve arrowheads have a flat head ( Pls. 9: 20-23; 10: in rombično obliko konice funkcionalen ali kronološki 8-15). They lay in layers of phase la 2 ( Pls. 9: 21-22; 10: pomen. med dvanajstimi konicami z območja stavbe 1 10-11,14), the early medieval layer ( Pl. 10: 13), and mixed jih je šest s trikotno ploščato konico, dve s tulcem ( t. 9: layers ( Pls. 9: 20,23; 10: 8-9,12,15). These arrowheads are 23 ; t. 10: 13), tri s trnom ( t. 9: 20–21 ; t. 10: 11), ena pa ima difficult to date because they are very different from one spodnji del odlomljen ( t. 9: 22). tri osti imajo širokolistno another and appear throughout a very long time period, ploščato konico ( t. 10: 10,14,15), dve pa rombično plošča- from the antiquity to the middle ages. so far we have to konico ( t. 10: 8–9), kakršne so pogoste v kontekstih iz been unable to define whether the differences between the staromadžarskega obdobja (prim. nepper 1996, sl. 8). na wide-leafed, narrow-leafed, triangular, and rhombic shape tonovcovem gradu so bile najdene štiri takšne osti, dve of the head had a functional or chronological meaning. na območju stavbe 1 v premešani plasti ( t. 10: 8–9) in dve out of twelve arrowheads from the area of building 1 v zgornjih ruševinskih plasteh severne in južne cerkve ( t. six have a triangular flat head, two of them are socketed 47: 4; 49: 10; glej pogl. 2.3), vendar je vprašljivo, ali so res arrowheads ( Pls. 9: 23 ; 10: 13), three are tanged ( Pls. 9: tako pozne. Širokolistne osti z rombično ploščato konico 20-21 ; 10: 11), and the bottom part of one is broken-off in trnom se na poznoantičnih najdiščih v sloveniji sicer ( Pl. 9: 22). Three arrowheads have a wide-leafed flathead pojavljajo (na lajhu v kranju: stare 1980: t. 52: 4; 125: 3,5; ( Pl. 10: 10,14-15). two arrowheads have a rhombic flat Zidani gaber nad mihovim: Ciglenečki 1994a, t. 12: 12), head ( Pl. 10: 8-9), such as often appear in contexts from vendar so redke ter daljše in ožje, ne pa v obliki pravilnega the magyar period (cf. nepper 1996, fig. 8). at tonovcov romba kot je značilno za staromadžarske osti. grad four such arrowheads were found, two in the area sedem puščičnih osti ima konico kvadratnega pre- of building 1 in a mixed layer ( Pl. 10: 8-9) and two in the seka ( t. 10: 1–7), dve s tulcem ( t. 10: 1–2), pet s trnom ( t. upper destruction layers of the north and south church 10: 3–7). Puščica ( t. 10: 7) je bila najdena v plasti faze Pa ( Pls. 47: 4; 49: 10; see chapter 2.3). nevertheless, it remains 1, ostale so ležale v plasteh faze Pa 2 (t. 10: 1–4,6) in pre- questionable whether they real y are so late. Wide-leafed mešani plasti ( t. 10: 5). Za osti s kvadratnim presekom naj arrowheads with a rhombic flat head and a tang do appear bi veljala podobna datacija kot za osti s trokrilno konico. on slovenian late antique sites (lajh in kranj: stare 1980: von freednova jih glede na pogosto pojavljanje skupaj Pls. 52: 4; 125: 3,5; Zidani gaber above mihovo: Ciglenečki postavlja prav tako v sredozemsko-vzhodnorimski krog 1994a, Pl. 12: 12), but they are rare and longer and nar- 6. in 7. st. (freeden 1991, 605–609). spadajo med masiv- rower in shape, not similar to rhombic heads typical of nejše osti, ki naj bi bile primerne za prebijanje oklepov the magyar period. in so se lahko prožile z loka (manjše osti), samostrela ali seven arrowheads have a square-section head katapulta (večje osti; bierbrauer 1987, 171). v jugovzhod- ( Pl. 10: 1-7), two are socketed ( Pl. 10: 1-2), and five 49 2_kovina.indd 49 23.1.2012 10:38:55 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds noalpskem prostoru so datirane drugače. v sloveniji are tanged ( Pl. 10: 3-7). an arrowhead ( Pl. 10: 7) was so bile osti s kvadratnim presekom s trnom najdene na found in a layer of phase la 1, others lay in layers of tinju nad loko pri Žusmu (Ciglenečki 2000, t. 1: 21–26), phase la 2 ( Pl. 10: 1-4,6) and a mixed layer ( Pl. 10: 5). ančnikovem gradišču (strmčnik 1997, t. 3: 9; 5: 8,14), arrowheads with a square cross section are considered brinjevi gori (Pahič 1981, t. 4: 6), Rifniku (bolta 1981, similar to the arrowheads with a trilobatehead. freeden t. 25: 99), v zakladni najdbi s Puštala nad trnjem (Štukl assigns them, since they frequently appear together, to 2004, t. 2: 6–7), na korinjskem hribu ter na hrvaškem the mediterranean-east Roman circle of the 6th and 7th na kuzelinu (sokol 1994, t. 2: 1–6; sokol 1998, 23–25). s. century (freeden 1991, 605-609). They belong among Ciglenečki glede na ta najdišča in še nekaj drugih, ki jih the more massive arrowheads which were supposedly omenja (Rodik, ludbreg, varaždinske toplice, ljubljana: appropriate for piercing armours and could be shot from Ciglenečki 2000, 55–56), sklepa, da so tovrstne puščične a bow (smaller arrowheads), a crossbow, or a catapult konice značilne prav za konec 4. in prvo polovico 5. st. to (bigger arrowheads; bierbrauer 1987, 171). in the south- datacijo potrjujejo tudi najdbe s frauenberga nad lipnico estern alps these are dated differently. in slovenia tanged (steinklauber 2002, grob 229, t. 63: 7–24; 64: 25–43). arrowheads with a square cross section of the head were dve osti imata ploščato konico in le vrh rombič- found at tinje above loka pri Žusmu (Ciglenečki 2000, nega preseka ter poudarjen prehod v trn ( t. 10: 16–17), Pl. 1: 21-26), ančnikovo gradišče (strmčnik 1997, Pls. ležali sta v plasti faze Pa 2 ( t. 10: 16) in premešani plasti 3: 9; 5: 8,14), brinjeva gora (Pahič 1981, Pl. 4: 6), Rifnik ( t. 10: 17). ta redek tip puščičnih osti je edini, ki naj bi (bolta 1981, Pl. 25: 99), in a hoard from Puštal, and trnje se ga dalo natančneje datirati. u. von freeden ga datira (Štukl 2004, Pl. 2: 6-7) on korinj ski hrib, and in Croatia sočasno s trokrilnimi ostmi s piramidastim vrhom, ka- at kuzelin (sokol 1994, Pl. 2: 1-6; sokol 1998, 23-25). kršne na tonovcovem gradu niso bile najdene, v konec s. Ciglenečki, according to these and some other sites ali zadnjo tretjino 6. st. (freeden 1991, 602–604). that he mentions (Rodik, ludbreg, varaždinske toplice, ost ( t. 11: 1) izstopa po obliki, trikoten ploščat list se ljubljana: Ciglenečki 2000, 55-56), concludes that such namreč proti vrhu osti odebeli. Primerljive puščične osti arrowheads are characteristic of the end of the 4th and so bile najdene na sadovcu v kontekstih justinijanskega the first half of the 5th century. This dating is supported kastela, ki je bil zgrajen v štiridesetih letih 6. st. Predvi- also by the finds from frauenberg above leibnitz (stein- doma lahko torej postavimo osti v 6. stol. ali celo njegovo klauber 2002, grave 229, Pls. 63: 7-24; 64: 25-43). drugo polovico (uenze 1992, 94–97, t. 40: 51–52). two arrowheads have a flat head with a tip of rhom- ost ( t. 11: 2) ima dvokrilno konico in tulec, ležala bic cross section and a pronounced transition to the tang je v zgodnjesrednjeveški plasti v stavbi 1. ( Pl. 10: 16-17). They were found in a layer of phase la 2 od puščične osti ( t. 9: 24) se je v plasti faze Pa 2 ( Pl. 10: 16) and a mixed layer ( Pl. 10: 17). This rare type ohranil le tulec. of arrowheads is the only one that we are supposed to be able to date more precisely. u. von freeden dates it Puščične osti so seveda uporabljali tudi za lov, contemporary to trilobate arrowheads with a pyramidal vendar izsledki študij srednjeveškega gradiva kažejo, tip, which do not appear at tonovcov grad, to the end or da so se v ta namen uporabljale drugačne oblike osti the last third of the 6th century (freeden 1991, 602-604). kot za boj (jessop 1996). Poleg tega je analiza živalskih an arrowhead ( Pl. 11: 1) stands out regarding its kostnih ostankov pokazala, da je bila na tonovcovem shape, namely, the triangular flat head thickens towards gradu najdena le zanemarljiva količina ostankov lov- the tip. Comparable arrowheads were found at sadovec nih živali, večinoma jelena (glej pogl. 8). tako lahko in the context of justinian’s fort built in the 540s. Thus sklepamo, da so najdene puščične osti dejansko služile these arrowheads can be assigned to the 6th century or v vojaške namene. glede na razprostranjenost osti v even its second half (uenze 1992, 94-97, Pl. 40: 51-52). prostoru ne moremo podati posebnih ugotovitev, ležale an arrowhead ( Pl. 11: 2) has a bilobate head (swal- so pred stavbo 1 in vzhodno od nje, kjer je bila sicer low tail) and a socket, it was found in the early medieval zgoščena večina drobnega gradiva iz faze Pa 2 (prim. layer in building 1. tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, only a socket remains from an arrowhead ( Pl. 9: pogl. 3.1, sl. 3.15). da so bile verjetno uporabljene pri 24) in a layer of phase la 2. napadu na naselbino, lahko sklepamo predvsem zaradi tistih osti, ki imajo poškodovane vrhove konic (npr. t. arrowheads were natural y also used for hunting 9: 7,11,13,21,23; 10: 11). but the results of the studies of medieval material show that a different form of arrowheads was used for this večja ost rombastega preseka s tulom predstavlja purpose than for battle (jessop 1996). The analysis of glede na primerjave s sadovca (uenze 1992, t. 41: 18) animal remains revealed that a negligible number of wild katapultni izstrelek ( t. 11: 7). Primerljivi bolgarski izstre- animal remains, mostly deer (see chapter 8), were found at lek je bil najden v kontekstu sredine ali druge polovice tonovcov grad. Thus we can conclude that the discovered 6. st. (uenze 1992, 97), tonovški primerek pa je ležal v arrowheads were indeed used for military purposes. The 50 2_kovina.indd 50 23.1.2012 10:38:55 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds spatial distribution of arrowheads did not present any special conclusions, they lay in front of building 1 and to the east of it, where concentrations of al smal finds in phase la 2 are observed (cf. tonovcov grad. settlement remains and interpretation, chapter 3.1, fig. 3.15). That they were used in the attack on the settlement can be noticed especial y in those arrowheads, the tips of which are damaged (e.g. Pls. 9: 7,11,13,21,23; 10: 11). a bigger socketed head of a rhombic cross section, considering the paral els from sadovec (Uenze 1992, Pl. 41: 18), represents a catapult projectile ( Pl. 11: 7). The bulgarian analogy was found in the context of the middle or the second half of the 6th century (Uenze1992, 97), the example from tonovcov grad was lying in a mixed layer. This form of the projectile appears through a long period of time, the object can also be, considering its Sl. 2.7: najdba delov rala v stavbi 1 ( t. 14: 1–2; foto: s. Cigle- position, earlier or later. nečki.) Fig. 2.7: Parts of a plough found in building 1 ( Pl. 14: 1-2; photo: s. Ciglenečki.) 2.1.5 tools premešani plasti. sama oblika izstrelka je dolgotrajna, 1st-3rd CentUry predmet je glede na lego lahko tudi starejši ali mlajši. a bronze knife grip-guard ( Pl. 12: 1) which was lying in a mixed layer (istenič 1999, 69, fig. 55) belongs 2.1.5 orodje among the early antique finds from the second half of the 1st and the 2nd century. 1.–3. st. bronast ščitnik za ročaj noža ( t. 12: 1), ki je ležal late antiqUity v premešani plasti, spada med zgodnje antične najdbe druge polovice 1. in 2. st. (istenič 1999, 69, sl. 55). Agricultural tools in a mixed layer two parts of a scythe ( Pl. 12: 2-3) Pozna antika were found. Col ar ferrules ( Pl. 12: 4-11) were lying in a layer Poljedeljsko orodje of phase la 1 ( Pl. 12: 7), in the inner walking surface of the building ( Pl. 12: 6), layers of phase la 2 ( Pl. 12: v premešani plasti sta bila najdena dva dela kose 4,10), and in mixed layers ( Pl. 12: 5,8-9,11). ( t. 12: 2–3). a sickle ( Pl. 13: 7, metal detector find) is not kosirji ( t. 12: 4–11) so ležali v plasti faze Pa 1 ( t. completely preserved. it has a slightly curved blade and 12: 7), plasti notranje hodne površine stavbe ( t. 12: 6), belongs to group H1 according to j. Henning. sickles plasteh faze Pa 2 ( t. 12: 4,10) in v premešanih plasteh of this group are not precisely dated since they appear ( t. 12: 5,8–9,11). from the 1st century onwards (Henning 1987, 43, 86-91). srp ( t. 13: 7, detektorska najdba) ni v celoti ohranjen. Parts of a plough, a share and a coulter ( Pl. 14: 1-2) ima rahlo upognjeno rezilo in spada v skupino H1 po j. were found in the layer of fallen-off plaster along the Henningu. srpi te skupine časovno niso izpovedni, saj se corner of wal s no. 2 and 3 within building 1 ( Fig. 2.7). pojavljajo že od 1. st. dalje (Henning 1987, 43, 86–91). a chain ( Pl. 14: 3) could belong to a plough. dela rala, lemež in črtalo ( t. 14: 1–2), sta bila najde- Three out of six bent fittings with small holes ( Pls. na v plasti padlega ometa v vogalu zidov 2 in 3 v stavbi 1 12: 12-13; 13: 1-4), the function of which is yet to be ( sl. 2.7). k ralu morda spada tudi veriga ( t. 14: 3). determined, lay in the outer walking surface of building od šestih usločenih okovov z luknjicami ( t. 12: 1 ( Pl.13: 3) and in the layer of phase la 2 ( Pls.12: 12; 13: 12–13; t. 13: 1–4), katerih funkcija še ni pojasnjena, 4). The context of other three is unknown. The opinion so trije ležali v plasti zunanje hodne površine stavbe 1 of s. Ciglenečki that the fittings are component parts of ( t. 13: 3) in v plasti faze Pa 2 ( t. 12: 12; 13: 4), za ostale a plough is based on the fact that three were found in 51 2_kovina.indd 51 23.1.2012 11:50:41 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds pa kontekst ni znan. mnenje s. Ciglenečkega, da so ti the hoard at tinje above loka pri Žusmu, together with okovi sestavni deli rala, temelji na dejstvu, da so bili trije a plough share and chain (božič, Ciglenečki 1995, 262). najdeni v zakladni najdbi na tinju nad loko pri Žusmu finds from other sites do not confirm this thesis. at skupaj z lemežem in gredeljnico (božič, Ciglenečki 1995, korinjski hrib four such fittings were found (Ciglenečki 262). najdbe na drugih najdiščih ne potrjujejo te teze. 1985, Pl. 2: 35-36, two are unpublished). They were na korinjskem hribu so bili najdeni štirje (Ciglenečki found one in each tower while not many other tools 1985, t. 2: 35–36, dva sta neobjavljena), v vsakem stolpu were found at the settlement. The situation at korinjski po eden, v naselbini pa ni bilo najdenega veliko drugega hrib thus indicates that the function of these fittings was orodja. situacija na korinjskem hribu tako nakazuje za te primarily connected to the parts of buildings or some- okove bolj funkcijo v zvezi z deli zgradb oz. nečim, kar thing present in every tower. The manner in which they je bilo prisotno v vsakem stolpu. Poseben je tudi način were attached is also special. namely, the holes in the fit- njihove pritrditve. luknje v okovih namreč kažejo na tings indicate that the nails were through them attached to, da so bili žeblji pritrjeni skoznje tako, da usločen del thus that the bent part of the fitting did not fit the base okova ni legel na podlago, temveč je štrlel stran od nje, but projected away from it, as was stated already by s. na kar sta opozorila že s. Ciglenečki in d. božič (božič, Ciglenečki and d. božič (božič, Ciglenečki 1995, 262). Ciglenečki 1995, 262). Wood processing Obdelava lesa two semicircular blades ( Pl. 13: 5-6; metal detector najdeni sta bili dve polkrožni rezili ( t. 13: 5–6; finds) were found. such blades were once believed to be detektorski najdbi). Za tovrstna rezila je veljalo, da so used for the cutting of leather but recent research shows se uporabljala za rezanje usnja, vendar novejše raziskave that at least some of them had a different purpose. Those kažejo, da so imela vsaj nekatera drugačen namen. Pol- semicircular blades which have teeth bent crosswise (as krožna, ki imajo zobce ukrivljene navzkriž (kot t. 13: 6), Pl. 13: 6) are supposed to represent coopering tools for naj bi bila sodarsko orodje za vrezovanje utorov (sagadin incising mortises (sagadin 2000, 206). stil , most of such 2000, 206). večino tovrstnih rezil z ravnimi zobci (kot t. blades with straight teeth (as Pl. 13: 5) can continue to be 13: 5) pa lahko še naprej razumemo kot rezila za usnje. interpreted as blades for leather cutting. in slovenia such v sloveniji so bila taka orodja najdena še v zakladu z tools were also found in the hoard from grdavov hrib grdavovega hriba (zobci navzkriž; sagadin 2000, t. 2: 7), (crosswise teeth; sagadin2000, Pl. 2: 7), in building 6 at v objektu 6 na tinju nad loko pri Žusmu (ravni zobci; tinje aboveloka pri Žusmu (straight teeth; Ciglenečki Ciglenečki 2000, t. 5: 9) ter na korinjskem hribu (ravni 2000, Pl. 5: 9), and at korinjski hrib (straight teeth; zobci; Ciglenečki 1985, t. 3: 38). Ciglenečki 1985, Pl. 3: 38). ukrivljeno rezilo za dolbenje lesa ( t. 28: 14; detek- a bent blade for chisel ing-outwood ( Pl. 28: 14; torska najdba) ima prav tako neposredne primerjave z metal detector find) also has direct analogies with modernim nožem za dolbenje lesenih posod (sagadin modern knives for chisel ing-outwooden vessel (sagadin 2000, sl. 2). 2000,fig. 2). tudi poškodovan železen predmet spominja na a damaged iron object also resembles tools for orodje za dolbenje lesa ( t. 21: 15, detektorska najdba). wood chiselling ( Pl. 21: 15, metal detector find). dve podaljšani čeli sekir ( t. 14: 4–5) sta ležali v two extended axe pol s ( Pl. 14: 4-5) were lying in a premešani plasti. trije odlomki rezil ( t. 14: 6–8), ki so mixed layer. Three blade fragments ( Pl. 14: 6-8), which bili najdeni v plasteh faze Pa 2 ( t. 14: 6–7) in premešani were found in layers of phase la 2 ( Pl. 14: 6-7) and a plasti, so verjetno deli sekir. mixed layer, are probably parts of axes. v plasteh faze Pa 2 ( t. 15: 2,7), zgodnjesrednejeve- in layers of phase la 2 ( Pl. 15: 2,7), the early me- ški ( t. 15: 4) in premešani plasti ( t. 15: 1, 3,5–6,8) so bili dieval ( Pl. 15: 4) and mixed layer ( Pl. 15: 1,3,5-6,8) four najdeni štirje spiralni ( t. 15: 1–4) in štirje žličasti svedri drill ( Pl. 15: 1-4) and four spoon bits of augers ( Pl. 15: ( t. 15: 5–8) (gaitzsch 1980, 33–34). 5-8) (gaitzsch 1980, 33-34) were found. Ribolov Fishing trnki ( t. 16: 1–9) so ležali v plasteh faze Pa 1 (t. 16: fish hooks ( Pl. 16: 1-9) were found in layers of 6), faze Pa 2 ( t. 16: 3–4,7), v ruševini ( t. 16: 1), zgodnje- phase la 1 ( Pl. 16: 6), phase la 2 ( Pl. 16: 3-4,7), the srednjeveški ( t. 16: 5) in premešani plasti ( t. 16: 2,8–9). destruction layer ( Pl. 16: 1), the early medieval layer ( Pl. svinčeni svitki ( t. 17: 6–12) lahko predstavljajo 16: 5), and a mixed layer ( Pl. 16: 2,8-9). uteži za ribiške mreže (feugère 1992, 147–149; bergen 52 2_kovina.indd 52 23.1.2012 10:38:57 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds 2005, 84). ležali so v plasteh faze Pa 1 ( t. 17: 10), Pa lead coils ( Pl. 17: 6-12) could be weights for fishing 2 ( t. 17: 8–9), v zgodnjesrednjeveški ( t. 17: 11–12) in nets (feugère 1992, 147-149; bergen 2005, 84). They lay premešani plasti. glede na to, da so takšni predmeti in layers of phase la 1 ( Pl. 17: 10), la 2 ( Pl. 17: 8-9), najdeni tudi na najdiščih, ki niso blizu vode, so bili lahko the early medieval layer ( Pl. 17: 11-12), and mixed tudi v kakšni drugačni rabi. vsaj omenimo lahko običaj layer. Considering that such objects are found also on zapisovanja zakletev in prošenj na svinčene ploščice, sites located far from water, they could have also had a ki so jih zvite odmetavali ali zakopavali ter se tako pri- different use. let us just mention the habit of writing prošali božanstvom ali zaklinjali sovražnike (prim. npr. curses and supplications on lead plates which were then blänsdorf 2005). rol ed and thrown or buried. These were prayers to gods or curses of enemies (cf. e.g. blänsdorf 2005). Razno Miscellaneous Šivanke ( t. 17: 13–32) so se lahko uporabljale tako za šivanje mrež kot za šivanje blaga. needles ( Pl. 17: 13-32) were used for sewing nets Šivanka ( t. 17: 26) je bila najdena v plasti faze Pa and fabric. 1, ostale v plasteh faze Pa 2 ( t. 17: 21,25,27–32) in pre- a needle ( Pl. 17: 26) was found in a layer of phase mešanih plasteh. la 1, others were found in layers of phase la 2 ( Pl. 17: Pri preji so se uporabljala svinčena ( t. 16: 9–15) in 21,25,27-32) and mixed layers. keramična ( t. 16: 18–25; 17: 1–5) vretenca (bergen 2005, in spinning, lead ( Pl. 16: 9-15) and pottery ( Pls. 79–84; krasnik 2009, 95). vretence ( t. 16: 10) je bilo 16: 18; 17: 1-5) spindle-whorls (bergen 2005, 79-84; najdeno v plasti odpadlega ometa v stavbi 1, vretence ( t. krasnik 2009, 95) were used. a spindle-whorl ( Pl. 16: 16: 15) v plasti faze Pa 2, ostala svinčena ( t. 16: 9,11–14) 10) was found in the layer of the fal en-off plaster within pa so ležala v premešani plasti. building 1, a spindle-whorl ( Pl. 16: 15) in a layer of phase konice železnega glavnika ( t. 15: 9) so ležale v stav- la 2, while other lead ones ( Pl. 16: 9,11-14) were lying bi 1 v zgodnjesrednjeveški plasti, del mikalnika ( t. 16: 17) in a mixed layer. pa v plasti faze Pa 1. mikalnik je narejen iz lesene plošče teeth of an iron comb ( Pl. 15: 9) were lying within z eno vrsto železnih zobcev, glavnik pa je lahko lesen ali building 1, in the early medieval layer, while a part of a kovinski, z eno ali dvema vrstama zobcev (krasnik 2009, carder ( Pl. 16: 17) was found in a layer of phase la 1. The 70, 94). večinoma dvovrstne železne glavnike so upora- carder is made of a wooden board with one row of iron bljali pri izdelavi tkanin za izčesavanje nečistoč iz volne teeth and the comb can be wooden or metal, with one or in lanu. P. bitenc je objavila primerke, ki se pojavljajo two rows of teeth (krasnik 2009, 70, 94). double-sided od 1. st. do pozne antike (bitenc 2002), b. krasnik pa iron combs were mostly used in fabric manufacturing oblikovno enake primerke omenja tudi iz slovanskega to comb out the impurities from wool and flax. P. bitenc obdobja (krasnik 2009, 70). med mikalnikom in glav- published examples occurring from the 1st century till nikom ni velike razlike v uporabi, oba sta namenjena late antiquity (bitenc 2002), while b. krasnik mentions odstranjevanju nečistoč iz rastlinskih vlaken in volne. examples of the same form also from the slavic period Šilasta železna predmeta ( t. 19: 1–2), ki sta ležala (krasnik 2009, 70). There is no significant difference in v plasti faze Pa 2 ( t. 19: 1) in v premešani plasti ( t. 19: use between the carder and the comb, both are intended 2), po merah in obliki spominjata na podobne najdbe for clearing impurities from plant fibres and wool. v poznorimskih grobovih na madžarskem, predvsem two pointed iron objects ( Pl. 19: 1-2), which were v okolici keszthelyja, ki so interpretirani kot preslice lying in a layer of phase la 2 ( Pl. 19: 1) and a mixed layer (mül er 2010, 231, t. 94: 9). Še en tak predmet je bil ( Pl. 19: 2), considering the measures and form resemble najden na tonovcovem gradu v stavbi 3 ( t. 46: 8), dru- similar finds from the late Roman graves in hungary, gje v sloveniji pa v hiši e na ajdovskem gradcu nad mostly around keszthely, which are interpreted as dis- vranjem (knific 2001, kat. 146) in v hiši 7 na Rifniku taffs (müller 2010, 231, Pl. 94: 9). another such object (bolta 1981, t. 25: 97). was found at tonovcov grad, in building 3 ( Pl. 46: 8), Šest stilusov ( t. 18: 5–10) je ležalo v plasteh faze Pa and elsewhere in slovenia in house e at ajdovski gradec 2 ( t. 18: 9–10) in v premešani plasti. above vranje (knific 2001, cat. no. 146) and in house 7 lopatka za glajenje voščenih tablic ( t. 19: 3) iz at Rifnik (bolta 1981, Pl. 25: 97). plasti faze Pa 2 spada v tip b2 po m. feugèru, datiran v six styli ( Pl. 18: 5-10) were discovered in layers of rimsko obdobje (feugère 1995, 322–325; merten 1987, phase la 2 ( Pl. 18: 9-10) and in a mixed layer. 311–312). a small spatula for smoothing wax plates ( Pl. 19: Še en železen predmet bi lahko predstavljal lopatko 3) from layers of phase la 2 belongs to type b2 accord- za vosek ( t. 19: 14), ležal pa je v zgodnjesrednjeveški ing to m. feugère, dated to the Roman period (feugère plasti v prizidku stavbe 1. 1995, 322-325; merten 1987, 311-312). 53 2_kovina.indd 53 23.1.2012 10:38:57 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds another iron object could represent a small wax spatula ( Pl. 19: 14). it was found in the early medieval layer in the outhouse of building 1. two small two-sided spatulae ( Pl. 19: 5-6), which were lying in a mixed layer, could have been used similarly or for mixing, applying or finishing of various materials (dolenz 1998, 225, Pl. 85: W419). iron parts of wheels ( Pl. 18: 1-4), two tire ( Pl. 18: 1-2) and two hub rings ( Pl. 18: 3-4) were found at the outer side of the wal no. 3, in a layer of burnt remains ( Fig. 2.8). With both shear halves ( Pl. 19: 7-8) the fold is not preserved thus the form cannot be more precisely defined. The smal er one ( Pl. 19: 7) was found in a layer of phase la 1, the bigger one in a layer of phase la 2. five awls ( Pl. 19: 9-13) were also found. an awl ( Pl. 19: 9) was lying in the layer of fallen-off plaster within building 1, an awl ( Pl. 19: 10) in a layer of phase la 2, the other three were found in mixed layers. Parts of iron fittings with punched dots were most probably component parts of wooden buckets ( Pl. 21: 7-14). They lay in layers of phase la 2 ( Pl. 21: 8-9,12-14) and in mixed layers. from other parts of buckets or metal vessels a few iron suspension loops of various forms ( Pls. 20: 3-10; 21: 1-4,6) and two handles of round cross section ( Pl. 20: 1-2) were found. a suspension loop ( Pl. 21: 6) and Sl. 2.8: najdba delov koles ob stavbi 1 ( t. 18: 1–4; foto: s. a handle ( Pl. 20: 1) were found in layers of phase la 1, Ciglenečki.) other parts were discovered in layers of phase la 2 ( Pl. Fig. 2.8: Parts of wheels found outside building 1 ( Pl. 18: 1-4; 20: 2,4-5,8-10), in the early medieval layer ( Pl. 21: 2), photo: s. Ciglenečki.) and in a mixed layer. an iron hook ( Pl. 21: 5) found in a mixed layer dve majhni dvostrani lopatki ( t. 19: 5–6), ki sta le- could have been used for hanging a cauldron. žali v premešani plasti, sta se lahko uporabljali podobno ali za mešanje, nanašanje ali dodelavo različnih snovi a few parts of a steelyard were also found. a frag- (dolenz 1998, 225, t. 85: W419). ment of a chain link ( Pl. 22: 12) was lying in a layer Železni deli koles ( t. 18: 1–4), dva trakasta ( t. 18: of phase la 1. a part of a chain with hooks and one 1–2) in dva pestna obroča ( t. 18: 3–4), so bili najdeni fragment of a chain ( Pl. 22: 4,10) were found in the layer na zunanji strani zidu št. 3 v žganinski plasti ( sl. 2.8). which represents the walking surface within building Pri obeh polovicah škarij ( t. 19: 7–8) pregib ni 1. a part of a hook, on which a steelyard was hanging ohranjen, zato oblike ne moremo natančneje določiti. ( Pl. 22: 9), and a fragment of a chain link ( Pl. 22: 11), manjše ( t. 19: 7) so bile najdene v plasti faze Pa 1, večje which was lying in the outer walking surface around pa v plasti faze Pa 2. building 1, were also found. two chain links and two najdenih je bilo tudi pet šil ( t. 19: 9–13). Šilo ( t. 19: hooks belong to steelyards ( Pl. 22: 1,5-6,8), one of these 9) je ležalo v plasti odpadlega ometa v stavbi 1, šilo ( t. chain links ( Pl. 22: 5) was lying in the outer walking 19: 10) v plasti faze Pa 2, ostala pa v premešanih plasteh. surface of the building, while the others were found deli železnih okovov z vtolčenimi bunčicami so in a mixed layer. a hook ( Pl. 22: 7) was also found in najverjetneje sestavljali lesena vedra ( t. 21: 7–14). ležali a mixed layer. so v plasteh faze Pa 2 ( t. 21: 8–9,12–14) in v premešanih The steelyards were also discovered in house a at plasteh. ajdovski gradec above vranje (knific 1979, cat. nos. od ostalih delov veder ali kovinskih posod je 1-3), in the third hoard at Polhograjska gora (božič bilo najdenih nekaj železnih ataš različnih oblik ( t. 20: 2005, 351-353), and at Zbelovska gora (Gaspari et al. 3–10; 21: 1–4,6) in dva ročaja okroglega preseka ( t. 20: 2000, fig. 8: 15). d. božič suggests that the two steel- 1–2). ataša ( t. 21: 6) in ročaj ( t. 20: 1) sta bila najdena yards from Polhograjska gora and Zbelovska gora be v plasteh faze Pa 1, ostali deli pa v plasteh faze Pa 2 ( t. marked type Gora. The steelyard from tonovcov grad, 20: 2,4–5,8–10), v zgodnjesrednjeveški ( t. 21: 2) in v what is left of it, differs from the two in that it has just premešani plasti. one element for hanging twisted hooks, in the shape of 54 2_kovina.indd 54 23.1.2012 11:50:18 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds Železen kavelj ( t. 21: 5), najden v premešani plasti, the letter omega, instead of two elements ( Pl. 22: 4) and bi lahko služil za obešanje kotla. the twisted hooks are slightly differently shaped. The steelyard from Zbelovska gora is due to its resemblance najdenih je bilo tudi nekaj delov hitre tehtnice. to bronze steelyards of type Constantinople dated to odlomek člena verige ( t. 22: 12) je ležal v plasti iz faze the 5th and 6th century (gaspari et al. 2000, 200). The Pa 1. del verige s kavlji in en odlomek verige ( t. 22: steelyard from the third hoard at Polhograjska gora is 4,10) so ležali v plasti, ki predstavlja hodno površino v dated to the end of the 4th and the beginning of the 5th stavbi 1. Poleg teh sta bila najdena še delček kavlja, na century. d. božič doubts the dating of the hoard from katerem je bila obešena tehtnica ( t. 22: 9), in odlomek Zbelovska gora because we do not have any known člena verige ( t. 22: 11), ki je ležal v plasti zunanje hodne finds from this site from the end of the 5th and the 6th površine okrog stavbe 1. tudi dva člena verige in dva century. The steelyard from tonovcov grad was found kavlja spadajo k tehtnici ( t. 22: 1,5–6,8), od teh je člen on the walking surface of building 1 and is considering verige (t . 22: 5) ležal v plasti zunanje hodne površine the stratigraphic situation assigned to the 6th century. stavbe, ostali pa v premešani plasti. v premešani plasti a lead weight (78.50 g; Pl. 22: 13), which was lying je ležal tudi kavelj ( t. 22: 7). in the outer walking surface of the building (su 24), also tehtnice so bile najdene še v hiši a na ajdovskem belonged to a steelyard. gradcu nad vranjem (knific 1979, kat. 1–3), v tretji za- a bronze square weight ( Pl. 22: 2) with two poorly kladni najdbi na Polhograjski gori (božič 2005, 351–353) preserved portraits in relief was also found in a mixed in na Zbelovski gori (gaspari et al. 2000, sl. 8: 15). Za layer. it belongs among square coin weights with one hitri tehtnici s Polhograjske gore in Zbelovske gore d. or two imperial portraits as were used between the 4th božič predlaga oznako tip gora. tonovška tehtnica, kar and the second half of the 6th century. The one from je je ohranjene, se od teh dveh razlikuje v tem, da ima tonovcov grad slightly differs from most since the two namesto dveh elementov za obešanje tordiranih kavljev portraits are made in relief and are not incised or inlaid, samo enega v obliki črke omega ( t. 22: 4), tordirani kavlji for example, in silver. The weight does not reveal a rec- pa so nekoliko drugače oblikovani. tehtnica z Zbelovske ognisable marking for the weight but it weighs 3.93 g. gore je zaradi podobnosti z bronastimi tehtnicami tipa in size and weight it is the closest to weights for one konstantinopel datirana v 5. in 6. st. (gaspari et al. solidus or on enomisma, which were supposed to weigh 2000, 200), tista iz tretjega depoja s Polhograjske gore 4.5 g. Considering the fact that our example is fairly pa v konec 4. in začetek 5. st. d. božič dvomi o dataciji poorly preserved and that the weight of the weight in depoja z Zbelovske gore, saj s tega najdišča nimamo late antiquity often differed from the regulation, it can znanih najdb s konca 5. in 6. st. tonovška tehtnica je most probably be defined as coin weight for one solidus bila najdena na hodni površini hiše 1 in je glede na (schilbach 2001, 244-247). stratigrafsko situacijo datirana v 6. st. a lead weight of approximately square shape ( Pl. k hitri tehtnici spada tudi svinčena utež (masa = 28: 11), which was lying in a mixed layer, has a mark 78,50 g; t. 22: 13), ki je ležala v plasti zunanje hodne similar to the letter y made of impressed dots on the sur- površine stavbe (se 24). face. it weighs 1.25 g. There were not many comparisons v premešani plasti je bila najdena še bronasta found for this weight among the antique weights. simi- kvadratna utež ( t. 22: 2) z dvema slabo ohranjenima lar ones but made of bronze or glass appear only among portretoma v reliefu. spada med kvadratne novčne uteži the finds from byzantine fortifications on the danube z enim ali dvema cesarskima portretoma, kakršne so bile (Špehar 2010, 80-81, cat. nos. 242-249). Possibly better v uporabi med 4. st. in drugo polovico 6. st. tonovška se comparisons can be found among medieval bronze and od večine nekoliko razlikuje, saj sta portreta izdelana v lead weights (egan 1998, 309-320, fig. 230: 979). reliefu, ne pa vrezana ali vložena na primer v srebro. na a late Roman lead seal ( Pl. 22: 3) was found in a uteži ni razpoznavne oznake za težo, tehta pa 3,93 g. Po layer of phase la 1. two portraits are visible on one side velikosti in teži se najbolj približuje utežem za en solid and a winged victoria on the other. oz. za eno nomismo, ki naj bi tehtale 4,5 g. glede na to, da je naš primerek precej slabo ohranjen in da se je teža five chisels ( Pl. 23: 1-5) belong among the tools for uteži v pozni antiki večkrat oddaljila od predpisane, jo treatment of stone and wood. two were found in layers najverjetneje lahko opredelimo kot novčno utež za en of phase la 2 ( Pl. 23: 1,5), other three in a mixed layer. solid (schilbach 2001, 244–247). four ( Pl. 23: 1-2,4-5) belong among wide chisels with svinčena utež približno kvadratne oblike ( t. 28: 11), a short blade, which were supposedly used primarily ki je ležala v premešani plasti, ima na površini iz vtisnje- for smoothing stone or wooden surfaces or as a small nih pik oblikovan znak, podoben črki y. tehta 1,25 g. spatula (Pietsch 1983, 35-36). a chisel ( Pl. 23: 3) belongs Za to utež nismo našli veliko primerjav med antičnimi among chisels with a long handle as were supposedly najdbami, podobne, vendar bronaste ali steklene uteži used mostly in stone-cutting (Pietsch 1983, 36). se pojavljale v bizantinskih utrdbah na donavi (Špehar 55 2_kovina.indd 55 23.1.2012 10:38:58 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds 2010, 80–81, kat. 242–249). morda lahko najdemo Knives and sheaths boljše primerjave med srednjeveškimi bronastimi in svinčenimi utežmi (egan 1998, 309–320, sl. 230: 979). in the area of building 1, a large number of various v plasti faze Pa 1 je bil najden poznorimski svin- knives was found ( Pls. 23: 6-17; 24: 1-16; 25: 1-14; 26: 1-5; čeni pečat ( t. 22: 3). na eni strani sta vidna dva portreta, 27: 1-2). most were lying in layers of phase la 2 ( Pls. 23: na drugi pa krilata viktorija. 9-10,13-14,17; 24: 2,7,10-11,13,15; 25: 2,5,10,12), some were found in the inner ( Pl. 24: 5) and outer ( Pls. 23: Pet dlet ( t. 23: 1–5) spada med orodje za obdelavo 9,16 ; 24: 8,14; 25: 4) walking surface of building 1, in the kamna ali lesa. dve sta bili najdeni v plasteh faze Pa 2 destruction layer ( Pls. 23: 7-8; 24: 12; 25: 1,3), and in the ( t. 23: 1,5), preostala dva v premešani plasti. Štiri dleta early medieval layer of the building ( Pl. 26: 2,3) and of ( t. 23: 1–2,4–5) spadajo med široka dleta s kratkim the outbuilding ( Pl. 26: 4-5). others ( Pls. 23: 6,11-12,15; listom, ki naj bi se uporabljala predvsem za glajenje 24: 3-4,6,9,16; 25: 6-9,13-14) were found in mixed layers. kamnite ali lesene površine, lahko pa tudi kot lopatica small bent knives ( Pl. 25: 9-14) were also used in (Pietsch 1983, 35–36). dleto ( t. 23: 3) spada med dleta z medicine or cosmetics. dolgim ročajem, kakršna naj bi se uporabljala predvsem a knife with a clip-point blade ( Pl. 26: 1, metal v kamnoseštvu (Pietsch 1983, 36). detector find) can be assigned to the 9th century. excel- lent analogies for it can be found in male grave 43 in bodešče which is dated to the end of the 8th-9th century Noži in nožnice (knific, Pleterski 1981, Pl. 14: 6) and at gradišče above bašelj, where the objects are mostly dated between the na območju stavbe 1 je bilo najdeno tudi veliko beginning of the 9th and the first half of the 10th century različnih nožev ( t. 23: 6–17; 24: 1–16; 25: 1–14; 26: 1–5; (bitenc, knific 2001, cat. nos. 324, 325). a comparable 27: 1–2). večina jih je ležala v plasteh faze Pa 2 ( t. 23: knife was found also at a site close to tonovcov grad, that 9–10,13–14,17; 24: 2,7,10–11,13,15; 25: 2,5,10,12), ne- is sv. volar above Robič (knavs, mlinar 2000-2004, 169). kateri pa pa v plasti notranje ( t. 24: 5) in zunanje ( t. 23: The best analogies for parts of a sheath ( Pl. 26: 6), 9,16 ; 24: 8,14; 25: 4) hodne površine stavbe 1, v zgornji which were found in the early medieval layer of building ruševini ( t. 23: 7–8; 24: 12; 25: 1,3) ter v zgodnjesrednje- 1, are found at ajdna above Potoki, where a few objects veški plasti stavbe ( t. 26: 2–3) in prizidka ( t. 26: 4–5). dated to the beginning of the 9th century were found in a ostali ( t. 23: 6,11–12,15; 24: 3–4,6,9,16; 25: 6–9,13–14) building, in a layer above the destruction layer from the so bili najdeni v premešanih plasteh. second half of the 6th century (vidrih Perko, sagadin 2004, manjši ukrivljeni noži ( t. 25: 9–14) so se lahko 221, fig. 10). two similar but decorated sheaths were uporabljali tudi v medicini ali kozmetiki. found at gradišče above bašelj, where they are dated to the nož s klekasto zalomljenim hrbtom ( t. 26: 1, detek- beginning of the 9th or to the first half of the 10th century torska najdba) lahko postavimo v 9. st. odlične primerjave (bitenc, knific 2001, cat. no. 324). one sheath was found mu lahko najdemo v moškem grobu 43 v bodeščah, ki at gradišče above dešen (Pavlin, dular 2007, Pl. 19: 15). je datiran v konec 8.–9. st. (knific, Pleterski 1981, t. 14: in building 1, two fragments of a decorated sheath 6), in na gradišču nad bašljem, kjer so predmeti datirani ( Pl. 26: 7-8) were found in the early medieval layer. The večinoma med začetkom 9. in prvo polovico 10. stol. fragments can be best compared to the sheath found in (bitenc, knific 2001, kat. 324, 325). Primerljiv nož je bil male grave 28 in bodešče, which is dated to the end of najden tudi na tonovcovem gradu bližnjem najdišču sv. the 8th and the 9th century (knific, Pleterski 1981, Pl. volar nad Robičem (knavs, mlinar 2000–2004, 169). 10: gr. 28: 1). najboljše primerjave okovu nožnice ( t. 26: 6), ki je ležal v zgodnjesrednjeveški plasti v stavbi 1, najdemo na ajdni nad Potoki, kjer je bilo v stavbi v plasti nad ruše- Goldsmith’s tools? vino iz druge polovice 6. st. najdenih nekaj predmetov, datiranih v začetek 9. st. (vidrih Perko, sagadin 2004, two tools with a spoon-shaped widened bottom 221, sl. 10). dva podobna, vendar okrašena okova sta part which at the end narrows into a massive tip could be bila najdena na gradišču nad bašljem, kjer sta datirana v punches for punching rings ( Pl. 19: 15-16; mixed layer). začetek 9. do 1. polovice 10. st. (bitenc, knific 2001, kat. similar tools were also found at korinjski hrib (Ciglenečki 324). okov je bila najden tudi na gradišču nad dešnom 1985, Pl. 4: 44), in house 5 at Rifnik (bolta 1981, Pl. 24: (Pavlin, dular 2007, t. 19: 15). 92), at gradec near Prapretno (bausovac 2003, Pl. 2: 13), v stavbi 1 sta bila v zgodnjesrednjeveški plasti at invil ino (bierbrauer 1987, Pl. 166: 11-15), and at Runde najdena še dva odlomka okrašenega okova nožnice ( t. berg (koch 1991, Pl. 10: 10). tools of similar forms, where 26: 7–8), ki ju lahko najbolje primerjamo z okovom v the spoon-shaped widened part narrows into a tip, are moškem grobu 28 v bodeščah, ki je datiran v konec 8. mostly interpreted as punches (heindel1993, 346-350). in v 9. st. (knific, Pleterski 1981, t. 10: gr. 28: 1). The tools from korinjski hrib and some from invil ino do 56 2_kovina.indd 56 23.1.2012 10:38:58 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds Zlatarsko orodje? not end with a tip and at first glance more resemble a type of chisels (ger. hohlmeissel), as is, for example, depicted dve orodji z žličasto razširjenim spodnjim delom, on the chain from szilágysomly (Cappele 1994, 41-42). ki se na koncu zoži v masivno konico, sta morda punci according to a different interpretation tools ending hol- za vtolčenje krožcev ( t. 19: 15–16; premešana plast). Po- low are used by goldsmiths as spoons for adding small dobna orodja so bila najdena tudi na korinjskem hribu amounts of substances (szameit 1995, 250-251, Pl. 3: 6). (Ciglenečki 1985, t. 4: 44), v hiši 5 na Rifniku (bolta 1981, a small iron hammer ( Pl. 19: 4) found in a mixed t. 24: 92), na gradcu pri Prapretnem (bausovac 2003, t. layer could also be assigned among goldsmith’s tools. 2: 13), na invil inu (bierbrauer 1987, t. 166: 11–15) in na Runde bergu (koch 1991, t. 10: 10). orodja podobnih oblik, pri katerih se žličasto razširjeni del zoži v konico, Objects of unclear purpose so večinoma interpretirana kot punce (heindel 1993, 346–350). orodje s korinjskega hriba in nekatera z in- an iron object of trapezoid shape ( Pl. 28: 12) found vil ina pa se ne končajo s konico in so na prvi pogled bolj in a mixed layer could be a knife for cutting leather podobna vrsti dlet ( Hohlmeissel), kakršno je na primer (Pietsch 1983, 78). upodobljeno na verigi iz szilágysomlyja (Cappele 1994, two round lead plates ( Pl. 28: 9-10), which were lying 41–42). Po drugi interpretaciji so bila orodja, ki se končajo in a mixed layer, could maybe be weights (or game tokens?). votlo, uporabljana v zlatarstvu kot žličke za dodajanje a slightly deformed iron object ( Pl. 26: 9) found majhne količine snovi (szameit 1995, 250–251, t. 3: 6). in a layer of phase la 1 could represent a tool for the tudi majhno železno kladivce ( t. 19: 4), najdeno pulling-out of nails. v premešani plasti, bi lahko spadalo k zlatarskemu fork-shaped tool with a twisted handle ( Pl. 26: 10), orodju. which was found in the early medieval layer, roughly resembles a large fork for taking pieces of food from a cauldron. nevertheless, good comparisons were not Predmeti nejasnega namena found thus its purpose remains unknown. a similar ob- ject, interpreted as a fork, is depicted on the chain from Železen predmet trapezaste oblike ( t. 28: 12), naj- szilágysomly, along with a knife (Cappele 1994, 27-28). den v premešani plasti, bi bil lahko nož za rezanje usnja seven iron rings ( Pl. 28: 1-7) were found. (Pietsch 1983, 78). an iron point with rol ed endings ( Pl. 28: 8), found okrogli svinčeni ploščici ( t. 28: 9–10), ki sta ležali in a mixed layer, also has an unknown purpose. in gül- v premešani plasti, morda predstavljata uteži (ali igralni tlingen a folding tool of this shape was found (quast ploščici?). 1993, 77-84) and at invil ino a part of a similarly shaped nekoliko deformiran železen predmet ( t. 26: 9), object (bierbrauer 1987, Pl. 165: 6). najden v plasti faze Pa1, bi bil lahko orodje za izvlačenje žebljev. viličasto orodje s tordiranim držalom ( t. 26: 10), ki lateR PeRiods je ležalo v zgodnjesrednjeveški plasti, približno spominja na velike vilice za jemanje kosov hrane iz kotla, vendar With the use of a metal detector a few post-medie- dobrih primerjav nismo našli, tako da ostaja njegov na- val objects were found: two hammers ( Pl. 29: 1-2), a hoe men neznan. Podoben predmet, interpretiran kot vilice, ( Pl. 29: 3), a thimble ( Pl. 29: 4), and a button ( Pl. 29: 5). je upodobljen skupaj z nožem na verigi iz szilágysomlyja (Cappele 1994, 27–28). najdenih je bilo sedem železnih obročkov ( t. 28: ConClusion 1–7).Železna konica z uvitima koncema ( t. 28: 8), naj- tools are chronological y and typological y difficult dena v premešani plasti, ima prav tako neznan namen. to delimit since they are mostly defined by use. most of v gültlingenu je bilo najdeno tako oblikovano zložljivo the tools were formed in the late iron age or in the 1st orodje (quast 1993, 77–84), na invil inu pa del podobno century bC and have not significantly changed. Certain oblikovanega predmeta (bierbrauer 1987, t. 165: 6). forms remain unchanged until the 20th century. basic types of agricultural, blacksmith, stone-cutting, wood- processing and other tools were conclusively shaped mlajŠa obdobja during the Roman imperial period and were as such preserved also during the late antique period (gaitzsch Z detektorjem kovin je bilo odkritih nekaj posre- 1980; Pietsch 1983; Pohanka 1986; henning 1987). dnjeveških predmetov: dve kladivi ( t. 29: 1–2), kopača in the area of building 1 two main groups of tools ( t. 29: 3), naprstnik ( t. 29: 4) in gumb ( t. 29: 5). were found, the agricultural (sickle, share, coulter, 57 2_kovina.indd 57 23.1.2012 10:38:58 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds skleP scythe: Pls. 12: 2-11; 13: 7; 14: 1-3; Fig. 2.7) and for the processing of wood (augers, axes, tools for chiselling- orodje je kronološko in tipološko težko opredelji- out wood: Pls. 13: 5-6; 14: 4-8; 15: 1-8). agriculture was vo, ker ga v največji meri opredeljuje uporabnost. večina probably the main economic activity which ensured the orodja se je oblikovala v pozni železni dobi oziroma v 1. survival for the inhabitants of the late antiquity hil top stoletju pr. n. št. ter se je od takrat le malo spreminjala. settlements. Considering the location amidst forests and nekatere oblike ostajajo nespremenjene vse do 20. st. the amount of products made of wood the frequency of bistvene vrste poljedeljskega, kovaškega, kamnoseškega tools for wood processing is not surprising (gaspari et orodja, orodja za obdelavo lesa in druge oblike so se do- al. 2000, 200). as with the agricultural tools the range of končno oblikovale v rimskem cesarskem obdobju ter se types decreased in comparison to the Roman period, still kot take ohranile tudi v poznoantičnem času (gaitzsch quite many types of blades for chiselling and reshaping 1980; Pietsch 1983; Pohanka 1986; henning 1987). of wood persisted (sagadin 2000). na območju stavbe 1 sta ležali dve glavni skupini there are some objects used around probably orodja, poljedeljsko (srp, lemež, črtalo, kosa: t. 12: 2–11; every house while performing chores: knives, needles, 13: 7; 14: 1–3; sl. 2.7) in za obdelavo lesa (svedri, sekire, spindle-whorls, iron combs, scissors, awls, and fittings orodja za dolbenje lesa: t. 13: 5–6; 14: 4–8; 15: 1–8). for buckets ( Pls. 15: 9; 16: 1-25; 17: 1-32; 19: 1-14; 20: Poljedelstvo je bilo verjetno glavna gospodarska dejav- 1-10; 21: 1-14). iron combs and carders ( Pls. 15: 9; 16: nost, s katero so se preživljali prebivalci poznoantičnih 17) were used to comb wool and flax, therefore, they višinskih naselbin. glede na lego sredi gozdov ter glede were used in the production of fabric. spindle-whorls, na to, koliko stvari je bilo izdelanih iz lesa, pa pogostost both lead ( Pl. 16: 10-15) and pottery ( Pls. 16: 18-25; 17: orodja za obdelavo lesa ne preseneča (gaspari et al. 2000, 1-5), show that women were processing wool and, for 200). kot pri poljedeljskem orodju se je nabor tipov example, flax fibres, they were spinning and weaving zmanjšal v primerjavi z rimskim obdobjem, vendar je on their own. ostalo kar nekaj vrst rezil za dolbenje in preoblikovanje an interesting group is assembled of weighing lesa (sagadin 2000). equipment (steelyard, weights, acoin weight: Pl. 22: nekaj je predmetov, ki so se uporabljali pri hišnih 1-2,4-13). The coin weight ( Pl. 22: 2) is a fairly unusual opravilih, verjetno v vsakem gospodinjstvu: noži, ši- find for the area of the southeastern alps since it is vanke, vretenca, železni glavniki, škarje, šila, okovi za believed that the regular circulation of money practi- vedra ( t. 15: 9; 16: 1–25; 17: 1–32; 19: 1–14; 20: 1–10; cal y ceased here at the end of the 4th or the beginning 21: 1–14). Z železnimi glavniki in mikalniki ( t. 15: 9; of the 5th century (kos 2000, 110). Rare coins of the 5th 16: 17) so razčesavali volno in lan, uporabljali so jih and 6th century are mostly silver or golden, which were torej pri izdelavi tekstila. vretenca, tako svinčena ( t. 16: probably not used in the every day transactions. stil a 10–15) kot keramična ( t. 16: 18–25; 17: 1–5), kažejo, da great number of coins of smal er value from the time so gospodinje predelovale volnena in na primer lanena of the 1st-4th century at the late antique settlements vlakna, predle in tkale same. al ows for the possibility that these could have been Zanimiva skupina je pribor za tehtanje (tehtnice, used as smal change also during the late antiquity uteži, novčna utež: t. 22: 1–2,4–13). novčna utež ( t. 22: (see chapter 5.2). 2) je za območje jugovzhodnih alp precej nenavadna it is difficult to predict to what extent the weighing najdba, saj se predvideva, da je redni denarni obtok ko- equipment indicates trading. The steelyards could have nec 4. st. oz. na začetku 5. st. tukaj bolj ali manj usahnil been used for trading on short or long distances. Pottery (kos 2000, 110). Redki novci iz 5. in 6. st. so večinoma and glass finds (see chapters 3.6 and 4.1) clearly show srebrniki in zlatniki, ki verjetno niso bili uporabljani that trade continued with the mediterranean and italy, v vsakodnevnih transakcijah. vendar pa veliko število even if in a relatively downgraded form. novcev manjše vrednosti iz časa 1.–4. st. na poznoan- a small hammer ( Pl. 19: 4) and two punches or tičnih naselbinah dopušča domnevo, da so se kot drobiž goldsmith spoons ( Pl. 19: 15-16), also a great number lahko uporabljali tudi v pozni antiki (glej pogl. 5.2). of old bronze objects found in the area of building 1 težko je predvideti, koliko pribor za tehtanje kaže na which could be intended for further processing, indicate trgovanje. tehtnice so lahko služile pri trgovini na kratke the specialised craft, for example goldsmith’s workshop ali dolge razdalje. keramične in steklene najdbe (glej pogl. or manufacturing of bronze decorative objects. several 3.6 in 4.1) jasno kažejo, da je trgovina s sredozemljem in such finds were discovered in the area of buildings 2 and italijo še delovala, četudi v precej okrnjeni obliki. 3 (see chapter 2.2). na specializirano obrt, na primer zlatarstvo ozi- in the area of building 3 at tonovcov grad a half- roma izdelavo bronastih okrasnih izdelkov, bi kazali finished necklace clasp ( Pl. 45: 3) was found. traces malo kladivce ( t. 19: 4) in punci ali zlatarski žlički ( t. of manufacturing ornamental and useful products are 19: 15–16), pa tudi veliko število starih bronastih pred- present also at other settlements of the southeastern metov, najdenih na območju stavbe 1, ki so bili lahko alps. several sites in slovenia and austrian Carinthia 58 2_kovina.indd 58 23.1.2012 10:38:59 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds namenjeni nadaljnji predelavi. več tovrstnih najdb je have revealed models or intermediate products of fibulae bilo najdenih na območju stavb 2 in 3 (glej pogl. 2.2). and a mould for fibula casting. on sv. lambert above na območju stavbe 3 na tonovcovem gradu je bil Pristava near stična an unfinished cross-shaped fibula najden polizdelek sponke za verižico ( t. 45: 3). tudi na made of bronze sheet (Cipot 2003, 21, cat. no. 5) was drugih jugovzhodnoalpskih naselbinah srečamo sledove found, at Zidani gaber above mihovo a silver intermedi- izdelovanja okrasnih in uporabnih predmetov. na nekaj ate product (unfinished casting) of an s-fibula (knific najdiščih v sloveniji in na avstrijskem koroškem so bili 2001, cat. no. 263; milavec 2007, Pl. 3: 10) was discov- najdeni modeli ali polizdelki fibul ter model za ulivanje ered, at vipota above Pečovnik lead model of a bird fibule. na sv. lambertu nad Pristavo pri stični je bila fibula and a silver ingot (Pirkmajer 2001, cat. no. 158; najdena nedokončana ploščata križna fibula iz bronaste karo 2001, cat. no. 239) were found, at hemmaberg in pločevine (Cipot 2003, 21, kat. 5), na Zidanem gabru nad Carinthia a piece of a clay mould for casting a bird fibula mihovim srebrn polizdelek (neobdelan ulitek) s-fibule in the shape of a rooster and the corresponding fibula (knific 2001, kat. 263; milavec 2007, t. 3: 10), na vipoti (schretter 1993, 195-198, fig. 8: 14-15) were found. nad Pečovnikom svinčen model ptičje fibule in srebrn six iron styli ( Pl. 18: 5-10) found in the area of ingot (Pirkmajer 2001, kat. 158; karo 2001, kat. 239), building 1 are somewhat surprising and we suppose that na sv. hemi na koroškem pa del glinenega modela za they were used in the 5th and 6th century. some were ulivanje ptičje fibule v obliki petelina ter tudi ustrezna also found at, for example, invillino (bierbrauer 1987, fibula (schretter 1993, 195–198, sl. 8: 14–15). Pl. 57: 9-13), one at gradec near velika strmica (klasinc nekoliko preseneča v območju stavbe 1 najdenih 1999, cat. no. 21), one in koper (Cunja 1996, Pl. 2: 26), šest železnih stilusov ( t. 18: 5–10), za katere predvide- and four at hemmaberg (ladstätter 2000, Pl. 34: 42-45). vamo, da so jih uporabljali v 5. in 6. stoletju. nekaj jih most certainly these do not represent a typical find of the je bilo najdenih na primer tudi na invillinu (bierbrauer discussed period when literacy was not very frequent. 1987, t. 57: 9–13), eden na gradcu pri veliki strmici (klasinc 1999, kat. 21), eden v kopru (Cunja 1996, t. 2: 26) in štirje na sv. hemi (ladstätter 2000, t. 34: 42–45), 2.1.6 aRChiteCtuRal fittings zagotovo pa ne predstavljajo tipične najdbe obravna- vanega obdobja, saj pismenost takrat ni bila pogosta. Parts of locks and lock bolts, keys, hinges, fittings, staples, clamps, and nails ( Pls. 30-39) belong among the recognisable pieces of architectural fittings found in the 2.1.6 stavbno ŽeleZo area of building 1. keys, a chest bolt, and hinges which were found mostly in the inner and outer walking surface med prepoznavne dele hišne opreme, najdene na of the building (Pls. 30: 12,20; 31: 6,21; 32: 3-4; 33: 1,11) območju stavbe 1, štejemo dele ključavnic in zapahov, and are supposedly part of the building 1 inventory during ključe, tečaje, okove, skobo, spojke in žeblje ( t. 30–39). its functioning, are mapped on Fig. 2.9. ključi, zapah skrinje in tečaji, ki so bili najdeni večinoma 13 bolts ( Pl. 30: 1-11,14-15) were discovered. They v plasti notranje in zunanje hodne površine stavbe 1 (t. were found in layers of phase la 2 ( Pl. 30: 1,9,14) and 30: 12,20; 31: 6,21; 32: 3–4; 33: 1,11) in so predvidoma mixed layers. al belong to pin tumbler locks which were sestavljali del njenega inventarja v času njene uporabe, locked by pin tumbler keys. The bolt ( Pl. 30: 7) is of a dif- so kartirani na sl. 2.9. ferent form but performs the same function as the others. najdenih je bilo 13 zapahov ( t. 30: 1–11,14–15). similar bolts as this one and the corresponding locks were ležali so v plasteh Pa 2 ( t. 30: 1,9,14) in premešanih found at, for example, Rifnik (bolta 1981, Pl. 19: 7-8,14- plasteh. vsi spadajo k drsnim ključavnicam, ki so se 15) and sadovec (uenze 1992, Pl. 34: 4-5). zaklepale z drsnimi ključi. Zapah ( t. 30: 7) je drugač- There were 16 keys ( Fig 2.9; Pls. 30: 12-13,16-21 ; ne oblike, vendar ima isto funkcijo kot ostali. njemu 31: 1-8). in the area of building 1 they were found in the podobni in pripadajoče ključavnice so bili najdeni na layers and walking surfaces of phase la 2 ( Pls. 30: 12,17- primer na Rifniku (bolta 1981, t. 19: 7–8,14–15) in 18,20-21; 31: 4,7) and in a mixed layer. The key ( Pl. 31: sadovcu (uenze 1992, t. 34: 4–5). 8) is a simple latch lifter, two are anchor- or l-shaped ključev je bilo 16 ( sl. 2.9; t. 30: 12–13,16–21 ; 31: 1–8). latch lifters ( Pl. 30: 12,16), ten are pin tumbler ( Pls. 30: na območju stavbe 1 so bili najdeni v plasteh in hodnih 13,19-21; 31: 1-6), and two are ring keys ( Pl. 30: 17-18). površinah faze Pa 2 ( t. 30: 12,17–18,20–21; 31: 4,7) in v The bronze handle fragment ( Pl. 31: 7; cf. bassi 1996, fig. premešani plasti. ključ ( t. 31: 8) je preprost kavljast, dva 26: 10) also belongs to a key. al these key shapes are old sta sidrasta oz. v obliki črke l ( t. 30: 12,16), deset je drsnih and remain in use throughout the entire antiquity thus ( t. 30: 13,19–21; 31: 1–6), dva pa sta ključa v obliki prstana they cannot be typological y precisely dated. but since ( t. 30: 17–18). tudi bronast odlomek ročaja spada h ključu they were lying in the layers of phase la 2 we assume ( t. 31: 7; prim. bassi 1996, sl. 26: 10). vse te oblike ključev that they belonged to building 1 and are thus assigned so stare in so bile v uporabi celotno antično obdobje, tako to approximately 6th century. 59 2_kovina.indd 59 23.1.2012 10:38:59 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds Sl. 2.9: karta razprostranjenosti stavbne opreme v izkopnem polju stavbe 1 (hodne površine faze Pa 2). Fig. 2.9: distribution of architectural fittings in the excavation area of building 1 (walking surfaces of phase la 2). da jih tipološko ne moremo natančno časovno opredeliti. two ring keys ( Pl. 30: 17-18) were discovered in ker pa ležijo v plasteh faze Pa 2, sklepamo, da so pripadali layers of phase la 2. such keys appear at the beginning stavbi 1, in jih datiramo okvirno v 6. st. of the Roman period (schütz 2003, 115) and are espe- ključa v obliki prstana ( t. 30: 17–18) sta bila naj- cial y popular in the 3rd century (Riha 1990, 39-41). in dena v plasteh faze Pa 2. takšni ključi so se pojavili na late antiquity they are not a frequent find. začetku rimskega obdobja (schütz 2003, 115), posebej besides the recognisable keys another five iron frag- priljubljeni so bili v 3. stoletju (Riha 1990, 39–41), niso ments were found in a mixed layer which most probably pa pogosta poznoantična najdba. belong to key grips ( Pl. 31: 9-13). 60 2_kovina.indd 60 23.1.2012 10:39:01 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds Poleg razpoznavnih ključev je bilo v premešani outside building 1, 22 fragments of split hinges ( Pl. plasti najdenih še pet železnih odlomkov, ki so najver- 32: 3-21) were found. one was discovered in layer la jetneje odlomki držajev ključev ( t. 31: 9–13). 1 ( Pl. 32: 17) and could therefore belong to the earlier Zunaj stavbe 1 je bilo najdenih 22 odlomkov razce- building in the same spot. others lay in layers of phase pnih tečajev ( t. 32: 3–21). eden je bil najden v plasti Pa la 2 ( Pl. 32: 3-4,9,11,15-16,18,20) and in mixed layers . 1 ( t. 32: 17) in bi torej lahko pripadal starejšemu objektu There were a few fittings or massive hinges ( Pl. 33: na tem mestu. ostali so ležali v plasteh faze Pa 2 ( t. 32: 1-3,12). two hinges ( Pl. 33: 3,12) were probably attached 3–4,9,11,15–16,18,20) in premešanih plasteh . to a door (schütz 2003, 140, Pl. 43: s202). The first ( Pl. nekaj je bilo okovov oziroma masivnih tečajev ( t. 33: 3) was found in a layer of phase la 1, while the other 33: 1–3,12). tečaja ( t. 33: 3,12) sta bila najverjetneje ( Pl. 33: 12) is a chance find. The part of a frame ( Pl. 32: pritrjena na vrata (schütz 2003, 140, t. 43: s202). Prvi 22) can be interpreted as a door hinge pin (schütz 2003, ( t. 33: 3) je bil najden v plasti faze Pa 1, drugi ( t. 33: 140-141, Pl. 43: s197-s200). 12) pa je naključna najdba. del okovja ( t. 32: 22) lahko two chest or casket hasps ( Fig 2.9; Pl. 33: 10-11: cf. interpretiramo kot nosilec vratnega tečaja (schütz 2003, Cavada 1996, 97-99; deimel 1987, Pl. 39: 3) were also 140–141, t. 43: s197–s200). found. one ( Pl. 33: 11) lay in the walking surface of najdena sta bila tudi dva dela zapiralnega sistema building 1, together with a hinge ( Pl. 33: 1) and a key ( Pl. skrinj ( sl. 2.9; t. 33: 10–11: prim. Cavada 1996, 97–99; 30: 21), and the other ( Pl. 33: 10) was found in the outer deimel 1987, t. 39: 3). eden ( t. 33: 11) je ležal v plasti walking surface of building 1. notranje hodne površine stavbe 1 skupaj s tečajem ( t. 33: a decorated bronze fitting ( Pl. 32: 2) is most prob- 1) in ključem ( t. 30: 21), drugi ( t. 33: 10) je bil najden v ably part of the decoration of a casket and was found in plasti zunanje hodne površine stavbe 1. a mixed layer (cf. e.g. deimel 1987, Pl. 98). okrašen bronast okov ( t. 32: 2) je zelo verjetno del among the objects which were used to connect the okrasa manjše skrinjice, najden je bil v premešani plasti wooden parts of buildings we can certainly identify only (prim. npr. deimel 1987, t. 98). one staple found in the destruction layer ( Pl. 33: 4), and od predmetov, ki so povezovali lesene dele objekta, five clamps ( Pl. 33: 5-9). They were lying in layers of phase lahko z gotovostjo prepoznamo le eno skobo, ki je bila la 2 ( Pl. 33: 9) and in a mixed layer. najdena v ruševini ( t. 33: 4), in pet spojk ( t. 33: 5–9). many nails were found ( Pl. 34-39). most are of ležale so v plasti faze Pa 2 ( t. 33: 9) in premešani plasti. medium size (approximately 5 cm long) with a flat or odkrito je bilo veliko žebljev ( t. 34–39). večina sometimes massive, pyramidal head ( Pls. 35: 7,9-10,13- jih je srednje velikosti (dolžine okrog 5 cm), s plo- 24; 36: 1-27,31-32,34,38,40; 37: 1-33; 38: 1-35). a few ščato ali včasih masivno, piramidalno glavo ( t. 35: are bigger (up to 20 cm; Pls. 34: 1-14; 35: 1-6,8,11-12) 7,9–10,13–24; 36: 1–27,31–32,34,38,40; 37: 1–33; but there were also several very small nails found which 38: 1–35). nekaj jih je večjih (do 20 cm; t. 34: 1–14; are al of the same length, slightly over 1 cm ( Pls. 36: 35: 1–6,8,11–12), najdenih pa je bilo tudi precej zelo 28-30,33,35,37,39,41; 39: 1-75). They are evenly dis- majhnih žebljičkov enotne dolžine malo več kot 1 cm tributed over the area, approximately 1 to 7 nails per ( t. 36: 28–30,33,35,37,39,41; 39: 1–75). Prostorsko so most quadrants, in the destruction layer and other bili razporejeni precej enakomerno, po približno 1 do layers of phase la 2. only a few pieces originate from 7 primerkov v večini kvadrantov, v ruševinski plasti in layers of phase la 1 (see tonovcov grad. settlement drugih plasteh faze Pa 2. le nekaj jih izvira iz plasti remains and interpretation, figs. 3.2: 4-5; 3.3: 5-6; 3.4: faze Pa 1 (glej tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in 15-16; 3.8: 6-9; 3.10: 2) and from layers belonging to interpretacija, sl. 3.2: 4–5; 3.3: 5–6; 3.4: 15–16; 3.8: 6–9; the early medieval period (see tonovcov grad. settle- 3.10: 2) in iz plasti, ki pripadajo zgodnjesrednjeveške- ment remains and interpretation figs. 3.17: 4; 3.19 : mu obdobju (glej tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki 6-10,12-14). in interpretacija, sl. 3.17: 4; 3.19: 6–10,12–14). a bigger concentration of nails is noticeable in večja koncentracija žebljev je bila v kvadrantih v quadrants around the building, along wal s 4 and 5 (be- okolici stavbe ob zidovih 4 in 5 (med 7–12 primerkov tween 7 and 12 nails in qus. 617, 618, 619, 668, 669), and v kvadrantih 617, 618, 619, 668, 669) in predvsem v especial y in qu. 666, immediately in front of the building kvadrantu 666 tik pred vhodom v stavbo, kjer je bilo entrance where 40 nails of al sizes were found. a smal er najdenih 40 žebljev vseh velikosti. manjša koncentracija concentration is also found in a layer of phase la 2, in jih je bila tudi v plasti faze Pa 2 v kvadrantu 817/a2, ki qu. 817/a2, which is located in the inner corner of the leži v notranjem vogalu prizidka (med zidovoma št. 2 in outhouse (between wal s nos. 2 and 11). six nails of the 11). tam je bilo najdenih šest žebljičkov samo najmanjše smallest size were found there (approximately 1 cm; Pl. velikosti (približno 1 cm; t. 39: 23,32–34,51–52). Zraven 39: 23,32-34,51-52). an anchor-shaped latch lifter ( Pl. je bil najden tudi ključ v obliki sidra ( t. 30: 12). Povsem 30: 12) was found alongside. it is quite possible that these mogoče je, da so to ostanki skrinjice. are the remains of a casket. 61 2_kovina.indd 61 23.1.2012 10:39:02 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds skleP ConClusion k zapiralnim sistemom vrat, skrinj in skrinjic spada Closing systems of doors, chests, and caskets involve še precej delov (na primer okovi ključavnic, tečaji in numerous other parts (e.g. lock plates, hinges and orna- okrasni okovi skrinj ipd.), vendar nam je med gradivom mental fittings of caskets etc.) yet among the material from z območja stavbe 1 uspelo zanesljivo razpoznati le zgoraj the area of building 1 we managed to certainly recognise naštete dele. Zapiralni sistemi in ključi so bili lahko tudi only objects enumerated above. security systems and keys leseni, v tem primeru se niso ohranili. were also made of wood and have thus not been preserved. v plasteh faze Pa 1 (druga polovica 4. st. in za- layers of phase la 1 (second half of the 4th and the četek 5. st.) sta bila najdena dva kosa tečajev ( t. 32: 17; beginning of the 5th century) reveal two hinges ( Pls. 32: 33: 3) in nekaj žebljev ( t. 37: 11,13,18–19,22–23; 38: 17; 33: 3) and a few nails ( Pls. 37: 11,13,18-19,22-23; 38: 3,9,11; 39: 25,39,48,62; glej tonovcov grad. naselbin- 3,9,11; 39: 25,39,48,62; see tonovcov grad. settlement ski ostanki in interpretacija, sl. 3.2: 4–5; 3.3: 5–6; 3.4: remains and interpretation, figs. 3.2: 4-5; 3.3: 5-6; 3.4: 14–16; 3.8: 6–9; 3.10: 2), ki so lahko pripadali pozno- 14-16; 3.8: 6-9; 3.10: 2), which could have belonged to rimskemu objektu. the late Roman building. Z vhodnimi vrati stavbe 1 ali s skrinjo, ki ji je pri- a key ( Pl. 30: 21 ) and a fitting or a hinge ( Pl. 33: padal del zapaha ( t. 33: 11), sta lahko povezana ključ 1) could be connected to the entrance gate of building ( t. 30: 21 ) in okov ali tečaj ( t. 33: 1), saj so ležali skupaj 1 or to a chest, to which belonged part of a bolt ( Pl. 33: na hodni površini znotraj stavbe pred vhodom ( sl. 2.9). 11), since they were found lying together in the walking Še dva ključa sta bila najdena v notranjosti stavbe in surface within the building, in front of the entrance ( Fig. prizidka. mali bronasti ključek ( t. 31: 6) je ležal v se- 2.9). another two keys were found within the building vernem vogalu hiše, poškodovan železen ( t. 30: 12) pa and the outhouse. a smal bronze key ( Pl. 31: 6) lay s skupkom majhnih žebljičkov ( t. 39: 23,32–34,51–52) in the northern corner of the house, while a damaged v vogalu prizidka (med zidovoma 2 in 11). lahko so bili iron one ( Pl. 30: 12) was found together with a group of ostanek obite skrinjice. small nails ( Pl. 39: 23,32-34,51-52) in the corner of the Pred zidom št. 5 je nekaj predmetov ležalo precej outhouse (between wal s 2 and 11). These could be the skupaj v ruševinski plasti faze Pa 2 (se 26): ključ v obliki remains of a small studded casket. prstana ( t. 30: 17 ), tečaji ( t. 32: 11,15,18) in spojka ( t. 33: 9). in front of the wall no. 5, a few items lay quite close oblika osnovnih delov hišne opreme se v antiki ni together in the destruction layer of phase la 2 (su 26): veliko spreminjala. na tonovcovem gradu zastopane a ring key ( Pl. 30: 17 ), hinges ( Pl. 32: 11,15,18), and a oblike so večinoma prisotne že od mlajše železne dobe clamp ( Pl. 33: 9). dalje, predvsem pa celotno rimsko in poznorimsko The shape of the basic parts of house equipment obdobje (schütz 2003, 97–98). na območju stavbe 1 so did not change significantly during the antiquity. shapes sočasno zastopani različni sistemi zaklepanja vrat oz. represented at tonovcov grad are mostly present from skrinj ali skrinjic. tako na primer ključa v obliki črk t the late iron age onwards, and are especial y frequent ali l ( t. 30: 12,16; tudi t. i. ključ v obliki sidra) pripadata during the entire Roman and late Roman period (schütz drugačnemu zapiralnemu sistemu kot drsni ključi ( t. 30: 2003, 97-98). in the area of building 1 various systems of 13,19–21; 31: 1–5), ki so povezani z deli drsnih klju- locking the doors or chests and caskets are represented čavnic (schütz 2003, 88–122; sl. 34, 45). mali bronasti simultaneously. Thus, for example, the keys in the shape ključek ( t. 31: 6) in oba železna ključa v obliki prstana of letters t or l ( Pl. 30: 12,16; also cal ed anchor-shaped ( t. 30: 17–18) so verjetno zaklepali manjše skrinjice. keys or latch lifters) belong to a different closing system than pin tumbler keys ( Pls. 30: 13,19-21; 31: 1-5), which are connected to parts of pin tumbler locks (schütz 2003, 2.1.7 toaletni PRiboR 88-122; figs. 34, 45). a small bronze key ( Pl. 31: 6) and both iron ring keys ( Pl. 30: 17-18) were probably used najdeni sta bili dve bronasti ( t. 40: 6–7) in dve to lock caskets. železni pinceti ( t. 40: 8–9). dve ( t. 40: 7–8) sta ležali v plasti zunanje hodne površine stavbe, ena pinceta ( t. 40: 6) v plasti faze Pa 2 in druga ( t. 40: 9) v premešani 2.1.7 toilet instRuments plasti. bronasti pinceti predstavljata eno najpogostejših oblik pincete (rahlo razširjena kraka), ki se je lahko two bronze ( Pl. 40: 6-7) and two iron tweezers ( Pl. uporabljala v kozmetične ali zdravstvene namene, upo- 40: 8-9) were found. two ( Pl. 40: 7-8) lay in the outer rabljali pa so jo od 1. stoletja dalje po celem rimskem walking surface of the building, one tweezers ( Pl. 40: imperiju (Riha 1986, 37: varianta g). ta oblika je bila 6) in the layer of phase la 2, and one ( Pl. 40: 9) in a zelo pogosta tudi v pozni antiki, tudi v železni različici, mixed layer. bronze tweezers represent one of the most kot na primer ena od železnih pincet ( t. 40: 9). druga frequent forms (slightly widened levers) that could have 62 2_kovina.indd 62 23.1.2012 10:39:02 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds železna pinceta (z enakomerno širokima krakoma; t. been used for cosmetic or medicinal purposes and ap- 40: 8) se je prav tako pojavljala v rimskem obdobju, pear from the 1st century onwards in the entire Roman vendar tudi že v prazgodovini. v svetolucijski skupini empire (Riha 1986, 37: variant g). This form is also se tovrstne (bronaste) pincete najdejo med obeski na very frequent during the late antiquity, also in the iron ločnih fibulah (npr. teržan, lo schiavo, trampuž-orel variant, as for example one of the iron tweezers ( Pl. 40: 1985, grob 705). natančnejše časovne opredelitve ti 9). The other iron tweezers (with equal y wide levers; predmeti ne omogočajo. Pl. 40: 8) also appears in the Roman period but also in majhen bronast odlomek ( t. 40: 10) verjetno pred- the prehistory. in the sveta lucija group such tweezers stavlja del ogledala, najden je bil v premešani plasti. (bronze) are found among the pendants on the bow fibu- najdeni so bili štirje glavniki oziroma odlomki lae (e.g. teržan, lo schiavo, trampuž-orel 1985, grave glavnikov iz rogovine ( t. 40: 11–12,18,21) z dvema vr- 705). These objects do not enable a more precise dating. stama zobcev (eno gostejšo in eno redkejšo), ki so ležali a small bronze fragment ( Pl. 40: 10) probably rep- v plasteh faze Pa 1. resents part of a mirror, it was found in a mixed layer. dva sta večja, vezne prečke so okrašene s prekriža- four combs or fragments of combs made of antler nimi enojnimi in dvojnimi vrezi ( t. 40: 11–12), dva pa ( Pl. 40: 11-12,18,21) with two rows of teeth (one thicker sta manjša, bolj fragmentarno ohranjena in neokrašena and one thinner; double-sided combs) were found lying ( t. 40: 18,21). in the layers of phase la 1. od glavnikov iz faze Pa 2 ( t. 40: 13–15,17,23,25– two are bigger, connecting plates are decorated by 26) in premešanih plasti ( t. 40: 16,19,20,22,24,27) je en crossed single and double incisions ( Pl. 40: 11-12). two odlomek majhen in neokrašen ( t. 40: 15), drugi ( t. 40: are smaller, more fragmentarily preserved and undeco- 20) je del osnove glavnika, tretji ( t. 40: 19) pa odlo- rated ( Pl. 40: 18,21). mek osnove z okrasom prečnih vrezov. dva odlomka among combs from phase la 2 ( Pl. 40: 13- glavnikov s tankimi veznimi prečkami sta okrašena na 15,17,23,25-26) and the mixed layers ( Pl. 40: 16,19- eni strani s krožci s piko in na drugi strani s prečnimi 20,22,24,27), one fragment is smal and undecorated vrezi ( t. 40: 13–14). sedem drobnih odlomkov letvic je ( Pl. 40: 15), another ( Pl. 40: 20) is part of the tooth plate, neokrašenih ( t. 40: 17,22–27). odlomki celih, nepre- and a third ( Pl. 40: 19) is a fragment of a tooth plate and luknjanih letvic dajejo misliti na izdelavo glavnikov a connecting plate with the decoration of diagonal inci- ( t. 40: 22–24,27 ). sions. two fragments of combs with narrow connecting Rogovinasti glavniki so se v rimskem imperiju začeli plates are on one side decorated by ring-and-dots and pojavljati šele v poznem 3. st. in predvsem od 4. st. dalje. on the other side by diagonal incisions ( Pl. 40: 13-14). Pred tem so bili večinoma izdelani iz lesa in se razen seven small fragments of connecting plate blanks are izjemoma niso ohranili (Riha 1986, 20). Zelo pogosti so unornamented ( Pl. 40: 17,22-27). fragments of whole, med 4. in 7. st., natančneje pa jih, razen kadar so najdeni imperforated blanks indicate the manufacturing of v dobro datiranih kontekstih, ne moremo opredeliti (Ri- combs ( Pl. 40: 22-24,27 ). emer 2000, 203). v sloveniji jih je bilo največ najdenih na antler combs appear in the Roman empire only grobiščih v dravljah in na lajhu v kranju ter v višinskih during the late 3rd century and mostly from the 4th naselbinah, torej v času druge polovice 5. in 6. st. (slabe century on. Prior to this time they were mostly made 1975, t. 7: 4; 8: 3; 10: 5; 17: 1; vinski 1980, 22–23). of wood and are general y not preserved (Riha 1986, izdelovali so jih najverjetneje v naselbinah, kar 20). antler combs are very frequent between the 4th lahko potrdijo najdbe z ajdovskega gradca nad vranjem and 7th century but cannot be more precisely delimited, (bitenc, knific 2001, kat. 143) in morda koščki prečk s except if found in wel dated contexts (Riemer 2000, tonovcovega gradu ( t. 40: 22–24,27). 203). in slovenia, the most were found at cemeteries odkriti so bili štirje žebljički za obuvala ( t. 40: 1–4; in dravlje and at lajh in kranj, and at hil top settle- bavdek 2005, t. 5: 2; 8: 10; 10: 4; istenič 2005, 81, sl. 5: ments, thus in the time of the second half of the 5th 1–13) in preprosta žičnata sponka ( t. 40: 5). ležali so v and 6th century (slabe 1975, Pls. 7: 4; 8: 3; 10: 5; 17: 1; plasteh faze Pa 2 ( t. 40: 3) in v premešani plasti ( t. 40: vinski 1980, 22-23). 1–2,4–5). They were most probably manufactured at the set- tlements themselves, as is indicated by the finds from ajdovski gradec above vranje (bitenc, knific 2001, cat. 2.1.8 bRonasto Posodje no. 143) and possibly by pieces of connecting plates from tonovcov grad ( Pl. 40: 22-24,27). na območju stavbe 1 so bili v premešani plasti four nails for sandals ( Pl. 40: 1-4; bavdek 2005, najdeni bronasti deli ataš ( t. 41: 1–3), dno posode ( t. Pls. 5: 2; 8: 10; 10: 4; istenič 2005, 81, fig. 5: 1-13) and 41: 6), del posode ( t. 41: 4), del ročaja ( t. 41: 8: prim. a simple wire clamp ( Pl. 40: 5) were discovered. These deimel 1987, t. 9: 2) in noga posode ( t. 41: 5: prim. lay in the layers of phase la 2 ( Pl. 40: 3) and in a mixed deimel 1987, t. 11: 6). Poleg teh je bilo v plasteh faze layer ( Pl. 40: 1-2,4-5). 63 2_kovina.indd 63 23.1.2012 10:39:02 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds Pa 2 ( t. 41: 9–11,13–14,17–18; t. 42: 1,7,9,11,15–24,26), 2.1.8 bRonZe vessels zgodnjesrednjeveški plasti ( t. 42: 12,25) in premešani plasti najdenih tudi veliko kosov preluknjane bronaste in the area of building 1, in a mixed layer, bronze pločevine ( t. 41: 7,9–19 ; 42: 1–26). s takimi koščki so parts of suspension loops ( Pl. 41: 1-3), a vessel base ( Pl. popravljali predmete iz bronaste pločevine, na primer 41: 6), a vessel part ( Pl. 41: 4), a handle part ( Pl. 41: 8: posode in kotle. nekateri odlomki bronaste pločevine cf. deimel 1987, Pl. 9: 2), and a vessel foot ( Pl. 41: 5: cf. bi lahko bili tudi deli pasnih spon ali različnih okovov. deimel 1987, Pl. 11: 6) were found. beside these, many pieces of perforated bronze sheet were discovered in the layers of phase la 2 ( Pls. 41: 9-11,13-14,17-18; 42: 2.2 stavbi 2 in 3 1,7,9,11,15-24,26), the early medieval layer ( Pl. 42: 12,25), and in the mixed layer ( Pls. 41: 7,9-19 ; 42: 1-26). stavbi 2 in 3 sta med seboj povezani (glej tonovcov such pieces were used to repair objects made of bronze grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, pogl. 2.4), za- sheet, for example pots and cauldrons. individual frag- to bosta obravnavani skupaj. v fazi Pa 1 je bila zgrajena ments of bronze sheet can also represent parts of belt in uporabljana stavba 3. ko je bila ta porušena, so enega buckles or various fittings. od njenih zidov (se 121) uporabili za gradnjo stavbe 2, območje prejšnje stavbe 3 pa je bilo, kot kažejo najdbe, uporabljano kot dvorišče ali gospodarski prostor ( sl. 1.3). 2.2 buildings 2 and 3 antične plasti na območju stavbe 3, preden je bila zgrajena, so datirane med 1.–3. st. (glej tonovcov buildings 2 and 3 are connected (see tonovcov grad. grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, pogl. 3.2). settlement remains and interpretation, chapter 2.4) thus v njih so bili najdeni dobro ohranjena močno profili- they are here discussed together. in phase la 1 building 3 rana fibula tipa almgren 69 ( t. 45: 1; konec 1. in 2. st., was built and used. When this building was demolished, jobst 1975, 33), srednje velik žebelj ( t. 46: 13) in novec one of its wal s (su 121) was used in the construction avrelijana iz leta 272 (glej pogl. 5, kat. 22). v antični of building 2, while the area of former building 3 was, plasti na prostoru stavbe 2 je bil najden bronast okov as is indicated by the finds, used as a courtyard or work ( t. 43: 5), okrašen z vtolčenimi pikami, z eno ohranjeno space ( Fig. 1.3). železno zakovico. The antique layers in the area of building 3 prior v plasteh, ki sta prav tako starejši od ostankov to its construction are dated between the 1st and the 3rd zidov stavbe 3 (glej tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki century (see tonovcov grad. settlement remains and in- in interpretacija, pogl. 3.2), sta bili najdeni valjasta zelena terpretation, chapter 3.2). in them a wel preserved fibula jagoda ( t. 45: 4, sl. 2.10: 1) in majhna železna igla v obliki of the almgren 69 type ( Pl. 45: 1; end of the 1st and the 2nd stilusa ( t. 45: 9; glej pogl. 2.1.2). century, jobst 1975, 33), a medium-sized nail ( Pl. 46: 13), iz časa uporabe stavbe 3 v fazi Pa 1 je malo najdb. and a coin of aurelian from 272 ad (see chapter 5, cat. v plasteh sta bila ploščat kamen, morda brus ( t. 45: no. 22) were found. a bronze fitting ( Pl. 43: 5) decorated 26), ter železno orodje, morda oblič ( t. 46: 14, Popović by punched dots with one iron rivet preserved were found 1990, sl. 201). in the antique layer in the area of building 2. v kulturni plasti faze Pa 2 v stavbi 2 sta bila najdena a cylindrical green bead ( Pl. 45: 4, Fig. 2.10: 1) and del železnega tečaja ( t. 43: 12) in železen okov ( t. 44: 3), a smal iron pin shaped as a stylus ( Pl. 45: 9; see chapter v plasti na zunanji strani južnega zidu (se 123) stavbe 2 2.1.2) were found in the two layers which are also older pa dva noža ( t. 43: 14,16). Železna okova za vedro ( t. 43: than the remains of wal s of building 3 (see tonovcov grad. settlement remains and interpretation, chapter 3.2). There are only few finds from the time of function- ing of building 3 in phase la 1. here a flat stone, pos- sibly a whetstone ( Pl. 45: 26), and an iron tool, possibly a planer ( Pl. 46: 14, Popović 1990, fig. 201) were found. in the cultural layer of phase la 2 in building 2, a part of an iron hinge ( Pl. 43: 12) and an iron fit- ting ( Pl. 44: 3) were found. in the layer on the outer side of the southern wal (su 123) of building 2, two knives ( Pl. 43: 14,16) were found. two iron fittings for a bucket ( Pl. 43: 7-8) and a bronze necklace link ( Pl. Sl. 2.10: jagodi iz stavbe 3 in groba 18 ( t. 44: 23; 45: 4). steklo. 43: 3) were found among the stones of the northern m. = 1:1. wal (su 121). an iron object, which could represent Fig. 2.10: beads from building 3 and grave 18 ( Pls. 44: 23; 45: a smal anvil ( Pl. 43: 6), was found in the pit of phase 4). glass. scale = 1:1. la 2, next to wal su 122. 64 2_kovina.indd 64 23.1.2012 10:39:04 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds Sl. 2.11: karta razprostranjenosti dvoramnih fibul (po Thörle 2001, karta 15). Fig. 2.11: distribution of equal-arm fibulae (after Thörle 2001, map 15). 7–8) in bronast členek verižice ( t. 43: 3) so bili najdeni during phase la 2, the area of building 3 was used med kamni severnega zidu (se 121). Železen predmet, as a courtyard or a work space. The layer from this time ki lahko predstavlja manjše nakovalo ( t. 43: 6), je bil contains numerous finds. These are a bronze rivet ( Pl. 45: najden v vkopu faze Pa 2 ob zidu se 122. 8), a piece of bronze sheet ( Pl. 45: 12), a bronze earring v fazi Pa 2 je bilo območje stavbe 3 v uporabi kot with a polyhedron ( Pl. 45: 7), a piece of bronze sheet with dvorišče ali delovni prostor. Plast iz tega časa vsebuje punched decoration ( Pl. 45: 11), an iron bar with incised številne najdbe. to so bronasta zakovica ( t. 45: 8), kos symbols ( Pl. 46: 8, supposedly a distaff – see chapter 2.1.5), bronaste pločevine ( t. 45: 12), bronast uhan s poliedrom a bronze object ( Pl. 45: 13, supposedly a part of a belt ( t. 45: 7), del bronaste pločevine z bunčicami ( t. 45: 11), set, late 6th century – cf. arena et al. 2004, 59: top left), a železna palica z vrezanimi znaki ( t. 46: 8, domnevno bronze finger ring with part of the inscription avR ( Pl. preslica – glej pogl. 2.1.5), bronast predmet ( t. 45: 13, 45: 5, possibly aurelius), a handle and one other part of domnevno kos pasne garniture, pozno 6. st. – prim. a shield ( Pl. 46: 9 , 17). a shield boss of this shield is not arena et al. 2004, 59: zgoraj levo), bronast prstan z delom preserved thus making it difficult to delimit it typologi- napisa avR ( t. 45: 5, morda avrelij) in ročaj ter še en cal y and in time, nevertheless, it certainly belongs among kos ščita ( t. 46: 9 , 17). grba (kalota) ni ohranjena, zato shields of the 5th-7th century (cf. Pirling 1979, Pls. 9: 1; 24: ga težko tipološko in časovno opredelimo, gotovo pa 4; 58: 2). The same layer revealed also a coin of Constans spada med ščite 5.–7. st. (prim. Pirling 1979, t. 9: 1; 24: or Constantius ii (348-361, see chapter 5, cat. no. 62). 4; 58: 2). v isti plasti je bil najden tudi novec konstansa two pits were dug into this layer and the layer ali konstancija ii. (348–361, glej pogl. 5, kat. 62). below. in the first pit four fragments of an antler comb v to in v spodnjo plast sta bili vkopani dve jami. v ( Pl. 45: 22), a knife, and an iron object ( Pl. 46: 7,16) were prvi so bili najdeni štirje fragmenti roženega glavnika found, and an equal-arm fibula ( Pl. 45: 2) in the other. ( t. 45: 22), nož in železen predmet ( t. 46: 7,16), v drugi The equal-arm fibula ( Pl. 45: 2, distribution map pa dvoramna fibula ( t. 45: 2). Fig. 2.11) can be assigned to the hübener group 4 (equal- 65 2_kovina.indd 65 23.1.2012 10:39:05 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds dvoramno fibulo ( t. 45: 2, karta sl. 2.11) lahko arm fibulae with triangle-shaped arms), which appears uvrstimo v hübenerjevo skupino 4 (dvoramne fibule s in the area of the southeastern alps (hübener 1972, trikotnimi kraki), ki se pojavlja na prostoru jugovzho- 217). it was supposedly worn primarily by men, its most dnih alp (hübener 1972, 217). nosili naj bi jih predvsem precise analogy is the fibula from intercissa (hübener moški. najnatančnejša analogija tonovški je fibula iz 1972, fig. 17: 1) and the fibulae from the site gradec near intercisse (hübener 1972, sl. 17: 1), zelo podobne pa so logje, which neighbours tonovcov grad (osmuk 2001, ji tudi fibule s tonovcovemu gradu sosednjega najdišča cat. no. 131), fibulae from aquileia (bierbrauer 1987, gradec pri logjeh (osmuk 2001, kat. 131), iz akvileje Pl. 61: 2) and sv. lovrenc above bašelj (josipovič 1982, (bierbrauer 1987, t. 61: 2) in sv. lovrenca nad bašljem 181, fig. 48: 1; bitenc 2001, cat. no. 132) are also very (josipovič 1982, 181, sl. 48: 1; bitenc 2001, kat. 132). Še similar. another equal-arm fibula with triangle-shaped ena dvoramna fibula s trikotnimi kraki je bila najdena arms was found at lokovec on banjšice (bitenc 2001, na lokovcu na banjšicah (bitenc 2001, kat. 133; knific cat. no. 133; knific 2002, Pl. 1: 7). 2002, t. 1: 7). s. Thörle (2001) col ected and discussed the euro- s. Thörle (2001) je zbral in obdelal evropske dvo- pean equal-arm fibulae, which appear in greater numbers ramne fibule, ki se v največjem številu pojavljajo na over the frankish territory. he discovered that the devel- frankovskem ozemlju. ugotovil je, da se je razvoj dvo- opment of equal-arm fibulae most probably began in the ramnih fibul najverjetneje začel v jugovzhodnih alpah, southeastern alps, where the oldest examples were found kjer so bili najdeni najstarejši primerki v staroselskih in the Romanized autochthonous male graves. groups moških grobovih. skupini iii a in b, za kateri so zna- iii a and b, for which triangle-shaped arms decorated čilni trikotni kraki, okrašeni s krožci s piko ali vrezi, sta by ring-and-dots or incisions are characteristic, are dis- bili razprostranjeni v sloveniji, italiji in istri ( sl. 2.11). tributed over slovenia, italy, and istria ( Fig. 2.11). in the v jugovzhodnih alpah se pojavljajo še dvoramne fibule southeastern alps equal-armed fibuale of types i a 2 (type tipov i a 2 (tip Castel trosino z zaokroženimi kraki), Castel trosino with rounded arms), v a (type nocera v a (tip nocera umbra s pravokotnimi kraki) in b (tip umbra with rectangular arms) and b (type voltago with voltago s pravokotnimi kraki) ter iX a (posnetki fibul, rectangular arms), and iX a (imitations of fibulae deco- okrašenih v žilvalskem stilu; Thörle 2001, karte 3, 15, rated in the animal style; Thörle 2001, distribution maps 17, 24). naštete skupine se pojavljajo na staroselskih 3, 15, 17, 24). The above mentioned groups appear at the najdiščih okvirno v drugi polovici 6. in prvi polovici autochthonous sites approximately in the second half of 7. st. Prevzeli naj bi jih langobardi, saj so najdene tudi the 6th and in the first half of the 7th century. These were v bogatih moških grobovih v noceri umbri in Castel supposedly adopted by the lombards for they were found trosinu. Približno v istem času naj bi se moda dvora- also in rich male graves at nocera umbra and Castel mnih fibul, najverjetneje pod langobardskim vplivom, trosino. approximately at the same time, the fashion prenesla v frankovsko žensko nošo, kjer se je razvila of wearing equal-arm fibulae, most probably under the v mnogo podoblik in se je nadaljevala iz merovinške- influence of the lombards, supposedly transferred onto ga obdobja še v karolinško (Thörle 2001, 259–266). the frankish women’s attire where it was then developed takrat se dvoramne fibule ponovno pojavijo tudi v into numerous subtypes and persists from the meroving- jugovzhodnoalpskem prostoru, v noši karantanske in ian into the Carolingian period (Thörle 2001, 259-266). ketlaške stopnje. at that time the equal-armed fibulae reappear also in the southeastern alpine territory, in the attire of the Caran- v ruševini stavbe 2 so ležali žeblji ( t. 44: 4,16–21), tanian and köttlach groups. železen okov ( t. 44: 1), noži ( t. 43: 15,17,19), kosir ( t. 44: 2), verjetno zlatarsko orodje ( t. 43: 11; glej pogl. 2.1.5), in the destruction layer of building 2 nails ( Pl. kosi svinčene pločevine ( t. 44: 8–9,11–15), bronasta za- 44: 4,16-21), an iron fitting ( Pl. 44: 1), knives ( Pl. 43: kovica ( t. 44: 6), bronasta žica ( t. 44: 10), bronasta konica 15,17,19), a col ar ferrule ( Pl. 44: 2), probably a goldsmith’s ali igla ( t. 43: 10), dva železna žebljička za obutev ( t. 44: tool ( Pl. 43: 11; see chapter 2.1.5), pieces of lead sheet ( Pl. 5,7; bavdek 2005, t. 5: 2; 8: 10; 10: 4), bronast fragment, 44: 8-9,11-15), a bronze rivet ( Pl. 44: 6), bronze wire ( Pl. ki je bil verjetno delček fibule (del loka in držalo za pe- 44: 10), a bronze pin or needle ( Pl. 43: 10), two iron nails resovino: t. 43: 4) in bronasta trakasta zapestnica ( t. 43: for sandals ( Pl. 44: 5,7; bavdek 2005, Pls. 5: 2; 8: 10; 10: 2). bradata sekira brez podaljšanega čela, ki je značilno 4), a bronze fragment, probably representing a part of a za sekire poznoantičnega obdobja pri nas ( t. 43: 11), fibula (a part of the bow and a spring hold: Pl. 43: 4), and najbolj spominja na bojne sekire 5. in 6. st. Primerjave a bronze band bracelet ( Pl. 43: 2). a bearded axe head ji lahko najdemo predvsem v sekiri iz groba 192 na gro- without an extended pol ( Pl. 43: 1), which is typical of bišču Pleidelsheim (koch 2001, t. 33: d1). Zelo podobne late antique axes in slovenia, resembles most the battle sekire, vendar z nekoliko drugače oblikovanim čelom, axes of the 5th and 6th century. Comparisons for it can be so bile najdene tudi na primer na kranjskem grobišču found primarily in the axe from grave 192 at the cemetery na lajhu (knific 1995, sl. 4), na čedajskem grobišču in Pleidelsheim (koch 2001, Pl. 33: d1). very similar axes, 66 2_kovina.indd 66 23.1.2012 10:39:05 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds Pertica (ahumada silva, lopreato, tagliaferri 1990, t. but with a somewhat differently shaped pol , were discov- XiX: 1) in na grobišču v Rakovčanih (miletić 1970, t. i: ered also at, for example, cemetery lajh in kranj (knific 1; iii: 13). sekira iz ruševine stavbe 2 se najverjetneje 1995, fig. 4), at the cemetery in Pertica in Cividale del povezuje z najdbama delov ščita ( t. 46: 9,17) severno od friuli (ahumada silva, lopreato, tagliaferri 1990, Pl. XiX: stavbe (glej zgoraj). v podobnih okoliščinah, v vrhnjih 1), and at the cemetery in Rakovčani (miletić 1970, Pls. i: plasteh še neraziskane stavbe 26 ( sl. 1.1 ; glej tonovcov 1; iii: 13). The axe from the destruction layer of building grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, pogl. 1.3) je 2 is probably connected to the finds of parts of a shield bila najdena tudi spatha ( t. 11: 10). ( Pl. 46: 9,17) in the courtyard north of the building (see v ruševini je bil najden tudi slabo čitljiv novec s above). a spatha ( Pl. 11: 10) was found in similar circum- konca 4. in iz prve polovice 5. st. (glej pogl. 5, kat. 155). stances, in the top layers of the yet unresearched building v ruševini severno od stavbe 2, to je na območju 26 ( Fig. 1.1; see tonovcov grad. settlement remains and starejše stavbe 3, so bili najdeni del srebrnega prstana interpretation, chapter 1.3). ( t. 45: 6), tri šivanke ( t. 45: 19–21), štirje noži ( t. 46: a poorly readable coin of the end of the 4th and the 2–3,5–6), skoba ( t. 46: 10), rombična puščična ost s beginning of the 5th century (see chapter 5, cat. no. 155) tulom ( t. 45: 18), dva žeblja ( t. 46: 12,15), z drobnimi was also found in the destruction layer. vrezi okrašena železna igla s sploščeno uvito glavo ( t. in the destruction layer north of building 2, i.e. in 45: 10), bronast trak ( t. 45: 17), dve železni orodji ( t. 45: the area of older building 3, a piece of a silver ring ( Pl. 24–25), nedokončana bronasta sponka ogrlice ( t. 45: 3) 45: 6), three sewing needles ( Pl. 45: 19-21), four knives in poškodovan krilat okov poznorimske pasne garniture ( Pl. 46: 2-3,5-6), a staple ( Pl. 46: 10), a tanged arrowhead s podolžnim rebrom ( t. 45: 15, glej pogl. 2.1.3). with a rhombic flat head ( Pl. 45: 18), two nails ( Pl. 46: 12,15), an iron pin with a flattened rol ed head decorated Železna pasna spona ( t. 45: 14) in železen okov ( t. by miniature incisions ( Pl. 45: 10), a bronze band ( Pl. 45: 43: 9) sta bila najdena v premešani plasti. 17), two iron tools ( Pl. 45: 24-25), an unfinished bronze naključno je bil najden tudi novec klavdija ii. iz necklace clasp ( Pl. 45: 3), and a damaged winged fitting leta 270 (glej pogl. 5, kat. 23). of the late Roman belt set with a longitudinal rib ( Pl. 45: 15, see chapter 2.1.3) were found. gRob 18 an iron belt buckle ( Pl. 45: 14) and an iron fitting ( Pl. 43: 9) were discovered in a mixed layer. Štirje grobovi (št. 15, 18, 19 in 20) so bili vkopani The coin of Claudius ii from 270 (see chapter 5, za južni zid (zid 123; sl. 1.3) stavbe 2, očitno v času, ko cat. no. 23) was also a chance find. je stavba vsaj v osnovi še stala. Ruševina stavbe jih je namreč popolnoma prekrila, v njej pa ni bilo opaziti nobenega vkopa, ki bi govoril za to, da je bil pokop gRave 18 opravljen, potem, ko je bila stavba že porušena (glej tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, four graves (nos. 15, 18, 19, and 20) were dug pogl. 2.4.2, 3.2). behind the south wall (wall 123; Fig. 1.3) of building 2, samo en grob (št.18) je imel pridatke. v grobu obviously in a time when the building was still at least (moški, adultus i, 25−30 let; glej pogl. 7) so bili najdeni partly standing. namely, the destruction layer of the nož ( t. 44: 22) na levi strani medenice, železen jermen- building covered them completely and there were no pits ski zaključek ( t. 44: 24) ob medenici in svitkasta zelena noticeable which would indicate that they were buried jagoda ( t. 44: 23, sl. 2.10: 2) na levi strani skeleta pod after the building had col apsed (see tonovcov grad. set- rebri. kratek razcepljen železen jermenski zaključek z tlement remains and interpretation, chapters 2.4.4, 3.2). zakovico lahko okvirno datiramo v 8. st. (kleeman 1992, solely one grave (no. 18) included grave goods. a sl. 6: tip 8b). jagoda ( t. 44: 23) spada v čas med koncem knife ( Pl. 44: 22) on the left side of the pelvis, an iron 7. in v 8. st. (dannheimer 1968, 77, t. 1: 57; Pleterski strap end ( Pl. 44: 24) along the pelvis, and a coiled 2008, 64, sl. 13). green bead ( Pl. 44: 23, Fig. 2.10: 2) on the left side of the v zasutju groba je bilo najdenih še nekaj koščkov skeleton, under the ribs, were found in the grave (male, opeke. adultus i, 25-30 years; see chapter 7). a short split iron strap end with a rivet can be approximately dated to the 8th century (kleeman 1992, fig. 6: type 8b). The bead skleP ( Pl. 44: 23) belongs to a time between the end of the 7th and the 8th century (dannheimer 1968, 77, Pl. 1: 57; najdbe iz časa pred gradnjo stavbe 3 (1.–3. st.; t. Pleterski 2008, 64, fig. 13). 43: 5; 45: 1,4,9; 46: 13) so maloštevilne in neizpovedne, a few pieces of tegulae were discovered in the fill vendar kažejo na obljudenost prostora od 1. st. dalje. of the grave. 67 2_kovina.indd 67 23.1.2012 10:39:05 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds tudi ostanki iz časa gradnje in delovanja stavbe ConClusion 3 v fazi Pa 1 (druga polovica 4. in začetek 5. st.) niso številni ( t. 45: 26; 46: 14). finds from the time before the construction of v stavbi 2, ki je bila zgrajena v fazi Pa 2 (konec building 3 (1st-3rd century; Pls. 43: 5; 45: 1,4,9; 46: 13) are 5.–začetek 7. st.), so bili najdeni poleg nekaj ostankov scarce and unrevealing, yet they point to the inhabiting hišne opreme (tečaj, okovi, žeblji: t. 43: 7–8,12,14,16; of the area from the 1st century onwards. 44: 3) večinoma delčki bronastih predmetov in koščkov The remains from the time of the construction and svinca ( t. 43: 4,10; 44: 6 , 8–9,11–15). odkrita sta bila functioning of building 3 in phase la 1 (the second half majhno nakovalce ( t. 43: 6) in orodje ( t. 43: 11), podobno of the 4th and the beginning of the 5th century) are also punci, ki ga lahko interpretiramo kot zlatarsko orodje, not many ( Pls. 45: 26; 46: 14). najverjetneje za dodajanje majhnih količin sestavin v building 2, which was built in phase la 2 (end of prahu (szameit 1995, 250–251). the 5th-beginning of the 7th century), revealed besides v času uporabe stavbe 2 je bilo območje stavbe a few remains of architectural fitings (hinges, fittings, 3 dvorišče oziroma gospodarski prostor. tu je bilo nails: Pls. 43: 7-8,12,14,16; 44: 3) mostly pieces of bronze najdenih še več sledov, ki kažejo na predelavo ali iz- objects and pieces of lead ( Pls. 43: 4,10; 44: 6 , 8-9,11-15). delavo majhnih nakitnih bronastih in srebrnih pred- a small anvil ( Pl. 43: 6) and a tool ( Pl. 43: 11) similar metov: orodje (punca?; t. 45: 24), kosi srebrnega in to a punch which can be interpreted as a goldsmith’s bronastih prstanov, uhan, kos poznega pasnega okova, tool, probably used to add small amounts of powdered okrašena železna iglica, koščki bronaste in svinčene ingredients (szameit 1995, 250-251), were also discov- pločevine, nedokončana sponka za ogrlico in košček ered here. bronaste pločevine z zakovico za popravila ( t. 45: during the time when building 2 was functional, 3,5–8,10,12–13,15,17,19–21,25). Predmetov, ki bi jih the area of building 3 represented its courtyard or a work lahko povezovali z drugimi dejavnostmi, skoraj ni bilo. space. here several other traces indicating the process- edine izjeme so tri šivanke različnih velikosti ( t. 45: ing and manufacturing of small jewellery bronze and 19–21) ter domnevna preslica ( t. 46: 8). morda lahko silver objects were found: a tool (a punch?; Pl. 45: 24), stavbo 2 in dvorišče v fazi Pa 2 (konec 5.–začetek 7. st.) pieces of silver and bronze finger rings, earrings, a piece interpretiramo kot popravljalnico oz. predelovalnico of a late Roman belt fitting, a small decorated iron pin, majhnih nakitnih predmetov, morda celo zlatarsko pieces of bronze and lead sheet, an unfinished necklace delavnico. to interpretacijo podpirata tudi siceršnje clasp, and a piece of bronze sheet with a rivet for mend- majhno število najdb v stavbi 2 ter odsotnost ognjišča, ing ( Pl. 45: 3,5-8,10,12-13,15,17,19-21,25). objects that ki bi bilo potrebno v bivalni hiši (za drugo mogočo could be connected to other activities were practical y interpretacijo glej tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki non-existent. The only exceptions are the three needles in interpretacija, pogl. 4.2.6). of various sizes ( Pl. 45: 19-21) and a supposed distaff orodje za predelavo kovin morda lahko razloži ( Pl. 46: 8). maybe building 2 and the courtyard in phase tudi veliko količino drobnih predmetov iz stavbe 1, ki la 2 (end of the 5th - beginning of the 7th century) can so mnogo starejši od plasti, v katerih so ležali (glej pogl. be interpreted as a repair shop or a processing shop for 2.1.1). ti predmeti so bili morda zbirani za predelavo. smal jewel ery objects, possibly even a goldsmith’s shop. dva dela ščita ( t. 46: 9,17) iz ruševine in sekira ( t. This interpretation is supported by the general y small 43: 1) lahko nakazujejo dogajanje ob propadu ali mo- number of finds in building 2 and the lack of a fire-place rebitnem nasilnem koncu naselbine. which would be necessary in a house (for the other ko je bila stavba 2 opuščena, so bili za njen južni possible interpretation see tonovcov grad. settlement zid (zid 123) vkopani štirje grobovi (št. 15, 18, 19 in 20). remains and interpretation, chapter 4.2.6). grob 18, ki je edini imel pridatke, je datiran v konec 7. metal production tools can possibly also explain in 8. st. the large number of smal objects from building 1, which are much older than the layer in which they were found (see chapter 2.1.1). These objects could have been chosen 2.3 skloP CeRkva, for processing. vmesni PRostoR in gRobovi two parts of a shield ( Pl. 46: 9,17) from the de- struction layer and an axe ( Pl. 43: 1) could indicate the na skalnem platoju na južnem delu naselbine je events upon the downfall or possible violent end of the bil v drugi poznoantični fazi (Pa 2; konec 5.–začetek settlement. 7. st.) postavljen sklop treh cerkva (severna, osrednja not long after building 2 was abandoned, four in južna) z “memorijo” in v skalo vklesanim vmesnim graves (nos. 15, 18, 19, and 20) were dug behind its prostorom. southern wall (wall 123). grave 18, which was the only nekaj drobnih najdb je bilo odkritih v sondah, ki so one that included grave goods, is dated to the end of the bile narejene pod estrihi v severni in osrednji cerkvi, in 7th and the 8th century. 68 2_kovina.indd 68 23.1.2012 10:39:06 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds so iz časa pred izgradnjo sklopa. velika večina predme- 2.3 eCClesiastiCal ComPleX, tov je ležala v ruševinskih plasteh na hodnih površinah aRea betWeen the ChuRChes cerkvenih stavb in spadajo v fazo Pa 2. and gRaves Posamezne najdbe in grob 21, vkopan v ruševin- ske plasti v vmesnem prostoru med osrednjo in južno an ecclesiastical complex of three churches (north, cerkvijo, so iz zgodnjesrednjeveškega obdobja (glej main, and south) with a ‘memoria’ and an area cut into tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, the rock in between them was built on the rocky plateau pogl. 2.5). in the southern part of the settlement during the second late antiquity phase (la 2; end of the 5th - beginning of the 7th century). 2.3.1 seveRna CeRkev a few smal finds were discovered in trial trenches, dug under the mortar floors in the north and main v ruševinski plasti so bili najdeni velik žebelj ( t. 47: church, which belong to the time before the complex 9), del žeblja ( t. 47: 7), bronast trakast prstan z zakovico was built. The great majority of items were lying in the ( t. 47: 1), železen obroček ( t. 47: 5), del noža ( t. 47: 2) in destruction layers on the walking surfaces of ecclesiasti- puščična ost z rombično ploščato konico in trnom ( t. cal buildings and belong to phase la 2. 47: 4). Prstan z zakovico je podoben prstanu iz groba 21 individual finds and grave 21, dug into the de- ( t. 53: 11; glej pogl. 2.3.7), ki je okvirno datiran v 8. st. struction layers at the area between the main and v ladji pod estrihom sta bila najdena železen nož south church, belong to the early medieval period (see ( t. 47: 6) in železna konica ( t. 47: 8). tonovcov grad. settlement remains and interpretation, v narteksu severne in osrednje cerkve v plasti pod chapter 2.5). hodno površino je ležal kos bronaste žice ( t. 47: 3), ki bi lahko bil del sistema za obešanje steklenih svetilk (prim. Chevalier 1999, sl. 11). 2.3.1 noRth ChuRCh a big nail ( Pl. 47: 9), a part of a nail ( Pl. 47: 7), a 2.3.2 osRednja CeRkev bronze sheet ring with a rivet ( Pl. 47: 1), an iron ring ( Pl. 47: 5), a part of a knife ( Pl. 47: 2), and a tanged ar- v ruševinskih plasteh so bili najdeni veliki žeblji rowhead with a rhombic flat head ( Pl. 47: 4) were found ( t. 48: 1,3–12 ; 49: 1–4), manjši žebelj ( t. 47: 14), okov in the destruction layer. The ring with a rivet is similar v obliki okrogle plošče z luknjo ( t. 47: 17), majhno šilo to the ring from grave 21 ( Pl. 53: 11; see chapter 2.3.7), ( t. 47: 15), nekaj železnih žičk ( t. 47: 13,16) in železen which is approximately dated to the 8th century. nož ( t. 48: 2). in the nave, beneath the mortar floor an iron knife v plasti odpadlega ometa sta ležala preluknjan ( Pl. 47: 6) and an iron point ( Pl. 47: 8) were found. košček keramike s prilegajočim se koščkom svinca ( t. in the narthex of the north and main church, in the 47: 10,11) in v obliko črke s zvit svinčen trak ( t. 47: 12). layer beneath the walking surface a piece of bronze wire v notranjosti cerkve pod estrihom so bili najdeni ( Pl. 47: 3) that could belong to the system for hanging železen predmet ( t. 49: 5) in nekaj črepinj okenskega glass lamps (cf. Chevalier 1999, fig. 11) was found. stekla. 2.3.2 main ChuRCh 2.3.3 “memoRija” in the destruction layers big nails ( Pls. 48: 1,3-12 ; v ruševinski plasti so ležali velik žebelj ( t. 51: 1), 49: 1-4), a smaller nail ( Pl. 47: 14), a fitting shaped as a majhen žebelj ( t. 51: 2) neokrašen bronast obroček ( t. round plate with a hole ( Pl. 47: 17), a small awl ( Pl. 47: 51: 3) in novec Proba (276–282, glej pogl. 5, kat. 26). 15), several iron wires ( Pl. 47: 13,16), an an iron knife v kulturni plasti je bil najden arkadijev novec ( Pl. 48: 2) were found. (388–403, glej pogl. 5, kat. 89). in the layer of fallen-off plaster a perforated piece of pottery with a fitting piece of lead ( Pl. 47: 10-11) and an s-shaped lead strap ( Pl. 47: 12) were lying. 2.3.4 juŽna CeRkev inside the church, beneath the mortar floor an iron object ( Pl. 49: 5) and a few shards of window glass v ruševinski plasti so bili najdeni puščična ost s were found. trikotno ploščato konico in tulom ( t. 49: 9), puščična ost z rombično ploščato konico in trnom ( t. 49: 10), žeblji ( t. 49: 11,13,14), železna konica ( t. 49: 12), velik žebelj 69 2_kovina.indd 69 23.1.2012 10:39:06 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds ( t. 49: 15), neokrašen bronast obroček ( t. 49: 17) in kos 2.3.3 ‘memoRia’ bronaste pločevine ( t. 49: 16). v narteksu južne cerkve je bil pred izkopavanji a big nail ( Pl. 51: 1), a small nail ( Pl. 51: 2), an un- najden velik kos bronaste pločevine ( t. 50: 1; detektorska decorated bronze ring ( Pl. 51: 3), and a coin of Probus najdba), del kotla s trikotnimi držaji za ročaj. luknje v (276-282, see chapter 5, cat. no. 26) were found in the pločevini govorijo o tem, da je bil popravljan s krpami destruction layer. brona in zakovicami (dve sta ohranjeni). kotel podobne a coin of arcadius (388-403, see chapter 5, cat. no. oblike je bil najden v moškem grobu 204 na grobišču 89) was found in the cultural layer. gimnazija v várpaloti, skupaj z bizantinsko pasno spono, datiran pa je v 6.–7. st. (garam 2001, 173–174). 2.3.4 south ChuRCh 2.3.5 Zunaj CeRkva a socketed arrowhead with a triangular flat head ( Pl. 49: 9), a tanged arrowhead with a rhombic flat head Zunaj stavb v ruševini sta bila najdena še kos bro- ( Pl. 49: 10), nails ( Pl. 49: 11,13-14), an iron point ( Pl. naste pločevine ( t. 49: 7) in žebelj ( t. 49: 8). 49: 12), a big nail ( Pl. 49: 15), an undecorated bronze ring ( Pl. 49: 17), and a piece of bronze sheet ( Pl. 49: 16) were found in the destruction layer. 2.3.6 vmesni PRostoR in the narthex of the south church, a big piece of med osRednjo in juŽno CeRkvijo bronze sheet ( Pl. 50: 1; found by metal detector) was found prior to the excavations and was once part of a na skalnatem prostoru med osrednjo in južno cauldron with triangular grips for the handle. The holes cerkvijo, katerega funkcije ne moremo dokončno po- in the sheet testify to the fact that it was mended by jasniti, se izmenjujejo plasti grušča, malte in ruševin, patches of bronze and rivets (two are preserved). The ki jih povezujemo s cerkvami in čas njihovega obstoja cauldron of a similar shape was found in male grave postavljamo v fazo Pa 2 med koncem 5. in začetkom 7. 204 at the cemetery várpalota-high school, along with a st. (glej tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpre- byzantine belt buckle, and is dated to the 6th-7th century tacija, pogl. 3.3.3). v teh plasteh je bilo odkritih malo (garam 2001, 173-174). drobnih najdb, ki ne pripomorejo veliko k interpretaciji, ter novec konstansa (348–350, glej pogl. 5, kat. 45). Železna obročasta fibula z navznoter zavitimi konci 2.3.5 outside of ChuRChes ( t. 52: 1) je bila najdena v ruševini. tovrstne fibule so značilne predvsem za 3. in 4. st. (glej pogl. 2.1.1). outside of the churches, in the destruction layer bronast prstan z rumenim kamnom ali steklom a piece of bronze sheet ( Pl. 49: 7) and a nail ( Pl. 49: 8) ( t. 52: 4) je bil najden v maltni plasti skupaj z majhnim were discovered. žebljičkom ( t. 52: 11). obroč ima izdelan iz bronaste pločevine, okrašen z dvema zarezama. Celica je prav tako izdelana iz dvojnega traku pločevine, vanjo je 2.3.6 sPaCe betWeen main vloženo rumeno steklo ali okrasni kamen. Podoben and south ChuRCh prstan je bil najden v grobu 358 iz druge polovice 6. st. na blejski Pristavi (knific 2004, sl. 8: 9). Celica za in the rocky space between the main and south okrasni kamen spominja na celice na ploščatih križnih church, the function of which cannot be definitely fibulah z okrasnim kamnom ali na košarice uhanov s explained, layers of gravel, mortar, and ruins exchange. košarico (prim. knific 2001, kat. 142, 123), kar je lahko all are connected to churches and are dated to the time poleg stratigrafske lege argument za to, da ga časovno of their existence in phase la 2, between the end of the uvrstimo v 6. st. 5th and the beginning of the 7th century (see tonovcov dve jagodi, majhna cevasta rdeča ( t. 52: 3, sl. 2.12: grad. settlement remains and interpretation, chapter 2) in modra štiridelna z rdečo valovnico ( t. 52: 2, sl. 3.3.3). These layers have yielded few small finds, which 2.12: 1), sta bili najdeni v grušču. Štiridelni jagodi nam do not contribute significantly to the interpretation, and ni uspelo najti primerjav. Po mnenju a. Pleterskega sta a coin of Constans (348-350, see chapter 5, cat. no. 45). jagodi glede na material in izdelavo lokalna proizvoda an iron Roman penannular fibula with rol ed ends zgodnjesrednjeveškega obdobja in bi ju lahko uvrstili ( Pl. 52: 1) was found in the destruction layer. such fibu- v 7. ali 8. st.9 lae are characteristic mostly of the 3rd and 4th century (see chapter 2.1.1). 9 ustna informacija. Za pomoč pri opredelitvi se najlepše a bronze ring with a yellow stone or glass ( Pl. 52: zahvaljujem a. Pleterskemu. 4) was found in the mortar layer along with a small 70 2_kovina.indd 70 23.1.2012 10:39:06 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds nail ( Pl. 52: 11). The band of the ring is made of bronze sheet and is decorated by two incisions. The cell is also made of double sheet strap with yellow glass or a deco- rative stone embedded in it. a similar ring was found in grave 358 from the second half of the 6th century at Pristava in bled (knific 2004, fig. 8: 9). The cell for the decorative stone resembles the cel s on cross-shaped fibulae with a gemstone or baskets of basket earrings (cf. knific 2001, cat. nos. 142, 123), which can be, besides the stratigraphic position, an additional argument for the dating into the 6th century. two beads, a small tubular red one ( Pl. 52: 3, Fig. 2.12: 2) and a blue four-partite one with a red wavy line ( Pl. 52: 2, Fig. 2.12: 1) were found in the gravel. We failed to find analogies for the four-partite bead. according to a. Pleterski the beads are, considering the material and the manufacturing, local products of the early medieval Sl. 2.12: jagodi iz gruščnatih plasti iz prostora med osrednjo period and could be assigned to the 7th or 8th century.9 in južno cerkvijo ( t. 52: 2–3). steklo. m. = 1:1. in various layers we found four fragments of bronze Fig. 2.12: beads from gravel layers in the area between the ( Pl. 52: 5-6,8,12), two iron knives ( Pl. 52: 10,17), an iron main and the south church ( Pl. 52: 2-3). glass. scale = 1:1. object ( Pl. 52: 14), a round pebble ( Pl. 52: 20), a nail ( Pl. 52: 11), an iron object ( Pl. 52: 15), a foot of a strongly profiled bronze fibula ( Pl. 52: 7), nails ( Pls. 52: 16,18; 53: v različnih plasteh so ležali še štirje odlomki bro- 6-9), an iron point ( Pl. 52: 19), three lead objects ( Pl. 53: na ( t. 52: 5–6,8,12), železna noža ( t. 52: 10,17), železen 1,3-4), one half of a bronze ring ( Pl. 52: 9), and a lead predmet (t. 52: 14), okrogel prodnik ( t. 52: 20), žebljiček ingot or weight (66.80 g; Pl. 53: 2). ( t. 52: 11), železen predmet ( t. 52: 15), noga močno pro- Considering the shape of the iron and lead objects filirane bronaste fibule ( t. 52: 7), žeblji ( t. 52: 16,18; 53: ( Pls. 52: 15; 53: 1,3-4) we could presume that these are 6–9), železna konica ( t. 52: 19), trije svinčeni predmeti parts of small candlesticks. The iron object has two tips, ( t. 53: 1,3,4), pol bronastega prstana ( t. 52: 9) in svinčeni one could be attached to the base while the other could ingot ali utež (masa = 66,80 g; t. 53: 2). hold a candle. The lead rolls are shaped similarly to glede na obliko železnega predmeta in svinčenih ( t. three-part rosettes on candlesticks from Rogoznica near 52: 15; 53: 1,3–4) bi morda lahko sklepali, da gre za dele Ptuj (knific, sagadin 1991, 48, cat. nos. 1-2). manjših svečnikov. Železen predmet ima dve konici, z eno je bil lahko pritrjen na podlago, na drugo pa bi lahko pritrdili svečo. svinčeni zvitki so oblikovani podobno 2.3.7 gRaves kot tridelne rozete na svečnikih iz Rogoznice pri Ptuju (knific, sagadin 1991, 48, kat. 1–2). a broken-off key (?) handle ( Pl. 49: 6) was lying in the fill of grave 2 which was otherwise without grave goods (see tonovcov grad. settlement remains and 2.3.7 gRobovi interpretation, chapter 2.5). odlomljen ročaj ključa(?) ( t. 49: 6) je ležal v zasutju groba 2, ki je bil sicer brez pridatkov (glej tonovcov grad. gRave 3 naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, pogl. 2.5). grave 3 (female, maturus, 40−60 years, see chapter 7.2) was found along the outer wall of the south church gRob 3 narthex (tonovcov grad. settlement remains and inter- pretation, fig. 2.76). a pair of simple bronze wire ear- grob 3 (ženska, maturus, 40−60 let, glej pogl. 7.2) rings ( Pl. 51: 45) was found along the head, a necklace je bil najden ob zunanji steni narteksa južne cerkve made of glass beads ( Pl. 51: 7, Fig. 2.13) around the neck, (tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, and a silver ring ( Pl. 51: 6, Fig. 2.14). sl. 2.76). v njem so bili poleg okostja par preprostih small blue and green ring-shaped and tubular bronastih žičnatih uhanov ( t. 51: 4,5) ob glavi, ogrlica iz glass beads ( Pl. 51: 7b-k,m,o-p) appear in antiquity steklenih jagod ( t. 51: 7, sl. 2.13) okrog vratu in srebrn 9 Personal comment. i sincerily thank a. Pleterski for prstan ( t. 51: 6, sl. 2.14). his help with the classification. 71 2_kovina.indd 71 23.1.2012 10:39:09 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds Sl. 2.13: ogrlica iz steklenih jagod iz groba 3 ( t. 51: 7). steklo. m. = 2:1. Fig. 2.13: glass bead necklace from grave 3 ( Pl. 51: 7). glass. scale = 2:1. majhne modre in zelene obročaste in cevaste ste- (templemann-mączyńska 1985, 31-53) as wel as in klene jagode ( t. 51: 7b–k,m,o–p) se pojavljajo v antiki early middle ages (cf. dannheimer 1968, Pls. 1, 2). it (templemann-mączyńska 1985, 31–53) in v zgodnjem seems that in grave 3 also beads made of the so called srednjem veku (prim. dannheimer 1968, t. 1, 2). Zdi ‘furrowed’ glass appear. This is glass made with plant se, da so v grobu 3 zastopane tudi jagode iz t. i. prame- ash, not natron, and therefore of lesser quality. it decays nastega stekla. Zanj je značilno, da je steklo narejeno unevenly so the surface appears furrowed. such glass z rastlinskim pepelom, ne z natronom, ter zato manj appears after the beginning of the 7th century, but it is kvalitetno. tako neenakomerno razpada in dobi na not yet known exactly when and where (uboldi, verità površini pramenasto strukturo. takšno steklo se prične 2003, 130-131). Chemical analyses of beads from grave 3 pojavljati po začetku 7. st., natančen čas pojava in širitve were not conducted so final conclusions cannot be made. pa še ni znan (uboldi, verità 2003, 130–131). kemijske a pair of bronze wire earrings ( Pl. 51: 4-5) belong analize tonovških jagod niso bile narejene, tako da tega among the extremely frequent and long used forms of ne moremo potrditi ali ovreči. antique and also early medieval jewellery and cannot Par bronastih žičnatih uhanov ( t. 51: 4–5) spada be precisely dated. it is probable that the earrings had med izredno pogoste in dolgo uporabljane oblike an- pendants which are not preserved. tičnega in tudi zgodnjesrednjeveškega nakita in ga ne a big silver ring ( Pl. 51: 6, Fig. 2.14) with two moremo natančno časovno opredeliti. verjetno je, da sta pellets and a scaly ornament on each side of the stone uhana imela nekoč pripete obeske, ki pa se niso ohranili. is quite worn and partly damaged. a chipped piece of 72 2_kovina.indd 72 23.1.2012 10:39:16 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds velik srebrn prstan ( t. 51: 6, sl. 2.14) s po dvema light turquoise glass is inserted where the original or- kroglicama in luskastim okrasom na vsaki strani kamna namental stone used to be. The ring was, considering je precej obrabljen in delno poškodovan, vložen ima the condition, probably used for a long time. according okrušen košček svetlo turkiznega stekla, ki je najver- to the basic form it belongs among the quite frequent, jetneje zamenjal prvotni okrasni kamen. Prstan je bil so-called syrian type, which was worn in the 3rd and 4th glede na obrabljenost verjetno kar nekaj časa v rabi. Po century (henig 1978, 37; guiraud 1989, 188; Riha 1990, osnovni obliki spada v precej razširjen, tako imenovan 32). The syrian type of rings was in a somewhat more sirijski tip, ki se je nosil v 3. in 4. stoletju (henig 1978, 37; massive form revived in the byzantine jewellery. The guiraud 1989, 188; Riha 1990, 32). sirijski tip prstanov best comparisons for the ring from tonovcov grad can je v nekoliko masivnejši obliki ponovno zaživel v bizan- be found in lombard male grave 1 at the cemetery san tinskem zlatarstvu. najboljše primerjave tonovškemu martino in trezzo d’adda: a gold ring with four pellets prstanu najdemo v langobardskem moškem grobu 1 na on the ring and an inserted older Roman gemstone. The grobišču san martino v trezzo d'addi, kjer je bil najden grave group is dated to the beginning of the 7th century zlat prstan s štirimi kroglicami na obroču in vstavljeno (de marchi 2000, 169). also comparable is a gold ring starejšo rimsko gemo. grobna celota je datirana v za- with a blue gemstone from female grave 168 from sa- četek 7. st. (de marchi 2000, 169). Prav tako primerljiv biona, dated to the first third of the 7th century (Ciurletti je zlat prstan z modro gemo iz ženskega groba 168 iz 1997, 524, fig. 151). The ring from tonovcov grad could sabione, datiran v prvo tretjino 7. st. (Ciurletti 1997, 524, originate in the byzantine workshops. sl. 151). Prstan s tonovcovega gradu bi lahko izviral iz Considering the beads and the ring as well as the bizantinskih delavnic. position along the youngest part of the ecclesiastical glede na jagode in prstan ter lego ob najmlajšem complex grave 3 can be assigned to the beginning of the delu cerkvenega kompleksa lahko grob 3 postavimo v 7th century or a little later. začetek 7. st. ali še nekoliko pozneje. gRave 21 gRob 21 at the northern part of the space between the main na severnem delu vmesnega prostora med osre- and the south church grave 21 ( Fig. 1.5; female, adultus dnjo in južno cerkvijo je bil odkrit grob 21 ( sl. 1.5; ii, 30−40 years, see chapter 7.2) was discovered. it was ženska, adultus ii, 30−40 let, glej pogl. 7.2), vkopan v dug into the destruction layer. it contained an iron knife ruševinsko plast. v njem so bili najdeni železen nož ( Pl. 53: 12) along the left upper arm, a bronze sheet ring ( t. 53: 12) ob levi nadlakti, trakast bronast prstan z with a rivet ( Pl. 53: 11) on the right hand, a bronze cross- zakovico ( t. 53: 11) na desni roki, bronasta fibula ( t. 53: bow fibula ( Pl. 53: 10) of type keller 1a in the right hand, 10) s čebuličastimi gumbi tipa keller 1a v desni roki in and two bronze earrings with hanging glass beads in the bronasta uhana z obešenima steklenima jagodama v mouth. fibulae of type kel er 1a are dated approximately ustih. fibule tipa keller 1a so datirane približno med between 280 and 320 (Pröttel 1988, 349-353). 280–320 (Pröttel 1988, 349–353). Rings with rivets are characteristic objects of the Prstani z zakovico so značilni predmeti zgodnje- early medieval Carantanian and köttlach groups of the srednjeveške karantanske in ketlaške skupine jugovzho- southeastern alps and do not appear in the antique dnoalpskega območja, v antičnem obdobju pa se ne period. Thus the grave can, according to the ring, be pojavljajo. tako lahko grob glede na prstan postavimo assigned to the 8th century at the earliest (knific 2004, najprej v 8. st. (knific 2004, sl. 12: 14; 14: 6; 15: 15). figs. 12: 14; 14: 6; 15: 15). immediately above the grave a piece of an east mediterranean amphora was found ( Pl. 101: 6). The grave fill revealed three glass fragments, two rims and a base ( Pl. 61: 14-16), and a piece of lead ( Pl. 52: 13). Sl. 2.14: Prstan iz groba 3 ( t. 51: 6; foto: m. Zaplatil). Fig. 2.14: finger ring from grave 3 ( Pl. 51: 6; photo: m. Zaplatil). 73 2_kovina.indd 73 23.1.2012 10:39:16 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds tik nad grobom je ležal kos vzhodnosredozemske 2.3.8 ConClusion amfore ( t. 101: 6, glej pogl. 4.1.7). v zasutju groba so bili najdeni trije stekleni odlomki, dve ustji in dno ( t. in the ecclesiastical complex dated to the second 61: 14–16) in kos svinca ( t. 52: 13). late antiquity phase (end of the 5th to the beginning of the 7th century; la 2) with the exception of glass (see chapter 3.3) very few smal finds were discovered. 2.3.8 skleP in the presbytery and nave of the main church a larger number of big nails ( Pls. 48; 49: 1-4, Fig. 3.2) was found v cerkvenem kompleksu, ki je datiran v drugo among the remains of the tegulae. big nails were prob- poznoantično fazo (konec 5. do začetka 7. st.; Pa 2), ably part of a wooden construction within the church, je bilo z izjemo stekla (glej pogl. 3.3) najdenih malo possibly an altar partition wal , ciborium or even roof. drobnih najdb. v prezbiteriju in ladji osrednje cerkve a similar situation, burnt remains with many long je med ostanki strešne opeke ležalo večje število velikih nails on the mortar floor, is known from the fourth žebljev ( t. 48; 49: 1–4, sl. 3.2). veliki žeblji so najverje- church of the western complex at hemmaberg, where tneje pripadali leseni konstrukciji v notranjosti cerkve, the nails are interpreted as part of the roof construc- morda oltarni pregradi, ciboriju ali celo strehi. Podobna tion (ladstätter 2000, 197, Pl. 59). a few big nails were situacija, žganina z veliko dolgimi žeblji na estrihu, je found also in the upper church at kučar (Ciglenečki znana iz četrte cerkve zahodnega sklopa na sv. hemi, 1995, Pl. 78: 2-4). kjer so žeblje interpretirali kot del strešne konstrukcije Remains of iron wires ( Pl. 47: 16) from the main (ladstätter 2000, 197, t. 59). nekaj velikih žebljev je bilo church could represent parts of systems for hanging najdenih tudi v zgornji cerkvi na kučarju (Ciglenečki lamps but this is only a suggested interpretation (cf. 1995, t. 78: 2–4). Chevalier 1999, fig. 11). ostanki železnih žic ( t. 47: 16) iz osrednje cerkve bi The other two churches and the memoria revealed lahko bili del sistema obešanja visečih svetilk, vendar je significantly less finds. We should only mention a few to le predlog interpretacije (prim. Chevalier 1999, sl. 11). parts of the church equipment in the ruined buildings v drugih dveh cerkvah in “memoriji” je bilo najdb (nails: Pls. 52: 16; 53: 7-9, possibly parts of candlesticks: bistveno manj. omenimo lahko le nekaj delov opreme Pls. 52: 15; 53: 1-4), and a ring with a yellow glass insert cerkvenih zgradb v ruševinah (žeblji: t. 52: 16; 53: 7–9, found in a mortar layer ( Pl. 52: 4). morda deli svečnikov: t. 52: 15; 53: 1–4) in prstan z two glass beads ( Pl. 52: 2-3) are also interesting and rumenim steklenim vložkom, ki je bil najden v maltni most probably indicate the late use of this space, when plasti ( t. 52: 4). the churches were no longer in use but the buildings had Zanimivi sta tudi stekleni jagodi ( t. 52: 2–3), ki not yet completely col apsed. najverjetneje kažeta pozen čas uporabe prostora, ko There were no remains of architectural sculpture, cerkve niso več služile svojemu namenu, niso pa še bile neither were there any coloured plaster or frescos. očitno popolnoma porušene. only above the passage from the presbytery of the main ostankov kamnite cerkvene opreme ni bilo, niti church into ‘memoria’ a beautiful y made architrave barvanega ometa ali celo fresk. le nad prehodom iz was probably immured (see tonovcov grad. settlement prezbiterija osrednje cerkve v “memorijo” je bil verjetno remains and interpretation, chapter 2.5.2). it is not vzidan lepo izdelan arhitrav (glej tonovcov grad. nasel- clear whether the churches were original y as simply binski ostanki in interpretacija, pogl. 2.5.2). ni jasno, ali furnished or they were subsequently emptied. so bile cerkve v osnovi tako preprosto opremljene ali pa small finds in the space between churches are not so bile naknadno izpraznjene. well datable since they are mostly represented by small drobnih najdb v vmesnem prostoru ni mogoče and difficult to delimit fragments with a wide time natančno časovno opredeliti, ker gre večinoma za majh- range in use. ne in težko opredeljive odlomke s širokim časovnim a century after the abandonment of the churches, razponom uporabe. most probably at the end of the 7th and beginning of najverjetneje ob koncu 7. ali na začetku 8. st., torej the 8th century a female grave 21 ( Pl. 53: 10-12) with stoletje po propadu cerkva, je bil v ruševinske plasti dvo- grave goods from different time periods was dug into rišča vkopan tudi ženski grob 21 ( t. 53: 10–12) s časovno the destruction layers of the courtyard. it seems that zelo raznolikimi pridatki. to kaže, da je za nekatere ljudi the area of the former ecclesiastical complex retained a prostor bivšega cerkvenega kompleksa obdržal poseben special significance for some people who buried their pomen in so tam pokopavali svoje mrtve še po opustitvi dead there even after the abandonment of the settlement. same naselbine. na kasnejše obiske prostora kaže tudi v an early medieval ring with a rivet ( Pl. 47: 1) found in ruševini najden zgodnjesrednjeveški prstan z zakovico the destruction layer which belongs to the same time as ( t. 47: 1), ki spada v isti čas kot grob 21. grave 21 also points to later visits to this place. 74 2_kovina.indd 74 23.1.2012 10:39:17 2. kovinske najdbe 2. metal finds 2.4 vodni ZbiRalnik 2.4 WateR CisteRn v ruševini so bili najdeni srp ( t. 53: 13), železna in the destruction layer, a sickle ( Pl. 53: 13), an iron puščična ost s trikotno ploščato konico in tulom ( t. 53: arrowhead with a triangular flat head ( Pl. 53: 15), and a 15) ter ploščat kamen, morda brus ( t. 53: 14). flat stone, possibly a whetstone ( Pl. 53: 14) were found. 2.5 liteRatuRa / bibliogRaPhy tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpreta- dlungsgeschichte. – v / in: Festschrift zum 50jährigem cija / tonovcov grad. settlement remains and interpre- Bestehen des Institutes für Ur- und Frühgeschichte der tation = Ciglenečki, modrijan, milavec 2011. 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Wissenschaften, Phil.-hist. klasse n.f . 55. uenZe, s. 1992, Die spätantiken Befestigungen von ZotoviĆ, l. 1980, nekropola iz vremena seobe Sadovec (Bulgarien). – münchner beiträge zur vor- und naroda sa uže gradske teritorije viminacija. – Starinar frühgeschichte 43. 31, 95–115. 81 2_kovina.indd 81 23.1.2012 10:39:19 2_kovina.indd 82 23.1.2012 10:39:19 3. STEKLENE NAjDBE 3. GLASS FINDS Tina MILAVEC Na Tonovcovem gradu je stekla največ v stavbi 1 in At Tonovcov grad most of the glass was found in okrog nje, najdenih je bilo 118 opredeljivih odlomkov ( t. and around building 1, where 118 definable fragments 54–57; 58: 1–8). V drugih stavbah, vodnem zbiralniku were discovered ( Pls. 54-57; 58: 1-8). Other buildings, ter sklopu cerkva je bilo steklenih posod bistveno manj the water cistern, and the ecclesiastical complex revealed ( t. 58: 9–21; 59–63). a significantly smaller number of glass vessels ( Pls. 58: Stekleno gradivo so v glavnem odlomki (ustja in 9-21; 59-63). noge) kozarcev na visoki nogi iz naravno obarvanega Glass material is mainly represented by fragments zelenorumenega stekla. Do sedaj opravljene kemijske (rims, stems and feet) of stemmed goblets made of analize stekla s Tonovcovega gradu kažejo, da je bila natural y coloured green-yel ow glass. Chemical analyses uporabljena steklena masa Levantine I,1 kot velja tudi of glass from Tonovcov grad performed up until now za večino najdišč rimskega obdobja v zahodnem delu show that the Levantine I glass mass was used,1 the same imperija (npr. Zucchiati et al. 2007; Arletti et al. 2010). as was used at most of the Roman period sites in the Poleg kozarcev na visoki nogi, nekaj odlomkov western part of the Empire (e.g. Zucchiati et al. 2007; steklenih svetilk ter precej okenskega stekla je bilo Arletti et al. 2010). najdenih še nekaj posameznih odlomkov drugega ste- Beside stemmed goblets, a few fragments of glass klenega posodja: kozarcev brez noge, steklenic, skled, lamps and quite a lot of window glass, a few individual balzamarijev ali manjših stekleničk in krožnika. Veliko fragments of other glass vessels were found: beakers, odlomkov steklenega posodja je tako majhnih, da sta bottles, bowls, balsamaria or smaller bottles, and a določanje posameznih tipov in datacija pogosto vprašlji- plate. Many fragments of glass vessels are so small that va. Nekatere oblike ustij in nog ali dnov se pojavljajo pri the assignment of individual types and dating are often več tipih in v več stoletjih, zato je previdnost potrebna. questionable. Some forms of rims and feet or bases Kjer bo mogoče, bomo uporabljali tipologijo Irene appear in several types and in several centuries thus Lazar (2003a), poleg te pa tudi osnovno opredelitev caution is needed. Clasine Isings (1957) za lažje primerjave z drugimi ob- Where possible the typology of Irena Lazar (2003a) javami. Za poznoantično steklo 5. in 6. st., torej večino will be followed, complemented by the basic classifica- gradiva, se bomo naslonili predvsem na tipološke delitve tion of Clasina Isings (1957) for easier comparisons with Danièle Foy (1995). other publications. For the Late Antique glass of the V obravnavi stekla s Tonovcovega gradu le izjemo- 5th and 6th century, therefore for most of the material, ma navajamo analogije iz drugih jugovzhodnoalpskih we will mostly rely on the typological classification of najdišč, saj sledi v poglavju 3.7 pregled poznontičnega Danièle Foy (1995). stekla iz vse Slovenije. During the discussion of glass from Tonovcov grad analogies to other southeastern Alpine sites are stated only exceptional y because the fol owing chapter 3.7 3.1 STAVBA 1 deals with the overview of the Late Antique glass from the entire Slovenian territory. 3.1.1 OBLIKE 1.–3. STOLETjA Pri stavbi 1 sta bila najdena dva majhna odlomka čaše in skodelice iz zgodnje antike. Delček ustja iz sve- tlomodrega stekla ( t. 54: 1, sl. 3.1: 1) spada v skupino 1 These analyses have not yet been completed and pub- 1 Analize še niso zaključene in objavljene, za preliminar- lished, thus I thank Ž. Šmit and Th. Rehren for the prelimi- ni podatek se zahvaljujem Ž. Šmitu in Th. Rehrenu. nary data. 83 3_steklo.indd 83 23.1.2012 12:56:57 3. STEKLENE NAjDBE 3. GLASS FINDS 3.1 BuILDING 1 3.1.1 FORMS OF ThE 1ST-3RD CENTuRy Near building 1 two small fragments of a beaker and a bowl were found which belong to the early Antiq- uity. A piece of a rim made of light blue glass ( Pl. 54: 1, Sl. 3.1: Odlomka steklene čaše in skodelice ( t. 54: 1–2). Steklo. Fig. 3.1: 1) belongs to group 3.2.1. according to I. Lazar M. = 1:2. Fig. 3.1: Fragments of a glass beaker and bowl ( Pl. 54: 1-2). (Isings 12), i.e. among spherical beakers with wheel-cut Glass. Scale = 1:2. lines, dated to the 1st century AD (Lazar 2003a, 87). A part of a wall of a ribbed bowl is made of purple- white marbled glass ( Pl. 54: 2; Fig. 3.1: 2). It was found 3.2.1. po I. Lazar (Isings 12), to je med kroglaste čaše s in the outhouse in the Early Medieval layer but belongs horizontalnimi vrezi, datirane v 1. st. (Lazar 2003a, 87). to group 2.1.4. according to I. Lazar (2003a, 37-41), i.e. Del ostenja rebraste skodelice je iz vijoličasto-be- among ribbed bowls made in a mould, which are dated lega marmoriranega stekla ( t. 54: 2; sl. 3.1: 2). Najden je to the 1st century (Isings 3). bil sicer v prizidku v zgodnjesrednjeveški plasti, vendar Behind building 1 a fragment of a jug handle was spada v skupino 2.1.4. po I. Lazar (2003a, 37–41), to je found in a mixed layer ( Pl. 54: 3). On the basis of such a med rebraste skodelice, narejene v kalupu, ki so datirane small fragment it is not possible to reconstruct the shape v 1. st. (Isings 3). of the vessel. The thumb rest, visible on the fragment, is Za stavbo 1 je bil v premešani plasti najden tudi flattened, which is supposedly typical for jugs between odlomek ročaja vrčka ( t. 54: 3). Na podlagi tako majh- the 2nd and 4th century. The thumb rest on earlier jugs nega odlomka ni mogoče rekonstruirati oblike posode. is shaped into a loop (Lazar 2003a, 131). Opora za palec, vidna na odlomku, je sploščena, kar naj bi bilo značilno za vrče med 2. in 4. st. Zgodnejši vrči imajo oporo oblikovano v zanko (Lazar 2003a, 131). 3.1.2 STEMMED GOBLETS In the excavation area of building 1 many frag- 3.1.2 KOZARCI NA VISOKI NOGI ments of hollow stemmed goblets ( Pls. 54: 7-26; 55; 56) were found. Goblets have stems and feet ( Pl. 56: 11-36), V izkopnem polju stavbe 1 je bilo najdenih veliko which are pulled out from the same piece of glass as the odlomkov kozarcev na votli visoki nogi ( t. 54: 7–26; recipient and folded in- and upwards (hollow stems), 55; 56). Kozarci imajo visoke noge ( t. 56: 11–36), ki so and fire-rounded rims ( Pls. 54: 7-26; 55; 56: 1-10). izvlečene iz istega kosa stekla kot recipient in zapognjene Some of these fire-rounded rims could have been parts navznoter in navzgor (votle noge), in zataljena ustja ( t. of beakers (see below), bases of which were also found 54: 7–26; 55; 56: 1–10). Nekatera od zataljenih ustij so but in a much smaller number. All fire-rounded rims lahko pripadala tudi kozarcem brez noge (glej spodaj), are discussed here. katerih dna so bila prav tako najdena, vendar v precej Al together 26 stems and feet were found and these manjšem številu. Vsa zataljena ustja obravnavamo tukaj. were discovered in layers of phase LA 2 ( Pl. 56: 11-14,16- Skupno je bilo najdenih 26 visokih nog, in sicer 17,20,22-23,25-28,30,32,35), in the destruction layer ( Pl. v plasteh faze PA 2 ( t. 56: 11–14,16–17,20,22–23,25– 56: 15,29), in an Early Medieval layer ( Pl. 56: 21,31), and 28,30,32,35), ruševini ( t. 56: 15,29), zgodnjesrednje- in a mixed layer ( Pl. 56: 18-19,24,33-34,36). According veški plasti ( t. 56: 21,31) ter premešani plasti ( t. 56: to Bierbrauer’s classification of goblets from Invil ino 18–19,24,33–34,36). Po Bierbrauerjevi razdelitvi (Bierbrauer 1987, 271-282), 17 belong to type Ia (strongly kozarcev z Invillina (Bierbrauer 1987, 271–282) jih 17 convex foot: Pl. 56: 12-15,19-21,23-26,28,32-36) and 9 to spada v tip Ia (močno izbočena stojna ploskev: t. 56: type Ib (slightly convex foot with a marked ring: Pl. 56: 12–15,19–21,23–26,28,32–36) in 9 v Ib (položna stojna 11,16-18,22,27,29-31). None belong to types Ic (slightly ploskev z izrazitim robom: t. 56: 11,16–18,22,27,29–31). convex foot without a marked ring) or II (flat foot). Nobena pa ne sodi v tipa Ic (položna stojna ploskev brez Classification into types is unreliable with very izrazitega roba) ali II (ploska stojna ploskev). small rim fragments. 57 rim fragments were found Pri zelo majhnih odlomkih ustij je opredeljevanje which appear in layers of phase LA 2 ( Pls. 54: 7-10,14- v tipe nezanesljivo. Najdenih je bilo 57 odlomkov ustij, 16,18-21,24,26; 55: 1-2,4-6,8,12,14,16-19,21-27; 56: pojavljajo pa se v plasteh faze PA 2 ( t. 54: 7–10,14– 1,3,6), destruction layer ( Pl. 55: 10), Early Medieval layer 16,18–21,24,26; 55: 1–2,4–6,8,12,14,16–19,21–27; 56: ( Pl. 54: 13), and a mixed layer ( Pls. 54: 12,17,22,25; 55: 1,3,6), ruševini ( t. 55: 10), zgodnjesrednjeveški plasti 3,7,9,11,13,15,20; 56: 2). 49 probably belong to type B ( t. 54: 13) ter premešani plasti ( t. 54: 12,17,22,25; 55: (cylindrical: Pls. 54: 7-15,17-18,20-26; 55: 1-6,8-13,15- 84 3_steklo.indd 84 23.1.2012 12:56:58 3. STEKLENE NAjDBE 3. GLASS FINDS 3,7,9,11,13,15,20; 56: 2). 49 jih predvidoma spada v 27; 56: 1-6) and 4 to type C (conical, Pls. 54: 16,19; 55: tip B (cilindrične oblike: t. 54: 7–15,17–18,20–26; 55: 7,14) according to Bierbrauer. Four rim fragments are 1–6,8–13,15–27; 56: 1–6) in 4 v tip C (konične oblike, too small to classify ( Pl. 56: 7-10), while type A (bell- t. 54: 16,19; 55: 7,14) po Bierbrauerjevi delitvi. Štirje shaped) is not represented at Tonovcov grad. Rims from odlomki ustij so premajhni za opredelitev ( t. 56: 7–10), Tonovcov grad differ from those of Invillino mostly in tip A (zvončaste oblike) pa na Tonovcovem gradu ni the fact that they are much more everted. zastopan. Od ustij z Invil ina se tonovška razlikujejo Stemmed goblets (type Isings 111: Isings 1957, predvsem po tem, da so precej bolj izvihana. 139-140) are an extremely popular and by far the most Kozarci na visoki nogi (tip Isings 111: Isings 1957, frequent form of glass vessels in the Mediterranean 139–140) so izredno priljubljena in daleč najpogostejša between the end of the 5th and the 8th century (Saguì oblika steklenega posodja v Sredozemlju med koncem 1993, 129; Foy 1995, 207-209; Sternini 1995, 259; Lafli, 5. in 8. st. (Saguì 1993, 129; Foy 1995, 207–209; Sternini Gürler 2010, 434; see also chapter 3.7.2). 1995, 259; Lafli, Gürler 2010, 434; glej tudi poglavje The decoration of white or blue trailing, charac- 3.7.2). teristic of the end of the 5th and the beginning of the 6th Okras iz belih ali modrih nataljenih niti, značilen century (Foy 1995, 204), appears only on five rim frag- za konec 5. in začetek 6. st. (Foy 1995, 204), se pojavi le ments in the area of building 1 ( Pls. 55: 6-7 ; 56: 7,9-10). na petih odlomkih ustij z območja stavbe 1 ( t. 55: 6–7; It is also possible that the fragments are too small and 56: 7,9–10). Mogoče je tudi, da so odlomki premajhni that some goblets were decorated lower down beneath in da so bili v nekaterih primerih kozarci okrašeni nižje the rim on the part which was not preserved. It is typi- pod ustjem na ostenju, ki se ni ohranilo. Značilno je, cal that the glass of the ornament was of lesser quality da je bilo steklo okrasa manj kvalitetno od tistega, iz than the glass of the recipient thus it frequently fell off. katerega so izdelani kozarci, zato je pogosto odpadlo. V In this case, only impressions of trailings in the shape of tem primeru na kozarcih ostane le odtis nataljenih niti v horizontal lines remain on the goblets (e.g. Pls. 54: 16; obliki horizontalnih prog oz. črt (npr. t. 54: 16; 55: 12,27; 55: 12,27; 56: 5). White threads were supposedly more 56: 5). Bele niti naj bi bile značilnejše za zahodni, modre characteristic for the western and the blue for the eastern pa za vzhodni del imperija (Fünfschilling 2006, 145). part of the Empire (Fünfschilling 2006, 145). 3.1.3 KOZARCI NA NIZKI NOGI 3.1.3 FOOTED BEAKERS Dno kozarca na prstanasti nogi ( t. 58: 3) je bilo The ring base ( Pl. 58: 3) was found in a mixed layer. najdeno v premešani plasti. Pripadalo bi lahko cilin- It could belong to cylindrical beakers with a ring base dričnemu kozarcu na prstanasti nogi (Isings 85a), tip (Isings 85a), type 3.6.1. according to I. Lazar, which are 3.6.1. po I. Lazar, ki je datiran v 2. in 3. st. (Lazar 2003a, dated to the 2nd and 3rd centuries (Lazar 2003a, 102- 102–104), oziroma podobni posodi. Dna s prstanastimi 104), or to a similar vessel. Ring bases were found for nogami so bila najdena npr. na hrušici (ulbert 1981, example at hrušica (ulbert 1981, Pl. 49: 35-36,38-39), t. 49: 35–36, 38–39), pa tudi na najdiščih 5. in 6. st. Na and also at the sites of the 5th and 6th centuries. At the višinskih postojankah, kot so Tinje (Ciglenečki 2000, hil top settlements like Tinje (Ciglenečki 2000, Pl. 7: 18), t. 7: 18), Rifnik (Bolta 1981, t. 21: 74) in Ančnikovo Rifnik (Bolta 1981, Pl. 21: 74), and Ančnikovo gradišče gradišče (Ravnik 2006, 78, t. 51: 523), so bili takšni (Ravnik 2006, 78, Pl. 51: 523) such beakers could have kozarci lahko v rabi v 5. ali 6. st. ali pa so le ostanki been used during the 5th or 6th century or could just be starejše poselitve. the remains of an older settlement. Dve nogi kozarcev na nizki konični nogi ( t. 58: Two feet of beakers on a low conical foot ( Pl. 58: 4–5) sta bili najdeni prva v plasti faze PA 2, druga pa 4-5) were found, the first in a layer of phase LA 2, and the v plasti zunanje hodne površine stavbe 1 (SE 24). Prvi other in the layer representing the outer walking surface primerek ( t. 58: 4) spada v tip Foy 14, drugi primerek of structure 1 (Su 24). The beaker ( Pl. 58: 4) belongs to ( t. 58: 5) pa v tip Foy 19. Tip Foy 14 je datiran veči- type Foy 14 and the other one ( Pl. 58: 5) to type Foy 19. noma v prvo polovico 5. st. (Foy 1995, 200), Foy 19 Type Foy 14 mostly dates to the first half of the 5th cen- pa v celo 5. st. (Foy 1995, 202). V Italiji so te oblike tury (Foy 1995, 200) and Foy 19 to the entire 5th century kozarcev redke in postavljene v 5. st. (Sternini 1995, (Foy 1995, 202). In Italy these forms of beakers are rare sl. 17: 17–18). Podobna noga je bila najdena v cerkvi and assigned to the 5th century (Sternini 1995, Fig. 17: na Invillinu (Bierbrauer 1988, sl. 23: 5), na estrihu 17-18). A similar foot was found in the church at In vil ino vzhodnega stranskega prostora, ki je bil v uporabi med (Bierbrauer 1988, Fig. 23: 5), on the mortar floor of the 4. in začetkom 7. st. (Bierbrauer 1988, 78). eastern annex which was used between the 4th and the beginning of the 7th century (Bierbrauer 1988, 78). 85 3_steklo.indd 85 23.1.2012 12:56:58 3. STEKLENE NAjDBE 3. GLASS FINDS 3.1.4 KOZARCI BREZ NOGE 3.1.4 BEAKERS Od kozarcev brez noge se je na območju stavbe 1 In the area of building 1 only one rim ( Pl. 54: 6), a ohranilo le eno ustje ( t. 54: 6), kos ostenja ( t. 54: 5) in piece of a wall ( Pl. 54: 5) and 12 concave bases ( Pl. 57: 12 vbočenih dnov ( t. 57: 1–12). 1-12) are preserved. Odrezano izvihano ustje ( t. 54: 6), ki ga lahko pri- A cut everted rim ( Pl. 54: 6), which can be assigned pišemo različici kozarca Isings 106c (ali mogoče 109), je to a beaker of the variant Isings 106c (or possibly 109), bilo najdeno pred stavbo v plasti zunanje hodne površine was found in front of the building in the layer represent- (SE 24) iz časa faze PA 2. ing the outer walking surface (Su 24) from the time of Majhen odlomek ostenja z nataljeno modro ste- phase LA 2. kleno kapljo ( t. 54: 5), ki spada v tip Isings 107b (Lazar A small fragment of a wall with a blue glass drop 2010, 119–120), je bil odkrit v plasti iz faze PA 2. ( Pl. 54: 5), belonging to type Isings 107b (Lazar 2010, Vbočena dna ( t. 57: 1–12) so bila najdena v plasteh 119-120), was discovered in a layer of phase LA 2. faze PA 1 ( t. 57: 1–2,4) in PA 2 ( t. 57: 3,5–7,11–12), Concave bases ( Pl. 57: 1-12) were found in layers of zgodnjesrednjeveški plasti ( t. 57: 8) in premešani plasti phase LA 1 (: Pl. 57: 1-2,4) and LA 2 ( Pl. 57: 3,5-7,11-12), ( t. 57: 9–10). Večina najverjetneje pripada tipu Isings Early Medieval layer ( Pl. 57: 8), and a mixed layer ( Pl. 106 ( t. 57: 1–6,9–12), dve pa tipu Isings 109 ( t. 57: 7–8). 57: 9-10). Most of them probably belong to type Isings Glavna razlika med tipoma je oblikovanost dna, ki 106 ( Pl. 57: 1-6,9-12) and two belong to type Isings 109 je pri tipu Isings 106 le nekoliko vbočeno, pri tipu Isings ( Pl. 57: 7-8). 109 pa je toliko vbočeno, da je skoraj preoblikovano v The main difference between these two types is the nogo (Lazar 2003a, 119). Kozarci brez noge se pojavljajo shape of the base, which is in type Isings 106 only slightly v celem imperiju in so večinoma postavljeni v čas od 4. concave, while in type Isings 109 it is so concave that it do najmanj sredine 5. st. (Isings 1957, 126–138; Lazar almost transforms into a foot (Lazar 2003a, 119). Beakers 2003a, 116–120). Ker so pogosta najdba na najdiščih 5. appear in the whole Empire and are mostly set into the in tudi 6. st., se je njihova izdelava in uporaba očitno time from the 4th to at least the middle of the 5th century nadaljevala še po sredini 5. st. (glej pogl. 3.7.3). (Isings 1957, 126-138; Lazar 2003a, 116-120). Since they are a frequent find also at sites of the 5th and 6th century, their production and use must have continued after the 3.1.5 STEKLENICE middle of the 5th century (see chapter 3.7.3). Lijakasto ustje ( t. 57: 13), najdeno v plasti faze PA 2 v okolici stavbe 1, pripada steklenici, predvidoma tipu 3.1.5 BOTTLES Isings 132 (Isings 1957, 160–161), ki je sicer datiran v 4. in 5. st. Lijakasta ustja imajo tudi steklenice, ki se po- A funnel mouth ( Pl. 57: 13), found in a layer of javljajo kasneje, konec 5. in v 6. st. (npr. Sternini 1995, phase LA 2 in the surroundings of building 1, belongs sl. 20: 56,58). to a bottle, probably of type Isings 132 (Isings 1957, 160- Odlomki vratu in ostenja z rebrasto površino (ri- 161) which is dated to the 4th and 5th century. Funnel- sana le t. 57: 15–16) so ležali v plasti, ki pripada fazi PA shaped rims are found also on bottles appearing later on, 1. To so bili deli steklenice z ostenjem, pihanim v kalup, at the end of the 5th and in the 6th century (e.g. Sternini tip 6.2.3. po I. Lazar oz. tip Isings 101, ki je datiran od 1995, Fig. 20: 56,58). poznega 3. do zgodnjega 5. st. (Lazar 2003a, 141–142). Fragments of the neck and wall with ribbed surface Med steklenice spada tudi odlomek ostenja ( t. 57: (drawn only Pl. 57: 15-16) were lying in a layer belonging 14), najden v premešani plasti, ki ga zaradi slabe ohra- to phase LA 1. These represent parts of a bottle with a njenosti ne moremo pripisati določeni obliki. mould-blown body, type 6.2.3. according to I. Lazar or Posebno zanimiva sta odlomka ostenja z notranjim type Isings 101, which is dated from the late 3rd to early cevastim rebrom, ki sta bila najdena v premešani plasti 5th century (Lazar 2003a, 141-142). pri stavbi 1 ( t. 57: 17–18). Primerjavi jima lahko najdemo A fragment of a wall ( Pl. 57: 14), found in a mixed med steklenim gradivom S. Giulie v Brescii. M. uboldi layer, which due to poor preservation cannot be assigned (uboldi 1998, sl. 14–15) ju interpretira kot steklenici, to a particular form also belongs among bottles. datirani v konec 6. st., in opozarja na v celoti ohranjen Two fragments of a wall with an inner tubular rib, primerek s takšnim ostenjem, lijakastim ustjem, krogla- found in a mixed layer near building 1 ( Pl. 57: 17-18) stim recipientom in vbočenim dnom, ki je bil najden v are particularly interesting. Their analogies can be found tako imenovanem Gisulfovem grobu v Čedadu, datira- among the glass material from S. Giulia in Brescia. M. nem v sredino 7. st. (Menis 1990, 475, X.191s). Še dva uboldi (uboldi 1998, Figs. 14-15) interprets them as odlomka takšnega ostenja sta bila najdena na Monte bottles dated to the end of the 6th century and draws attention to a completely preserved item with such wal , 86 3_steklo.indd 86 23.1.2012 12:56:58 3. STEKLENE NAjDBE 3. GLASS FINDS Barru, datirana med konec 5. in sredino 6. st. (uboldi, funnel-shaped rim, globular recipient and concave base Verità 2003, sl. 5: 11–12). that was found in the so-cal ed tomb of Gisulf in Cividale Tipologija in kronologija steklenic sta natančneje del Friuli, dated to the mid-7th century (Menis 1990, izdelani le za poznorimsko obdobje. Pozneje, v drugi 475, X.191s). Another two fragments of such wal s were polovici 5. in v 6. st., se steklenice vsaj v zahodnem de- found at Monte Barro and are dated between the end of lu Sredozemlja ne pojavljajo pogosto, še redkeje pa so the 5th and the middle of the 6th century (uboldi, Verità dovolj dobro ohranjene, da bi lahko izdelali zanesljivo 2003, Fig. 5: 11-12). razdelitev. Vsaj v osnovnih potezah se nadaljujejo oblike The typology and chronology of bottles is defined 4. in 5. st. – lijakasta ali cilindrična ustja, kroglast ali ci- in detail only for the Late Roman period. Later, in the lindričen recipient, večinoma brez ročajev in nog (Saguì second half of the 5th and in the 6th century bottles rarely 1993, sl. 3; Sternini 1995, 260, 262; Foy 1995, 209–210; appear in the western part of the Mediterranean and are Fünfschilling 2006, sl. 3: 11). even more rarely preserved enough to enable a certain division. Basical y at least, the shapes of the 4th and 5th century continue – funnel-shaped or cylindrical rims 3.1.6 SVETILKE and a globular or cylindrical recipient, mostly without handles and feet (Saguì 1993, Fig. 3; Sternini 1995, 260, V okolici stavbe 1 so bili v plasti faze PA 2 ( t. 57: 21) 262; Foy 1995, 209-210; Fünfschilling 2006, Fig. 3: 11). in premešani plasti ( t. 57: 19–20,22) prepoznani štirje odlomki ustij in ročajev svetilk ( t. 57: 19–22). Tipologijo svetilk za zahodni del Sredozemlja je 3.1.6 LAMPS naredila M. uboldi (1995). V Sloveniji (glej pogl. 3.7.5) je večinoma zastopan le njen tip I.1 s koničnim recipi- Near building 1 in a layer of phase LA 2 ( Pl. 57: 21) entom, vbočenim dnom in tremi ročajčki za obešanje, and a mixed layer ( Pl. 57: 19-20,22) four fragments of ki so pogosto druge barve kot recipient (Isings 134 oz. lamp rims and handles were recognised ( Pl. 57: 19-22). tip 9.2.1. po I. Lazar; Lazar 2003a, 197–200). Le eno The typology of lamps for the western part of the tonovško ustje ( t. 57: 21) spada v podtip uboldi I.2, pri Mediterranean was made by M. uboldi (1995). In Slo- katerem je recipient kroglast (uboldi 1995, sl. 2). venia (see chapter 3.7.5), mostly only her type I.1 with a Steklene svetilke so zelo pogoste najdbe v zgodnje- conical recipient, concave base and three small handles krščanskih cerkvah. uporabljali so jih od druge polovice which are often of a different colour than the recipient 4. do 8. st. v zahodnem delu Sredozemlja, v vzhodnem is represented (Isings 134 i.e. type 9.2.1. after I. Lazar; pa še precej dlje (uboldi 1995, 105; Stern 1999, 480, Lazar 2003a, 197-200). Only one rim from Tonovcov 482; Ferri 2006, 184). Po vzoru cerkva so jih začeli upo- grad ( Pl. 57: 21) belongs to subtype uboldi I.2 which rabljati tudi v bivalnih prostorih (O'hea 2007, 236), a v has a globular recipient (uboldi 1995, Fig. 2). jugovzhodnih Alpah jih v večjih količinah srečamo le Glass lamps are very frequent finds within the v cerkvenih stavbah (Ladstätter 2000, 183; za Slovenijo Early Christian churches. They were used from the glej pogl. 3.7.5). second half of the 4th to the 8th century in the western part of the Mediterranean and much longer in the east- ern part (uboldi 1995, 105; Stern 1999, 480, 482; Ferri 3.1.7 BALZAMARIj 2006, 184). At first they only appeared in churches but later the lamps started to be used also in private houses V plasti faze PA 2 je bil najden odlomek dna balza- (O’hea 2007, 236). In the Southeastern Alps however marija ( t. 58: 1). Po obliki bi lahko spadal med cevaste they appear in significant numbers only in ecclesiasti- balzamarije z zajedo na ostenju, skupina Lazar 8.6.2., ki cal buildings (Ladstätter 2000, 183; for Slovenia see so datirani v 2. in 3. st. (Lazar 2003a, 175–177), vendar chapter. 3.7.5). so balzamariji oz. majhne stekleničke ostajale v rabi tudi skozi poznoantično-zgodnjesrednjeveško obdobje, kot nam kažejo predsem najdbe iz Italije (Sternini 1989, 110; 3.1.7 BALSAMARIuM Saguì 1993, 130–131, sl. 3, 9; Sternini 1995, 262). Zdi se, da v zahodnem Sredozemlju niso tako pogosti, da bi jih In a layer of phase LA 2 a fragment of a balsamarium lahko ustrezno tipokronološko opredelili (pregledi D. Foy base was found ( Pl. 58: 1). Considering the shape it could za južno Francijo [1995] in S. Fünfschil ing za Kartagino belong among the tubular balsamaria with a constriction [2006; 2010] jih skoraj ne omenjajo). Tako je za posame- on the body, group Lazar 8.6.2., which are dated to the zne kose brez ustreznih kontekstov težko ugotoviti, ali so 2nd and 3rd century (Lazar 2003a, 175-177). Nevertheless, ostanki iz starejšega obdobja ali spadajo v poznoantični balzamaria or smal bottles remained in use also through čas. Na Tonovcovem gradu je bilo nekaj ostankov manjših the Late Antique-Early Medieval period as is revealed stekleničk oz. balzamarijev najdenih tudi v dobro oprede- primarily through finds from Italy (Sternini 1989, 110; 87 3_steklo.indd 87 23.1.2012 12:56:59 3. STEKLENE NAjDBE 3. GLASS FINDS ljenem stratigrafskem kontekstu faze PA 2 v cerkvenem Saguì 1993, 130-131, Figs. 3, 9; Sternini 1995, 262). It sklopu (glej pogl. 3.3.3), tako da bi lahko tudi za odlomek seems that in the western Mediterranean they are not iz stavbe 1 domnevali enako datacijo. frequent enough to be appropriately typological y clas- sified (overviews of D. Foy for southern France [1995] and S. Fünfschil ing for Carthage [2006; 2010] practical y 3.1.8 KROŽNIK do not mention any). Thus it is difficult to discern with individual pieces without good contexts whether these Odlomek noge krožnika ( t. 58: 2) je bil najden v are remains from the earlier periods or do they belong to plasti faze PA 2. uvrstili bi ga lahko v tip 10c po D. Foy, the Late Antiquity. At Tonovcov grad a few fragments of ki je z gradivom iz južne Francije datiran v pozno 5. in smal er bottles or balsamaria were found in a wel defined zgodnje 6. st. (Foy 1995, 205). V Italiji se lahko pojavlja stratigraphic context of phase LA 2 in the ecclesiastical tudi v 6. in deloma še v 7. st. (Saguì 1993, sl. 3, 6). Od- complex (see chapter 3.3.3), therefore the same dating prte oblike steklenega posodja (sklede in krožniki) so v could be assumed for the fragment from building 1. zahodnem delu Sredozemlja po sredini 5. st. redke. V Sloveniji edino primerjavo tonovškemu kosu najdemo v Fizinah pri Portorožu (Gaspari et al. 2007, 178–179, t. 3.1.8 PLATE 7: 209), v plasteh pristaniškega kompleksa, ki so datirane od druge polovice 4. do 6. st. (Gaspari et al. 2007, 170; A fragment of a plate foot ( Pl. 58: 2) was found glej pogl. 3.7.7). in a layer of phase LA 2. It can be assigned to type 10c according to D. Foy, which is dated to the late 5th and early 6th century according to the material from southern 3.1.9 SKODELICE IN SKLEDE France (Foy 1995, 205). In Italy it appears also during the 6th and occasional y in the 7th century (Saguì 1993, Figs. Cevasto ustje ( t. 58: 6) je bilo najdeno v plasti iz faz 3, 6). Open forms of glass vessels (bowls and plates) are PA 1/2. Pripada lahko skodelici s cilindričnim ostenjem rare in the western part of the Mediterranean after the in cevastim ustjem tipa 2.5.1. po I. Lazar, ki je datiran mid-5th century. In Slovenia the only analogy to the piece v drugo polovico 1. in v 2. st. (Lazar 2003a, 80–81). Ta from Tonovcov grad was found at Fizine near Portorož tip skodelic je v Augstu stratigrafsko datiran še vse do (Gaspari et al. 2007, 178-179, Pl. 7: 209), in layers of the 4. st. (tip AR 109.1: Rütti 1991, 50). Podobno ustje je port complex which are dated from the second half of bilo najdeno v cerkvi na Invillinu, ki je datirana med 4. the 4th to the 6th century (Gaspari et al. 2007, 170; see in začetek 7. st. (Bierbrauer 1988, 78, sl. 23: 3). ustje bi chapter 3.7.7). lahko pripadalo tudi svetilki z ročaji, ki imajo pogosto cevasta ustja (Bierbrauer 1988, sl. 23: 1,7,13–17). Pri- merjavi tonovški skodelici najdemo tudi med gradivom 3.1.9 BOWLS s Fizin pri Portorožu (Gaspari et al. 2007, t. 7: 202–203). Opredeljeni sta kot skodelici s širokim, navzdol zapo- A tubular rim ( Pl. 58: 6) was found in a layer from gnjenim ustjem, kakršne v Italiji najdemo v 5. in 6. st. phases LA 1/2. It could belong among bowls with cylin- (Gaspari et al. 2007, 179; Sternini 1995, 243; 2001, 25). drical wal s and a tubular rim of type 2.5.1. according to Na podlagi majhnega odlomka in maloštevilnih bližnjih I. Lazar, which are dated between the second half of the analogij se je težko odločiti, kam bi ta odlomek uvrstili. 1st and the 2nd century (Lazar 2003a, 80-81). This type of Ker je bil najden v premešani plasti, lahko spada v čas bowls is at Augst stratigraphical y dated up until the 4th med 4. in 6. st. century (Type AR 109.1: Rütti 1991, 50). A similar rim Odlomek ustja ( t. 58: 7) pripada skledi tipa Foy was found in a church at Invil ino which is dated between 21a, ki je lahko okrašena z nataljenimi belimi nitmi in the 4th and the beginning of the 7th century (Bierbrauer je datirana v konec 5. in začetek 6. st. (Foy 1995, 205). 1988, 78, Fig. 23: 3). The rim could belong also to lamps Najden je bil v plasti faze PA 2. Takšna skleda je bila with handles that frequently have tubular rims (Bierbrauer najdena tudi v naselbini iz 5.–6. st. na Monte Barru 1988, Fig. 23: 1,7,13-17). Two comparisons for the bowl (uboldi 1991, t. LV: 7). Veliko podobnih je bilo najdenih from Tonovcov grad are found also among the material na Invillinu: avtor jih sicer primerja s tipoma Isings 80 from Fizine near Portorož (Gaspari et al. 2007, Pl. 7: 202- in 116 iz 2.–4. st. (Bierbrauer 1987, 283). 203). These are defined as bowls with wide inverted rim folded outwards, such as in Italy are found in the 5th and 6th century (Gaspari et al. 2007, 179; Sternini 1995, 243; 3.1.10 OSTALO 2001, 25). It is difficult to decide where to place this piece solely on the basis of a smal fragment and a smal number ustje kozarca ( t. 54: 4), najdeno v premešani plasti, of near analogies. Since it was found in a mixed layer it je nenavadno nagubano, morda preoblikovano v ognju. could belong to the time between the 4th and 6th century. 88 3_steklo.indd 88 23.1.2012 12:56:59 3. STEKLENE NAjDBE 3. GLASS FINDS Odlomek ostenja posode ( t. 58: 8) ima okras iz na- A fragment of a rim ( Pl. 58: 7) belongs to a bowl of taljenih belih niti, kar je značilno za konec 5. in začetek 6. type Foy 21a, which can be decorated with white threads st. (Foy 1995, 204), ne vemo pa, kakšni posodi je pripadal. and is dated to the end of the 5th and the beginning of the 6th century (Foy 1995, 205). It was found in a layer of phase LA 2. Such a bowl was also found in the settle- 3.2 STAVBI 2 IN 3 ment from the 5th-6th century at Monte Barro (uboldi 1991, Pl. LV: 7). A great number of similar objects were Čeprav sta bili v uporabi v različnih časovnih found at Invillino but the author there compares them obdobjih, sta stavbi 2 in 3 med seboj povezani, zato ju to types Isings 80 and 116, which belong to the 2nd-4th obravnavamo skupaj. Stavba 3 je bila v rabi v fazi PA century (Bierbrauer 1987, 283). 1, nato pa opuščena. V fazi PA 2 so na enega od zidov nekdanje stavbe 3 (zid 121) prislonili stavbo 2. Območje stavbe 3 pa je služilo za dvorišče oziroma gospodarski 3.1.10 MISCELLANEOuS prostor (glej Tonovcov grad. Naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, pogl. 2.4 in 3.2). A glass rim ( Pl. 54: 4) found in a mixed layer is V plasti hodne površine stavbe 3 iz faze PA 1 sta bila unusual y folded, possibly altered in the fire. najdena ustje in dno kozarca tipa Isings 106 ( t. 59: 2,9). A fragment of a vessel wall ( Pl. 58: 8) bears the V gruščnati plasti nad hodno površino je bilo najdeno trailed decoration of white threads, which is character- ustje kozarca ( t. 58: 20). istic for the end of the 5th and the beginning of the 6th V plasti iz faze PA 2 na dvorišču ob stavbi 2, to je na century (Foy 1995, 204). We do not know to what kind območju nekdanje stavbe 3, so bila najdena tri ustja ( t. 59: of vessel it belonged. 1,4–5) in noga kozarca tipa 1a ( t. 59: 7) po V. Bierbrauerju (1987; glej pogl. 3.1.2). V to in spodnjo plast sta bila še v času faze PA 2 narejena dva vkopa. V vkopu SE 161 je bilo 3.2 BuILDINGS 2 AND 3 najdeno ustje ( t. 59: 3), v vkopu SE 162 pa ustje ( t. 58: 21). V ruševinskih plasteh na dvorišču severno od Despite the fact that they functioned in different stavbe 2 so bili najdeni dve ustji kozarcev tipa B ( t. 58: periods buildings 2 and 3 are interconnected and will 19; 59: 6), noga kozarca tipa 1a ( t. 59: 8) in dva odlomka be discussed together. Building 3 was used during phase okenskega stekla. LA 1 and was later abandoned. In phase LA 2 building 2 V plasti faze PA 2 stavbe 2 so bili najdeni ročaj sve- was attached to one of the wal s of building 3 (wall 121). tilke ( t. 58: 18) in dve nogi kozarcev tipov 1a ( t. 58: 14) in The area of building 3 was then used as a courtyard (see 1b ( t. 58: 12) po V. Bierbrauerju (1987; glej pogl. 3.1.2). V Tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpretation, zgornji ruševinski plasti stavbe 2 so bili najdeni dve nogi chapters 2.4 and 3.2). kozarcev tipa 1b ( t. 58: 11,13), ustje tipa B ( t. 58: 10) po V. In the walking surface of building 3 from phase Bierbrauerju (1987; glej pogl. 3.1.2), dve nedoločljivi dni LA 1 a rim and a base of a beaker of type Isings 106 ( Pl. kozarcev brez noge ( t. 58: 16–17) in del kozarca na nogi 59: 2,9) were found. In a gravel layer above the walking ( t. 58: 15). ustje kozarca ( t. 58: 9) je naključna najdba. surface a glass rim of a beaker or goblet was found ( Pl. 58: 20). In a layer from phase LA 2 in the courtyard next 3.3 SKLOP CERKVA to building 2, i.e. in the area of former building 3, three rims ( Pl. 59: 1,4-5) and a goblet foot of type 1a ( Pl. 59: 3.3.1 SEVERNA CERKEV 7) according to V. Bierbrauer (1987; see chapter 3.1.2) were found. Into this layer and the one underneath two V ruševinski plasti sta ležali dve ustji tipa B ( t. 59: pits were dug during the time of phase LA 2. A rim ( Pl. 10,13) po V. Bierbrauerju (1987; glej pogl. 3.1.2). 59: 3) was found in pit Su 161 and a rim ( Pl. 58: 21) in V narteksu severne in osrednje cerkve v plasti pod pit Su 162. hodno površino so bili najdeni odlomek ustja kozarca In the destruction layers in the courtyard north of brez noge (verjetno Isings 106), še en odlomek ustja building 2 two goblet rims of type B ( Pls. 58: 19 ; 59: 6), kozarca in ena noga kozarca tipa 1a ( t. 59: 11–12,14) a goblet foot of type 1a ( Pl. 59: 8), and two fragments of po V. Bierbrauerju (1987; glej pogl. 3.1.2). window glass were found. In a layer of phase LA 2 in the building 2 a lamp handle ( Pl. 58: 18) and two stemmed goblet feet of 3.3.2 OSREDNjA CERKEV types 1a ( Pl. 58: 14) and 1b ( Pl. 58: 12) according to V. Bierbrauer (1987; see chapter 3.1.2) were found. In V osrednji cerkvi sta bila najdena dva skupka stekle- the upper destruction layer of building 2 two stemmed nih posod, oba v mešanici odpadlega ometa in ruševine. goblet feet of type 1b ( Pl. 58: 11,13), a rim of type B ( Pl. 89 3_steklo.indd 89 23.1.2012 12:56:59 3. STEKLENE NAjDBE 3. GLASS FINDS Sl. 3.2: Karta razprostranjenosti steklenih posod, žebljev in puščičnih osti v cerkvenem sklopu (hodne površine faze PA 2). Fig. 3.2: Distibution of glass vessels, nails and arrowheads in the ecclesiastical complex (walking surfaces of phase LA 2). 90 3_steklo.indd 90 23.1.2012 12:57:00 3. STEKLENE NAjDBE 3. GLASS FINDS Prvi skupek odlomkov ustij ( t. 59: 15–16,18,22), vbočenih 58: 10) according to V. Bierbrauer (1987; see chapter dnov ( t. 60: 2,5–6) in delov svetilk ( t. 60: 8,10–12) je ležal 3.1.2), two indefinable bases of beakers ( Pl. 58: 16-17), na skalni polički med krakom klopi za duhovščino in and a part of a stemmed goblet ( Pl. 58: 15) were found. zidom 5. Drugi skupek ustij ( t. 59: 17,19,22) in dnov ( t. Beaker or goblet rim ( Pl. 58: 9) is a chance find. 60: 1,3–4) ter ustje manjše stekleničke ali balzamarija ( t. 60: 14) so bili blizu prehoda v “memorijo” ( sl. 3.2). V ruševini je bilo najdeno stekleno ustje ( t. 59: 21), 3.3 ECCLESIASTICAL COMPLEX eno ustje manjše posodice pa ni natančneje umeščeno znotraj prezbiterija ( t. 60: 15). 3.3.1 NORTh ChuRCh Vsa ustja pripadajo tipu B po Bierbrauerju (1987; glej pogl. 3.1.2), eno je nedoločljivo ( t. 59: 17). Vse Two rims of type B ( Pl. 59: 10,13) according to V. svetilke pripadajo tipu I.1 po M. uboldi (uboldi 1995, Bierbrauer (1987; see chapter 3.1.2) were lying in the sl. 2; glej pogl. 3.1.6). destruction layer. Štiri dna kozarcev brez noge pripadajo tipu Isings A fragment of a beaker rim (probably Isings 106), 109 ( t. 60: 2,4–6) in dva tipu Isings 106 ( t. 60: 1,3). another fragment of a goblet or beaker rim, and a goblet foot of type 1a ( Pl. 59: 11-12,14) according to V. Bierbrauer (1987; see chapter 3.1.2) were found in the 3.3.3 “ MEMORIjA ” narthex of the north and main church in a layer under the walking surface. Dve ustji kozarcev ( t. 60: 16–17), dve ustji manj- ših posodic ali balzamarijev in dno balzamarija ( t. 61: 6–7,9), dno kozarca ( t. 61: 3) in vrat steklenice ali stekle- 3.3.2 MAIN ChuRCh ničke ( t. 61: 5) so ležali v kulturni plasti ob vzhodnem zidu prostora (zid 9; sl. 3.2). In the main church, two clusters of glass vessels V ruševinski plasti nad kulturno so bili sredi pro- were found, both in the mixture of the fallen-off plaster stora najdeni še noga in dno steklenih kozarcev ( t. 60: 18; and the destruction layer. The first cluster of rim frag- 61: 2), dno kozarca Isings 109 ( t. 61: 4), dno balzamarija ments ( Pl. 59: 15-16,18,22), concave bases ( Pl. 60: 2,5-6), ( t. 61: 8) in verjetno še eno dno kozarca ( t. 61: 1). and lamp fragments ( Pl. 60: 8,10-12) was lying on the Manjši ustji ( t. 61: 6–7) sta lahko pripadali večjima rock shelf between the clergy bank and wal 5. The other balzamarijema ali manjšima stekleničkama, predvidoma cluster of rims ( Pl. 59: 17,19,22), bases ( Pl. 60: 1,3-4), z vbočenim dnom, k eni od njiju zelo verjetno spada tudi and a rim of a smaller bottle or a balsamarium ( Pl. 60: vrat ( t. 61: 5). Obe dni balzamarijev ( t. 61: 8–9) spadata 14) lay near the passage into the ‘memoria’ ( Fig. 3.2). po obliki v tip 8.6.4. po I. Lazar, to je med balzamarije s In the destruction layer a beaker or goblet rim was podolgovatim ovalno oblikovanim trupom, ki so dati- found ( Pl. 59: 21), while one rim of a smaller vessel is rani v drugo polovico 1. oz. prvo polovico 2. st. (Lazar not precisely located within the presbytery ( Pl. 60: 15). 2003a, 180). Glede na to, da se balzamariji pojavljajo All rims belong to type B according to Bierbrauer tudi v poznoantičnem obdobju in da so tukaj najdeni (1987; see chapter 3.1.2) only one is indefinable ( Pl. 59: v dobro umeščenem kontekstu, je verjetneje, da najdbi 17). Al lamps belong to type I.1 according to M. uboldi pripadata fazi PA 2 in nista starejši (glej pogl. 3.1.7). (uboldi 1995, Fig. 2; see chapter 3.1.6). Four beaker bases belong to type Isings 109 ( Pl. 60: 2,4-6) and two to type Isings 106 ( Pl. 60: 1,3). 3.3.4 juŽNA CERKEV V južni cerkvi je bil v ruševinski plasti najden le 3.3.3 ‘MEMORIA’ odlomek dna steklenice ( t. 61: 10), ki najverjetneje pri- pada nizki kvadratni steklenici z ročajem (Isings 50a), Two goblet or beaker rims ( Pl. 60: 16-17), two kakršne so datirane med drugo polovico 1. in 2. st. (Lazar rims of smaller vessels or balsamaria and a base of a 2003a, 149), in verjetno nima zveze s cerkvijo. balsamarium ( Pl. 61: 6-7,9), a glass base ( Pl. 61: 3), and a bottle or a small bottle neck ( Pl. 61: 5) were all lying in the cultural layer along the eastern wall of the room 3.3.5 PROSTOR (wall 9; Fig. 3.2). MED OSREDNjO IN juŽNO CERKVIjO The destruction layer above the cultural one in the middle of the room revealed also a goblet foot and a V izmenjavajočih se gruščnatih in maltnih plasteh beaker base ( Pls. 60: 18 ; 61: 2), a base of a beaker Isings skalnatega prostora med osrednjo in južno cerkvijo je 109 ( Pl. 61: 4), a base of a balsamarium ( Pl. 61: 8), and bilo najdenih 22 opredeljivih ustij kozarcev, od tega probably also a beaker base ( Pl. 61: 1). 91 3_steklo.indd 91 23.1.2012 12:57:00 3. STEKLENE NAjDBE 3. GLASS FINDS Sl. 3.3: Karta razprostranjenosti okenskega stekla v cerkvenem sklopu. Fig. 3.3: Distribution of window glass in the ecclesiastical complex. 92 3_steklo.indd 92 23.1.2012 12:57:00 3. STEKLENE NAjDBE 3. GLASS FINDS Sl. 3.4: Karta razprostranjenosti okenskega stekla na območju stavbe 1. Fig. 3.4: Distribution of window glass in and around building 1. 18 tipa B (cilindrična oblika: t. 61: 17–18,22–23; 62: Two smal er rims ( Pl. 61: 6-7) could have belonged 1–5,7–14) in 4 tipa C (konična oblika: t. 61: 19,21; 62: to bigger balsamaria or smal er bottles, supposedly with 6,15). Najdeni sta bili tudi dve nogi kozarca tipa 1a a concave base, the neck ( Pl. 61: 5) most probably also (močno izbočena stojna ploskev: t. 63: 4–5) in dve nogi belongs to one of these two. Both balsamarium bases tipa 1b (položna stojna ploskev z izrazitim robom: t. 63: ( Pl. 61: 8-9) belong, according to shape, to type 8.6.4. 2–3). 10 odlomkov ustij ( t. 62: 16–25) je premajhnih za according to I. Lazar, among balsamaria with an elon- opredelitev (vse po Bierbrauer 1987; glej pogl. 3.1.2). gated oval body, which are dated to the second half of Najdena so bila tudi tri dna, dve tipa Isings 106 ( t. the 1st-first half of the 2nd century (Lazar 2003a, 180). 63: 6–7) in eno tipa Isings 109 ( t. 63: 8), ter eno odrezano Considering the fact that balsamaria also appear in the ustje ( t. 61: 20) kozarca brez noge. Osem odlomkov dnov Late Antique period and that they are found here in a je slabo ohranjenih, zato lahko rečemo le, da najverje- well set context, it is more probable that they belong to tneje pripadajo tipoma Isings 106 ali 109 ( t. 63: 9–16). phase LA 2 and are not older finds (see chapter 3.1.7). Najdeni so bili odlomki steklenih svetilk: ustje ( t. 63: 24), ustje in ročaj ( t. 63: 22–23), dva ročaja ( t. 63: 20,25) in ustje z nastavkom ročaja ( t. 63: 19) tipa I.1 po 3.3.4 SOuTh ChuRCh M. uboldi (glej pogl. 3.1.6). Dve debelejši vbočeni dni večjega premera, ki sta In the south church only a fragment of a bottle base ležali v SE 92, pripadata steklenicama ( t. 63: 17–18). Od- ( Pl. 61: 10) was found in the destruction layer and it most lomka sta premajhna, da bi steklenici lahko natančneje probably belongs to a low square bottle with a handle opredelili, vendar glede na to, da kažeta bolj cilindrično (Isings 50a), such as are dated between the second half 93 3_steklo.indd 93 23.1.2012 12:57:01 3. STEKLENE NAjDBE 3. GLASS FINDS kot kroglasto obliko, najverjetneje pripadata tipu Isings of the 1st and the 2nd century (Lazar 2003a, 149), and is 132 (glej pogl. 3.1.5). probably not connected with the church. Eno ustje ( t. 63: 27) pripada plitvi polkroglasti sko- delici tipa 2.6.4. po I. Lazar (Isings 116), ki je datirana v čas med prvo polovico 4. in prvo polovico 5. st. (Lazar 3.3.5 AREA BETWEEN ThE MAIN 2003a, 85). Najdena je bila v plasti SE 89. AND ThE SOuTh ChuRCh Noga kozarca na nizki nogi tipa Foy 19 (Foy 1995, 202) iz 5. st. je bila najdena v SE 111 ( t. 63: 26). Enaka In the alternating gravel and mortar layers of the noga ( t. 58: 4) je bila najdena zunaj stavbe 1 na hodni rocky space between the main and the south church 22 površini (SE 24) ter na tlaku stranskega prostora cerkve definable glass rims were found, 18 of these are of type na Invillinu (Bierbrauer 1988, sl. 23: 5; glej pogl. 3.1.3). B (cylindrical form: Pls. 61: 17-18,22-23; 62: 1-5,7-14) and 4 of type C (conical form: Pls. 61: 19,21 ; 62: 6,15). Two goblet feet of type 1a (strongly convex foot: Pl. 63: 3.3.6 GROBOVI 4-5) and two feet of type 1b (slightly convex foot with a marked ring: Pl. 63: 2-3) were also found. 10 rim frag- Nekaj odlomkov steklenih posod je bilo najdenih ments ( Pl. 62: 16-25) are too small to define (all accord- v zasutjih grobov, ki sicer niso vsebovali pridatkov (za ing to Bierbrauer 1987; see chapter 3.1.2). opis grobov glej Tonovcov grad. Naselbinski ostanki in Three beaker bases were also discovered, of which interpretacija, pogl. 2.5). two are of type Isings 106 ( Pl. 63: 6-7) and one of type Odlomek svetilke ( t. 61: 12) in ustje ( t. 61: 11) sta Isings 109 ( Pl. 63: 8), and one cut rim ( Pl. 61: 20) of a bila najdena v zasutju groba 1. beaker. Eight base fragments are quite poorly preserved Stekleno ustje kozarca je ležalo v zasutju groba 7 thus we can only state that they most probably belong to ( t. 61: 13). beakers types Isings 106 or 109 ( Pl. 63: 9-16). Dve ustji ( t. 61: 14–15) in dno kozarca ( t. 61: 16) Fragments of glass lamps were found: a rim ( Pl. 63: so bili najdeni v zasutju groba 21. 24), a rim and a handle ( Pl. 63: 22-23), two handles ( Pl. 63: 20,25), and a rim with a part of a handle ( Pl. 63: 19) of type I.1 according to M. uboldi (see chapter 3.1.6). 3.4 VODNI ZBIRALNIK Two thicker concave bases of larger diameter, which lay in Su 92, belong to two bottles ( Pl. 63: 17,18). Najdeni so bili slabo ohranjen odlomek dna kozar- The fragments are too small to enable the detailed clas- ca brez noge ( t. 63: 29), noga kozarca tipa 1b ( t. 63: 28) sification of bottles but considering the fact that they dis- (po Bierbrauer 1987, glej pogl. 3.1.2) in ustje majhne play a more cylindrical rather than globular shape they steklene posodice ( t. 63: 30). Premer posodice je pre- probably belong to type Isings 132 (see chapter 3.1.5). velik za balzamarij, tako da je ustje verjetno pripadalo One rim ( Pl. 63: 27) belongs among shallow hemi- manjši steklenički. spherical bowls of type 2.6.4. according to I. Lazar (Isings Večina najdb je bila najdenih v ruševini. ustje 116), dated to the time between the first half of the 4th manjše posodice ( t. 63: 30) je bilo najdeno v plasti tik and the first half of the 5th century (Lazar 2003a, 85). It nad prazgodovinsko, v katero je vkopana cisterna, noga was found in layer Su 89. kozarca ( t. 63: 28) pa je ležala v plasti pod zunanjim A foot of footed beaker of type Foy 19 (Foy 1995, zidom cisterne, kar prav tako kaže na čas pred gradnjo 202) from the 5th century was found in Su 111 ( Pl. 63: objekta, ki je datirana v začetek ali sredino 6. st. 26). Similar feet were discovered outside building 1 in the walking surface ( Pl. 58: 4; Su 24) and on the mor- tar floor of the eastern annex of the church at Invillino 3.5 OKENSKO STEKLO (Bierbrauer 1988, Fig. 23: 5; see chapter 3.1.3). Odlomki okenskega stekla z območja stavbe 1 se prostorsko bolj navezujejo na ostanke zidov (zid 15) 3.3.6 GRAVES stavbe, ki je tam stala v fazi PA 1 ( sl. 3.4), kot pa na samo stavbo 1. A few fragments of glass vessels were found in the Majhno število najdenih odlomkov okenskega fil s of graves which otherwise did not contain any grave stekla pri stavbah 2 in 3 ne kaže na obstoj zasteklitve, goods (for the description of the graves see Tonovcov ampak je steklo verjetno zdrselo s cerkvenega platoja. grad. Settlement remains and interpretation, chapter 2.5). Količina najdenih odlomkov okenskega stekla v A fragment of a lamp ( Pl. 61: 12) and a goblet or cerkvah in njihovi okolici kaže, da so bila zastekljena le beaker rim ( Pl. 61: 11) were found in the fill of grave 1. okna cerkva ( sl. 3.3). Razprostranjenost nakazuje oken- A beaker or goblet rim lay in the fill of grave 7 ( Pl. ske odprtine v severni steni ladje in prezbiterija severne 61: 13). 94 3_steklo.indd 94 23.1.2012 12:57:01 3. STEKLENE NAjDBE 3. GLASS FINDS cerkve (zid 1), na stenah osrednje in južne cerkve, ki Two goblet or beaker rims ( Pl. 61: 14-15) and a gledata na dvorišče (zidova 6 in 14), najverjetneje na beaker base ( Pl. 61: 16) were discovered in the fill of vzhodni in zahodni steni “memorije” (zidova 9 in 10) grave 21. in (v prezbiterialnem delu) na južni steni južne cerkve (zid 13). Zid 13 stoji nad prepadno steno, tako da je nekaj okenskega stekla zelo verjetno zdrselo po pobočju. 3.4 WATER CISTERN Presenetljivo stekla ni najdenega v prezbiteriju osrednje cerkve, kjer bi ga najbolj pričakovali. Morda so ta del A poorly preserved base of a beaker ( Pl. 63: 29), cerkve razsvetljevale le steklene svetilke (glej pogl. 3.3.2). a goblet foot of type 1b ( Pl. 63: 28) (according to V. Okensko steklo na Tonovcovem gradu je izdelano Bierbrauer 1987, see chapter 3.1.2), and a rim of a small s cilindrično tehniko, ki jo lahko prepoznamo po vrstah glass vessel ( Pl. 63: 30) were found. The diameter of the razpotegnjenih zračnih mehurčkov v masi. Okenske plo- vessel is too big for a balsamarium thus it is probably a šče so v tej tehniki naredili tako, da so napihano steklo part of a smaller bottle. oblikovali v cilindre, nato pa jih prerezali in poravnali The majority of finds was discovered in the de- v pravokotnike (O'hea 2007, 234; Kanyak 2009, 38–39; struction layer. The rim of a smaller vessel ( Pl. 63: 30) glej tudi pogl. 3.7.9). was found in a layer immediately above the prehistori- cal one into which the cistern is dug, while the beaker base ( Pl. 63: 28) lay in the layer beneath the outer wall 3.6 SKLEP of the cistern, which also points to the time before the construction of the building dated to the beginning or V zaključenih sklopih prve poznoantične faze the middle of the 6th century. (PA 1; druga polovica 4. in začetek 5. st.) v stavbi 1, ki jih sicer ni veliko, je bilo najdenih le nekaj posameznih vbočenih dnov kozarcev brez noge in ostenje steklenice 3.5 WINDOW GLASS ( t. 57: 1–2,4,15–16). Tudi v stavbi 3, ki spada v fazo PA 1, je bilo najdenih zelo malo odlomkov stekla ( t. 59: 2,9). Fragments of window glass from the area of build- Faza PA 1 je na Tonovcovem gradu z drugim gradivom ing 1 spatial y relate more to the remains of wal s (wall sicer dobro zastopana, zato preseneča majhno število 15) of the building which stood there during phase LA značilnega steklenega posodja. Morda pomanjkanje 1 ( Fig. 3.4) than to building 1 itself. steklenih najdb v drugi polovici 4. in začetku 5. st. kaže The smal number of found window glass frag- na drugačno oskrbovanje postojanke na Tonovcovem ments near buildings 2 and 3 does not indicate the gradu v primerjavi z drugimi utrdbami na območju existence of glazing but the glass most probably slid alpskih zapor, kjer je steklo pogostejše (hrušica: ulbert from the church plateau. 1981, t. 49; Martinj hrib: Leben, Šubic 1990, t. 5–9). The amount of found window glass fragments Stekleno posodje je bilo na Tonovcovem gradu in the churches and their surrounding suggests that najdeno v veliki večini le v plasteh druge poznoantične only the church windows were glazed ( Fig. 3.3). The faze (PA 2; konec 5.–začetek 7. st.) v stavbi 1, kjer so distribution indicates openings in the northern wall of uporabljali predvsem kozarce na visoki nogi in kozarce the nave and presbytery of the north church (wall 1), z vbočenim dnom ( t. 54: 6–26; 55: 1–27; 56: 1–36; 57: on both wal s of the main and south church which face 1–12). V majhnih količinah so zastopani tudi drugi tipi the space in-between (wal s 6 and 14), most probably posodja, na primer kozarci na nizki nogi, steklenice, sve- on the eastern and western wall of the ‘memoria’ (wal s tilke, manjša steklenička in krožnik ( t. 57: 13–14,17–22; 9 and 10), and (in the presbitery part) at the southern 58: 1–8). Nekateri kosi so slabo ohranjeni in težko na- wall of the south church (wall 13). Wall 13 stands over tančno določljivi, zato bi lahko spadali tudi med najdbe the precipitous rock hence some of the window glass iz starejše stavbe iz faze PA 1. Najdenih je bilo le nekaj must have slid down the slope. Surprisingly, no glass odlomkov okenskega stekla, zato menimo, da stavba v was found in the presbytery of the main church where fazi PA 2 ni bila zastekljena ( sl. 3.4). we would most expect it. Possibly this part of the church Redki ostanki steklenih posod ( t. 58: 9–18) ne was il uminated solely by glass lamps (see chapter 3.3.2; pripomorejo k interpretaciji dogajanja v stavbi 2 v času Fig. 3.2). faze PA 2. Stavba glede na odsotnost ognjišča verjetno Window glass at Tonovcov grad is made by the ni bila bivalnega značaja. Odlomki stekla iz ruševin- cylinder technique which can be recognised by parallel skih plasti verjetno izvirajo iz ruševine višje ležečega rows of elongated air bubbles in the mass. Window panes cerkvenega sklopa, kjer pa je bilo najdenih precej več in this technique were made by shaping the blown glass steklenih posod. into cylinders, then cutting it and straigthening it into Skupek stekla za klopjo za duhovščino v osrednji rectangles (O’hea 2007, 234; Kanyak 2009, 38-39; see cerkvi ( t. 59: 15–16,18,22; 60: 2,5–6,8,10,12; sl. 3.2) lahko also chapter 3.7.9). 95 3_steklo.indd 95 23.1.2012 12:57:01 3. STEKLENE NAjDBE 3. GLASS FINDS kaže na prostor, kjer so kozarce in svetilke shranjevali, 3.6 CONCLuSION lahko pa so bile svetilke nad klopjo obešene ali postav- ljene, da so razsvetljevale najsvetejši del prezbiterija. In the closed contexts of the first Late Antique Zanimivo je, da so vse svetilke najdene prav v prostoru, phase (LA 1; the second half of the 4th and the beginning kjer ni okenskega stekla – torej v prostoru brez oken. of the 5th century) in building 1, which are not many, To še dodatno dokazuje uporabo in originalno mesto only a few individual concave beaker bases and a bottle svetilk v prezbiteriju osrednje cerkve. wal ( Pl. 57: 1-2,4,15-16) were found. Very few glass Manj pričakovan je pojav drugega skupka pred- fragments ( Pl. 59: 2,9) were found also in building 3, metov ob prehodu iz osrednje cerkve v “memorijo” ( t. which belongs to phase LA 1. Phase LA 1 is at Tonovcov 59: 17,19,22; 60: 1,3,4,14). Skupek je vseboval kozarce, grad general y well represented by other material thus svetilke in manjšo stekleničko. we were surprised by the small number of typical glass Glede na lepo izdelan arhitrav nad prehodom vessels. The lack of glass finds in the second half of the je bila “memorija” očitno pomemben del cerkvene- 4th and beginning of the 5th century could indicate a ga sklopa. V njej je bilo najdenih nekaj kozarcev in different supply system of the post at Tonovcov grad in balzamarijev ali majhnih stekleničk ( sl. 3.2). V njih comparison to other forts in the area of Claustra where so verjetno hranili pomembne tekočine za cerkvene glass is more frequent (hrušica: ulbert 1981, Pl. 49; obrede (olje, vino, vodo) ali celo relikvije. Svetilk v Martinj hrib: Leben, Šubic 1990, Pls. 5-9). tem prostoru ni bilo. Glass vessels were at Tonovcov grad mostly found Razprostranjenost okenskega stekla v cerkvenem in layers of the second Late Antique phase (LA 2; end sklopu ( sl. 3.3) kaže na zasteklitev cerkvenih ladij in of the 5th-beginning of the 7th century) in building 1, “memorije”. where primarily stemmed goblets and beakers with V cerkvah na Tonovcovem gradu se pojavlja podo- a concave base were used ( Pls. 54: 6-26; 55: 1-27; 56: ben sestav steklenih posod – svetilke, kozarci, steklenice 1-36; 57: 1-12). Other types of vessels are represented in manjše stekleničke – kot v nekaterih velikih pozno- in small numbers, e.g. footed beakers, bottles, lamps, antičnih cerkvah; takšni sta na primer bazilika v grškem a small bottle and plate ( Pls. 57: 13-14,17-22; 58: 1-8). mestu Phillipi (Antonaras 2007, 51–54, sl. 5) ali cerkev Some pieces are poorly preserved and are difficult to sv. Ciprijana pri Omišu na hrvaškem (Fadić 1994). classify thus these could belong among finds from the Funkcije vmesnega prostora med cerkvami ne older building from phase LA 1. Only a few fragments moremo dokončno pojasniti, prav tako ne plasti, ki so of window glass were found hence we believe that the bile v njem (glej Tonovcov grad. Naselbinski ostanki building was not glazed during phase LA 2 ( Fig. 3.4). in interpretacija, pogl. 3.3.4). Steklene najdbe so bile Rare remains of glass vessels ( Pl. 58: 9-18) do not prisotne vse od skalnega dna do zgornje ruševine in contribute to the interpretation of events in building so bile razporejene po izmenjavajočih se gruščnatih in 2 during phase LA 2, which was due to the absence of maltnih plasteh. Tipi posod, kozarci, steklenice, svetilke a fireplace not intended for dwelling. Glass fragments ( t. 61: 17–23; 62: 1–25; 63: 1–27), kažejo na časovno from the destruction layers above the building probably in vsebinsko podobnost s cerkvami, ki se dvigajo nad originate in the destruction layer of the higher located prostorom. Verjetno je, da so tako plasti kot najdbe v ecclesiastical complex where many more glass vessels vmesnem prostoru povezane s postopnim propadanjem were found. cerkvenih zgradb. The cluster of glass behind the clergy bank in the Steklene najdbe s Tonovcovega gradu se torej lepo main church ( Pls. 59: 15-16,18,22; 60: 2,5-6,8,10-12; Fig. vključujejo v podobo steklenih izdelkov v poznoantič- 3.2) could indicate the area where glasses and lamps were nem Sredozemlju in njegovem neposrednem zaledju. kept, but it could also be that lamps were hung or set above Med najbolj uporabljano posodje spadajo tudi tu kozarci the bank to il uminate the holiest part of the presbytery. na visoki nogi, ki so najznačilnejši predstavnik sredo- It is interesting that al lamps were found in the room zemskega steklarstva od konca 5. st. dalje in predvsem v without any window glass – thus in the room without 6. in 7. st. (Saguì 1993, 129; Foy 1995, 207–209; Sternini windows. This additional y proves the use and original 1995, 259; Whitehouse 1999; Lafli, Gürler 2010, 434). location of lamps in the presbytery of the main church. Skupaj s kozarci brez noge in steklenicami sestavljajo pi- Less expected was the occurence of the second vski komplet, ki je poleg steklenih svetilk edino posodje, cluster of objects along the passage from the main ki je bilo v pozni antiki še razmeroma pogosto izdelano church into ‘memoria’ ( Pls. 59: 17,19,22; 60: 1,3,4,14). iz stekla (glej pogl. 3.7). The cluster included beakers, lamps, and a smal er bottle. Considering the beautiful y made architrave above the passage, ‘memoria’ was obviously an important part of the ecclesiastical complex. A few beakers and balsamaria or small bottles ( Fig. 3.2) were found in it. In these vessels important fluids for church ceremonies 96 3_steklo.indd 96 23.1.2012 12:57:02 3. STEKLENE NAjDBE 3. GLASS FINDS 3.7 POZNOANTIČNO STEKLO (oil, wine, water) or even relics were probably kept. There V SLOVENIjI were no lamps in this room. Distribution of window glass in the ecclesiastical 3.7.1 IZhODIŠČE complex ( Fig. 3.3) indicates the glazing of church naves and ‘memoria’. Potem ko je v zgodnjerimskem obdobju (sekun- Churches at Tonovcov grad reveal a similar com- darna) proizvodnja steklenih posod v vzhodnem delu position of glass vessels – lamps, beakers, goblets, bot- imperija v količinah in kakovosti zaostajala za Italijo, se tles, and smaller bottles – as some great Late Antique je v 4. in zgodnjem 5. stoletju razcvetela. Ta razcvet po- churches, for example the basilica from the Greek town vezujejo z ekonomskim in kulturnim razvojem Palestine Phillipi (Antonaras 2007, 51-54, Fig. 5) or the church of po Konstantinovi graditveni usmeritvi v Sveto deželo Sv. Ciprijan near Omiš in Croatia (Fadić 1994). po letu 324 in po odpravi davkov za nekatere obrtnike, The function of the space between churches can- med njimi za steklarje, leta 337 (Stern 1999, 481–484). not be conclusively explained, the same goes for the Med 5. in 8. st. je bilo steklo vedno pogosteje layers located within it (see Tonovcov grad. Settlement reciklirano in posledično vedno slabše kakovosti. V remains and interpretation, chapter 3.3.4). Glass finds vzhodnem Sredozemlju so izboljševali predelano steklo were present from the rocky bottom to the upper de- z dodajanjem alkalnih snovi, v zahodnem delu pa to ni struction layer and were distributed over the alternating bilo mogoče, saj niso bile na voljo (Dussart et al. 2004, gravel and mortar layers. Vessel types, goblets, beakers, 80–82). bottles and lamps ( Pls. 61: 17-23; 62: 1-25; 63: 1-27) Tudi barva stekla (naravno obarvano) se je v reveal the chronological and contextual similarity to poznoantičnem obdobju spreminjala. V 4. st. je steklo churches rising above this space. It is probable that both, večinoma še brezbarvno ali rahlo modrikasto do ze- layers and finds of the space between the main and the lenkasto. V prvih dveh tretjinah 5. st. barva preide v south church, are connected to the gradual decay of temnejše odtenke, predvsem v olivno in temno zeleno. ecclesiastical buildings. Za prvo tretjino 6. st. sta značilna zelenkasta barva Glass finds from Tonovcov grad therefore nicely (odtenek vert d'eau, aqua oz. vodno zelena) in okras iz fit into the picture of glass objects in Late Antique nataljenih belih niti, steklo pa je zelo tanko. Od sredine Mediterranean and its immediate hinterland. There also 6. st. naprej se poleg zelene pogosto pojavljajo tudi ru- stemmed goblets are among the most widely used vessels menkasti odtenki, steklo pa je debelejše in bolj odporno and the most typical representatives of Mediterranean (Foy et al. 2003, 41–42). V vzhodnem delu imperija na glass production from the end of the 5th century onwards nekaterih najdiščih iz bizantinskega obdobja prevladu- and mostly during the 6th and 7th century (Saguì 1993, jejo modrozeleni in zeleni odtenki (npr. Gerasa/jerash, 129; Foy 1995, 207-209; Sternini 1995, 259; Whitehouse Sarde: Meyer 1988, 217). V drugi polovici 7. ter v 8. st. 1999; Lafli, Gürler 2010, 434). Together with beakers se v zahodnem Sredozemlju pojavi in močno prevlada and bottles they represent a drinking set which, besides svetlomodro steklo (Foy et al. 2003, 41–42). glass lamps, presents the only vessels that were in the Izdelava steklene mase se kot posledica širitev Late Antiquity still quite frequently made of glass (see Arabcev in političnih sprememb v Egiptu spremeni okoli chapter 3.7). sredine 9. st. (Dussart et al. 2004, 76–77). V vzhodnem Sredozemlju namesto natrona začnejo uporabljati pepel halofitov (obmorskih rastlin), v zahodnem delu pa pepel 3.7 LATE ANTIquE GLASS drugih rastlin. Stara in nova receptura sta sicer precej IN SLOVENIA dolgo obstajali vzporedno. V Evropi (današnje Francija, Anglija, Italija) so izdelovali kakovostno steklo po rimski 3.7.1 STARTING POINT recepturi z natronom še v 12. stoletju (uboldi, Verità 2003, 130–132). After the Early Roman period, when the produc- tion of glass vessels (secondary production) in the east- Raziskave poznoantičnega stekla so dolgo zaosta- ern part of the Empire lagged behind Italy in quantity jale za raziskavami rimskega stekla. Prve klasifikacije and quality, it started to prosper in the 4th and the early steklenega gradiva z velikih najdišč vzhodnega Sredo- 5th centuries. This boom is connected to the economic zemlja (Crowfoot, harden 1931; harden 1936; Saldern and cultural development of Palestine after Constan- 1962 itd.) se zlagoma preverjajo in prilagajajo novim tine I had started to direct his building activities towards datacijam samih najdišč (Saguì 1993, 129; Whitehouse the holy Land after 324 and after taxes were abolished 1999), mnogo stekla pa ostaja še neobdelanega (pre- for certain craftsmen, among them also glassmakers, in gleda stanja raziskav npr. Lauwers et al. 2007; Lafli, 337 (Stern 1999, 481-484). Gürler 2010). Precej živahneje se je v zadnjih desetletjih Between the 5th and 8th century glass was more and raziskovanje stekla odvijalo v zahodnem Sredozemlju more frequently recycled and was thus consequently of 97 3_steklo.indd 97 23.1.2012 12:57:02 3. STEKLENE NAjDBE 3. GLASS FINDS in to je predvsem zasluga italijanskih in francoskih increasingly poor quality. In the eastern Mediterranean avtoric (Sternini 1989; 1995; Saguì 1993; uboldi 1991; the recycled glass was being improved by adding alkaline 1995; Foy 1995; Foy, Nenna 2001 itd.), ki so razvile substances while in the western part this was not possible tipologije in kronologije steklenih predmetov za Italijo, since they were not available (Dussart et al. 2004, 80-82). južno Francijo in tudi severno Afriko (Sternini 1999; The colour of glass (natural colour) also changed Fünfschil ing 2006). during the Late Antique period. In the 4th century glass Opredelitev steklenih najdb V. Bierbrauerja za is still mostly colourless or slightly bluish to greenish. Invil ino (Bierbrauer 1987, 271–287) ostaja najpomemb- During the first two thirds of the 5th century the colour nejše delo v neposredni okolici Slovenije, vendar je changes to darker shades, mostly olive and dark green. potrebna previdnost pri časovnih določitvah posamez- The greenish colour (shades vert d’eau, aqua) and the nih faz, v katerih se stekleno posodje nahaja (Martin decoration of white threads are typical for the first third 1992; Sternini 1995, 259). V zahodnem Sredozemlju se of the 6th century and the glass is very thin. From the kozarci na visoki nogi najverjetneje ne pojavljajo pred mid-6th century onwards yellowish shades frequently koncem 5. st. (Saguì 1993, 129; Ružić 1994, 62; Foy 1995, appear besides green, glass is thicker and more resistant 207–209; Sternini 1995, 259; Buora 1998, 171; uboldi (Foy et al. 2003, 41-42). In the eastern part of the Empire 1998, 182–183; Whitehouse 1999; Lafli, Gürler 2010, blue-green and green shades prevail at several sites of 434). Tako so tudi na Invillinu najverjetneje zastopani the Byzantine period (e.g. Gerasa/jerash, Sardis: Meyer šele po sredini 5. st. in ne že v rimski fazi (Bierbrauer 1988, 217). In the second half of the 7th and in the 8th 1987, 273–276). centuries light blue glass appears and greatly prevails Obstoj naselbine na Invillinu do zgodnjesrednje- in the western Mediterranean (Foy et al. 2003, 41-42). veškega obdobja potrjujejo najdbe kozarcev iz modrega The production of glass mass changed around the stekla z rdečimi progami. Takšno steklo se pojavi že middle of the 9th century as a consequence of the Arab konec 7. st., značilno pa je predvsem za 8. st. (Bierbrauer expansion and political changes in Egypt (Dussart et al. 1987, 284–285, t. 160: 8–9; Saguì 1993, 131–134; Foy 2004, 76-77). In the eastern Mediterranean halophyte 1995, 216). (seaside plants) ash started to be used instead of natron, S. Ladstätter je obravnavala steklene najdbe iz while in the western part they used the ash of other zahod nega cerkvenega kompleksa Sv. heme (Ladstätter plants. The old and the new recipe existed alongside each 2000, 179–185). Stekleno posodje je kratko predstavlje- other for quite a long time. In Europe (France, England, no tudi v objavi poznoantične naselbine Kappele pri Italy), quality glass according to the Roman recipe with jadersdorfu (Felgenhauer-Schmiedt 1993, 33–34), nekaj natron was stil made in the 12th century (uboldi, Verità najdb pa je znanih tudi z Duela (Steinklauber 1990, 120). 2003, 130-132). Manj poznega stekla je znanega s hrvaške in iz Bo- sne: nekaj posameznih najdb steklenih svetilk omenjata The research of Late Antique glass had for a long Božič in Ciglenečki (1995, 256), širše obravnavano pa time been relatively neglected in comparison to the je steklo na primer v objavi cerkvenega kompleksa sv. research of the Roman glass. The first classifications Ciprijana v Gati (Fadić 1994). of glass material from great eastern Mediterranean Po pregledu M. Ružić (1994) se je začelo inten- sites (Crowfoot, harden 1931; harden 1936; Saldern zivnejše objavljanje steklenih poznoantičnih najdb iz 1962, etc.) are gradual y being checked and adapted to današnje Srbije. Najdbe iz podonavskih kastelov omenja new datings of the sites themselves (Saguì 1993, 129; P. Špehar (2010, 49–53), pomembni pa sta tudi objavi Whitehouse 1999), while a lot of glass still remains un- stekla iz poznoantične in zgodnjesrednjeveške utrdbe processed (overview of the state of research e.g. Lauwers Vrsenice (Stamenkovič 2009) in z Gradine na jelici et al. 2007; Lafli, Gürler 2010). The recent decades have (Križanac 2009). revealed a significantly livelier glass research in the western Mediterranean which is primarily the merit of Zadnji pregled raziskav stekla v Sloveniji od Italian and French authors (Sternini 1989; 1995; Saguì pra zgodovine do srednjega veka je pripravila I. Lazar 1993; uboldi 1991; 1995; Foy 1995; Foy, Nenna 2001 (2004). Steklo poznoantičnega in zgodnjesrednjeve- etc.) who developed typologies and chronologies of glass škega obdobja v Sloveniji dolgo ni vzbujalo zanimanja. objects for Italy, southern France, and also northern V zborniku kongresa, ki je leta 1974 potekal na temo Africa (Sternini 1999; Fünfschilling 2006). srednjeveškega stekla na Balkanu, sta članka S. Petru The classification of glass finds by V. Bierbrauer for (1975) in L. Plesničar Gec (1975) obravnavala steklo Invillino (Bierbrauer 1987, 271-287) remains the most le do začetka 5. st. Tudi monografska objava rimskega important work in the immediate vicinity of Slovenia, stekla Slovenije I. Lazar (2003a) ne posega preko po- yet caution must be taken with time definitions of indi- znorimskega obdobja. vidual phases in which glass vessels were found (Martin S. Ciglenečki in D. Božič sta v članku o naselbini 1992; Sternini 1995, 259). In the western Mediterranean Gradec pri Veliki Strmici nekaj strani posvetila tudi stemmed goblets most probably do not appear before 98 3_steklo.indd 98 23.1.2012 12:57:02 3. STEKLENE NAjDBE 3. GLASS FINDS poznoantičnim svetilkam (Božič, Ciglenečki 1995, the end of the 5th century (Saguì 1993, 129; Ružić 1994, 254–257). Prvi, ki se je spoprijel s širšo obravnavo 62; Foy 1995, 207-209; Sternini 1995, 259; Buora 1998, steklenih najdb iz poznoantičnega obdobja pri nas, 171; uboldi 1998, 182-183; Whitehouse 1999; Lafli, je bil R. Cunja pri objavi najdb s Kapucinskega vrta v Gürler 2010, 434). Thus also at Invillino they are most Kopru (Cunja 1989; 1996). Naslanjal se je na tipologijo probably represented from the mid-5th century onwards V. Bierbrauerja, izdelano pri obdelavi najdb z Invillina and not already during the Roman phase (Bierbrauer (Bierbrauer 1987, 271–287). Nekaj let pozneje mu je 1987, 273-276). sledil M. Sagadin z objavo najdb iz Kranja. Prikaza- The continuance of the settlement at Invillino into nega je bilo nekaj steklenega gradiva, predvsem pa je the Early Medieval period is confirmed by the finds of bila predstavljena domnevna steklarska delavnica na late vessels made of blue glass with red stripes which severnem dvorišču gradu Kieselstein (Sagadin 2000; appears already at the end of the 7th century but is most 2004). Drugo stekleno gradivo iz Kranja je obravnavano typical of the 8th century (Bierbrauer 1987, 284-285, Pl. v njegovem doktorskem delu (Sagadin 2008, 80–84), ni 160: 8-9; Saguì 1993, 131-134; Foy 1995, 216). pa še objavljeno. S. Ladstätter discussed glass finds from the western Delno so že objavljene raziskave zgodnjesrednje- ecclesiastical complex of hemmaberg (Ladstätter 2000, veškega stekla z Gradišča nad Bašljem, ki kažejo na 179-185). Glass vessels are presented in brief also in the nadaljevanje predelave in reciklaže starejšega rimskega publication of the Late Antique settlement at Kappele stekla ter le delno uvoz predmetov, na primer nekaterih near jadersdorf (Felgenhauer-Schmiedt 1993, 33-34) steklenih jagod (Šmit et al. 2009; 2010). and a few finds are known also from Duel (Steinklauber 1990, 120). Ker se poznoantično steklo s slovenskih najdišč Less of late glass is known from Croatia and Bosnia: dobro ujema z najdbami stekla iz Sredozemlja, lahko pri a few individual finds of glass lamps are mentioned by analizah uporabljamo aktualne klasifikacije za zahodno Božič and Ciglenečki (1995, 256) while more attention Sredozemlje (Sternini 1989; 1995; 1999; Saguì 1993; is for example given to glass in the publication of the ec- uboldi 1995; Foy 1995; Fünfschilling 2006). Čeprav je clesiastical complex of Sv. Ciprijan in Gata (Fadić 1994). poznavanje stekla v Sloveniji v času med 5. in 8., pred- After the overview of M. Ružić (1994) a more vsem pa po 9. st. še na začetku, smo pripravili pregled intensive period has begun in the publication of Late objavljenega stekla iz poznoantičnih naselbin. Antique glass finds from the present-day Serbia. Finds Steklo poznamo iz sistematično raziskanih višinskih from the Danubian fortifications are mentioned by naselbin. Poleg Tonovcovega gradu (glej pogl. 3.1–3.6) P. Špehar (2010, 49-53) and the two publications of so to: Ajdovski gradec nad Vranjem (Petru, ulbert 1975; glass from the Late Antique and Early Medieval fort Knific 1979; 1994), Rifnik pri Šentjurju (Bolta 1981), Vrsenice (Stamenkovič 2009) and from Gradina on jelica Korinjski hrib nad Velikim Korinjem (Ciglenečki 1985), (Križanac 2009) are also of great importance. Ajdna nad Potoki (Leben, Valič 1978) in Tinje nad Loko pri Žusmu (Ciglenečki 2000). Datirane so v konec 5. in 6., The last overview of glass research in Slovenia včasih še na začetek 7. st. Sakralni center na Kučarju pri from prehistory until the Middle Ages was prepared Podzemlju je nekoliko zgodnejši, obstajal je od konca 4. by I. Lazar (2004). Glass of the Late Antique and Early in le do konca 5. st. (j. Dular, Ciglenečki, A. Dular 1995). Medieval periods had not aroused any interest in Slo- Posamezne najdbe, ki jih ne moremo ožje datirati, venia for a long time. In the monograph of the congress so znane iz višinskih naselbin Križna gora pri Ložu on Medieval glass in the Balkans from 1974 the articles (urleb 1974), Gradišče nad Bašljem (Žontar 1982, 45, sl. of S. Petru (1975) and L. Plesničar Gec (1975) discussed 16), Gradišče nad Dešnom (Pavlin, Dular 2007, 77–78, t. glass only until the beginning of the 5th century and 10: 9) in Vipota nad Pečovnikom (Ciglenečki, Pirkmajer also the monograph on the Roman glass in Slovenia 1987, t. 1: 17). by I. Lazar (2003a) does not reach beyond the Late Višinska utrdba Sv. Pavel nad Vrtovinom (Svoljšak Roman period. 1985) je bila poseljena v poznoantičnem in še pozneje v S. Ciglenečki and D. Božič dedicated a few pages to zgodnjesrednjeveškem obdobju. Tudi od tam poznamo Late Antique lamps in the article about the settlement nekaj kosov, ki pa jih lahko postavimo le okvirno med of Gradec near Velika Strmica (Božič, Ciglenečki 1995, 5. in 8. st. 254-257). The first to deal with a more comprehensive Nekaj steklenih najdb je znanih tudi iz poznoan- discussion of glass finds from the Late Antique period in tičnih plasti v Piranu (Snoj, Novšak 1992) in iz plasti Slovenia was R. Cunja when he published the finds from iz časa druge polovice 4. do 6. st. iz pristaniškega kom- Kapucinski vrt in Koper (Cunja 1989; 1996). he relied on pleksa v Fizinah pri Portorožu (Gaspari et al. 2007). the typology of V. Bierbrauer from the publication of the Odlomki svetilk in balzamarija so ležali v ostankih finds from Invillino (Bierbrauer 1987, 271-287). A few prezbiterija poznoantične cerkve v Šilentaboru (Osmuk years later M. Sagadin published the finds from Kranj. 1977; Božič, Ciglenečki 1995, 256–257; Ciglenečki he published some glass material but concentrated on 99 3_steklo.indd 99 23.1.2012 12:57:03 3. STEKLENE NAjDBE 3. GLASS FINDS 2003, 17). Noge steklenih kozarcev najdemo tudi v presenting the supposed glass workshop in the northern grobovih iz 6. st. na Lajhu v Kranju (Stare 1980, gr. 48, courtyard of the Kieselstein castle (Sagadin 2000; 2004). 104, 157) in iz začetka 7. st. na Gorenjem Mokronogu The rest of the glass material from Kranj is encompassed (Bavec 2003, gr. 18, sl. 3: 7–8). in his doctoral thesis (Sagadin 2008, 80-84) but is not Več stekla je znanega iz Kranja, iz domnevne ste- yet published. klarske delavnice iz 6. st. pri Kieselsteinu (Sagadin 2000; Research of the Early Medieval glass from Gradišče 2004; glej pogl. 3.7.10). V Kopru je bilo precej steklenega above Bašelj has partly been published and indicates the posodja odkritega v poznoantičnih in zgodnjesrednjeve- continuation of processing and recycling of older Ro- ških plasteh (5.–9. st.) pri izkopavanjih na Kapucinskem man glass and only partial y the import of objects, for vrtu (Cunja 1996). V Kranju in Kopru najdbe izvirajo example individual glass beads (Šmit et al. 2009; 2010). iz kontekstov, vendar stratigrafski podatki niso v celoti objavljeni in tako nepreverljivi. Since the Late Antique glass from Slovenian sites fits wel within the glass finds from the Mediterranean we can, for our analyses, use the current classifications for 3.7.2 KOZARCI NA VISOKI NOGI the western Mediterranean (Sternini 1989; 1995; 1999; Saguì 1993; uboldi 1995; Foy 1995; Fünfschil ing 2006). Kozarci na visoki nogi spadajo v tip Isings 111 (Is- Despite the fact that the knowledge of glass in Slovenia ings 1957, 139–140), razširjeni pa so v poznoantičnem between the 5th and the 8th and primarily after the 9th in zgodnjesrednjeveškem obdobju po vsem Sredozem- century is stil at the outset we have prepared an overview lju. Do pred nedavnim so domnevali, da so se začeli of the published glass from the Late Antique settlements. pojavljati v vzhodnem delu imperija že od 3. st. dalje, Glass originates from the systematically re- predvsem pa v poznorimskem obdobju. Včasih je bila searched hil top settlements. Besides Tonovcov grad zgodnejša datacija kozarcev na nogi povezana z napačno (see chapters 3.1-3.6) these include: Ajdovski gradec rekonstrukcijo in interpretacijo odlomkov nog drugih above Vranje (Petru, ulbert 1975; Knific 1979; 1994), steklenih posod. Podobne oblike kozarcev se pojavljajo Rifnik near Šentjur (Bolta 1981), Korinjski hrib above namreč že od zgodnjega rimskega obdobja dalje, pred- Veliki Korinj (Ciglenečki 1985), Ajdna above Potoki vsem pa v 5. st. Za zgodnjeantične kozarce na nogi je (Leben, Valič 1978), and Tinje above Loka pri Žusmu značilno, da so noge narejene posebej in dodane pozneje (Ciglenečki 2000). They are dated to the end of the 5th (na primer kozarec iz Žalne pri Veliki Loki: Lazar 2003a, and the 6th, sometimes also the beginning of the 7th 113). Za 5. st. so značilni kozarci na konični nogi, ki je centuries. The sacral centre at Kučar near Podzemelj izvlečena iz istega kosa stekla kot recipient, je nizka in is somewhat earlier, it lasts from the end of the 4th and široka (Foy 1995, 200–202). only until the end of the 5th century (j. Dular, Ciglene- Zadnje raziskave kažejo, da se kozarci z visoko čki, A. Dular 1995). nogo, izvlečeno iz istega kosa stekla kot recipient ter Individual finds which cannot be narrowly dated zapognjeno navznoter, pojavijo pozneje (Saguì 1993, are known from the hil top settlements Križna gora near 129; Ružić 1994, 62; Foy 1995, 207–209; Sternini 1995, Lož (urleb 1974), Gradišče above Bašelj (Žontar 1982, 259; Buora 1998, 171; uboldi 1998, 182–183; White- 45, Fig. 16), Gradišče above Dešen (Pavlin, Dular 2007, house 1999; Lafli, Gürler 2010, 434). V vzhodnem 77-78, Pl. 10: 9), and Vipota above Pečovnik (Ciglenečki, delu imperija se dejansko pojavijo nekoliko prej kot v Pirkmajer 1987, Pl. 1: 17). zahodnem, vendar ne pred sredino 5. st. (Stern 1999, The hil top fort of Sv. Pavel above Vrtovin (Svoljšak 483). V zahodnem delu se uveljavijo konec 5. st., na 1985) was settled during the Late Antiquity and also jugu današnje Francije in v Italiji pa dokončno pre- later, during the Early Medieval period. A few pieces vladajo šele po sredini 6. st. (Foy 1995, 208). Oblika je originate from this location but can be only roughly priljubljena vsaj do 9. st. Kozarce na nogi med 10. in assigned to the time between the 5th and the 8th century. 11. st. v Evropi zelo slabo poznamo. Med 12. in 13. st. Some glass finds are known from the Late Antique se zopet pojavijo in razvijajo naprej (Foy, Sennequier layers in Piran (Snoj, Novšak 1992) and from the layer of 1989, 199–221). the second half of the 4th-6th century in the port complex Visoke noge so lahko tudi polne, izdelane posebej at Fizine near Portorož (Gaspari et al. 2007). Fragments in dodane na recipient, kar je še posebej značilno za of lamps and of a balsamarium lay in the remains of a kozarce po 6. st. (Foy 1995, 208). Včasih je razlikovanje Late Antique church presbytery at Šilentabor (Osmuk med votlimi in polnimi visokimi nogami težko, saj se 1977; Božič, Ciglenečki 1995, 256-257; Ciglenečki 2003, stene votle noge, izdelane iz debelejšega kosa stekla, 17). Feet of glass goblets are found in graves of the 6th lahko zlepijo in so videti polne. century at Lajh in Kranj (Stare 1980, Gr. 48, 104, 157) Najpogostejša oblika visoke noge kozarca je votla in and of the early 7th century in Gorenji Mokronog (Bavec neokrašena (Foy 1995, 215). Obe obliki, votla in polna, 2003, Gr. 18, Fig. 3: 7-8). 100 3_steklo.indd 100 23.1.2012 12:57:03 3. STEKLENE NAjDBE 3. GLASS FINDS sta lahko okrašeni,2 vendar se zdi, da se različne variante More glass is known from Kranj, from the supposed okrasa pojavljajo v različnih obdobjih in na različnih glass-making workshop of the 6th century near Kiesel- območjih ter so predvsem odvisne od mode in okusa stein (Sagadin 2000; 2004; see chapter 3.7.10). In Koper, (Foy 1995, 215; Fünfschilling 2006, 148). a fair amount of glass vessels was discovered in the Late Okras iz belih ali modrih nataljenih niti je značilen Antique and Early Medieval layers (5th-9th centuries) za konec 5. in začetek 6. st. (Foy 1995, 204). Bele niti during the excavations at Kapucinski vrt (Cunja 1996). naj bi bile značilnejše za Zahod, modre pa za Vzhod In Kranj and Koper the finds come from contexts but (Fünfschil ing 2006, 145). Steklo okrasa je bilo manj ka- the stratigraphic data are not completely published and kovostno od tistega, iz katerega so izdelani kozarci, zato are thus unverifiable. je pogosto odpadlo. V tem primeru na kozarcih ostane le odtis nataljenih niti v obliki horizontalnih prog oz. črt. Po 7. st. je značilno, da so noge kozarcev lahko 3.7.2 STEMMED GOBLETS daljše in velikokrat tordirane, pogosteje se pojavljajo tudi polne noge (Foy 1995, 210–211, tip 27; Fünfschil ing Stemmed goblets belong to type Isings 111 (Isings 2010, sl. 8). Konec 7. in v 8. st. se spremeni barva stekla, 1957, 139-140) and are present during the Late Antique ki je sedaj najpogosteje svetlomodro z rdečimi progami and Early Medieval period in the entire Mediterranean. v stekleni masi, kozarci pa so še dodatno okrašeni z be- until recently it was believed that these started to appear limi (predvsem v Italiji, Saguì 1993, 131) ali rumenimi in the eastern part of the Empire from the 3rd century steklenimi nitmi. Ta sprememba barve velja za zahodno onwards and definitely in the Late Roman period. Oc- Sredozemlje (Saguì, Mirti 2003, 88–89, sl. 6, 8) kot tudi casional y the earlier dating of the stemmed goblets was za severno Francijo in ostala območja pod karolinškim related to the erroneous reconstruction and interpreta- vplivom (Evison 1989, 138). tion of feet fragments of other glass vessels. Namely, Kozarci na nogi so v pozni antiki in zgodnjem sre- similar forms of glass vessels appear from the early dnjem veku izredno razširjeni. Pojavljajo se praktično na Roman period onwards and mostly in the 5th century. vseh najdiščih iz 6. in 7. st., poleg tega pa so pogost pri- It is typical for Early Antique footed goblets that the feet datek v bogatejših grobovih merovinške srednje Evrope are made separately and added later (e.g. goblet from ter langobarskodobne Italije. Predvidevamo lahko, da so Žalna near Velika Loka: Lazar 2003a, 113). Beakers on to kozarci za vino, omenjeni v bizantinskih pisnih virih a low and wide conical foot which is pulled out of the (Talbot 2005, 143). uporaba keliha v krščanski liturgiji same piece of glass as the recipient are typical for the 5th je gotovo vsaj eden od povodov za razcvet te oblike. century (Foy 1995, 200-202). Njihovo prisotnost bi vsaj v cerkvenih objektih lahko Recent research shows that stemmed goblets with razlagali s posnemanjem dražjih in težje dosegljivih the stem and foot pulled out of the same piece of glass posod iz dragocenih kovin. Na to misel nas napeljuje as the recipient and folded inwards appear later (Saguì podobnost v okrasu obeh skupin posodja (prim. zaklad 1993, 129; Ružić 1994, 62; Foy 1995, 207-209; Sternini iz Grupignana: Menis 1990, 353, IX.21) ter dejstvo, da 1995, 259; Buora 1998, 171; uboldi 1998, 182-183; je posnemanje srebrnega in zlatega posodja tako v kera- Whitehouse 1999; Lafli, Gürler 2010, 434). In the eastern miki kot steklu pogost pojav v vseh obdobjih. part of the Empire they actual y appear slightly earlier than in the western but not before the mid-5th century Votle in neokrašene noge kozarcev so bile najdene (Stern 1999, 483). In the western part they become na Tonovcovem gradu (glej pogl. 3.1.2), poleg tega pa še v established at the end of the 5th century and completely Piranu (Snoj, Novšak 1992, t. 2: 2–3), na Korinjskem hribu prevail at the south of France and in Italy only after the (Ciglenečki 1985, t. 5: 58–59), v hiši A na Ajdovskem mid-6th century (Foy 1995, 208). This form remains gradcu nad Vranjem (Knific 1979, kat. 39–40), na Rifniku popular at least until the 9th century. Stemmed goblets are not well-known in Europe during the 10th and 11th 2 Svitkaste odebelitve (polne noge npr. Iasos: Baldoni, centuries. They reappear between the 12th and 13th Berti 1998, sl. 11; Koper: Cunja 1996, t. 4: 60–65), krogla- centuries and develop further (Foy, Sennequier 1989, ste odebelitve (polne noge npr. Iasos: Baldoni, Berti 1998, sl. 199-221). 12; Srbija [ Novae]: Ružić 1994, t. XL: 11; votle npr. Koper: Stems and feet can also be ful , made separately Cunja 1996, t. 4: 69–71; Sv. Pavel nad Vrtovinom: Svoljšak 1985, t. 2: 38; Nin–Ždrijac: Belošević 1980, t. XXVI: 34), tor- and added to the recipient, which is especial y charac- diranje (npr. Rim: Saguì 1993, sl. 9: 80; Kartagina: Fünfschil- teristic for goblets after the 6th century (Foy 1995, 208). ling 2006, sl. 3: 7; Invillino: Bierbrauer 1987, t. 144: 23; Kranj: Sometimes the differentiation between full and hollow Sagadin 2004, sl. 6: 12). Lahko so okrašene tudi same stojne stems can be difficult because the wal s of hollow stems ploskve (npr. Rim: Saguì 1993, sl. 93: 79; Srbija [ Pontes, No- made from a thicker piece of glass can merge and thus vae]: Ružić 1994, t. XL: 10–11). V redkih primerih je bil koza- appear ful . rec pihan v kalup, zato ima recipient valovito površino (npr. The most frequent form of a stem is hollow and Srbija [ Pontes]: Ružić 1994, t. XL: 10; Italija [Borgo d'Ale]: undecorated (Foy 1995, 215). Both forms, hollow and Sternini 1995, 261). 101 3_steklo.indd 101 23.1.2012 12:57:03 3. STEKLENE NAjDBE 3. GLASS FINDS Sl. 3.5: Koper, Kapucinski vrt, kozarci na visoki nogi (po Cunja 1996, t. 3: 41,47–49,51–52,58–59). Steklo. M. = 1:2. Fig. 3.5: Koper, Kapucinski vrt, stemmed goblets (after Cunja 1996, Pl. 3: 41,47-49,51-52,58-59). Glass. Scale = 1:2. (Bolta 1981, t. 25: 75; 26: 18; 27: 57), Sv. Pavlu nad Vrto- ful , can be decorated,2 yet it seems that different vari- vinom (Svoljšak 1985, t. 1: 11–12), Križni gori pri Ložu ants of the decoration appear in different periods and at (urleb 1974, sl. 153: 20), Gradišču nad Bašljem (Žontar different areas and are primarily dependant on fashion 1982, 45, sl. 16) in Gradišču nad Dešnom (Pavlin, Dular and taste (Foy 1995, 215; Fünfschilling 2006, 148). 2007, 77–78, t. 10: 9). V grobovih so bile noge kozarcev The trailed decoration of white or blue threads is najdene v treh primerih na kranjskem grobišču iz 6. st. na characteristic for the end of the 5th and the beginning Lajhu (Stare 1980, gr. 48: t. 22: 7; gr. 104: t. 39: 5; gr. 157: of the 6th century (Foy 1995, 204). White threads were t. 53: 1) in v enem na Vrajku v Gorenjem Mokronogu, supposedly more typical for the West and blue for datiranem v začetek 7. st. (Bavec 2003, gr. 18, sl. 3: 7–8). the East (Fünfschil ing 2006, 145). Decoration glass Na omenjenih najdiščih (Korinjski hrib, Ajdovski was of poorer quality than the one goblets are made gradec, Rifnik), katerih glavni razcvet je bil v 6. st., je bilo of thus it frequently fel off. If so, goblets sometimes najdenih le po nekaj kosov nog kozarcev. Edini najdišči have impressions of threads in the shape of horizontal poleg Tonovcovega gradu, kjer je bil ta tip posodja naj- stripes or lines. den v večjih količinah, sta Koper (Cunja 1996) in Kranj After the 7th century it is typical that the stems of (Sagadin 2000; 2004). goblets can be longer and often twisted, full stems also Recipienti kozarcev iz Kopra ( sl. 3.5, 3.6) so veči- appear more frequently (Foy 1995, 210-211; type 27; noma konični, barva stekla (naravno obarvano) pa je v 2 odtenkih med zeleno in rumeno. Koprsko gradivo je bilo Coil-shaped knobs (full stems e.g. Iasos: Baldoni, Berti mogoče razdeliti na štiri skupine (Cunja 1996, 71–78). 1998, Fig. 11; Koper: Cunja 1996, Pl. 4: 60-65), globular knobs (full stems e.g. Iasos: Baldoni, Berti 1998, Fig. 12; Serbia [No- V prvi skupini so kozarci na votli nogi ( sl. 3.5: 7–8), vae]: Ružić 1994, Pl. XL: 11; hollow stems e.g. Koper: Cunja kakršni so najdeni tudi na Tonovcovem gradu ( t. 56: 1996, Pl. 4: 69-71; Sv. Pavel above Vrtovin: Svoljšak 1985, Pl. 11–36). Ta oblika noge je v Sloveniji daleč najpogosteje 2: 38; Nin-Ždrijac: Belošević 1981, Pl. XXVI: 34), twisting zastopana (glej zgoraj). (e.g. Rome: Saguì 1993, Fig. 9: 80; Carthage: Fünfschilling Drugo skupino, za katero so značilne polne noge 2006, Fig. 3: 7; Invillino: Bierbrauer 1987, Pl. 144: 23; Kranj: s svitkasto odebelitvijo ( sl. 3.6: 1), je Cunja datiral med Sagadin 2004, Fig. 6: 12). The feet can also be decorated (e.g. 7. in 9. st., saj zanjo takrat ni našel dobrih primerjav Rome: Saguì 1993, Fig. 93: 79; Srbija [Pontes, Novae]: Ružić (Cunja 1996, 76–77). S. Fünfschilling datira kozarce s 1994, Pl. XL: 10-11). Rarely the goblet was mould-cast, thus polno nogo in svitkasto odebelitvijo v Tuniziji, kjer so the recipient has a wavy surface (e.g. Serbia [Pontes]: Ružić 1994, Pl. XL: 10; Italy [Borgo d’Ale]: Sternini 1995, 261). 102 3_steklo.indd 102 23.1.2012 12:57:05 3. STEKLENE NAjDBE 3. GLASS FINDS Fünfschilling 2010, Fig. 8). At the end of the 7th and in the 8th century the colour of the glass changes and is now usual y light blue with red stripes in the glass mass, while goblets are additional y decorated by white (mostly in Italy: Saguì 1993, 131) or yellow threads. This change in colour is true for the western Mediterranean (Saguì, Mirti 2003, 88-89, Figs. 6, 8) and also northern France and other territories under the Carolingian influence (Evison 1989, 138). Stemmed goblets are extremely wide-spread during Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages. They appear at practical y all sites of the 6th and 7th centuries and are also a frequent grave good of the richer graves of the Merovingian central Europe and Lombard Italy. We can assume that these are the wine glasses mentioned in the Byzantine written sources (Talbot 2005, 143). The use of the goblet in Christian liturgy is at least one of the reasons why this form flourished. Their presence could, at least in churches, be explained by imitation of more expensive and more difficult to acquire vessels made of precious metals. This idea is induced by the similarity of decoration of both vessel types (cf. treasure from Grupignano: Menis 1990, 353, IX.21) and the fact that imitation of silver and glass vessels is a frequent occur- rence in all periods both with pottery and glass. hol ow and undecorated goblet stems and feet were besides at Tonovcov grad (see chapter 3.1.2) found also in Piran (Snoj, Novšak 1992, Pl. 2: 2-3), at Korinjski hrib (Ciglenečki 1985, Pl. 5: 58-59), in house A at Ajdovski gradec above Vranje (Knific 1979, cat. nos. 39-40), at Rifnik (Bolta 1981, Pls. 25: 75; 26: 18; 27: 57), at Sv. Pavel above Vrtovin (Svoljšak 1985, Pl. 1: 11-12), Križna gora near Lož (urleb 1974, Fig. 153: 20), Gradišče above Bašelj (Žontar 1982, 45, Fig. 16), and at Gradišče above Dešen (Pavlin, Dular 2007, 77-78, Pl. 10: 9). In graves, goblet stems and feet were found in three examples at Sl. 3.6: Koper, Kapucinski vrt, kozarci na visoki nogi (po Cunja the cemetery of the 6th century in Kranj at Lajh (Stare 1996, t. 4: 60,68–69). Steklo. M. = 1:2. 1980, Grave 48: Pl. 22: 7; Grave 104: Pl. 39: 5; Grave 157: Fig. 3.6: Koper, Kapucinski vrt, stemmed goblets (after Cunja Pl. 53: 1) and once at Vrajk in Gorenji Mokronog, which 1996, Pl. 4: 60,68-69). Glass. Scale = 1:2. is assigned to the beginning of the 7th century (Bavec 2003, Gr. 18, Fig. 3: 7-8). At the above mentioned sites (Korinjski hrib, številni, v drugo polovico 6. st. (Fünfschil ing 2006, 145, Ajdovski gradec, Rifnik), the main prosperity of which sl. 3: 3). Kozarci s polno nogo so v južni Franciji redki in belongs to the 6th century, only a few pieces of goblet poznejši od kozarcev z votlo nogo. Pojavljajo se konec stems and feet were found. There are only two sites 6. in v 7. st. (Foy 1995, 208–209). besides Tonovcov grad where this type of vessels was Za tretjo skupino kozarcev iz Kopra so značilne found in greater numbers and these are Koper (Cunja votle noge z loki, ki nosijo recipient ( sl. 3.6: 2). Na pod- 1996) and Kranj (Sagadin 2000; 2004). lagi najdiščnih kontekstov so v Kopru datirani v 6.–7. st. The goblet recipients from Koper ( Figs. 3.5, 3.6) are (Cunja 1996, 77). Ti zelo zanimivi kozarci nimajo veliko mostly conical and the glass colour (natural y coloured) primerjav. Dva enaka kozarca sta že dolgo znana med appears in shades between green and yellow. It was pos- najdbami iz Akvileje (Calvi 1969, t. 27; tam datirana v sible to divide the material from Koper into four groups 4. st.). Eden je bil najden v naselbini na Monte Barru, ki (Cunja 1996, 71-78). je živela med koncem 5. in sredino 6. st., nekaj takšnih The first group is formed of goblets on hol ow stem odlomkov pa v cerkvi San Tomè pri Carvicu v bližini ( Fig. 3.5: 7-8), such as were also found at Tonovcov grad 103 3_steklo.indd 103 23.1.2012 12:57:06 3. STEKLENE NAjDBE 3. GLASS FINDS ( Pl. 56: 11-36) and represent by far the most frequent form of stems in Slovenia (see above). The second group, for which full stems with a coil- shaped knob are characteristic ( Fig. 3.6: 1), was dated by Cunja between the 7th and 9th century since at the time he could not find any appropriate analogies for it (Cunja 1996, 76-77). S. Fünfschilling dates goblets with ful stem and a coil-shaped knob in Tunisia, where there are many, to the second half of the 6th century (Fünf- schilling 2006, 145, Fig. 3: 3). Goblets with full stem are rare in southern France and appear later than goblets on hollow stem, at the end of the 6th and in the 7th century (Foy 1995, 208-209). The third group of goblets from Koper have hol ow stems with arches that carry the recipient ( Fig. 3.6: 2). On the basis of the site contexts they are dated to the 6th-7th century in Koper (Cunja 1996, 77). These very interesting goblets do not have many analogies. Two identical goblets have been for a long time known among the finds from Aquileia (Calvi 1969, Fig. 27; there dated to the 4th century). One was found in the settlement at Monte Barro, which functioned between the end of the 5th and the middle of the 6th century, and some fragments were found in the church San Tomè near Carvico in the vicinity of Monte Barro, which was in use between the 7th and 11th century (uboldi 1991, Pl. LV: 6; 1995, 97, note 20; uboldi, Verità 2003, 122-123). A goblet with identical arches holding the recipient was discovered also in the precisely undefined ‘Byzantine layers’ in the theatre in Nicea (Çelik 2009, 154, Figs. 7-9). Goblets of the fourth Koper group with coni- cal recipients and hollow stems with a globular knob ( Fig. 3.6: 3; Cunja 1996, 74) have the only two found comparisons in goblets from graves 322 and 310 at the cemetery Nin-Ždrijac in Croatia (Belošević 1980, Pls. XXVI: 34; XXXIV: 80), which are dated to the end of the 8th and the beginning of the 9th century. In grave 322 a bottle with a globular recipient, narrow neck, and trailed decoration of the so-cal ed ‘fril s’ was also found and for which good analogies can be found among the material from the eastern part of the Empire which are dated to the time from the 7th century on (Meyer 1988, 206-207). A fragment of a goblet stem and foot belonging to the same group was found at Sv. Pavel above Vrtovin ( Fig. 3.8: 2; Svoljšak 1985, Pl. 2: 38, turned upside down), the settlement of which reaches to the 7th or 8th century Sl. 3.7: Kranj, Kieselstein, kozarci na visoki nogi (po Sagadin (Svoljšak 1985, 220). 2004, sl. 6: 1–3,5–9). Steklo. M.= 1:2. Fig. 3.7: Kranj, Kieselstein, stemmed goblets (after Sagadin The recipients of stemmed goblets from Kranj from 2004, Fig. 6: 1-3,5-9). Glass. Scale = 1:2. the 6th century (Sagadin 2004, Fig. 6: 6-14) are mostly wide and bell-shaped (type A according to Bierbrauer: Monte Barra, ki je bila v uporabi med 7. in 11. st. (ubol- Fig. 3.7: 1,5), some are also cylindrical (type B: Fig. 3.7: di 1991, t. LV: 6; 1995, 97, op. 20; uboldi, Verità 2003, 8). Stems are mostly hol ow, one of them is twisted 122–123). Kozarec z enakimi loki, ki držijo recipient, je (Sagadin 2004, Fig. 6: 12). One full stem which is in bil odkrit tudi v natančneje neopredeljenih “bizantin- the middle slightly compressed is also published ( Fig. skih” plasteh v teatru v Niceji (Çelik 2009, 154, sl. 7–9). 3.7: 6; Sagadin 2004, Fig. 6: 7). In Slovenia, another full 104 3_steklo.indd 104 23.1.2012 12:57:08 3. STEKLENE NAjDBE 3. GLASS FINDS stem was found at Sv. Pavel above Vrtovin ( Fig. 3.8: 1; Svoljšak 1985, Pl. 4: 74, turned upside down), which was settled during the Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Full stems which are slightly compressed in the middle are dated by D. Foy even later than the ordinary full stems, therefore to the end of the 6th and to the 7th century, and are often made of the late blue glass (Foy et al. 2003, 208-209). In Serbia (Novae, Pontes, Mihajlo- vac) full stems were found in fortifications of justinian’s Sl. 3.8: Sv. Pavel nad Vrtovinom, nogi kozarcev (po Svoljšak period (Ružić 1994, Pl. XL: 5-7). 1985, t. 2: 38; 4: 74). Steklo. M. = 1:2. Fig. 3.8: Sv. Pavel above Vrtovin, stemmed goblets (after Svolj- šak 1985, Pls. 2: 38; 4: 74). Glass. Scale = 1:2. 3.7.3 BEAKERS Kozarcem četrte koprske skupine s koničnimi recipi- Beakers are also frequent finds at the hil top set- enti in visoko votlo nogo s kroglasto odebelitvijo ( sl. 3.6: tlements of the end of the 5th and the 6th centuries. 3; Cunja 1996, 74) sta edini najdeni primerjavi kozarca iz In Slovenia, concave bases of beakers were besides at grobov 322 in 310 na grobišču Nin–Ždrijac na hrvaškem Tonovcov grad (see chapter 3.1.4) found also in the (Belošević 1980, t. XXVI: 34; XXXIV: 80), ki sta datirana church at Ajdna (Leben, Valič 1978, Pl. 2: 25), at Vipota v konec 8. in začetek 9. st. V grobu 322 je bila najdena (Ciglenečki, Pirkmajer 1987, Pl. 1: 17), in houses A and tudi steklenica s kroglastim recipientom, ozkim vratom B at Ajdovski gradec above Vranje (Knific 1979, cat. nos. in nataljenim okrasom t. i. “volančkov”. Ta steklenica 37-38, 166), at Tinje (Ciglenečki 2000, Pl. 7: 15-16), and ima dobre primerjave med gradivom iz vzhodnega dela Rifnik (Bolta 1981, Pls. 19: 52-53; 21: 76; 26: 53). A cut imperija, ki so datirane v čas od 7. st. dalje (Meyer 1988, rim, typical for this form, was found at Kučar (j. Dular, 206–207). Odlomek noge kozarca, ki lahko spada v isto Ciglenečki, A. Dular 1995, Pl. 83: 18). skupino, je bil najden tudi na Sv. Pavlu nad Vrtovinom ( sl. Beakers with concave base are divided into types 3.8: 2; Svoljšak 1985, t. 2: 38, obrnjena narobe), katerega Isings 96, 106, 107, and 109 with subtypes (Isings 1957, poselitev sega do 7. ali 8. st. (Svoljšak 1985, 220). 126-138) or to types 3.8.6., 3.9.1., and 3.9.2. according to I. Lazar (2003a, 116-121). Recipienti kozarcev na nogi iz Kranja iz 6. st. As all beakers these could also be used as lamps. In (Sagadin 2004, sl. 6: 6–14) so v večini širši in zvončaste the eastern Mediterranean, for example, globular cups oblike (tip A po Bierbrauerju: sl. 3.7: 1,5), nekateri so (Isings 96; Antonaras 2007, 53-54, Fig. 5: 3a) or conical tudi cilindrični (tip B: sl. 3.7: 8). Noge so večinoma beakers (Crowfoot, harden 1931, Pl. XXVIII: 4-10) were votle, med njimi je ena tordirana (Sagadin 2004, sl. 6: used in this manner. Inserted as lamps into chandeliers, 12). Objavljena je tudi ena polna noga, na sredini rahlo conical beakers without standing surface or beakers with stisnjena ( sl. 3.7: 6; Sagadin 2004, sl. 6: 7). V Sloveniji a base of a very small diameter were used. je bila še ena polna noga najdena na Sv. Pavlu nad The olive green colour of glass, which is supposed Vrtovinom ( sl. 3.8: 1; Svoljšak 1985, t. 4: 74 [obrnjena to be the consequence of recycling (e.g. Lazar 2003a, narobe]), ki je bil poseljen tako v poznoantičnem kot v 240; Dussart et al. 2004, 81), is typical for beakers and zgodnjesrednjeveškem obdobju. Polne noge, ki so na bowls of the beginning of the 5th century. Other authors sredini nekoliko stisnjene, D. Foy datira še v poznejši believe that this shade is the consequence of a poorer čas kot navadne polne noge, torej v sam konec 6. in v glass mass oxidation as is needed for the occurrence 7. st. Pogosto so izdelane že iz poznega modrega stekla of the so-called aqua green colour (Tal et al. 2004, 64). (Foy et al. 2003, 208–209). V Srbiji ( Novae, Pontes, Mihajlovac) so bile polne noge najdene v justinijanskih It is typical for the rims of types Isings 106 and 109 kastelih (Ružić 1994, t. XL: 5–7). that they are mostly cut, only a few are fire-rounded. At Tonovcov grad, for example, very few cut rims ( Pls. 54: 6; 59: 12; 61: 20) were found but quite a few bases, thus we 3.7.3 KOZARCI BREZ NOGE suppose that most of the beakers had fire-rounded rims, the same as stemmed goblets ( Pls. 54: 7-26; 55: 1-27; 56: Tudi kozarci brez noge so pogoste najdbe na višin- 1-10). This peculiarity could be the characteristic of a skih postojankah s konca 5. in 6. st. V Sloveniji so bila certain workshop or could be limited to a certain time vbočena dna kozarcev najdena na Tonovcovem gradu period. For example, graves in Ptuj reveal beakers with (glej pogl. 3.1.4), v cerkvi na Ajdni (Leben, Valič 1978, t. fire-rounded rims already at the end of the 4th century 2: 25), na Vipoti (Ciglenečki, Pirkmajer 1987, t. 1: 17), v (Tušek 1997, Pls. 1: 4; 4: 6) while in Brescia these do not hišah A in B na Ajdovskem gradcu nad Vranjem (Knific yet appear even in the 5th century (uboldi 1998, 182). 105 3_steklo.indd 105 23.1.2012 12:57:08 3. STEKLENE NAjDBE 3. GLASS FINDS 1979, kat. 37–38, 166), na Tinju (Ciglenečki 2000, t. 7: It is typical for contexts from Crypta Balbi (Saguì 1993, 15–16) in na Rifniku (Bolta 1981, t. 19: 52–53; 21: 76; 118) in Rome that during the first half of the 5th century 26: 53). Ravno odrezano ustje, značilno za to obliko, je fire-rounded rims are even more frequent than cut ones, bilo najdeno na Kučarju (j. Dular, Ciglenečki, A. Dular despite the fact that in general they were supposedly 1995, t. 83: 18). very rare until the end of the 5th century. Kozarci brez noge z vbočenim dnom so razdeljeni Beakers are general y dated to the 4th and the be- v tipe Isings 96, 106, 107 in 109 s podtipi (Isings 1957, ginning of the 5th century (Lazar 2003a, 117). As shown 126–138) oz. v tipe 3.8.6., 3.9.1. in 3.9.2. po I. Lazar by the typological charts for the western Mediterra- (2003a, 116–121). nean, beakers disappear until the end of the 5th century Vsi kozarci so se lahko uporabljali tudi kot svetilke. (Sternini 1995, 259, 261). They are in fact not present Tako so v vzhodnem Sredozemlju uporabljali na primer in the 6th century at certain sites, for example at Monte polkrožne čaše (Isings 96; Antonaras 2007, 53–54, sl. Barro (uboldi 1991, 85). At other Late Antique sites 5: 3a) ali konične kozarce (Crowfoot, harden 1931, t. beakers were obviously in use also in the 5th century XXVIII: 4–10). Kot svetilke so bili vstavljeni v lestence and even later (Ajdna, Vipota, Ajdovski gradec, Tinje, konični kozarci brez stojne ploskve ali kozarci z dnom Rifnik: see above; hemmaberg in Carinthia: Ladstätter zelo majhnega premera. 2000, 179-180). It is difficult to recognise the whole form Za kozarce, čaše in skodelice iz začetka 5. st. je of later pieces since unlike the Late Roman period we zelo značilna olivno zelena barva stekla, za katero do not have any whole vessels preserved. nekateri domnevajo, da je posledica recikliranja (npr. For Brescia (S. Giulia), uboldi presumes, consider- Lazar 2003a, 240; Dussart et al. 2004, 81). Drugi avtorji ing the frequent finds of fire-rounded rims in layers from pa menijo, da je ta odtenek posledica slabše oksidacije the beginning or the middle of the 6th century that they steklene mase, kot je potrebna za nastanek t. i. vodno belonged to beakers with a concave base since there are zelene barve (Tal et al. 2004, 64). very few feet of stemmed goblets prior to the second half of the 6th century (uboldi 1998, 182). Beakers were also Značilno za ustja tipov Isings 106 in 109 je, da stil used during the 6th and 7th centuries in the Venetian so v večini primerov ravno odrezana in obrušena, le lagoon (Torcello and San Francesco del Deserto: Ferri nekatera so tudi zataljena. Na Tonovcovem gradu, 2006, 181) and in Croatia (Fadić 1994, 213, 217). na primer, je bilo v nasprotju z nekaj najdbami dnov najdenih zelo malo odrezanih ustij ( t. 54: 6; 59: 12; 61: 20), zato predpostavljamo, da je imela večina kozarcev 3.7.4 CLOSED FORMS brez noge tudi zataljena ustja, tako kot kozarci na visoki nogi ( t. 54: 7–26; 55: 1–27; 56: 1–10). Ta posebnost je Bottle fragments were besides Tonovcov grad (see lahko značilnost delavnice, morda pa je tudi časovno chapter 3.1.5) found also at Late Antique settlements at pogojena. V grobovih na Ptuju so na primer že konec Korinjski hrib (Ciglenečki 1985, Pl. 5: 56; rim), Kučar 4. st. ležali kozarci z zataljenim ustjem (Tušek 1997, t. 1: (j. Dular, Ciglenečki, A. Dular 1995, Pl. 84: 12; a funnel- 4; 4: 6), medtem ko se v Brescii v 5. st. še ne pojavljajo shaped rim), Sv. jakob above Potoče (Valič 1990, Fig. 6: (uboldi 1998, 182). Za kontekste iz Crypte Balbi v Rimu 3; a funnel-shaped rim), Tinje (Ciglenečki 2000, Pl. 7: je značilno, da so v prvi polovici 5. st. zataljena ustja celo 14,17; a base and part of a wal in buildings 2 and 5), and pogostejša od obrušenih, čeprav naj bi bila na splošno Kranj (Sagadin 2004, Fig. 6: 18; concave base). do konca 5. st. redka (Saguì 1993, 118). Some more bottles appear at Invillino (Bierbrauer Kozarci brez noge so na splošno datirani v 4. in 1987, 282-283). začetek 5. st. (Lazar 2003a, 117). Kot kažejo tipološke raz- Nowhere in the Mediterranean during the Late predelnice za zahodno Sredozemlje, oblike kozarcev brez Antiquity and Early Middle Ages bottles are as frequent noge izginejo do konca 5. st. (Sternini 1995, 259, 261). Na as stemmed goblets or lamps but they stil appear. It is nekaterih najdiščih, na primer na Monte Barru (uboldi difficult to reconstruct their form due to the fact that they 1991, 85), jih v 6. st. dejansko ne najdemo. Na drugih are usual y preserved only fragmentarily. They mostly had poznoantičnih najdiščih so bili kozarci brez noge očitno v an everted or funnel-shaped rim, medium long and wide rabi tudi v 5. st. ali celo pozneje (Ajdna, Vipota, Ajdovski neck, and a globular or cylindrical recipient (Foy 1995, Pl. gradec, Tinje, Rifnik: glej zgoraj; Sv. hema na Koroškem: 16; Sternini 1995, Fig. 20: 55-59; Fünfschil ing 2006, Fig. Ladstätter 2000, 179–180). Težko prepoznamo celotno 3: 11; Atik 2009, Figs. 12, 15). They developed from forms obliko poznejših kosov, saj v nasprotju s poznorimskim Isings 101-103 and 132 (Lazar 2003a, 141, 144-149). Bot- obdobjem nimamo ohranjenih celih posod. tles substitute jugs already during the second half of the uboldijeva predvideva, da so pogosto najdena zata- 3rd century, then bottles with handles also slowly disap- ljena ustja v plasteh iz začetka oz. sredine 6. st. v Brescii pear, and after the 5th century only those without handles (S. Giulia) pripadala kozarcem z vbočenim dnom, saj je remain (Lazar 2003a, 233-234). Between the 5th and the nog kozarcev na nogi pred drugo polovico 6. st. še zelo 7th century bottles without handles appear in Italy (Saguì 106 3_steklo.indd 106 23.1.2012 12:57:09 3. STEKLENE NAjDBE 3. GLASS FINDS malo (uboldi 1998, 182). Kozarci brez noge so bili v 1993, Fig. 3; Sternini 1995, 260, 262), Carthage (Fünf- rabi še v 6. in 7. st. tudi v Beneški laguni (Torcel o in San schil ing 2006, Fig. 3: 11), Serbia (Križanac 2009, 268, Francesco del Deserto: Ferri 2006, 181) in na hrvaškem 269, Fig. 4), and in Croatia (Fadić 1994, 220), while they (Fadić 1994, 213, 217). are quite rare in southern France (Foy 1995, 209-210). Bottles with an everted rim and globular body, the complete shape of which could be reconstructed, 3.7.4 ZAPRTE OBLIKE were found also in continental Europe, for example at the Cologne cemetery St Severin and also a few other Odlomki steklenic so bili najdeni na Tonovcovem German cemeteries of the 5th and 6th centuries (Päffgen gradu (glej pogl. 3.1.5), pa tudi na poznoantičnih po- 1992, Part 1, 356-357). In the time after the 7th century stojankah na Korinjskem hribu (Ciglenečki 1985, t. 5: bottles practical y disappear, only smaller ones remain 56; ustje), Kučarju (j. Dular, Ciglenečki, A. Dular 1995, (Sternini 1995, 262), supposedly for the use in liturgy. t. 84: 12; lijakasto ustje), Sv. jakobu nad Potočami (Valič They reappear in western Europe during the 12th-13th 1990, sl. 6: 3; lijakasto ustje), Tinju (Ciglenečki 2000, t. century in just a slightly altered form (Foy, Sennequier 7: 14,17; dno in del ostenja v objektih 2 in 5) in v Kranju 1989, cat. nos. 69-80, 109-115). (Sagadin 2004, sl. 6: 18; vbočeno dno). In Koper, a part of a trefoil-shaped rim and a ribbed Nekaj več steklenic se pojavlja na Invillinu (Bier- jug handle was found (Cunja 1996, Pl. 5: 78). A similar brauer 1987, 282–283). ribbed handle was found at Invillino (Bierbrauer 1987, Steklenice nikjer v Sredozemlju v pozni antiki Pl. 157: 23). In Italy jugs with similarly shaped rim in zgodnjem srednjem veku niso tako pogoste kot appear in the 6th and 7th century (Sternini 1995, 262, kozarci na nogi ali svetilke, vendar se pojavljajo. Ker Fig. 20: 53). A comparable rim was found also in layers so običajno ohranjeni samo odlomki, njihovo obliko belonging to the time between 630 and 679 at Sardis težko rekonstruiramo. Večinoma so imele izvihano ali (Meyer 1988, 203, Fig. 11: A). At hemmaberg a rim and lijakasto ustje, srednje dolg in širok vrat ter kroglast ali two fragments of feet were found which could belong to cilindričen recipient (Foy 1995, t. 16; Sternini 1995, sl. jugs (Ladstätter 2000, 183). jugs are not a frequent form 20: 55–59; Fünfschilling 2006, sl. 3: 11; Atik 2009, sl. 12, in the western Mediterranean after the mid-5th century 15). Razvile so se iz oblik Isings 101–103 in 132 (Lazar but appear much more often in eastern Mediterranean 2003a, 141, 144–149). Steklenice nadomestijo vrče že v (Lafli, Gürler 2010, 442). drugi polovici 3. st., nato počasi izginejo tudi steklenice z ročaji, po 5. st. pa ostanejo le še takšne brez ročajev (Lazar 2003a, 233–234). Med 5. in 7. st. se steklenice 3.7.5 LAMPS brez ročajev pojavljajo v Italiji (Saguì 1993, sl. 3; Ster- nini 1995, 260, 262), v Kartagini (Fünfschilling 2006, In Slovenia glass lamps were besides Tonovcov sl. 3: 11), v Srbiji (Križanac 2009, 268, 269, sl. 4) in na grad (see chapter 3.1.6) found also in the lower church hrvaškem (Fadić 1994, 220), dokaj redke pa so v južni at Kučar (j. Dular, Ciglenečki, A. Dular 1995, Pl. 79: 1), Franciji (Foy 1995, 209–210). in the area of churches at Ajdovski gradec above Vranje Steklenice z izvihanim ustjem in kroglastim tru- (Vogelpohl 1975, Fig. 27: 40), in Koper (Cunja 1996, pom, katerih celotno obliko se je dalo rekonstruirati, Pl. 5: 75-76), Kranj (Sagadin 2004, Fig. 6: 16), and the so bile najdene tudi v kontinentalni Evropi, na primer remains of the presbytery of the church at Šilentabor na kölnskem grobišču St. Severin in še na nekaterih (Osmuk 1977, Fig. 199: 1-4). nemških grobiščih iz 5. in 6. st. (Päffgen 1992, 1. del, All these are examples of glass lamps with a coni- 356–357). V času po 7. st. steklenice praktično izginejo, cal or globular recipient, concave base, and three small ostanejo le še manjše stekleničke (Sternini 1995, 262), handles, type I according to M. uboldi (uboldi 1995, predvidoma za potrebe liturgije. V 12.–13. stoletju pa se 104-108; Isings 134 or 9.2.1. according to I. Lazar; Lazar v zahodni Evropi zopet pojavijo v le malo spremenjeni 2003a, 197-200). We did not find any other contempo- obliki (Foy, Sennequier 1989, kat. 69–80, 109–115). rary types of lamps (group 9 according to Lazar, types V Kopru je bil najden del trolistno oblikovanega II-V according to uboldi) at Slovenian sites of the end ustja in narebrenega ročaja vrča (Cunja 1996, t. 5: of the 5th and 6th century.3 78). Podoben narebren ročaj je bil najden na Invillinu (Bier brauer 1987, t. 157: 23). V Italiji se pojavljajo vrči s podobno oblikovanim ustjem v 6. in 7. st. (Sternini 3 Two glass lamps with base knobs, which can be dated 1995, 262, sl. 20: 53). Primerljivo ustje je ležalo tudi v to the end of the 5th and the first half of the 6th century, were plasteh, datiranih v čas med 630–679, v Sardah (Meyer found at Ajdovščina near Rodik (Lazar 2003a, 198-200, Fig. 1988, 203, sl. 11: A). Na Sv. hemi so bili najdeni ustje in 52: 9.3.1.) and in Ljubljana (Plesničar Gec 1981, t. 5 far right). dva odlomka nog, ki lahko pripadajo vrčem (Ladstätter These two sites were abandoned by the mid-5th century thus 2000, 183). Vrči v zahodnem Sredozemlju po sredini both finds present a special problem. They are discussed else- where (Milavec 2011). 107 3_steklo.indd 107 23.1.2012 12:57:09 3. STEKLENE NAjDBE 3. GLASS FINDS 5. st. niso pogosta oblika, precej pogosteje se pojavljajo Lamps with handles were found on the ground v vzhodnem Sredozemlju (Lafli, Gürler 2010, 442). of the fourth church and the vestry of the western ec- clesiastical complex at hemmaberg (Ladstätter 2000, 183, Pl. 24: 16-17). The author also mentions some 3.7.5 SVETILKE unpublished examples from the church nave at Lavant, the episcopal church in Teurnia, eastern complex of V Sloveniji so bile steklene svetilke najdene na hemmaberg, and ulrichsberg (Ladstätter 2000, 183, Tonovcovem gradu (glej pogl. 3.1.6), v spodnji cerkvi na note 1239). Lamps with handles were discovered also Kučarju (j. Dular, Ciglenečki, A. Dular 1995, t. 79: 1), in the church at Invillino (Bierbrauer 1988, 81, Fig. 23: na območju cerkva na Ajdovskem gradcu nad Vranjem 1,4,7). At hemmaberg and Invil ino fragments of slightly (Vogelpohl 1975, sl. 27: 40), v Kopru (Cunja 1996, t. 5: concave bases of small diameter were also found and 75–76), Kranju (Sagadin 2004, sl. 6: 16) in v ostankih these could belong among balsamaria or among another prezbiterija cerkvenega objekta na Šilentaboru (Osmuk form of lamps with a conical recipient, without handles 1977, sl. 199: 1–4). and with a long tubular stem, such as were used on hang- V vseh primerih gre za steklene svetilke s koničnim ing chandeliers (Bierbrauer 1988, Fig. 23: 12; Ladstätter ali kroglastim recipientom, vbočenim dnom in tremi 2000, 183, Pl. 24: 18-19). majhnimi ročaji, tipa I po M. uboldi (uboldi 1995, Several contemporary types were found also in ec- 104–108; Isings 134 oz. 9.2.1. po I. Lazar; Lazar 2003a, clesiastical and dwel ing buildings at Gradina on jelica in 197–200). Drugih sočasnih vrst svetilk (skupina 9 po Serbia, nevertheless, parts of lamps with handles were dis- Lazarjevi, tipi II–V po uboldijevi) na slovenskih najdi- covered only in churches (Križanac 2009, 272-274, Fig. 9). ščih s konca 5. in 6. st. nismo zasledili.3 Glass lamps are distributed along the entire Medi- Svetilke z ročaji so bile najdene na tleh četrte cerkve terranean and were supposed to develop parallel to the in zakristije zahodnega cerkvenega kompleksa na Sv. he- ecclesiastical architecture. They supposedly appeared mi (Ladstätter 2000, 183, t. 24: 16–17). Avtorica omenja slightly sooner in the east than in the west of the Empire tudi neobjavljene primerke iz cerkvene ladje z Lavanta, but were not widely used before the mid-4th century. škofovske cerkve v Teurniji, vzhodnega kompleksa Sv. In the East they had remained in use almost until the heme in Šenturške gore (ulrichsberg; Ladstätter 2000, present day. The first typology for the eastern part of the 183, op. 1239). Svetilke z ročaji so bile najdene tudi v Empire was made very early (Crowfoot, harden 1931). cerkveni zgradbi na Invillinu (Bierbrauer 1988, 81, sl. In the eastern part of the Mediterranean a larger number 23: 1,4,7). Na Sv. hemi in Invillinu so bili najdeni tudi of different types of glass lamps occur than in the western odlomki rahlo vbočenih dnov majhnega premera, ki (hadad 1998; Olcay 2001; Czurda-Ruth 2005). bi lahko sodili k balzamarijem, lahko pa tudi k drugi In the western part glass lamps were used from the obliki svetilk s koničnim recipientom, brez ročajev in z second half of the 4th to the 8th century (uboldi 1995, 105; dolgim votlim tulcem, kakršne so uporabljali v visečih Stern 1999, 480, 482; Ferri 2006, 184). Lamps represent lestencih (Bierbrauer 1988, sl. 23: 12; Ladstätter 2000, the most frequent finds in the early Christian buildings, 183, t. 24: 18–19). while later their use supposedly spread from churches to Več sočasnih tipov je bilo znanih tudi iz cerkvenih private houses (O’hea 2007, 236). The most used typo- in bivalnih stavb na Gradini na jelici v Srbiji, vendar so logical division was made by M. uboldi (uboldi 1995). bili deli svetilk z ročaji najdeni le v cerkvah (Križanac unlike oil lamps, glass lamps were fil ed with water 2009, 272–274, sl. 9). and oil and had a wick, made of plant fibres, attached. Steklene svetilke so razprostranjene po vsem Sre- Some lamps in the East from the late 5th or early 6th dozemlju, razvijale pa naj bi se vzporedno s cerkveno century onwards have a tube, into which a wick was at- arhitekturo. V vzhodnem delu imperija naj bi se pojavile tached, in others the wick was held in place by a metal nekoliko prej kot na zahodu, vendar jih pred sredino holder (Crowfoot, harden 1931, 201). The water was to 4. st. niso široko uporabljali. Na vzhodu so v rabi ostale contribute to a better effect of the lamp which was thus skoraj do danes. Za ta del imperija je bila prva tipologija il uminated entirely and not just its flame. Research has narejena že zgodaj (Crowfoot, harden 1931). V vzhod- shown that a glass lamp, filled with 350 ml of water and nem delu se pojavlja tudi več različnih tipov steklenih 100 ml of castor oil and with a half a centimetre thick svetilk kot v zahodnem Sredozemlju (hadad 1998; Olcay cotton wick shone for 2 hours and 45 minutes. This is 2001; Czurda-Ruth 2005). just 20 minutes longer but significantly stronger than an oil lamp filled with 50 ml of oil (uboldi 1995, 93-95; 3 Dve svetilki s čepki na dnu, ki ju lahko datiramo v konec Stern 1999, 479). 5. in prvo polovico 6. st., sta bili najdeni na Ajdovščini pri Ro- Lamps with handles could have been hung indi- diku (Lazar 2003a, 198–200, sl. 52: 9.3.1.) in v Ljubljani (Ple- vidual y on chains, while types without handles were sničar Gec 1981, t. 5 skrajno desno). Ti najdišči pa sta bili opu- ščeni že do sredine 5. st., zato obe najdbi pomenita poseben inserted into various forms of chandeliers ( corona or problem. Obravnavani sta na drugem mestu (Milavec 2011). polycandelon; Stern 1999, 478-480). Considering the 108 3_steklo.indd 108 23.1.2012 12:57:09 3. STEKLENE NAjDBE 3. GLASS FINDS V zahodnem delu so bile steklene svetilke v rabi form preserved in Slovenia we can assume that chan- od druge polovice 4. do 8. st. (uboldi 1995, 105; Stern deliers were not used, while some hanging chains were 1999, 480, 482; Ferri 2006, 184). Svetilke so najpogostejše found in the church at Ajdovski gradec (Vogelpohl 1975, najdbe v zgodnjekrščanskih objektih, pozneje pa naj Pl. 24: 22). Deriving from the depictions some authors bi se njihova uporaba po vzoru cerkva razširila tudi v assume that different types of glass lamps were used in bivalne prostore (O'hea 2007, 236). Najbolj uporabljano churches than in houses (Parani 2005, 154-157). tipološko razdelitev je naredila M. uboldi (uboldi 1995). Za razliko od oljenk so bile steklene svetilke na- polnjene z vodo in oljem, vanje pa je bil pritrjen stenj iz 3.7.6 BALSAMARIA rastlinskih vlaken. Nekatere svetilke na Vzhodu imajo od poznega 5. ali zgodnjega 6. st. dalje dodano cevko, v Besides the balsamaria from Tonovcov grad (see katero je bil pritrjen stenj, v drugih je stenj držal kovinski chapters 3.1.7, 3.3.2, 3.3.3) a tubular balsamarium with držaj (Crowfoot, harden 1931, 201). Voda naj bi pripo- a narrowed lower part was also found in the church at mogla k boljšemu učinku svetilke, ki je tako zažarela vsa, Rifnik (Bolta 1981, Pl. 19: 49). A base fragment was ne le njen plamen. Raziskave so pokazale, da je steklena discovered at Križna gora (urleb 1974, Fig. 153: 7) and svetilka, napolnjena s 350 ml vode in 100 ml ricinovega the upper part of a balsamarium with a cylindrical body olja ter s pol centimetra debelim bombažnim stenjem among the presbytery remains at Šilentabor (Osmuk svetila 2 uri in 45 minut. To je samo 20 minut dlje, vendar 1977, Fig. 190: 5). je svetila precej močneje kot oljenka, napolnjena s 50 ml The lower part of a balsamarium (or a lamp; olja (uboldi 1995, 93–95; Stern 1999, 479). Bierbrauer 1988, Fig. 23: 12) was discovered also in the Svetilke z ročaji so bile lahko obešene posamično church at Invillino. na verižicah, tipi svetilk brez ročajev pa so bili vstavljeni When they are not found in well defined contexts, v različne vrste lestencev ( corona oz. polycandelon; Stern balsamaria are difficult to classify and distinguish from 1999, 478–480). Glede na vrsto svetilk, ki je ohranjena v those finds belonging to earlier periods. In Late Antiq- Sloveniji, lahko predvidevamo, da lestencev niso uporab- uity they do not appear as often as before, individual ljali, verižice za obešanje pa so bile najdene v cerkvi na pieces are formal y very different from each other and at Ajdovskem gradcu (Vogelpohl 1975, t. 24: 22). Izhajajoč the same time not much different from balsamaria of the iz upodobitev nekateri avtorji domnevajo, da so se v 1st and 2nd centuries. Often they retain the inward folded cerkvah uporabljale drugačne vrste steklenih svetilk kot rim and can be separated from the earlier ones solely by v bivalnih objektih (Parani 2005, 154–157). characteristics of the glass mass (Meyer 1988, 197-198). In the 6th and 7th century simple pear- or pouch-shaped examples are characteristic for Italy (Sternini 1995, 262, 3.7.6 BALZAMARIjI Fig. 20: 60), while balsamaria are rare in southern France and in northern Africa (the main overviews [Foy 1995; Poleg balzamarijev s Tonovcovega gradu (glej pogl. Fünfschil ing 2006; 2010] hardly mention them). All 3.1.7, 3.3.2, 3.3.3) je bil cevast balzamarij z zoženim over the Mediterranean they were most probably used spodnjim delom najden tudi v cerkvi na Rifniku (Bolta primarily in liturgy (Foy, Nenna 2001, 149-152, 157; An- 1981, t. 19: 49). Odlomek dna je bil najden na Križni tonaras 2007, 54). Balsamaria and smaller bottles could gori (urleb 1974, sl. 153: 7), zgornji del balzamarija s have been used as reliquaries, as vessels for incense or cilindričnim trupom pa med ostanki prezbiterija na oil, or for wine or perfumes. In the East a habit is attested Šilentaboru (Osmuk 1977, sl. 190: 5). for the pilgrims to return home with oil from the lamps V cerkvi na Invil inu je bil prav tako najden spodnji which were lit close to very sacred relics (Olcay 2001, del balzamarija (ali svetilke; Bierbrauer 1988, sl. 23: 12). 79; Antonaras 2007, 54). Kadar niso najdeni v dobro določljivih kon tekstih, je balzamarije težko dobro opredeliti in ločiti od najdb, ki spadajo v starejša obdobja. V pozni antiki se ne 3.7.7 OPEN FORMS pojavljajo tako pogosto kot prej, posamezni kosi so oblikovno zelo različni, obenem pa se le malo razlikujejo Two bowls were found in churches at Ajdovski od balzamarijev iz 1. in 2. st. Velikokrat obdržijo na- gradec above Vranje (Vogelpohl 1975, Fig. 31: 27,44). vznoter zapognjen rob ustja in jih od starejših ločimo le The first one has a downward folded rim, while the other po značilnostih steklene mase (Meyer 1988, 197–198). is decorated by a cut ornament representing one of the Za Italijo so v 6. in 7. st. značilni preprosti hruškasti ali favourite ways of decorating luxurious vessels until the vrečasti primerki (Sternini 1995, 262, sl. 20: 60), v juž- 5th century (Saguì 1993, 122-126). We can assume that ni Franciji in severni Afriki pa so balzamariji redkejši the two vessels from Vranje were made before the mid- (glavni pregledi [Foy 1995; Fünfschilling 2006; 2010] 5th century, used in liturgy and remained in use for the jih praktično ne omenjajo). V vsem Sredozemlju so jih entire 5th or even the 6th century. 109 3_steklo.indd 109 23.1.2012 12:57:10 3. STEKLENE NAjDBE 3. GLASS FINDS najverjetneje uporabljali predvsem v liturgične namene In Slovenia, besides the fragment from Tonovcov (Foy, Nenna 2001, 149–152, 157; Antonaras 2007, 54). grad ( Pl. 58: 2; see chapter 3.1.8) we could only find Balzamariji in manjše stekleničke so lahko služili kot one other foot probably of a plate and it was found in relikviariji, kot posodice za kadilo ali olje, pa tudi vino the layers of the port complex at Fizine near Portorož ali dišave. Na Vzhodu je izpričana navada romarjev, da (Gaspari et al. 2007, 178-179, Pl. 7: 209), which are so se vračali domov z oljem svetilk, ki so svetile zraven dated from the second half of the 4th to the 6th century zelo svetih relikvij (Olcay 2001, 79; Antonaras 2007, 54). (Gaspari et al. 2007, 170). The plate can be assigned to type 10c according to D. Foy, which is dated to the late 5th and early 6th century (Foy 1995, 205). 3.7.7 ODPRTE OBLIKE In the same layers at Fizine a fragment of a bowl or a plate with a downward folded edge (Gaspari et al. Dve skledi sta bili najdeni v cerkvah na Ajdovskem 2007, Pl. 7: 204), such as appear mostly in the 5th and gradcu nad Vranjem (Vogelpohl 1975, sl. 31: 27,44). Prva also during the 6th-7th century (Saguì 1993, 121, Fig. 6; ima navzdol zavihan rob ustja, druga pa je okrašena z Sternini 1995, 258, 262), was also found. brušenim okrasom, enim od najbolj priljubljenih nači- Open forms of glass vessels are becoming rare nov okraševanja luksuznega posodja do sredine 5. st. from the 4th century onwards and almost completely (Saguì 1993, 122–126). Predvidevamo lahko, da sta bili disappear after the middle of the 5th century. They are posodi z Vranja izdelani pred sredino 5. st., da sta bili v slightly more frequent in the eastern Mediterranean uporabi v liturgiji, in sicer še vse 5. ali celo v 6. st. (Stern 1999, 484). Poleg odlomka s Tonovcovega gradu ( t. 58: 2; glej pogl. 3.1.8) smo v Sloveniji zasledili le še eno nogo do- mnevnega krožnika v plasteh pristaniškega kompleksa 3.7.8 OThER FORMS v Fizinah pri Portorožu (Gaspari et al. 2007, 178–179, t. 7: 209), ki so datirane od druge polovice 4. do 6. st. A glass drinking horn with the decoration of trailed (Gaspari et al. 2007, 170). Krožnik lahko uvrstimo v tip threads was found at the Kranj cemetery Lajh (Stare 10c po D. Foy, ki je datiran v pozno 5. in zgodnje 6. st. 1980, Pl. 131: 1; Lazar 2003a, 203). It belongs among (Foy 1995, 205). typical Germanic finds, which were supposedly made V istih plasteh je bil v Fizinah najden tudi odlomek in the Rhine region. According to the typology of V. sklede ali krožnika z navzdol zavihanim robom (Gaspari Evison it belongs to group III, which is dated between et al. 2007, t. 7: 204), kakršni se pojavljajo predvsem v the mid-6th and the beginning of the 7th century (Evison 5., pa tudi še v 6.–7. st. (Saguì 1993, 121, sl. 6; Sternini 1975, 79-80). 1995, 258, 262). Odprte oblike steklenega posodja postajajo redke že od 4. st. naprej, po sredini 5. st. pa skoraj popolnoma 3.7.9 WINDOW GLASS izginejo. Nekoliko pogostejše so v vzhodnem Sredozem- lju (Stern 1999, 484). In Slovenia the use of window glass has been proven besides the churches at Tonovcov grad (see chapter 3.5, Fig. 3.3) also at Ajdovski gradec above Vranje (churches: 3.7.8 DRuGE OBLIKE Knific, Sagadin 1991, 52; Knific 2001, cat. no. 152), Korinj- ski hrib (Ciglenečki 1985, 265), in Koper (Cunja 1996, 82- Stekleni pivski rog z okrasom iz nataljenih niti je bil 83, Pl. 5: 82-85) and Kranj (Sagadin 2004, Fig. 6: 19-20). najden na kranjskem grobišču Lajh (Stare 1980, t. 131: The distribution of window glass remains in the 1; Lazar 2003a, 203). Spada med značilne germanske west ecclesiastical complex of hemmaberg reveals that najdbe, izdelovali pa naj bi jih v Porenju. Po tipologiji V. both apses, the northern side wing of the fifth and the Evison spada v skupino III, ki je datirana med sredino vestry of the fourth church were glazed (Ladstätter 2000, 6. in začetek 7. st. (Evison 1975, 79–80). 184-185, Fig. 69). Windows of other buildings were not glazed. Window glass was discovered also in naves and apses of other churches in Austria (Teurnia, Lavant, 3.7.9 OKENSKO STEKLO Duel, Laubendorf; Ladstätter 2000, note 1244). Pieces of window glass were found in the church nave at Invil ino Poleg uporabe v cerkvah na Tonovcovem gradu (glej (Bierbrauer 1988, 41) and also on the settlement plateau pogl. 3.5, sl. 3.3) je v Sloveniji dokazana uporaba okenske- at Colle Santino (Bierbrauer 1987, 285). Large amounts ga stekla tudi na Ajdovskem gradcu nad Vranjem (cerkve: of window glass were discovered in the churches of the Knific, Sagadin 1991, 52; Knific 2001, kat. 152), Korinj- Byzantine hil top settlement Gradina on jelica in Serbia skem hribu (Ciglenečki 1985, 265), v Kopru (Cunja 1996, (Križanac 2009). Window glass was also present mostly 82–83, t. 5: 82–85) in Kranju (Sagadin 2004, sl. 6: 19,20). 110 3_steklo.indd 110 23.1.2012 12:57:10 3. STEKLENE NAjDBE 3. GLASS FINDS Razporeditev ostankov okenskega stekla v zahod- in the basilica of the fort at Vrsenice (Stamenkovič 2009, nem kompleksu cerkva Sv. heme kaže, da so bili zaste- 192-194, Pl. II). kljeni obe apsidi, severno stransko krilo pete in zakristija In the area of Southeastern Alps window glass was in četrte cerkve (Ladstätter 2000, 184–185, sl. 69). Druge greater quantities found only in the ruins of ecclesiastical stavbe niso imele zastekljenih oken. Okensko steklo je buildings (see above), while the interpretation of a few bilo najdeno tudi v ladjah in apsidah drugih cerkva v fragments discovered near the dwel ing houses is uncer- Avstriji (Teurnija, Lavant, Duel, Laubendorf; Ladstätter tain (for example, building 1 at Tonovcov grad, see chapter 2000, op. 1244). Kosi okenskega stekla so bili odkriti še v 3.5, Fig. 3.4). In the eastern Mediterranean window glass cerkveni ladji na Invil inu (Bierbrauer 1988, 41), pa tudi was used in ecclesiastical and dwel ing buildings. na naselbinskem platoju na Colle Santino (Bierbrauer Window glass was during early Antiquity sup- 1987, 285). Velike količine okenskega stekla so bile naj- posedly used only in baths where beside lighting it dene tudi v cerkvah na bizantinski višinski postojanki also aided in preserving the constant temperature and Gradina na jelici v Srbiji (Križanac 2009). Prav tako je moisture within a room. From the 4th century onwards bilo okensko steklo najdeno predvsem v baziliki v utrdbi glazed windows started to be immured into ecclesiastical na Vrsenicah (Stamenkovič 2009, 192–194, t. II). buildings (together with the use of a new form of glass Na območju jugovzhodnih Alp je okensko steklo v vessels – lamps) and gradual y also into private houses večjih količinah najdeno le v ruševinah cerkvenih stavb (O’hea 2007, 233, 236). (glej zgoraj), pri opredelitvi nekaj odlomkov, najdenih Three techniques of window glass production were ob bivalnih prostorih, pa je interpretacija negotova (na used in the Antiquity: mould casting, crown glass, and primer stavba 1 na Tonovcovem gradu, glej pogl. 3.5, cylinder blown window glass. sl. 3.4). V vzhodnem Sredozemlju so okensko steklo Mould cast window glass was made by pouring the uporabljali v cerkvenih in bivalnih prostorih. liquid glass mass into single part open moulds and left Okensko steklo naj bi se v zgodnji antiki upora- to cool. These products are characterised by one smooth bljalo le v kopališčih, kjer je ob hkratnem prepuščanju and one rough surface. svetlobe pomagalo ohranjati stalno temperaturo in Round window plates were made by cutting off the vlago v prostorih. Od 4. st. dalje so začeli steklena okna upper part of a blown glass ball and then turning it out vgrajevati v cerkvene objekte (skupaj z uporabo nove into a round plate as if making a plate. Final y the plate oblike steklenega posodja – svetilk), postopno pa tudi is transparent and smooth, with thin (sometimes rolled v bivalne objekte (O'hea 2007, 233, 236). up) edges and a thicker, slightly convex middle part. This V antiki so uporabljali tri tehnike izdelave oken- technique was in use from the 4th to the 19th century. skega stekla: ulivanje v kalupe, pihane okrogle plošče Cylinder blown glass was used from the 1st to the ali “crown glass” in cilindrično pihano okensko steklo. 19th century. The glass mass was blown into a hol ow oval ulivano okensko steklo so naredili tako, da so te- shape, cut from the blowpipe to form a cylinder which kočo stekleno maso ulili v enodelne kalupe in ohladili. was then cut lengthwise into a plate. This type of window Za izdelke je značilno, da je ena površina gladka, druga glass is easily recognisable for its elongated air bubbles pa hrapava. arranged in parallel lines and also by the fact that one Okrogle okenske plošče so izdelovali tako, da so na- surface is shiny while the other, the one facing the base, pihani stekleni krogli odrezali zgornji del in jo razvrteli is matt. This technique enabled the manufacturing of v okroglo ploščo, kot bi delali krožnik. Na koncu je bila bigger and smoother glass plates than the technique of plošča prosojna in gladka, s tankimi (lahko zavihanimi) mould casting. Bigger glass-making centres used more robovi in debelejšim, rahlo izbočenim srednjim delom. than one technique at the time, also according to fashion Tehnika je bila v rabi od 4. do 19. st. the techniques of round glass plates and cylindrical glass Cilindrično steklo se je uporabljalo od 1. do 19. were exchanged (O’hea 2007, 234; Kanyak 2009). st. Stekleno maso so napihali v votlo jajčasto obliko, jo odrezali s pipe, da je nastal cilinder, in ga nato prerezali po dolgem v ploščo. To vrsto okenskega stekla je lahko 3.7.10 WORKShOPS prepoznati po vzporednih vrstah razpotegnjenih zrač- nih mehurčkov in po tem, da je ena površina svetleča, In Kranj, near the Kieselstein castle two plastered pits tista, ki so jo položili na podlago, pa mat. Ta tehnika dug into clay with a fire-place and a platform in between, je omogočala izdelavo večjih in gladkejših steklenih which was hardened by mortar, were found. A little way plošč kot tehnika ulivanja. V večjih steklarskih sredi- off a shal ow pool with lime and remains of shel s was ščih so uporabljali več tehnik naenkrat, predvsem sta discovered. The complex was on the basis of smal finds, se tudi glede na modo izmenjevala tehnika okroglih stemmed goblets deformed by the fire and pottery, dated steklenih plošč in cilindrično steklo (O'hea 2007, 234; to the beginning of the 6th century and interpreted as a Kanyak 2009). glass-making workshop with a manufacturing and cool- ing furnace (Sagadin 2000; 2004). The site has stil not 111 3_steklo.indd 111 23.1.2012 12:57:10 3. STEKLENE NAjDBE 3. GLASS FINDS 3.7.10 DELAVNICE been published entirely but I. Lazar doubted the accuracy of the interpretation already on the basis of the available V Kranju sta bili ob gradu Kieselstein odkriti dve information. According to her, the described furnaces v glino vkopani ometani jami, s kuriščem in vmesno in form and characteristics differ significantly from the ploščadjo, utrjeno z malto. Malo stran je bil najden še ordinary Roman glass-making workshops, while the plitev bazen z apnencem in ostanki školjk. Kompleks lack of waste material occurring during the production je bil s pomočjo drobnih najdb, od ognja deformiranih and pieces of raw glass are also problematic. Deformed kozarcev na visoki nogi in keramike, datiran v začetek stemmed goblets could have also been secondarily trans- 6. st. in interpretiran kot steklarska delavnica s pečjo za formed in the fire and the find of a medieval glass vessel proizvodnjo in pečjo za ohlajanje (Sagadin 2000; 2004). among the material represents and additional problem for Najdišče sicer še ni bilo objavljeno v celoti, na osnovi the time definition (Lazar 2003a, 217-218; 2003b, 78-79). dostopnih informacij pa I. Lazar dvomi o pravilnosti We currently have no other data regarding the interpretacije. Po njenem mnenju se opisani peči po vessel manufacturing at Late Antique sites in Slovenia. obliki in značilnostih zelo razlikujeta od običajnih rim- In Koper, Kranj, and at Tonovcov grad, where greater skodobnih steklarskih obratov, problematično pa je tudi amounts of stemmed goblets were found (see chapter pomanjkanje odpadkov, ki nastajajo med proizvodnjo, 3.7.2), we observe that goblets are at an individual site ter kosov surovega stekla. Deformirani kozarci na nogi of quite uniform shapes, while shapes differ among sites. so bili lahko tudi sekundarno preoblikovani v ognju, Thus for Kranj, for example, bell-shaped recipients are najdba srednjeveške steklene posode med gradivom pa more characteristic ( Fig. 3.7: 1,5), while at Tonovcov predstavlja še dodaten problem pri časovni opredelitvi grad these are cylindrical (e.g. Pl. 54: 7-15,17-18,20- (Lazar 2003a, 217–218; 2003b, 78–79). 26). This could indicate the existence of several smaller Drugih podatkov o izdelavi posodja na poznoan- workshops also in the Slovenian territory. tičnih najdiščih v Sloveniji trenutno nimamo. V Kopru, At the settlement and ecclesiastical centre from the Kranju in na Tonovcovem gradu, kjer so bile najdene ve- 5th and 6th centuries at hemmaberg in Carinthia pieces čje količine kozarcev na nogi (glej pogl. 3.7.2), opažamo, of raw glass and blue glass paste were found in layers da so kozarci na posameznem najdišču dokaj enotnih beneath the western ecclesiastical complex. S. Ladstätter oblik, med najdišči pa se značilne oblike razlikujejo. Za believes that considering these finds and the remains of Kranj so tako na primer značilnejši zvončasti recipienti the metal-working in the same layers an area with – also ( sl. 3.7: 1,5), za Tonovcov grad pa cilindrični (npr. t. 54: glass-making – workshops could have been built there 7–15,17–18,20–26). To bi lahko dokazovalo obstoj več before the construction of churches. At hemmaberg manjših lokalnih delavnic tudi na slovenskem ozemlju. a hoard of raw glass pieces was found also in the area V naselbini in cerkvenem središču iz 5. in 6. st. of the eastern ecclesiastical complex (Ladstätter 2000, na Sv. hemi na Koroškem so v plasteh pod zahodnim 179, 185). A piece of raw glass was also discovered at cerkvenim sklopom našli kose surovega stekla in mo- the Late Antique settlement Kappele near jadersdorf dre steklene paste. S. Ladstätter meni, da bi glede na te (Felgenhauer-Schmiedt 1993, 33-34). najdbe in ostanke proizvodnje kovinskih predmetov v At the Byzantine fort Gradina on jelica only one istih plasteh pred izgradnjo cerkva tam lahko stal pro- piece of glass slag was found but on the basis of a great stor z delavnicami, tudi steklenih posod. Poleg tega je number of window glass and vessels found the author bil depo kosov surovega stekla najden tudi na območju concludes that we could be dealing with local produc- vzhodnega cerkvenega kompleksa na Sv. hemi (Lad- tion. She also mentions a recent find of a crucible from stätter 2000, 179, 185). Tudi v poznoantični naselbini Caričin grad in Serbia (Križanac 2009, 267, 277-278). Kappele pri jadersdorfu je bil najden kos surovega stekla Evidence about the glass production at Invillino (Felgenhauer-Schmiedt 1993, 33–34). (Bierbrauer 1987, 285-286) has yet not convinced al the V bizantinski utrdbi Gradina na jelici je bil najden researchers (Sternini 1995, 268). In Italy and France a le en kos steklene žlindre, vendar avtorica objave glede number of small workshops were supposedly founded na velike količine okenskega stekla in steklenih posod in Late Antiquity which supplied the nearby settlements sklepa, da bi lahko šlo za lokalno produkcijo. Omenja (Sternini 1995, 267-268; Trento: Cavada, Endrizzi 1998; tudi nedavno najdbo posode za taljenje steklene mase s Brescia: uboldi 1998, 183-184). In the eastern Mediter- Caričinega gradu (Križanac 2009, 267, 277–278). ranean, during Late Antiquity every major settlement Dokazi za izdelavo stekla na Invillinu (Bierbrauer was to have its own glass workshop (Lafli, Gürler 2010, 1987, 285–286) sicer še niso prepričali vseh razisko- 444). valcev (Sternini 1995, 268). V Italiji in Franciji naj bi v until the beginning of the 9th century glass mass poznoantičnem času zraslo več manjših delavnic, ki so (the so-called primary glass production) was manufac- oskrbovale bližnje naselbine (Sternini 1995, 267–268; tured solely in the Syrian-Palestinian area and in Egypt Trento: Cavada, Endrizzi 1998; Brescia: uboldi 1998, (Stern 1999, 454; Freestone et al. 2000; Nenna et al. 183–184). V vzhodnem Sredozemlju naj bi v poznoan- 2000; Foy, Nenna 2001; Freestone 2005, 196-197). In the 112 3_steklo.indd 112 23.1.2012 12:57:10 3. STEKLENE NAjDBE 3. GLASS FINDS tičnem času vsaka večja naselbina imela svojo steklarsko western part of the Empire, despite references in written proizvodnjo (Lafli, Gürler 2010, 444). sources, there is no evidence of primary workshops. Vse do začetka 9. st. so stekleno maso (t. i. primarna produkcija stekla) izdelovali le na sirsko-palestinskem The most frequent glass vessel colour in Slovenia območju ter v Egiptu (Stern 1999, 454; Freestone et al. (Tonovcov grad, Kranj, Koper) is yel ow-green. This 2000; Nenna et al. 2000; Foy, Nenna 2001; Freestone colour was created natural y during the manufacturing 2005, 196–197), za zahodni del imperija primarne de- of the mass which was not added colour. Some authors lavnice, kljub omembah v pisnih virih, niso dokazane. believe that this colour is characteristic for type hIMT glass mass (high content of iron, manganese, and tita- Najpogostejša barva steklenega posodja v Sloveniji nium; Reade et al. 2005; Lindblom 2005, 164), while (Tonovcov grad, Kranj, Koper) je rumenozelena. Nastala others think that it occurs due to the lower quality of je naravno pri izdelavi mase, ki ji niso dodajali barvil. glass (uboldi, Verità 2003, 116). Nekateri avtorji menijo, da je ta barva značilna za stekle- no maso tipa hIMT (visoka vsebnost železa, mangana in titana; Reade et al. 2005; Lindblom 2005, 164), drugi 3.7.11 CONCLuSION pa, da se pojavlja zaradi nižje kakovosti stekla (uboldi, Verità 2003, 116). After glass-making had prospered in the 1st and 2nd century, in the 3rd century the number of vessel shapes started to decrease in the western part of the Empire 3.7.11 SKLEP (Stern 1999, 480-481; Lazar 2006, 336). The number of shapes which were in the Late Roman period very Po razcvetu steklarstva v 1. in 2. st. je v zahodnem uniform in the entire Empire further decreased in the delu imperija raznolikost oblik posod začela pojemati 5th century. During great political and social shifts of the že v 3. st. (Stern 1999, 480–481; Lazar 2006, 336). Šte- 5th century, the glass-making tradition also encounters vilo oblik, ki so bile v poznorimskem obdobju po vsem a change. The colour, shapes, decoration types, and imperiju zelo enotne, se je v 5. st. še naprej zmanjše- rim forms change. It is possible that the old workshops valo. Med velikimi političnimi in družbenimi premiki ceased to operate and new ones were created (Sternini v 5. st. je prišlo tudi do preloma v steklarski tradiciji. 1995, 258). After the middle of the 5th century only a Spremenili so se barva, oblike posodja, vrste okrasa in very limited range of vessels is produced in the western oblikovanost roba ustja. Mogoče je, da so stare delav- part of the Empire. Glass is no longer used for transport, nice morda prenehale delovati in so bile vzpostavljene packaging, and storage, almost al open forms disappear nove (Sternini 1995, 258). Po sredini 5. st. so predvsem (bowls, plates). Mostly just those forms that were used v zahodnem delu imperija izdelovali le še zelo omejen in liturgy (lamps, smal er bottles) and drinking sets spekter posod. Steklo se ni več uporabljalo za transport, (goblets, beakers, bottles) were preserved. embalažo in shranjevanje, izginile so skoraj vse odprte For the early Byzantine period, between the 5th oblike namiznega posodja (sklede, krožniki). Ohranile and the mid-7th century, the eastern part of the Empire so se predvsem oblike, uporabljane v liturgiji (svetilke, presents a somewhat wider range of glass vessels than manjše stekleničke), in pivski servis (kozarci, steklenice). the western part. jugs and open vessels occur; the di- V zgodnjem bizantinskem obdobju, med 5. in versity of lamps and stemmed goblet shapes is greater. sredino 7. st., je bil za vzhodni del imperija značilen The eastern glass-making experiences the first greater nekoliko širši spekter steklenega posodja kot za zahodni change with the arrival of the Arabs in the 7th century del. Pojavljali so se tudi vrči, odprte posode, bolj razno- who partly take over the glass forms and develop them like so bile svetilke in oblike kozarcev na visoki nogi. further (especial y lamps). Formal y the range of glass Vzhodno steklarstvo je doživelo večjo spremembo šele objects in the eastern Mediterranean changes noticeably s prihodom Arabcev v 7. stoletju, ki so steklene oblike in the 10th and 11th centuries (Middle Byzantine period) deloma prevzeli in razvijali dalje (predvsem svetilke). when glass bracelets are practical y the only ones still in Oblikovno se je spekter steklenih predmetov v vzho- use (Lightfoot 2005, 179-181; Lafli, Gürler 2010, 435). dnem Sredozemlju opazno spremenil v 10. in 11. st. In Italy and France a quality production contin- (srednje bizantinsko obdobje), ko so ostale v uporabi ued undisturbed until the beginning of the 9th century praktično le še steklene zapestnice (Lightfoot 2005, which had a narrow range of vessels (stemmed goblets, 179–181; Lafli, Gürler 2010, 435). lamps, small bottles, window glass) but with a rebirth V Italiji in Franciji se je vse do začetka 9. st. nemo- of ornament and vivid glass colours (Ferri 2006, 189). teno nadaljevala kakovostna proizvodnja s sicer ozkim There are several reasons for the break of the 9th cen- spektrom posod (kozarci na nogi, svetilke, majhne ste- tury in the western Mediterranean. Besides the altered kleničke, okensko steklo), vendar ponovnim razcvetom glass-making technology in the entire area there is also okrasa in živih barv stekla (Ferri 2006, 189). Za zarezo v the distancing of Italy from Byzantium and the lack of 113 3_steklo.indd 113 23.1.2012 12:57:11 3. STEKLENE NAjDBE 3. GLASS FINDS 9. st. je bilo v zahodnem delu Sredozemlja več razlogov, sites from this period in southern France (Foy 1995, poleg spremenjene tehnologije izdelave stekla na vsem 210-213; Saguì, Mirti 2003). Continental France shows območju tudi odmik Italije od Bizanca ter pomanjkanje peculiar, northern forms, yet the same glass mass as the najdišč iz tistega obdobja v južni Franciji (Foy 1995, Mediterranean, at least until the 9th century (Périn 1989; 210–213; Saguì, Mirti 2003). Celinska Francija je vsaj do Foy 1995, 216). Glass of the Carolingian period retains 9. st. kazala svojske, severnjaške oblike, vendar enako ste- forms of the Merovingian period, intenser colours of the kleno maso kot Sredozemlje (Périn 1989; Foy 1995, 216). decoration and window glass appear, noticeable con- Karolinškodobno steklo je obdržalo oblike merovinškega nections with the Mediterranean are few (Evison 1989, obdobja, pojavile so se bolj žive barve okrasa in okenskega 138-143). In Slavic lands, for example Moravia, import stekla, opaznih pa je le malo povezav s Sredozemljem of glass vessels is present between approximately 850 and (Evison 1989, 138–143). V slovanskih deželah, na primer 950, after this period only glass beads are still imported na Moravskem, so uvažali steklene posode približno (Sedlačková 2006, 193-195). In Italy, the production of med 850 in 950, po tem obdobju pa le še steklene jagode quality glass is during the Early Middle Ages linked to (Sedlačková 2006, 193–195). V Italiji je bila proizvodnja monasteries (Del ’Acqua 1997; Ferri 2006). kakovostnega stekla v zgodnjem srednjem veku vezana na samostane (Del 'Acqua 1997; Ferri 2006). The ecclesiastical centre Kučar near Podzemelj is dated to the 5th century. Some fragments of glass vessels, Cerkveno središče Kučar pri Podzemlju je opre- typical of the 4th and the beginning of the 5th century deljeno v 5. st. Tam je bilo najdenih nekaj steklenih were found there, but no later forms such as stemmed odlomkov značilnih oblik 4. in začetka 5. st. (odrezano goblets (j. Dular, Ciglenečki, A. Dular 1995, 146). ustje kozarca brez noge, lijakasto ustje steklenice), ne At the Slovenian Late Antique hil top settlements pojavljajo pa se poznejše oblike, na primer kozarci na belonging to the 5th and 6th centuries glass appears in visoki nogi (j. Dular, Ciglenečki, A. Dular 1995, 146). fairly small numbers, yet in the typical Mediterranean V slovenskih poznoantičnih višinskih naselbi- range of stemmed goblets and beakers, lamps, and nah, ki sodijo v drugo polovico 5. in 6. st., se steklo individual smal er or bigger bottles. Often sites also pojavlja v dokaj majhnem številu, vendar v značilnem reveal older forms which could have been used at a later sredozemskem spektru kozarcev na visoki nogi in time. In ecclesiastical buildings lamps with handles and kozarcev brez nog, svetilk in posameznih manjših ali window glass were used. Workshops making glass ves- večjih stekleničk. Pogosto so na najdiščih prisotne sels are not confirmed with certainty at the Slovenian tudi starejše oblike, ki so se lahko uporabljale tudi v territory and its near surroundings. Considering the fact poznejšem času. V cerkvenih zgradbah so uporabljali that elsewhere in the Mediterranean glass workshops svetilke z ročaji in okensko steklo. Delavnice steklenega are frequent and dispersed, we can, on the basis of raw posodja na slovenskem prostoru in v bližnji okolici glass finds at several nearby settlements (hemmaberg niso z gotovostjo potrjene. Glede na to, da so drugod v and Kappele in Carinthia), assume that in at least the Sredozemlju delavnice pogoste in razpršene in glede na more important settlements (e.g. Kranj) glass vessels najdbe surovega stekla v nekaterih bližnjih naselbinah were made. The supply of raw glass and the functioning (Sv. hema in Kappele na Koroškem) lahko sklepamo, of workshops would in the Late Antiquity most probably da so vsaj v pomembnejših naselbinah (npr. Kranj) be under the supervision of the Church, which was in the izdelovali tudi stekleno posodje. Oskrba s surovim Late Antiquity the strongest (occasional y the only) or- steklom in organizacija delavnic bi v poznoantičnem ganisational power in the southeastern Alpine territory času najverjetneje spadala pod okrilje Cerkve. Ta je (Glaser 1997, 45) and simultaneously a great consumer bila v pozni antiki najmočnejša (na trenutke edina) of glass products (lamps, goblets, window glass). organizacijska moč v jugovzhodnoalpskem prostoru According to the expectations, glass vessels are (Glaser 1997, 45) in obenem velik porabnik steklenih more numerous in bigger centres (Kranj) and in the izdelkov (svetilke, kozarci, okensko steklo). coastal area (Koper), where we also encounter a wider Po pričakovanjih je stekleno posodje bolje zasto- selection of forms. At hilltop settlements in central pano v večjih centrih (Kranj) in na obalnem predelu Slovenia fewer examples were found, yet it is often not (Koper), kjer najdemo tudi večjo pestrost oblik. V višin- clear whether this small amount of discovered glass is skih naselbinah v notranjosti Slovenije je najdenih manj the consequence of the present state of publications primerkov, vendar pogosto ni jasno, ali gre pri majhni or these types of vessels were actual y less often used. količini najdenega stekla le za trenutno stanje objavlje- Since glass so far did not receive any special attention nosti, ali za dejansko manjšo rabo te vrste posodja. Ker (especial y window glass) the first explanation seems steklo do sedaj ni bilo deležno velike pozornosti (sploh more probable. okensko), se zdi, da je verjetnejša prva razlaga. The use of glass after the end of the 6th century in uporaba stekla po koncu 6. st. na prostoru dana- the area of present-day Slovenia and wider territory šnje Slovenije in širšega prostora, kamor so se naselili settled by the Slavic peoples, is still poorly known (Šmit 114 3_steklo.indd 114 23.1.2012 12:57:11 3. STEKLENE NAjDBE 3. GLASS FINDS Slovani, je še slabo poznana (Šmit et al. 2009; Šmit et al. et al. 2009; Šmit et al. 2010). Goblets of the 4th Koper 2010). Med 8. in 9. st. so najverjetneje datirani kozarci group with a hollow stem with a knob most probably koprske 4. skupine z visoko votlo nogo z odebelitvijo belong between the 8th and 9th century ( Fig. 3.6: 3; Cunja ( sl. 3.6: 3; Cunja 1996, 74, 77–78). Najdišče, ki si zasluži 1996, 74, 77-78). The site deserving special attention is pozornost, je Sv. Pavel nad Vrtovinom, kjer sta bili poleg Sv. Pavel above Vrtovin where besides two typical hol- dveh značilnih visokih votlih nog kozarcev najdeni tudi low stems of goblets also two rare forms were found, dve redki obliki, polna noga s svitkasto odebelitvijo in i.e. a full stem with a coil-shaped knob and a hollow votla noga z odebelitvijo ( sl. 3.8), ki povsem spominja stem with a globular knob ( Fig. 3.8) which completely na noge kozarcev koprske 4. skupine (Svoljšak 1985, resembles goblet stems of the 4th Koper group (Svoljšak t. 2: 38; 4: 74). 1985, Pls. 2: 38; 4: 74). 3.8 LITERATuRA / BIBLIOGRAPhy Tonovcov grad. Naselbinski ostanki in interpreta- BOLTA, A. 1981, Rifnik pri Šentjurju. Poznoantična cija / Tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpre- naselbina in grobišče. – Katalogi in monografije 19. tation = Ciglenečki, Modrijan, Milavec 2011. BOŽIČ, D. in / and S. 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Lo scavo arche- 195–208. ologico nel ‘ex orto dei Cappuccini negli anni 1986–1987 FREESTONE, I. C., y. GORIN–ROSEN in / and al a luce dei reperti dal V al IX secolo d. C. – Koper. M. j. huGhES 2000, Primary glass from Israel and CZuRDA-RuTh, B. 2005, Glas aus Ephesos: the production of glass in Late Antiquity and the Early hanghaus 1 und eine Werkstätte des 6. jahrhunderts Islamic period. – V / In : M.-D. Nenna (ur. / ed.), La n. Chr. auf der Agora. – V / In : Annales du 16e congrès route du verre. Ateliers primaires et secondaires du second de l’ Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre, mil énaire av. J. C. au Moyen ge, Travaux de la Maison 158–161, London. de l’Orient Méditerranéen 33, 65–83, Lyon. DELL’ACquA, F. 1997, Ninth century window glass FOy, D. in / and G. SENNEquIER (ur. / ed.) 1989, from the monastery of San Vicenzo al Volturno (Molise, À travers le verre: du moyen âge à la renaissance. – Rouen. Italy). – Journal of Glass Studies 39, 33–41. FüNFSChILLING, S. 2006, Special relationship DuLAR, j., S. CIGLENEČKI in / and A. DuLAR between the glass finds from Carthage and Rome and 1995, Kučar. Železnodobno naselje in zgodnjekrščanski comparisons with finds north of the Alps. – V / In: An- stavbni kompleks na Kučarju pri Podzemlju / Kučar. nales du 17e Congrès de l’Association pour l’histoire du Eisenzeitliche Siedlung und frühchristlicher gebäude- verre, 143–149, Antwerp. komplex auf dem Kučar bei Podzemelj. – Opera Instituti FüNFSChILLING, S. 2010, Byzantine glass finds Archaeologici Sloveniae 4. from Carthage: from the German excavations, the DuSSART, O., B. VELDE, P.-M. BLANC in / and j. English excavations at Bir Messaouda and from the Ca- P. SODINI 2004, Glass from qual‘at Sem‘an (Northern nadian excavations. V / In: j. Drauschke, D. Keller ( ur. / Syria): The Reworking of Glass during the transition eds.), Glass in Byzantium – production, usage, analyses, from Roman to Islamic Compositions. – Journal of Glass RGZM Tagungen 8, 215–224, Mainz. Studies 46, 67–83. GASPARI, A., V. VIDRIh–PERKO, M. ŠTRAjhAR EVISON, V. 1975, Germanic Glass Drinking in / and I. LAZAR 2007, Antični pristaniški kompleks v horns. – Journal of glass studies 17, 74–87. Fizinah pri Portorožu – zaščitne raziskave leta 1998 / The EVISON, V. 1989, Le verre carolingien. – V / In : Roman port complex at Fizine near Portorož – rescue D. Foy, G. S. Sennequier (ur. / eds.), À travers le verre: excavations in 1998. – Arheološki vestnik 58, 167–218. du moyen âge à la renaissance, 137–144, Rouen. GLASER, F. 1997, Frühes Christentum im Alpen- FADIĆ, I. 1994, Kasnoantičko staklo u Gatima. – raum: eine archäologische Entdeckungsreise. – Graz, V / In: Gata. Crkva Justinijanova doba / A church from Wien, Köln. Justinian’s time, 213–226. – Split. hADAD, S. 1998, Glass lamps from the Byzantine FELGENhAuER–SChMIEDT, S. 1993, Das Kap- through Mamluk periods at Bet Shean, Israel. – Journal pele (“Die Kåpile”) ob Jadersdorf. – Aus Forschung und of Glass Studies 40, 63–76. Kunst 27. hARDEN, D. B. 1936, Roman Glass from Karanis. FERRI, M. 2006, Reperti vitrei altomedievali dagli – Oxford. scavi di Torcello e San Francesco dal Deserto– Venezia. hAyES, j. W. 1975, Roman and Pre–Roman Glass – Journal of Glass Studies 48, 173–189. in the Royal Ontario Museum. A Catalogue. – Toronto. 116 3_steklo.indd 116 23.1.2012 12:57:12 3. STEKLENE NAjDBE 3. GLASS FINDS ISINGS, C. 1957, Roman glass from dated finds. – LEBEN, F. in / and Z. ŠuBIC, 1990, Poznoantični Archaeologia Traiectina II. kastel Vrh Brsta pri Martinj hribu na Logaški planoti (Das KANyAK, S. 2009, Late Antique/Early Byzantine spätantike Kastel Vrh Brsta bei Martinj hrib auf dem Kar- Window Glass from the Marmaray Rescue Excavations stplateau von Logatec). – Arheološki vestnik 41, 313–354. at Sirkeci, Istanbul. – V / In: E. Lafli (ur. / ed.), Late LEBEN, F. in / and A. VALIČ, 1978, Ajdna nad Antique/Early Byzantine Glass in the Eastern Mediter- Potoki. – Arheološki vestnik 29, 523–545. ranean, Congressus Internationales Smyrnenses II, LIGhTFOOT, C. S. 2005, Glass finds at Amorium. Dokuz Eylül university Faculty of Arts Department of – Dumbarton Oaks Papers 59, 173–181. Archaeology Division for Medieval Archaeology Pub- LINDBLOM, j. 2005, Chronological and economic lication Series, No. 1, 25–47, Izmir. aspect of glass lamps from the Finnish excavations at KNIFIC, T. 1979, Vranje pri Sevnici. 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Journal of Cultural Heritage 8, 307–314. uRLEB, M. 1974, Križna gora pri Ložu. – Varstvo ŽONTAR, j. 1982, Zgodovina mesta Kranja. – Kranj. spomenikov 17–19/1, 217–230. 119 3_steklo.indd 119 23.1.2012 12:57:12 3_steklo.indd 120 23.1.2012 12:57:12 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery Zvezdana moDriJaN Keramični izdelki, to je izdelki iz oblikovane, žgane Pottery products, i.e. products from fired clay, have gline, že dolgo časa veljajo za enega najpomembnejših vi- been considered one of the most important sources of rov arheoloških informacij (Peacock 1977, 21). Zaradi po- archaeological information for a very long time (Peacock tenciala, ki ga ima keramika tako za datacijo kot za analizo 1977, 21). Due to the potential it has in determining the gospodarskih odnosov in socialnih razmerij, ima študij date and the insight it offers into the economic and social keramike dolgo tradicijo, znotraj katere je mogoče slediti relations, the study of pottery has a long and intensely intenzivnemu razvoju. V zadnjem obdobju ga označuje developing tradition. Lately, this has been primarily predvsem raznolikost pristopov, ki vključujejo tudi študij marked by diverse approaches that include the study of tehnologije, etno-arheološke študije, statistične analize in technologies, ethno-archaeological studies, statistical mnoge druge (orton, tyers, Vince 1993, 13–22). analysis and many others (orton, tyers, Vince 1993, Keramično posodje prevladuje tudi med najdbami 13-22). na tonovcovem gradu. Skupno je bilo najdenih okrog Pottery is the most common find at tonovcov 150 kg keramičnega posodja. Kot je vidno na sl. 4.1, je grad. in total approximately 150 kg of pottery vessels bila večina (87,7 %) najdenega v izkopnem polju stavbe was discovered. as shown in Fig. 4.1, most of it (87.7 %) 1, na območju vseh ostalih raziskanih stavb pa le 12,3 was found in the excavation area of building 1, while %.1 analize, narejene na podlagi teže vsega gradiva, only 12.3 % was discovered in the excavation areas of spadajo sicer med najpreprostejše kvantifikacijske me- al other buildings.1 The analysis conducted on the basis tode, uporabne pa so (kot v tem primeru) predvsem za of the weight of all discovered materials are one of the primerjanje istih tipov v različnih skupkih (orton, tyers, simplest quantification methods and are mainly used Vince 1993, 169 ). 2 (as in this case) for comparing the same types in various Podoben rezultat razporeditve keramike po assemblages (orton, tyers, Vince 1993, 169 ). 2 objektih je dala tudi analiza, narejena na podlagi štetja a similar result showing how the pottery was značilnih kosov ( sl. 4.2). Štetje izraža razmerje določenih spread throughout the buildings was provided by the tipov v skupku, pa tudi stopnjo lomljivosti (orton, tyers, analysis conducted on the basis of sherd count ( Fig. 4.2). Vince 1993, 168–171 ). 3 This method reflected the proportions of certain pottery Za nadaljnjo obdelavo (tipološko, tehnološko, sta- types within the assemblage as well as their brokenness tistično) so bili nato izbrani vsi značilni (diagnostični) (orton, tyers, Vince 1993, 168-171 ). 3 kosi (odlomki ustij, ročajev, dnov, ornamentiranih ostenj in the further treatment (typological, technologi- in ostenj z značilnimi fakturami),4 ki so bili kataloško cal, statistic) we selected al characteristic (diagnostic) obdelani (2.340 kosov). pieces, i.e. fragments of rims, handles, bases, deco- 1 1 Velik del keramičnih najdb iz cerkva in cisterne izvira iz a large share of the pottery finds from the ecclesiasti- plasti zgodnjesrednjeveške faze, nekaj pa tudi iz prve pozno- cal complex and the water cistern originates from the early antične faze. medieval layer, while some finds can be dated to Late antiq- 2 Znotraj skupka je metoda vprašljiva, saj ne izraža stop- uity 1 phase. 2 nje lomljivosti posod, zato so težki tipi lahko precenjeni. This method is questionable within a single assemblage, 3 Ker se nekateri tipi razbijajo na več delov kot ostali for it does not deal with the brokeness of the pottery, thus the (imajo večjo lomljivost), dobimo na ta način popačeno raz- heavier types can be overrated. 3 merje, saj so številčno bolje zastopani lonci, ki se bolj razbija- as some pottery types break into a larger number jo. Kljub temu je metoda za odnose znotraj skupkov primer- of pieces than other (their brokenness is higher), we get a nejša od analize teže (glej op. 2). skewed ratio, for the vessels that break into more pieces are 4 tako imenovana metoda r/B/H ( rim/base/handle) better represented as regards their quantities. However, this je časovno veliko manj potratna od metode r/B/H/S (rim/ method is still more useful than weight analysis when com- base/handle/sherd), ki vključuje tudi obravnavo neokrašenih paring the ratios within an assemblage (see note 2). 121 4_ker.indd 121 23.1.2012 12:48:30 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery Sl. 4.1: Zastopanost keramičnih posod v raziskanih objektih Sl. 4.2: Zastopanost keramičnih posod v raziskanih objektih glede na težo vseh najdenih odlomkov. glede na število značilnih kosov. Fig. 4.1: representation of pottery fragments in individual Fig. 4.2: representation of pottery fragments in individual re- researched buildings according to the weight of all fragments. searched buildings according to the number of diagnostic sherds. od te količine je bilo za objavo izbranih 2.000 rated wal s and wal s with characteristic fabric (2,340 kosov, večinoma tistih, ki jih je bilo mogoče tipološko sherds)4. opredeliti. izločena so bila neokrašena dna in nekatera From this number 2,000 pieces were selected for okrašena ostenja. publication, mostly those that could be typological y razmerje med grobo in uvoženo keramiko na defined. The undecorated bases and some decorated tonovcovem gradu kaže za poznoantične višinske na- wal s were eliminated. selbine dokaj tipično sliko. Veliko večino gradiva (87 %) on tonovcov grad the proportion between coarse predstavlja groba kuhinjska keramika, izdelana na naj- ware and imported pottery indicates a relatively typical dišču ali v njegovi neposredni okolici.5 Vse ostale zvrsti image for hil top settlements in Late antiquity. a vast skupaj dosegajo 13 % po številu značilnih kosov ( sl. 4.3). majority of the material (87 %) is represented by coarse Groba hišna keramika je najprej razdeljena na dve kitchenware, manufactured on site or in its close vicini- osnovni obliki (odprto in zaprto), v okviru teh pa na ty.5 if we take into account the number of diagnostic skupine po uporabnosti (lonci, vrči, sklede, krožniki, sherds all other types represent 13 % ( Fig. 4.3). pokrovi ...). First of all the coarse ware was divided into two V skupino uvožene keramike je bilo uvrščeno vse basic shapes (open and closed), and within these two posodje, ki ni bilo narejeno na najdišču ali v njegovi groups the sherds were divided as regards their use (pots, neposredni okolici. to so izdelki, ki so prišli na tonovcov jugs, bowls, plates, lids ...). grad kot posledica prekomorske trgovine z afriškim in The group of imported pottery included all ves- vzhodnosredozemskim prostorom (npr. amfore, afriška sels that were not made on site or in its vicinity. These sigilata), pa tudi tisti, za katere lahko domnevamo, da so are products that came to tonovcov grad through the širšega regionalnega (npr. severnoitalskega ali panonske- overseas trade with africa and the eastern mediter- ga) izvora. Sem sodijo glazirana keramika, imitacije si- ranean (e.g. amphorae, african red Slip Ware), as well gilatnih posod in oljenk ter navadna namizna keramika. as those products for which we can assume a broader Glede na uporabne skupine so med uvoženimi regional (e.g. Northern italic or Pannonian) origin. This kosi zastopane fina namizna keramika (afriška sigilata, group includes glazed pottery, tableware and imitations fokejska sigilata), kuhinjska in namizna keramika (afri- of african red Slip Ware and imitations of oil lamps. ška kuhinjska keramika, navadna namizna keramika, glazirana keramika), oljenke in amfore. 4 The so called r/B/H (rim/base/handle) method takes much less time than the r/B/H/S (rim/base/handle/sherd) method (which also includes the treatment of undecorated ostenij, je pa za kvantitativne analize gradiva ravno tako pri- wal s), however it is just as suitable for a quantative analysis merna (tomber 1991; Warner Slane 2003). of the materials (tomber 1991; Warner Slane 2003). 5 Pri tem je treba poudariti, da na tonovcovem gradu do 5 at this it should be emphasised that so far no traces of sedaj ni bilo odkritih nobenih sledi lončarske proizvodnje. pottery production have been discovered on tonovcov grad. 122 4_ker.indd 122 23.1.2012 12:48:30 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery taking into account their use, the imported pieces can be divided into fine tableware (african red Slip Ware, Phocaean red Slip Ware), kitchenware and table- ware (african kitchenware, common tableware, glazed pottery), oil lamps and amphorae. The imported pottery and coarse pottery were treated separately. We used the established typological and chronological schemes for typological and chrono- logical placing of the imported pottery, while due to the specifics and local limitations we established an independent typological scheme for the coarse ware. the pottery was lined up typologically within individual buildings. When the objects were found in stratigraphical y clear contexts, these were taken into account in the analysis. With the aid of chronological y clearly defined pottery finds (especial y imported pot- tery) these contexts could be dated (for the chronological placing of the phases see chapter 1.1).6 Data obtained Sl. 4.3: Zastopanost grobe in ostale keramike v raziskanih in this way served to provide the time definition of the objektih glede na število značilnih kosov. otherwise hard to date coarse ware. Fig. 4.3: representation of coarse ware and other pottery in al re- searched buildings according to the number of diagnostic sherds. 4.1 imPorteD Pottery Uvožena in groba keramika sta bili obravnavani ločeno. Za uvrstitev in datacijo uvožene keramike so at tonovcov grad imported pottery consisted of bile uporabljene že uveljavljene tipološko-kronološke african red Slip Ware and its imitations, eastern sigil- sheme, za grobo keramiko pa je bila zaradi njene spe- lata (Late roman C – LrC), african oil lamps and their cifike in lokalne omejenosti izoblikovana samostojna imitations, african kitchenware, common tableware, tipološka shema. glazed pottery and amphorae. Keramika je bila obravnavana po stavbah, znotraj imported pottery represents a smal share of the en- njih pa razvrščena tipološko. V primerih, ko so bili tire pottery inventory (cf. Fig. 4.3), however it is important predmeti najdeni v stratigrafsko jasnih kon tekstih, so for the dating of the individual settlement phases, and it bili ti upoštevani pri obravnavi. S pomočjo dobro krono- also proves the inclusion of the settlement into the broader loško opredeljenih najdb keramike (predvsem uvoženo trade (including overseas) connections until its decline. posodje) so bili ti konteksti tudi datirani (za datacijo most of the imported pieces were found in the ex- posameznih faz glej pogl. 1.1).6 tako dobljeni podatki cavation area of building 1 ( Pls. 64-73), only individual so nato služili tudi kot pomoč pri okvirni dataciji sicer pieces appeared in the area of buildings 2 and 3 and the časovno slabo opredeljive grobe keramike. ecclesiastical complex ( Pls. 100-101) . This also suits the otherwise modest number of al finds outside of the excavation area of building 1. 4.1 UVožeNa KeramiKa med uvoženo keramiko so bile na tonovcovem 4.1.1 aFriCaN reD SLiP Ware gradu prepoznane afriška sigilata in njene imitacije, aND itS imitatioNS vzhodna sigilata (Late roman C – LrC), afriške oljenke in njihove imitacije, afriška kuhinjska keramika, nava- african red Slip Ware (arSW) is a group of fine dna namizna keramika, glazirana keramika in amfore. tableware, made from orangey-red to brick-red fired Uvožena keramika sicer predstavlja manjši del v clay with fine (sometimes invisible to the naked eye) celotnem keramičnem inventarju (prim. sl. 4.3), vendar limestone, quartz and mica particles, with a slip of the je pomembna za datacijo posameznih faz naselja, do- same or similar colour as fired clay. The slip can cover kazuje pa tudi vpetost naselbine v širše trgovske (tudi all or merely a part of the surface. prekomorske) povezave vse do njenega propada. Such pottery originates from North african work- shops that had a centre in tunisia, and was produced be- 6 Večina drugega časovno dobro opredeljivega gradiva (nakit, novci …) je bila najdena v nezanesljivo opredeljenih 6 most of the other reliably dated material (jewel ery, ali premešanih plasteh (glej tudi: tonovcov grad. Naselbinski coins, etc.) was found in mixed layers (see also: tonovcov grad. ostanki in interpretacija, pogl. 2.1, 2.2). Settlement remains and interpretation, chapters 2.1, 2.2). 123 4_ker.indd 123 23.1.2012 12:48:30 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery Večina uvoženih kosov je bila najdena na območju tween the 1st and 7th centuries. Until the beginning of the izkopnega polja stavbe 1 ( t. 64–73), le posamično pa se 3rd century it was mainly limited to North africa and the uvoženo gradivo pojavlja na območju stavb 2 in 3 in neighbouring provinces, and it only occasional y reached cerkvenega sklopa ( t. 100–101). to ustreza tudi sicer the larger centres across the empire. it began reaching skromnemu številu vseh najdb zunaj izkopnega polja the broader mediterranean area in larger numbers at the stavbe 1. beginning of the 4th century when its mass production started in Northern tunisia (Carandini 1981, 15; Caran- dini, tortorel a 1981, 78-116). in most cases it represented 4.1.1 aFriŠKa SiGiLata an addition to the primary ship cargo, such as amphorae iN NJeNe imitaCiJe with oil, wine and wheat, as wel as other, predominantly luxurious african products (wood, marble, ivory).7 afriška sigilata je ime za skupino fine namizne ke- The first studies of this pottery resulted in various ramike, izdelane iz prečiščene, oranžnordeče do opečno names (Late roman a, B: Waagé 1948; terra sigil ata rdeče žgane gline z drobnimi (včasih s prostim očesom chiara: Lamboglia 1958, 1963). in 1972 John Hayes nevidnimi) primesmi apnenca, kremena in sljude, s pre- published his manual Late Roman Pottery, which is pre- mazom v isti ali zelo podobni barvi, kot je žgana glina. dominantly based on the typological division and that Premaz lahko pokriva vso površino posode ali le njen del. introduces the term African Red Slip Ware (Hayes 1972). tovrstno posodje izvira iz severnoafriških delavnic This term has been general y adopted in english litera- s središčem v tuniziji, obsega pa širok časoven razpon od ture, and the abbreviation arSW is also used. in italy the 1. do 7. st. Do začetka 3. st. je bilo v glavnem omejeno na term sigil ata africana was introduced in the publication severnoafriške in sosednje province, občasno je prihajalo describing the rich finds from ostia (ostia 1-4, 1968, tudi v večja središča imperija. Na širše sredozemsko ob- 1970, 1973, 1977). The term was final y adopted in the močje je v večjem obsegu začelo prihajati od začetka 4. st. extensive work Atlante del e forme ceramiche, in which dalje, z začetkom množične proizvodnje D na območju pottery forms are divided according to their production severne tunizije (Carandini 1981, 15; Carandini, torto- into a1-2, a/C, C1-5, a/D, D1-2, C/e and e (atlante rel a 1981, 78–116). Večinoma je predstavljalo dodatek i, 1981).8 The last typological division of african red osnovnemu ladijskemu tovoru, kot so amfore z oljem, Slip Ware was proposed by michel Bonifay (2004), who vinom in žitom, pa tudi drugi, predvsem luksuzni afriški divided arSW into 60 types that he harmonised with produkti (les, marmor, slonovina).7 the older typologies (Bonifay 2004, 155-210, typological Prve študije te keramike so prinesle različna poime- index 519-520). novanja (Late roman a, B: Waagé 1948; terra sigil ata in 1992 Slovenian archaeological literature started chiara: Lamboglia 1958, 1963). Leta 1972 je izšel Haye- using the term african sigil ata, as proposed by Ve- sov temeljni priročnik Late roman Pottery, ki temelji v rena Vidrih Perko (1992a, 93-95, note 1; Cunja 1996; glavnem na tipološki razdelitvi in za tovrstno keramiko Ciglenečki 2000) who decided to follow the italian uvaja izraz African Red Slip Ware (Hayes 1972). V an- terminology.9 gleški literaturi je termin splošno sprejet, uporablja se The preliminary research on african red Slip Ware tudi okrajšava arSW. V italiji so uvedli izraz sigil ata was focused on the research of the consumption centres africana ob objavi bogatega gradiva iz ostije (ostia 1–4, (athens, ostia, albintimilium), and it was only later 1968, 1970, 1973, 1977). izraz je bil dokončno sprejet z on that the research extended also on the production velikim delom Atlante del e forme ceramiche, v katerem so keramične oblike razdeljene po proizvodnjah a1–2, 7 With its imports of african red Slip Ware (and not a/C, C1–5, a/D, D1–2, C/e in e (atlante i, 1981).8 african amphorae) the eastern mediterranean area indi- Zadnjo tipološko razdelitev afriške sigilate je predlagal cates that there are also exceptions and that one could trade michel Bonifay (2004), ki jo je, ob upoštevanju keramič- with arSW even without the amphorae connection (Bonifay nih skupin od a do e, razdelil na 60 tipov in jih uskladil 2004, 463). 8 This division is not based on clear criteria, neither is 7 Vzhodno Sredozemlje z uvozom afriške sigilate, ne pa it supported by mineralogical and chemical analysis (ma- afriških amfor, kaže, da obstajajo tudi izjeme in da se je z ckensen 1993, 166-167; Pröttel 1996, 13-14; Ladstätter 2000, afriško sigilato lahko trgovalo tudi brez povezave z amforami 86-87). The main problems arise with heterogeneous produc- (Bonifay 2004, 463). tions, such as for example production D. The latest research 8 Delitev ne temelji na popolnoma jasnih kriterijih, po- in africa shows great complexity of local workshops and leg tega ni podprta z mineraloškimi in kemijskimi analizami this is why the use of classical interpretations is not suitable (mackensen 1993, 166–167; Pröttel 1996, 13–14; Ladstätter (Bonifay 2004, 48-49). 2000, 86–87). Problemi se pojavljajo predvsem pri zelo he- 9 in Slovene archaeological literature such pottery was terogenih produkcijah, kot je npr. produkcija D. tudi zadnje often not recognised in the past, and even when it was it ap- raziskave v afriki kažejo na veliko kompleksnost lokalnih peared under a lot of names, e.g. sigil ata chiara, mediter- faktur in zato neprimernost uporabe klasičnih klasifikacij ranean pottery, red slip ware with african fabric (Korošec (Bonifay 2004, 48–49). 1956; P. and J. Korošec 1978; mikl-Curk 1983). 124 4_ker.indd 124 23.1.2012 12:48:31 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery tudi s starejšimi tipologijami (Bonifay 2004, 155–210, centres in North africa (Fulford, Peacock 1984; 1994; tipološki indeks 519–520). mackensen 1993; col ected at Bonifay 2004, 45, note 62). V slovenski arheološki literaturi se po letu 1992 The research in consumption centres on the medi- uporablja izraz afriška sigilata, ki ga je po italijanskem terranean coast is continued. apart from the previously zgledu predlagala Verena Vidrih Perko (1992a, 93–95, mentioned studies we also have to mention the research op. 1; Cunja 1996; Ciglenečki 2000).9 carried out in Spain (reynolds 1993; 1995) and France V prvem obdobju raziskav je bil študij afriške sigi- (Bonifay, Piéri 1995; Bonifay (ed.) 1998; Pieri 2005). late usmerjen predvsem v raziskavo potrošnih centrov in the Southeastern alpine towns african red Slip (atene, ostia, albintimilium), kasneje so se raziskave Ware was relatively common during the 4th and 5th cen- usmerile tudi na njena izvorna področja v severni afriki tury, however it remained a rare find in Late antique hil - (Fulford, Peacock 1984; 1994; mackensen 1993; zbrano top settlements. in the beginning of the 1990s it became pri Bonifay 2004, 45, op. 62). a popular subject in numerous studies. in 1996 Philipp Nadaljujejo se tudi raziskave v potrošnih centrih Pröttel prepared an overview of all known finds in Slo- na obalah Sredozemlja. Poleg že omenjenih študij na venia and the Northern adriatic (Pröttel1996). Verena območju italije je treba omeniti še raziskave v Španiji Vidrih Perko studied african red Slip Ware in Slovenia (reynolds 1993; 1995) in v Franciji (Bonifay, Piéri 1995; in a number of her articles (Vidrih Perko 1992a; 1992b; Bonifay 1998; Pieri 2005). 1994a; 1994b; 1997a; 1997b; Perko, Plesničar Gec 1991; V jugovzhodnoalpskem prostoru je afriška Vidrih Perko, žbona trkman 2004). in his publication sigilata 4. in 5. st. dokaj pogosta v mestih, medtem of the material from Kapucinski vrt in Koper radovan ko je na pozno antičnih višinskih naselbinah v tem Cunja also published the rich finds of african red Slip času med redkejšimi najdbami. Predvsem od začetka Ware material (Cunja 1996). arSW from invillino was devetdesetih let dvajsetega stoletja dalje je pogosto studied by michael mackensen (1987), while the one predmet študij. Pregled vseh do tedaj znanih najdb iz from the hil top settlement of Hemmaberg in Carinthia Slovenije in severnojadranskega področja je pripravil was studied by Sabine Ladstätter (2000). archaeometry Philipp Pröttel (1996). Z afriško sigilato s slovenskega analysis was also used in the study (Ladstätter, Sauer prostora se je v več člankih ukvarjala Verena Vidrih 2000, 85-90). The finds from Friuli were collected by Perko (Vidrih Perko 1992a; 1992b; 1994a; 1997a; Luca Vil a (1998, 275-288). recently also the finds from 1997b; Perko, Plesničar Gec 1991; Vidrih Perko, Školarice near Spodnje Škofije (žerjal 2008) and Kranj žbona trkman 2004). radovan Cunja je ob objavi (Sagadin 2008) have been processed. materiala s Kapucinskega vrta v Kopru objavil tudi The african red Slip Ware appears on tonovcov bogato sigilatno gradivo (Cunja 1996). afriško sigila- grad relatively rarely and in a modest variety of types. to z invil ina je obdelal michael mackensen (1987), z it was possible to reconstruct 13 vessels from the exca- dela višinske naselbine na Sv. Hemi na Koroškem pa vation area of building 1 ( Pls. 64; 65: 1-2). a few wall Sabine Ladstätter (2000). Študija je dopolnjena tudi z fragments were also discovered, however they could arheometričnimi analizami (Ladstätter, Sauer 2000, not be attributed to any specific type, even though it is 85–90). Najdbe s področja Furlanije je zbral Luca Vil a clear that they belong to the north tunisian production (1998, 275–288). V zadnjem obdobju so bile obdelane D. in the excavation area of building 2 only one lamel a najdbe iz Školaric pri Spodnjih Škofijah (žerjal 2008) made from a bottom of an arSW vessel was discovered in Kranja (Sagadin 2008). ( Pl. 100: 2) and a few indefinable fragments of wal s. a afriška sigilata na tonovcovem gradu je dokaj single piece of arSW was discovered in the ecclesiasti- redka in tudi nabor tipov je skromen. V izkopnem polju cal complex, i.e. a base fragment that was found in the stavbe 1 je bilo mogoče rekonstruirati 13 posod ( t. 64; north church ( Pl. 101: 3). 65: 1–2), najdenih pa je bilo še nekaj odlomkov ostenj, ki jih ni bilo moč pripisati nobenemu tipu, pripadajo pa severnotunizijski proizvodnji D. Na območju stavbe 2 HayeS 58 so bili najdeni le ploščica, izdelana iz sigilatne posode ( t. 100: 2), ter nekaj neopredeljivih odlomkov ostenj. Z Three bowls ( Pl. 64: 1-3) can be determined as form območja cerkvenega sklopa je znan le en primer afriške Hayes 58 or (considering its relatively small diameter) sigilate, odlomek dna, ki je bil najden v severni cerkvi its slightly earlier form Hayes 32/58. all three examples ( t. 101: 3). were made from purified orange clay and are poorly preserved. only remains of the matt slip have remained. Form Hayes 58 or 32/58 often appears in roman 9 V slovenski arheološki literaturi v preteklosti tovrstna towns in Slovenia. examples are known from Ptuj (Pröt- keramika večkrat ni bila prepoznana, sicer pa je bilo v upora- tel 1996, Pl. 2: 2,4,6-7,16-17), Celje (Pröttel 1996, Pl. 3: bi več poimenovanj, npr. sigil ata chiara, mediteranska kera- mika, sigilata z afriško fakturo (Korošec 1956; P. in J. Korošec 17), Ljubljana (Pröttel 1996, Pl. 8: 6,8-9; Vidrih Perko 1978; mikl-Curk 1983). 1992a, Pl. 2: 4, cat. Nos. 35-38) and Koper (Cunja 1996, 125 4_ker.indd 125 23.1.2012 12:48:31 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery HayeS 58 Pl. 8: 119; with the decoration in the form of willow leaves on the outer side, under the rim). These bowls are tri sklede ( t. 64: 1–3) lahko pripišemo obliki Hayes relatively common also at Hrušica (Pröttel 1996, Pl. 14: 58 oziroma (glede na dokaj majhen premer) nekoliko 2-22). The example from Kranj can also be conditional y zgodnejši Hayes 32/58. Vsi trije primerki so slabo ohra- included into this type (Sagadin 2008, 100, Pl. 9: 17). njeni, izdelani iz prečiščene gline svetlooranžne barve. Form Hayes 32/58 is dated into the late 3rd and ohranjeni so le ostanki nebleščečega premaza. early 4th century, whilst form 58 continues right until oblika Hayes 58 oziroma 32/58 se pogosto pojavlja the last third of the 4th century (Hayes 1972, 96; atlante v rimskih mestih v Sloveniji. Znana je npr. s Ptuja (Pröt- i, 81-82; Cunja 1996, 95-96). tel 1996, t. 2: 2,4,6–7,16–17), iz Celja (Pröttel 1996, t. 3: at tonovcov grad al three examples were found in 17) in Ljubljane (Pröttel 1996, t. 8: 6,8–9; Vidrih Perko the area of building 1. one was discovered in the layer 1992a, t. 2: 4, kat. št. 35–38). Primerek s Kapucinskega of Late antiquity phase 1 ( Pl. 64: 2), one in the layer of vrta v Kopru ima pod ustjem na zunanji strani okras Late antiquity phase 2 ( Pl. 64: 1), and the last in an early vrbovih listov (Cunja 1996, t. 8: 119). oblika je dokaj medieval layer ( Pl. 64: 3). it can be assumed that all of pogosto zastopana tudi na Hrušici (Pröttel 1996, t. 14: the treated vessels were manufactured in the 4th century 2–22). Pogojno lahko tej obliki pripišemo primerek iz and that the examples in the younger layers represent Kranja (Sagadin 2008, 100, t. 9: 17). residual pieces. oblika Hayes 32/58 je datirana v pozno 3. in zgo- dnje 4. st., oblika 58 vse do zadnje tretjine 4. st. (Hayes 1972, 96; atlante i, 81–82; Cunja 1996, 95–96). HayeS 61 B aND itS imitatioNS Na tonovcovem gradu so bili vsi trije primerki najdeni na območju stavbe 1. eden izvira iz plasti prve Three deep plates with a wide, vertical y designed poznoantične faze ( t. 64: 2), drugi iz druge poznoantične rim ( Pl. 64: 4-6) belong to form Hayes 61 B. all three faze ( t. 64: 1), zadnji pa celo iz zgodnjesrednjeveške pla- were manufactured from dark orange, hard fired clay sti ( t. 64: 3). Verjetno lahko vse obravnavane primerke with small limestone inclusions and hardly noticeable datiramo v 4. st., primerka iz mlajših plasti sta tako traces of mica. The slip was matt. residualna kosa. it is possible that the extremely poorly preserved rim on Pl. 64: 7 also belongs to form Hayes 61 B or its imitation. its fabric is soft, powdery, the slip is not HayeS 61 B iN imitaCiJe preserved and the edges of the vessel are also unclear. Plates Hayes 61 and its variants are one of the trije globoki krožniki s širokim, navpično obliko- most commonly spread form of african red Slip Ware vanim robom ( t. 64: 4–6) pripadajo obliki Hayes 61 B. in the mediterranean. The form has experienced a vast Vsi trije so izdelani iz temno oranžne, trdo žgane gline typological development, which is together with its z majhnimi apnenčastimi vključki in komaj opaznimi chronological placement stil under discussion (col- sledovi sljude. Premaz je nebleščeč. lected at Bonifay 2004, 167-171).10 morda obliki 61 B ali pa njeni imitaciji pripada tudi Hayes dated this shape into the first half of the zelo slabo ohranjeno ustje na t. 64: 7. Njegova faktura je 5th century (Hayes 1972, 107). Later he set the date of namreč mehka, kredasta, premaz ni ohranjen, zabrisani the beginning of its manufacture into approximately so tudi robovi posode. 380 aD, mainly on the basis of the appearance of these Krožniki Hayes 61 s svojimi variantami spadajo plates at Hrušica (Hayes 1980, 516). Pröttel also places med najbolj razširjene oblike afriške sigilate v Sredo- the beginning of its production into the last third of the zemlju. oblika je doživela precejšen tipološki razvoj, ki 4th century (Pröttel 1996, 57). Due to the absence of this je skupaj z datacijo še vedno predmet diskusije (zbrano type in the 4th and early 5th century contexts in Carthago pri Bonifay 2004, 167–171).10 reynolds dates its beginning as late as 420 aD (reynolds obliko je Hayes datiral v čas prve polovice 5. st. 1995, 148).11 Bonifay proposed a new typ ology and (Hayes 1972, 107). Kasneje je datacijo začetka izdelave postavil v čas okrog leta 380, predvsem na podlagi 10 the last proposal introduces a new group 61 C or type 39 najdb teh posod na Hrušici (Hayes 1980, 516). V zadnjo (Bonifay 2004, 170-171) for the later plate shapes with the mas- tretjino 4. st. postavlja začetek njihove izdelave tudi sive, askew rims with a triangular cross-section and a groove on Pröttel (1996, 57). Dokaj pozna je datacija reynoldsa, the inner rim edge, which are characteristic for the mid and sec- ond half of the 5th century (Bonifay 2004, 167-171). 10 Zadnji predlog uvaja novo skupino 61 C oziroma tip 11 This absence is more than chronological y explainable 39 (Bonifay 2004, 170–171) za pozne oblike krožnikov z ma- by the origin of the vessels, for the workshops in the hinter- sivnim, poševno nagnjenim ustjem trikotnega preseka in land of Carthago, from which most of the vessels found in kaneluro na notranjem robu ustja, značilnih za sredino in these contexts originate, did not produce form Hayes 61 B drugo polovico 5. st. (Bonifay 2004, 167–171). (Pröttel 1996, 56-57, note 5). 126 4_ker.indd 126 23.1.2012 12:48:31 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery ki na podlagi odsotnosti tega tipa v kontekstih poznega chronology (Bonifay 2004, 167-171). He placed the so- 4. in zgodnjega 5. st. v Kartagini predpostavlja njegov called classical form Hayes 61 B (variants B1 and B2) začetek šele okr. l. 420 (reynolds 1995, 148).11 Nov into the first half of the 5th century, however at this he pred log tipologije in kronologije je ponudil Bonifay emphasised that they did not appear in the northwest (2004, 167–171). tako imenovano klasično obliko Hayes mediterranean before the end of the first quarter of the 61 B (varianti B1 in B2) postavlja v prvo polovico 5. st., 5th century (Bonifay 2004, 171). The situation is different vendar poudarja, da se na najdiščih severozahodnega in the Southeastern alps, where this form appeared at Sredozemlja ne pojavljajo pred koncem prve četrtine the end of the 4th century (if not before), which is mainly 5. st. (Bonifay 2004, 171). to stanje se razlikuje od shown by the relative common appearance of this type at tistega v jugovzhodnoalpskem prostoru, kjer lahko po- Hrušica. Similarly, Hayes form 61 B reaches its greatest javljanje te oblike sledimo vsaj od konca 4. st. dalje, kar popularity in the Southeastern alps during the first half kaže predvsem njena precejšnja pogostost na Hrušici. of the 5th century. on ajdovski gradec above Vranje a Največjo priljubljenost tudi v jugovzhodnih alpah pa je fragment of this type was found in the ‘charred horizon’, oblika Hayes 61 B dosegla v prvi polovici 5. st. Na Vranju which has been dated between the first half and the mid je bila najdena v “žganem horizontu”, datiranem v prvo 5th century (Pröttel 1996, 56-57). The two examples from polovico do sredine 5. st. (Pröttel 1996, 56–57). V ta čas rodik (Vidrih Perko 1997a, 342) and Kučar (Ciglenečki sta datirana tudi primerka z rodika (Vidrih Perko 1997a, 1995, 147) are also dated into this period. 342) in Kučarja (Ciglenečki 1995, 147). in the Southeastern alps plates belonging to this V jugovzhodnoalpskem prostoru je oblika znana form have been found at Hrušica (Giesler 1981, Pl. 34: s Hrušice (Giesler 1981, t. 34: 9–10; Pröttel 1996, t. 9-10; Pröttel 1996, Pl. 16: 1-13), in ajdovščina (Pröttel 16: 1–13), iz ajdovščine (Pröttel 1996, t. 22: 7–23; 24: 1996, Pls. 22: 7-23; 24: 24-25,27-28; 25: 1), emona (Pröttel 24–25,27–28; 25: 1), emone (Pröttel 1996, t. 7: 18; 8: 1996, Pls. 7: 18; 8: 15), at rodik (Vidrih Perko 1997a, 347- 15), z rodika (Vidrih Perko 1997a, 347–348, sl. 1: 12; 348, Figs. 1:12; 2: 48), in Štanjel (Vidrih Perko 1997b, Pl. 2: 48), iz Štanjela (Vidrih Perko 1997b, t. 5: 7), Predloke 5: 7), Predloka (Pröttel 1996, Pl. 28: 14), tominčeva jama (Pröttel 1996, t. 28: 14), tominčeve jame (Pröttel 1996, t. (Pröttel 1996, Pl. 28: 1), Fizine near Portorož (Gaspari et 28: 1), Fizin pri Portorožu (Gaspari et al. 2007, t. 5: 123; al. 2007, Pls. 5: 123; 6: 162), Školarice near Spodnje Škofije 6: 162), s Školaric pri Spodnjih Škofijah (žerjal 2008, t. (žerjal 2008, Pls. 20: 441-445; 21: 446-454), aqui leia 20: 441–445; 21: 446–454), iz akvileje (Ventura 1991, t. (Ventura 1991, Pl. 17: Ca 54; Cividini 1994, Pl. 17: Ca 17: Ca 54; Cividini 1994, t. 17: Ca 70, Ca 71, Ca 73), 70, Ca 71, Ca 73), trieste (Zulini 2007a, 46-47, Pl. 8: trsta (Zulini 2007a, 46–47, t. 8: 20), Concordije (Pröttel 20), Concordia (Pröttel 1996, Pl. 40: 10-18), at invil ino 1996, t. 40: 10–18), z invillina (mackensen 1987, sl. 37: (mackensen 1987, Fig. 37: 2-3), Hemmaberg (Ladstätter 2–3), s Sv. Heme (Ladstätter 2000, t. 1: 6–10), Kučarja 2000, Pl. 1: 6-10), Kučar (J. Dular, Ciglenečki, a. Dular (J. Dular, Ciglenečki, a. Dular 1995, t. 79: 9; 80: 14), 1995, Pls. 79: 9; 80: 14), Vranje (Pröttel 1996, Pl. 4: 8,10- z ajdovskega gradca nad Vranjem (Pröttel 1996, t. 4: 12), ančnikovo gradišče (Strmčnik Gulič 1988, Pl. 1: 18) 8,10–12), ančnikovega gradišča (Strmčnik Gulič 1988, and Polhograjska gora (Pröttel 1996, Pl. 9: 10). t. 1: 18) in Polhograjske gore (Pröttel 1996, t. 9: 10). on tonovcov grad three plates were reliably deter- Na tonovcovem gradu so bili vsi trije zanesljivo mined to belong to form Hayes 61 B, al of which were prepoznani krožniki oblike Hayes 61 B najdeni na ob- discovered in the area of building 1, in the layers of the močju stavbe 1, v plasteh prve poznoantične faze (glej first Late antiquity phase (see tonovcov grad. Settlement tonovcov grad. Naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, sl. remains and interpretation, Figs. 3.2: 8; 3.4: 21; 3.8: 11). 3.2: 8; 3.4: 21; 3.8: 11). The straight plate base, decorated with a stamp of ravno dno krožnika, okrašeno z žigosanimi pal- palm leaves between two concentric circles ( Pl. 64: 10), movimi listi med dvema koncentričnima krožnicama ( t. is made from relatively soft, bright orange fired clay. 64: 10), je izdelano iz dokaj mehke, svetlo oranžno žgane only traces of a slightly darker matt slip are preserved. gline. ohranjeni so le še sledovi nekoliko temnejšega The upper part of the plate is not preserved. nebleščečega premaza. Zgornji del krožnika ni ohranjen. The stamp decoration is common on african red žigosan okras je pogost predvsem na afriški sigilati Slip Ware of D-production. our example has simple leaves proizvodnje D. Naš primerek ima liste preproste oblike without a central rib. according to Hayes’ classification it brez sredinskega rebra. Pripada stilu a iii po Hayesu (el belongs to style a iii (el mahrine i.3, mackensen 1993) mahrine i.3, mackensen 1993), za katerega je značilen for which a relatively large and simple decoration moved dokaj velik in preprost okras, ki je pomaknjen proti towards the edge of the base, leaving the centre of the floor robu dna, tako da je osrednji del prazen. Stil je datiran v plain, is typical. This style is dated into the 5th century (Hayes 1972, 219-220), mackensen places it into phase 11 ta odsotnost je bolj kot kronološko razložljiva z izvo- el mahrine 1c which lasted until 450 (mackensen 1993, rom posod, saj delavnice v zaledju Kartagine, iz katerih izvira večina v teh kontekstih najdenih posod, niso proizvajale obli- 433-435). in the Southeastern alps the stamped palm ke Hayes 61 B (Pröttel 1996, 56–57, op. 5) leaves decoration on the base of the plate is relatively 127 4_ker.indd 127 23.1.2012 12:48:31 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery 5. stoletje (Hayes 1972, 219–220), po mackensenu v fazo common, and is most frequently found on plates that el mahrine 1c do leta 450 (mackensen 1993, 433–435). belong to Hayes style a ii and a iii. Vessels with stamp žigosan okras palmovih listov na dnu krožnika je v decorations were discovered in Predjama (Korošec 1956, jugovzhodnoalpskem prostoru dokaj pogost, večinoma Fig. 15: 5), where a Hayes a ii decoration appeared on pa pripada stiloma Hayes a ii in Hayes a iii. Posode z a plate form Hayes 59 B (Pröttel 1996, 228-229, Pls. 25: žigosanim okrasom so znane iz Predjame (Korošec 1956, 6a-b; 68: 4), Ljubljana (Vidrih Perko 1992a, Pl. 2: 12-13,15; sl. 15: 5), kjer se okras pojavlja na krožniku oblike Hayes Pröttel 1996, Pl. 9: 5 – style a ii, form 61 a), at Hrušica 59 B in pripada stilu Hayes a ii (Pröttel 1996, 228–229, (Giesler 1981, Pl. 35: 13-14 – style a ii; Pröttel 1996, Pl. t. 25: 6a–b; 68: 4), Ljubljane (Vidrih Perko 1992a, t. 2: 5: 13 – style a ii), in ajdovščina (Pröttel 1996, Pl. 20: 7 - 12–13,15; Pröttel 1996, t. 9: 5 – stil a ii, oblika 61 a), 8,10) and Povir (Pröttel 1996, Pl. 27: 11). at Hemmaberg s Hrušice (Giesler 1981, t. 35: 13–14 – stil a ii; Pröttel an example of Hayes a iii (Ladstätter 2000, 98-99, Pl. 3: 1996, t. 5: 13 – stil a ii) iz ajdovščine (Pröttel 1996, t. 20: 5) was discovered. in al of the mentioned examples the 7–8,10) in Povirja (Pröttel 1996, t. 27: 11). Na Sv. Hemi palm leaves were positioned radial y so that the bottom of je bil najden primerek stila Hayes a iii (Ladstätter 2000, the leaf was oriented towards the centre of the plate, while 98–99, t. 3: 5). V vseh naštetih primerih so palmovi listi in the example on tonovcov grad the leaves are positioned postavljeni radialno, s spodnjim delom veje proti središču around the rim. Such is the example from Concordia, posode, medtem ko ima primerek s tonovcovega gradu however there the leaves are type Hayes iV/el mahrine liste razporejene okrog oboda. tak primerek je znan iz 4:1 and they have a central rib (Pröttel 1996, 260-261, No. Concordije, kjer pa so listi tipa Hayes iV/el mahrine 4:1 112, Pl. 78: 16). a plate Hayes 61 B with a decoration of s sredinskim rebrom (Pröttel 1996, 260–261, št. 112, t. 78: style Hayes a iii in the form of leaves positioned along 16). Primerek krožnika Hayes 61 B z okrasom z obodno the rim was found on the islands of Brioni (Pröttel 1996, postavljenimi listi stila Hayes a iii je bil najden na Brionih 273, No. 32, Pl. 93: 2). (Pröttel 1996, 273, št. 32, t. 93: 2). Decoration Hayes a iii mostly appears on plates okras stila Hayes a iii je najpogostejši na krož- Hayes 61 B, 64, 67, 69 and 76 (Hayes 1972, 219), which nikih oblik Hayes 61 B, 64, 67, 69 in 76 (Hayes 1972, can roughly be dated into the 5th century. taking into 219), katerih okvirna datacija je 5. st. Glede na pogostost account the frequency of type 61 B on tonovcov grad oblike 61 B na tonovcovem gradu lahko domnevamo, we can assume that it belongs to this type. The analysed da gre prav zanjo. obravnavani krožnik je bil najden plate was discovered in the area of building 1, in the layer na območju stavbe 1 v plasti druge poznoantične faze. of Late antiquity phase 2. Skleda ( t. 64: 8) po obliki posnema sklede oblike in its shape the bowl ( Pl. 64: 8) imitates the bowls Hayes 61 B, vendar se od njih razlikuje po fakturi. iz- form Hayes 61 B, however it differs from them by its delana je iz oranžno žgane, porozne gline, z drobnimi fabric. it was made from orange fired porous clay, with primesmi apnenca in sljude, brez premaza. Površina je smal additions of limestone and mica, and had no slip. na otip kredasta. Gre za imitacijo posode tipa Hayes 61 B, The surface was powdery. it is an imitation of the Hayes ki je tako v italskem kot vzhodnoalpskem prostoru zelo 61 B bowl, which was in the italic and eastern alpine pogosto posnemana oblika.12 V Sloveniji so primerki area a commonly copied form.12 in Slovenia imitations of imitacije te oblike znani iz emone (Perko, Plesničar Gec this form are known from emona (Perko, Plesničar Gec 1992, 111, t. 4: 9) in ajdovščine (Vidrih Perko, žbona 1992, 111, Pl. 4: 9) and ajdovščina (Vidrih Perko, žbona trkman 2004, 282), na Hrušici so znane imitacije drugih trkman 2004, 282), while imitations of different forms tipov (Giesler 1981, t. 36: 7–10,20–21,39). Najdene so have been discovered at Hrušica (Giesler 1981, Pl. 36: bile tudi v Predjami.13 7-10,20-21,39). imitations were also found in Predjama.13 Delavnice skled, ki posnemajo obliko Hayes 61, in italy workshops that manufactured bowls so bile v italiji najdene predvsem v ruralnih okoljih imitating form Hayes 61 were found mainly in rural osrednje in južne italije (Fontana 1998, 89–97). Severno environments in central and southern italy (Fontana od alp domnevajo lokalne delavnice, ki so proizvajale 1998, 89-97). Local workshops which manufactured tudi imitacije afriških produktov, na območju recije imitations of african products are assumed also north (mackensen 1983, 202; Ladstätter 2000, 98, s tam citi- of the alps, in the area of raetia (mackensen 1983, 202; rano literaturo). Ladstätter 2000, 98, with the bibliography quoted there). 12 Kot kriterij za določanje imitacij afriške sigilate je 12 in earlier literature the lack of slip on dishes that in predvsem v starejši literaturi veljala odsotnost premaza na their form and fabric show the characteristics of african posodah, ki po obliki in fakturi drugače kažejo značilnosti manufacture was considered a criterion for defining the imi- afriške proizvodnje, vendar pa odsotnost premaza ne more tations of arSW; however the lack of slip cannot be decisive biti odločujoča, saj je lahko odvisna tudi od postdepozicij- for it can also be a result of the post-deposition processes skih procesov (Ladstätter 2000, 98–99). (Ladstätter 2000, 98-99). 13 Neobjavljeno, za informacijo se zahvaljujem V. Vidrih 13 Unpublished. i would like to thank V. Vidrih Perko for Perko. passing me this information. 128 4_ker.indd 128 23.1.2012 12:48:31 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery ožJe NeoPreDeLJeNa aFriŠKa SiGiLata tHe UNCLaSSiFieD aFriCaN reD SLiP Ware odebeljeno ustje polkroglaste sklede ( t. 64: 9) še The thickened rim of the semi-globular bowl ( Pl. najbolj ustreza obliki Hayes 99 (Hayes 1972, 152–155, t. 64: 9) is the closest to form Hayes 99 (Hayes 1972, 152- 28: 1), vendar je zaradi majhnega in slabo ohranjenega 155, Pl. 28: 1), however due to the small and poorly pre- odlomka uvrstitev le pogojna. mogoče je tudi, da gre pri served fragment this classification is merely conditional. tem kosu za lokalno imitacijo. Po obliki je obravnavani it could also be a local imitation. according to its shape fragment še najbliže varianti Hayes 99 C, morda tudi 80 the fragment is the closest to variant Hayes 99 C, maybe B/99 (Bonifay 2004, sl. 180: 8). even 80 B/99 (Bonifay 2004, Fig. 180: 8). Sklede Hayes 99 so na obravnavanem območju Bowls Hayes 99 are in the treated area common in pogoste v Kopru na Kapucinskem vrtu (Cunja 1996, t. Kapucinski vrt in Koper (Cunja 1996, Pls. 10: 134-141; 11: 10: 134–141; 11: 142–148). V Piranu sta bili najdeni tako 142-148). in Piran a Hayes 99 (Vidrih Perko 1995a, Pl. 1: skleda oblike Hayes 99 (Vidrih Perko 1994a, t. 1: 5) kot 5) and a 80 B/99 bowl were discovered (Vidrih Perko 194a, tudi 80 B/99 (Vidrih Perko 1994a, t. 1: 4), prav tako v Pl. 1: 4), as they were in Fizine near Portorož (Gaspari et Fizinah pri Portorožu (Gaspari et al. 2007, t. 8: 222,229). al. 2007, Pl. 8: 222,229). Form Hayes 99 was popular also oblika je bila priljubljena tudi na invillinu (mackensen at invil ino (mackensen 1987, 232-233, Fig. 37: 9-12), 1987, 232–233, sl. 37: 9–12), varianta 80 B/99 je znana iz and the variant 80 B/99 was found in Concordia (Vil a Concordije (Vil a 2002, sl. 14). V notranjosti Slovenije 2002, Fig. 14). in the Slovenian interior the only Hayes izvira do sedaj edini znani primerek iz Kranja (Sagadin 99 example has been discovered in Kranj (Sagadin 2008, 2008, t. 19: 13). Pl. 19: 13). Proizvodnja zgodnejših variant naj bi se začela the production of the earlier variants of this okrog leta 450, največjo priljubljenost pa je oblika do- form are assumed to have started around the year 450, segla v 6. st. Najmlajše variante so datirane še v začetek however the type reached its greatest popularity in the 7. st. (Hayes 1972, 155; 1980, 516–517; Pröttel 1996, 6th century. The most recent variants are dated into the 55–56). Zadnje predlagane datacije so še poznejše, tako beginning of the 7th century (Hayes 1972, 155; 1980, za varianto a predlagajo datacijo v 6. st., za varianto B v 516-517; Pröttel 1996, 55-56). The last proposed dates drugo polovico 6. in na začetek 7. st., za varianto C konec place the form even later and suggest the 6th century 6. in v 7. st., medtem ko naj bi bila pozna varianta 80 B/99 for variant a, the second half of the 6th and beginning značilna za drugo polovico 7. st. (Bonifay 2004, 181). of the 7th century for variant B, the end of the 6th and Primer s tonovcovega gradu je bil najden v stavbi 1, 7th century for variant C, while the late variant 80 B/99 v plasti druge poznoantične faze. was supposedly characteristic for the second half of the odebeljeno ustje ( t. 64: 11) je zelo slabo ohranjeno 7th century (Bonifay 2004, 181). in ga z gotovostjo ne moremo opredeliti. Približuje se The example from tonovcov grad was discovered obliki Hayes 87, predvsem varianti 87 C (Hayes 1972, in building 1, in the layer of Late antiquity phase 2. 135–136, sl. 24), morda tudi prehodni varianti Hayes The thickened rim ( Pl. 64: 11) is extremely poorly 87/109, vendar je tudi pri tem primerku uvrstitev zgolj preserved and cannot be ascribed to any type with pogojna. oblika Hayes 87 velja za naslednika oblike 61 certainty. it comes close to type Hayes 87, especial y B. Hayes ga datira v zgodnje 6. st. (Hayes 1972, 136–137), its variant 87 C (Hayes 1972, 135-136, Fig. 24), maybe Pröttel pa med leti 500 in 680 (Pröttel 1996, 87–88). also the intermediate form Hayes 87/109, however its Zadnje datacije njen začetek (prehodna varianta Hayes categorisation into this group should be taken with 87 C/109) postavljajo v zadnjo tretjino 6. st., medtem reserve. type 87 is believed to be the successor of type ko naj bi bila zadnja varianta 109 C značilna celo za 61 B. Hayes dates it into the early 6th century (Hayes drugo polovico 7. st. (Bonifay 2004, 189). iz jugovzhod- 1972, 136-137), while Pröttel dates it between 500 and noalpskega prostora je oblika znana z Vranja (Pröttel 680 aD (Pröttel 1996, 87-88). The last dating of the 1996, t. 6: 1), iz severnojadranskega pa iz trsta (Zulini beginning of this type (the predecessor type Hayes 87 2007a, 48, t. 8: 26–27). Fragment s tonovcovega gradu C/109) is placed into the last third of the 6th century, je bil najden v ruševinski plasti stavbe 1. while the last variant 109 C is characteristic for the 2nd V sondi pod estrihom severne cerkve je bilo naj- half of the 7th century (Bonifay 2004, 189). in the South- deno tipološko ožje neopredeljivo dno afriške sigilate eastern alpine area an example was discovered at Vranje proizvodnje D ( t. 101: 3). morda gre za obliko Hayes 67 (Pröttel 1996, Pl. 6: 1), while in the North adriatic area (Hayes 1972, 112–117), ki poleg oblike 61 B predstavlja this form was found in trieste (Zulini 2007a, 48, Pl. 8: eno od bolj razširjenih posod na obravnavanem pro- 26-27). The rim from tonovcov grad was found in the storu. V jugovzhodnoalpskem prostoru so bile pogoste destruction layer of building 1. predvsem v drugi polovici 4. in na začetku 5. st. (Pröttel in the trench under the mortar floor in the north 1996, 47). Najdene so bile na Vranju (Pröttel 1996, t. church an african red Slip Ware base of D-production 4: 12), Križni gori (Pröttel 1996, t. 6: 13), Polhograjski was discovered, however it is impossible to categorise 129 4_ker.indd 129 23.1.2012 12:48:32 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery gori (Pröttel 1996, t. 9: 13), Hrušici (Pröttel 1996, t. 16: it more precisely ( Pl. 101: 3). it could be form Hayes 67 18–25), v ajdovščini (Pröttel 1996, t. 23: 1–7), Povirju (Hayes 1972, 112-117), which alongside type 61 B rep- (Pröttel 1996, t. 27: 11–13), na rodiku (Pröttel 1996, t. resents one of the more diverse shapes in the discussed 28: 6) in Školaricah (žerjal 2008, 93, 472–474). area. in the Southeastern alps this type of vessels was Dni na t. 65: 1–2 tipološko nista opredeljivi. obe common especial y during the second half of the 4th izvirata iz območja stavbe 1, iz ruševinskih plasti. and beginning of the 5th century (Pröttel 1996, 47). The vessels were found at Vranje (Pröttel 1996, Pl. 4: 12), Križna gora (Pröttel 1996, Pl. 6: 13), Polhograjska gora 4.1.2 aFriŠKe oLJeNKe (Pröttel 1996, Pl. 9: 13), Hrušica (Pröttel 1996, Pl. 16: iN NJiHoVe imitaCiJe 18-25), in ajdovščina (Pröttel 1996, Pl. 23: 1-7), Povir (Pröttel 1996, Pl. 27: 11-13), at rodik (Pröttel 1996, Pl. afriške oljenke so zelo pogosta najdba na pozno- 28: 6) and Školarice (žerjal 2008, 93, 472-474). antičnih najdiščih Slovenije, Furlanije, dalmatinske, it is impossible to typological y categorise the bases istrske in severnoitalijanske jadranske obale (mackensen on Pl. 65: 1-2. Both originate from the destruction layers 1987, 244, op. 101, s tam citirano literaturo). Njihova of building 1. razprostranjenost je povezana z razprostranjenostjo afriške sigilate, saj je šlo pogosto za izdelke istih delavnic. Na obravnavanem območju so pogoste tudi imitacije 4.1.2 aFriCaN oiL LamPS afriških oljenk. aND tHeir imitatioNS Hayes je postavil osnovno razdelitev afriških oljenk in določil dva oblikovna tipa s po dvema podtipoma, african oil lamps are a common find on Late an- ki temeljita predvsem na kvaliteti izdelave in okrasa tique sites in Slovenia, Friuli, as well as along the Dalma- (Hayes 1972, 310–315). Hayesovo delitev sta poglobila tian, istrian and North italian adriatic coast (mackensen anselmino in Pavolini (atlante i, 184–207). Njuno de- 1987, 244, note 101, with the literature quoted there). litev je pri svoji objavi delavnic iz el mahrine v tuniziji Their distribution is linked to the distribution of african uporabil tudi mackensen, ki jo je nekoliko prilagodil in red Slip Ware, for they were often products from the dopolnil (mackensen 1993, 95–96). oljenke, najdene na same workshops. imitations of african oil lamps are also območju Slovenije in severnega Jadrana, je zbral Pröttel common in the discussed area. (1996, 71–81). Zadnjo tipološko in kronološko členitev Primarily Hayes divided african oil lamps into two je postavil Bonifay (2004, 312–430). shapes with two subtypes, which are differentiated mainly Za oljenke, do sedaj najdene na tonovcovem gradu, according to the quality of the fabric and decoration smo zaradi njihovega majhnega števila in slabe ohra- (Hayes 1972, 310-315). Hayes’ division was expanded njenosti uporabili dopolnjeno Hayesovo klasifikacijo. upon by anselmino and Pavolini (atlante i, 184-207). a Najdeni so bili ostanki štirih oljenk, vsi v stavbi 1. slightly adjusted and expanded version of their division oljenka ( t. 65: 3) je izdelana iz fino prečiščene, was used by mackensen in his publication on arSW and oranžno žgane gline in ima delno ohranjen premaz. oil lamp workshops from el mahrine in tunisia (macken- okras na rami je geometrijski, zaporedno si sledijo kon- sen1993, 95-96). Pröttel gathered the oil lamps that were centrični krogi in rombi, zapolnjeni s koncentričnimi found in Slovenia and the North adriatic (Pröttel 1996, krogi. Druga oljenka ( t. 65: 4) je ravno tako izdelana 71-81). The last typological and chronological division iz fino prečiščene, oranžno žgane gline, premaz pa ni was established by Bonifay (2004, 312-430). ohranjen. Na ramenu si sledijo rozete in polni trikotniki. Due to the low number and poor condition of obe lahko kljub fragmentarni ohranjenosti pripiše- the oil lamps discovered at tonovcov grad we used the mo klasičnemu tipu severnoafriških oljenk (Hayes ii a/ updated Hayes classification. We have found remains atlante 10). Zanje so značilni od telesa jasno ločen nos of four oil lamps, al of them in the area covered by s kanalom in luknjo za stenj, profilirana stojna ploskev building 1. in poševno postavljen koničast držaj, pa tudi značilen The oil lamp ( Pl. 65: 3) was manufactured from fine žigosan ornament. Po fakturi in kvaliteti izdelave okrasa purified orange fired clay and has a partial y preserved je Hayes ločil dva podtipa. tako naj bi bili za tip ii a slip. The decoration on the shoulder is geometric, a značilni fino prečiščena glina, tanek, gladek premaz in combination of concentric circles and rhombuses filled natančno izdelan okras, za tip ii B pa bolj groba faktura with concentric circles. The second oil lamp ( Pl. 65: 4) in premaz ter slabše izdelan okras (Hayes 1972, 311). was also manufactured from fine purified orange fired Datacija oljenk tipa Hayes ii a se pri različnih clay, however the slip is not preserved. on the shoulder avtorjih precej razlikuje. Hayes jih je datiral v čas od we can see a line of rosettes and filled-in triangles. 420–500 (Hayes 1972, 313), mackensen pa je njihovo regardless of the fragmented preservation both can datacijo na podlagi oljenke s Hrušice (Giesler 1981, t. be categorised as classic North african oil lamps (Hayes 44: 5) sprva postavil v osemdeseta leta 4. st. (mackensen ii a/atlante 10). Characteristic for them are: a long nozzle 130 4_ker.indd 130 23.1.2012 12:48:32 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery 1987, 244–245). V zadnjem obdobju je kot najverje- with a broad straight channel that is clearly separated from tnejša sprejeta datacija začetka izdelave okrog leta 400 the discus, a profiled base, a slanting and pointy handle (mackensen 1993, 159; Pröttel 1996, 79; Ladstätter 2000, and the typical stamp ornament. Hayes distinguished 102). Vsekakor pa so bile oljenke tega tipa najpogostejše between two subtypes as regards the fabric and quality v 5. st., njihova uporaba pa sega še v 6. st., vendar je bila of decorations. Fine purified clay, a thin smooth slip and takrat že v upadanju. a precisely made decoration were typical for type ii a, oljenka ( t. 65: 5) ima okras izveden veliko slabše while type ii B was better known for its rough fabric and kot prej omenjeni. izdelana je iz nekoliko bolj grobe slip and poorer decoration (Hayes 1972, 311). gline, na nekaterih mestih je še opazen premaz. okras Various authors use different dates for the Hayes je izveden nekakovostno, verjetno gre za neko vrsto ii a oil lamps. Hayes dated them between 420 and 500 rastlinskega okrasa. Glede na slabo izvedbo pripada (Hayes 1972, 313), while mackensen at first dated them verjetno tipu Hayes ii B/atlante 11, ki se umešča v čas in the 380s (mackensen 1987, 244-245) using the oil od druge polovice 5. st. do leta 550 (Hayes 1972, 314). lamp from Hrušica as his base (Giesler 1981, Pl. 44: 5). Pröttel domneva začetek izdelave tipa Hayes ii B od recently it has been believed that the most likely date leta 530 dalje (prva razvojna faza), medtem ko naj bi for the beginning of its manufacture is around 400 aD najmlajše razvojne oblike sodile v 7. st. (Pröttel 1996, (mackensen 1993, 159; Pröttel 1996, 79; Ladstätter 81). obravnavana oljenka po svojih značilnostih sodi 2000, 102). We can state with certainty that this type v prvo razvojno fazo. of oil lamps was most common in the 5th century, and Zadnja oljenka ( t. 65: 6) se od ostalih treh razlikuje remained in use in the 6th century, even though its po fakturi in izvedbi okrasa. izdelana je iz rumenkasto popularity was on the decline. žgane, dokaj slabo prečiščene, rahlo porozne gline. Pre- The decoration on the oil lamp ( Pl. 65: 5) is much maz ni ohranjen, tudi okras je nerazpoznaven. Glede na poorer than on the previously mentioned one. it is made opisano je verjetno, da pri tej oljenki ne gre za afriški from slightly rougher clay and in some places the slip izvor, ampak za lokalni posnetek.14 can stil be noticed. The decoration is not of high quality, Posnetki afriških oljenk so v vsem mediteranskem most likely it represents some sort of vegetation. tak- prostoru zelo pogosti. Na območju severnega Jadrana ing into account the poor craftsmanship it most likely domnevajo delavnice imitiranih afriških oljenk v raveni belongs to type Hayes ii B/atlante 11, dated between in akvileji (Berti 1983, 147; Pröttel 1996, 107, op. 21–23, the 2nd half of the 5th century and 550 aD (Hayes 1972, s tam citirano literaturo). 314). Pröttel assumed that type Hayes ii B was first Za območje severnega Jadrana in Slovenije je bilo ta- manufactured sometime after 530 aD (first development ko mogoče definirati pet skupin imitiranih oljenk (Pröttel phase), and that the latest development phases belonged 1996, 107–108). Zaradi slabe ohranjenosti obravnavanega to the 7th century (Pröttel 1996, 81). The characteristics primerka je zanesljiva uvrstitev nemogoča, glede na fak- of the discussed oil lamp clearly place it into the first turo pa je najbližje skupini 1 (skupina ajdna) oz. skupini development phase. 3 (skupina invil ino) po Pröttlu (1996, 107). The last oil lamp ( Pl. 65: 6) differs from the rest Začetek izdelovanja imitacij oljenk tipa Hayes ii by its fabric and decoration. it is made from yellowish, v severnojadranskem prostoru je postavljen v čas po relatively poorly purified, slightly porous clay. The slip sredini 5. st. (skupina ajdna), mlajše skupine pa trajajo is not preserved, and the decoration is unrecognisable. do sredine 7. st. (Pröttel 1996, 108). taking all of this into account we could assume that it Vse oljenke izvirajo iz izkopnega polja stavbe 1. is not of african origin, but a local imitation.14 oljenka t. 67: 4 je bila najdena v plasti prve poznoantične african oil lamp imitations are common through- faze, oljenki t. 65: 3,5 v plasteh druge poznoantične faze, out the mediterranean. it is assumed that workshops that oljenka t. 65: 6 pa v premešani humusni plasti. imitated african oil lamps in the northern adriatic were located in ravenna and aquileia (Berti 1983, 147; Pröttel 1996, 107, note 21-23, with the literature quoted there). 4.1.3 aFriŠKa NamiZNa KeramiKa Five groups of imitations have been classified in the North adriatic area and Slovenia (Pröttel 1996, Poleg sigilate je na tržišča v evropi prihajalo tudi 107-108). Due to the poor condition of the example it is manj kvalitetno namizno in kuhinjsko posodje afriškega impossible to precisely categorise the discussed object, izvora. Na tonovcovem gradu lahko v to skupino pogoj- however taking into account its craftsmanship it is clos- 14 Pri določitvah lokalnih imitacij je treba biti previden 14 When defining local imitations one has to be especial y posebno pri poznih oblikah oljenk, saj so tudi nekatere po- careful with the later forms of oil lamps, for some late Hayes zne oblike Hayes ii B, ki izvirajo iz afrike, izdelane iz gro- ii B forms manufactured in africa were produced from be, porozne gline, s slabim premazom in s slabo izvedenim rough, porous clay, had a poor slip and a poorly executed okrasom. V tem primeru slaba kvaliteta ne pomeni lokalnega decoration. in this case the poor quality is not a consequence izvora, ampak pozno datacijo (Pröttel 1996, 12). of a local workshop but of a late date (Pröttel 1996, 12). 131 4_ker.indd 131 23.1.2012 12:48:32 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery no uvrstimo skledo z visečim robom t. 65: 7, ki bi jo po est to group 1 (the ajdna group) or group 3 (the invil ino obliki lahko pripisali skledam oziroma melnicam tipa group) as defined by Pröttel (1996, 107). Fulford 22 (Fulford, Peacock 1984, sl. 63: 22) oziroma The beginning of the production of Hayes ii oil Bonifay 13 (Bonifay 2004, sl. 139).15 opredelitev ni po- lamps in the northern adriatic was dated after the mid 5th polnoma zanesljiva zaradi slabe ohranjenosti fragmenta, century (the ajdna group), while the latest groups were ki je bil tudi poškodovan v ognju. produced as late as the mid 7th century (Pröttel 1996, 108). tip je bil široko razširjen v zahodnem Sredozemlju al oil lamps were discovered in the excavation area (Bonifay 2004, 255–257), dokaj pogost pa tudi v jugo- of building 1. oil lamp Pl. 67: 4 was discovered in the vzhodnoalpskem prostoru. Zastopan je v akvileji (Chi- layer of Late antiquity phase 1, oil lamps Pl. 65: 3,5 were nel i 1994, t. 44: CCda 1–2,4; CCda 6,9–12,14,16–17,19), discovered in the layers of Late antiquity phase 2 and oil trstu (Degrassi et al. 2007, sl. 3: 18; 4: 30,36), v zadnjem lamp Pl. 65: 6 was discovered in the mixed humus layer. času je bil prepoznan v ajdovščini (Vidrih Perko, žbona trkman 2004, sl. 8: 1–8), Navportu (Horvat 1990, t. 19: 2), na Sv. Pavlu nad Vrtovinom (Svoljšak 1985, t. 5: 819), 4.1.3 aFriCaN taBLeWare v emoni (neobjavljeno, omemba Vidrih Perko, žbona trkman 2005, 284, op. 60) in v Fizinah pri Portorožu The markets in europe also imported lower quality (Gaspari et al. 2007, 181, t. 6: 161,163–164; 9: 248). african table and kitchen ware. at tonovcov grad the tovrstno posodje je okvirno datirano v 5. st. (Bo- bowl with the hanging rim Pl. 65: 7 can be conditional y nifay 2004, 258; Gaspari et al. 2007, 181). classified into this group, for its shape could be said to obravnavana skleda je bila najdena v stavbi 1 v resemble a Fulford 22 (Fulford, Peacock 1984, Fig. 63: 22) plasteh druge poznoantične faze. or Bonifay 13 bowl (Bonifay 2004, Fig. 139).15 Due to the poor condition of the fragment, which has also been dam- aged in the fire, this classification is not entirely reliable. 4.1.4. Late romaN C This type is widespread in the west mediterranean (FoKeJSKa SiGiLata) (Bonifay 2004, 255-257) and relatively common in the Southeastern alps. it has been found in aquileia (Chinel i V stavbi 3 je bil v premešani humusni plasti najden 1994, Pls. 44: CCda 1-2,4; CCda 6,9-12,14,16-17,19), zelo slabo ohranjen fragment sklede z masivnim, rahlo trieste (Degrassi et al. 2007, Figs. 3: 18; 4: 30,36), and visečim robom ( t. 100: 1). Premaz ni ohranjen. Skleda recently in ajdovščina (Vidrih Perko, žbona trkman verjetno pripada vzhodnosredozemski, tako imenovani 2004, Fig. 8: 1-8), Nauportus (Horvat 1990, Pl. 19: 2), at Sv. LrC proizvodnji (Hayes 1972, 323) ali njeni imitaciji.16 Pavel above Vrtovin (Svoljšak 1985, Pl. 5: 819), in emona Začetek te proizvodnje na izvornem območju sega (unpublished, mentioned by Vidrih Perko, žbona trkman v konec 4. st. V 5. st. je skoraj povsem izpodrinila afriške 2005, 284, note 60) and Fizine near Portorož (Gaspari et importe v vzhodnem Sredozemlju (Hayes 1972, 323– al. 2007, 181, Pls. 6: 161,163-164; 9: 248). 349), razširjena pa je bila tudi v njegovem zahodnem These bowls have been roughly dated into the 5th delu (reynolds 1995, 35). V drugi polovici 5. in v 6. st. century (Bonifay 2004, 258; Gaspari et al. 2007, 181). je pogosta tako na severnojadranskih obalnih najdiščih The bowl was discovered in building 1, in the layers kot tudi v notranjosti (martin 1998, sl. 6; Gandolfi 1999, of Late antiquity 2 phase. 424–425, sl. 2). Hayes je proizvodnjo LrC razdelil na 10 tipov s podtipi (Hayes 1972, 325–326), vendar se zunaj malo- 4.1.4. Late romaN C azijskega prostora v glavnem pojavljajo le tipi 3 in 10. (PHoCaeaN reD SLiP Ware) Določanje variant je včasih težko. V obravnavanem primeru gre za obliko z dokaj masivnim, le rahlo navzdol The layer of humus in building 3 revealed a poorly potegnjenim ustjem, ki bi jo lahko uvrstili v tip 3F oziro- preserved fragment of a bowl with a massive, slightly ma 3G po Hayesu. V obeh primerih gre za dokaj pozno hanging rim ( Pl. 100: 1). The slip is not preserved. The obliko, na jugovzhodnoalpskem območju značilno za bowl is most likely of an eastern mediterranean, so cal ed prvo polovico 6. st. (Pröttel 1996, 91). LrC production (Hayes 1972, 323) or its imitation.16 15 Bonifay merged Fulford types 22 and 23 into type 13 15 Bonifay je v tip 13 združil Fulfordova tipa 22 in 23 (2005, 255-258, Fig. 139). 16 (2005, 255–258, sl. 139). The production of these dishes was first discovered in 16 izdelava tega posodja je bila najprej dokazana v okolici the vicinity of the town of Phocaea on the asia minor coast, mesta Phocaea na maloazijski obali, zato se danes vse bolj which is why the term Phocaean red Slip Ware has been late- uveljavlja tudi izraz fokejska sigilata (Hayes 1980, 525–526; ly gaining in popularity (Hayes 1980, 525-526; martin 1998, martin 1998, 109–110), čeprav so jo verjetno izdelovali na 109-110). However, it is assumed that it was manufactured in širšem območju (mackensen 1987, 235–236, op. 37). a broader area (mackensen 1987, 235-236, note 37). 132 4_ker.indd 132 23.1.2012 12:48:32 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery Posode oblike LrC 3 so bile najdene na Križni gori The beginning of this production in the area of (Urleb 1974, t. 42: 5; Vidrih Perko 1994b, Križna gora, t. origin reaches back to the end of the 4th century. in the 3: 1; Pröttel 1996, t. 6: 14,16), Sv. Pavlu (Svoljšak 1985, t. 5th century it managed to almost entirely substitute the 5: 81; Pröttel 1996, t. 6: 7), invillinu (mackensen 1987, sl. african imports to the eastern mediterranean (Hayes 38: 7–13) in v maranu (Villa 1998, sl. 2: 1). V notranjosti 1972, 323-349), and was also widespread in the west so poznane iz Črnomlja (Vidrih Perko 1994b, Črnomelj, mediterranean (reynolds 1995, 35). in the second half t. 2: 4–5; mason 1998, t. 4: 5–6), s tinja (Pröttel 1996, of the 5th and 6th century it was commonly found in 90–91, 203; Ciglenečki 2000, t. 12: 3), Svetih gor (P. Koro- North adriatic ports as well as in the interior (martin šec in J. Korošec jr. 1978, t. 7: 1) in Sv. Heme (Ladstätter 1998, Fig. 6; Gandolfi 1999, 424-425, Fig. 2). 2000, t. 3: 11; 4: 1–4). Na večini obravnavanih najdišč Hayes classified LrC production into 10 types with posodje LrC nastopa skupaj z vzhodnomediteranskimi subtypes (Hayes 1972, 325-326), however only types 3 amforami in poznimi malimi spatejoni. and 10 appeared outside of asia minor. Sometimes it is hard to define the exact subtype. The treated example with a relatively large, slightly downturned rim could 4.1.5 GLaZiraNa KeramiKa be placed into type 3F or 3G in the Hayes classification. Both examples belong to the relatively late form that Začetek izdelave poznoantične glazirane keramike was typical for the first half of the 6th century in the v podonavskem prostoru sega v konec 3. oziroma na za- Southeastern alps (Pröttel 1996, 91). četek 4. st.,17 sredi 4. st. pa je prišla v množično uporabo The vessels LrC 3 were found at Križna gora (Urleb na širokem območju od Dakije na vzhodu do Norika in 1974, Pl. 42: 5; Vidrih Perko 1994b, Križna gora, Pl. 3: recije na zahodu, posamezni primerki pa so bili najdeni 1; Pröttel 1996, Pl. 6: 14,16), Sv. Pavel above Vrtovin tudi v Franciji in angliji (arthur 1985, t. 1). Poleg po- (Svoljšak 1985, Pl. 5: 81; Pröttel 1996, Pl. 6: 7), in villino donavskih delavnic so glazirano posodje izdelovale tudi (mackensen 1987, Fig. 38: 7-13) and in marano (Vil a delavnice v reciji (npr. mautern v avstriji: Friesinger, 1998, Fig. 2: 1). in the hinterland they are known from Kerchler 1981; Freiedberg-Stätzling v bližini augsburga Črnomelj (Vidrih Perko 1994b, Črnomelj, Pl. 2: 4-5; v Nemčiji: ebner 1997; pregled za Švico: ettlinger 1977) mason 1998, Pl. 4: 5-6), tinje (Pröttel 1996, 90-91, in v italiji (ravena: maioli 1983, 114; magrini, Sbarra 203; Ciglenečki 2000, Pl. 12: 3), Svete gore (P. Korošec 2005). V severnojadranskem prostoru je bila proizvod- and J. Korošec jr. 1978, Pl. 7: 1) and from Hemmaberg nja glaziranega posodja doslej ugotovljena v Carlinu (Ladstätter 2000, Pls. 3: 11; 4: 1-4). pri akvileji (Bertacchi 1976, 182–194; magrini, Sbarra in most of the mentioned sites LrC dishes appear 2005), kjer je delavnica v 4. in na začetku 5. st. proizva- together with east mediterranean amphorae and late jala glazirano posodje za širši trg. Kasneje se je njena small spatheia. proizvodnja zmanjšala, za lokalni trg pa je proizvajala še v 6. st (magrini, Sbarra 2005, 65–66).18 V drugi polovici 4. st. je glazirana keramika sodila 4.1.5 GLaZeD Pottery med tipičen inventar vojaških postojank v jugovzhodnih alpah. Pogosta je bila na Hrušici (Giesler 1981, t. 41), The beginnings of the production of Late antique martinj hribu (Leben, Šubic 1990, t. 14: 238–239; 15: glazed pottery in the Danubian area reaches into the end 245–256) in v ajdovščini (Vidrih Perko, žbona trkman of the 3rd or beginning of the 4th century.17 in the mid 4th 2005, 282). century it became used in greater numbers in the wider ostale višinske naselbine se po oskrbi z glazirano area spanning from Dacia in the east to Noricum and keramiko med sabo močno razlikujejo. Dokaj pogosta raetia in the west, and individual examples were found je na vzhodnonoriškem območju, tako je zastopana na as far west as France and england (arthur 1985, Pl. 1). tinju (Ciglenečki 2000, t. 10: 1–9; 11: 1–13), Vranju Glazed pottery was also produced in other raetian (e.g. (Knific 1979, sl. 203–204, 206–207) in Kučarju (J. Dular, mautern in austria: Friesinger, Kerchler 1981; Freiedberg- Ciglenečki, a. Dular 1995, t. 46: 1–2; 80: 3; 83: 17; 84: Stätzling in the vicinity of augsburg in Germany: ebner 16; 85: 1–3). Najdena je bila tudi na ančnikovem gradi- 1997; overview for Switzerland: ettlinger 1977) and šču (Strmčnik 1997, t. 4: 12; ravnik 2006, t. 2: 6–13; 3: italian workshops (ravenna: maioli 1983, 114; magrini, Sbarra 2005). in the north adriatic area the production of 17 Vprašanje neposredne kontinuitete med zgodnje- in glazed pottery was ascertained in Carlino near aquileia poznorimsko produkcijo je še odprto (Ladstätter 2000, op. 17 696). Pri poznoantični glazirani keramiki gre za popolnoma The issue of direct continuity between early roman drugo skupino, ki nima razen obdelave površine nič skupne- and Late roman production remains open (Ladstätter 2000, ga z zgodnjeantično produkcijo na tem prostoru (Cvjetićanin note 696). Late antique glazed pottery represents an entirely 2001, 81; 2006). different group, which does not have anything in common 18 Proizvodnja v 6. st. se domneva tudi za podonavski with the early antique production in this area (apart from prostor (Cvjetićanin 1994, 29). the surface working; Cvjetićanin 2001, 81; 2006). 133 4_ker.indd 133 23.1.2012 12:48:33 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery 14–28) in Korinjskem hribu (modrijan 2009, sl. 2). Zelo (Bertacchi 1976, 182-194; magrini, Sbarra 2005), where pogosta je na Sv. Hemi, kjer predstavlja drugo najšte- a workshop in the 4th and beginning of the 5th century vilčnejšo skupino posodja, takoj za grobo keramiko, in manufactured glazed pottery for a broader market. Later ima tudi zelo široko paleto oblik in okrasov (Ladstätter on its production declined, however it remained produc- 2000, t. 5–9). V večini primerov je bila najdena v plasteh ing pottery for the local market as late as the 6th century pod zahodnimi cerkvami in med njimi, ki so na podlagi (magrini, Sbarra 2005, 65-66).18 afriških importov datirane v 5. st. (Ladstätter 2000, in the second half of the 4th century glazed pottery 118–130). oblike glazirane keramike, zastopane na ome- was a part of the typical inventory of military posts in the njenih najdiščih, so večinoma sklede, melnice in vrčki, Southeastern alps. as such it was common at Hrušica kažejo pa navezavo na podonavske produkcijske centre. (Giesler 1981, Pl. 41), martinj hrib (Leben, Šubic 1990, Na zahodnem delu obravnavanega območja je Pls. 14: 238-239; 15: 245-256) and in ajdovščina (Vidrih glazirana keramika redkejša, tako ni bila najdena na Perko, žbona trkman 2005, 282). invillinu in Castelraimondu, redka pa je tudi na teurniji The remaining hil top settlements differ greatly as (Ladstätter 2000, 129, op. 768), Kirchbichlu (rodriguez regards glazed pottery. it is relatively common in the east 1986, t. 63: 29) in Šenturški gori (Ladstätter 2000, op. Noricum area, where it was found at tinje (Ciglenečki 770). Nekaj primerkov je bilo najdenih na ajdni.19 2000, Pls. 10: 1-9; 11: 1-13), Vranje (Knific 1979, Figs. tudi na tonovcovem gradu glazirana keramika 203-204,206-207) and Kučar (J. Dular, Ciglenečki, a. ni bila pogosta. V stavbi 1 so bile najdene tri glazirane Dular 1995, Pls.46: 1-2; 80: 3; 83: 17; 84: 16; 85: 1-3). it posode ( t. 65: 8–10), ena na območju med osrednjo in was very common at Hemmaberg, where it represented južno cerkvijo ( t. 101: 4) in ena v stavbi 3 ( t. 100: 3). the second most numerous pottery group, immediately Skoraj v celoti je ohranjen lonček ( t. 65: 8), katerega after coarse ware, and where it also shows a wide pal- deli so bili najdeni tako v plasteh prve kot druge poznoan- lete of forms and decorations (Ladstätter 2000, Pl. 5-9). tične faze. izdelan je bil iz gline, mešane z drobnozrnatim most of it was discovered in the layers between and peskom, oranžno žgane na zunanji in notranji strani, under the west churches, which were dated into the 5th jedro je oranžno-sivo-oranžno. Lošč olivno zelene barve century (based on the african imports; Ladstätter 2000, je ohranjen na zunanji in notranji strani. okrašen je z 118- 130). it was also discovered at ančnikovo gradišče enojno valovnico na vratu in kanelurami nad in pod njo. (Strmčnik 1997, Pl. 4: 12; ravnik 2006, Pls. t. 2: 6-13; 3: Najbližje analogije obravnavanemu lončku najde- 14-28) and Korinjski hrib (modrijan 2009, Fig. 2). most mo med gradivom delavnice v Carlinu, med lončki sku- of the glazed pottery discovered at the aforementioned pine 2 (predvsem 2B), za katere sta značilna trebušasta sites were bowls and jugs, which indicates a connection oblika in izvihano ustje, razlikuje pa se po odsotnosti with the Danubian production centres. ročaja, ki je značilen za primerke iz Carlina (magrini, Glazed pottery is rare in the west part of the dis- Sbarra 2005, 43–44, t. 23–24, predvsem t. 23: 3; 24: 2). cussed area, thus none was found at invillino or Castel- različne oblike vrčkov in lončkov so v severni italiji raimondo, and it was also rare at teurnia (Ladstätter dokaj pogoste tudi v grobovih 4. in 5. st. (maccabruni 2000, 129, note 768), Kirchbichel (rodriguez 1986, Pl. 1990, 367; Brogiolo, Gelichi 1992, 25). tako je bila na 63: 29) and Ulrichsberg (Ladstätter 2000, note 770). a najdišču Castelseprio najdena skupina lončkov z izviha- few examples were found on ajdna.19 nim ustjem, premera od 6,5 do 11 cm (Lusuardi Siena, Glazed pottery was rare also on tonovcov grad. Sannazaro 1985, 33–34, t. 3: 2; Lusuardi Siena, Sannazaro Three glazed pottery pieces were found in building 1 1992, t. 1: 6,9,11), ki so oblikovno zelo podobni našemu ( Pl. 65: 8-10), one within the area between the main lončku. Podobni so znani tudi iz poznorimskih nekropol and south church ( Pl. 101: 4), and one in building 3 v okolici Vareseja in z najdišč v kantonu ticino (Lusuardi ( Pl. 100: 3). Siena, Sannnazaro 1992, 33–34, op. 5). a small pot ( Pl. 65: 8), pieces of which were found Pojav okrasa valovnice na glazirani keramiki je in layers of Late antiquity phase 1 as well as in layers of (skupaj z nekaterimi drugimi okrasnimi motivi) po- Late antiquity phase 2 was almost entirely preserved. it stavljen v panonskem prostoru v konec 4. in na začetek was made from clay, mixed with fine sand, orange fired 5. st. (Bónis 1991, 144). Pogost je predvsem na robovih on the outer and inner side, and orange-grey-orange in melnic in skled, pojavlja pa se tudi na različnih tipih core. The olive green glaze is preserved on the outer and loncev in vrčev (magrini, Sbarra 2005, t. 16: 1,3; 17). inner side. it is decorated with a single wavy line on the Drugi ohranjeni primerek z območja stavbe 1 je neck with horizontal grooves above and below. odlomek lonca z izvihanim ustjem iz oranžno žgane, The closest analogy to the discussed pot can be found v jedru oranžno-sivo-oranžne gline ( t. 65: 9) s slabo amongst the material from the workshop in Carlino, ohranjenim svetlo rjavim loščem, tretji pa odlomek ravnega dna tipološko ožje nedoločljive posode ( t. 65: 18 6th century production is also assumed for the Danu- bian area (Cvjetićanin 1994, 29). 19 Neobjavljeno, za informacijo se zahvaljujem V. Vidrih 19 Unpublished, i would like to thank V. Vidrih Perko for Perko. the information. 134 4_ker.indd 134 23.1.2012 12:48:33 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery 10), ki ima na zunanji strani ohranjene skromne ostanke amongst the pots from group 2 (especial y 2B), for which zelenorjavega lošča. a rounded shape and an everted rim are typical. However, Deli lončka s t. 65: 8 so bili najdeni v plasteh prve this example does not have the handle typical for the ex- poznoantične faze, deli pa tudi v plasteh druge pozno- amples from Carlino (magrini, Sbarra 2005, 43-44, Pls. antične faze in v ruševinskih plasteh. to kaže na njegovo 23-24, especial y Pls. 23: 3; 24: 2). in Northern italy jugs uporabo v času prve poznoantične faze, med gradnjo and pots were also common in graves dated to the 4th and stavbe 1 pa je bil uničen. 5th century. Thus a group of similarly designed pots with ostanki glaziranega lončka so bili najdeni tudi an everted rim and a diameter ranging between 6.5 and v maltnih plasteh na območju med osrednjo in južno 11 cm appears at the site of Castelseprio (Lusuardi Siena, cerkvijo ( t. 101: 4). Gre za verjetno dvoročajni (ohra- Sannazaro 1985, 33-34, Pl. 3: 2; Lusuardi Siena, Sann- njeni so samo ostanki enega ročaja), bikonični lonec z nazaro 1992, Pl. 1: 6,9,11). Similar pottery has also been rahlo izvihanim odebeljenim ustjem, ki je pod klekom discovered in the Late roman cemeteries in the vicinity na trebuhu okrašen z linijo poševnih vbodov. izdelan of Varese and at the sites in the canton of ticino (Lusuardi je iz gline, mešane z drobnozrnatim peskom, oranžno Siena, Sannazaro 1992, 33-34, note 5). žgan, v jedru oranžno-sivo-oranžen. tudi za to obliko in the Pannonian area the decoration with wavy najdemo najbližje analogije v Carlinu, kjer ustreza lines appears on glazed pottery (together with some tipu lonca z ročajem 1B (magrini, Sbarra 2005, t. 49). other decorative motifs) at the end of the 4th and the taka oblika v italiji sicer ni bila pogosta, znana pa je iz beginning of the 5th century (Bónis 1991, 144). it is espe- podonavskega prostora (magrini, Sbarra 2005, op. 177, cial y common on the edges of mortaria and bowls, and 178). Pojav okrasa z linijo vbodov v Panoniji je datiran it also appears on other types of pots and jugs (magrini, v konec 4. st. (Bónis 1991, 144). Sbarra 2005, Pls. 16: 1,3; 17). eno slabo ohranjeno ustje glaziranega lončka je The second preserved example from the excavation bilo najdeno tudi v stavbi 3 ( t. 100: 3). Po obliki ustja area of building 1 is a fragment of an orange fired pot je podobno zgoraj obravnavanemu lončku ( t. 101: 4). with an everted rim. The core is orange-grey-orange Glazirano posodje iz stavbe 1 lahko postavimo ( Pl. 65: 9) and is covered by a poorly preserved light v čas prve poznoantične faze. Nekoliko drugače je z brown slip. The third example is a fragment of a flat bikoničnim lončkom, okrašenim z vbodi ( t. 101: 4), ki base that cannot be precisely defined typological y ( Pl. je bil najden na območju cerkvenega sklopa v plasteh 65: 10), however, on the outer side we can see traces of druge poznoantične faze, torej v času, ko naj bi se oskrba the modestly preserved green-brownish glaze. višinskih naselbin z glaziranimi izdelki v glavnem že Parts of the jug from Pl. 65: 8 were discovered in nehala. Ker so severnoitalske delavnice proizvajale (si- Late antiquity 1 layers, and other parts in Late antiq- cer v zmanjšanem obsegu) tudi še v 6. st., bi bila zaradi uity 2 layers, or in the destruction layers. This indicates njihove relativne bližine mogoča tudi datacija v ta čas. that the jug was used during the Late antiquity 1 phase, Nasproti tej tezi pa govori relativno velika podobnost and was destroyed during the construction of building 1. fakture lončka t. 101: 4 z lončkom iz stavbe 1 ( t. 65: 8), ki The remains of a glazed jug were also found in the po legi sodi v čas prve poznoantične faze. tako je vseeno mortar layers between the main and south church ( Pl. verjetnejša datacija lončka iz prostora med osrednjo in 101: 4). This is most likely a double handle (only the južno cerkvijo v konec 4. in prvo polovico 5. st. remains of a single handle are preserved), biconical jug oblike glaziranega posodja s tonovcovega gradu with a slightly everted rim and a decoration of slanting kažejo predvsem na severnoitalski prostor, čeprav so impressions on the body. it is made from clay, mixed nekatere znane tudi iz Podonavja. Na izdelke iz Car- with fine sand, orange fired, and orange-grey-orange lina spominja tudi faktura. Glina s primesmi drobno- in core. The closest analogy to this shape most likely zrnatega peska in oranžnordeča barva sta namreč originates in Carlino, where it fits the type of the single značilnosti carlinske delavnice. teze, da je verjeten handle pot 1B (magrini, Sbarra 2005, Pl. 49). This shape izvorni center za glazirano keramiko s tonovcovega is uncommon in italy, but better known in the Danubian gradu prav Carlino, pa ni potrdila mineraloško-petro- area (magrini, Sbarra 2005, note 177, 178). in Pannonia grafska analiza dveh lončkov ( t. 65: 8 in t. 101: 4), saj the decoration with the line of slanting impressions is je pokazala, da sta si oba vzorca relativno podobna in dated into the end of the 4th century (Bónis 1991, 144). ju lahko pripišemo istemu produkcijskemu območju, one poorly preserved rim of a glazed jug was also vendar pa se od vzorcev iz Carlina nekoliko razlikujeta found in building 3 ( Pl. 100: 3). its rim is of a similar shape (Capel i, Cabel a, Piazza 2009, 71–74). Kljub temu je as the one from the previously discussed jug ( Pl. 101: 4). verjeten podoben (torej severnoitalski) izvor. Zadnje Glazed pottery from building 1 can be dated into the analize namreč kažejo, da naj bi na območju severne Late antiquity 1 phase. Somewhat different is the example italije delovalo več manjših proizvodnih centrov, ki of the biconical pot, decorated with slanting impressions so izdelovali podobne izdelke v isti lokalni tradiciji ( Pl. 101: 4), that was found in the area between the main (Capel i, Cabel a, Piazza 2009, 74). and south church in the Late antiquity 2 layers. This 135 4_ker.indd 135 23.1.2012 12:48:33 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery Na splošno lahko rečemo, da je količina glazirane is already a period during which the supply of glazed keramike na tonovcovem gradu skromna, kaže pa nave- products to hil top settlements had more or less finished. zavo na produkcijo severnoitalijanskega prostora, čeprav as North italic workshops kept producing such pottery najbližja znana delavnica v Carlinu po rezultatih analiz in the 6th century (albeit in reduced quantities) it seems ni bila njen izvorni center. Pri tem je treba poudariti, da possible – due to their relative closeness – to date it into večina oblik iz Carlina ni zastopana niti v bližnji akvileji, this period. in opposition to this thesis is the relatively prav tako glazirana keramika ni bila najdena nekaterih similar fabric of pot Pl. 101: 4 and the pot from building severnoitalijanskih višinskih postojankah, kot sta npr. 1 ( Pl. 65: 8). The stratigraphic position of this pot dates it Castelraimondo in invillino. Delavnica v Carlinu naj bi into Late antiquity 1 phase. Thus it is more likely that also proizvajala predvsem izdelke za širše območje, ne pa za pot from the area between the main and south church is lokalni trg. Kot mogoč prejemnik za izdelke iz Carlina je dated into the end of the 4th or first half of the 5th century. bilo predpostavljeno območje Claustra Alpium Iuliarum the forms of glazed pottery at tonovcov grad (magrini, Sbarra 2005, 63–66), vendar pa je pregled indicate that most of it came from the North italic glazirane keramike s Hrušice, iz ajdovščine in z martinj workshops, even though some forms are known also hriba pokazal, da zaenkrat področja poznoantičnih in the Danubian area. The fabric is also reminiscent zapor ne moremo določiti kot prejemnika izdelkov iz of products from Carlino. Clay with additions of fine Carlina (magrini, Sbarra 2009, 86).20 sand and the orange-red colour is characteristic of the Široka razprostranjenost glaziranih izdelkov, ki so Carlino workshop. The thesis that Carlino supplied bili najdeni predvsem v vojaških kontekstih, ter dokajšnja tonovcov grad with glazed pottery was not confirmed standardizacija oblik in fakture kažeta, da gre pri tovrstni by the mineralogical and petrographic analysis of the keramiki za namensko proizvodnjo za potrebe vojske two pots ( Pl. 65: 8 and Pl. 101: 4). The analysis indicated (arthur, Wil iams 1981, 503–504; Cvjetićanin 1997, 19; that both examples were relatively similar and that both 2001; 2006; magrini, Sbarra 2005, 71–73), čeprav je po- originated from the same production area, however they sebno v zadnjem času vse več najdb glaziranega posodja differ slightly from the examples from Carlino (Capelli, tudi v civilnih kontekstih. Verjetno je bila vsaj na začetku, Cabel a, Piazza 2009, 71-74). However, it most likely has v prvi polovici 4. st., povezava z vojsko res močna, kasneje a similar (i.e. North italic) origin. The latest analysis pa je del tega posodja prešel tudi v civilno rabo kot tekmec shows that a number of smaller production centres op - sigilatnemu (Vidrih Perko, žbona trkman 2004) oziroma e rated in North italy, and they all manufactured similar kot nadomestilo zanj, saj je uvoz sigilate v 5. st. že usihal. products in the similar local tradition (Capelli, Cabel a, Piazza 2009, 74). in general we can say that glazed pottery at 4.1.6 NeoPreDeLJeNa tonovcov grad was found in modest numbers, and that NamiZNa KeramiKa it shows links with the North italic production. How- ever, according to the results of the analysis, this pottery med inventarjem stavbe 1 je zastopanih nekaj vrč- did not originate from the closest known workshop in kov in lončkov, ki sodijo v skupino namizne keramike. Carlino. at this it should be stressed that most forms Gre za posode, ki zaradi svoje fakture niso bile primerne manufactured in Carlino were not found even in nearby za uporabo na ognju in so se pretežno uporabljale za aquileia, and that no glazed pottery was found on hil top shranjevanje in serviranje hrane. Na tonovcovem gradu posts in the North italy, such as for instance Castelrai- v to skupino sodi posodje svetle (rumene do oranžne) mondo and invillino. it is assumed that the workshop barve, z večinoma dobro prečiščeno, na otip kredasto in Carlino produced objects for the broader area and fakturo. Pri večini lahko na podlagi fakture domnevamo not for the local market. Claustra Alpium Iuliarum was severnojadranski izvor.21 considered to be a possible destination point for the med vrči izstopata dva enoročajna vrčka z izviha- products from Carlino (magrini, Sbarra 2005, 63-66), nim ustjem in iz ustja izvlečenim ročajem ( t. 65: 11–12) however the overview of glazed pottery from Hrušica, ajdovščina and martinj hrib has shown that this was 20 not the case (magrini, Sbarra 2009, 86).20 mineraloško-petrografska analiza vzorcev iz Carlina, s tonovcovega gradu, iz Carnunta ( Castrum Legionis in Jupi- 20 trovo svetišče), Vindobone in akvinka (grobišče Budimpešta The mineralogical-petrographic analysis of the exam- – Gazdagrét) je pokazala, da je na vzhodnoalpskem in podo- ples from Carlino, tonovcov grad, Carnuntum ( Castrum Le- navskem območju moralo obstajati več manjših centrov za gionis and Jupiter’s temple), Vindobona and aquincum (the proizvodnjo glaziranega posodja, hkrati pa majhne razlike v burial site Budapest – Gazdagrét) has shown that glazed pot- fakturi in premazu kažejo na zelo enotno tehnološko znanje tery was most likely produced in numerous small centres in (Capelli, Cabel a, Piazza 2009, 74; magrini, Sbarra 2009, 86). the eastern alps and the Danubian area. at the same time 21 Delavnice za tovrstno posodje se domnevajo v akvi- the small differences in the fabric and glaze indicate unified leji (Chinelli 1994, 266) in na območju severne istre (žerjal technological knowledge (Capelli, Cabel a, Piazza 2009, 74; 2008, 180, 196–197). magrini, Sbarra 2009, 86). 136 4_ker.indd 136 23.1.2012 12:48:33 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery iz svetlo žgane, fino prečiščene gline. Podobni vrči so The widespread glazed pottery that was found znani s Hrušice (Giesler 1981, t. 40: 24). predominantly in military contexts, and the relative Vrčka ( t. 66: 4–5) s prstanasto odebeljenim ustjem standardisation of shapes and fabrics indicates that such nekoliko spominjata na obliko malih amforic spatejo- pottery was intentional y produced for the military use nov.22 izdelana sta iz fino prečiščene, svetlo rjavo žgane (arthur, Williams 1981, 503-504; Cvjetićanin 1997, 19; gline z dodatkom sljude. 2001; 2006; magrini, Sbarra 2005, 71-73), even though Vrčkoma ( t. 66: 6–7) oblikovno najbližje vzpo- lately increasing numbers of glazed pottery have also rednice najdemo v Kopru, v skupini osmih vrčkov s been found in civil contexts. it is likely that the con- svitkastim ustjem (Cunja 1996, t. 29: 320–327), vendar nection with the military was strong in the beginning se faktura koprskih primerkov približuje fakturi sever- (in the first half of the 4th century), but later on a part noafriških amfor (Cunja 1996, 119–120), medtem ko of this pottery found its way into civil use where it rep- je vrček t. 66: 6 izdelan iz zelo fino prečiščene gline z resented competition to african red Slip Ware (Vidrih dodatkom sljude. Skupina podobno profiliranih ustij je Perko, žbona trkman 2004) or a substitute for it, for bila najdena tudi na invil inu. Šlo naj bi za regionalen tip, the imports of arSW on the decline throughout the razširjen predvsem v Benečiji in Furlaniji (mackensen 5th century. 1987, 258–259, sl. 46), vendar se podobni vrčki pojavljajo tudi na drugih italijanskih najdiščih (npr. San antonino v Liguriji, prim. murialdo et al. 1998, 242–244, sl. 6: 7–8). 4.1.6 UNCLaSSiFieD taBLeWare tordiran ročaj vrča ( t. 66: 14) je izdelan iz bež žga- ne, fino prečiščene, na otip kredaste gline. Na območju The inventory in building 1 revealed a few jugs and Slovenije so tordirani ročaji znani z obalno-kraških pots that could be categorised as tableware. These were najdišč. analogije zanje najdemo na Sv. Pavlu nad Vrto- vessels that could not be used on the fireplace (due to vinom (Svoljšak 1985, t. 8: 138), v Kopru (Vidrih Perko their fabric) and were mostly used for storing and serv- 1994b, Koper, Kidričeva ulica, t. 1: 6; Kajfež, Josipovič ing food. at tonovcov grad this group consisted of bright 2000, t. 6: 10) in Štanjelu (Vidrih Perko 1994b, Štanjel, t. coloured vessels (yellow to orange), with a mainly puri- 1: 7; Vidrih Perko 1997b, sl. 5: 19). tordirani ročaji vrčev fied, powdery fabric. in most cases the fabric indicates so bili sicer pogosti v poznorimskem obdobju, pojavljali a north adriatic origin.21 pa so se tudi pri glazirani keramiki (tokod: Bónis 1991, two jugs with everted rims and single handles sl. 8: 11, 137–138; Carlino: magrini, Sbarra 2005, t. 40). that emerge from these rims stand out ( Pl. 65: 11-12). ostanek ostenja z okrasom vrezanih linij ( t. 66: 11) They were made from brightly fired, finely purified clay. je izdelan iz zelo trdo žgane, v jedru sive gline, ohranjen Similar jugs were also discovered at Hrušica (Giesler je močan oranžen premaz. 1981, Pl. 40: 24). Poleg tega je bilo v stavbi 1 najdenih še precej The jugs with a ring thickened rim ( Pl. 66: 4-5) are spodnjih delov posod. Predstavljen je le manjši izbor, slightly reminiscent of the smal amphorae – spatheia.22 ki kaže, da gre v glavnem za tipološko nedoločljiva They were made from finely purified light brown fired ravna dna, nekateri primerki so tudi rahlo usločeni ( t. clay with mica additions. 66: 16–18). Pri vseh primerkih gre za lončke, izdelane The closest parallels to the two jugs ( Pl. 66: 6-7) can iz fino prečiščene, svetlo rjavo žgane gline, pogosto z be found in Koper, in the group of eight jugs with ring dodatkom sljude in s kredasto površino. rims (Cunja 1996, Pl. 29: 320-327). However, the fabric Vrči in lonci, ki sodijo v skupino navadne namizne of the Koper examples is closer to the fabric used for the keramike, so bili na območju stavbe 1 večinoma najdeni North african amphorae (Cunja 1996, 119-120), while v plasteh prve poznoantične faze, le nekaj – očitno kot jug Pl. 66: 6 was made from finely purified clay with the rezidualni kosi – jih je bilo v plasteh 6. st. addition of mica. a group with similarly profiled rims Na območju med osrednjo in južno cerkvijo je was also found at invillino. This is assumed to be a re- bilo iz prve poznoantične faze najdenih več zelo slabo gional type that was especial y widespread across Friuli ohranjenih lončkov, glede na fakturo so italskega izvora. (mackensen 1987, 258-259, Fig. 46), however similar en primerek ( t. 101: 5) ima ohranjen oranžen premaz. jugs appear also in other italian sites (e.g. San antonino in Liguria, cf. murialdo et al. 1998, 242-244, Fig. 6: 7-8). The twisted jug handle ( Pl. 66: 14) was made from 4.1.7 amFore beige fired, finely purified, powdery clay. in Slovenia such handles were discovered in coastal and Karst sites. amfore so transportno posodje, prilagojeno ladij- skemu prometu, v njih so prevažali tekoče (olje, vino, 21 The workshops which produced such pottery are as- ribje omake …) in razsute (žito, semena, suho sadje) sumed to have been in aquileia (Chinelli 1994, 266) and north istria (žerjal 2008, 180, 196-197). 22 razlikovanje med malimi amforami in vrčki je pri zelo 22 With small fragments it is hard to differentiate be- majhnih odlomkih težko. tween small amphorae and jugs. 137 4_ker.indd 137 23.1.2012 12:48:34 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery The analogies for them can be found at Sv. Pavel above Vrtovin, (Svoljšak 1985, Pl. 8: 138), in Koper (Vidrih Perko 1994b, Koper, Kidričeva ulica, Pl. 1: 6; Kajfež, Josipovič 2000, Pl. 6: 10) and Štanjel (Vidrih Perko 1994b, Štanjel, Pl. 1: 7; Vidrih Perko 1997b, Fig. 5: 19). twisted jug handles are a common appearance during the Late roman period, and they can also be found amongst glazed pottery (tokod: Bónis 1991, Fig. 8: 11, 137-138; Carlino: magrini, Sbarra 2005, Pl. 40). The remnant of the wall with the grooved decora- tion ( Pl. 66: 11) was made from hard fired grey clay, and also has a preserved orange slip. Numerous pottery bases were also found in build- ing 1. only a small selection is represented, and this selection shows that we are mostly dealing with typologi- cal y indefinable flat bases, while some are slightly con- cave ( Pl. 66: 16-18). all examples are fragments of jugs, Sl. 4.4. Zastopanost afriških, vzhodnosredozemskih in ne- made from finely purified, light brown fired clay, often opredeljenih amfor glede na število vseh najdenih kosov. with the addition of mica and with a powdery surface. Fig. 4.4: representation of african amphorae, eastern medi- in the excavation area of building 1 jugs and pots terranean amphorae and unclassified amphorae according to that can be categorised amongst coarse tableware were the number of all fragments. mostly found in Late antiquity 1 layers, only a few – obviously residual pieces – were found in the layers belonging to the 6th century. prehrambene izdelke (Vidrih Perko 2000). tesno so in the area between the main and south church a povezane z gospodarstvom (kmetijstvom, prometom, number of poorly preserved jugs were found in the Late trgovino), pa tudi z vojsko (oskrba čet) in državno antiquity 1 layer, and their fabric revealed that they were davčno politiko (reynolds 1995, 106–125). of italic origin. on one example ( Pl. 101: 5) the remains V poznoantičnem obdobju, ko je bilo težišče of orange slip were preserved. kmetijske pridelave v afriških provincah ter v vzhodno- sredozemskem (maloazijskem in sirsko-palestinskem) prostoru, sta prevladovali dve veliki skupini amfor, ki 4.1.7 amPHorae se med seboj ločita po obliki in fakturi, to so afriške in vzhodnosredozemske amfore. amphorae are vessels used for transporting liquids Na tonovcovem gradu je bilo najdenih 632 od- (oil, wine, fish sauces, etc.) and scattered (wheat, seeds, lomkov amfor. 44 % jih je bilo na podlagi fakture z dried fruit) goods, especial y adapted for ship transport dokajšnjo gotovostjo opredeljenih kot afriške, 33 % kot (Vidrih Perko 2000). They were closely linked to the vzhodnosredozemske, 23 % pa je ostalo neopredeljenih economy (agriculture, transport, trade), the military ( sl. 4.4). Glede na težo je odstotek afriških amfor še večji, (supplying the troops) and state tax policy (reynolds saj v skupni teži vseh najdenih amfor na najdišču dosega 1995, 106-125). 58 % ( sl. 4.5). 23 in Late antiquity, when the main agricultural cen- tres were located in the african provinces and the east mediterranean (asia minor and the Syrian – Palestine aFriŠKe amFore area), two large groups of amphorae (african and east- ern mediterranean) which differed in their fabric and Konec 3. in v začetku 4. st. je tržišča imperija pre- shape dominated. plavila keramika (poleg amfor tudi sigilata in oljenke), 632 amphorae fragments were found at tonovcov ki so jo izdelovali v severnoafriških provincah. Večina grad. on the basis of the fabric 44 % of them were raziskovalcev množičen pojav afriške keramike pove- categorised as african, 33 % as eastern mediterranean, zuje z uvedbo anone (Fullford, Peacock 1984, 256–257, while 23 % remained uncategorised ( Fig. 4.4). taking into account the weight the share of african amphorae 23 Pri tem naj bi bile količine afriških amfor v keramičnih is even greater, for they reach 58 % in the total weight skupkih po navadi celo podcenjene, ker so afriški tipi slabše of all discovered amphorae ( Fig. 4.5). 23 razpoznavni od vzhodnih. Po drugi strani pa je vsaj pri teži treba upoštevati, da gre pri obravnavanih amforah za tipe ve- 23 at this the quantities of african amphorae in the pot- likih dimenzij z debelimi ostenji, ki so v povprečju težje od tery clusters were usual y underrated, as the african types are vzhodnomediteranskih. harder to classify than the east mediterranean. on the other 138 4_ker.indd 138 23.1.2012 12:48:34 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery aFriCaN amPHorae at the end of the 3rd and beginning of the 4th cen- tury the markets in the roman empire were flooded by pottery (amphorae, red Slip Ware and oil lamps) that was produced in the North african provinces. most authors link the mass appearance of african pottery with the introduction of the annona (Fullford, Peacock 1984, 256-257; reynolds 1995; Vidrih Perko 2000, 435), while some african goods arrived on the market also as a result of private initiatives (reynolds 1995, 106-112; Stone 2009, 144-146). amphorae were used to deliver products of the blooming african agriculture to the various ports across the empire and further into the interior. in earlier litera- ture (predominantly using literary sources as their base) the opinion prevailed that they were used predominantly Sl. 4.5: Zastopanost afriških, vzhodnosredozemskih in ne- to transport oil, for this had an important role in the afri- opredeljenih amfor glede na težo vseh najdenih kosov. can economy (col ected in Bonifay 2004), however, newer Fig. 4.5: representation of african amphorae, eastern medi- research indicates that they were also used to transport terranean amphorae and unclassified amphorae according to other products. if the interior was covered in resin this the weight of all fragments. was an indicator that wine or fish products (fish sauces, salted fish) were transported in the amphorae, for it was not necessary to apply a resin layer for the transport of reynolds 1995, Vidrih Perko 2000, 435), nekaj afriškega oil (Bonifay, Piéri 1995). The transport of wheat is also blaga pa je na trg prihajalo tudi kot posledica zasebne likely, for it represented an important share of the North pobude (reynolds 1995, 106–112; Stone 2009, 144–146). african exports (Bonifay 2004, 479). V amforah so v pristanišča imperija, potem pa The newer research of large sites (especial y dumps) tudi v notranjost, prihajali pridelki cvetočega afriškega in the West mediterranean indicates that the production kmetijstva. V starejši literaturi je (predvsem na podlagi of african amphorae continued into the 7th century pisnih virov) prevladovalo mnenje, da so v njih preva- (Keay 1998, 142-143).24 This holds true for the smal late žali predvsem olje, ki je imelo veliko vlogo v afriškem spatheia types Keay 26 F, G, H, as wel as for the late series gospodarstvu (zbrano pri Bonifay 2004), novejše razi- of the tunisian cylindrical amphorae (so cal ed Vandal skave pa kažejo tudi na ostale proizvode. tako naj bi bila type), al of which were dated between the mid 5th and the posmoljena notranjost indikator za prevoz vina in ribjih beginning of the 7th century (Freed 1995, 155-1256). Some izdelkov (ribje omake, soljene ribe), saj za prevoz olja forms of late smal spatheia date as late as the second half smoljenje ni bilo potrebno (Bonifay, Piéri 1995). Verje- of the 7th century (Bonifay 2004, 129-130). The Vandal ten je tudi prevoz žita, ki je imelo prav tako pomemben crisis (in the mid 5th century) did not stop the african delež v severnoafriškem izvozu (Bonifay 2004, 479). production; however it did bring changes to the way it Proizvodnja afriških amfor je trajala, kot kažejo no- was made. it slightly reduced the trade and rerouted some vejša raziskovanja velikih depozitov (predvsem smetišč) v merchant routes (Peacock, Bejaoui, Belazreg 1989, 199- zahodnem Sredozemlju, še v 7. st. (Keay 1998, 142–143).24 201; reynolds 1995, 112-116), which consequential y led to velja tako za male pozne spatejone tipov Keay 26 F, G, to the domination of eastern mediterranean amphorae H, kot tudi za pozne serije tunizijskih cilindričnih amfor in the late 5th and 6th century sites in the mediterranean (t. i. vandalske), ki so datirane od sredine 5. do začetka and its hinterland. However, regardless of the decline in 7. st. (Freed 1995, 155–156), in nekatere oblike poznih their production the african provinces remained an im- malih spatejonov, datiranih celo v drugo polovico 7. st. hand it has to be taken into account that the african ampho- (Bonifay 2004, 129–130). Vandalska kriza sredi 5. st. rae are large and have thick wal s and are thus heavier than torej ni pomenila prekinitve afriške proizvodnje, je pa the eastern mediterranean examples. 24 Production areas in central tunisia, export centres 24 raziskana so bila tako proizvodna območja v osrednji in north tunisia, as well as consumer centres on the east tuniziji, izvozni centri v severni tuniziji kot tudi potrošni Spanish, French and west italian coasts were researched. The centri na vzhodni španski, francoski in zahodni italijanski research showed large chronological differences between obali. raziskave kažejo precejšnje kronološke razlike med iz- the areas of origin and consummation. it was also discov- vornimi in potrošnimi območji in pa, da so amfore preživele ered that the amphorae went through quite a few phases of precej faz uporabe in ponovnega depozita, preden so končno use and reuse, before they became an ‘archaeological record’. postale “arheološki zapis” (Keay 1998, 142–143). (Keay 1998, 142-143). 139 4_ker.indd 139 23.1.2012 12:48:34 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery vnesla spremembe v njen način, nekoliko zmanjšala portant exporter of food products. This is clearly shown obseg trgovine in preusmerila nekatere trgovske poti in the development of some new amphorae types, such (Peacock, Bejaoui, Belazreg 1989, 199–201; reynolds as for instance the late smal spatheia, which were widely 1995, 112–116), kar je posledično pripeljalo do prevlade popular across the mediterranean and in the interior vzhodnosredozemskih amfor na najdiščih poznega 5. (reynolds 1995, 119-120). in 6. st. v Sredozemlju in v zaledju. Vendar pa so afriške african amphorae are known for their hard, coarse, province kljub upadu proizvodnje še naprej ostajale po- poorly purified orange, orange-red or orange-brown memben izvoznik živilskih proizvodov, kar se je kazalo clay. The surface can be coated by a thick, white slip. tudi v razvoju nekaterih novih oblik amfor, kot so bili npr. The body is usual y cylindrical and ends in a massive, pozni mali spatejoni, široko razširjeni v Sredozemlju in prolonged base, the shoulder is conical, and the neck notranjosti (reynolds 1995, 119–120). cylindrical. as there are so many different rim types it Za afriške amfore je značilna trda, raskava, slabo is extremely hard to typological y categorise the african prečiščena glina oranžne, oranžnordeče ali oranžnorjave amphorae when only rims are preserved. barve. Površina je lahko prevlečena z gostim, belkastim on tonovcov grad some african amphorae were premazom. trup je večinoma cilindrične oblike in se kon- classified only indicative (due to their fragmentation). čuje z masivno, podolgovato konico, rame je konično, vrat most african amphorae discovered at tonovcov grad pa cilindrično oblikovan. Profilacija ustij je zelo raznolika, are represented by wall fragments that cannot be typo- kar v primerih, ko imamo ohranjena samo ustja, zelo logical y classified. otežuje podrobnejšo tipološko opredelitev afriških amfor. most african amphorae were discovered in the tudi na tonovcovem gradu so bile nekatere afriške excavation area of building 1, mostly in Late antiquity 1 amfore zaradi fragmentarne ohranjenosti opredeljene layers. The only exception is represented by the small zgolj okvirno. Večino vseh afriških amfor, najdenih na late spatheion ( Fig. 4.6; Pl. 101: 7) discovered in the tonovcovem gradu, predstavljajo odlomki ostenj, ki presbytery of the main church. tipološko niso opredeljiva. Večina afriških amfor je bila najdena v izkopnem polju stavbe 1, večinoma v plasteh, ki pripadajo prvi Africana II ( africana grande, Keay 4-7) poznoantični fazi. edina izjema je v celoti ohranjen mali pozni spatejon ( sl. 4.6; t. 101: 7) iz prezbiterija The earliest african imports at tonovcov grad are osrednje cerkve. represented by the large cylindrical amphorae belong- ing to the group africana ii, also known as africana grande. Based on the rich finds from ostia the group Africana II ( africana grande, Keay 4–7) was divided into four subgroups (africana ii a-ii D: Panel a 1973; 1974; manacorda 1977). Bonifay kept the Najzgodnejši afriški import na tonovcovem gradu basic division, and added variants to each type (Bonifay predstavljajo velike cilindrične amfore skupine africa- 2004, 107-119, Figs. 57-62). na ii, imenovane tudi africana grande. Skupina je bila na at tonovcov grad two amphorae belong to this podlagi bogatih najdb iz ostije razdeljena na štiri pod- group. skupine (africana ii a–ii D: Panel a 1973; manacorda The amphora with the pronounced rim ( Pl. 67: 1) is 1977). Bonifay je obdržal osnovno razdelitev, dodal pa še categorised as type Keay 6/africana ii C (Panel a 1973, variante vsakega tipa (Bonifay 2004, 107–119, sl. 57–62). 586-592; Keay 1984, 118-121, Fig. 45: 6-7; Bonifay 2004, Na tonovcovem gradu smo v to skupino uvrstili 114-115, Fig. 113). The discussed example belongs to the dve amfori. late forms of this type (Bonifay ii C 3), dated into the 4th amfora s poudarjenim robom ( t. 67: 1) sodi v tip century (Bonifay 2004, 115).25 This form was supposedly Keay 6/africana ii C (Panel a 1973, 586–592; Keay 1984, used to transport fish products (Bonifay 2004, 472). in 118–121, sl. 45: 6–7; Bonifay 2004, 114–115, sl. 113). obrav- Slovenia they were also found in most na Soči (Vidrih navani primer ustreza poznim oblikam tega tipa (Bonifay Perko 1994b, most na Soči, Sv. Lucija, Pl. 1: 2) and at ii C 3), datiranim v 4. st. (Bonifay 2004, 115). V amforah Školarice (žerjal 2008, Pl. 41: 114,118). it was found in africana ii C naj bi prevažali predvsem ribje izdelke (Boni- the layer of the Late antiquity 1 phase. fay 2004, 472).25 V Sloveniji sta bili amfori tega tipa najdeni 25 on the other hand this amphora is close to type Keay 25 amfora je po drugi strani (predvsem zaradi značilne 57 – Bonifay 42 (Keay 1984, 298, Fig. 128; Bonifay, Piéri stopnice na notranjem robu) blizu tudi tipu Keay 57 – Bo- 1995, Fig. 3: 18; Bonifay 2004, 135-136, Fig. 73: 2), especial y nifay 42 (Keay 1984, 298, sl. 128; Bonifay, Piéri 1995, sl. 3: with its characteristic step on the inner rim. amphorae type 18; Bonifay 2004, 135–136, sl. 73: 2). amfore Keay 57 so po- Keay 57 are late, for they are dated into the second half of the zne, datirane so v drugo polovico 5. in v 6. st. (Keay 1984, 5th and 6th century (Keay 1984, 299-300), or into the second 299–300) oziroma v drugo polovico 5. st. (Bonifay 2004, half of the 5th century (Bonifay 2004, 137). However, type 57 137). Vendar pa je za tip 57 značilen tudi okras glavničenja is also known for its combed decoration on the neck which na vratu, ki ga obravnavani primerek nima. the discussed example lacks. 140 4_ker.indd 140 23.1.2012 12:48:34 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery še na mostu na Soči (Vidrih Perko 1994b, most na Soči, Sv. The amphora on Pl. 67: 2 can be categorised as type Lucija, t. 1: 2) in na Školaricah (žerjal 2008, t. 41: 114,118). Keay 7/africana ii D, which is known for its straight sided Najdena je bila v plasti, ki pripada prvi poznoantični fazi. rim, separated from the neck by a groove (Keay 1984, amforo na t. 67: 2 lahko uvrstimo v tip Keay 7/afri- 121, Figs. 46-47; Bonifay 2004, 115-118, Fig. 62). as the cana ii D, za katerega je značilno navpično postavljeno, rim is not thickened on the outer side, the amphora can ravno ustje, od vratu ločeno z žlebom (Keay 1984, 121, be placed in Bonifay’s variant africana ii D 2. Such am- sl. 46, 47; Bonifay 2004, 115–118, sl. 62). Ker ustje na phorae were produced from the mid 3rd century onwards zunanji strani ni odebeljeno, amfora ustreza Bonifayevi and reached their peak in the first third of the 4th century varianti africana ii D 2. amfore africana ii D 2 naj bi (Panel a 1973, 588-589; manacorda 1977, 168; Bonifay proizvajali od sredine 3. st., višek njihove uporabe pa 2004, 117). mostly they were used for transporting fish sega v prvo tretjino 4. st. (Panel a 1973, 588–589; ma- products ( salsamenta), possibly also wine and oil (Bonifay nacorda 1977, 168; Bonifay 2004, 117). tudi v njih naj bi 2004, 117, 474). The discussed amphora was found (as a v glavnem prevažali ribje izdelke ( salsamenta), mogoče residual find) in the early medieval layer (tonovcov grad. tudi vino in olje (Bonifay 2004, 117, 474). obravnavana Settlement remains and interpretation, Fig. 3.19: 18). amfora je bila kot residualna najdba najdena v zgodnje- amphora africana ii D is one of the most com- srednjeveški plasti (tonovcov grad. Naselbinski ostanki mon forms in aquileia (Zulini 2007b, 157, note 1483, in interpretacija, sl. 3.19: 18). with the literature quoted there), and is also known in amfora africana ii D predstavlja eno najpogostej- trieste (Zulini 2007b, 157, Pl. 34: 79), at Školarice (žerjal ših oblik v akvileji (Zulini 2007b, 157, op. 1483, s tam 2008, Pl. 41: 1122,1123) and invil ino (mackensen 1987, citirano literaturo), znana je tudi iz trsta (Zulini 2007b, Pl. 45: 7). 157, t. 34: 79), s Školaric (žerjal 2008, t. 41: 1122,1123) in invillina (mackensen 1987, t. 45: 7). Tripolitanian amphorae Tripolitanske amfore one of the discovered rim fragments ( Pl. 67: 3) can be categorised as type tripolitana iii/Bonifay 20, which en najden odlomek ustja ( t. 67: 3) lahko pripišemo was manufactured from the mid 2nd century onwards amfori tripolitanske proizvodnje tipa tripolitana iii/ in the vicinity of the town Leptis Magna (Panel a 1973; Bonifay 20, ki so jih od sredine 2. st. dalje izdelovali v Bonifay 2004, 105, Fig. 55b). The discussed fragment okolici mesta Leptis Magna (Panella 1973; Bonifay 2004, belongs to the late form of tripolitana iii with the 105, sl. 55b). obravnavani odlomek pripada njeni pozni characte ristical y everted rim and coarse fabric, in core obliki z značilno odebeljenim robom ustja ter grobo, v of orange-grey-orange colour (Peacock 1984, 18, fabric jedru oranžno-sivo-oranžno fakturo (Peacock 1984, 18, 2.8; Bonifay 2004, 105). faktura 2.8; Bonifay 2004, 105). in ostia and rome tripolitanian amphorae appear V ostiji in rimu se bile tripolitanske amfore v in large quantities during the second half of the 3rd and množični uporabi v drugi polovici 3. in prvi polovici first half of the 4th century, while in ostia the late variants 4. st., njihova pozna varianta tje prevladovala v ostiji dominate in the mid 4th century contexts (Pannela 2001, v kontekstih sredine 4. st. (Panel a 2001, 211; Bonifay 211; Bonifay 2004, 105). This amphora type was used to 2004, 105). V njih so prevažali oljčno olje (Bonifay 2004, transport olive oil (Bonifay 2004, 107, 474). 107, 474). tripolitanian amphorae are not very common in tripolitanske amfore v Sloveniji sicer niso pogoste. Slovenia. one was found in Ptuj (Vidrih Perko 1994b, ena je bila najdena na Ptuju (Vidrih Perko 1994b, Ptuj, Ptuj, Pl. 1: 2-3), a few at Hrušica (Vidrih Perko 2000, 442) t. 1: 2–3), nekaj na Hrušici (Vidrih Perko 2000, 442) in and a few at Školarice (žerjal 2008, 138, Pl. 43: 1153- nekaj na Školaricah (žerjal 2008, 138, t. 43: 1153–1154). 1154). in the vicinity a few were discovered in aquileia iz bližnjega prostora so znane še iz akvileje (Donat 1991, (Donat 1991, 226-227, aa 37-39; 1994a, 414-415, aa 226–227, aa 37–39; 1994a, 414–415, aa 2–4), Julije 2-4), iulia Concordia and trieste (masselli Scotti et al. Konkordije ( Iulia Concordia) in trsta (masselli Scotti 2004, 74-75; Zulini 2007b, 162, Pl. 35: 8). et al. 2004, 74–75; Zulini 2007b, 162, t. 35: 88). Keay 25 Keay 25 on tonovcov grad we can recognise some ampho- Na tonovcovem gradu lahko z dokajšnjo gotovo- rae that belong into the large group of medium sized stjo prepoznamo nekaj amfor, ki sodijo v veliko sku- cylindrical amphorae ( contenitori cilindrici del a tarda pino cilindričnih amfor srednjih dimenzij ( contenitori età imperiale: manacorda 1977, 171-185), typical rep- cilindrici del a tarda età imperiale: manacorda 1977, resentatives of which are amphorae type Keay 25 (Keay 141 4_ker.indd 141 23.1.2012 12:48:35 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery 171–185), katerih značilni predstavniki so amfore tipa 1984, 184-212). This amphora type was developed from Keay 25 (Keay 1984, 184–212). te vrste amfor so se the earlier african forms, i.e. the form africana grande razvile iz zgodnejših afriških oblik, npr. oblike africana (africana ii) and is the forerunner of the large cylin- grande (africana ii), in so hkrati predhodnice velikih drical amphorae from the late 5th and early 6th century, cilindričnih amfor poznega 5. in zgodnjega 6. st., zato which is why Bonifay proposed the name africana iii zanje Bonifay predlaga poimenovanje africana iii (Bonifay 2004, 119-122). they are defined by their (Bonifay 2004, 119–122). opredeljuje jih predvsem cylindrical body and their relatively large volume, and cilindrična oblika trupa in dokaj velika prostornina, can have numerous rim variants – 29 according to Keay. medtem ko je profilacija ustja lahko zelo različna, Some authors have thus proposed a simplified division saj po Keayu obsega 29 variant. Nekateri avtorji zato (Bonifay, Piéri 1995, 95; Freed 1995, 181). in his last predlagajo bolj poenostavljeno delitev (Bonifay, Piéri study Bonifay divided them into the following types: 27/ 1995, 95; Freed 1995, 181). Bonifay jih je v svoji zadnji africana iii a, 28/africana iii B and 29/africana iii C. študiji uvrstil v tipe 27/africana iii a, 28/africana iii B type Bonifay 27/africana iii a covers types Keay 25: in 29/africana iii C (Bonifay 2004, 119–122, sl. 63–65). a-C, type Bonifay 28/africana iii B covers types Keay tip Bonifay 27/africana iii a ustreza tipom Keay 25: 25: K-V and type Bonifay 29/africana iii C covers types a–C, tip Bonifay 28/africana iii B tipom Keay 25: K–V Keay 25: e-i. The types also differ chronological y. The in tip Bonifay 29/africana iii C tipu Keay 25: e–i. tipi early variants of type iii a are dated into the end of the se med seboj ločijo tudi kronološko. Zgodnje variante 3rd and the beginning of the 4th century, type iii a and tipa iii a so datirane v konec 3. in na začetek 4. st., B into the 4th century, and type iii C into the end of the tipa iii a in B v 4. st., tip iii C pa v konec 4. in prvo 4th and first half of the 5th century (Bonifay 2004, 122). polovico 5. st. (Bonifay 2004, 122). The amphorae are of tunisian origin, and they were amfore so tunizijskega izvora, v uporabi naj bi bile supposedly used to transport oil (Keay 1984, 193-194; za prevoz olja (Keay 1984, 193–194; Panel a 1993, sl. 2), Panel a 1993, Fig. 2), even though the resin-covered čeprav glede na posmoljeno notranjost nekateri avtorji interior leads some authors to assume they were used domnevajo, da so se uporabljale predvsem za prevoz predominantly to transport wine (Bonifay 2004, 122, 474). vina (Bonifay 2004, 122, 474). in the 4th century mid-sized cylindrical amphorae Predvsem v 4. st. so predstavljale cilindrične amfore were the most common type of amphorae in most srednjih dimenzij najpogostejšo obliko amfor v večini mediterranean ports. sredozemskih pristanišč. on tonovcov grad the rims of amphorae Pl. 67: 5-6 Na tonovcovem gradu v tip Keay 25 G (Keay 1984, and maybe also Pl. 67: 4 can be categorised as type Keay sl. 79: 2–3) oziroma africana iii C (Bonifay 2004, 119) 25 G (Keay 1984, Fig. 79: 2-3) or africana iii C (Bonifay lahko uvrstimo ustja amfor t. 67: 5–6, morda tudi t. 2004, 119). one of the variants of type Keay 25 can also 67: 4. eni od variant tipa Keay 25 lahko pripišemo tudi be ascribed to the base on Pl. 6 7: 7.26 konico na t. 6 7: 7.26 this type is the most commonly represented tudi na jugovzhodnoalpskem območju sodijo med african amphora in the Southeastern alps. They ap- najpogosteje zastopane afriške amfore. Pojavljajo se v pear in towns, e.g. in emona (Vidrih Perko 1994b, mestih, npr. v emoni (Vidrih Perko 1994b, Starokrščan- Starokrščanski center, predel ob šoli majde Vrhovnik, ski center, predel ob šoli majde Vrhovnik, t. 5: 3–4,6), Pl. 5: 3-4,6), and are especial y common in western pogoste pa so zlasti na najdiščih zahodne Slovenije. tip Slovenia. type 25 G was discovered ˝at rodik (Vidrih 25 G je bil najden na rodiku (Vidrih Perko 1997a, sl. Perko 1997a, Fig. 2: 23-25) in Bilje (Vidrih Perko 1994b, 2: 23–25), v Biljah (Vidrih Perko 1994b, Bilje, t. 2: 5) in Bilje, Pl. 2: 5) and Fizine near Portorož (Gaspari et al. Fizinah pri Portorožu (Gaspari et al. 2007, t. 7: 168). 2007, Pl. 7: 168). Various variants were also discovered različne druge variante so znane iz ajdovščine (Vidrih in ajdovščina (Vidrih Perko 1994b, ajdovščina, Pls. 7: Perko 1994b, ajdovščina, t. 7: 1–2; 9: 1), s Hrušice (Vi- 1-2, 9: 1) and at Hrušica (Vidrih Perko 1992b, Pl. 3: 2-3). drih Perko 1992b, t. 3: 2–3), najdene pa so bile tudi v They were found also in Šmarata (Perko, Bavdek, Lazar Šmarati (Perko, Bavdek, Lazar 1998, t. 2: 2–4,18–20), na 1998, Pl. 2: 2-4,18-20), at Križna gora (Vidrih Perko Križni gori (Vidrih Perko 1994b, Križna gora, t. 1: 7–9), 1994b, Križna gora, Pl. 1: 7-9), Školarice (žerjal 2008, Školaricah (žerjal 2008, t. 43: 1156–1160,1166; 44) in v Pls. 43: 1156-1160,1166; 44) and in Predjama (Korošec Predjami (Korošec 1956, t. 19: 2). 1956, Pl. 19: 2). all examples from tonovcov grad were found in the Late antiquity 2 layers or in mixed layers. 26 Določevanje variant samo po ustju je včasih nezane- 26 Defining variants only with the use of rims can be un- sljivo, saj so pozne variante (Keay 25 e–i, Bonifay africana reliable, for the late variants (Keay 25 e-i, Bonifay africana iii C) po obliki ustja lahko zelo podobne zgodnejšim obli- iii C) have similar rim shapes to the early forms, however kam, bistveno pa se od njih ločijo po obliki vratu, ki je cilin- they differ greatly by the shape of the neck and body, both of drično podaljšan, prav tako tudi telo. which are cylindrical y prolonged. 142 4_ker.indd 142 23.1.2012 12:48:35 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery Primerki s tonovcovega gradu so bili najdeni v Keay 26 (‘ spatheia’) plasteh druge poznoantične faze in v premešanih hu- musnih plasteh Some amphorae examples can conditional y be categorised into type Keay 26. This is a broad group of large tunisian cylindrical amphorae with a number of Keay 26 (“spatheia” ) variants, in literature most commonly known under the name of spatheia.27 The type is similar in shape to type Nekaj primerkov amfor lahko pogojno pripišemo Keay 25, only smal er. according to some interpretations tipu Keay 26. Gre za široko skupino velikih tunizijskih the so-called classical spatheion is not a separate type cilindričnih amfor s številnimi podtipi, za katere se je at al , but merely a smaller variant of the Keay 25/afri- v literaturi uveljavilo ime spatheia.27 tip je oblikovno cana iii C (Bonifay 2004, 125). according to Keay type soroden tipu Keay 25, le da je manjši. Po nekaterih in- 26 includes medium sized cylindrical amphorae from terpretacijah pri tako imenovanem klasičnem spatejonu the 5th century, as well as small amphorae – ‘late small sploh ne gre za poseben tip, ampak le za manjšo varianto spatheia’ (types Keay 26 F, G and H) that appear in the tipa Keay 25/africana iii C (Bonifay 2004, 125). V tip 26 second half of the 6th and in the 7th century (mackensen so po Keayu uvrščene tako srednje velike cilindrične 1992, 245-252; Bonifay, Piéri 1995, 97); however their amfore iz 5. st., kot tudi male amforice – “pozni mali actual connection is questionable (Bonifay 2004, 125). spatejoni” (tipi Keay 26 F, G in H) iz druge polovice 6. in The newer proposals are introducing changes to iz 7. st. (mackensen 1992, 245–252; Bonifay, Piéri 1995, this division. The first one proposed the division into 97), vendar pa je njihova dejanska povezava vprašljiva classic spatheia, other spatheia and late small spatheia (Bonifay 2004, 125). (Bonifay, Piéri 1995, 97). Bonifay retained the division Novejši predlogi to razdelitev spreminjajo. tako in three types, but added additional subtypes. according je bila najprej predlagana delitev na klasične spatejone, to Bonifay’s classification the so-cal ed classical spatheia druge spatejone in pozne male spatejone (Bonifay, Piéri are placed into type 31 or ‘ spatheion 1’ and divided into 1995, 97). Bonifay je obdržal razdelitev na tri tipe, ki subtypes a-D, dated into the first half of the 5th century. jih je še razčlenil z variantami. tako so tako imenovani type 32 or ‘ spatheion 2’ consisted of small amphorae, klasični spatejoni po Bonifayevi delitvi uvrščeni v tip which were supposedly the predecessors of the true 31 oziroma “spatheion 1” ter razdeljeni v variante a–D, late smal spatheia. Spatheia 2 were divided into two datirane v prvo polovico 5. st. V tip 32 oz. “spatheion 2” subgroups, of which subgroup a was produced in the so uvrščene male amfore, ki naj bi bile predhodnice pra- second half of the 5th century, and subgroup B in the vih poznih malih spatejonov. Spatejoni 2 so razdeljeni v 6th century. The late smal spatheia form type 33 or dve varianti, od katerih je varianta a datirana v drugo ‘ spatheion 3’, and are divided into four subgroups, dated polovico 5. st., varianta B pa v 6. st. Pozni mali spatejoni between the end of the 6th and the second half of the 7th so uvrščeni v tip 33 oz. “spatheion 3”, razdeljeni pa so v century (Bonifay 2004, 125-129, Figs. 67-69). ‘Late small 4 variante, datirane od konca 6. do druge polovice 7. st. spatheia’ will be treated separately in the continuation, (Bonifay 2004, 125–129, sl. 67–69). “Pozni mali spate- while at this point we will focus only on the so called joni” bodo zato v nadaljevanju obravnavani ločeno, tu ‘classic spatheia’. pa le tako imenovani “klasični spatejoni”. it is not clear what was transported in these ampho- tudi vsebina teh amfor ni popolnoma jasna. Prvo- rae. original y they were believed to be used to transport tno so veljale za vinske amfore (manacorda 1977, 220). wine (manacorda 1977, 220). Due to the discovery of Zaradi najdb oljčnih koščic in ostankov rib v nekaterih olive pits and fish remains in some amphorae it has amforah je bila postavljena domneva o njihovi razno- been recently assumed that they were used for various liki vsebini (Keay 1984, 215), Bonifay pa domneva, da contents (Keay 1984, 215), however Bonifay assumed je prvenstveno vseeno šlo za vinske amfore, ki so bile that they were primarily used for wine but could also be lahko uporabljene tudi za druge produkte, kot so oljke used for other products, such as olives and fish (Bonifay in ribe (Bonifay 2004, 129, 474). 2004, 129, 474). med gradivom iz stavbe 1 lahko v skupino Keay 26 amongst the material from building 1 the colum- pogojno uvrstimo stebričast zatič ( t. 67: 8) ter nekaj nar base ( Pl. 67: 8) and few undefined wall fragments ostenj. can be conditional y placed into the group Keay 26. te amfore so pogoste predvsem na podeželskih This form is known mainly in rural sites in western najdiščih zahodne Slovenije. Najdene so bile v Šmarati Slovenia. They were found in Šmarata (Perko, Bavdek, 27 Gre za izraz, ki je bil uveden na podlagi napisov na 27 This is a term that was introduced on the basis of the egipčanskih papirusih, novejše raziskave pa dokazujejo, da inscriptions found on egyptian papyri, and newer research je bil originalno uporabljan za bikonične egipčanske amfore has shown that it was original y used for biconical egyptian in ne za afriške, zato naj bi se za afriške uporabljal le pogojno amphorae and not african ones, thus it is used only condi- (zbrano pri Bonifay 2004, 125). tional y for african ones (collected at Bonifay 2004, 125). 143 4_ker.indd 143 23.1.2012 12:48:35 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery (Perko, Bavdek, Lazar 1998, t. 2: 29), Štanjelu (Vidrih Lazar 1998, Pl. 2: 29), Štanjel (Vidrih Perko 1997b, Pl. 5: Perko 1997b, t. 5: 15), na rodiku (Vidrih Perko 1997a, sl. 15), at rodik (Vidrih Perko 1997a, Fig. 2: 26-27), in most 2: 26–27), v mostu na Soči (Vidrih Perko 1994b, most na na Soči (Vidrih Perko 1994b, most na Soči, Sv. Lucija, Soči, Sv. Lucija, t. 1: 1), na Školaricah (žerjal 2008, 141, Pl. 1: 1), at Školarice (žerjal 2008, 141, Pl. 4: 1189-1195) t. 4: 1189–1195) in v ajdovščini (Vidrih Perko 1994b, and in ajdovščina (Vidrih Perko 1994b, ajdovščina, Pls. ajdovščina, t. 7: 4; 8: 5; 9: 34). Pogoste so v akvileji 7: 4; 8: 5; 9: 34). They are common in aquileia (Donat (Donat 1994a, 433–436, t. 67: 23–26) in trstu (Zulini 1994a, 433-436, Fig. 67: 23-26) and trieste (Zulini 2007, 2007, 159, t. 34: 80–81; 35: 82). 159, Pls. 34: 80-81; 35: 82). Keay 35 A Keay 35A amfora t. 68: 1 spada v tip Keay 35 a (Keay 1984, sl. amphora Pl. 68: 1 can be categorised as type Keay 98: 2,4; 99) oziroma Bonifay 40 (Bonifay 2004, 134–135, 35 a (Keay 1984, Figs. 98: 2,4; 99) or Bonifay 40 (Boni- sl. 72a: 1).28 to so amfore z močno odebeljenim ustjem, fay 2004, 134-135, Fig. 72a: 1).28 These amphorae are oranžno do opečno rdeče barve, z vidnimi belimi ali orange to brick red in colour, they have visible white or rumenimi vključki, z belorumenim premazom, na yellow inclusions, and a white-yellow slip upon which katerem so sledi vertikalnih žlebov (Ghalia, Bonifay, we can find traces of vertical grooves (Ghalia, Bonifay, Capelli 2005, 496). Capelli 2005, 496). obe varianti oblike Keay 35 (35 a in 35 B) sodita The two Keay 35 subtypes (35 a and 35 B) were med najpogostejše amfore v zahodnem Sredozemlju v one of the most common amphorae in the Western prvi polovici 5. st. (Bonifay, Piéri 1995, 98; Bonifay 2004, mediterranean during the first half of the 5th century 135). amfore Keay 35 a so bile namenjene za prevoz (Bonifay, Piéri 1995, 98; Bonifay 2004, 135). amphorae oljčnega olja (Bonifay 2004, 135, 474). Keay 35 a were used for transporting olive oil (Bonifay V Sloveniji so znane iz Predloke (Vidrih Perko 2004, 135, 474). 2000, 443), Šmarate (Perko, Bavdek, Lazar 1998, t. 2: 10, in Slovenia they were discovered in Predloka (Vid- 17) in s Školaric (žerjal 2008, št. 1247–1249). rih Perko 2000, 443), Šmarata (Perko, Bavdek, Lazar obravnavani primer s tonovcovega gradu je bil 1998, Pl. 2: 10,17) and at Školarice (žerjal 2008, Nos. najden v plasti prve poznoantične faze (tonovcov grad. 1247-1249). Naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, sl. 3.3: 11). amphora Keay 35 from tonovcov grad was dis- covered in a Late antiquity 1 layer (tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpretation, Fig. 3.3: 11). Pozni mali spatejoni Na tonovcovem gradu so zastopani tudi tako ime- Late small spatheia novani pozni mali spatejoni (“spatheion 3” po Bonifay 2004, 125–126), ki so po starih klasifikacijah uvrščeni v on tonovcov grad the so-cal ed late smal spatheia tip Keay 26 (variante F, G in H; glej zgoraj). Gre za male, (‘ spatheion 3’ according to Bonifay 2004, 125-126) were 40–50 cm visoke amforice s premerom ustja 6–9 cm. also discovered. These smal , 40-50 cm high amphorae Glede na fakturo lahko ločimo dve skupini. V prvo so- with a rim diameter measuring between 6 and 9 cm dijo amfore, izdelane iz trde, opečno rdeče žgane gline z were in the early classifications placed into type Keay belim premazom. Druga skupina obsega amfore iz svetle, 26 (subgroups F, G and H; see above). according to rumenkaste ali skoraj bele gline z mehkim premazom. their fabric they can be divided into two groups. The Najdbe velikega števila malih spatejonov svetle first one consists of amphorae made from hard, brick fakture, ki so pogosti predvsem na kastelih donavskega red fired clay with a white slip. The second group covers limesa in na jugovzhodnoalpskih višinskih naselbinah, amphorae from bright, yellowish or almost white clay so spodbudile domnevo, da gre pri njih lahko tudi za with a soft slip. vzhodni, neafriški izvor. tako je mackensen definiral 28 This amphora is reminiscent of one of the africana 28 amfora sicer spominja tudi na eno od oblik africana grande forms, i.e. type Keay 5 (Keay 1984, 113-114, Fig. 43: grande, in sicer na tip Keay 5 (Keay 1984, 113–114, sl. 43, 1), which is known already from the late 2nd and 3rd century predv. 43: 1), ki je znan s katalonskih najdišč že od poznega 2. Catalonian sites. taking into account the finds from ostia it in v 3. st., glede na najdbe iz ostije pa kaže, da se je produk- seems that the production continued into the 4th and 5th cen- cija nadaljevala tudi v 4. in 5. st. (Keay 1984, 115–116). am- tury (Keay 1984, 115-116). amphorae Keay 5 have been dis- fore Keay 5 so znane s severnoitalijanskih najdišč (akvileja: covered in North italian sites (aquileia: Donat 1991, 213, Pl. Donat 1991, 213, t. 36; 1994a, 422–423, t. 65–66; Lucinico: 36; 1994a, 422-423, Pls. 65-66; Lucinico: Ventura, Degrassi Ventura, Degrassi 2005, sl. 3: 4). 2005, Fig. 3: 4). 144 4_ker.indd 144 23.1.2012 12:48:35 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery as a large number of smal spatheia with a bright fabric have been discovered (that are common especial y in the forts along the Danubian limes and on the South- eastern alpine hil top settlements), it has been assumed that they could also be of an eastern, non-african origin. Thus mackensen defined a special, eastern mediterranean group of smal amphorae measuring between 40 and 50 cm in height. most Slovene examples were categorised in this group (mackensen 1992, 246-251, Figs. 3: 1-2; 4: 1-2). However, recent petrographic and chemical analyses of spatheia from the so-cal ed eastern mediterranean group show that they are North african in origin (Capel i 1998, 331-332; Ladstätter 2003, 842, note 47; Bonifay 2004, 129). The workshops of these amphorae have also been discovered in Nabeul ( Neapolis) and moknine on the eastern tunisian coast (Bonifay 2004, 129). Content of these small amphorae is still under dis- cussion. it is possible that it varied through time. oil is excluded as some interiors were covered in resin. Some of them also contained olive pits and fish remains. as this type was extremely widespread it could be assumed that it was mainly used for wine (Bonifay 2004, 129), or to store valuable contents linked to liturgy (Saguì 2002, 15). a part of a rim of a small ‘spatheion’ from orange fired, relatively coarse clay was found in building 1 on tonovcov grad. it had a light slip and a rim with a diameter measuring 7.5 cm ( Pl. 68: 2). according to Bonifay’s typology the rim shape is best suited to vari- ant C of spatheion 3, i.e. the type with the half-moon Sl. 4.6: Spatejon, najden v prezbiteriju osrednje cerkve( t. 101: rim that was dated into the second half of the 7th century 7; foto: m. Zaplatil). Po manj šano. (Bonifay 2004, 127-128, Fig. 69: C). Fig. 4.6: Spatheion from the presbytery of the main church ( Pl. 101: 7; photo: m. Zaplatil). Diminished. The base ( Pl. 68: 3) most likely belongs to the small spatheion that could not be precisely categorised. a ful y preserved spatheion was discovered in the presbytery of the main church ( Fig. 4.6; Pl. 101: 7, see also: posebno, vzhodnomediteransko skupino malih vrete- tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpretation, nastih amfor dolžine 40–50 cm. V to skupino je bila chapter 2.5.2). it was made from yel ow soft powdery clay, uvrščena tudi večina slovenskih primerkov (mackensen and the soft yel owish slip was preserved in places. The 1992, 246–251, sl. 3: 1–2; 4: 1–2). Novejše petrografske in exterior revealed traces of vertical polishing, while the kemične analize spatejonov te tako imenovane vzhodno- interior horizontal grooves ( Fig. 4.6). according to the last mediteranske skupine pa kažejo, da gre tudi pri njih za Bonifay’s typology the rim fits variant a (Bonifay 2004, severnoafriški izvor (Capelli 1998, 331–332; Ladstätter 127, Fig. 69: a 1-2), which is dated into the end of the 2003, 842, op. 47; Bonifay 2004, 129). odkrite so bile tudi 6th and beginning of the 7th century (Bonifay 2004, 129). delavnice teh amfor pri krajih Nabeul ( Neapolis) in mo- Small spatheia are a relatively common find in knine na vzhodni tunizijski obali (Bonifay 2004, 129). Slovenia. Contrary to other types of late amphorae they Vsebina teh amforic je še vedno predmet diskusij. often appear in the sites in the interior. The examples mogoče je tudi, da je bila v različnih obdobjih različ- from Slovenia up to 1994 are col ected by t. Knific (1994, na. Ker so bili nekateri primerki posmoljeni, naj ne bi 223-224, Pls. 6-7,12). many of them were discovered vsebovale olja. V nekaterih so bili najdeni tudi oljčne in Koper, and the fabric led the author to assume they koščice in ribji ostanki. Kljub temu naj bi velika razšir- were of african origin (Cunja 1996, 118-119, Pls. 28; 29: jenost amfor potrjevala domnevo, da gre predvsem za 317-319). They were also found at Vranje (Knific 1994, vinsko amforo (Bonifay 2004, 129), postavlja pa se tudi Pls. 6: 1-9; 7: 1), Korinjski hrib (Ciglenečki 1985, Pl. teza, da je šlo za dragoceno vsebino, povezano z liturgijo 5: 66-67), rifnik (Bolta 1981, Pls. 21: 90; 22: 46; 34: 2; (Saguì 2002, 15). Bausovac 2010, Fig. 3: 7-14), Križna gora (Urleb 1974, Pl. Na tonovcovem gradu je bil v stavbi 1 najden del 40: 10,13), in Kranj (Knific 1994, Pl. 7: 9; Vidrih Perko, ustja malega spatejona iz oranžno žgane, dokaj raskave Sagadin 2004, Fig. 6a: 5), Črnomelj (mason 1998, Pl. 145 4_ker.indd 145 23.1.2012 12:48:36 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery gline, s svetlim premazom, s premerom ustja 7,5 cm 1: 8), Piran (Vidrih Perko 1994a, 241) and at ajdna,29 ( t. 68: 2). oblika ustja po Bonifayevi tipologiji ustreza thus they seem to appear in hil top settlements as well varianti C “spatejona” 3, to je varianti s polmesečastim as in towns. in Friuli they were common at invillino ustjem, ki je datirana v drugo polovico 7. st. (Bonifay (mackensen 1987, Fig. 43: 5-18) and were also discov- 2004, 127–128, sl. 69: C). ered in Udine (Vil a 1998, Fig. 4: 1-5), marano (Vil a malemu spatejonu ožje nedoločljive variante ver- 1998, Pl. 2: 3) and osoppo (Vil a 1998, Fig. 3: 3). Larger jetno pripada tudi dno ( t. 68: 3). numbers were found on Hemmaberg (Ladstätter 2000, Še en, v celoti ohranjen mali spatejon je bil najden v Pl. 21). according to Bonifay’s classification types with prezbiteriju osrednje cerkve ( sl. 4.6; t. 101: 7, glej tudi to- rim matched or came close to variant a30 in its shape novcov grad. Naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, pogl. predominate, however the diameter of most of the 2.5.2). izdelan je iz mehke, kredaste gline, rumene barve, preserved examples ranges between 8 and 10 cm, while z delno ohranjenim mehkim rumenkastim premazom. according to Bonifay the width of the body in variant a Na zunanji strani so vidni sledovi navpičnega glajenja, should range between 12 and 13 cm (Bonifay 2004, 127). na notranji pa vodoravne kanelure ( sl. 4.6). Po zadnji Such examples were found in Koper (Cunja 1996, Pl. Bonifayevi tipologiji po obliki ustja ustreza varianti a 28: 301-302,305), at Vranje (Knific 1994, Pls. 6: 2,7; 7: (Bonifay 2004, 127, sl. 69: a 1–2), datirani v konec 6. in 1-2,6), Korinjski hrib (Ciglenečki 1985, Pl. 5: 66-67) and na začetek 7. st. (Bonifay 2004, 129). rifnik (Bolta 1981, Pl. 21: 90). only the examples from mali spatejoni so dokaj pogosta najdba na slo- Črnomelj (mason 1998, Pl. 1: 8) and rifnik (Bausovac venskih najdiščih. Za razliko od ostalih tipov poznih 2010, Fig. 3: 8,10) measured 12 cm in width. in some amfor so pogosti tudi v notranjosti. Do leta 1994 znane examples the rim shape matched or came close to variant primerke s slovenskega ozemlja je zbral t. Knific (1994, D (Vranje: Knific 1994, Pl. 7; Koper: Cunja 1996, Pls. 28: 223–224, t. 6–7,12). Veliko jih je bilo najdenih v Kopru, 306-308; 29: 320-327; Kranj: Vidrih Perko, Sagadin 2004, kjer avtor na podlagi fakture ravno tako predpostavlja Fig. 6a: 5; rifnik: Bausovac 2010, Fig. 3: 14). Variant C njihov afriški izvor (Cunja 1996, 118–119, t. 28; 29: with the semi-circular rim is rare in the discussed area, 317–319). Najdeni so bili še na Vranju (Knific 1994, and was discovered only at tonovcov grad, invil ino t. 6: 1–9; 7: 1), Korinjskem hribu (Ciglenečki 1985, t. (mackensen 1987, Fig. 44: 7-8,14) and Hemmaberg 5: 66–67), rifniku (Bolta 1981, t. 21: 90; 22: 46; 34: 2; (Ladstätter 2000, Pl. 21: 10). Bausovac 2010, sl. 3: 7–14), Križni gori (Urleb 1974, t. The dating of the late smal spatheia is – also due to 40: 10,13), v Kranju (Knific 1994, t. 7: 9; Vidrih Perko, its various shapes – still a subject of discussion. macken- Sagadin 2004, sl. 6a: 5), Črnomlju (mason 1998, t. 1: 8), sen dated them into the 6th and first half of the 7th cen- Piranu (Vidrih Perko 1994a, 241) in na ajdni,29 torej tury and linked them to the early Byzantine fortifications se pojavljajo tako v višinskih naselbinah kot v mestih. along the Danube river (mackensen 1992, 245-251). The V Furlaniji so pogosti na invil inu (mackensen 1987, new study by Bonifay sets the dates slightly later, for he sl. 43: 5–18), znani so tudi iz Vidma (Vil a 1998, sl. places the oldest examples (variant a) into the end of 4: 1–5), marana (Vil a 1998, t. 2: 3) in osoppa (Vil a the 6th and beginning of the 7th century, variant B and D 1998, sl. 3: 3). Veliko jih je bilo najdenih na Sv. Hemi into the 7th century, and variant C into the second half (Ladstätter 2000, t. 21). Glede na Bonifayevo razdelitev of the 7th century (Bonifay 2004, 129). prevladujejo primerki, ki po obliki ustja ustrezajo ali se The small spatheion with a semi-circular rim ( Pl. približujejo varianti a,30 vendar je premer njihovega 68: 2; variant C according to Bonifay) was found in the trupa pri večini ohranjenih med 8 in 10 cm, medtem demolition layer of building 1, which belongs to Late ko je po Bonifayu širina trupa variante a med 12 in 13 antiquity 2 phase. For the discussion as regards the age cm (Bonifay 2004, 127). taki primeri so poznani iz Ko- the context of the find of the ful y preserved spatheion pra (Cunja 1996, t. 28: 301–302,305), z Vranja (Knific ( Pl. 101: 7) from the main church is important. it was 1994, t. 6: 2,7; 7: 1–2,6), Korinjskega hriba (Ciglenečki found in a rock crevice in front of the altar of the main 1985, t. 5: 66,67) in rifnika (Bolta 1981, t. 21: 90). 12 church, together with a Justinian’s coin inside. The burial cm širok trup imajo le primerki iz Črnomlja (mason of the amphora is connected to the rebuilding of the 1998, t. 1: 8) in z rifnika (Bausovac 2010, sl. 3: 8,10). church in the mid 6th century (see also: tonovcov grad. Nekaj primerkov po obliki ustja ustreza ali se približuje Settlement remains and interpretation, chapter 3.3.1); tudi varianti D (Vranje: Knific 1994, t. 7; Koper: Cunja this period is confirmed by the coin, dated between 540 1996, t. 28: 306–308; 29: 320–327; Kranj: Vidrih Perko, and 552 (see chapter 5.1, No. 157). Sagadin 2004, sl. 6a: 5; rifnik: Bausovac 2010, sl. 3: 14). The finds discovered on other hil top settlements Varianta C s polmesečastim robom ustja je na obrav- in the Southeastern alps can also be dated into the mid 29 Neobjavljeno, za podatek se zahvaljujem V. Vidrih Perko. 29 Unpublished, i would like to thank V. Vidrih Perko for 30 obravnavani spatejoni imajo zelo raznolike zaključke the information. ustij, ki vedno ne ustrezajo popolnoma kateri od pri Boni- 30 The discussed spatheia have very varied rim endings fayu definiranih variant. that do not always fit any of the variants defined by Bonifay. 146 4_ker.indd 146 23.1.2012 12:48:36 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery navanem območju redka, poleg tonovcovega gradu je or second half of the 6th century. The oldest known znana še z invil ina (mackensen 1987, sl. 44: 7–8,14) example was discovered on Hemmaberg, where the in s Sv. Heme (Ladstätter 2000, t. 21: 10). small spatheion was found in the levelling layers under Datacija poznih malih spatejonov je – tudi zaradi the 4th church and was according to its stratigraphic njihove velike raznolikosti – še vedno predmet diskusije. position dated into the end of the 5th or beginning of mackensen jih je datiral v 6. in prvo polovico 7. st. in the 6th century (Ladstätter 2000, 167; 2003, 838). The jih povezal z zgodnjebizantinsko utrditvijo kastelov ob fact that most of the small spatheia in the Southeastern Donavi (mackensen 1992, 245–251). Nova Bonifayeva alps originate from the 6th century is also proven by študija datacije pomika navzgor, saj postavlja najstarejše the frequency of these amphorae in hil top settlements, primerke (varianta a) v konec 6. in začetek 7. st., varianti most of which were no longer inhabited by the end of B in D v 7. st., medtem ko naj bi bila varianta C značilna the 6th century (Knific 1994, 220). Somewhat different za drugo polovico 7. st. (Bonifay 2004, 129). is the situation in coastal towns, which were inhabited mali spatejon s polmesečastim ustjem ( t. 68: 2; at least into the 7th century. in Koper it is assumed that varianta C po Bonifayu) je bil najden v ruševinski the Byzantine power ended at the transition between plasti stavbe 1, ki pripada drugi poznoantični fazi. Za the 8th and 9th century (Cunja 1996, 130). diskusijo o starosti je pomemben tudi kontekst najdbe Variant a, which is the oldest of them al (as its pro- celega spatejona ( t. 101: 7). Najden je bil namreč v skalni duction supposedly started at the end of the 6th century; razpoki pred oltarjem osrednje cerkve, vanj pa je bil Bonifay 2004, 129) is also the most frequent variant on položen Justinijanov novec. Zakop amfore je povezan hil top settlements, however variants B and D (according s pregradnjo cerkve v sredini 6. st. (glej tudi tonovcov to Bonifay characteristic of the 7th century) also appear grad. Naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, pogl. 3.3.1), (Knific 1994, Fig. 7: 5,7). Variant C (second half of the ta čas pa potrjuje tudi novec, datiran med letoma 540 7th century; Bonifay 2004, 129) was found at tonovcov in 552 (glej pogl. 5.1, št. 157). grad, invil ino an Hemmaberg. taking into account Dataciji v sredino oziroma drugo polovico 6. st. such late dates some hil top settlements would have to ustrezajo tudi najdbe na ostalih višinskih naselbinah be inhabited and supplied by foreign products as late as jugovzhodnoalpskega prostora. Najstarejši znan pri- the second half of the 7th century, which has so far not merek je s Sv. Heme, kjer je bil mali spatejon najden v yet been confirmed by other finds. This indicates that izravnalnih plasteh pod četrto cerkvijo in je glede na most small spatheia in the Southeastern alps originate stratigrafsko lego datiran v konec 5. oz. na začetek 6. from the 6th century. st. (Ladstätter 2000, 167; 2003, 838). Da je bilo težišče pojavljanja malih spatejonov v jugovzhodnoalpskem prostoru v 6. st., kaže tudi pogostost teh amfor na višin- Unclassified African amphorae skih naselbinah, katerih propad je v glavnem postavljen v konec 6. st. (Knific 1994, 220). Nekoliko drugačna je Some amphorae with characteristic african fabric bila situacija v mestih, kjer se je življenje nadaljevalo vsaj cannot be typological y classified ( Pls. 67: 9-10; 68: 4-6; še v 7. st., v Kopru je domnevano do konca bizantinske 69: 1-3). oblasti v istri na prehodu iz 8. v 9. st. (Cunja 1996, 130). Na višinskih naselbinah sicer prevladuje najstarejša varianta a, ki naj bi začenjala konec 6. st. (Bonifay 2004, eaSterN meDiterraNeaN amPHorae 129), pojavljata pa se tudi varianti B in D (Knific 1994, sl. 7: 5,7), po Bonifayu značilne za 7. st., pa tudi varianta C in the second half of the 5th and first half of the iz druge polovice 7. st. (tonovcov grad, invillino, Sv. 6th century eastern mediterranean amphorae became Hema; Bonifay 2004, 129). Glede na tako pozno datacijo dominant across the mediterranean and its hinterland. spatejonov bi torej vsaj nekatere višinske naselbine mo- earlier literature links the appearance of eastern medi- rale živeti in se tudi oskrbovati z uvoženim gradivom še v terranean forms to the fall of the roman government in drugi polovici 7. st., kar pa zaenkrat ni podprto z ostalimi the West in 476 (Keay 1984, 434-434), however newer najdbami. Kaže torej, da je bilo težišče pojavljanja malih research indicates that there was a large increase of spatejonov v jugovzhodnih alpah v 6. st. eastern mediterranean imports (especial y Lra 1 and Lra 3) already in the early 5th century (reynolds 1995, 116-118). The Vandal conquest of North africa and their Ožje neopredeljene afriške amfore domination of the sea (after 439 aD) combined with the revitalisation of agricultural production in some parts Nekaj amfor s tipično afriško fakturo tipološko of the east mediterranean most likely contributed to the ni mogoče podrobneje opredeliti ( t. 67: 9–10; 68: 4–6, ‘opening’ of the market to eastern products, even though 69: 1–3). african exports still remain in this period (reynolds 1995, 117; see also the chapter african amphorae). 147 4_ker.indd 147 23.1.2012 12:48:36 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery VZHoDNoSreDoZemSKe amFore the spread of eastern mediterranean imports across the entire mediterranean and into the interior V drugi polovici 5. in prvi polovici 6. st. so postale indicates that the mediterranean functioned as a unified vzhodnosredozemske amfore prevladujoče na najdiščih market that supplied the provinces with the most impor- celotnega sredozemskega prostora in v njegovem zaled- tant goods even after 476 aD. Some authors assumed ju. V starejši literaturi so pojav vzhodnosredozemskih that the circulation of certain articles was stimulated by oblik povezovali predvsem s propadom rimske oblasti na lowering certain taxes, e.g. annona (arthur 1998, 157- zahodu po letu 476 (Keay 1984, 434–434), novejše razi- 158). towards the end of the 6th century the sites showed skave pa kažejo na velik porast vzhodnomediteranskih a clear decline in imports of most imported goods (rey- importov (predvsem Lra 1 in Lra 3) že v zgodnjem nolds 1995, 119-120; arthur 1998, 157-159).31 5. st. (reynolds 1995, 116–118). K “odprtju” trga za With the introduction of the ‘ Late Roman Am- vzhodne produkte je verjetno največ prispevala van- phorae 1-7’ (Lra) the typological frame of the eastern dalska osvojitev severne afrike in prevlada Vandalov na mediterranean amphorae was set by riley (1976; 1981) morju po letu 439, pa tudi oživitev agrarne proizvodnje and recently expanded by Pieri (2005). na nekaterih območjih vzhodnega Sredozemlja, čeprav Workshops producing eastern mediterranean tudi afriški izvoz v tem obdobju ni popolnoma prenehal amphorae spread from the aegean islands, across the (reynolds 1995, 117; glej tudi poglavje afriške amfore). coast of asia minor, Syria and Palestine to egypt, and Vzhodnomediteranski importi s svojo razprostra- were also discovered on Cyprus (empereur, Picon 1989, njenostjo po vsem Sredozemlju in v notranjosti doka- 236-247; Panel a 1993, 654-673). zujejo, da je Sredozemlje v času po letu 476 še vedno in the present day Slovenia african imports domi- funkcioniralo kot enoten trg, ki je oskrboval province z nated throughout the 4th and first half of the 5th century, najpomembnejšimi dobrinami. Nekateri avtorji domne- and only forms Lra 3 and the older Lra 4 were found of vajo, da je bilo kroženje določenih artiklov celo stimuli- the eastern mediterranean pottery. in the second half of rano s pojemanjem nekaterih davkov, npr. anone (arthur the 5th century eastern mediterranean amphorae started 1998, 157–158). Proti koncu 6. st. pa je na najdiščih že appearing in greater numbers and in the 6th century they mogoče opaziti jasen upad večine uvoženih dobrin (re- were almost total y dominant. ynolds 1995, 119–120; arthur 1998, 157–159).31 most of the basic types of eastern mediterranean tipološki okvir vzhodnomediteranskih amfor je s amphorae were found at tonovcov grad. most of them postavitvijo tipov “Late Roman Amphorae 1–7” (Lra) were found in the excavation area of building 1, while a postavil riley (1976; 1981), v zadnjem obdobju pa raz- few were found in the area of the ecclesiastical complex delal Pieri (2005). and in buildings 2 and 3. Delavnice vzhodnomediteranskih amfor so bile at tonovcov grad eastern mediterranean ampho- razširjene po širokem prostoru od egejskih otokov preko rae represented 33 % (taking into account the number of maloazijske obale, Sirije in Palestine do egipta, odkrite all discovered amphorae) or 27 % (taking into account so bile tudi na Cipru (empereur, Picon 1989, 236–247; the weight of the discovered amphorae) of al discovered Panel a 1993, 654–673). amphorae ( Figs. 4.4, 4.5). Na ozemlju današnje Slovenije so v 4. st. in prvi polovici 5. st. prevladovali afriški importi, od vzhod- nosredozemskih zasledimo le obliki Lra 3 in starejše LRA 1 oblike Lra 4. V drugi polovici 5. st. so se vzhodnosre- dozemske amfore začele pojavljati bolj množično in so Lra 1 is represented with several examples. This skoraj povsem prevladale v 6. st. is a bag-shaped amphora, with a narrow, conical neck Na tonovcovem gradu lahko razpoznamo večino and a slightly everted rim. The neck is linked to the osnovnih tipov vzhodnomediteranskih amfor. Največ shoulder with a grooved handle. The body is ribbed with jih je bilo najdenih na območju izkopnega polja stav- wide and narrow ribs. The base is almost flat or slightly be 1, nekaj pa tudi na območju cerkvenega sklopa in v button-like. This is most likely the most common Late stavbah 2 in 3. roman amphora of eastern origin (arthur 1998, 164). Delež vzhodnosredozemskih amfor med amforami it spread across the entire mediterranean and was com- s tonovcovega gradu obsega 33 % glede na število vseh monly found in the interior (Gaul: Pieri 2005, 70-85; najdenih amfor oziroma 27 % glede na njihovo težo Danubian area: opaiţ 2004a, 96-98; Karagiorgou 2001, ( sl. 4.4, 4.5). 31 Prvi kolaps sistema naj bi bil nepričakovana posledi- 31 The first col apse of the system is an unexpected con- ca Justinijanove politike (arthur 1998, 157), saj naj bi imela sequence of Justinian’s policy (arthur 1998, 157), as the re- ponovna uvedba anone po osvojitvi severnoafriških provinc introduction of the annona that followed the conquest of the katastrofalne posledice za severnoafriško kmetijsko pridela- North african provinces had catastrophic consequences for vo (Keay 1984, 427). the North african agricultural production (Keay 1984, 427). 148 4_ker.indd 148 23.1.2012 12:48:36 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery LRA 1 129-166), with individual examples found as far as the British isles (arthur 1998, 164). Z več primerki je zastopan tip Lra 1. to je amfora Due to the vast concentration of discovered work- vrečaste oblike, z ozkim, koničnim vratom in rahlo izvi- shops the origin of Lra 1 amphorae is suggested on the hanim ustjem. Vrat povezuje z ramenom kaneliran ročaj. south turkish coast and in northern Syria, as well as on trup je narebren s širšimi in ožjimi rebri, dno je skoraj rhodes and Cyprus (empereur, Picon 1989, 236-243, ravno ali rahlo gumbasto odebeljeno. to je verjetno Fig. 18; Pieri 2005, 80, Fig. 38; Wil iams 2005a, 160-161; najpogostejša poznorimska amfora vzhodnega izvora reynolds 2005, 565-567; Burragato et al. 2007, 689-700; (arthur 1998, 164). razširjena je bila po vsem sredo- opaiţ 2010, 1015-1022). zemskem prostoru in pogosta tudi v notranjosti (Galija: The amphorae were typological y diverse, and the Pieri 2005, 70–85; Podonavje: opaiţ 2004a, 96–98; Ka- last classification was proposed by opaiţ (2004b, 8-10) ragiorgou 2001, 129–166), posamezni primerki so bili and Pieri (2005, 70-85). najdeni tudi na Britanskem otočju (arthur 1998, 164). Chronological y the precursors of this type reached izvorno območje amfor Lra 1 je bilo glede na veliko into the end of the 3rd century; however the early vari- koncentracijo odkritih delavnic verjetno na južni obali ant can be dated into the 4th century and was slightly turčije in v severni Siriji, pa tudi na rodosu in Cipru smaller than the classical form (arthur 1998, 164; Pieri (empereur, Picon 1989, 236–243, sl. 18; Pieri 2005, 80, sl. 2005, 70; opaiţ 2010, 1015-1017). The classical Lra 1 38; Wil iams 2005a, 160–161; reynolds 2005, 565–567; appears in contexts belonging to the second half of the Burragato et al. 2007, 689–700; opaiţ 2010, 1015–1022). 5th and the 6th century (arthur 1998, 164), while late amfora je tipološko zelo raznolika, zadnji razdelitvi variants continued until the mid 7th century (arthur predlagata opaiţ (2004b, 8–10) in Pieri (2005, 70–85). 1998, 165; Pieri 2005, 85). Kronološko naj bi predhodniki tega tipa segali še There are different opinions as to the content of these v konec 3. st., zgodnja varianta je nekoliko manjša od amphorae (overview at Pieri 2005, 81-85). Based on the klasične in je datirana v 4. st (arthur 1998, 164; Pieri remains of grape pips and raisins found in the amphorae 2005, 70; opaiţ 2010, 1015–1017). Klasičen tip Lra 1 from the yassi ada shipwreck it was assumed that they se pojavlja v kontekstih druge polovice 5. in v 6. st. carried wine and wine-based products (Van alfen 1996, (arthur 1998, 164), pozne variante tudi še do sredine 203). The numerous examples with an interior coated 7. st. (arthur 1998, 165; Pieri 2005, 85). with resin led Pieri to believe they were primarily used o vsebini teh amfor se mnenja razlikujejo (pre- to transport wine (Pieri 2005, 81-85). Literary sources gledno pri Pieri 2005, 81–85). Na podlagi ostankov also mention that the area of origin of these amphorae grozdnih pešk in rozin v amforah iz brodoloma yassi produced quality wine (gathered at Pieri 2005, 84-85). ada je bila postavljena domneva, da so vsebovale vino in as this shape remained in use over a longer period, izdelke na osnovi vina (Van alfen 1996, 203). tudi Pieri through which it saw numerous typological changes, it is na podlagi mnogih primerkov s posmoljeno notranjo- possible that its use changed through time (arthur 1998, stjo meni, da je šlo prvenstveno za vinske amfore (Pieri 164-165; reynolds 1995, 71; 2005; Wil iams 2005b, 617; 2005, 81–85). izvorno območje teh amfor tudi pisni viri opaiţ 2004b, 104; elton 2005, 692). namreč omenjajo kot območje pridelave kakovostnega The spread of this amphora type in the 5th century vina (zbrano pri Pieri 2005, 84–85). is also linked to the military annona. Their typological Ker gre za dolgotrajno obliko, ki je doživela tudi diversity and frequency excludes merely military use, precejšen tipološki razvoj, je mogoče, da se je vsebina however it is possible that the production was occasion- spreminjala skozi čas (arthur 1998, 164–165; reynolds al y stimulated in relation to the annona (reynolds 2005, 1995, 71; 2005; Williams 2005b, 617; opaiţ 2004b, 104; 577; elton 2005, 693-694).32 elton 2005, 692). Due to the frequent Christian signs and inscrip- razmah teh amfor v 5. st. povezujejo tudi z vojaško tions (Pieri 2005, 78-79) some authors assume that anono. Njihova tipološka raznovrstnost in velika pogo- they were used for the wine used for the eucharist stost sicer izključujeta zgolj vojaško rabo, mogoča pa (Laubenheimer 1990). je občasna stimulacija proizvodnje v povezavi z anono at tonovcov grad the preserved rim linked to (reynolds 2005, 577; elton 2005, 693–694).32 the shoulder with a grooved handle (Pl. 69: 4) can be Zaradi pogostih znakov in napisov s krščansko categorised as Lra 1. The amphora belongs to the clas- motiviko na njih (Pieri 2005, 78–79) nekateri avtorji sical variant of the Lra 1 or type Lra 1B (Pieri 2005, domnevajo, da so vsebovale vino za evharistijo (Lau- benheimer 1990). 32 The connection to the military annona is assumed for instance for the late Cyprian production in the 6th and first 32 Povezava z vojaško anono se predvideva npr. za pozno half of the 7th century, when Cyprus was included into the ciprsko proizvodnjo v 6. in prvi polovici 7. st., ko je bil Ciper annona with Justinian’s reorganisation of the troop supply z Justinijanovo reorganizacijo anone vključen v mrežo oskrbe network along the lower Danube (reynolds 2005, 576; elton čet na spodnji Donavi (reynolds 2005, 576; elton 2005, 693). 2005, 693). 149 4_ker.indd 149 23.1.2012 12:48:37 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery tipu Lra 1 na tonovcovem gradu pripisujemo v 75-76). This form appeared in the second half of the 5th celoti ohranjeno ustje, ki ga z ramenom povezuje kane- century and remained in use throughout the 6th and the liran ročaj ( t. 69: 4). amfora pripada klasični varianti beginning of the 7th century (reynolds 1995, 7; Pieri tipa Lra 1 oziroma tipu Lra 1B (Pieri 2005, 75–76). 2005, 75-76). ta oblika se pojavi v drugi polovici 5. st. in je v uporabi The amphora was found in building 1, in a Late celo 6. st. ter tudi še na začetku 7. st. (reynolds 1995, 7; antiquity 2 layer. Pieri 2005, 75–76). Lra 1 was relatively common also in Slovenia. amfora je bila najdena v stavbi 1, v plasti druge most of the examples were found in hil top settlements. poznoantične faze. amphorae Lra 1 were discovered at Gradišče above Lra 1 je tudi na slovenskih najdiščih dokaj pogosta Bašelj (Vidrih Perko 1994b, Bašelj, Pl. 1: 1-2), Sv. Pavel amfora. V glavnem se pojavlja na višinskih naseljih. am- above Vrtovin (Svoljšak 1985, Pl. 7: 118-120), Križna fore tega tipa so bile najdene na Gradišču nad Bašljem gora (Vidrih Perko 1994b, Križna gora, Pl. 1: 3-6), (Vidrih Perko 1994b, Bašelj, t. 1: 1–2), Sv. Pavlu nad rifnik (Bausovac 2010, Fig. 3: 1-5). They were discov- Vrtovinom (Svoljšak 1985, t. 7: 118–120), Križni gori ered also in cave sites, e. g. Predjama (Vidrih Perko (Vidrih Perko 1994b, Križna gora, t. 1: 3–6), rifniku 1994b, Predjama, Pl. 1: 1), acijev spodmol (turk et al. (Bausovac 2010, sl. 3: 1–5). Poznane so tudi iz jamskih 1992, Pl. 6: 14a,b,c) and Podmol (turk et al. 1993, Pl. najdišč, tako npr. iz Predjame (Vidrih Perko 1994b, Pred- 18: 22). They were frequently found in costal sites, in jama, t. 1: 1), acijevega spodmola (turk et al. 1992, t. 6: Piran (Vidrih Perko 1994a, Fig. 2: 1-4), Koper (Vidrih 14a,b,c) in Podmola (turk et al. 1993, t. 18: 22). Pogoste Perko 1994b, Koper, Kidričeva ulica, Pl. 1: 9; Koper, trg so na obalnih najdiščih, v Piranu (Vidrih Perko 1994a, Giordana Bruna in ulica Garibaldi, Pl. 7: 4) and Fizine sl. 2: 1–4), Kopru (Vidrih Perko 1994b, Koper, Kidri- near Portorož (Gaspari et al. 2007, Pl. 7: 172). in the čeva ulica, t. 1: 9; Koper, trg Giordana Bruna in ulica inland they were discovered in Črnomelj (Vidrih Perko Garibaldi, t. 7: 4) in Fizinah pri Portorožu (Gaspari et al. 1994b, Črnomelj, Pl. 1: 1, 6,8-9; mason 1998, Pl. 2: 1) 2007, t. 7: 172). od naselij v notranjosti so bile najdene v and mengeš (Sagadin 1995, Pl. 2: 11). Črnomlju (Vidrih Perko 1994b, Črnomelj, t. 1: 1,6,8–9; They are also common in Friuli. They were found mason 1998, t. 2: 1) in mengšu (Sagadin 1995, t. 2: 11). in Udine (Vil a 1998, 284-285, Fig. 4: 13-14), iulium Pogoste so tudi v Furlaniji. Najdene so bile v Vidmu Carnicum (Vil a 2002, Fig. 8: 1), attimis (Vil a 2003, Pl. (Vil a 1998, 284–285, sl. 4: 13–14), Juliju Karniku ( Iulium 1: 2), Grado (malaguti et al. 2007, Pl. 1: 7), trieste – Cro- Carnicum; Vil a 2002, sl. 8: 1), attimisu (Vil a 2003, t. 1: sada (auriemma 2007, Pl. 3471-3472), however they are 2), Gradežu (malaguti et al. 2007, t. 1: 7), trstu – Cro- not known from invillino (mackensen 1987, 251-252). sada (auriemma 2007, t. 3471–3472), niso pa poznane a single fragment of an amphora of this type (dated z invillina (mackensen 1987, 251–252). into the late 5th or 6th century) was published from Hem- S Sv. Heme je objavljen samo en odlomek amfore maberg (Ladstätter 2000, 165-166, Pl. 21: 1).33 tega tipa, datiran v pozno 5. in 6. st. (Ladstätter 2000, 165–166, t. 21: 1).33 LRA 2 LRA 2 a few examples of Lra 2 amphorae ( Pls. 69: 5; 70: 1-4) were found at tonovcov grad. This is an amphora Z nekaj primerki so na tonovcovem gradu za- with a globular body, a funnel-shaped rim and a but- stopane tudi amfore tipa Lra 2 ( t. 69: 5; 70: 1–4). to ton like base. The shoulder and a part of the body were je amfora s kroglastim trupom, lijakastim ustjem in densely ribbed by a comb-like tool, sometimes (espe- gumbastim zaključkom. rame in del trupa sta gosto cial y on the shoulder) in the form of a wavy line (Keay narebrena z glavničastim orodjem, včasih (predvsem 1984, 352-357, Fig. 166; Pieri 2005, 85). po ramenu) v obliki valovnice (Keay 1984, 352–357, sl. These amphorae originate from the aegean – Black 166; Pieri 2005, 85). sea area, which was confirmed by the discovery of work- izvorno območje teh amfor je egejsko-črnomor- shops, as well as the large concentration of discovered ski prostor, kar potrjujejo tako najdbe delavnic kot amphorae (arthur 1998, 168-169; opaiţ 2004a, 295-296; tudi velika koncentracija najdenih amfor (artur 1998, Pieri 2005, 85-94). This type is widely spread across the 168–169; opaiţ 2004a, 295–296; Pieri 2005, 85–94). mediterranean, and especially dominant in the east. tip je bil široko razprostranjen po vsem sredozemskem These amphorae were especial y common in the Danu- prostoru, prevladoval pa je v njegovem vzhodnem delu. bian area, where they were supposedly linked to the 33 Na območju vzhodnega cerkvenega kompleksa v hiši D 33 Large numbers of amphorae were found in house D (neobjavljeno) je bila najdena velika količina amfor različnih in the area of the east ecclesiastical complex (unpublished). tipov, med njimi tudi Lra 1 (Ladstätter 2000, 164–165, op. These amphorae belonged to various types, including Lra 1 1045). (Ladstätter 2000, 164-165, note 1045). 150 4_ker.indd 150 23.1.2012 12:48:37 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery te amfore so bile posebej pogoste v Podonavju, kjer naj organised military supply of the troops in the forts on the bi bile povezane z organizirano vojaško oskrbo čet na Danubian limes (Karagiorgou 2001, 149; opaiţ 2004a, utrdbah podonavskega limesa (Karagiorgou 2001, 149; 307; Swan 2004, 381-382). in the West mediterranean opaiţ 2004a, 307; Swan 2004, 381–382). V zahodnem they appear as a sign of trade connections (Karagiorgou Sredozemlju naj bi bila njihova prisotnost znak trgov- 2001, 149-151; Pieri 2005, 143-177). skih povezav (Karagiorgou 2001, 149–151; Pieri 2005, The opinions as regards their content remain di- 143–177). vided however it is highly probable that they were used o njihovi vsebini so mnenja nasprotujoča, še naj- for different purposes (collected at Pieri 2005, 92-93). verjetneje je, da so bile večnamenske (zbrano pri Pieri amphorae type Lra 2 developed over a long 2005, 92–93). period, for the earlier variant appeared in the late 4th amfore Lra 2 imajo dolg razvoj, saj sega pojav century and reached the height of its popularity during zgodnejše variante v pozno 4. st., vrhunec njihove pri- the first half of the 6th century (Fulford, Peacock 1984, ljubljenosti pa lahko postavimo v prvo polovico 6. st. 119-120; artur 1998, 168-169, Pieri 2005, 86). towards (Fulford, Peacock 1984, 119–120; artur 1998, 168–169, the end of the 6th century the production of classical Pieri 2005, 86). Proti koncu 6. st. proizvodnja klasičnega Lra 2 comes to an end, however its development into tipa Lra 2 preneha, nadaljuje pa se njen razvoj v pozne the late Byzantine forms continues (arthur 1998, 169).34 bizantinske oblike (artur 1998, 169).34 at tonovcov grad one Lra 2 amphora was found Na tonovcovem gradu je bila v stavbi 1 najdena in building 1. most of the body and a part of the rim ena amfora tipa Lra 2, pri kateri sta ohranjena ustje were preserved ( Pl. 69: 5). two rims ( Pl. 70: 1-2), two in precej trebušnega dela ( t. 69: 5). Poleg tega sta bili button-like bases ( Pl. 70: 3-4) and a few ribbed wal s ( Pl. najdeni še dve ustji ( t. 70: 1–2), dva gumbasta zaključka 72: 1-7), all of which can be categorised into this type, ( t. 70: 3–4) in nekaj narebrenih ostenj ( t. 72: 1–7), ki jih were also found. lahko pripišemo temu tipu. a poorly preserved rim ( Pl. 100: 6) that most likely V ruševinski plasti stavbe 2 je bil najdeno še zelo belongs to one of the Lra 2 variants was discovered in slabo ohranjeno ustje ( t. 100: 6), ki verjetno tudi pripada the destruction layer of building 2. eni od variant Lra 2. al Lra 2 amphorae from tonovcov grad were Vse amfore Lra 2 s tonovcovega gradu so bile found in Late antiquity 2 layers or in the mixed destruc- najdene v plasteh druge poznoantične faze ali v pre- tion layers, two of them ( Pls. 69: 5; 100: 6) were found mešanih ruševinskih plasteh, v dveh primerih ( t. 69: 5; almost on top of the building ruins. This places them 100: 6) skoraj na površini ruševine stavb. to postavlja into the second half and the end of 6th century. njihovo datacijo v drugo polovico oziroma konec 6. st. in Slovenia Lra 2 amphorae were common espe- V Sloveniji so amfore tipa Lra 2 pogoste predvsem cial y on the coast and in the broader hinterland. They na obali in širšem zaledju. Najdene so bile v Kopru (Cu- were discovered in Koper (Cunja 1996, 113-114, Pl. 26: nja 1996, 113–114, t. 26: 294–296; Kajfež, Josipovič 2000, 294-296; Kajfež, Josipovič 2000, Pls. 1: 5-6; 3: 1,3; 6: t. 1: 5–6; 3: 1,3; 6: 1–3), Piranu (Snoj, Novšak 1992, 267, 1-3), Piran (Snoj, Novšak 1992, 267, Pl. 4: 4-5; Vidrih t. 4: 4–5; Vidrih Perko 1994a, t. 4: 1), Fizinah (Gaspari Perko 1994a, Pl. 4: 1), Fizine near Portorož (Gaspari et et al. 2007, t. 10: 263; 11: 280–283), na Sv. Pavlu nad al. 2007, Pls. 10: 263; 11: 280-283), at Sv. Pavel above Vrtovinom (Svoljšak 1985, 208, t. 3: 46–48) in Križni Vrtovin (Svoljšak 1985, 208, Pl. 3: 46-48) and Križna gora gori (Urleb 1974, t. 41: 1–2). V notranjosti se pojavljajo (Urleb 1974, Pl. 41: 1-2). in the inland they are rare, for redkeje, npr. na Gradišču nad Bašljem (Vidrih Perko example at Gradišče above Bašelj (Vidrih Perko 1994b, 1994b, Bašelj, t. 2: 1), v Črnomlju (mason 1998, t. 2: 2), Bašelj, Pl. 2: 1), in Črnomelj (mason 1998, Pl. 2: 2), at na rifniku (Bausovac 2010, sl. 3: 6), v Kranju (Sagadin 1998, t. 1: 5) in mengšu (Sagadin 1995, t. 4: 5). 34 mackensen states that the terminus post quem non is approx. 580 aD for the examples from Sadovec (Gole- 34 mackensen za primerke s Sadovca (Golemanovo Kale) manovo Kale; mackensen 1992, 242). The other globular am- navaja terminus post quem non pribl. 580 (mackensen 1992, phorae remain in use into the 7th century, e.g. the amphorae 242). Še naprej v 7. st. pa ostanejo v uporabi ostali tipi kro- from the yassi ada shipwreck, which should not be confused glastih amfor, npr. amfore iz brodoloma yassi ada, ki pa jih with Lra 2. in the development of amphorae Lra 2 Pieri po mnenju večine avtorjev ne smemo zamenjevati z Lra 2. assumes three variants, out of which Lra 2a is typical for Pieri v razvoju amfor Lra 2 predvideva tri variante, od ka- the 5th century, Lra 2B for the 6th century, while Lra 2C terih je Lra 2a značilna za 5. st., Lra 2B za 6. st., Lra 2C supposedly appeared at the end of the 6th century and con- pa naj bi se pojavila konec 6. in trajala še v 7. st. Naslednice tinued into the 7th century. The descendants of these types teh tipov – kroglaste amfore – so v Sredozemlju prisotne še – globular amphorae – are present in the mediterranean into do 9. st. (Pieri 2005, 89, op. 121, z zbrano literaturo), vendar the 9th century (Pieri 2005, 89, note 121, with the collected jih niso več izdelovali samo na vzhodu, marveč tudi v afriki literature), which was no longer produced merely in the east, (Bonifay 2004, 151–152; Pieri 2005, 89–90), v južni italiji in but also in africa (Bonifay 2004, 151-152; Pieri 2005, 89-90), Španiji (Pieri 2005, 89, op. 121). south italy and Spain (Pieri 2005, 89, note 121). 151 4_ker.indd 151 23.1.2012 12:48:37 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery Na območju Furlanije so pogoste na invillinu rifnik (Bausovac 2010, Fig. 3: 6), in Kranj (Sagadin 1998, (mackensen 1987, sl. 41: 8; 42: 1–15; t. 95: 8–9; 98: Pl. 1: 5) and mengeš (Sagadin 1995, Pl. 4: 5). 1), najdene so bile še v Vidmu (Vil a 1998, sl. 4: 7–9), in the area of Friuli they were common in invil ino attimisu (Vil a 2003, t. 1: 2), osoppu (Vil a 1998, 282, (mackensen 1987, Figs. 41: 8; 42: 1-15; Pls. 95: 8-9; 98: sl. 3: 14–15) in Gradežu (malaguti et al. 2007, sl. 11, t. 1), and they were also found in Udine (Villa 1998, Fig. 4: 1: 10), dokaj redke pa so v obalnih mestih akvileji in 7-9), attimis – San Giorgio (Villa 2003, Pl. 1: 2), osoppo trstu (auriemma, Quiri 2007, 40–41). (Vil a 1998, 282, Fig. 3: 14-15) and Grado (malaguti et en objavljen odlomek s Sv. Heme je datiran na al. 2007, Fig. 11, Pl. 1: 10), while they were relatively rare podlagi lege v pozno 5. oz. na začetek 6. st. (Ladstätter in the coastal towns of aquileia and trieste (auriemma, 2000, t. 21: 2). Quiri 2007, 40-41). The single published fragment from Hemmaberg was dated on the basis of its location into the late 5th or LRA 3 early 6th century (Ladstätter 2000, Pl. 21: 2). Nekaj odlomkov ostenj in ročajev amfor lahko na podlagi značilne sljudnate fakture pogojno opredelimo LRA 3 kot tip Lra 3, čeprav nobena od amfor ni ohranjena v tolikšni meri, da bi bila opredelitev zanesljiva ( t. 72: 3; on the basis of their characteristic mica fabric a few 73: 6,8–16; 100: 10). wall and handle fragments can be conditional y defined Lra 3 so manjše amfore (prostornina okr. 7 l), z as type Lra 3, even though none of the amphorae were vretenastim trupom, votlo nogo in plitko narebreno preserved to such an extent that this classification would površino. Starejša (mra 3) oblika ima en ročaj, mlajša be reliable ( Pls. 72: 3; 73: 6,8-16; 100: 10). (Lra 3) pa dva (riley 1979, 183–186; Pieri 2005, 94). Lra 3 were smal amphorae (with a volume of Zaradi značilne rjave, sljudnate fakture jih imenujejo approximately 7 l), with a spindle-shaped body, a hol- tudi sljudnati vrči ( contentiori micacei, micaceus jars, low leg and a shallow-ribbed surface. The older form prim. Vil a 1994, 405–406). Sam razvoj tega tipa je dolg; (mra 3) had a single handle, while the later (Lra 3) zgodnejše oblike segajo še v 2. st., klasična oblika pa je had two (riley 1979, 183-186; Pieri 2005, 94). Because v uporabi od 4. do konca 6. st.35 of the characteristic brown colour and the mica fabric Njihovo izvorno območje je po današnjih razi- they are also called micaceus jars ( contentiori micacei, skavah v mali aziji. Predlagani sta dve ožji lokaciji, in cf. Vil a 1994, 405-406). This type developed over a long sicer v pokrajini Sardi v dolini Hermosa in meandra ter period and the earlier forms reach as far back as the 2nd v okolici efeza (Panel a 1993, 663, op. 213; Pieri 2005, century, while the classical form was in use between the 100). Glede na majhno prostornino so bile verjetno 4th and the end of the 6th century.35 uporabljane za vino (Pieri 2005, 101). according to current research they originate from Na tonovcovem gradu jih je bila večina najdena v asia minor. two locations were proposed: in the prov- izkopnem polju stavbe 1, kjer se pojavljajo že v plasteh ince of Sardi in the Hermos and meander val ey (Panel a prve poznoantične faze, najdene pa so bile tudi še v pla- 1993, 663, note 213; Pieri 2005, 100) and in the vicinity steh druge poznoantične faze. Dva odlomka ene amfore of efes. Due to their small volume they were most likely iz stavbe 3 sodita v drugo poznoantično fazo. used for wine (Pieri 2005, 101). Pri nas se v mestih in na podeželskih najdiščih at tonovcov grad most of them were discovered pojavljajo enoročajne (mra 3) in dvoročajne (Lra 3) in the excavation area of building 1, where they appear oblike, čeprav je pri fragmentarni ohranjenosti ločitev already in the Late antiquity 1 layers, however they were včasih težka (Vidrih Perko 2000, 439). Poznane so iz also found in Late antiquity 2 layers. The two fragments emone (Vidrih Perko 1994b, emona, Starokrščanski from a single amphora discovered in building 3 can be center, 75–76, t. 6: 3), Pirana (Vidrih Perko 1994a, sl. dated into Late antiquity 2 phase. 3: 14), z rodika (Vidrih Perko 1997a, sl. 2: 38–39), iz 35 Najzgodnejši egejski importi (npr. vinske amfore z ro- 35 in the North adriatic the earliest aegean imports (e.g. dosa) na severnojadranskem prostoru segajo že v 2. st. pr. Kr., wine amphorae from rhodes) reached back into the 2nd cen- kot kažejo npr. nekatere najdbe iz akvileje (mandruzzato, ti- tury BC, as clearly shown by some finds in aquileia (man- ussi, Degrassi 2000, 359). Poleg vrčev oz. amfor se na jadran- druzzato, tiussi, Degrassi 2000, 359). apart from jugs and skem prostoru že od začetka 2. st. dalje pojavljajo tudi druge amphorae other east mediterranean pottery (e.g. pans and oblike posodja, ki izvira iz vzhodnega Sredozemlja, npr. ko- lids) also appeared in the adriatic already at the beginning of zice in pokrovi (istenič, Schneider 2000, 341). V začetku 3. st. the 2nd century (istenič, Schneider 2000, 341). in the begin- se tudi na jadranskem prostoru pojavijo enoročajni vrči mr3 ning of the 3rd century single-handle jugs mr3 also appear (riley 1979, 183), ki se potem v 4. st. razvijejo v dvoročajne (riley 1979, 183), and these develop into two-handled ones (mandruzzato, tiussi, Degrassi 2000, 363). in the 4th century (mandruzzato, tiussi, Degrassi 2000, 363). 152 4_ker.indd 152 23.1.2012 12:48:37 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery Štanjela (Vidrih Perko 1997b, sl. 3: 12; 5: 18), ajdovščine in Slovenia single-handle (mra 3) and two-handle (Vidrih Perko 1994b, ajdovščina, t. 6: 5–6; Vidrih Perko, (Lra 3) forms appear in towns and rural sites, however žbona trkman 2004, sl. 9: 9,12), s Hrušice (Vidrih Perko the fragmented remains often make it hard to distinguish 1992b, 349), Školaric (žerjal 2008, t. 50: 1421–1423) in between the two (Vidrih Perko 2000, 439). They were iz Črnomlja (mason 1998, t. 2: 3). discovered in emona (Vidrih Perko 1994b, emona, Zelo pogoste so v akvileji (Donat 1994b, 405–407, Starokrščanski center, 75-76, Pl. 6: 3), Piran (Vidrih t. 63: ao12–17), v Furlaniji so znane tudi z višinskih na- Perko 1994a, Fig. 3: 14), at rodik (Vidrih Perko 1997a, selij, kot so invillino (Bierbrauer 1987, sl. 41: 6), Videm Fig. 2: 38-39), in Štanjel (Vidrih Perko 1997b, Figs. 3: 12; (Buora 1990, 52–53) in osoppo (Donat 1994b, 405). 5: 18), ajdovščina (Vidrih Perko 1994b, ajdovščina, Pl. 6: 5-6; Vidrih Perko, žbona trkman 2004, Fig. 9: 9,12), at Hrušica (Vidrih Perko 1992b, 349), Školarice (žerjal LRA 4 2008, Pl. 50: 1421-1423) and in Črnomelj (mason 1998, Pl. 2: 3). amfore Lra 4 (amfore Gaza) so razpoznavne po They were common in aquileia (Donat 1994b, značilni vrečasti obliki, imajo zaokrožen zaključek in so 405-407, Pl. 63: ao12-17), and known in hil top set- brez pravega vratu. Ustje je kroglasto ali rahlo trikotno tlements in Friuli, e.g. invillino (Bierbrauer 1987, Fig. odebeljeno. trup je gosto nažlebljen. ročaj je majhen, 41: 6), Udine (Buora 1990, 52-53) and osoppo (Donat kroglast in postavljen na rame. 1994b, 405). Središče proizvodnje je bilo v Gazi in askalonu, v njih so verjetno izvažali v evropo v pozni antiki izredno cenjeno vino iz Gaze (Pieri 2005, 110–114).36 LRA 4 amforam Lra 4 lahko na tonovcovem gradu glede na fakturo pripišemo nekaj narebrenih odlomkov amphorae Lra 4 (Gaza amphorae) can be rec- ostenja ( t. 72: 5,9; 73: 1–3 ; 101: 6). ognised by their characteristic bag-shaped form, the mlajša oblika tipa Gaza je datirana od 5. do 7. st. rounded base and the fact that they have no true neck. (Bonifay, Piéri 1995, 112–113), v Sloveniji so se am- The rim is rounded or slightly traiangulary shaped. The fore tega tipa pojavljale v 5. in 6. st. Najdene so bile v body is densely grooved. The handle is smal , round and ajdovščini (Vidrih Perko 1994b, ajdovščina, t. 7: 6,8; positioned on the shoulder. 9: 6–7; 10: 7), Piranu (Vidrih Perko 1994a, t. 2: 5,7–9), They were produced in Gaza and ashkelon, and acijevem spodmolu (turk et al. 1992, t. 7: 5), mostu na most likely used to export wine from Gaza, wich was in Soči (Vidrih Perko 1994b, most na Soči, Sv. Lucija, t. 1: Late antiquity extremely popular across europe (Pieri 5–7). Več primerkov je znanih z invillina (mackensen 2005, 110-114).36 1987, 246–247, sl. 41: 1–5), najdene so bile tudi v Vidmu at tonovcov grad only a few ribbed wal fragments (Vil a 1998, 284–285, sl. 4: 11–12), Gradežu (malaguti can be (according to its fabric) classified as type Lra 4 et al. 2007, sl. 8–10, t. 1: 1–4,6) in trstu (auriema 2007, ( Pls. 72: 5,9; 73: 1-3; 101: 6). t. 34: 73–74). The younger form of the Gaza type is dated between the 5th and 7th century (Bonifay, Piéri 1995, 112-113), and in Slovenia it appears in the 5th and 6th century. They LRA 5–6 were discovered in ajdovščina (Vidrih Perko 1994b, ajdovščina, Pls. 7: 6,8; 9: 6-7; 10: 7), Piran (Vidrih Perko Nekaj amfor s tonovcovega gradu lahko uvrstimo 1994a, Pl. 2: 5,7-9), acijev spodmol (turk et al. 1992, Pl. v tip Lra 5–6. Zanje so značilni cilindričen vrat z ne- 7: 5), most na Soči (Vidrih Perko 1994b, most na Soči, profiliranim ustjem, vrečasta oblika trupa, prstanasta Sv. Lucija, Pl. 1: 5-7), at invil ino (mackensen 1987, ročaja in zaobljeno dno. Večina trupa je okrašena z 246-247, Fig. 41: 1-5), in Udine (Vil a 1998, 284-285, glavničenjem. Zaradi oblike, ki spominja na mehove iz Fig. 4: 11-12), Grado (malaguti et al. 2007, Figs. 8-10, živalskih kož, so imenovane tudi pozne vrečaste amfore Pl. 1: 1-4,6) and trieste (auriema 2007, Pl. 34: 73-74). ( late bag-shaped amphorae). Na tonovcovem gradu je bilo veliko fragmentov ene vrečaste amfore najdenih na hodni površini na zu- LRA 5-6 nanji strani stavbe 1 ( t. 70: 5), z izkopnega polja stavbe 1 je znano tudi nekaj narebrenih ostenj, ki verjetno a few amphorae from tonovcov grad can be placed pripadajo temu tipu. into type Lra 5-6. This type is known for its cylindrical 36 P. arthur domneva vzrok za veliko popularnost tega 36 P. arthur assumes that the reason for the great popula- vina v pozni antiki tudi v njegovem izvoru v Sveti deželi, za- rity of this wine in Late antiquity lay also in its origin in the radi česar naj bi bilo posebno primerno za evharistijo (art- 'Holy Land', which made it especial y suitable for the eucha- hur 1998, 162). rist (arthur 1998, 162). 153 4_ker.indd 153 23.1.2012 12:48:38 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery Ker gre pri vrečastih amforah za tipološko in kro- neck with a non-defined rim, a bag-shaped body, ring nološko zelo raznoliko skupino, je predlagana delitev na handles and a rounded base. most of the body is deco- štiri tipe in na skupino poznih izpeljank. Pri tem oblika rated by combed lines. Because of their shape which is Lra 5–6 (klasična vrečasta amfora) ustreza tipu 2 (Pieri reminiscent of bags made from animal skin they are also 2005, 114–122). known as late bag-shaped amphorae. Pojav vrečastih amfor sega v zadnjo četrtino 4. st., on tonovcov grad numerous fragments of a single na sredozemskem območju so klasične vrečaste amfore bag-shaped amphora were found on the floor level on značilne za plasti 5. in 6. st. (Pieri 2005, 118), pozne the outer side of building 1 ( Pl. 70: 5). The excavation oblike pa segajo še v 7. st. (Keay 1984, 358–359; 1998, area of building 1 also revealed a few combed wal s that 318–319, sl. 9: 5; Pieri 2005, 122). most likely belong to this type. Delavnice teh amfor so bile na sirsko-palestinskem as bag-shaped amphorae represent a typological y območju in ob Nilu (empereur, Picon 1989, 243–245, sl. and chronological y diverse group, Pieri suggested that 26), veljajo pa za vinske amfore (Pieri 2005, 125–127). they be divided into four types and a group of late deri- V Sloveniji so bile najdene v Kopru (Cunja 1996, vates. Form Lra 5-6 (classical bag-shaped amphora) 114, t. 27: 297–298), medtem ko so v notranjosti redke. responds to type 2 (Pieri 2005, 114-122). Doslej je bila ena identificirana na emonskem forumu Bag-shaped amphorae appeared in the last quarter (Vidrih Perko 1994b, emona, Ferantov vrt, t. 30: 6). of the 4th century, its classical shape became characteris- tic for the mediterranean in the 5th and 6th century (Pieri 2005, 118), while the late forms were produced as late Amfora Samos–cisterna as the 7th century (Keay 1984, 358-359; 1998, 318-319, Fig. 9: 5; Pieri 2005, 122). Konico ( t. 71: 1) bi morda lahko opredelili v tip The workshops of these amphorae were located in Samos–cisterna po Paulu arthurju (1990, 281–295). the Syro-Palestine area and along the river Nile (em- Gre za dokaj majhne amfore, za katere so značilni pereur, Picon 1989, 243-245, Fig. 26). They are believed podolgovata, hruškasta oblika trupa, konično rame z to have been used for wine (Pieri 2005, 125-127). nizkim cilindričnim vratom, neprofilirano ali rahlo in Slovenia they were found in Koper (Cunja 1996, odebeljeno ustje, dva aplicirana ročaja z vzdolžno 114, Pl. 27: 297-298), but were very rare in the interior kaneluro in konica, ki se (kot v našem primeru) lahko of the country. So far a single example has been classi- konča z gumbasto odebelitvijo. ostenje je neenakomer- fied at the emona forum (Vidrih Perko 1994b, emona, no široko narebreno. Faktura je trda, gladka, sljudnata, Ferantov vrt, Pl. 30: 6). barva rjavkasta. Nekateri avtorji sicer oporekajo opredelitvi tovr- stnih amfor v samostojen tip, saj jih npr. D. Pieri vidi Amphora Samos–cistern le kot manjšo pozno varianto tipa Lra 8 (Pieri 2005, 133–135). The base ( Pl. 71: 1) could be classified into the amfora je po izvoru vzhodnosredozemska, točneje type Samos–cistern as defined by Paul arthur (1990, pa izvornega območja ni mogoče opredeliti. Kot možna 281-295). se omenjata tako otok Samos kot maloazijska obala The characteristics of these relatively smal am- okoli Halikarnasa (Wil iams 1990, 295; Pieri 2005, 136). phorae are a prolonged, pear shaped body, a conical amfore Lra 8 so bile vinske amfore (Pieri 2005, 136). shoulder with a low cylindrical neck, a slightly thickened Novejše raziskave kronološko uvrščajo amfore rim, two handles with longitudinal grooves and a pointy tipa Samos–cisterna v čas od druge polovice 6. do base, which can (as is the case in our example) end with druge polovice 7. st. (arthur 1990, 284–290; Pieri a button-like widening. The wall is unevenly broadly 2005, 135). te žišče njihove razprostranjenosti je bilo ribbed. The fabric is hard, smooth, with a lot of mica, v severovzhodnem Sredozemlju, na zahodu so redke the color is brown. (Pieri 2005, 135). V poznem 6. in v začetku 7. st. so bile Some authors reject the classification of these am- v severnojadranskem prostoru in v Kampaniji v uporabi phorae into an independent type, for instance D. Pieri predvsem na točkah, ki so bile za Bizanc pomembne sees them merely as a smal er late variant of Lra 8 (Pieri pri osvajanju in nadzoru ponovno osvojenega ozemlja 2005, 133-135). (arthur 1990, 289, sl. 4). The type is east mediterranean in origin; however it iz Slovenije je amfora tipa Samos–cisterna znana is impossible to specify the location more precisely. it is iz Kopra (Cunja 1996, sl. 31, t. 27: 299), iz severnoitali- possible that it originates from the island of Samos or the janskega prostora pa še iz Vidma (Vil a 1998, sl. 4: 16), asia minor coast around Halikarnas. Lra 8 amphorae oderza (artur 1990, sl. 2: 2), marana (arthur 1990, sl. were used for storing wine (Pieri 2005, 136). 1), ravene (Stoppioni Picoli 1983, 138, št. 8: 8), torcel a Later research dates the Samos–cistern amphorae (toniolo 2007, t. 3b1), verjetno tudi z invil ina (macken- between the second half of the 6th century and the sec- 154 4_ker.indd 154 23.1.2012 12:48:38 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery sen 1987, 248–249, t. 41: 7). ena je bila identificirana ond half of the 7th century. They were most commonly tudi na Duelu (Ladstätter 2003, sl. 7: 8). found throughout the northeast mediterranean, and are rare in the west (Pieri 2005, 135). in the late 6th and early 7th century they appeared in the North adriatic amFora JaDraNSKeGa iZVora and Campania, mainly at locations that were important for the Byzantium in the conquest and control of the re- Velik odlomek ostenja amfore, ki je ležal na hodni conquered territories (arthur 1990, 289, Fig. 4). površini stavbe 2 (glej tudi: tonovcov grad. Naselbinski in Slovenia the type Samos–cistern was found ostanki in interpretacija, pogl. 2.4) glede na fakturo in Koper (Cunja 1996, Fig. 31, Pl. 27: 299), while in iz fino prečiščene, bež žgane gline z redkimi grobimi Northern italy it was found in Udine (Vil a 1998, Fig. vključki verjetno pripada kateri od severnojadranskih 4: 16), oderzo (arthur 1990, Fig. 2: 2), marano (arthur antičnih amfor. Fragment je bil verjetno sekundarno 1990, Fig. 1), ravenna (Stoppioni Picoli 1983, 138, No. uporabljen kot tegula. 8: 8), torcello (toniolo 2007, Pl. 3b1), probably also at invillino (mackensen 1987, 248-249, Pl. 41: 7). one has also been identified at Duel (Ladstätter 2003, Fig. 7: 8). amFore NeoPreDeLJeNeGa iZVora Neopredeljenih je ostalo 23 % amfor glede na šte- amPHora oF aDriatiC oriGiN vilo vseh najdenih, glede na težo pa 15 % vseh najdenih amfor, kar kaže, da so neopredeljeni ostali predvsem taking into account the fabric from finely puri- manjši kosi ( sl. 4.4, 4.5). fied, beige fired clay with rare coarse inclusions the large amphora fragment that lay on the floor surface of building 2 (see also: tonovcov grad. Settlement remains 4.1.8 SKLeP and interpretation, chapter 2.4) most likely belongs to one of the North adriatic amphorae. The fragment was Naselbina na tonovcovem gradu v obeh pozno- most likely used secondarily as a tegula. antičnih fazah kaže močno navezanost na sredozemski prostor. Uvoženo posodje, ki ga z dokajšnjo gotovostjo UNCLaSSiFieD amPHorae lahko postavimo v čas 4. in na začetek 5. st. je – kljub slabi ohranjenosti plasti prve poznoantične faze – dokaj 23 % (or 15 % if we take the weight into account) of številno (glej tudi: tonovcov grad. Naselbinski ostanki all amphorae remained unclassified, mostly the smaller in interpretacija, pogl. 2.2). Zaradi gradbenega posega pieces ( Figs. 4.4, 4.5). na začetku druge poznoantične faze je gradivo močno fragmentirano, večinoma je bil najden le po en kos posamezne posode, v nekaterih primerih pa so bili deli 4.1.8 CoNCLUSioN iste posode najdeni v plasteh prve in druge poznoan- tične faze (v teh primerih so bile pri statistični obdelavi The settlement on tonovcov grad shows strong pripisane fazi Pa1). Dokaj visok odstotek afriških amfor, connections with the mediterranean in both Late an- ki je bil najden tudi v plasteh druge poznoantične faze, tiquity phases. lahko razlagamo kot rezidualno gradivo. imported pottery that can be placed into the 4th and beginning of the 5th century with relative certainty Najstarejši določen tip je amfora africana ii D ( t. 67: is – regardless of the poor state of the Late antiquity 1 2), ki pa je bila najdena v zgodnjesrednjeveški plasti. V layers – relatively numerous (see also: tonovcov grad. plasteh, ki stratigrafsko sodijo v čas pred gradnjo stavbe 1, Settlement remains and interpretation, chapter 2.2). je bilo najdeno večinoma posodje, ki sodi v čas od sredine Due to the construction that took place at the begin- 4. st. do sredine 5. st. Nekaj posodja, ki časovno sodi v ning of Late antiquity 2 phase the material was strongly prvo poznoantično fazo, je bilo najdeno tudi v plasteh fragmented. in most cases only a single piece of an in- druge poznoantične in zgodnjesrednjeveške faze, kjer dividual vessel was discovered, and in some cases parts pa ga lahko opredelimo kot residualne najdbe ( sl. 4.7). of the same vessel were found in Late antiquity 1 and med afriško sigilato so v ta čas datirane oblike Hayes 2 layers (in this event they were categorised as La1 in 32/58 in Hayes 61 B, večina afriških amfor (africana ii C, the statistical analysis). a relatively high share of african tripolitana iii, Keay 25, 26 in 35a) ter glazirana keramika. amphorae that were found in Late antiquity 2 layers can Večina uvoženega gradiva iz prve poznoantične be explained as residual finds. faze je na tonovcov grad prihajala iz severnoafriškega The oldest defined type is the amphora africana prostora. Podobno sliko kažejo tudi druga sočasna nase- ii D ( Pl. 67: 2), which was found in the early medieval 155 4_ker.indd 155 23.1.2012 12:48:38 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery layer. in the layers that stratigraphical y belong into the period prior to the construction of building 1, mainly vessels that belong between the mid 4th and mid 5th century were discovered. Some of the vessels that be- long into Late antiquity 1 phase were also found in Late antiquity 2 and early medieval layers, where they can be defined as residual finds ( Fig. 4.7). amongst the african red Slip Ware Hayes 32/58 and Hayes 61 B are dated into this period, as are most african amphorae ( africana ii C, tripolitana iii, Keay 25, 26 and 35a) and glazed pottery. most of the imported material from Late antiq- uity 1 phase at tonovcov grad originates from North africa. a similar situation can be found in other contem- porary settlements in the hinterland of Claustra Alpium Iuliarum (rodik, Štanjel, Šmarata, Predjama ...), where african goods were linked to the organised supply of the troops (Vidrih Perko 1997b, 257; 2000, 447). Sl. 4.7: Zastopanost afriških in vzhodnosredozemskih amfor in the 4th century glazed pottery was also linked po fazah glede na težo vseh kosov. to the military, however due to its rareness at tonovcov Fig. 4.7: african and eastern mediterranean amphorae by phases, according to the weight of all pieces. grad we cannot assume an organised supply. Similar to most tableware found in the settlement, glazed pottery most likely came from the North adriatic. During the first phase imports from the east medi- lja v zaledju zapor (rodik, Štanjel, Šmarata, Predjama . .), terranean were rare, and only a few examples of aegean kjer je afriško gradivo povezano z organizirano oskrbo amphorae Lra iii and conditional y a few tableware za potrebe vojske (Vidrih Perko 1997b, 257; 2000, 447). fragments were found. Z vojsko je vsaj v 4. st. povezana tudi glazirana The second half of the 5th century is poorly repre- keramika, vendar na tonovcovem gradu zaradi njene sented as regards pottery. From african imports only oil redkosti ne moremo govoriti o organizirani oskrbi. lamps type Hayes ii a can be placed into this period, Glazirana keramika je – podobno kot večina navadne however they can also be earlier. taking into account namizne keramike – na naselbino verjetno prihajala iz the rarity of the material from the second half of the 5th severnojadranskega prostora. century and the analogies with the Karst sites (which importi iz vzhodega Sredozemlja so v prvi fazi redki, were in most cases not inhabited after the mid 5th cen- pripišemo jim lahko le nekaj primerkov egejskih amfor tury) we could assume a short-term abandonment of Lra 3 ter pogojno nekaj odlomkov namizne keramike. the settlement also at tonovcov grad. obdobje druge polovice 5. st. je v keramičnem on tonovcov grad the end of the 5th and the gradivu slabo zastopano. V ta čas bi od afriških importov beginning of the 6th century was a period of intense lahko uvrstili samo oljenki tipa Hayes ii a, ki pa se lahko building activities as wel as a period in which imported pojavlja tudi že prej. Glede na redkost gradiva druge pottery appeared in greater numbers. This pottery polovice 5. st., pa tudi po analogiji s kraškimi najdišči, was found almost exclusively in Late antiquity 2 lay- kjer naselbine večinoma niso preživele sredine 5. st., ers, i.e. in layers that belong to the period in which morda lahko tudi na tonovcovem gradu domnevamo the objects were used. imports from this period were krajšo opustitev poselitve. found in al buildings that have been researched so far, Konec 5. oziroma začetek 6. st. je bil na tonovcovem and they were especial y numerous in the excavation gradu čas intenzivne gradbene dejavnosti in hkrati ponov- area of building 1. Here, most of the eastern medi- nega množičnejšega pojava uvožene keramike. Najdena terranean amphorae were discovered on the outher je bila skoraj izključno v plasteh druge poznoantične faze, side of the wal 4 ( Fig. 4.8). amphorae from this area torej v plasteh, ki pripadajo obdobju uporabe objektov. were preserved in numerous pieces, while amphorae, importi tega obdobja so bili najdeni v vseh do sedaj raz- found in the other parts of the excavation area, were iskanih objektih, posebno številni pa so bili na območju represented only with one or two fragments. Thus it stavbe 1. tu je bilo največ vzhodnomediteranskih amfor can be assumed that this was the location of a storage najdenih na zunanji strani zidu 4 ( sl. 4.8). amfore iz tega of imported goods. območja so tudi najbolje ohranjene, najdeni so bili šte- although most of the material originates from the vilni odlomki posamezne amfore, medtem ko so amfore, east mediterranean, the connections with africa still najdene na drugih mestih, večinoma zastopane le z enim clearly exist. These are indicated by the Hayes ii B oil 156 4_ker.indd 156 23.1.2012 12:48:38 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery Sl. 4.8: razprostranjenost amfor v izkopnem polju stavbe 1 Fig. 4.8: Distribution of amphorae in the excavation area of building 1. ali dvema fragmentoma. Vse to morda lahko kaže na lamps, the unreliably classified Hayes 87 or 87/109 and shranjevanje uvoženega blaga na tem mestu. Hayes 99 bowls, and the Hayes 89/90 or 104/105 plate. Čeprav večina gradiva tega obdobja izvira iz amphorae are the most commonly found east vzhodnega Sredozemlja, so bile tudi vezi z afriškim pro- mediterranean import. Lra 1, Lra 2, Lra 4 and Lra storom očitno še žive. Nanje kažejo oljenke tipa Hayes 5/6 can appear as early as the second half of the 5th cen- ii B in ne povsem zanesljivo določeni skledi Hayes 87 tury, however their main expansion took place in the oziroma 87/109 in Hayes 99 ter krožnik Hayes 89 ali 90 6th century. Such amphorae from this period were often oziroma 104 ali 105. found also in other Southeastern alpine settlements. 157 4_ker.indd 157 23.1.2012 12:48:38 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery med vzhodnosredozemskimi importi močno The so far only known example of LrC production prevladujejo amfore. Lra 1, Lra 2, Lra 4 in Lra or Phocaean red Slip Ware can also be placed amongst 5/6 se lahko sicer pojavljajo že v drugi polovici 5. st., the eastern imports from this period. vendar je bil njihov glavni razmah v 6. st. V tem času The most recent are the finds of the late small so dokaj pogosto gradivo tudi na ostalih naselbinah spatheia and the assumed amphora type Samos–cis- jugovzhodno alpskega kroga. tern. Both are characteristic of the second half of the V časovni sklop vzhodnih importov lahko uvrstimo 6th century, and according to some the late variants tudi za zdaj en sam znan primer produkcije LrC oziroma reach throughout the 7th century. The stratigraphic fokejske sigilate. position of these late imports at tonovcov grad dates Najmlajše so najdbe poznih malih spatejonov in them more into the second half of the 6th century. Thus domnevne amfore tipa Samos–cisterna. oboji so značilni the burial of the small spatheion in the main church za drugo polovico 6. st., po nekaterih datacijah se pozne can be dated into the mid 6th century – in the time after variante vlečejo še skozi vse 7. st. Na tonovcovem gradu the Gothic – Byzantine wars. This date was confirmed stratigrafski položaj teh poznih importov kaže bolj na čas by the Justinian’s silver coin that was found within the druge polovice 6. st. tako lahko zakop malega spatejona spatheion. This context also fits the assumed amphora v osrednji cerkvi na podlagi Justinijanovega srebrnika, type Samos– cistern. amphorae of this type appear najdenega v njem, postavimo v sredino 6. st., v čas po mainly in locations that were strategical y important gotsko-bizantinskih vojnah. V ta kontekst se dobro for the Byzantium (arthur 1990, 289). in Friuli and vklaplja tudi domnevna amfora tipa Samos–cisterna. elsewhere in Northern italy amphorae type Samos and amfore tega tipa so bile razširjene predvsem na strateško the late smal spatheia often appear together (e.g. Udine, pomembnih mestih za Bizanc (arthur 1990, 289). V Fur- marano Lagunare, ravenna: see Vil a 1998, 276-286). laniji in širše v severni italiji amfore tipa Samos in pozni in the 6th century imports are most likely no longer mali spatejoni pogosto nastopajo skupaj (npr. Videm, linked to organised supply, however they are proof that marano Lagunare, ravena: glej Vil a 1998, 276–286). trade with the mediterranean remained lively. importi v 6. st. verjetno niso bili več povezani it is impossible to determine when the settlement z organizirano oskrbo, so pa dokaz o še vedno živih on tonovcov grad was abandoned with the help of the trgovskih stikih s sredozemskim prostorom. ceramic imports. in the first half of the 7th century medi- Časa opustitve naselbine na tonovcovem gradu terranean products stop coming to the Southeastern na podlagi keramičnih importov ne moremo določiti. alps, and communication with the mediterranean was Prva polovica 7. st. je namreč obdobje, ko sredozemski completely interrupted. This interruption most likely proizvodi prenehajo prihajati na jugovzhodnoalpsko coincided with the abandonment of the settlement. območje, komunikacija s Sredozemljem je povsem prekinjena. ta prekinitev verjetno sovpada tudi s pre- kinitvijo življenja na naselbini. 4.2 CoarSe Ware Similar to many other Late antique sites in the 4.2 GroBa KeramiKa eastern alps and the North adriatic, coarse ware was the most commonly found pottery also at tonovcov grad Na tonovcovem gradu – tako kot na mnogih osta- (Bierbrauer 1987; Santoro Bianchi 1995; Cunja 1996; lih poznoantičnih najdiščih vzhodnoalpskega in sever- Ciglenečki 2000; Ladstätter 2000), where it represents nojadranskega prostora – med izkopanim keramičnim 87 % of diagnostic sherds ( Fig. 4.3). gradivom močno prevladuje groba keramika (Bierbrauer Coarse ware represents a large and rather non- 1987; Santoro Bianchi 1995; Cunja 1996; Ciglenečki unified pottery group, with a characteristic coarse 2000; Ladstätter 2000). Na tonovcovem gradu zavzema manufacture that might include large or medium size 87 % glede na število značilnih kosov ( sl. 4.3). inclusions, it is often fragile, flaky and non-homogenous. Groba keramika predstavlja veliko in precej ne- it was predominantly used as kitchenware, i.e. mostly for enotno skupino keramike, za katero je značilna relativna storing food or preparing it over the fireplace, however grobost izdelave, saj vsebuje velike ali srednje velike some forms were also used for serving. vključke in je pogosto nehomogena, krhka in drobljiva. regardless of the numerous studies that have lately Uporabljana je bila v glavnem kot kuhinjska keramika, been dedicated to antique coarse ware, we still lack a torej pretežno za uporabo na ognju in za shranjevanje unified terminology. in Slovenia the term coarse ware, živil, nekatere oblike pa tudi za strežbo. is currently the most commonly used term in archaeo- Kljub številnim študijam, ki so bile v zadnjem logical literature (Ciglenečki 2000), however terms such obdobju posvečene antični keramiki grobe fakture, še as coarse house pottery, house ware, kitchen ware also vedno ni enotnega poimenovanja zanjo. V Sloveniji se appear (Pahič 1980; mikl-Curk 1973; 1983). in this paper poleg izraza groba keramika, ki je v zadnjem času naj- we will use the term coarse ware, which describes the 158 4_ker.indd 158 23.1.2012 12:48:39 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery pogosteje uporabljen v arheološki literaturi (Ciglenečki essential characteristic of the treated pottery, and at the 2000), uporabljajo tudi izrazi groba hišna lončenina, same time does not prejudice as regards its use (cooking, hišna keramika, kuhinjska keramik a (Pahič 1980; mikl- serving or storage) location or origin (local, regional or Curk 1973; 1983). V nadaljevanju bomo uporabljali izraz broader origin). groba keramika, ki opisuje bistveno lastnost obravnava- German literature also displays a variety of terms nega posodja, hkrati pa ne prejudicira niti načina njene for such pottery, e.g. Grobkeramik (Ladstätter 2000), uporabe (za kuhanje, za strežbo ali za shranjevanje) niti Gebrauchskeramik (rodriguez 1997) and Hauskeramik kraja in načina nastanka (lokalni, regionalni ali nadre- (Bierbrauer 1987). gionalni izvor). in italian the most commonly used terms are V nemški literaturi se za to vrsto posodja ravno ceramica grezza and rozza terracotta scura, and lately tako uporablja več poimenovanj, npr. Grobkeramik the term common ware – ceramica comune, ceramiche (Ladstätter 2000), Gebrauchskeramik (rodriguez 1997) comune (massa, Portulano 1999; Cortese 2005) – is be- in Hauskeramik (Bierbrauer 1987). ing introduced as a col ective name for the large group V italiji sta najpogosteje uporabljana izraz ceramica of pottery vessels used in everyday activities that fit the grezza in rozza terracotta scura, v zadnjem času pa se minimal costs – maximal effect demand. This large group uveljavlja skupni izraz navadna keramika – ceramica is divided into subgroups, such as coarse ware – ceramica comune, ceramiche comune (massa, Portulano 1999; grezza; purified ware – ceramica depurata; glazed pottery Cortese 2005) kot skupno ime za veliko skupino kera- – ceramica invetriata. mike, neobhodno potrebno za vsakdanje aktivnosti, ki in the english speaking territories the term coarse ustreza zahtevi minimalni stroški – maksimalni učinek. ware covers the large group of non-glazed pottery used ta velika skupina se deli na podskupine, kot so groba for preparing, cooking and serving food (Fulford, Peacock keramika – ceramica grezza; prečiščena keramika – cera- 1994, 155) and could thus be said to correspond to the mica depurata; glazirana keramika – ceramica invetriata. italian term ceramica comune. Na angleškem govornem področju izraz coarse regardless of its seeming unattractiveness Late ware obsega veliko skupino keramike brez premaza, ki antique coarse ware has become recognised as an se uporablja za kuho, za postrežbo in za pripravo hrane important source of information on eating and living (Fulford, Peacock 1994, 155) in tako ustreza italijanske- habits, technological knowledge and the organisation of mu izrazu ceramica comune. production in individual communities throughout the Poznoantična groba keramika je kljub navidezni roman empire (Santoro Bianchi 2005, 327), which is neatraktivnosti predvsem v zadnjih desetletjih postala why it has over the past few decades started to occupy priznana kot pomemben vir informacij o prehranje- an increasingly important place within the publications valnih in življenjskih navadah, tehnološkem znanju in of the archaeological finds. organizaciji proizvodnje v posameznih skupnostih na Volker Bierbrauer’s work on invil ino, in which he področju celega rimskega imperija (Santoro Bianchi treated a large quantity of coarse ware and set a detailed 2005, 327). V okviru objav materiala tako zavzema vse typology of forms, predominantly based on rim endings, bolj pomembno mesto. represented a milestone in the classification of Late an- Neke vrste mejnik pri obdelavi poznoantične grobe tique coarse ware in the eastern alps (Bierbrauer 1987). keramike v vzhodnoalpskem prostoru vsekakor pome- He divided the pottery into three large groups. The first ni delo Volkerja Bierbrauerja o invillinu, kjer je avtor one consists of bowls and cups that he divided into 9 basic obdelal zelo veliko količino grobe keramike in postavil types with subtypes, the second group consists of beak- podrobno tipologijo oblik, ki temelji predvsem na za- ers and the third group consists of pots that he divided ključkih ustij (Bierbrauer 1987). Keramični material je into 11 basic types with subtypes. He then attempted to razdelil v tri skupine. Prva obsega sklede in skodele, chronological y define these types on the basis of the ki jih je potem razdelil na 9 osnovnih tipov s podtipi, stratified finds within the individual settlement periods. druga kozarce, tretja pa lonce in lončke, ki jih je razdelil His study is predominantly based on typological classifica- na 11 osnovnih tipov s podtipi. te tipe je potem skušal tion, while technology plays a secondary role (Bierbrauer kronološko določiti na podlagi stratificiranih najdb 1987, 187-224). posameznih naselbinskih period. Študija v veliki meri The material from Castelraimondo was treated bazira na tipološki klasifikaciji, tehnologija pa igra se- in an independent publication. Castelraimondo is a kundarno vlogo (Bierbrauer 1987, 187–224). multi-layer site in the valley of tagliamento (Santoro V Furlaniji je monografsko obdelano tudi gradivo s Bianchi 1995), where great attention has been paid to the Castelraimonda, večslojnega najdišča v dolini tilmenta methodology of the treatment, from the technological (Santoro Bianchi 1995), kjer je bilo veliko pozornosti as well as typological aspect. Due to their aspiration to posvečene tudi metodologiji obdelave gradiva, tako s pay great attention to the empirical aspect they avoided tehnološkega kot tipološkega stališča. Zaradi težnje po the classical typological treatment of the material. They čim večji empiričnosti so se izognili klasični tipološki presented merely the basic forms from the site, and did 159 4_ker.indd 159 23.1.2012 12:48:39 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery obravnavi gradiva. Predstavili so le osnovne oblike not suggest their chronological or functional value. in posod z najdišča, ne da bi pri tem sugerirali njihovo the field of technological analyses the pottery underwent kronološko ali funkcionalno vrednost. Na področju macroscopic observation and archeometric analyses tehnoloških analiz so bile poleg makroskopskih opa- (Fail a 1995, 95-118). zovanj keramike izvedene tudi arheometrične analize it can be noticed that the recent publications dealing (Fail a 1995, 95–118). with other North italian sites (Brescia, milano) also avoid tudi pri objavah drugih severnoitalijanskih najdišč the classical typological method, even though they could (Brescia, milano) je v zadnjem času opaziti izogibanje not completely avoid the classification of materials into klasični tipološki metodi, čeprav se določeni klasifikaciji groups (massa, Portulano 1999, 146-148; Della Porta, gradiva v skupine tudi tu niso mogli izogniti (massa, Sfredda, tassinari 1998, 133-249). Portulano 1999, 146–148; Del a Porta, Sfredda, tassinari in her unpublished doctoral thesis Helgard rod- 1998, 133–249). riguez classified the pottery from Kirchbichel near Lavant Helgard rodriguez je v neobjavljeni disertaciji (rodriguez 1986). in her classification she partial y leaned obdelala keramično gradivo s Kirchbichla pri Lavantu upon the division by Bierbrauer, but paid greater attention (rodriguez 1986), kjer se je delno naslonila na Bierbra- to the development of the decoration, especial y wavy uerjevo razdelitev, več poudarka pa je namenila tudi lines. She also published numerous articles in which she razvoju okrasja, predvsem valovnice. ista avtorica je compared coarse ware from various Southeastern alpine objavila še več člankov o primerjavi grobe keramike z sites in austria, italy and Slovenia (rodriguez 1992; 1997). različnih jugovzhodnoalpskih najdišč avstrije, italije in Ul a Steinklauber analysed the pottery from the Slovenije (rodriguez 1992; 1997). site of Duel (Steinklauber 1990), and Sabine Felgen- Keramiko z najdišča Duel je obdelala Ul a Stein- hauer-Schmiedt analysed the pottery from Kappele klauber (1990), z najdišča Kappele pa Sabine Felgen- (Felgenhauer-Schmiedt 1993). Coarse ware also covers hauer-Schmiedt (1993). Groba keramika obsega tudi an important part in the monograph publication deal- pomemben del pri monografski obdelavi zahodnega ing with the west ecclesiastical complex on Hemmaberg cerkvenega kompleksa na Sv. Hemi (Ladstätter 2000). (Ladstätter 2000). apart from classifying the typology of avtorica poleg tipologije oblik precej pozornosti na- forms the author also spent great attention on the man- meni tudi načinu priprave surovine, izdelavi in peče- ner in which the raw material was prepared, as wel as the nju posod. oblikovno je grobo keramiko razdelila na pottery preparation and firing. as regards the shape she lonce (7 oblik s podskupinami), lončke in kozarce (6 divided coarse ware into pots (7 forms with subtypes), oblik s podskupinami), sklede in skodele (11 oblik s smal pots and beakers (6 forms with subgroups), bowls podskupinami), krožnike, vrče in pokrove (Ladstätter and cups (11 forms with subgroups), plates, jugs and lids 2000, 135–150). (Ladstätter 2000, 135-150). Na slovenskem področju se je prvi temeljiteje in Slovenia Stanko Pahič was the first to deal with ukvarjal z grobo antično keramiko Stanko Pahič in sicer antique coarse ware in greater detail; he dealt with tako s tipologijo (Pahič 1978, 129–298) kot s tehnologijo typology (Pahič 1978, 129-298) as well as technology (Pahič 1980, 388–437). Z razvojem raziskav pozno- (Pahič 1980, 388-437). With the development of the antičnih višinskih postojank so se množile tudi objave research of Late antique hil top posts the publications on keramičnega gradiva z njih, npr. z ajdovskega gradca pottery from these sites multiplied, e.g. ajdovski gradec nad Vranjem (Knific 1979, 732–785), delne objave najdb above Vranje (Knific 1979, 732-785), partial publication z Gradca pri Prapretnem, Korinjskega hriba nad Velikim of the finds at Gradec near Prapretno, Korinjski hrib Korinjem in tinja nad Loko pri žusmu (Ciglenečki above Veliki Korinj and tinje above Loka pri žusmu 1984, 313–328; 1985, 255–284), keramične najdbe pa (Ciglenečki 1984, 313-328; 1985, 255-284). Pottery finds zavzemajo pomembno mesto tudi v monografskih play an important role in the monograph publications obdelavah Kapucinskega vrta v Kopru (Cunja 1996), on Kapucinski vrt in Koper (Cunja1996), Kučar above Kučarja nad Podzemljem (J. Dular, Ciglenečki, a. Dular Podzemelj (J. Dular, Ciglenečki, a. Dular 1995) and 1995) in tinja nad Loko pri žusmu (Ciglenečki 2000). tinje above Loka pri žusmu (Ciglenečki 2000). in his Pri obdelavi keramike s pomembnega poznoantičnega analysis of the key Late antique and early medieval site in zgodnjesrednjeveškega najdišča tinje nad Loko tinje above Loka pri žusmu the author typological y pri žusmu je avtor tipološko razdelil keramiko na pet categorised pottery into five basic pot types and three osnovnih tipov loncev in tri tipe skled. Pri oblikovno- bowl types. as regards the typological division of the tipološki razdelitvi mu je bil vodilni kriterij oblikovanost design his main criterion was the shape of the entire up- celotnega zgornjega dela posode – ustja, vratu in ramen. per part of the vessel – the rim, neck and shoulder. in the V primerjalni študiji je zajel tudi bogat izbor primerljivih comparative analysis he also included the rich selection keramičnih najdb z jugovzhodnoalpskega in severnoja- of comparable pottery finds from the Southeastern alps dranskega prostora (Ciglenečki 2000). and the North adriatic (Ciglenečki 2000). 160 4_ker.indd 160 23.1.2012 12:48:39 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery 4.2.1 teHNoLoGiJa 4.2.1 teCHNoLoGy Velike količine izkopanega keramičnega gradiva so The large quantities of excavated pottery lead to at- nujno pripeljale do poskusov razvrščanja tega gradiva tempts of classifying these finds according to the character- glede na značilnosti snovi, iz katere je bila keramika istics of the used materials, with the intention of categoris- narejena, z namenom uvrščanja posameznih odlomkov ing individual fragments into groups. The first condition for v skupine. Prvi pogoj za tako razvrščanje je objektivno such a division is to present objectively and in a unified way in enotno podajanje vseh spremenljivk, ki definirajo the variables that define the characteristics of an individual značilnosti posameznega kosa lončenine. Le tako so fragment of pottery. only this makes further studies (i.e. omogočene nadaljnje študije – primerjave tipov zno- comparisons of the types within a site, amongst individual traj najdišča, med posameznimi najdišči, identifikacije sites, identification of the characteristic production, defin- značilne produkcije, določanje kronološkega in geograf- ing the chronological and geographic environment, as well skega okolja, pa tudi arheometrične raziskave. as conducting archeometric research) possible. Poskusi tehnoloških analiz imajo najdaljšo tradi- english speaking environment has the longest cijo na angleškem govornem področju (Peacock 1977, tradition in attempting to come up with a technologi- 26–32; orton, tyers, Vince 1993). Prvi poizkus poeno- cal analysis (Peacock 1977, 26-32; orton, tyers, Vince tenja kriterijev za opisovanje tehnoloških značilnosti 1993). The first attempt to unify the criteria for describing keramike pomeni delo D. P. S. Peacocka (1977, 26–33). technological activities used for pottery is represented in V kontinentalni evropi se je študij tehnologije sprva the work by D. P. S. Peacock (1977, 26-33). in continental razvijal predvsem v povezavi s študijem amfor in fine europe the study of technology was at first developed in keramike (glej pogl. 4.1), leta 1985 pa je izšlo prelomno relation to the studies of amphorae and fine ware (see delo Ninine Cuomo di Caprio La ceramica in archeolo- chapter 4.1). in 1985 Ninina Cuomo di Caprio published gia (Cuomo di Caprio 1985), ki je bilo v prenovljeni in her breakthrough work entitled La ceramica in archeo- razširjeni obliki ponovno izdano leta 2007 (Cuomo di logia (Cuomo di Caprio 1985), which was revised and Caprio 2007). expanded in 2007 (Cuomo di Caprio 2007). Posebno od 80-ih let dalje je opazna težnja k po- From the 1980s onwards there is a noticeable ten- enotenju dokumentacijskega sistema (Peacock 1977; dency to unify the documentation system (Peacock 1977; Schneider 1989, 5–39). metode so večinoma prevzete iz Schneider 1989, 5-39). most of the methods are adopted geologije in na različne načine prilagojene za uporabo v from geology and are in various ways adapted for use in arheologiji (Peacock 1977, 26). archaeology (Peacock 1977, 26). Vzporedno so se razvijale arheometrične metode, Paral el archeometric methods have been devel- ki se (z določenimi omejitvami) lahko uporabljajo kot oped, and these can (with certain limitations) be used pomoč pri dataciji keramičnega gradiva, pri študiju to help to date pottery, as well as determine its origin izvora keramike ali funkcije posod (orton, tyers, Vince or function (orton, tyers, Vince 1993, 18-21; Cuomo 1993, 18–22; Cuomo di Caprio 2007, 571–652). di Caprio 2007, 571-652). V Slovenji se je s tehnologijo keramike in sicer z Stanko Pahič was the first to systematical y deal with grobo hišno lončenino prvi sistematično ukvarjal Stanko pottery technology in Slovenia (coarse house ware; Pahič Pahič (1980, 388–437). obsežna navodila za definiranje, 1980, 388-437). milena Horvat proposed comprehensive standardiziranje in dokumentiranje keramike ne glede instructions for defining, standardising and documenting na obdobje je predložila milena Horvat (Horvat 1999). pottery regardless of the period of their origin (Horvat Z analizo tehnoloških značilnosti rimske keramike na 1999). Janka istenič analysed the technological character- primeru grobne keramike s Ptuja se je ukvarjala Janka istics of roman pottery on the example of the pottery from istenič, ki je kombinirala makroskopsko dobljene po- the cemeteries in Ptuj (Poetovio), where she combined the datke tudi z izsledki arheometričnih raziskav (istenič macroscopical y obtained data with the findings obtained 1999; Daszkiewicz, Schneider 1999). from archeometric research (istenič 1999; Daszkiewicz, tehnološke značilnosti keramičnih fragmentov so Schneider 1999). posledica produkcijskega procesa, ki obsega več stopenj, The technological characteristics of pottery frag- vse od izbora gline dalje. Posamezne stopnje tega procesa ments are a consequence of a production process that se lahko razlikujejo tako znotraj enega časovnega obdob- incorporates a number of phases, from the selection of ja kot skozi daljši čas. Nekatere take razlike so vidne tudi clay onwards. The individual phases of this process can pri makroskopskem opazovanju, medtem ko je druge differ within a period as wel as over a longer period of možno določiti šele z arheometričnimi metodami. time. Some of these differences are visible already through Groba keramika s tonovcovega gradu je značilna macroscopic observation, while others can merely be naselbinska keramika in pri njeni obdelavi smo se sre- defined by archeometric methods. čevali z vsemi omejitvami tovrstnega gradiva. Velika Coarse ware from tonovcov grad is characteristic fragmentarnost otežuje prepoznavanje oblik in tehno- settlement pottery and in our treatment of it we have 161 4_ker.indd 161 23.1.2012 12:48:39 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery loških značilnosti, precej gradiva ne izvira iz zaprtih encountered al of the limitations of such material. as a kontekstov, pogosti so rezidualni kosi, nekatere oblike large share of the discovered material was found in small in tehnološke značilnosti pa kažejo dolgo trajanje in s fragments it was hard to recognise the shapes and tech- tem onemogočajo točnejšo datacijo. nological characteristics. a lot of the material does not Pri tehnološki obdelavi gradiva smo se omejili na originate from closed contexts and residual pieces are also makroskopsko opazovanje, ki smo ga v nejasnih prime- common. Some shapes and technological characteristics rih dopolnili z opazovanjem pod lupo. Zaradi specifike appeared over a long period of time and thus do not en- gradiva smo izdelali lasten klasifikacijski sistem, pri able precise dating. katerem smo upoštevali izkušnje različnih tehnoloških in our technological treatment of the pottery we klasifikacijskih shem (Schneider 1989; orton, tyers, limited ourselves to macroscopic observation which was Vince 1993; Horvat 1999), ki smo jih priredili danim expanded to observation with a magnifying glass when možnostim, predvsem pa značilnostim obdelovanega necessary. Due to the pottery’s special characteristics we gradiva. formed a new classification system. of course, we took tehnološke značilnosti so bile določene vsem into account the experience gained from various tech- značilnim kosom (ustja, dna, ostenja z ornamentom nological classification schemes (Schneider 1989; orton, in ročaji), saj bi obdelava vse najdene keramike (okrog tyers, Vince 1993; Horvat 1999), and then adjusted them 10.000 fragmentov) presegala dane možnosti. V prime- to the given possibilities, and especial y to the character- ru, ko je več keramičnih fragmentov nesporno pripadalo istics of the treated material. eni posodi, smo jih obravnavali kot en kos. Na ta način as it would be impossible to categorise al of the je bilo obdelanih približno 1100 kosov keramike. discovered pottery fragments (approximately 10,000) we Vsakemu fragmentu smo določili barvo, način žga- defined the technological characteristics for al diagnostic nja, vrsto dodatkov, velikost dodatkov, obliko dodatkov, sherds (rims, bases, handles and wal s with ornaments). pogostost dodatkov, poroznost, trdoto in obdelavo povr- in the event that a large number of fragments undoubt- šine ter način izdelave (ročno, počasno ali hitro vreteno). edly belonged to a single vessel, they were treated as a single piece. approximately 1100 pottery fragments were Barva: Barvo smo določali opisno in sicer na zu- treated in this way. nanji in notranji strani ter v jedru (na svežem prelomu). each fragment was defined by the fol owing param- V novejšem obdobju večina avtorjev sicer priporoča eters: colour, type of firing, type of mineral inclusions, uporabo barvnih kart, večinoma munsel ove barvne size of mineral inclusions, shape of mineral inclusions, lestvice (munsell 2000; Horvat 1999, 55–56; orton, frequency of mineral inclusions, porosity, hardness and tyers, Vince 1993, 68, 136–138; Cuomo di Caprio treatment of the surface and type of manufacture (hand 2007, 681–688), vendar le-te za obravnavano keramiko made, slow or quick potter’s wheel). niso bile primerne. Barva keramike je namreč izredno neenotna, tako da je v nekaterih primerih na enem od- Colour: The colour was defined descriptively for the lomku lahko prisotnih tudi nekaj različnih barv. Celo v outer and inner wal s as wel as for the core (on the fresh primeru, da barvo lahko določimo npr. kot rjavo, je na fracture). recently authors have started to recommend fragmentu ponavadi več odtenkov. Pri tej odločitvi smo the use of colour charts, most commonly the munsel ’s upoštevali tudi dejstvo, da je barva lahko odvisna tudi colour chart (munsel 2000; Horvat 1999, 55-56; orton, od različnih slučajnih vzrokov, predvsem od položaja tyers, Vince 1993, 68, 136-138; Cuomo di Caprio 2007, posode na ognju po žganju,37 pa tudi od postdepozi- 681-688), however we did not find them useful in our cijskih procesov, tako da nam ne kaže vedno zanesljivo case. The colour of the pottery is extremely non-unified, določenega tehnološkega postopka. to dokazujejo tudi thus different colours can be found on a single fragment. primeri iste posode popolnoma različnih barv. even in the event that the colour could be defined – for Način žganja: Določali smo ga po barvi površine instance as brown – the fragment was usual y covered in jedra (Horvat 1999, 53). makroskopsko ugotavljanje by numerous nuances. in our decision we also took into načina žganja je sicer zaradi odvisnosti od barve lahko account the fact that the colour might also depend on problematično (glej zgoraj). V mnogih primerih se various accidental causes, i.e. how the vessel was placed atmosfera žganja z gotovostjo lahko opredeli šele pri onto the fire once it had been fired,37 or post-depositional laboratorijskem ponovnem žganju (Schneider 1989, processes, thus it is not always a reliable indication of a 13–14, 23–24; Daszkiewicz, Schneider 2001). 37 it is common for the vessels to be blackened at the bot- 37 Pogosta je počrnitev posode v spodnjem delu, ki nam tom, and this can indicate the manner in which it was placed lahko kaže tudi način, kako je bila postavljena na ogenj. Če je onto the fire. Blackening of the interior and exterior, but not počrnela na notranji in zunanji strani, ne pa na dnu, pomeni, of the base, is a result of the vessel being placed directly onto da je bila postavljena direktno na ogenj ali na vroč pepel, če the fire or hot ashes, while if the base is completely blackened, pa je dno popolnoma počrnelo, pa je bila posoda postavljena the vessel was placed above the fire, with the aid of some sort nad ogenj na nekem oporniku (Cortese 2005, 344). of a holder (Cortese 2005, 344). 162 4_ker.indd 162 23.1.2012 12:48:40 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery Vrsta dodatkov: Določali smo apnenec, kremen, specific technological process. This is proven also by the sljudo, organske snovi, železove okside, zdrobljeno ke- discovered examples of the same vessel, but with total y ramiko. Nekateri dodatki so ostali nedefinirani. Za raz- different colours. ločevanje med kalcitom in kremenom smo uporabljali Firing method: Was defined by the colour of the sur- 10% hladno HCl. močno prevladujejo kalcitni dodatki, face and the core (Horvat 1999, 53). it can be problematic kremen je redek, še bolj redko smo lahko ugotovili to ascertain the firing method merely by macroscopic zdrobljeno keramiko in organske snovi. observation, for this depends strongly on the colour (see Velikost dodatkov: Na podlagi ocene velikosti zrnc above). in many cases the atmosphere of the firing can be v jedru je bilo določenih pet razredov: do 0,25 mm zelo ascertained only by laboratory re-firing Schneider 1989, fina; od 0,26–0,50 mm fina; od 0,51–1,0 mm drobna; od 13-14, 23-24; Daszkiewicz, Schneider 2001). 1,1–2,0 mm groba; nad 2,0 mm zelo groba. Type of mineral inclusions: We found calcite, quartz, Pogostost dodatkov: Gre za povprečno število zrnc mica, organic matter, iron oxide, and crushed pottery. dodatka na cm2 v jedru. Določili smo štiri razrede: brez Some inclusions remained undefined. in order to differ- vidnih primesi; redka (do 5 zrnc/cm2); zmerna (5–10 entiate between calcite and quartz we used 10% cold HCl. zrnc/cm2); obilna (nad 10 zrnc/cm2). tudi pri določa- Calcite inclusions prevailed, quartz was rare, and even nju tega parametra se pojavljajo težave, saj se pogostost rarer were crushed pottery and organic matter. dodatka na posamični posodi lahko spreminja. Dodatki Size of mineral inclusions: Five classes were ascer- se pogosto zgostijo na prehodu iz ostenja v dno in na tained on the basis of the estimate of the grain size in the dnu, medtem ko so na zgornjem delu posode redkejši.38 core: very fine – up to 0.25 mm; fine – between 0.26 and Poroznost: Beležili smo jo s pomočjo enake skale 0.50 mm; smal – between 0.51 and 1.0 mm; coarse – kot velikost dodatkov (glej zgoraj). odvisna je od sestave between 1.1 and 2.0 mm; very coarse – 2.0 mm or more. gline, vrste dodatkov, temperature in dolžine žganja, pa Mineral inclusions frequency: This represents the tudi, podobno kot barva, od postdepozicijskih procesov. average number of grains of mineral inclusions per cm2 tako imajo lahko črepinje iste posode, ki so se po pre- in the core. Four classes were established: with no visible nehanju uporabe nahajale v različnih postdepozicijskih inclusions; rare (up to 5 grains/cm2); relatively common pogojih, popolnoma drugačno ohranjenost površine. (5-10 grains/cm2); abundant (10 grains or more/cm2). Trdota: Določali smo jo po usklajeni mohsovi le- Problems also arose with this parameter, for the frequency stvici: mehka (razi jo noht); trda (razi jo nož); zelo trda of the mineral content could change throughout an in- (razi jo steklo); izredno trda (razi steklo). Pojavljali sta dividual pottery fragment. The mineral content is often se samo prvi dve stopnji, medtem ko zelo trde in izredno denser at the transition between the wal s and the base trde med obravnavano keramiko ni bilo. and in the base, and rarer towards the top of the vessel.38 Izdelava: Način izdelave (prostoročno, na poča- Porosity: We recorded it with the same scale we snem vretenu, na hitrem vretenu) se določa na podlagi used for inclusion size (see above). it depends on the sledov na ostenju posode. Načelno se pripisuje ročnemu clay composition, type of inclusions, temperature at the vretenu izdelke grobe izdelave, neenotne debeline, med- time of firing, as wel as – similar to colour – on the post- tem ko uporabo hitrega vretena kažejo horizontalne tan- depositional processes. Thus fragments of the same vessel, ke linije in pravilne brazde, vendar je take sledove lahko if they were deposited in various conditions once they izbrisala naknadna obdelava površine (Cortese 2005, were no longer in use, can have their surface preserved 330 s). Zato smo kose, ki niso imeli izrazitih vodoravnih total y differently. sledi v notranjosti posode, pogojno opredelili kot izde- Hardness: We used the mohs scale to define this lane na počasnem vreten. Nekateri kosi kažejo sledove category: soft (can be scratched by a fingernail); hard (can različnih tehnik. Pojavljajo se primeri, ki v spodnjem be scratched by a knife); very hard (can be scratched by a delu kažejo sledove izdelovanja na roko, na zgornjem window glass plate); extremely hard (scratches window pa sledove vodoravnih potegov, značilne za izdelavo na glass plate). only the first two levels appeared, while no vretenu. V takih primerih gre za kombinirano tehniko very hard or extremely hard pottery was discovered. izdelave (ročno z dodelavo na vretenu). Manufacture: manufacture (hand made, on a slow potter’s wheel, on a fast pottery wheel) is defined on the Glede na zgoraj opisane parametre smo v nadalje- basis of the traces left behind on the vessel wal . General y vanju oblikovali tehnološke skupine (tS), katerih prvi coarse ware of a varied thickness is assumed to be manu- cilj je bil lažje obdelovanje gradiva, v naslednji stopnji factured on a hand spun pottery wheel, while the use of pa smo skušali poiskati morebitne povezave tehnoloških the fast pottery wheel is indicated by horizontal thin lines 38 38 tudi ta tehnološki postopek pomaga pri izogibanju This technological procedure can help to avoid ther- termičnemu šoku. Pritiski v ostenju posode zaradi tempera- mal shock. Due to the differences in the temperature the turnih razlik so namreč največji ravno v spodnjem delu po- pressures within the vessel wal s are the highest towards the sode, ki je bil v stiku z ognjem, velika količina dodatkov pa te base, which is in contact with the fire, and a large share of pritiske zmanjšuje. mineral inclusions reduces these pressures. 163 4_ker.indd 163 23.1.2012 12:48:40 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery skupin z določenimi oblikovnimi tipi, pa tudi morebitne and regular shaped grooves (however, these traces can be zakonitosti pojavljanja teh skupin v določenih časovnih erased by later smoothening of the surface; Cortese 2005, obdobjih ter preveriti, ali je možno razlikovanje med 330). Thus, we conditional y classified fragments that had lokalno in regionalno izdelanim posodjem. no explicit horizontal lines in the interior as manufactured Kot je bilo poudarjeno že v uvodu, je oblikovanje on a slow pottery wheel. Some fragments show traces of tehnoloških skupin pri grobi keramiki na makroskop- various techniques. Some examples show traces of hand skem nivoju zaradi značilnosti gradiva dokaj težka na- making in the lower part, while the upper part reveals loga. Groba keramika s tonovcovega gradu po eni strani traces of horizontal lines typical for the pottery wheel. in kaže dokajšnjo tehnološko raznolikost, saj so zastopani such cases we are dealing with a combined manufacturing različni načini žganja, izdelave in trdote, na drugi strani technique (hand made, with additional working on the pa je dokaj enotna. Predvsem velja to za primesi, saj pottery wheel). skoraj izključno prevladuje kalcit (glej zgoraj), ki mu je v nekaterih primerih dodana sljuda, zdrobljena opeka ali The previously mentioned parameters were used to makroskopsko nedoločljivi (barvni) delci. Pri nekaterih form technological groups (tG), the first goal of which tipih lahko zaradi močne poroznosti domnevamo upo- was to make it easier to classify the material. in the sub- rabo organskih snovi. Zastopane so tako oksidacijsko kot sequent steps we tried to find the possible connections redukcijsko žgane posode, pa tudi različne kombinacije between individual technological groups and individual (nepopolno redukcijsko žganje, žganje v nekontrolirani shapes, establish the possible appearance of these groups atmosferi . .). tudi pri načinu izdelave je zastopana within certain periods and verify whether it was possible tako keramika, ki je delana na hitrem vretenu, kot tudi to distinguish between local y and regional y manufac- prostoročno izdelani kosi, prevladuje pa na počasnem tured pottery. (ročnem) vretenu delano posodje. as emphasised in the introduction, the formation of Pri oblikovanju tehnoloških skupin smo od zgoraj technological groups is a relatively hard task on the mac- naštetih parametrov upoštevali barvo in z njo povezan roscopic level. Coarse ware from tonovcov grad shows način žganja, vrsto, velikost in pogostost dodatkov in relative technological variety, as various types of firing, poroznost. Način izdelave zaradi težav pri opredeljeva- manufacture and hardness are present, however, on the nju manjših fragmentov ni bil upoštevan. other hand it is relatively unified. This holds especial y Zaradi specifike gradiva precej odlomkov ni bilo true for mineral inclusions, where calcite prevails (see mogoče uvrstiti. Problematični so bili zlasti majhni above), and in some cases mica, crushed bricks or mac- odlomki, pa tudi dna posod, pri katerih je bilo zaradi roscopical y undefinable (colour) particles were added to zgoraj opisanih vzrokov težko ugotavljati tako način it. The strong porosity of some types leads us to believe žganja kot pogostost pridatkov. taki odlomki so bili organic matter was used. We have found reduction and uvrščeni v veliko skupino neopredeljenih. oxidation fired pottery, as wel as various combinations Na ta način se je izoblikovalo 16 tehnoloških skupin (incomplete reduction firing, firing in an uncontrol ed (tS), od katerih zadnja (tS 16, neopredeljeno) obsega atmosphere . .). as regards the type of manufacture we vse kose, ki jih ni bilo mogoče uvrstiti v prvih 15. Ne- have found pottery manufactured on the fast pottery katere skupine so še vedno zelo obsežne (predvsem tS wheel as wel as hand made pieces, however, the most 8, 2 in 1), medtem ko so druge bistveno manjše ( sl. 4.9). common is pottery manufactured on the slow (hand- spun) pottery wheel. tS 1 When forming technological groups we took into Barva: Svetlo rjava, jedro črno. account the colour and type of firing associated with it, as Način žganja: redukcijsko, v končni fazi oksida- wel as the type, size and frequency of mineral inclusions cijsko. and porosity. The type of manufacture was not taken into Dodatki: Droben do fin apnenec, zmerno pogost. account due to the problems connected to the classifica- Vmes lahko tudi redki grobi delci. tion of the smal fragments. Poroznost: Ni porozna ali drobno porozna. Due to the specifics of the material numerous frag- tipični predstavnik: inv. št. 21467 ( t. 95: 1). ments could not be classified. especial y problematic were smal fragments and vessel bases for which it was hard tS 2 to ascertain the type of firing as wel as the frequency of Barva: Svetlo rjava ali oranžna, jedro oranžno. mineral inclusions (see above). These fragments were Način žganja: oksidacijsko. placed into the large undefined group. Dodatki: Droben ali (redkeje) fin apnenec, zmerno in this process 16 technological groups (tG) were pogost, včasih obilen. formed, the last of which (tG 16, undefined) comprised Poroznost: Ne. of al fragments that could not be categorised into the tipični predstavnik: inv. št. 20351 ( t. 74: 2). first 15. Some groups are rather large (especial y tG 8, 2 and 1), while others are much smal er ( Fig. 4.9). 164 4_ker.indd 164 23.1.2012 12:48:40 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery tG 1 Colour: Light brown, the core black. Firing conditions: reduced, oxidised in the last phase.inclusions: Smal to fine calcite, relatively common. Some coarse particles. Porosity: Not porous or finely porous. Characteristic example: inv. No. 21467 ( Pl. 95: 1). tG 2 Colour: Light brown or orange, the core orange. Firing conditions: oxidised. Sl. 4.9: Število diagnostičnih kosov grobe keramike v tehno- inclusions: Small or fine (rarer) calcite, relatively loških skupinah. common, sometimes abundant. Fig. 4.9: Number of diagnostic sherds of coarse pottery in technological groups. Porosity: No. Characteristic example: inv. No. 20351 ( Pl. 74: 2). tS 3 tG 3 Barva: Svetlo rjava ali oranžna. Colour: Light brown or orange. Način žganja: oksidacijsko. Firing conditions: oxidised. Dodatki: Grob apnenec, zmerno pogost, včasih inclusions: Coarse calcite, relatively common, some- obilen. times abundant. Poroznost: Ne. Porosity: No. tipični predstavnik: inv. št. 20881 (t. 97: 4) Characteristic example: inv. No. 20881 (Pl. 97: 4) tS 4 tG 4 Barva: Siva ali črna, jedro črno. Colour: Grey or black, the core black. Način žganja: redukcijsko. Firing conditions: reduced. Dodatki: Fin ali droben apnenec, zmerno pogost, inclusions: Fine or smal calcite, relatively common, včasih obilen; zelo fina sljuda. sometimes abundant; very fine mica. Poroznost: Ne. Porosity: No. tipični predstavnik: inv. št. 20897 ( t. 83: 1). Characteristic example: inv. No. 20897 ( Pl. 83: 1). tS 5 tG 5 Barva: Svetlo rjava ali rjava, jedro sivo ali črno. Colour: Light brown or brown, the core grey or Način žganja: redukcijsko, v končni fazi oksida- black. cijsko. Firing conditions: reduced, in the last phase oxi- Dodatki: Droben ali fin apnenec, redek ali zmerno dised. pogost; zelo fina, redka sljuda; v nekaterih primerih inclusions: Smal or fine calcite, rare or relatively drobna, redka zdrobljena keramika. common; very fine rare mica; in some cases smal , rare Poroznost: Da, nekateri kosi (v nekaterih primerih crushed pottery. imata porozen in neporozen kos stik). Porosity: yes, some fragments (in some cases the obdelava površine: Gladek, svetleč premaz. porous and non-porous fragments are in contact). tipični predstavnik: inv. št. 20287 ( t. 96: 2). Characteristic example: inv. No. 20287 ( Pl. 96: 2). tS 6 tG 6 Barva: rjava, včasih lisasta, jedro rjavo. Colour: Brown, sometimes patchy, brown fracture. Način žganja: oksidacijsko. Firing conditions: oxidised. Dodatki: Fin ali droben apnenec, redek do zmerno inclusions: Fine or smal calcite, rare to relatively pogost. frequent. Poroznost: Ne. Porosity: No. tipični predstavnik: inv. št. 20971 ( t. 82: 7). Characteristic example: inv. No. 20971 ( Pl. 82: 7). tS 7: tG 7: Barva: Siva. Colour: Grey. Način žganja: redukcijsko. Firing conditions: reduced. 165 4_ker.indd 165 23.1.2012 12:48:40 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery Dodatki: Droben do grob apnenec, zmerno pogost inclusions: Smal to coarse calcite, relatively frequent ali obilen; fina sljuda. or abundant; fine mica. Poroznost: Ne. Porosity: No. tipični predstavnik: inv. št. 20303 ( t. 84: 13). Characteristic example: inv. No. 20303 ( Pl. 84: 13). tS 8: tG 8: Barva: Črna ali temno siva. Colour: Black or dark grey. Način žganja: redukcijsko. Firing conditions: reduced. Dodatki: Fin ali droben apnenec, zmerno pogost inclusions: Fine or smal calcite, relatively frequent ali obilen; včasih grob kremen; včasih zelo fina sljuda. or abundant; sometimes coarse quartz; sometimes very Poroznost: Ne. fine mica. tipični predstavnik: inv. št. 20965 ( t. 89: 6). Porosity: No. Characteristic example: inv. No. 20965 ( Pl. 89: 6). tS 9: Barva: Črna. tG 9: Način žganja: redukcijsko Colour: Black. Dodatki: Fin ali droben apnenec, redek do zmerno Firing conditions: reduced pogost, na površini delno izpadel; grobe, zmerno po- inclusions: Fine or smal calcite, rare to relatively goste organske snovi; v nekaterih primerih tudi groba frequent, in some cases fel out on the surface; relatively zdrobljena keramika. frequent coarse organic matter; in some cases also crushed Poroznost: močno porozna. coarse ware. tipični predstavnik: inv. št. 21251 ( t. 77: 14). Porosity: Highly porous. Characteristic example: inv. No. 21251 ( Pl. 77: 14). tS 10: Barva: rjava. tG 10: Način žganja: oksidacijsko ali nekontrolirano. Colour: Brown. Dodatki: Fin ali droben apnenec, redek do zmerno Firing conditions: oxidised or uncontrol ed. pogost; grobe, zmerno pogoste organske snovi. inclusions: Fine or smal calcite, rare to relatively Poroznost: močno porozna. frequent; relatively frequent coarse organic matter. tipični predstavnik: inv. št. 21436 ( t. 34: 10). Porosity: Highly porous. Characteristic example: inv. No. 21436 ( Pl. 34: 10). tS 11: Barva: Črna. tG 11: Način žganja: oksidacijsko. Colour: Black. Dodatki: Fin apnenec, zmerno pogost; zelo fina Firing conditions: oxidised. sljuda. inclusions: Fine calcite, relatively frequent; very Poroznost: Ne. fine mica. tipični predstavnik: inv. št. 22054 ( t. 87: 1). Porosity: No. Characteristic example: inv. No. 22054 ( Pl. 87: 1). tS 12: Barva: Črna ali siva. tG 12: Način žganja: redukcijsko. Colour: Black or grey. Dodatki: Grob do zelo grob, vmes tudi zelo fin Firing conditions: reduced. apnenec, redek do zmerno pogost. inclusions: coarse to very coarse, in between very Poroznost: Ne ali rahlo. fine calcite, rare to relatively frequent. tipični predstavnik: inv. št. 22041 ( t. 87: 4). Porosity: No or slightly. Characteristic example: inv. No. 22041 ( Pl. 87: 4). tS 13: Barva: Črna ali siva. tG 13: Način žganja: redukcijsko Colour: Black or grey. Dodatek: Droben do grob apnenec, redek do zmer- Firing conditions: reduced no pogost; zelo fina sljuda. inclusions: Smal to coarse calcite, rare to relatively Poroznost: Da, nekateri kosi (v nekaterih primerih frequent; very fine mica. imata porozen in neporozen kos stik). Porosity: yes, some fragments (in some cases the obdelava površine: Gladek, bleščeč premaz. porous and non-porous fragment are in contact). tipični predstavnik: inv. št. 20533 ( t. 97: 8). Characteristic example: inv. No. 20533 ( Pl. 97: 8). 166 4_ker.indd 166 23.1.2012 12:48:41 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery tS 14: tG 14: Barva: Črna. Colour: Black Način žganja: redukcijsko ali nepopolno re- Firing conditions: reduced or incompletely reduced. dukcijsko. inclusions: smal to coarse calcite, abundant. Dodatek: Droben do grob apnenec, obilen. Porosity: no. Poroznost: Ne. Characteristic example: inv. No. 21805 ( Pl. 99: 2). tipični predstavnik: inv. št. 21805 ( t. 99: 2). tG 15: tS 15: Colour: Brown or black or patchy brown. Barva: rjava ali črna in rjava lisasta. Firing aconditions: oxidised or non-control ed. Način žganja: oksidacijsko ali nekontrolirano. inclusions: smal to coarse calcite, relatively frequent, Dodatek: Droben do grob apnenec, zmerno pogost, very fine mica, relatively frequent. zelo fina sljuda, zmerno pogosta. Porosity: No. Poroznost: Ne. Characteristic example: inv. No. 20818 ( Pl. 79: 3). tipični predstavnik: inv. št. 20818 ( t. 79: 3). tG 16: undefined tS 16: neopredeljeno This group includes all examples that could not be V to skupino so uvrščeni vsi primeri, ki jih nismo placed into any other group – whether this was because mogli uvrstiti v katero od zgoraj opisanih skupin – bo- the analysed fragment was too small to precisely define disi zato, ker je bil obravnavan kos premajhen, da bi se the technological characteristics, or because a single dalo točno določiti tehnološke značilnosti, bodisi zato, fragment had characteristics belonging to multiple ker so bile na enem kosu izražene značilnosti različnih technological groups. tehnoloških skupin. as emphasised in the introduction, this classification is based on macroscopic observations, thus the groups are by no means final. Some large groups (e.g. tG 1, 2 and 8) would probably have to be divided into further subgroups; however it was impossible to reliably define the separa- tion criteria that would justify such classification merely by macroscopic observations. Some groups show relative similarity in most crite- ria, but differ strongly in one or two. a strong example of this are tG 9 and 10. Both are very porous pottery fabrics (most likely organic matter was added, however this disappeared during the firing process), which could be reduced (tG 9) or uncontrol ed or oxidised fired (tG 10). also problematic is the large group of undefined fragments, in which the examples that show character- Sl. 4.10: Zastopanost grobe keramike po fazah glede na število istics of various firing processes were categorised. značilnih kosov. our doubts were confirmed by the mineralogical Fig. 4. 10: representation of coarse ware per individual phases analysis of selected examples from individual techno- according to the number of diagnostic sherds. logical groups, which resulted in the formation of four mineralogical groups (tG a-tG D, with subgroups D1, D2 and D3; see chapter 10). at this it was ascertained Kot je bilo že uvodoma poudarjeno, gre za razde- that some macroscopical y defined technological groups litev, ki temelji samo na makroskopskih opažanjih, zato correspond to mineralogical groups (tG 2 = tG D1; tG postavitev skupin nikakor ni dokončna. Nekatere velike 3 = tG D3; tG 13 = tG a) and others do not. Some skupine (npr. tS 1, 2 in 8) bi bilo verjetno potrebno še samples that were placed into different technological razdeliti, vendar z makroskopskim opazovanjem ni bilo groups had an identical mineral composition (tG 5, 8 = mogoče zanesljivo določiti razločevalnih kriterijev, ki bi tG D 2). on the other hand, some samples that were tako razdelitev opravičevali. placed into the same technological group could differ as Nekatere skupine kažejo precejšnjo sorodnost v regards their mineral composition (tG 6, = tG B, tG večini kriterijev, se pa med seboj močno razlikujejo v D2, tG D3; tG 9 = tG B, tG D2; tG 10 = tG B, tG enem ali dveh. izrazit tak primer sta tS 9 in 10. V obeh C; see chapter 10.4, Tab. 10.2). primerih gre za zelo porozno, lahko keramiko (verjetno 167 4_ker.indd 167 23.1.2012 12:48:41 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery Sl. 4.11: Zastopanost tehnoloških skupin (tS) po fazah. Fig. 4.11: representation of technological groups (tG) per individual phase. so ji bile dodane tudi organske primesi, ki so izpadle v The analysis of the dispersion of technological procesu žganja), ki pa je lahko žgana redukcijsko (tS 9) groups within individual periods, which took place ali pa nekontrolirano oziroma nepopolno oksidacijsko prior to the mineralogical analysis, has shown that most (tS 10). technological groups were represented in al phases, but Prav tako je problematična velika skupina neopre- certain groups were more popular in individual phases deljenih, kamor so bili uvrščeni vsi primeri, ki so kazali ( Fig. 4.11). By the interpretation of the results it is nec- značilnosti različnih načinov žganja. essary to take into account that there are significantly Vse te dvome je potrdila tudi mineraloška analiza less pottery finds from Late antiquity 1 or the early izbranih primerov iz posameznih tehnoloških skupin, medieval phase than those from Late antiquity 2 ( Fig. pri kateri so se oblikovale štiri mineraloške skupine 4.10), however the ratios show a relatively high level (tG a–tG D, s podskupinami D1, D2 in D3; glej pogl. of continuity between the phases. The mineralogical 10). Pri tem je bilo ugotovljeno, da nekatere makroskop- analysis confirmed this result, for the most common sko določene tehnološke skupine ustrezajo mineralo- type (tG D2) was approximately equal y represented škim skupinam (tS 2 = tG D1; tS 3 = tG D3; tS 13 = in all phases (see chapter 10.4, Tab. 10.2). tG a), druge pa ne. Nekateri vzorci, uvrščeni v različne tG 6, 11 and 14 dominate in Late antiquity 1 layers, tehnološke skupine, so bili mineraloško identični (tS while the rare examples of these groups in Late antiquity 5, 8 = tG D2). Po drugi strani so bili nekateri vzorci, 2 and early medieval layers can be considered residual uvrščeni v isto tehnološko skupino, mineraloško različni finds ( Fig. 4.11). (tS 6 = tG B, tG D2, tG D3; tS 9 = tG B, tG D2; tS Some groups prevail in early medieval layers 10 = tG B, tG C; glej pogl. 10.4, tab. 10.2). (tG 5, to a certain extent tG 9 and 10) and are rare in analiza zastopanosti tehnoloških skupin po posa- Late antiquity 1 layers. meznih časovnih fazah, ki je bila izvedena pred rezultati Some technological groups show a connection mineraloške analize, je pokazala, da je večina tehnolo- with certain form types (see chapter 4.2.2). Thus, bowls ških skupin zastopana v vseh fazah, opazna pa je večja type 5b were manufactured exclusively in tG 6 and priljubljenost nekaterih skupin v posameznih fazah ( sl. the similar tG 2. Pots type 7 are almost exclusively 4.11). Pri interpretaciji rezultatov je treba upoštevati linked to tG 5, 9 and 10. in some groups we have dejstvo, da je najdb keramike iz prve poznoantične faze not noticed any characteristics that would be linked in iz zgodnjesrednjeveške faze bistveno manj kot iz druge to the form types. These are mainly large groups and poznoantične ( sl. 4.10), kljub temu pa razmerja kažejo this could indicate that they should be subdivided into relativno visoko stopnjo kontinuitete med fazami. to smal er groups. je potrdila tudi mineraloška analiza, saj je npr. najpo- gostejši tip (tG D2) približno enakomerno zastopan v vseh fazah (glej pogl. 10.4, tab. 10.2). 168 4_ker.indd 168 23.1.2012 12:48:41 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery tS 6, 11 in 14 prevladujejo v plasteh prve pozno- 4.2.2 Form aNaLySiS antične faze, nekatere redke primere teh skupin v plasteh druge poznoantične faze in v zgodnjesrednje- as shown above, in the Southeastern alps some veških plasteh pa lahko štejemo za rezidualne kose divisions of the Late antique coarse pottery into form ( sl. 4.11). types already exist (invil ino: Bierbrauer 1987; Hemma- Nekatere skupine prevladujejo v zgodnjesrednje- berg: Ladstätter 2000; tinje: Ciglenečki 2000), and we veških plasteh (tS 5, delno tS 9 in 10), medtem ko jih v can also notice certain attempts of avoiding the division plasteh prve poznoantične faze ni ali pa so redke. of pottery into classical form types (Castelraimondo: Nekatere tehnološke skupine kažejo tudi povezavo Santoro Bianchi 1995). However, even in works that do z določenimi oblikovnimi tipi posod (glej tudi poglavje not use classical form type-series the material needs to 4.2.2). tako so sklede tipa 5b izdelane izključno v tS 6 be grouped and sorted. Thus attempts have been noticed in njej sorodni tS 2. ravno tako se lonci tipa 7 izrazito to form groups with a combination of technological and povezujejo s tS 5, 9 in 10. obstajajo pa tudi skupine, pri shape parameters (massa, Portulano 1999; Cortese 2005). katerih nismo opazili nobenih zakonitosti v povezavi z mostly divisions according to the basic forms (e.g. bowls, oblikovnimi tipi. tudi to so predvsem večje skupine, kar cups, lids, pans, pots, jugs . .) were used. However, the morda ponovno kaže, da bi jih bilo potrebno razdeliti pottery needs to be relatively wel preserved if one wishes še na manjše. to divide it according to its use, for only proportions that can be defined enable a basic division into pots and jugs, platters and plates, bowls and cups. 4.2.2 oBLiKoVNa aNaLiZa on tonovcov grad these proportions mostly could not be defined. in most cases only the diameter of the Kot je bilo prikazano zgoraj, na območju jugovzhod- vessel rim could be reconstructed, and sometimes the nih alp že obstajajo nekatere delitve grobe poznoantične transition between the rim and the vessel body and a part keramike na oblikovne tipe (invil ino: Bierbrauer 1987; of the body was preserved. The classification was made Sv. Hema: Ladstätter 2000; tinje: Ciglenečki 2000), opa- harder by the non-standardised production, the result zni so tudi poskusi izogibanja delitvi tovrstnega gradiva of which is an assortment of various pottery shapes and na klasične tipološke načine (Castelraimondo: Santoro dimensions. Bianchi 1995). Kljub temu je tudi v delih, ki se ne poslu- Due to this we decided to categorise the discovered žujejo klasične tipologije, potrebno urejanje in grupiranje pottery according to the upper part of the vessel, i.e. the materiala. tako se pojavljajo poskusi oblikovanja skupin rim, neck and the transition between the rim and the s kombinacijo tehnoloških in oblikovnih parametrov shoulder. as coarse ware is a typical y local product we (massa, Portulano 1999; Cortese 2005). Večinoma se set up our own typological scheme. adopting existing uporabljajo delitve po osnovnih oblikah (npr. sklede, schemes from similar sites did not seem to make sense skodele, pokrovi, ponve, lonci, kozice, vrči . .), vendar je (some of the types found at these sites were not present za tovrstno delitev potrebna relativno dobra ohranjenost at tonovcov grad and on the other hand types that were posod, saj šele določljivi proporci omogočajo osnovno not found at other sites have been discovered at tonovcov razdelitev npr. med lonci, lončki in čašami, med pladnji grad), however they were used as a form of help in the in krožniki, med skledami in skodelami. production of our own typology. Pri obravnavani keramiki s tonovcovega gradu teh open and closed pottery types were discovered at proporcev večinoma ni bilo mogoče določiti. rekon- tonovcov grad. Pots and jugs (defined on the basis of the struirati je bilo večinoma mogoče samo premer ustja preserved handle or several handles) belong amongst the posod, včasih je ohranjen tudi prehod ustja v ostenje ter closed types, while bowls, lids, plates, platters, lids and fire del ostenja. Klasifikacijo otežuje tudi nestandardizirana covers are considered to be open types. proizvodnja, katere posledica je množica različnih oblik among the closed forms only pots were typologi- in dimenzij posod. cal y classified, for there were so few jugs we did not split Zato smo se odločili za delitev gradiva po obliki them into different categories. The pot typology was zgornjega dela posode, to je ustja, vratu in prehoda ustja concluded on the base of the shape, length and inclina- v rame. Ker gre pri grobi keramiki za zelo lokalno obču- tion of the rim and the transition between the rim and tljiv produkt, je bila postavljena lastna tipološka shema. the body. as our samples are extremely fragmented, the Prevzemanje že izdelanih tipologij s sorodnih najdišč se shape of the body, its largest diameter and height were ni zdelo smiselno (nekaterih na teh najdiščih definiranih not considered in the typology. This could not have been tipov namreč na tonovcovem gradu sploh ni, se pa tu defined for most of the pots found at tonovcov grad. 8 pot pojavljajo tipi, ki jih ni na drugih najdiščih), uporabljeni types were established. individual types could be further pa so bili kot pomoč pri izdelavi lastne tipologije. divided into subtypes according to the rim endings. Na tonovcovem gradu je zastopano posodje zapr- Bowls were the most common open vessels. These tih in odprtih oblik. med posodje zaprtih oblik uvrščamo were fol owed by lids, but as it is often impossible to 169 4_ker.indd 169 23.1.2012 12:48:41 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery lonce in vrče (definirane na podlagi ohranjenega ročaja distinguish between bowls with a straight wal , lids and ali več ročajev), med odprte pa sklede, pokrove in pekve fire covers, al examples that could not be reliably classi- ter krožnike ali pladnje. fied were categorised as bowls. We can assume that some med zaprtimi oblikami so bili tipološko razvrščeni forms had a double use, depending on the needs – as a le lonci, medtem ko vrčkov zaradi njihove maloštevilno- bowl or as a lid or a fire cover. Bowls were classified into sti nismo posebej ločevali. tipologija loncev je narejena individual types according to the shape of the upper part, na podlagi oblike, dolžine in naklona ustja in prehoda i.e. the inclination of the rim or the upper part from the ustja v ostenje. Ker gre za zelo fragmentarno ohranjene central axis, the body shape (e.g. conical, rounded) and primere, pri tipološki delitvi ni bila upoštevana oblika the rim diameter. in this way we were able to differentiate trebuha, mesto največjega premera posode in njena between 10 bowl types. Some types were further subdi- višina. Pri večini loncev s tonovcovega gradu tovrstna vided according to the rim ending or size. določitev namreč ni bila mogoča. tako se je pri loncih Due to their rarity and relative shape unity we did izoblikovalo 8 tipov. Posamezni tipi so bili glede na not typological y divide plates and lids. načine zaključka ustja lahko razdeljeni še na variante. We searched for analogies for these shape types, first med odprtimi oblikami so bile najpogostejše in western Slovenia and eastern Friuli and then broader sklede. Sledijo jim pokrovi, ker pa je le redko mogoče in the Southeastern alps and the northern adriatic. The zanesljivo razlikovati med skledami z ravnim ostenjem fact that a certain type has an analogy at some other site ter pokrovi in pekvami, so bili vsi nezanesljivi primeri does not necessarily mean that they were from the same uvrščeni med sklede. Pri nekaterih oblikah lahko pred- period, for especial y at coarse ware ascribing a chrono- videvamo tudi dvojno uporabo glede na potrebe – kot logical value to the possible formal similarities can lead skledo ali kot pokrov oziroma pekvo. tudi pri skledah je to wrongful conclusions. especial y some simple forms bila za uvrstitev v posamezni tip odločilna oblikovanost (pots types 1, 2, 6, 7; bowls type 1) can appear amongst zgornjega dela posode, to je nagnjenost ustja oziroma the material belonging to the Late roman, Late antique or zgornjega dela od sredinske osi, oblikovanosti ostenja early medieval periods in the discussed area. at the end (npr. konično, kroglasto) ter premer ustja. Pri skledah of this chapter we attempted to evaluate the appearance of se je tako izoblikovalo 10 tipov, znotraj katerih je bila similar forms in various areas and during various periods. pri nekaterih opravljena še delitev na variante glede na every type was also placed into the stratigraphic zaključek ustja ali glede na velikost. context at tonovcov grad. it was discovered that most Krožnikov in pokrovov zaradi maloštevilnosti in types and shapes appeared in al periods, while some ap- precejšnje oblikovne enotnosti nismo tipološko delili. peared only within a very narrow time frame ( Fig. 4.12). tako postavljenim oblikovnim tipom smo poi- Commentary on this can be found in the conclusion. skali analogije najprej v zahodni Sloveniji in vzhodni We also tried to link shape types to technological Furlaniji, potem pa še širše na jugovzhodnoalpskem in groups. it was discovered that certain types were linked severnojadranskem prostoru. Pri tem dejstvo, da ima only to certain technological groups, while others were določen tip analogijo na nekem drugem najdišču, še linked to a wide variety of different technological groups. ne pomeni neposredne časovne povezave, saj posebno pri grobi keramiki pripisovanju kronoloških vrednost morebitnim formalnim podobnostim lahko pripelje do BoWLS napačnih zaključkov. Posebno nekatere bolj enostavne oblike (lonci tipov 1, 2, 6, 7; sklede tipa 1) se lahko Type 1 ( Pls. 74-76; 102: 1; 103: 2). na obravnavanem območju pojavljajo med gradivom poznorimskega, poznoantičnega in zgodnjesrednjeve- Form: type 1 includes bowls with a conical or a very škega obdobja. Pojavljanje podobnih oblik na različnih slightly curved wal which transforms directly into the območjih v različnih obdobjih smo skušali ovrednotiti rim. This is a very common type at tonovcov grad. We v sklepu tega poglavja. can distinguish between three rim variants: Vsak tip je postavljen tudi v stratigrafske kon- 1a: The rim is cut off in a straight line and is not tekste na tonovcovem gradu. Pri tem se je izkazalo, thickened ( Pls. 74: 1-10; 76: 5-8; 102: 1). da gre pri večini tipov za oblike, ki se pojavljajo v vseh 1b: The rim is semi-circularly ended ( Pls. 75: 1-10; časovnih obdobjih, medtem ko so bili drugi časovno 76: 9-10; 103: 2). dokaj ozko omejeni ( sl. 4.12). tudi komentar o tem 1c: The rim is thickened or pul ed out on the outer sledi v sklepu. side ( Pl. 76: 1-4,11-17). Poleg tega smo poskušali povezati določene obli- Size: This category consists of smal and medium kovne tipe s tehnološkimi skupinami. izkazalo se je, da (diameter of 15-20 cm, with a wal approx. 3-5 mm thick), so bili nekateri tipi povezani le z nekaterimi tehnolo- as wel as very large sized bowls (diameter measuring škimi skupinami, medtem ko drugi kažejo širok razpon between 25-33 cm, wal thickness 7-10 mm). Subgroup različnih tehnoloških skupin. 1a mainly includes smal and medium sized bowls, sub- 170 4_ker.indd 170 23.1.2012 12:48:41 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery Sl. 4.12: Zastopanost tipov skled (a) in loncev (b) po fazah. Fig. 4.12: representation of types of bowls (a) and pots (b) per individual phase. 171 4_ker.indd 171 23.1.2012 12:48:42 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery SKLeDe group 1b mainly smal and large bowls, while most of subgroup 1c is represented by very large bowls. We can Tip 1 ( t. 74–76; 102: 1; 103: 2) assume that the larger ones were also used as a fire covers, for it is hard to differentiate between bowls and fire covers Oblika: V tip 1 so združene sklede s koničnim ali due to their similar shapes.39 zelo rahlo usločenim ostenjem, ki prehaja neposredno Manufacture: most type 1a bowls were produced v ustje. tip sodi med najbolj številčne na tonovcovem from high quality clay, hard reduced or oxidised fired (tG gradu. Ločimo lahko 3 variante ustja: 2, 8). most type 1b bowls were oxidised fired, made in 1a: Ustje je lahko ravno odrezano in neodebeljeno technological groups 1 and 6.40 No special characteristics ( t. 74: 1–10; 76: 5–8; 102: 1). could be defined for type 1c bowls, technological groups 1b: Ustje je polkrožno zaključeno ( t. 75: 1–10; 76: 1, 2, 5, 9 and 10 are represented. 9–10; 103: 2). Decoration: Fine brush strokes appear on type 1a and 1c: Ustje je odebeljeno ali na zunanji strani izvle- 1b bowls ( Pls. 75: 3,8-9; 76: 8), sometimes in combination čeno ( t. 76: 1–4,11–17). with multiple wavy lines ( Pl. 74: 2,8), individual wavy Velikost: Pojavljajo se tako majhne do srednje lines ( Pls. 74: 6,9; 75: 4-5; 76: 7; 102: 1; 103: 2) or grooves velike sklede (premera 15–20 cm, z ostenjem debelim ( Pl. 74: 3,7); some bowls were not decorated. in type 1c okr. 3–5 mm), kot tudi zelo velike (premer 25–33 cm, fine brush strokes appear across the entire vessel surface debelina ostenja 7–10 mm). majhne in srednje velike (Pls. 76: 1,3-4,11-12,14-15), in most cases on inner and sklede pripadajo večinoma varianti 1a, pri varianti 1b se outer side of a bowl. al examples have a single wavy line, pojavljajo majhne in velike, v varianto 1c pa sodijo ve- sometimes combined with grooves ( Pls. 74: 6; 75: 5; 76: činoma zelo velike sklede. Pri večjih lahko domnevamo 19). Some of the examples seem to be made in an irregular tudi njihovo uporabo kot pekve, saj je ločitev med skle- fashion ( Pls. 74: 9; 75: 4-5; 102: 1). dami in pekvami zaradi oblikovne podobnosti težka.39 Position: most bowls belonging to this type were dis- Izdelava: Sklede variante 1a so bile večinoma izde- covered in Late antiquity 2 or early medieval layers ( Fig. lane iz kvalitetne gline, trdo redukcijsko ali oksidacijsko 4.12). The only exception are the two bowls Pl. 75: 6,9 that žgane (tS 2, 8). med skledami variante 1b prevladujejo were discovered in the Late antiquity 1 layer, under the oksidacijsko žgane sklede, izdelane v tehnoloških skupi- floor level of building 1, and which differ from the others nah 1 in 6.40 Pri skledah tipa 1c ni opaziti nobene zako- also in their fabric. Bowls type 1c appear exclusively in nitosti, zastopane so tehnološke skupine 1, 2, 5, 9 in 10. Late antiquity 2 and early medieval layers. Okras: Pri skledah variant 1a in 1b se pojavlja fino Analogies: type 1a is common throughout the South- metličenje ( t. 75: 3,8–9; 76: 8), lahko v kombinaciji z valov- eastern alps. at invil ino it corresponds to vessels type i nico ( t. 74: 2,8), samostojne valovnice ( t. 74: 6,9; 75: 4–5; a3, i c and partial y i f (Bierbrauer 1987, Pls. 70: 1,3,5,13; 76: 7; 102: 1; 103: 2), žlebljenje ( t. 74: 3,7), nekaj skled je 81: 13; 84: 13,15,17; 97: 14-15; 99: 22; 113: 10; 129: 7; 131: tudi neokrašenih. Pri varianti 1c prevladuje fino metliče- 7-10). They were discovered also on ajdna (Ciglenečki nje po celi površini posode (t. 76: 1,3–4,11–12,14–15), ki 2000, Fig. 124: 1), ajdovščina above rodik (Ciglenečki je večinoma obojestransko. Valovnica pri vseh variantah 2000, Fig. 116: 1-2; Vidrih Perko 1997a, Pl. 2: 21 – as a fire je izključno enojna, včasih je lahko kombinirana z žleblje- cover), in Koper (Cunja 1996, Pls. 37: 392; 38: 398-401 – njem ( t. 74: 6; 75: 5 ; 76: 19).V nekaj primerih je izvedena as a fire cover), on Križna gora (Ciglenečki 2000, Fig. 108: precej nepravilno ( t. 74: 9; 75: 4–5; 102: 1). 3,8-11), Gradec near Prapretno (Ciglenečki 1981, Pl. 4: Lega: Večina skled tega tipa je ležala v plasteh druge 41), tinje (Ciglenečki 2000, Pls. 26: 5; 30: 9-11- as lids), poznoantične in zgodnjesrednjeveške faze ( sl. 4.12). Kuzelin (Sokol 1994, Pl. 4: 10), Kučar (J. Dular, Ciglenečki, edina izjema sta skledi t. 75: 6,9, ki sta bili najdeni pod a. Dular 1995, Pls. 82: 10; 83: 4), Duel (Steinklauber 1990, hodno površino stavbe 1 v prvi poznoantični fazi in se Figs. 19-21, 26), at teurnia (rodriguez 1997, Pl. 4: 32,36), tudi po fakturi razlikujeta od večine ostalih. Sklede tipa Kappele (Felgenhauer-Schmiedt 1993, Pls. 10: 9; 23: 30; 28: 1c pa se pojavljajo izključno v plasteh druge poznoan- 11, 32: 4-5), Ulrichsberg (rodriguez 1997, Pl. 12: 112) and tične faze in v zgodnjesrednjeveških plasteh. Hemmaberg (type 1, Ladstätter 2000, 143-144; Pl. 14: 5-7). Analogije: Varianta 1a je pogosta na celem jugo- type 1b has a partial analogy at invil ino in type ia vzhodnoalpskem območju. Na invil inu ustreza posodam (Bierbrauer 1987, Pl. 129: 7-8). Within Friuli analogies tipov i a3, i c in delno i f (Bierbrauer 1987, t. 70: 1,3,5,13; were also found at Castelraimondo (Covizzi 1995, Pl. 14: 39 V Kopru so posode take oblike na podlagi jezičastih 39 in Koper vessels of this shape were defined as fire cov- držajev in odprtin na ostenju opredeljene kot pekve (Cunja ers due to their tongue shaped handles and the openings in 1996, 128). the wal s (Cunja 1996, 128). 40 Podobno na invillinu med manjšimi skledami prevla- 40 Similarly at invillino amongst the smaller bowls grey dujejo sive in črne, redukcijsko žgane, trde, medtem ko so ve- and black, reduced fired, hard ones dominate, while amongst like sklede večinoma svetlo rjave, oksidacijsko, mehko žgane the large bowls most are light brown, oxidised fired and soft (Bierbrauer 1987, 191–192). (Bierbrauer 1987, 191-192). 172 4_ker.indd 172 23.1.2012 12:48:42 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery 81: 13; 84: 13,15,17; 97: 14–15; 99: 22; 113: 10; 129: 7; 131: C 6212). This type is common also in central Slovenia and 7–10). Najdene so bile tudi na ajdni (Ciglenečki 2000, in austrian Carinthia: Gradec near Prapretno (Ciglenečki sl. 124: 1), ajdovščini nad rodikom (Ciglenečki 2000, 2000, Fig. 1: 3), tinje (Ciglenečki 2000, Pl. 26: 7), Kappele sl. 116: 1–2; Vidrih Perko 1997a, t. 2: 21 – kot pekva), v (Ciglenečki 2000, Fig. 136: 7), Ulrichsberg (rodriguez Kopru (Cunja 1996, t. 37: 392; 38: 398–401 – kot pekve), 1997, Pls. 6: 58; 12: 113), Hemmaberg (type 2, Ladstätter na Križni gori (Ciglenečki 2000, sl. 108: 3,8–11), Gradcu 2000, 144, Pl. 15: 1-3). pri Prapretnem (Ciglenečki 1981, t. 4: 41), tinju (Cigle- type 1c appears at invil ino (Bierbrauer 1987, Pls. nečki 2000, t. 26: 5; 30: 9–11– kot pokrovi), Kuzelinu 72: 3; 132: 9), Castelraimondo (Covizzi 1995, Pl. 9: C (Sokol 1994, t. 4: 10), Kučarju (J. Dular, Ciglenečki, a. 2423), Coseano (rupel 1988, Nos. 83-84), Koper (Cunja Dular 1995, t. 82: 10; 83: 4), Duelu (Steinklauber 1990, 1996, Pl. 37: 391) and aquileia (rupel 1994, CCg 94-96). sl. 19–21, 26), v teurniji (rodriguez 1997, t. 4: 32,36), na it is rarely found in settlements further east (e.g. tinje: Kappeli (Felgenhauer-Schmiedt 1993, t. 10: 9; 23: 30; 28: Ciglenečki 2000, Pl. 30: 12 – as a fire cover). 11; 32: 4,5), Šenturški gori (rodriguez 1997, t. 12: 112) al variants of type 1, especial y variant 1c, are most in Sv. Hemi (tip 1, Ladstätter 2000, 143–144; t. 14: 5–7 ). commonly found in the western part of the discussed area. Varianti 1b delno ustreza oblika invil ino i a (Bier- Date: taking into account the stratigraphic position brauer 1987, t. 129: 7–8). V Furlaniji so bile najdene še na bowls type 1 (variant 1b) can be dated as early as Late Castelraimondu (Covizzi 1995, t. 14: C 6212). ta varianta antiquity phase 1 (at tonovcov grad); however in this je pogosta tudi v osrednji Sloveniji in na avstrijskem Ko- period they were rare. most type 1 bowls (al subtypes) roškem: Gradec pri Prapretnem (Ciglenečki 2000, sl. 1: were discovered in Late antiquity 2 layers ( Fig. 4.12), thus 3), tinje (Ciglenečki 2000, t. 26: 7), Kappele (Ciglenečki we can conclude that they were most popular in the 6th 2000, sl. 136: 7), Šenturška gora (rodriguez 1997, t. 6: 58; century. at Castelraimondo bowls 1b were roughly dated 12: 113), Sv. Hema (tip 2, Ladstätter 2000, 144, t. 15: 1–3). into the 4th and beginning of the 5th century (Covizzi Varianta 1c se pojavlja na invil inu (Bierbrauer 1995, Pl. 9: C 2423), while on Hemmaberg they were 1987, t. 72: 3; 132: 9), Castelraimondu (Covizzi 1995, t. characteristic of layers dated into the second half of the 9: C 2423), v Coseanu (rupel 1988, št. 83–84), Kopru 6th century (Ladstätter 2000, 144). (Cunja 1996, t. 37: 391), akvileji (rupel 1994, CCg on tonovcov grad bowls type 1c appeared already 94–96). Na vzhodneje ležečih naselbinah je redka (npr. in the Late antiquity 2 phase, and they remained in use tinje: Ciglenečki 2000, t. 30: 12 – kot pekva). in the early medieval period. Similar holds true for invil- Za vse oblike tipa 1, posebno pa za varianto 1c, lino, where bowls type invil ino ia3 were characteristic of velja, da pogosteje nastopajo na zahodnem delu obrav- phase iii, but they also appeared in the early medieval navanega prostora. period (Bierbrauer 1987, 208). at Hemmaberg they were Datacija: Glede na stratigrafski položaj lahko skle- dated into the second half of the 6th century, while the de tipa 1 (variante 1b) na tonovcovem gradu postavimo most recent forms (with the rim broadened on both sides, že v čas prve poznoantične faze, vendar so v teh plasteh decorated with punctures) reached into the first half of redke. Največ skled tipa 1 vseh variant je bilo najdenih the 7th century (Ladstätter 2000, 143). v plasteh druge poznoantične faze ( sl. 4.12), zato lahko sklepamo, da je 6. st. čas njihove največje priljubljenosti. Na Castelraimondu so sklede 1b sicer okvirno datirane Type 2 ( Pls. 77; 78; 79: 1-8; 102: 2; 103: 5-6; 104: 10; v 4. in začetek 5. st. (Covizzi 1995, t. 9: C 2423), na Sv. 105: 1-2) Hemi pa so tudi značilne za plasti druge polovice 6. st. (Ladstätter 2000, 144). Form: These bowls have a semi-circular wal and a Sklede variante 1c se na tonovcovem gradu pojav- non-thickened rim that can be grooved on the inner edge. ljajo že v drugi poznoantični fazi, v uporabi pa ostanejo Shapes with only slightly curved wal are very similar tudi še v zgodnjesrednjeveškem obdobju. Podobno je to bowls type 1 (e.g. Pls. 77: 7; 78: 1). The rim edge can na invillinu, kjer so sklede tipa invillino ia 3 značilne be semi-circular (variant 2a, Pls. 77: 1-15; 78: 1-10; 102: za fazo iii, pojavljajo pa se še v zgodnjesrednjeveškem 2; 103: 5-6; 104: 10; 106: 10) or cut off in a straight line obdobju (Bierbrauer 1987, 208). Na Sv. Hemi so datirane (variant 2b, Pls. 78: 11-16; 79: 1-8; 105: 2). v drugo polovico 6. st., najmlajše oblike (z obojestran- Size: according to the size two groups were recog- sko razširjenim ustjem, okrašenim s punktiranjem) pa nised, i.e. smal bowls with a diameter measuring between segajo še v prvo polovico 7. st. (Ladstätter 2000, 143). 12 and 16 cm, and medium sized bowls with a diameter measuring between 18 and 20 cm. There were no truly large bowls with a diameter measuring more than 20 cm. Tip 2 ( t. 77; 78; 79: 1–8; 102: 2; 103: 5–6; 104: 10; 105: 1–2) Manufacture: roughly the same share of bowls was reduced or oxidised fired. We have found quality fired Oblika: Gre za sklede s polkrožno oblikovanim bowls, made in tG 2, 8 and 11, as wel as coarse, porous ostenjem in neodebeljenim ustjem, ki je lahko na notra- bowls (tG 9, 10). 173 4_ker.indd 173 23.1.2012 12:48:42 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery njem robu nažlebljeno. oblike, ki imajo ostenje usločeno Decoration: most bowls belonging to this type were bolj rahlo, se približujejo skledam tipa 1 (npr. t. 77: 7; decorated. in type 2a the wavy line was the most common 78: 1). rob ustja je lahko polkrožen (varianta 2a, t. 77: form of decoration, and in most cases it was made with 1–15; 78: 1–10; 102: 2; 103: 5–6; 104: 10; 106: 10) ali relative precision. The wavy line could be single ( Pls. 77: ravno odrezan (varianta 2b, t. 78: 11–16; 79: 1–8; 105: 2). 1-2,6-7,9,12; 78: 3; 79: 2,6), double ( Pl. 77: 4) or multiple Velikost: Glede na velikost se oblikujeta dve skupini, ( Pl. 78: 7,9). it could be combined with brush strokes ( Pls. in sicer majhne sklede premera med 12 in 16 cm, ter 77: 4; 78: 9), grooves ( Pls. 77: 1-2,9; 105: 1) or impressions srednje velike sklede premera med 18 in 20 cm. izrazito ( Pl. 78: 5). in variant 2b brush strokes ( Pls. 78: 15; 79: 1,3- velikih skled s premerom nad 20 cm ni. 4) appeared alongside the wavy line, which was in some Izdelava: Približno enako število skled je žganih cases produced with less precision ( Pls. 78: 3-4; 79: 6). redukcijsko in oksidacijsko. Zastopane so tako kvalitetno Position: Bowls type 2a started appearing already in žgane sklede, izdelane v tS 2, 8 in 11, kot tudi grobo the Late antiquity 1 layers, however most were found in izdelane, porozne sklede (tS 9, 10). Late antiquity 2 layers. The low numbers discovered in o kras: Večina skled tega tipa je ornamentiranih. Pri the early medieval layers most likely represent residual varianti 2a prevladuje valovnica, ki je v večini primerov pieces. Variant 2b was discovered only in Late antiquity dokaj natančno izdelana. Lahko je enojna ( t. 77: 1–2,6– 2 layers. 7,9,12; 78: 3; 79: 2,6), dvojna ( t. 77: 4) ali večlinijska ( t. Analogies: Bowls type 2 are very common on invil- 78: 7,9). Lahko je kombinirana z metličenjem ( t. 77: 4; lino, where they correspond to type ia (Bierbrauer 1987, 78: 9), žlebljenjem ( t. 77: 1–2,9; 105: 1) ali žigosanjem Pls. 86: 10,13; 99: 17-20; 100: 9,14; 104: 10; 105: 9,14; 112: ( t. 78: 5). Pri varianti 2b se pojavljata metličenje ( t. 78: 6; 113: 14; 114: 10; 115: 8; 130: 12,13). They were found 15; 79: 1,3–4) in valovnica, ki je v nekaterih primerih also on Castelraimondo (Covizzi 1995, Pl. 14: C 1689), izvedena manj natančno ( t. 78: 3–4; 79: 6). in Vidulis and Coseano (rupel 1988, Nos. 26,73-76,79- Lega: Sklede variante 2a se začnejo pojavljati že 80,93,113,116), Koper (Cunja 1996, Pl. 37: 393), Predloka v plasteh prve poznoantične faze, prevladujejo pa v (Boltin-tome 1993, Pl. 2: 1-2), on Križna gora (Ciglenečki drugi. maloštevilni kosi v zgodnjesrednjeveških plasteh 2000, Fig. 108: 7), ajdna (meterc 1981, Pl. 1: 2-3), Gradec pomenijo verjetno residualne kose. Varianta 2b se je near Prapretno (Ciglenečki 1981, Pls. 2: 9-10; 3: 18), Zbe- bila najdena samo v plasteh druge poznoantične faze. lovska gora (Ciglenečki 2000, Fig. 91: 17), Brinjeva gora Analogije: Sklede tega tipa so zelo pogoste na (Ciglenečki 2000, Fig. 94: 12), tinje (Ciglenečki 2000, Pls. invillinu, kjer ustrezajo tipu ia (Bierbrauer 1987, t. 86: 27: 12-13; 28: 1-2), Ulrichsberg (rodriguez 1997, Pl. 6: 10,13; 99: 17–20; 100: 9,14; 104: 10; 105: 9,14; 112: 6; 113: 53,55), in teurnia (rodriguez 1990, Pl. 4: 1) and Kappele 14; 114: 10; 115: 8; 130: 12–13). Najdene so bile tudi na (Felgenhauer-Schmiedt 1993, Pls. 11: 9,11; 13: 6-9; 17: 4,7; Castelraimondu (Covizzi 1995, t. 14: C 1689), v Vidulisu 28: 10). on Hemmaberg they correspond to types 5.1 and in Coseanu (rupel 1988, št. 26,73–76,79–80,93,113,116), 5.2 (Ladstätter 2000, 146, Pl. 2: 4-5). Kopru (Cunja 1996, t. 37: 393), Predloki (Boltin-tome Date: taking their position into account we can place 1993, t. 2: 1–2), na Križni gori (Ciglenečki 2000, sl. 108: the appearance of type 2a bowls at tonovcov grad already 7), ajdni (meterc 1981, t. 1: 2–3), Gradcu pri Prapre- into the second half of the 4th century and beginning of tnem (Ciglenečki 1981, t. 2: 9–10; 3: 18), Zbelovski gori the 5th century. together with type 2b they were domi- (Ciglenečki 2000, sl. 91: 17), Brinjevi gori (Ciglenečki nant in the 6th century. a similar date was ascertained for 2000, sl. 94: 12), tinju (Ciglenečki 2000, t. 27: 12–13; Hemmaberg, where bowls with a rim cut off in a straight 28: 1–2), Šenturški gori (rodriguez 1997, t. 6: 53,55), v line were also characteristic of the 6th century (Ladstätter teurniji (rodriguez 1990, t. 4: 1) in na Kappeli (Felgen- 2000, 146). hauer-Schmiedt 1993, t. 11: 9,11; 13: 6–9; 17: 4,7; 28: 10). Na Sv. Hemi mu ustrezata tipa 5.1 in 5.2 (Ladstätter 2000, 146, t. 2: 4–5). Type 3 ( Pls. 79: 9-16; 80; 81) Datacija: Pojav skled 2a na tonovcovem gradu lahko na podlagi njihove lege postavimo že v drugo Form: at tonovcov grad bowls with a semi-circular polovico 4. in začetek 5. st, skupaj z varianto 2b pa pre- wal and a thickened rim edge belong into type 3 ( Pls. 79: vladujejo v 6. st. Podobna datacija je postavljena na Sv. 9-16; 80; 81).41 according to the basic wal forms type 3 Hemi, kjer so sklede z ravno odrezanim ustjem ravno is closely linked to type 2, it differs only in the shape of tako značilne za 6. st. (Ladstätter 2000, 146). 41 The bowls are reminiscent of some african red Slip Ware forms, e.g. Hayes 99, dated into the end of the 5th and Tip 3 ( t. 79: 9–16; 80; 81) 6th century (Hayes 1972, 152-153; Bonifay 2004, 181, Fig. 96). The treated coarse ware bowls were commonly found already Oblika: V tip 3 sodijo na tonovcovem gradu zelo in Late antiquity 1 layers, thus it can be assumed that this pogoste sklede s polkrožno oblikovanim ostenjem in was not the influence of african red Slip Ware on the local production. 174 4_ker.indd 174 23.1.2012 12:48:43 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery tiP / tyPe 1 1a 1b 1c tiP / tyPe 2 2a 2b tiP / tyPe 3 3a 3b tiP / tyPe 4 4 tiP / tyPe 5 5a 5b tiP / tyPe 6 6 tiP / tyPe 7 7 tiP / tyPe 8 8 tiP / tyPe 9 9 tiP / tyPe 10 10 Tab. 4.1: tipi skled s tonovcovega gradu. m. = 1:4. Tab. 4.1: Bowl types from tonovcov grad. Scale = 1:4. 175 4_ker.indd 175 23.1.2012 12:48:44 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery odebeljenim robom ustja ( t. 79: 9–16; 80; 81).41 Po the rim edge. The classification into an independent type osnovni obliki ostenja so sklede tipa 3 ozko povezane s and not into a subtype of type 2 seemed to be justified due tipom 2, razlikujejo se le po obliki roba ustja. Uvrstitev to their frequency, for type 3 bowls represent the second v samostojni tip in ne v varianto tipa 2 se nam je zdela most numerous group at tonovcov grad ( Fig. 4.12). upravičena zaradi njihove številčnosti, saj predstavljajo two variants were formed according to the shape sklede tipa 3 drugo največjo skupino na tonovcovem of the rim edge: gradu (s l. 4.12). 3a: The rim is thickened or somewhat pul ed out on Glede na obliko roba ustja se oblikujeta dve va- the outer side ( Pls. 79: 9-16; 80: 1-3). in this type the body rianti: tends to be more conical in shape. 3a: Ustje je odebeljeno ali nekoliko izvlečeno samo 3b: The rim is thickened on the outer and inner side na zunanji strani ( t. 79: 9–16; 80: 1–3). Pri tej varianti ( Pls. 80: 4-16; 81: 1-14; 102: 4; 103: 3). in some cases it can prevladuje bolj stožčasta oblika ostenja. also be cut off or concave on the upper inner edge ( Pls. 3b: Ustje je odebeljeno na zunanji in notranji strani 80: 2,7,15; 81: 1,8-11).42 most of the bowls had a slightly ( t. 80: 4–16; 81: 1–14; 102: 4; 103: 3). V nekaterih prime- more vertical y shaped body. rih je lahko na zgornjem notranjem robu tudi odrezano Size: most bowls are smal or medium sized (rim oziroma usločeno ( t. 80: 2,7,15; 81: 1,8–11).42 Večinoma diameter measuring between 10 and 20 cm) and have gre za bolj pokončno oblikovane sklede. relatively thin wal s. two large bowls with a diameter Velikost: Večina skled je majhnih do srednje velikih measuring 27 and 30 cm ( Pl. 81: 9-10) are closer to type (premer ustja med 10 in 20 cm) in dokaj tankih sten. 5a due to their sharp rim. Dve veliki skledi premera 27 in 30 cm ( t. 81: 9–10) se Manufacture: most of them are relatively high quality po bolj ostri oblikovanosti ustja že približujeta tipu 5a. (oxidised and reduced) fired bowls that belong to tech- Izdelava: Prevladujejo dokaj kvalitetno (tako oksi- nological groups 2, 6 and 8. also common were bowls dacijsko kot redukcijsko) žgane sklede v tehnoloških manufactured in technological group 14, which was fired skupinah 2, 6 in 8, dokaj pogosto pa so izdelane tudi in uncontrol ed conditions, with coarse calcite inclusions. v tehnološki skupini 14, ki je nekontrolirano žgana, z Decoration: most of these vessels were decorated, dodatkom velikih kalcitnih vključkov. only rarely were they undecorated. most of the undeco- Okras: Večina posod tega tipa je okrašenih, neokra- rated bowls belong to type 3a, while bowls type 3b were šene so le redke izjeme. med neokrašenimi prevladujejo al decorated – with the exception of three examples ( Pl. sklede variante 3a, medtem ko so sklede variante 3b 81: 4-6). The wavy line was the most dominant type of okrašene vse razen treh ( t. 81: 4–6). Prevladuje okras decoration, whether single or multiple. in most cases valovnice, ki je lahko enojna ali večlinijska. Večinoma je the wavy line was of high quality, with a large amplitude, izvedena kvalitetno, z veliko amplitudo, čeprav se poja- even though irregularly shaped ones (predominantly vljajo tudi bolj nepravilno izvedene (predvsem enojne) single wave) also appeared ( Pls. 80: 16; 81: 13). The wavy valovnice ( t. 80: 16; 81: 13). Valovnica na skledah tipa 3 line on type 3 bowls never appeared on its own, for it nikoli ne nastopa samostojno, vedno je v povezavi z was always found in connection with other decorations. drugimi vrstami okrasa. to je lahko metličenje, pa tudi These decorations included brush strokes, as wel as različni vbodi in vrezi na ustju in ostenju. Pogosta je various punctures and cuts found on the rim and the večlinijska valovnica, kombinirana z metličenjem ( t. body. multiple wavy lines combined with brush strokes 80: 1,9–10; 81: 1). enojna valovnica se lahko povezuje were common ( Pls. 80: 1,9-10; 81: 1). a single wavy line z žlebljenjem ( t. 79: 1 5–16 ; 80: 14), vbodi in vrezi ( t. 79: could be combined with grooves ( Pls. 79: 15-16 ; 80: 14), 16; 80: 3,6,12–13; 81: 1,12–14). Lahko je kombiniranih impressions or incisions ( Pls. 79: 16; 80: 3,6,12-13; 81: tudi več tehnik (valovnica, žlebljenje, vbodi, vrezi: t. 1,12-14). Numerous techniques (wavy lines, grooves, 80: 1,6,10,12–13; 81: 1). Zelo priljubljeno je krašenje impressions, incisions: Pls. 80: 1,6,10,12-13; 81: 1) could roba ustja z žigi ali vrezi, ki se vedno povezujejo tudi z also be combined. Decorating the rim edge with impres- okrasom na ostenju. sions or incisions was also popular, and this was always Lega: Sklede tipa 3 se že pojavljajo v plasteh prve combined with decorated wal s. poznoantične faze (varianta 3b), obe varianti sta pogo- Position: type 3b bowls appeared already in Late an- tiquity 1 layers, while both subtypes were common in Late antiquity 2 layers. They were rare in early medieval layers. 41 Sklede spominjajo na nekatere oblike afriške sigilate, Analogies: These bowls were exceptional y popular at npr. Hayes 99, datirane v konec 5. in 6. st. (Hayes 1972, 152– tonovcov grad. They were also discovered in other sites 153; Bonifay 2004, 181, sl. 96) obravnavane sklede iz grobe in Friuli and western Slovenia, but nowhere in such high keramike pa so pogoste že v plasteh prve poznoantične faze, numbers and with such diverse decoration. at invil ino tako da v tem primeru verjetno ne gre za vpliv afriške sigilate these bowls belong to types ie and ih (Bierbrauer 1987, na lokalno produkcijo. 42 42 V tem primeru ustreza tipu 5, var. 4 po Ladstätter in this case it corresponds to type 5, subtype 4 accord- (2000, 146). ing to Ladstätter (2000, 146). 176 4_ker.indd 176 23.1.2012 12:48:44 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery sti v drugi poznoantični fazi. V zgodnjesrednjeveških Pls. 71: 6-8; 72: 6), and are relatively rare. most of them plasteh so redke. were decorated with brush strokes, while wavy lines were Analogije: Gre za sklede, ki so bile na tonovcovem non-existent. They were somewhat more common on gradu zelo priljubljene. Na drugih najdiščih Furlanije in Castelraimondo; however, the published material from zahodne Slovenije so sicer poznane, vendar nikjer niso this site also fails to reveal the wavy line decoration, even zastopane v tako velikem številu in s tako raznolikim though the brush stroke and impressions were present okrasom. Sklede tega tipa na invil inu ustrezajo tipoma (Covizzi 1995, Pls. 9: C 1993, C 2380; 10: C 2468, C 1213, ie in ih (Bierbrauer 1987, t. 71: 6–8; 72: 6), so pa dokaj C 2326; 12: C 1858, C 1930, C 2072; 13: C 2122; 14: C redke. Večinoma so okrašene z metličenjem, valovnica se 6171, C 6172; 15: C 6092). Such bowls were also common ne pojavlja. Nekoliko bolj pogoste so na Castelraimondu, in Vidulis (rupel 1988, Nos. 21-24) and Coseano (rupel vendar pa tudi tu med objavljenim gradivom ni okrasa 1988, Nos. 77-78,81-83,90-91), where they appeared in valovnice, zastopana pa sta metličenje in vbodi (Covizzi smal and large versions, most commonly decorated by 1995, t. 9: C 1993, C 2380; 10: C 2468, C 1213, C 2326; 12: brush strokes, while wavy lines were unknown. individual C 1858, C 1930, C 2072; 13: C 2122; 14: C 6171, C 6172; 15: examples of such bowls were also found at Križna gora C 6092). Pogoste so tudi v Vidulisu (rupel 1988, št. 21–24) (Ciglenečki 2000, Fig. 108: 5,7) and ajdna (Ciglenečki in Coseanu (rupel 1988, št. 77–78,81–83,90–91). tu se 2000, Fig. 124: 2, decorated with wavy line). type 3 bowls pojavljata tako manjša kot velika varianta, med okrasom were rare in the western ecclesiastical complex at Hem- prevladuje metličenje, ni pa valovnice. Posamezni primeri maberg (they correspond to variants 3 and 4 of type 5: takih skled so poznani še s Križne gore (Ciglenečki 2000, Ladstätter 2000, 146, Pl. 17: 3). sl. 108: 5,7) in ajdne (Ciglenečki 2000, sl. 124: 2, okrašena Date: at tonovcov grad they were certainly in use z valovnico). Na zahodnem cerkvenem kompleksu Sv. already in the second half of the 4th and beginning of the Heme so sklede tipa 3 redke (ustrezajo varianti 3 in 4 tipa 5th century, however the 6th century saw them reach the 5: Ladstätter 2000, 146, t. 17: 3). peak of their popularity. The examples found at Hemma- Datacija: Vsekakor so bile na tonovcovem gradu v berg were dated into the 4th century (Ladstätter 2000, 146). uporabi že v drugi polovici 4. in začetku 5. st, vrhunec on Castelraimondo they could be placed into phase 4a njihove priljubljenosti pa je 6. st. V 4. st. so datirane na (270-430 – brush stroke decoration) and 5a (430-550 – rib Sv. Hemi (Ladstätter 2000, 146). Na Castelraimondu decoration), while on invil ino they were characteristic sodijo v fazo 4a (270–430 – okrašene z metličenjem) for phase ii (Bierbrauer 1987, 209). in 5a (430–550 – okrašene z rebri), na invillinu pa so značilne za fazo ii (Bierbrauer 1987, 209). Type 4 ( Pls. 82: 1-4; 105: 3-4) Tip 4 ( t. 82: 1–4; 105: 3–4) Form: in this type the wal s were conical in the lower part, and continued vertical y or were tilted towards the Oblika: V tip 4 sodijo sklede, katerih ostenje poteka inside in the upper part ( Pls. 82: 1-4; 105: 3-4). The rim v spodnjem delu stožčasto, v zgornjem delu pa se zalomi edge was cut off in a straight line or rounded, and could in je postavljeno pokončno ali nagnjeno navznoter ( t. 82: be slightly thickened on the inner side. 1–4; 105: 3–4). rob ustja je ravno odrezan ali zaobljen, Size: most of the bowls were medium sized, with the lahko na notranji strani rahlo odebeljen. rim diameter measuring between 15 and 18 cm. Velikost: Sklede so v glavnem srednje velike, s pre- Manufacture: This type included high quality bowls merom ustja med 15 in 18 cm. (tG 2, 7), as wel as bowls made from soft, porous fabric Izdelava: Najdene so bile tako kvalitetno izdelane (tG 9). sklede (tS 2, 7), kot tudi sklede mehke, porozne fakture Decoration: most of them were decorated, with the (tS 9). sole exception of the bowl found within the ecclesiastical Okras: Večina je okrašenih, izjema je samo skleda complex ( Pl. 105: 4). They could be decorated by a single z območja cerkvenega sklopa ( t. 105: 4). Pojavljajo se wavy line, brush strokes or incisions. enojna valovnica, metličenje in vrezi. Position: Bowls were found in Late antiquity 2 layers Lega: Sklede izvirajo plasti iz druge poznoantične and in mixed layers. faze in iz premešanih plasti. Analogies: even though this type was relatively popu- Analogije: Na tonovcovem gradu so redke, čeprav lar in the Southeastern alps, they were rare at tonovcov je to tip, ki je dokaj priljubljen na jugovzhodnoalpskem grad. at invil ino similarity can be found in some type prostoru. Na invil inu jim ustrezajo nekateri primeri tipov ia and ib examples (Bierbrauer 1987, Pls. 70: 2,4,6,8-12; ia in ib (Bierbrauer 1987, t. 70: 2,4,6,8–12; 79: 22–23; 96: 79: 22-23; 96: 7; 115: 10; 117: 3,12; 131: 3-5). in Karst sites 7; 115: 10; 117: 3,12; 131: 3–5). Na kraških najdiščih so similar bowls were found at rodik (Ciglenečki 2000, Fig. bile podobne sklede najdene na rodiku (Ciglenečki 2000, 116: 2-3) and Križna gora (Ciglenečki 2000, Fig. 108: 6), sl. 116: 2–3) in Križni gori (Ciglenečki 2000, sl. 108: 6), various versions of this type (ones with a thickened rim 177 4_ker.indd 177 23.1.2012 12:48:44 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery različne variante tega tipa (prevladujejo takšne z odebe- prevail) were found at Hrušica (Giesler 1981, Pls. 39: ljenim ustjem) se pojavljajo tudi na Hrušici (Giesler 1981, 14-16,18-26; 45: 21-26), and they were very common t. 39: 14–16,18–26; 45: 21–26), zelo pogoste so v akvileji in aquileia (rupel 1994, Pls. 32: CCg 65-67; 33: 69-77; (rupel 1994, t. 32: CCg 65–67; 33: 69–77; 34: 78–81). V 34: 78-81). in central Slovenia they were discovered at osrednji Sloveniji so bile najdene na ajdni (meterc 1981, ajdna (meterc 1981, Pls. 1: 2; 2: 7; Ciglenečki 2000, Fig. t. 1: 2; 2: 7; Ciglenečki 2000, sl. 124: 3–4), Brinjevi gori 124: 3-4), Brinjeva gora (Ciglenečki 2000, Figs. 95: 4-6; (Ciglenečki 2000, sl. 95: 4–6; 96: 1–5), rifniku (Bolta 1981, 96: 1-5), rifnik (Bolta 1981, Pls. 24: 68-69,71-72), Vranje t. 24: 68–69,71–72), Vranju (Knific 1979, št. 133; mirnik- (Knific 1979, No. 133; mirnik-Prezelj 1984, Pl. 23: 221- Prezelj 1984, t. 23: 221–225), Zbelovski gori (Ciglenečki 225), Zbelovska gora (Ciglenečki 2000, Fig. 91: 20), tinje 2000, sl. 91: 20), tinju (Ciglenečki 2000, t. 28: 6–8; 29: 1) (Ciglenečki 2000, Pls. 28: 6-8; 29: 1) and in Croatia on ter na hrvaškem Kuzelinu (Sokol 1994, t. 4: 9,11). Poznane Kuzelin (Sokol 1994, Pl. 4: 9,11). They were also found in so tudi z avstrijske Koroške. Na Sv. Hemi so uvrščene v tip austrian Carinthia. at Hemmaberg they were classified 4 (Ladstätter 2000, 145, t. 16: 1–3), najdene so bile tudi into type 4 (Ladstätter 2000, 145, Pl. 16: 1-3), and they na Šenturški gori (rodriguez 1997, t. 6: 52,54), teurniji were also found on Ulrichsberg (rodriguez 1997, Pl. 6: (rodriguez 1997, t. 1: 8), Duelu (Steinklauber 1990, 52,54), in teurnia (rodriguez 1997, Pl. 1: 8), Duel (Stein- 27–30) in Kappeli (Felgenhauer–Schmiedt 1993, t. 22: klauber 1990, 27-30) and Kappele (Felgenhauer-Schmiedt 20,22; 23: 27,29). 1993, Pls. 22: 20,22; 23: 27,29). Datacija: Sklede tega tipa se pojavljajo v pozno- Date: This type was discovered in Late roman and rimskih in poznoantičnih kontekstih na širokem Late antique contexts in a broad area reaching from the območju od podonavskega prostora do jugovzhodnih Danube river to the Southeastern alps (Ladstätter 2000, alp (Ladstätter 2000, 145, op. 896 in 897). V času 4. st. 145, notes 896 and 897). in the 4th century the shape with prevladuje oblika z odebeljenim ustjem (npr. Hrušica, the thickened rim was the most common (Hrušica, aq- akvileja). Sklede s stanjšanim ustjem naj bi bile značilne uileia). Bowls with a thinned rim were more common in za drugo polovico 6. st. (Ladstätter 2000, 145). Sklede the second half of the 6th century (Ladstätter 2000, 145). tipa 4 so bile očitno bolj priljubljene na vzhodnem delu Bowls type 4 were obviously more popular in the eastern jugovzhodnoalpskega prostora. Vsekakor pa gre za zelo part of the Southeastern alps. This was a long-lasting shape, dolgotrajno obliko, saj so bile podobne sklede najdene for similar bowls were found in early medieval contexts tudi v zgodnjesrednjeveških kontekstih v severni italiji in northern italy (Lusuardi Siena, Negri, Vil a 2004, Pl. (Lusuardi Siena, Negri, Vil a 2004, t. 6: 9). Na tonovco- 6: 9).They were not especial y popular at tonovcov grad vem gradu v nobeni fazi niso bile posebno priljubljene, in any of its phases, however most of the ones that were še največ jih izvira iz plasti 6. st. ( sl. 4.12). discovered were located in the 6th century layer ( Fig. 4.12). Tip 5 ( t. 82: 5–9; 83; 84: 1–5; 103: 7; 105: 5) Type 5 ( Pls. 82: 5-9; 83; 84: 1-5; 103: 7; 105: 5) Oblika: to so velike sklede s stožčastim ali rahlo Form: These are large bowls with conical or slightly kroglastim ostenjem in odebeljenim, pokončno postav- rounded wal and a thickened, upright rim. in their ljenim ustjem. Po obliki so sicer zelo podobne skledam shape they are very similar to type 3 (especial y type 5a), tipa 3 (predvsem varianta 5a), vendar se od njih razliku- however they differ in their size and in the treatment of jejo po velikosti ter izvedbi ustja. Glede na oblikovanost the rim. taking into account the rim shape this type can ustja ločimo dve varianti: be divided into two variants: 5a: Ustje je ostro odebeljeno na zunanji in notranji 5a: The rim was sharply thickened on the outer and strani, tako, da v profilu tvori štirikotnik ( t. 82: 5–9; 83: inner side so that it formed a rectangular profile ( Pls. 82: 1–8; 103: 7; 105: 5). 5-9; 83: 1-8; 103: 7; 105: 5). 5b: Ustje je zaobljeno odebeljeno na zunanji in 5b: The rim was rounded on the outer and inner side, notranji, lahko tudi samo na notranji strani ( t. 83: 9–11; sometimes only on the inner side ( Pls. 83: 9-11; 84: 1-5). 84: 1–5). Size: al bowls for which the diameter could be Velikost: Pri vseh skledah, kjer je možna rekon- reconstructed have shown that they were large bowls strukcija premera, gre za velike posode s premerom nad with a diameter exceeding 27 cm, and most of them even 27 cm, prevladujejo pa nad 30 cm široke sklede. Vse exceeded 30 cm in diameter. al bowls belonging to this sklede tega tipa so tudi dokaj globoke. type were also relatively deep. Izdelava: Pri obeh variantah izrazito prevladujejo Manufacture: oxidised fired bowls prevailed within oksidacijsko žgane sklede, izdelane v tehnoloških skupi- both variants and most of them were manufactured in nah 2 in 6. izstopata pa obe skledi, okrašeni z večlinijsko technological groups 2 and 6. The two bowls decorated valovnico ( t. 83: 1; 105: 5), ki sta bili redukcijsko žgani with the multiple wavy lines step out ( Pls. 83: 1; 105: 5), (tS 4). for they were both reduction fired (tG 4). 178 4_ker.indd 178 23.1.2012 12:48:45 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery Okras: Pri skledah obeh variant prevladuje dokaj Decoration: relatively coarse brush strokes prevailed grobo metličenje, ki v večini primerov poteka v več sme- within both types, and in most cases this was applied in reh, tako da tvori značilen “mrežast” vzorec ( t. 82: 8–9; various directions, so that they formed a characteristic 83: 2,10–11; 84: 1–5). Dokaj pogosto je tudi žlebljenje, ‘net’ pattern ( Pls. 82: 8-9; 83: 2,10-11; 84: 1-5). Grooves ki se navadno pojavlja na ustju, lahko pa tudi na ostenju were also a relatively common decoration feature; most variante 5a ( t. 82: 6–7; 83: 1,4–5,8), medtem ko se pri commonly they appeared on the rim, or on the wal s of varianti 5b ne pojavlja. Pri varianti 5a je lahko z žigi type 5a ( Pls. 82: 6-7; 83: 1,4-5,8), however none could oziroma vbodi razčlenjen vrhnji rob ustja ( t. 83: 7–8). be found on type 5b. The upper edge of the type 5a rim V dveh primerih ( t. 83: 1; 105: 5) sta skledi variante 5a could be divided by stamps or impressions ( Pl. 83: 7-8). okrašeni z večlinijsko, kvalitetno izvedeno valovnico. two examples ( Pls. 83: 1; 105: 5) of a type 5a bowl were Sklede tipa 5b so okrašene skoraj izključno z metliče- decorated with high quality multiple wavy lines. type 5b njem, le v enem primeru se pojavlja žlebljen zunanji bowls were decorated merely with brush strokes; a single rob ustja ( t. 83: 11). case was found with a grooved outer rim edge ( Pl. 83: 11). Lega: obe varianti se začneta pojavljati že v plasteh Position: Both subtypes were found already in Late prve poznoantične faze. Varianta 5a v njih prevladuje, antiquity 1 layers. type 5a was more common in La 1 medtem ko je varianta 5b pogostejša v plasteh druge po- layers, while type 5b was more common in Late antiquity znoantične faze. redke primere iz zgodnjesrednjeveških 2 layers. The few examples from the early medieval layers plasti lahko opredelimo kot residualne kose. can be defined as residual fragments. Analogije: tipu 5a analogij na bližnjih najdiščih ni Analogies: There are no analogies for type 5a in the bilo mogoče najti. Skledam tipa 5b lahko tako za obliko nearby sites. Bowls type 5b have analogies in their forms kot za ornament najdemo primerjave na Castelraimondu as wel as ornaments at Castelraimondo (Covizzi 1995, (Covizzi 1995, sl. 31: C 1993; t. 12: C 2072; martel i 1995, Fig. 31: C 1993; Pl. 12: C 2072; martel i 1995, C 1130). at C 1130). Na invil inu ustrezajo nekaterim (velikim) invil ino they correspond to some (large) bowls that were skledam, ki so uvrščene v tip i e (Bierbrauer 1987, t. 71: categorised as type i e (Bierbrauer 1987, Pls. 71: 7-8; 87: 7–8; 87: 16; 111: 6) oziroma i d (Bierbrauer 1987, t. 71: 1). 16; 111: 6) or i d (Bierbrauer 1987, Pl. 71: 1). Datacija: Glede na stratigrafsko lego lahko začetek Date: taking into account the stratigraphic position tega tipa postavimo v drugo polovico 4. st., njegovo we can place the beginning of this type into the second največjo priljubljenost pa v 6. st. half of the 4th century and determine that reached the peak of its popularity in the 6th century. Tip 6 ( t. 84: 6–13; 102: 5; 105: 6–7; 106: 9). Type 6 ( Pls. 84: 6-13; 102: 5; 105: 6-7; 106: 9) Oblika: to so sklede s kroglastim, navznoter na- gnjenim ostenjem ( t. 84: 6–13; 102: 5; 105: 6–7; 106: Form: These bowls had rounded, inward leaning 9). rob ustja je lahko neodebeljen ali rahlo odebeljen. wal s ( Pls. 84: 6-13; 102: 5; 105: 6-7; 106: 9). The rim edge Zaradi majhnega števila skled tega tipa variant ustja could be non-thickened or slightly thickened. Due to the nismo ločevali. low number of discovered bowls belonging to this type Velikost: Prevladujejo majhne in srednje velike we did not subdivide them according to their rim types. sklede, izjema je skleda t. 84: 13 s 36 cm premera. Size: Smal and medium sized bowls were the most Izdelava: Sklede tipa 6 kažejo dokaj enotno izdelavo. common, with the sole exception being the bowl Pl. 84: Prevladujejo kvalitetne, redukcijsko žgane sklede, izdelane 13 which measured 36 cm in diameter. v tehnoloških skupinah 8 in 14. izjema je samo skleda, Manufacture: type 6 bowls showed a relatively najdena v cisterni ( t. 106: 9), ki je bila izdelana prostoroč- unified production. High quality, reduced fired bowls no, iz dokaj mehko žgane, porozne gline (tS 13). manufactured in technological groups 8 and 14 were Okras: Veliko skled je okrašenih, prevladuje valov- the most common. The only exception was represented nica, ki je lahko enolinijska ( t. 84: 9,11) ali večlinijska by the hand made bowl made from relatively soft fired, ( t. 84: 7,10,12), lahko tudi v kombinaciji z metličenjem porous clay (tG 13), which was found in the water (t. 84: 7) ali žlebljenjem ( t. 84: 12). Nekaj skled je tudi cistern ( Pl. 106: 9). neokrašenih. Decoration: many bowls were decorated, most com- Lega: Sklede tega tipa se pojavljajo že v plasteh prve monly by a single ( Pl. 84: 9,11) or multiple ( Pl. 84: 7,10,12) poznoantične faze, zastopane pa so tudi še v plasteh wavy line. in certain cases the wavy line could be found druge poznoantične faze in v zgodnjesrednjeveški plasti in combination with brush strokes ( Pl. 84: 7) or grooves (skleda t. 106: 9). ( Pl. 84: 12). Some of the bowls had no decoration. Analogije: Na invillinu so take sklede redke (Bier- Position: These bowl types appear already in Late brauer 1987, t. 79: 23; 80: 2,4). Poznane so iz akvileje antiquity 1 layers, but can also be found in Late antiquity (rupel 1994, t. 34: CCg 87), na Hrušici je taka oblika 2 and early medieval layers (bowl Pl. 106: 9). 179 4_ker.indd 179 23.1.2012 12:48:45 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery izvedena kot trinožnik (Vidrih Perko 1992b, t. 3: 9). Analogies: S uch bowls were rare at invillino Bolj pogoste so na vzhodu. tako so znane z Gradca pri (Bierbrauer 1987, Pls. 79: 23; 80: 2,4). They were found in Prapretnem (Ciglenečki 1981, t. 6: 69), Brinjeve gore aquileia (rupel 1994, Pl. 34: CCg 87), and at Hrušica this (Ciglenečki 2000, sl. 95: 1–2,5–6), Korinjskega hriba form was manufactured in a three-legged version (Vidrih (Ciglenečki 2000, sl. 103: 15), rifnika (Bolta 1981, t. Perko 1992b, Pl. 3: 9). They were more common in the 22: 58; 26: 83–84,86,88). Ustrezajo tipu 7 na Sv. Hemi east, were they were discovered in Gradec near Prapretno (Ladstätter 2000, 146–147, t. 17: 5–6), vendar se tam ne (Ciglenečki 1981, Pl. 6: 69), Brinjeva gora (Ciglenečki pojavlja varianta z odebeljenim ustjem. 2000, Fig. 95: 1-2,5-6), Korinjski hrib (Ciglenečki 2000, Datacija: Sklede imajo izvor v rimskodobnih Fig. 103: 15), and rifnik (Bolta 1981, Pls. 22: 58; 26: 83- oblikah (Ladstätter 2000, 146–147, op. 906). Njihovo 84,86,88). They correspond to type 7 on Hemmaberg priljubljenost v poznorimskem obdobju kažejo sklede (Ladstätter 2000, 146-147, Pl. 17: 5-6), however not a iz akvileje in s Hrušice. Na tonovcovem gradu se poja- single example of the version with the thickened rim vljajo tudi še v plasteh druge poznoantične faze in v zgo- was found there. dnjesrednjeveških plasteh ( sl. 4.12). med skledami prve Date: The bowls originate from the roman period in druge poznoantične faze je opazna razlika v izdelavi. forms (Ladstätter 2000, 146-147, note 906). Their popu- Sklede iz faze Pa 1 so bolje izdelane in večinoma okraše- larity during the Late roman period is indicated by the ne, medtem ko se v plasteh Pa 2 in v ruševinskih plasteh bowls from aquileia and Hrušica. on tonovcov grad they pojavljajo bolj grobo izdelane, neokrašene sklede. also appear in Late antiquity 2 and early medieval layers ( Fig. 4.12). a difference in manufacture can be noticed between Late antiquity 1 and Late antiquity 2 bowls. The Tip 7 ( t. 85: 1–3) production of bowls from La 1 was of higher quality and in most cases these bowls were decorated, while the bowls Oblika: V tip 7 so uvrščene sklede s polkrožnim found in La 2 and in destruction layers were more likely ali klekastim ostenjem in poševno navzven izvihanim to be of poorer quality and without decoration. ustjem, ki je na notranjem robu lahko rahlo usločeno ( t. 85: 1–3). Sklede tega tipa na tonovcovem gradu niso pogoste, najdeni so bili samo trije primeri. Type 7 ( Pl. 85: 1-3) Velikost: Sodijo v skupino srednje velikih skled (premer med 18 in 21 cm). Form: type 7 consists of bowls with a semi-circular Izdelava: Skleda t. 85: 3 sodi v tS 1, skledi t. 85: or carinated wal and an everted rim, which can be slightly 1–2 pa kljub veliki oblikovni podobnosti v zelo različni concave on the inner edge ( Pl. 85: 1-3). This type of bowl tehnološki skupini. Skleda t. 85: 1 je trda, redukcijsko is not common at tonovcov grad as only three examples žgana, izdelana v tehnološki skupini 8, medtem ko ima were found. skleda t. 85: 2 mehko površino, je neenakomerno žgana Size: They belong into the group of medium sized in sodi v tehnološko skupino 15. bowls (diameter between 18 and 21 cm). Okras: ena skleda ( t. 85: 3) je okrašena z valovnico Manufacture: Bowl Pl. 85: 3 belongs into technologi- na ustju in ostenju, dve pa nista okrašeni. cal group 1, while bowls Pl. 85: 1-2 belong into different Lega: Skleda t. 85: 3 je bila najdena v plasti, ki pri- technological groups, even though they are similar in pada prvi poznoantični fazi, ostali dve pa sta iz plasti shape. Bowl Pl. 85: 1 is hard, reduced fired, made in tech- druge poznoantične faze. nological group 8, while bowl Pl. 85: 2 has a soft surface, Analogije: Podobna skleda je poznana s Castel- is unevenly fired and belongs into technological group 15. raimonda (Covizzi 1995, sl. 6: C 1357), na invil inu pa Decoration: one bowl ( Pl. 85: 3) was decorated with niso bile najdene. Sklede tega tipa so bile najdene tudi a wavy line on the rim and the wal s, the other two were v Predloki (Boltin-tome 1993, t. 3: 3), na Kučarju (J. undecorated. Dular, Ciglenečki, a. Dular 1995, t. 2: 9), Korinjskem Position: Bowl Pl. 85: 3 was found in a Late antiq- hribu (Ciglenečki 1985, t. 5: 64), rifniku (Bolta 1981, t. uity 1 layer, while the other two were discovered in a Late 22: 56–57; 23: 35,38; 27: 72; Ciglenečki 2000, sl. 85: 1–3), antiquity 2 layer. Gradcu pri Prapretnem (Ciglenečki 1981, t. 4: 43; 7: 85), Analogies: Similar bowl was found on Castelrai- tinju (Ciglenečki 2000, t. 30: 1–7), Vranju (Knific 1979, št. mondo (Covizzi 1995, Fig. 6: C 1357), however they 177), Sv. Hemi (Ladstätter 2000, t. 17: 7; rodriguez 1997, were not found on invil ino. They were discovered also t. 8: 77), Šenturški gori (rodriguez 1992, t. 3: 3; 1997, t. in Predloka (Boltin-tome 1993, Pl. 3: 3), Kučar (J. Du- 6: 56,57), teurniji (rodriguez 1990, t. 4: 2–3; 1997, t. 1: lar, Ciglenečki, a. Dular 1995, Pl. 2: 9), Korinjski hrib 6–7), Kappelli (Felgenhauer-Schmiedt 1993, t. 22: 25) (Ciglenečki 1985, Pl. 5: 64), rifnik (Bolta 1981, Pls. 22: in na Duelu, kjer se kot lokalna oblika tega tipa pojavlja 56-57; 23: 35,38; 27: 72; Ciglenečki 2000, Fig. 85: 1-3), skleda s tremi nogami in odebeljenim ter spodrezanim Gradec near Prapretno (Ciglenečki 1981, Pls. 4: 43; 7: zunanjim robom ustja (Steinklauber 1990, 118–119, sl. 85), tinje (Ciglenečki 2000, Pl. 30: 1-7), Vranje (Knific 180 4_ker.indd 180 23.1.2012 12:48:45 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery 31– 32). Na koroških najdiščih gre v večini primerov za zelo 1979, No. 177), Hemmaberg (Ladstätter 2000, Pl. 17: 7; široke sklede premera okoli 30 cm (Ladstätter 2000, 147), rodriguez 1997, Pl. 8: 77), Ulrichsberg (rodriguez 1992, medtem ko so tiste iz zahodnega dela Slovenije manjše. Pl. 3: 3; 1997, Pl. 6: 56-57), teurnia (rodriguez 1990, Pl. Na zahodu je opazna prevlada skled z bolj zaokro- 4: 2-3; 1997, Pl. 1: 6-7), Kappele (Felgenhauer-Schmiedt ženim ostenjem, ki so navadno tudi okrašene, na vzhodu 1993, Pl. 22: 25) and Duel, where the local form of this pa prevladuje izrazito klekasta oblika, ki je navadno type appears as a bowl with three legs and a thickened neokrašena ali okrašena le z žlebljenjem. and undercut rim edge (Steinklauber 1990, 118–119, Figs. Datacija: Na tonovcovem gradu lahko njihov 31- 32). in Carinthian sites most examples are represented začetek na podlagi sklede t. 85: 3 postavimo v drugo by wide bowls with a diameter of approximately 30 cm, polovico 4. oziroma začetek 5. st. Datacija v 5. st. velja while those from western Slovenia are smal er. tudi za primer s Kučarja. Na Castelraimondu sodijo in the west bowls with a more rounded wal and rich v fazo iVa (Covizzi 1995, 51), sklede podobne oblike, decoration prevailed, and in the east a predominantly vendar večjega premera pa so na Sv. Hemi datirane v carinated shape prevailed, most commonly not decorated 6. st. (Ladstätter 2000, 147). Vsekakor gre za obliko, ki or decorated solely with grooves. se pojavlja že v 5. st., očitno pa ostane v uporabi tudi Date: on the basis of bowl Pl. 85: 3 we can place še v 6. st. the beginning of this type on tonovcov grad into the second half of the 4th or beginning of the 5th century. The example from Kučar also belongs to the 5th century. on Tip 8 ( t. 85: 4) Castelraimondo the type belongs to phase iVa (Covizzi 1995, 51), and on Hemmaberg similar shape bowls but Oblika: Samo z enim primerom je zastopana skleda with a larger diameter were dated into the 6th century. it z izvihanim ustjem, ki prehaja v kroglasto ostenje ( t. is obvious that this shape appeared in the 5th century and 85: 4). Širina ustja je približno enaka širini največjega remained in use in the 6th century. oboda. Skleda po obliki ustja spominja na lonce tipa 1, med sklede je uvrščena, ker je nižja in širša. Velikost: Sodi v skupino srednje velikih skled (pre- Type 8 ( Pl. 85: 4) mer ustja 21 cm). Izdelava: Je trda, redukcijsko žgana, izdelana v tS 7. Form: a single bowl with an everted rim that leads Okras: okrašena je s po dvema enolinijskima va- into a rounded wal was discovered ( Pl. 85: 4). The width lovnicama na notranji strani ustja in na ostenju. of the rim was approximately the same as the width of the Lega: Skleda izvira iz premešanih plasti. largest circumference. according to the rim shape the Analogije: Gre za dokaj redko obliko. V zahodni bowl should be placed amongst pots type 1, however it is Sloveniji so bile podobne sklede najdene v Piranu (Vi- classified as a bowl because it is lower and wider. drih Perko 1994a, sl. 5: 1), Kopru (Cunja 1996, t. 33: 357) Size: it is a medium sized bowl (rim diameter 21 cm). in v Kranju – lokacija Kieselstein (Sagadin 2008, t. 5: 6). Manufacture: is hard, reduced fired, manufactured Na vzhodu je podobna oblika poznana še z ančnikovega in tG 7. gradišča (Strmčnik 1997, t. 4: 15). Decoration: it is decorated with two individual wavy Datacija: Datacija na podlagi lege na tonovcovem lines on the rim’s inner side and on the wal s. gradu ni mogoča. Glede na analogije v Kopru in Pira- Position: The bowl was found in mixed layers. nu bi lahko sklepali, da se pojavljajo predvsem v 6. st. Analogies: This is a relatively rare shape. in western morda bi jih lahko primerjali s podobno oblikovanimi Slovenia similar bowls were found in Piran (Vidrih skledami, ki pa imajo bolj izrazito klekasto ostenje (aj- Perko 1994a, Fig. 5: 1), Koper (Cunja 1996, Pl. 33: 357) dna: meterc 1981, t. 1: 1; rifnik: Bolta 1981, t. 26: 82; and Kranj – location Kieselstein (Sagadin 2008, Pl. 5: 6). Sv. Hema: Ladstätter 2000, t. 18: 1–2) in naj bi spadale in the east a similar shape was discovered at ančnikovo med langobardsko vplivane oblike iz časa konca 6. in gradišče (Strmčnik 1997, Pl. 4: 15). začetka 7. st. (Ladstätter 2000, 148). Date: its position of discovery failed to offer any clues for defining its date. Considering the analogies in Koper and Piran we could conclude that they mainly appeared in Tip 9 ( t. 85: 5) the 6th century. They could be compared to the similarly shaped bowls with a more pronounced carinated wall Oblika: Gre za globoko, v zgornjem delu konično (ajdna: meterc 1981, Pl. 1: 1; rifnik: Bolta 1981, Pl. 26: skledo oziroma kozico z odebeljenim, na spodnjem robu 82; Hemmaberg: Ladstätter 2000, Pl. 18: 1-2) which sup- ravno odrezanim ustjem. Dno je prstanasto ( t. 85: 5). posedly belong amongst the Lombard influenced forms tudi ta oblika je na tonovcovem gradu zastopana le z from the end of the 6th and beginning of the 7th century enim primerom. (Ladstätter 2000, 148). Velikost: Skleda ima premer 15 cm. 181 4_ker.indd 181 23.1.2012 12:48:45 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery Izdelava: izdelana je bila na hitrem lončarskem Type 9 ( Pl. 85: 5) vretenu in je oksidacijsko (rjavo–rdeče) žgana. Faktura je trda, z dodatkom fino zmletega apnenca. Form: This was a deep, in the upper part conical y Lega: Posoda je bila najdena v stavbi 1, v plasteh shaped bowl or skil et with a thickened rim that was prve poznoantične faze. straightened on the lower edge. The base was ring shaped Komentar: tako oblika kot faktura predstavljata ( Pl. 85: 5). a single example of this shape was found at med keramiko s tonovcovega gradu izjemo. morda gre tonovcov grad. za imitacijo oblike afriške keramike (Bonifay 2004, sl. Size: The bowl measured 15 cm in diameter. 145: 7; tudi Fulford, Peacock 1994, sl. 4.2: 26.1–26.3; Manufacture: This type was made on a fast-spinning 4.3: 26.4,26.5), ki je datirana v 4. in prvo polovico 5. st. pottery wheel and was oxidised (brown – red) fired. The (Bonifay 2004, 265). fabric was hard, and included fine crushed limestone particles. Position: The bowl was found in Late antiquity 1 Tip 10 ( t. 106: 11) layers within building 1. Commentary: The shape and fabric represent an Oblika: Skromno ohranjen fragment iz ustja iz- exception within the pottery found at tonovcov grad. it vlečenega, presegajočega ročaja z luknjo ( t. 106: 11) could be an imitation of african pottery (Bonifay 2004, pripada, sodeč po analogijah, široki konični skledi (Bi- Fig. 145: 7; also Fulford, Peacock 1994, Figs. 4.2: 26.1-26.3; erbrauer 1987, t. 124: 10) ali kotličku (Lusuardi Siena, 4.3: 26.4,26.5), dated into the 4th and first half of the 5th Negri, Vil a 2004, t. 1: 5–6; 2: 1; 13: 1–2; Pleterski 2008, century (Bonifay 2004, 265). sl. 1.4: 3; 4.92).43 Velikost: Ni določljiva. Izdelava: Sleda je bila izdelana v tS 10. Type 10 ( Pl. 106: 11) Okras: Skleda je preslabo ohranjena, da bi lahko sklepali na okras. Bolje ohranjen primer z invillina Form: according to analogies the modest handle je okrašen z metličenjem in razpotegnjeno valovnico fragment with a hole, pul ed out from the rim ( Pl. 106: (Bierbrauer 1987, t. 124: 10). 11) belongs to a broad conical bowl (Bierbrauer 1987, Pl. Lega in datacija: Fragment je bil najden v žganini 124: 10) or kettle (Lusuardi Siena, Negri, Vil a 2004, Pls. na dnu cisterne, skupaj s skoraj celim loncem tipa 6 ( t. 1: 5-6; 2: 1; 13: 1-2; Pleterski 2008, Figs. 1.4: 3; 4.92). 43 106: 12). Sodi v čas po opustitvi cisterne. Size: is indeterminable. Analogije: Kozice s presegajočim prevrtanim roča- Manufacture: The bowl was manufactured in tG 10. jem so v Lombardiji in Benečiji značilne za kontekste 9. Decoration: The bowl was not preserved to an extent in 10. st., medtem ko se med poznoantičnim gradivom that would al ow us to envisage its decoration. a better ne pojavljajo (Lusuardi Siena, Negri, Vil a 2004, 88). preserved example from invil ino was decorated with Primer z invil ina stratigrafsko ni umeščen, saj je bil brush strokes and an elongated wavy line (Bierbrauer najden v humusni plasti (Bierbrauer 1987, 380, št. 1174). 1987, Pl. 124: 10). V zgodnjesrednjeveški plasti je bil najden kotliček v Position and date: The fragment was discovered in ratečah (Pleterski 2008, 76). the charcoal at the bottom of the cistern together with an Datacija: Lega na dnu opuščene poznoantične ci- almost complete type 6 pot ( Pl. 106: 12). it belongs to the sterne poleg omenjenih analogij opravičuje datacijo tega time after the abandoning of the cistern. fragmenta v čas zgodnjega srednjega veka, natančnejša Analogies: Kettles with an overreaching handle are časovna opredelitev pa ni mogoča. typical for 9th and 10th century contexts in Lombardy and Veneto and do not appear in Late antique material (Lusuardi Siena, Negri, Vil a 2004, 88). The example KrožNiKi iN PeKaČi from invil ino was not stratigraphical y placed for it was found in the humus layer (Bierbrauer 1987, 380, Najdeni sta bili dve posodi, ki smo ju zaradi oblike No. 1174). The kettle from rateče was found in an early in razmerja med višino in širino ustja (višina ne presega medieval layer (Pleterski 2008, 76). 1/3 širine ustja) lahko uvrstili med krožnike ( t. 85: 6; Date: apart from the mentioned analogies the po- 105: 8). Primer z navzven nagnjenim ustjem ( t. 85: 6) sition at the bottom of the Late antique cistern justifies ima razmerje med višino in širino celo manjše od 1/7, its dating into the early medieval period, however it is po čemer bi ga lahko uvrstili med pladnje oziroma pe- impossible to date it with greater precision. kače (orton 1980, 33–36). Čeprav se primera tipološko nekoliko razlikujeta, smo ju obravnavali skupaj. 43 Za pomoč pri opredelitvi se zahvaljujem andreju Ple- 43 i would like to thank andrej Pleterski for his help with terskemu. the classification. 182 4_ker.indd 182 23.1.2012 12:48:46 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery Oblika: Krožnik, najden na območju cerkvenega PLateS aND BaKiNG trayS sklopa, ima konično postavljeno ostenje in neodebeljeno ustje ( t. 105: 8), krožnik iz stavbe 1 ( t. 85: 6) pa konično Due to their shape and the ratio between the height ostenje in navzven nagnjeno ustje. and width of the rim (the height does not surpass 1/3 of Velikost: Premer ustja krožnika iz stavbe 1 je 15 cm, the rim’s width) two vessels have been classified as plates tistega iz cerkvenega sklopa pa 24 cm. ( Pls. 85: 6; 105 : 8). The height vs. width ratio in the ex- Izdelava: Krožnik iz stavbe 1 je močno porozen, ample with the outward leaning rim ( Pl. 85: 6) is below mehak in je uvrščen v tS 10. Drugi krožnik je zdelan iz 1/7, which could place it amongst platters or baking trays trde, redukcijsko žgane gline, mešane s precej velikimi (orton 1980, 33-36). even though the examples are ty- apnenčevimi delci (tS 6). pological y somewhat different we treated them together. Okras: oba krožnika sta bogato okrašena. ostenje Form: The plate found in the ecclesiastical complex krožnika na t. 105: 8 je na zunanji strani žlebljeno, tik had a conical wal and a non-thickened rim ( Pl. 105: 8), pod ustjem je valovnica. tudi pri krožniku t. 85: 6 je while the plate from building 1 ( Pl. 85: 6) had a conical okrašena praktično cela vidna površina posode: ostenje wal and an outward leaning rim. je na zunanji strani razčlenjeno z žlebovi, med njimi je Size: The diameter of the rim from building 1 meas- valovnica. Z valovnico je okrašena tudi notranja, izvi- ured 15 cm, while that one from the ecclesiastical complex hana stran ustja. measured 24 cm. Lega: Primer z ravnim koničnim ostenjem ( t. 105: Manufacture: The plate from building 1 is strongly 8) je bil najden je na prostoru med osrednjo in južno porous, soft, made from tG 10. The second plate is pro- cerkvijo, primer z navzven nagnjenim ustjem ( t. 85: 6) pa duced from hard, reduced fired clay, mixed with rather v okolici stavbe 1. oba sta bila najdena v plasteh druge large limestone particles (tG 6). poznoantične faze. Decoration: Both plates were richly ornamented. The Analogije: Krožniki z ravnim ostenjem so pozna- wal on plate Pl. 105: 8 was grooved on the outer side, and ni z oderza (Castagna, Spagnol 1996, t. 4: 54), ajdne had a wavy line right below the rim. almost the entire (meterc 1981, t. 2: 10), rifnika (Bolta 1981, t. 24: 70), s visible surface of plate Pl. 85: 6 was decorated: the outer tinja (Ciglenečki 2000, t. 26: 10), iz škofovske cerkve v side of the wal s were covered in grooves, with a wavy line teurniji (rodriguez 1990, t. 2: 15; 1997, t. 1: 9), s Sv. He- amongst them. a wavy line also appeared on the inner, me (Ladstätter 2000, t. 18: 4; 57: 6), Duela (Steinklauber everted side of the rim. 1988, t. 40: 3) in Kappele (Felgenhauer-Schmiedt 1993: t. Position: the example with the straight conical 14: 4–6). Večina jih je grobo izdelanih (Ladstätter 2000, wal ( Pl. 105: 8) was discovered in the area between the 149–150) in okrašenih. main and south church, while the example on Pl. 85: 6 Najbližja analogija za krožnik z izvihanim ustjem was discovered in the vicinity of building 1. Both were ( t. 85: 6) je na invillinu (Bierbrauer 1987, t. 133: 4), kjer discovered in Late antiquity 2 layers. je ravno tako okrašen z valovnico in žlebljenjem. Na Analogies: Plates with straight wal s were discovered ostalih obravnavanih najdiščih takšna oblika ni poznana, at oderzo (Castagna, Spagnol 1996, Pl. 4: 54), ajdna so pa bili podobni pekači najdeni na območju osrednje (meterc 1981, Pl. 2: 10), rifnik (Bolta 1981, Pl. 24: 70), italije (Patterson, roberts 1998, sl. 8: 13–14; Patterson tinje (Ciglenečki 2000, Pl. 26: 10), the episcopal church et al. 2005, sl. 12: 6–7). in teurnia (rodriguez 1990, Pl. 2: 15; 1997, Pl. 1: 9), Datacija: Večina naštetih primerov ni jasno strati- Hemmaberg (Ladstätter 2000, Pls. 18: 4; 57: 6), Duel grafsko umeščenih. Primer iz oderza izvira iz konteksta (Steinklauber 1988, Pl. 40: 3) and Kappele (Felgenhauer- 8.–9. st. (Castagna, Spagnol 1996, 88; Lusuardi Siena, Schmiedt 1993: Pl. 14: 4-6). most of them were coarsely Negri, Vil a 2004, 80–83). manufactured and decorated. Na območju osrednje italije severno od rima so The closest analogy for the plate with the everted podobni pekači datirani v konec 6., predvsem pa v 7. rim ( Pl. 85: 6) was found at invil ino (Bierbrauer 1987, in 8. st. in jih povezujejo z langobardsko okupacijo, ki Pl. 133: 4), where it was also decorated with a wavy line prekine povezavo tega območja z rimom (Patterson, and grooves. None of the other discussed sites revealed roberts, 1998, 432, sl. 8: 13–14). this shape, however similar baking trays were discovered V obdobju zgodnjega srednjega veka se pekači po- in central italy (Patterson, roberts 1998, Fig. 8: 13-14; javljajo tudi med slovanskim gradivom, kjer sodijo med Patterson et al. 2005, Fig. 12: 6-7). najbolj tipične oblike (npr. Kotare – baza: Kerman 2002, Date: most of the examples were not stratigraphi- št. 8; Nova tabla: Guštin, tiefengraber 2002, 48, sl. 4: cal y placed. The example from oderzo originates from 1–5). ti pekači so zelo grobo izdelani, neokrašeni ter se a 8th or 9th century context (Castagna, Spagnol 1996, 88; tako zelo razlikujejo od primerov s tonovcovega gradu. Lusuardi Siena, Negri, Vil a 2004, 80-83). Čeprav naših krožnikov ne moremo neposredno North of rome, in central italy, similar baking trays povezati ne s slovanskim ne z osrednjeitalijanskim were dated into the end of the 6th, and into the 7th and gradivom, vendarle kaže, da gre za dokaj pozno obliko, 8th century. These trays were linked to the Lombard oc- 183 4_ker.indd 183 23.1.2012 12:48:46 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery ki je pred drugo polovico 6. st. med grobo keramiko ne cupation which cut off the connection between this area zasledimo. izdelava krožnika s koničnim ostenjem kaže and rome (Patterson, robert, 1998, 432, Fig. 8: 13-14). še poznoantične značilnosti, medtem ko bi bil krožnik z in the early medieval period baking trays appear izvihanim ustjem zaradi grobe fakture lahko tudi kasnejši. to be a common shape amongst the Slavic pottery (cf. Kotare – baza: Kerman 2002, No. 8; Nova tabla: Guštin, tiefengraber 2002, 49, Fig. 4: 1–5). They are coarse in PoKroVi iN PeKVe their manufacture, are not decorated and are thus very different from the examples from tonovcov grad. Pokrove in pekve je velikokrat težko razločevati even though we cannot directly link our plates to od skled. Posebno pri velikih skledah tipa 1 je dokaj the Slavic or central italian materials, it seems that it is a verjetno, da so bile uporabljene tudi za pekve. tako relatively late form that was not present before the second uporabo dokazujejo tudi primeri z ohranjenim držajem half of the 6th century. The manufacturing of the plate ali preluknjanim ostenjem, ki so bili najdeni npr. v Kopru with conical wal s showed Late antique characteristics, (Cunja 1996, t. 38: 398–400). Na tonovcovem gradu ni however regarding the fabric the plate with the everted bil najden noben primer, ki bi imel ročaj ali preluknjano rim could be of later origin. ostenje, zato smo se odločili za uvrstitev med sklede. med pokrove so na tonovcovem gradu uvrščene oblike z rahlo ali izrazito zvončastim ostenjem ter ravnim LiDS aND Fire CoVerS ali rahlo izvihanim ustjem majhnega premera ( t. 86: 1–4; 104: 9), čeprav imajo tudi ti primeri lahko dvojno funk- it is often hard to distinguish lids and fire covers cijo, kar kaže tudi nemški izraz Deckelschale (rodriguez from bowls. it is especial y likely for type 1 large bowls to 1997, 154; Ladstätter 2000, 150). analogije zanje najdemo be also used as fire covers. Such use is also indicated by the po vsem jugovzhodnoalpskem in severnojadranskem examples with the preserved handle or holed wal s that were prostoru. Najdene so bile v Kopru (Cunja 1996, t. 36: found in Koper (Cunja 1996, Pl. 38: 398-400). at tonovcov 381–390), Hrušici (Giesler 1981, t. 48: 26), Kučarju (kot grad no examples with a handle or a holed body were found, skleda – J. Dular, Ciglenečki, a. Dular 1995, t. 82: 6), ajdni thus we decided to categorise them amongst bowls. (Ciglenečki 2000, sl. 124: 7), Vranju (mirnik-Prezelj 1984, on tonovcov grad the forms with a slightly or explic- t. 26: 246), Sv. Hemi (Ladstätter 2000, t. 18: 7–8; rodriguez itly bel -shaped body and a straight or slightly everted rim 1997, t. 3: 18–21), na Šenturški gori (rodriguez 1997, t. 5: with a smal diameter were categorised as lids ( Pls. 86: 1-4; 37,39) in Kirchbichlu (rodriguez 1997, t. 11: 102–103). 104: 9), even though the German term Deckelschale (ro- od ostalih, med pokrove uvrščenih primerov driguez 1997, 154; Ladstätter 2000, 150) clearly indicates dokaj izstopata posodi t. 86: 5–6, pri katerih je ravno that they can have a double function. analogies can be tako možna uporaba tudi za sklede. Posodi oziroma found across the entire Southeastern alps and the northern pokrova sta zelo podobne oblike, okrasa in fakture adriatic. They were found in Koper (Cunja 1996, Pl. 36: (obe pripadata tehnološki skupini 8). ostenje je rahlo 381-390), Hrušica (Giesler 1981, Pl. 48: 26), Kučar (as a kroglasto, tik pod ustjem je rebro, ki se razširi v držaj. bowl – J. Dular, Ciglenečki, a. Dular 1995, Pl. 82: 6), ajdna obe sta bili najdeni v Se 50, to je v plasti, ki pripada (Ciglenečki 2000, Fig. 124: 7), Vranje (mirnik-Prezelj 1984, zadnjemu obdobju druge poznoantične faze, torej času Pl. 26: 246), Hemmaberg (Ladstät er 2000, Pl. 18: 7-8; rod- druge polovice 6. st. riguez 1997, Pl. 3: 18-21), Ulrichsberg (rodriguez 1997, Pl. 5: 37,39) and Kirchbichel (rodriguez 1997, Pl. 11: 102-103). From the remaining vessels categorised as lids ex- LoNCi amples Pl. 86: 5-6 stand out, for they could also be used as bowls. Both of the vessels or lids are of a similar shape, Tip 1 ( t. 87–88; 89: 1–14; 102: 6,8; 103: 8–10; 105: 9–10) decoration and fabric (both belong to technological group 8). The wal s were slightly rounded and just below the rim Oblika: to so lonci s kratkim ali srednje dolgim, iz- stood a rib that widened into a handle. Both were found vihanim, neodebeljenim ustjem. Vrat je kratek, usločen in in SU 50, i.e. in a layer that belongs to the last period of the dokaj ostro prehaja v rame, te pa položno v kroglast trup. Late antiquity 2 phase, i.e. the second half of the 6th century. Ustje je lahko postavljeno izrazito pokončno ( t. 87: 1), ali pa nekoliko bolj položno. Cele oblike v nobenem primeru ni bilo mogoče rekonstruirati, gre pa za dokaj kroglaste PotS lonce, kjer premer trebuha presega premer ustja. Pri ne- katerih primerih (predvsem pri manjših loncih) je opazno Type 1 ( Pls. 87-88; 89: 1-14; 102: 6-8; 103: 8-10; 105: 9-10) stanjšanje ostenja na trebušnem delu lonca ( t. 87: 1,3,5). to je najštevilčnejši tip loncev na tonovcovem gradu. Form: it consists of pots with a short or medium Po zaključku ustja lahko ločimo dve varianti: length and everted and non-thickened rim. The neck 184 4_ker.indd 184 23.1.2012 12:48:46 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery 1a: rob ustja je ravno odrezan ( t. 87– 88; 103: 8–10), was short and turned relatively sharply into the shoulder včasih žlebljen ( t. 87: 1–2,4). which continued into the rounded body. The rim could 1b: rob ustja je zaobljen ( t. 89: 1–14; 102: 6,8; 105: be explicitly vertical ( Pl. 87: 1), or slightly more gradual. 9–10), lahko rahlo žlebljen ( t. 89: 5–6). The entire shape could not be reconstructed, however Velikost: Zastopane so velikosti od zelo majhnih we know they were relatively rounded pots, at which the (premer ustja 8 cm) lončkov do srednje velikih loncev diameter of the body surpassed the rim diameter. in some s premerom 22 cm. cases (especial y in smal er pots) the pot body wal s were Izdelava: Večina loncev je izdelanih kvalitetno, iz thinned ( Pl. 87: 1,3,5). This was the most numerous pot trde, dobro prečiščene gline, v večini primerov so žgani type at tonovcov grad. redukcijsko, pojavlja pa se tudi oksidacijsko žganje in two variants were ascertained according to the žganje v nekontrolirani atmosferi. rim edge: Okras: Lonci tipa 1 so pogosto okrašeni. med 1a: The rim edge was cut off in a straight line ( Pls. okrasom prevladuje valovnica. Največkrat se pojavlja 87- 88; 103: 8-10), sometimes grooved ( Pl. 87: 1-2,4). več enojnih ( t. 87: 7; 88: 1,3,8; 103: 10), ki so lahko tudi 1b: The rim edge was rounded ( Pls. 89: 1-14; 102: prepletene ( t. 87: 8), kombinirane z metličenjem ali 6,8; 105: 9-10) and could be slightly grooved ( Pl. 89: 5-6). glavničenjem ( t. 87: 1,6; 88: 3), horizontalnim vrezi ( t. Size: Sizes range from very smal (rim diameter 87: 8; 88: 8) ali linijami kratkih poševnih vrezov ( t. 87: 8 cm) pots to medium sized pots (rim diameter 22 cm). 8; 89: 13 ). V dveh primerih je valovnica večlinijska in Manufacture: most pots were of high quality, made kombinirana z metličenjem ( t. 89: 1,6). Dokaj pogost from hard, purified clay. most of them were reduced fired, okras tega tipa loncev so tudi linije kratkih poševnih however examples that were oxidised fired or fired in an vrezov pod ustjem posode ( t. 87: 3,8; 88: 9–10,14; 89: 3). uncontrol ed atmosphere were also found. Lega: Pojavljajo se že v plasteh prve poznoantične Decoration: type 1 pots were often decorated. The faze ( t. 87: 1,11; 88: 2; 89 : 1,9–10), največ pa jih je bilo wavy line was the most commonly found decoration. najdenih v plasteh druge poznoantične faze. Dva prime- most popular were multiple single lines ( Pls. 87: 7; 88: ra iz zgodnjesrednjeveških plasti ( t. 87: 2,5) lahko zaradi 1,3,8; 103 : 10), that could be intertwined ( Pl. 87: 8), podobnosti njihove oblike in fakture s poznoantičnimi combined with brush strokes or combing ( Pls. 87: 1,6; 88: opredelimo kot residualna kosa. 3), horizontal incisions ( Pls. 87: 8; 88: 8) or short slanting Analogije: Gre za široko razprostranjen tip, ki je incisions ( Pls. 87: 8; 89: 13 ). in two examples the wavy razširjen na vsem jugovzhodnoalpskem prostoru. Na line was multiple and combined with brush strokes ( Pl. invil inu imajo analogije v nekaterim oblikah loncev 89: 1,6). Short slanting incisions under the rim were also tipov iii a2 in iii a3 (Bierbrauer 1987, t. 73: 8,11; 79: a relatively commonly found decoration within this type 13–16,18,20; 83: 5; 85: 6–7; 96: 14,18; 100: 17,19; 106: ( Pls. 87: 3,8; 88: 9-10,14; 89: 3). 15–16,18; 110:17; 118: 2,7–8), tisti z žlebljenim robom Position: They appear already in Late antiquity 1 tudi iii b (Bierbrauer 1987, t. 72: 8–11; 118: 2,8).44 Po- layers ( Pls. 87: 1,11; 88: 2; 89 : 1,9-10), however most of znani so tudi z drugih furlanskih najdišč, najdeni so bili them were discovered in Late antiquity 2 layers. two ex- na Castelraimondu (Covizzi 1995, t. 6: C 2404, C 1752), amples from early medieval layers ( Pl. 87: 2,5) were – due v Vidmu (Buora, Fasano 1994, t. 2: iii a1, iii a2, iii b) to their similarity in shape and fabric with Late antique in akvileji (rupel 1994, t. 26: CCg 7). examples – defined as residual pieces. Dokaj pogosti so lonci tega tipa na najdiščih slo- Analogies: This was a widely spread type known venskega Primorja in sicer tako na obali, kot v zaledju. throughout the Southeastern alps. at invil ino analogies tako so bili najdeni na Kapucinskem vrtu v Kopru (Cunja were found in some forms of pots types iii a2 and iii a3 1996, t. 31: 338–345; 31: 340–343,345; 32: 346–348; 33: (Bierbrauer 1987, Pls. 73: 8,11; 79: 13-16,18,20; 83: 5; 85: 354,356),45 kjer jih povezuje s tonovcovim gradom tudi 6-7; 96: 14,18; 100: 17,19; 106: 15-16,18; 110: 17; 118: značilno stanjšanje stene trebušnega dela, vendar v Ko- 2,7-8), while those with a grooved edge had analogies in pru prevladujejo neokrašeni lonci, le v redkih primerih iii b (Bierbrauer 1987, Pls. 72: 8-11; 118: 2,8).44 They were zasledimo okras enojne valovnice. Najdeni so bili tudi v also found in other sites in Friuli, they were discovered on Predloki (Boltin-tome 1993, t. 2: 3,5; t. 3: 6–7), Piranu Castelraimondo (Covizzi 1995, Pl. 6: C 2404, C 1752), in (Vidrih Perko1994a, sl. 5: 2–5; Snoj, Novšak 1992, t. 3: Udine (Buora, Fasano 1994, Pl. 2: iii a1, iii a2, iii b) and 2), na rodiku (Ciglenečki 2000, sl. 115: 1–2), Križni gori aquileia (rupel 1994, Pl. 26: CCg 7). (Ciglenečki 2000, sl. 105: 2–3,5,11–12), martinj hribu This pot type was relatively common in sites on the Slovenian coast and its hinterland. Thus they were found in 44 V tipa iii a2 in iii a3 so sicer uvrščeni tudi lonci, ki Kapucinski vrt in Koper (Cunja 1996, Pls. 31: 338-345; 31: imajo daljše ustje in bolj izrazit vrat (Bierbrauer 1987, t. 73: 5–14). Pri naši razdelitvi smo te lonce obravnavali kot po- 44 sebna tipa. types iii a2 and iii a3 include pots with a long rim 45 Za analogije na ostalih istrskih in severnojadranskih and a pronounced neck (Bierbrauer 1987, Pl. 73: 5-14). in najdiščih Cunja 1996, op. 453, 454. our classification we treated them as special types. 185 4_ker.indd 185 23.1.2012 12:48:47 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery (Leben, Šubic 1990, t. 10: 160–163,179–181; 11: 182–184, 340-343,345; 32: 346-348; 33: 354,356)45 where they were 187, 190–193; 12: 207). Zelo pogosti so na Hrušici (Giesler linked to tonovcov grad also by their characteristic narrow- 1981, t. 46; 47: 5,7), kjer so večinoma okrašeni z glavniče- ing of their body wal s, however in Koper undecorated pots njem. V osrednji in vzhodni Sloveniji so bili najdeni na prevailed, and only a few examples had a single wavy line Korinjskem hribu (Ciglenečki 1985, t. 6: 69), Kučarju (J. decoration. They were discovered also in Predloka (Boltin- Dular, Ciglenečki, a. Dular 1995, t. 79: 6–7; 82: 9), ajdni tome 1993, Pls. 2: 3,5; 3: 6-7), Piran (Vidrih Perko1994a, (meterc 1981, t. 2: 6,8; Ciglenečki 2000, sl. 123: 2–3,5,7), Fig. 5: 2-5; Snoj, Novšak 1992, Pl. 3: 2), at rodik (Ciglenečki ančnikovem gradišču (Strmčnik 1997, t. 4: 1–11; 6: 17; 2000, Fig. 115: 1-2), Križna gora (Ciglenečki 2000, Fig. Ciglenečki 2000, sl. 98: 4), Brinjevi gori (Ciglenečki 2000, 105: 2-3,5,11-12), martinj hrib (Leben, Šubic 1990, Pls. 10: sl. 93: 11; 94: 6–7) in rifniku (Ciglenečki 2000, sl. 83: 4). 160-163,179-181; 11: 182-184, 187,190-193; 12: 207). This Na tinju ustrezajo nekaterim oblikam tipov 2 in 3 (Cigle- type was very common at Hrušica where most of them nečki 2000, sl. 78: 2; t. 13: 11; 14: 5–7; 15: 4–9; 16: 1–3). were decorated with combed decoration (Giesler 1981, Na Sv. Hemi lonci tega tipa sodijo med najpogo- Pl. 46; 47: 5,7). i the central and east part of Slovenia they stejše oblike, postavljeni so v tip 1, variante 2, 3 in 4 were discovered at Korinjski hrib (Ciglenečki 1985, Pl. 6: (Ladstätter 2000, 135–136, t. 10: 4–6; 11: 1–5), en primer 69), Kučar (J. Dular, Ciglenečki, a. Dular 1995, Pl. 79: 6-7; z izrazito kratkim ustjem pa v tip 4 (Ladstätter 2000, t. 82: 9), ajdna (meterc 1981, Pl. 2: 6,8; Ciglenečki 2000, 12: 7).46 en primer z žlebljenim robom (Ladstätter 2000, Fig. 123: 2-3,5,7), ančnikovo gradišče (Strmčnik 1997, t. 51: 1) je ohranjen cel in kaže močno kroglasto obliko, Pls. 4: 1-11; 6: 17; Ciglenečki 2000, Fig. 98: 4), Brinjeva je tudi bogato okrašen. Najdeni so bili tudi na Šenturški gora (Ciglenečki 2000, Figs. 93: 11; 94: 6-7) and rifnik gori (rodriguez 1997, t. 5: 38,40–42,44) in teurniji – (Ciglenečki 2000, Fig. 83: 4). škofovska cerkev (rodriguez 1997, t. 1: 1–2,4). Lonci on tinje they corresponded to some type 2 and 3 variante b so pogosti na Duelu, kjer so pogosto okrašeni shapes (Ciglenečki 2000, Fig. 78: 2; Pls. 13: 11; 14: 5-7; z žlebom na robu ustja (Steinklauber 1990, sl. 5–8). take 15: 4-9; 16: 1-3). oblike na Duelu nastopajo tudi kot vrčki z enim ročajem on Hemmaberg this was one of the most commonly (Steinklauber 1990, sl. 2: 2–6; 4). found types. The examples were placed in type 1, vari- Datacija: Na vseh jugovzhodnoalpskih in severno- ants 2, 3 and 4 (Ladstätter 2000, 135-136, Pls. 10: 4-6; 11: jadranskih najdiščih so zelo dolgotrajna oblika, saj 1-5), and one example with an extremely short rim into so pogosti že v 4. st. okrašeni z glavničenjem po celi type 4 (Ladstätter 2000, Pl. 12: 7).46 one richly decorated površini posode se pojavljajo na Hrušici (Giesler 1981, example with a grooved edge was preserved in its entirety t. 46). V 5. st. se kot značilen element okrasa pojavi and shows a strongly rounded shape (Ladstätter 2000, Pl. valovnica, v teku 6. st. pa naj bi bila opazna tendenca k 51: 1). Similar examples were also found on Ulrichsberg bolj nizkim oblikam s širokim dnom. tovrstni lonci so (rodriguez 1997, Pl. 5: 38,40-42,44) and in the episcopal po pravilu bogato okrašeni, zanje je značilna tudi bolj church in teurnia (rodriguez 1997, Pl. 1: 1-2,4). Variant b groba izdelava in neenakomerno izvedene valovnice pots were common at Duel, where the rim edge was often (Ladstätter 2000, 137–138).47 decorated with a groove (Steinklauber 1990, Figs. 5-8). Lonci s tonovcovega gradu kažejo dokajšnjo These forms also appeared at Duel as jugs with a single sorodnost s tistimi iz Kopra, kjer se pojavljajo v kon- handle (Steinklauber 1990, Figs. 2: 2-6; 4). tekstih, ki so na podlagi uvožene keramike datirani v Date: This was a long-lasting form throughout the čas 5.–7. st. (Cunja 1996, 125). V 5. st. lahko, glede na Southeastern alps and the North adriatic, for it was com- čas trajanja obeh naselbin, postavimo tudi primere iz mon already in the 4th century. Combed decoration across rodika in Kučarja. Na Sv. Hemi so na podlagi stratigraf- the entire surface appears at Hrušica (Giesler 1981, Pl. 46). skih kontekstov ravno tako datirani v 5. st. (Ladstätter in the 5th century the wavy line appeared as a characteristic 2000, 138–139). Ciglenečki poudarja široko razširjenost decorative element, and during the 6th century a tendency loncev tega tipa v širokem časovnem intervalu, saj naj to lower the forms with a broader base was noticed. as a bi se pojavljali tako v izrazito poznoantičnih kontekstih rule such pots were richly decorated, coarsely made and kot tudi v kasnejših obdobjih (Ciglenečki 2000, 64–65). had uneven wavy lines (Ladstätter 2000, 137-138).47 46 Lonci s kratkim izvihanim ustjem so uvrščeni v tip 4, 45 For analogies at other istrian and North adriatic sites v katerega pa postavlja le lonce z največjim premerom v spo- see Cunja 1996, notes 453, 454. dnji polovici posode, ne pa tudi izrazito trebušastih loncev 46 Pots with a short everted rim were placed into type 4, (Ladstätter 2000, 138, t. 12: 7). Citat za Duel – Steinklauber which consists merely of pots with the largest diameter in the 1990, sl. 14 je napačen, verjetno sl. 15). Na Sv. Hemi je našim lower part of the pot, but not also pots with a pronounced podobnih tudi nekaj lončkov, uvrščenih v skupino lončki– body (Ladstätter 2000, 138, Pl. 12: 7. Quote for Duel – Stein- vrči (tip 1, Ladstätter 2000, 140, t. 13: 4). klauber 1990, Fig. 14 is wrong, most likely Fig 15.). on Hem- 47 Na sv. Hemi so v času druge polovice 6. st. edina obli- maberg a few small pots resembled our pots, and they were ka loncev (Ladstätter 2000, 137), kar je v nasprotju s tezo V. classified in the group small pots – jugs (type 1, Ladstätter Bierbrauerja, da oblike loncev v periodi iii močno varirajo 2000, 140, Pl. 13: 4). (Bierbrauer 1987, 208). 47 in the second half of the 6th century this was the only 186 4_ker.indd 186 23.1.2012 12:48:47 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery Tip 2 ( t. 89: 15; 90: 1–7; 102: 7,9) Pots from tonovcov grad were relatively similar to those found in Koper, where they appeared in contexts Oblika: Sem so uvrščeni lonci z izvihanim, na zu- that were dated with the use of imported pottery between nanji strani izbočenim ustjem, ki je na notranji strani iz- the 5th and 7th century (Cunja 1996, 125). if we take into razito ali rahlo usločeno in tvori ležišče za pokrov. Ustje account the period in which the two settlements were brez izrazitega vratu prehaja v trup, ki je pri ohranjenih inhabited the examples from rodik and Kučar can also primerih trebušast ( t. 89: 15; 90: 1). Nekateri primeri, be dated into the 5th century. The stratigraphic contexts ki imajo rahlo spodrezan zunanji rob ustja ( t. 90: 5,7), on Hemmaberg date them into the 5th century (Ladstätter se približujejo tipu 5. 2000, 138-139). Ciglenečki emphasised that this pot type Velikost: to so srednje veliki lonci s premerom med was widely spread across a long period, for they appeared 15 in 20 cm. in clear Late antique contexts as wel as in later periods Izdelava: opaziti ni nobenih zakonitosti. (Ciglenečki 2000, 64-65). Okras: en lonec je okrašen z valovnico in metli- čenjem ( t. 90: 1), eden samo z večlinijsko vlovnico ( t. 90: 3), ostali pa so okrašeni samo z metličenjem ali so Type 2 ( Pls. 89: 15; 90 : 1-7; 102: 7,9) neokrašeni. Lega: Na tonovcovem gradu se pojavljajo večinoma Form: This group includes pots with an everted rim, v plasteh prve poznoantične faze ( sl. 4.12). V drugo po- convex on the outer side, and distinctively or slightly con- znoantično fazo sodita le lonec t. 89: 16 in skoraj v celoti cave on the inner side, thus forming a place for the lid. The ohranjen lonec nizke, trebušaste oblike, okrašen z metli- rim continues to flow into the body, which is within al of čenjem in dvojno, dokaj nepravilno izvedeno valovnico the preserved examples spherical, without a pronounced ( t. 90: 1). od drugih loncev tega tipa se loči predvsem po neck ( Pls. 89: 15; 90: 1). Some examples with a slightly izrazito trebušasti obliki in široki stojni ploskvi. undercut outer rim edge ( Pl. 90: 5,7) resemble type 5. Analogije: V jugovzhodnih alpah niso zelo po- Size: These medium sized pots had a diameter meas- gosti, značilni naj bi bili za zahodnonoriško območje uring between 15 and 20 cm. (Ladstätter 2000, 138–139, op. 847). V osrednji Sloveniji Manufacture: No special characteristics were no- je podoben lonec poznan z ajdne (Ciglenečki 2000, sl. ticed. 123: 6). Na Sv. Hemi ustrezajo tipu 5 (Ladstätter 2000, Decoration: one pot was decorated with a wavy line 138, t. 12: 8–9), poznani so tudi z Lavanta (rodriguez and brush strokes ( Pl. 90: 1), one with multiple wavy lines 1997, t. 10: 97). ( Pl. 90: 3), and the rest with brush strokes or they were Datacija: Večino loncev tipa 2 na tonovcovem undecorated. gradu lahko na podlagi njihovega stratigrafskega polo- Position: most examples at tonovcov grad were žaja postavimo v drugo polovico 4. in prvo polovico 5. found in Late antiquity 1 layers ( Fig. 4.12). Pot Pl. 89: st., lonec t. 90: 1 pa kaže razvoj v nižje, bolj trebušaste 16 and the almost entirely preserved low and spherical oblike v 6. st. pot, decorated with brush strokes and a double, rather ir- regularly created wavy line ( Pl. 90: 1), were the only ones to be dated to Late antiquity 2. This pot differs from the Tip 3 ( t. 90: 8; 91: 1–5; 102: 10; 105: 11) others in this type by its distinctive spherical shape and the wide standing base. Oblika: V tej skupini so združeni lonci s poševno Analogies: in the Southeastern alps they were not izvihanim, na zunanji strani odebeljenim ustjem, ki je very common, however they were believed to be char- od vratu ločeno z izrazitim robom. Notranji rob ustja acteristic of west Noricum (Ladstätter 2000, 138-139, je izbočen ( t. 90: 6; 91: 1–3) ali raven ( t. 91: 4–5), v note 847). in central Slovenia a similar pot was found on tem primeru se približujejo tipu 2. Lonci so večinoma ajdna (Ciglenečki 2000, Fig. 123: 6). on Hemmaberg ohranjeni samo v zgornjem delu, tako da celotne oblike they corresponded to type 5 (Ladstätter 2000, 138, Pl. ni mogoče rekonstruirati. 12: 8-9), and they were also found at Lavant (rodriguez Velikost: Lonci so majhni do srednje veliki. 1997, Pl. 10: 97). Izdelava: Vsi lonci tega tipa so izdelani kvalitetno. Date: on the basis of their stratigraphic position So večinoma oksidacijsko žgani. Prevladujeta tehnološki most type 2 pots on tonovcov grad were dated into the skupini 1 in 2, pojavlja pa se še skupina 8. second half of the 4th and first half of the 5th century, Okras: Ker je večinoma ohranjen samo del ustja while pot Pl. 90: 1 showed a development into the lower, in vratu, o okrasu ne moremo povedati nič določenega. spherical shaped form in the 6th century. rob ustja je lahko žlebljen ( t. 91: 5; 102: 10). pot type at Hemmaberg (Ladstätter 2000, 137). This is in Lega: Lonci tega tipa so bili na tonovcovem gradu contradiction to V. Bierbrauer’s thesis, who stated that there najdeni v plasteh prve druge poznoantične faze. were great variations in iii period pot shapes (Bierbrauer 1987, 208). 187 4_ker.indd 187 23.1.2012 12:48:47 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery Analogije: Na invillinu ustrezajo nekaterim obli- Type 3 ( Pls. 90: 8; 91: 1-5; 102: 10; 105: 11) kam iii c2 (Bierbrauer 1987, t. 74: 6–8; 119: 13–14), poznani so še iz akvileje (rupel 1994, t. 27: CCg 14) in Form: This group includes al pots with an obliquely Vidulisa (rupel 1988, št. 16–17). Na Sv. Hemi ustrezajo everted rim, thickened on the outer side, and separated tipu 3 (Ladstätter 2000, 138, t. 12: 1–6).48 from the neck by a pronounced edge. The inner edge of Datacija: Glede na njihov stratigrafski položaj jih the rim is convex ( Pls. 90: 6; 91: 1-3) or straight ( Pl. 91: lahko postavimo v čas druge polovice 4. in začetka 5. st., 4-5), in this case they come close to type 2. in most cases čemur ustrezajo tudi analogije na furlanskih (Vidulis, only the upper parts of the pots were preserved, thus it akvileja) in koroških (Sv. Hema) najdiščih. was impossible to reconstruct the entire shape. Size: The size ranges from smal to medium. Manufacture: al pots made in this type were of high Tip 4 ( t. 91: 6–18; 92; 93: 1–7) quality. most of them were oxidised fired. technological groups 1 and 2 were the most common, but group 8 was Oblika: to so lonci s kratkim, dokaj pokončno also used. postavljenim ustjem, ki je razširjeno in na spodnjem Decoration: in most cases only a part of the rim robu spodrezano ( t. 91: 6–18; 92; 93 : 1–7). rob ustja je and the neck were preserved, thus it was impossible to postavljen navpično ali pa nagnjen poševno navzven ali determine its decoration. in some cases the rim edge was navznoter. Notranja stran ustja je ravna, brez utora za grooved ( Pls. 91: 5; 102: 10). pokrov. Vrat prehaja v strmo postavljene rame. Position: at tonovcov grad this type was found in Ločimo dve varianti: Late antiquity 1 and Late antiquity 2 layers. 4a: Ustje je izrazito razširjeno in spodrezano ( t. Analogies: at invil ino they correspond to some 91: 6–18). iii c2 forms (Bierbrauer 1987, Pls. 74: 6-8; 119: 13-14), 4b: Ustje je samo rahlo razširjeno in spodrezano and they were also found in aquileia (rupel 1994, Pl. ( t. 92; 93: 1–7). V tem primeru se oblika ustja lahko 27: CCg 14) and Vidulis (rupel 1988, Nos. 16-17). on približuje tipu 2, vendar je ustje pri tipu 4 bolj kratko Hemmaberg they correspond to type 3 (Ladstätter 2000, in pokončno postavljeno. 138, Pl. 12: 1-6).48 Velikost: Prevladujejo majhni lonci, nekaj je tudi Date: taking their stratigraphic position into ac- srednje velikih, izrazito velikih loncev pa ni. count they can be placed into the second half of the 4th Izdelava: opaziti ni nobenih zakonitosti. and beginning of the 5th century, which fits in nicely with Okras: tudi pri tej obliki zaradi slabe ohranjenosti the analogies in Friuli (Vidulis, aquiliea) and Carinthia težko sklepamo na okras. Lonci variante 4a imajo lahko (Hemmaberg). žlebljeno ustje ( t. 91: 14,18). V nekaj primerih je z glo- bokimi žlebovi okrašeno tudi ostenje tik pod ustjem ( t. 91: 15,18), žlebljenje pa se lahko pojavlja tudi na notranji Type 4 ( Pls. 91: 6-18; 92; 93: 1-7) strani posode. med lonci variante 4b izstopa lonček t. 93: 7, okrašen s tremi nizi enojnih valovnic, ki so ločene s Form: These pots had a short, relatively upright kaneluro. okras valovnice se v enem primeru ( t. 93: 1) rim that was broadened and undercut in the lower part pojavlja tudi na notranji strani ustja. ( Pls. 91: 6-18; 92; 93: 1-7). The rim edge was positioned Lega: Na tonovcovem gradu njihovo pojavljanje v vertical y or was obliquely inclined towards the inside or plasteh prve poznoantične faze ni popolnoma zanesljivo outside. The rim’s interior was straight, and had no groove (Se 24, kjer so zelo pogosti, vsebuje mešano gradivo faz Pa upon which the lid could rest. The neck transforms into 1 in Pa 2), prevladujejo pa v drugi poznoantični fazi, torej a steep shoulder. v 6. st. redki so v zgodnjesrednjeveških plasteh ( sl. 4.12). two variants were established: Analogije: tipu najdemo bližnje in zelo številne 4a: The rim was distinctively broadened and under- analogije na invil inu. Varianta 4a ustreza predvsem tipu cut ( Pl. 91: 6-18). iii d2 (z navpično postavljenim robom ustja, Bierbrauer 4b: The rim was only slightly broadened and un- 1987, t. 75: 6–15), nekateri primeri tudi tipu iii d3 (z dercut ( Pls. 92; 93: 1-7). in this case the rim shape could izrazito poševno postavljenim robom ustja, Bierbrauer come close to type 2, but the rim in type 4 was shorter 1987, t. 76: 1–2) in tipu iii e (z izrazito pokončno po- and more upright. stavljenim vratom, Bierbrauer 1987, t. 74: 12–17). Lonci Size: Smal pots prevailed, some were medium and te variante so poznani še iz Pirana (Vidrih Perko 1994a, none were truly large. sl. 5: 8), Sv. Pavla (Svoljšak 1985, t. 1: 15, 3: 50), akvileje Manufacture: No special characteristics were es- (rupel 1994, t. 3: CCg 42–44). Nekatere oblike (t. 31 : tablished. 48 at invillino and Hemmaberg this type also included 48 Na invillinu in Sv. Hemi so v ta tip uvrščeni tudi lonci s pots with an undercut rim, which are treated separately in spodrezanim ustjem, ki jih tu obravnavam ločeno. this text. 188 4_ker.indd 188 23.1.2012 12:48:47 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery tiP / tyPe 1 1a 1b tiP / tyPe 2 2 tiP / tyPe 3 3 tiP / tyPe 4 4a 4b tiP / tyPe 5 5 tiP / tyPe 6 6a 6b 6c tiP / tyPe 7 7 tiP / tyPe 8 8 Tab. 4.2: tipi loncev s tonovcovega gradu. m. = 1:4. Tab. 4.2: Pot types from tonovcov grad. Scale = 1:4. 189 4_ker.indd 189 23.1.2012 12:48:48 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery 13,15) z razširjenim robom ustrezajo tipu invillino iii k Decoration: Due to the poor condition of the remains (Bierbrauer 1987, t. 78: 7). it is hard to assume the decoration. Some type 4a pots Varianta 4b ustreza tipu invil ino iii d4 (Bierbrauer had grooved rims ( Pl. 91: 14,18). in some cases the wal s 1987, 198, t. 76: 1–5). Najdeni so bili tudi na rodiku right under the rim were also decorated with deep grooves (Ciglenečki 2000, sl. 115: 5–6,11), Korinjskem hribu ( Pl. 91: 15,18), and sometimes grooves appeared on the (Ciglenečki 1985, t. 6: 68), Kučarju (J. Dular, Ciglene- inner side of the vessel. amongst type 4b pots the small čki, a. Dular 1995, t. 6: 14; 82: 8), Svetih gorah (P. in J. pot Pl. 93: 7 stood out, for it was decorated with three Korošec 1978, t. 3: 3; 4: 1), Križni gori (Ciglenečki 2000, single wave lines separated by a groove. in one example sl. 105: 8–10), Sv. Pavlu (Svoljšak 1985, t. 1: 16; 3: 51; 6: the wave line decoration appeared also on the inner side 95–96), Gradišču nad Bašljem (Ciglenečki 2000, sl. 121: of the rim ( Pl. 93: 1). 10,12–15,19), ajdni (Ciglenečki 2000, sl. 123: 13–15), v Position: at tonovcov grad their placement in Late Vidulisu (rupel 1988, št. 1) in Coseanu (rupel 1988, 158, antiquity 1 layers is not entirely reliable (SU 24, where št. 40). Na Sv. Hemi se pojavljajo redko (Ladstätter 2000, they were common, included mixed material from La 1 137–138, t. 41: 3). Dokaj izjemne oblike je lonec (morda and La 2 phases), however they dominated in Late an- vrček) katerega kratko ustje prehaja neposredno v dolgo tiquity 2, i.e. in the 6th century. They were rare in early in položno rame in tako spominja na oblike langobardskih medieval layers ( Fig. 4.12). lončkov ( t. 93: 7). Podoben lonček je poznan s Sv. Heme, Analogies: This type has many analogies at invil- kjer je ravno tako okrašen z več enojnimi valovnicami lino. type 4a mainly corresponds to type iii d2 (with the in opredeljen kot langobardsko vplivan (Ladstätter vertical y positioned rim edge, Bierbrauer 1987, Pl. 75: 2000, 142–143, sl. 63: 5). Na tonovcovem gradu je bil 6-15), some examples correspond to type iii d3 (with the najden v Se 24, ki pomeni hodno površino na zunanji distinctively obliquely positioned rim edge, Bierbrauer strani stavbe 1 in je vsebovala najdbe iz prve in druge 1987, Pl. 76: 1-2) or type iii e (with the distinctively up- poznoantične faze. right neck, Bierbrauer 1987, Pl. 74: 12-17). Pots belonging obe varianti se pojavljata tudi v zgodnjesrednjeve- to this type were also discovered in Piran (Vidrih Perko ških kontekstih na furlanskih, primorskih in osrednje- 1994a, Fig. 5: 8), Sv. Pavel (Svoljšak 1985, Pls. 1: 15; 3: slovenskih najdiščih. V Furlaniji so bili najdeni v osopu 50) and aquileia (rupel 1994, Pl. 3: CCg 42-44). Some (Lusuardi Siena, Negri, Vil a 2004, sl. 8: 2; 11: 11–12,16), forms (Pl. 31: 13,15) with a broadened edge correspond San Daniele del Friuli (Lusuardi Siena, Negri, Vil a 2004, to invil ino type iii k (Bierbrauer 1987, Pl. 78: 7). sl. 8: 11; 11: 13–15; 14: 6) in Concordiji (Lusuardi Siena, type 4b corresponds to invil ino type iii d4 (Bierbrau- Negri, Vil a 2004, sl. 8: 6), na Primorskem v Kopru (Cu- er 1987, 198, Pl. 76: 1-5). Similar pots were also found on nja 1996, t. 34: 369–371; 35: 372,373), na Gorenjskem na rodik (Ciglenečki 2000, Fig. 115: 5-6,11), Korinjski hrib blejski Pristavi (Belak, Pleterski, Knific 2008; t. 5: 4; 7: (Ciglenečki 1985, Pl. 6: 68), Kučar (J. Dular, Ciglenečki, a. 16; 8: 17–18; 9; 10: 1–10; 11; 12: 3), v osrednji Sloveniji Dular 1995, Pls. 6: 14; 82: 8), Svete gore (P. and J. Korošec pa v Dragomlju (turk 2002, št. 3,7,15) in na Gorenjem 1978, Pls. 3: 3; 4: 1), Križna gora (Ciglenečki 2000, Fig. mokronogu (Pleterski, Belak 2002, št. 9). 105: 8-10), Sv. Pavel (Svoljšak 1985, Pls. 1: 16; 3: 51; 6: Datacija: Glede na primer z rodika lahko njihov 95-96), Gradišče nad Bašljem (Ciglenečki 2000, Fig. 121: začetek postavimo vsaj v sredino 5. st. Na invil inu so zna- 10,12-15,19), ajdna (Ciglenečki 2000, Fig. 123: 13-15), in čilni za periodo iii (Bierbrauer 1987, 208), to je za drugo Vidulis (rupel 1988, No. 1) and Coseano (rupel 1988, polovico 5. in za 6. st. tudi na tonovcovem gradu njihov 158, No. 40). at Hemmaberg they were rare (Ladstätter stratigrafski položaj kaže na največjo priljubljenost v 6. st. 2000, 137-138, Pl. 41: 3). The pot (or possibly jug) with So pa lonci tega tipa očitno dolgo v uporabi, kar kaže poja- the short rim that ran directly into the long and gradual y va te oblike v zgodnjesrednjeveških kontekstih v Furlaniji sloping shoulder represents a relatively unique shape that (Lusuardi Siena, Negri, Vil a 2004, sl. 8: 1–2,6–12; 11: is reminiscent of Lombard smal pots ( Pl. 93: 7). a similar 7–16; 14: 6,10–11), obmorskih mestih (Cunja 1996, t. 34: smal pot was found at Hemmaberg, where it was deco- 369–371; 35: 372–373) in v osrednji Sloveniji (turk 2002; rated with multiple wave lines and was thought to have Pleterski, Belak 2002). te pozne oblike imajo navadno been influenced by Lombard pottery (Ladstätter 2000, bolj izrazito oblikovan, včasih fasetiran zaključek ustja, 142-143, Fig. 63: 5). at tonovcov grad it was found in SU ki ustreza tipu invil ino iii k (Lusuardi Siena, Negri, Vil a 24, which was the floor level on the outer side of building 2004, sl. 8: 6–7,11–12; 9: 1,7–8; 11: 7–9). 1 that included finds from Late antiquity phases 1 and 2. Both variants also appear in early medieval contexts in Friuli, on the Slovenian coast and in central Slovenia. Tip 5 ( t. 93: 8–11; 94; 95: 1–7; 102: 11–12; 106: 1–2) in Friuli they were found in osoppo (Lusuardi Siena, Negri, Vil a 2004, Figs. 8: 2; 11: 11-12,16), San Daniele del Oblika: Gre za lonce s kratkim izvihanim, na zu- Friuli (Lusuardi Siena, Negri, Vil a 2004, Figs. 8: 11; 11: nanji strani odebeljenim ustjem, ki je na spodnji strani 13-15; 14: 6) and Concordia (Lusuardi Siena, Negri, Vil a izrazito spodrezano, na notranji pa usločeno tako, da 2004, Fig. 8: 6), on the Slovenian coast in Koper (Cunja 190 4_ker.indd 190 23.1.2012 12:48:49 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery tvori utor za pokrov. Utor je lahko zelo izrazit ( t. 93: 1996, Pls. 34: 369-370,371; 35: 372-373), in Gorenjska at 8–10; 94), lahko pa je notranja stran le rahlo usločena Pristava in Bled (Belak, Pleterski, Knific 2008; Pls. 5: 4; ( t. 95: 1–5). Vrat je pri ohranjenih primerih kratek, 7: 16; 8: 17–18; 9; 10: 1–10; 11; 12: 3) and in central Slov- prehod v rame oster. oblika je na tonovcovem gradu enia in Dragomelj (turk 2002, Nos. 3,7,15) and Gorenji dokaj številna. mokronog (Pleterski, Belak 2002, Pl. No 9). Velikost: Prevladujejo srednje veliki lonci Date: taking into account the example from rodik Izdelava: opaziti ni nobenih zakonitosti. we can place the beginning of this type into the mid Okras: tudi pri loncih tipa 5 je zaradi slabe ohra- 5th century. at invil ino they were characteristic for the njenosti težko sklepati o okrasu. Na zunanjem robu ustja period iii (Bierbrauer 1987, 208-209), i.e. second half of se pogosto pojavlja žlebljenje, medtem ko je na ostenju the 5th and the 6th century. Their stratigraphic position on očitno prevladovalo metličenje. V enem primeru ( t. 93: tonovcov grad indicated that they were most popular in 8) je ostenje okrašeno z nizi kratkih poševnih vrezov. the 6th century. Pots of this type were obviously in use for Na invillinu pri loncih tega tipa prevladuje metličenje a long time, which is indicated by the appearance of this in žlebljenje, pojavlja pa se tudi kombinacija valovnice form in the early medieval contexts in Friuli (Lusuardi z metličenjem (Bierbrauer 1987, t. 77: 1). Siena, Negri, Vil a 2004, Figs. 8: 1-2,6-12; 11: 7-16; 14: Lega: Nekaj primerov je bilo najdenih že v plasteh 6,10-11), coastal towns (Cunja 1996, Pls. 34: 369-371; 35: prve poznoantične faze ( t. 94: 13; 95: 2,5), prevladujejo 372-373) and central Slovenia (turk 2002; Pleterski, Belak pa v plasteh druge poznoantične faze. en primer ( t. 93: 2002). The later forms usual y have a more distinctively 9) je bil najden v zgodnjesrednjeveški plasti. formed, sometimes grooved rim ending, which corre- Analogije: Podobni lonci so pogosti na invillinu, sponds to type invil ino iii k (Lusuardi Siena, Negri, Vil a kjer so uvrščeni v tipa iii f1 (le rahlo usločen notranji 2004, Figs. 8: 6-7,11-12; 9: 1,7-8; 11: 7-9). rob) in iii f2 (izrazito usločen notranji rob; Bierbrauer 1987, t. 76: 9–10; 77: 1–6; 119: 15; 120: 12), nekateri primeri s tonovcovega gradu (npr. t. 93: 10; 94: 3; 95: 2) Type 5 ( Pls. 93: 8-11; 94; 95: 1-7; 102: 11-12; 106: 1-2) se približujejo tudi tipu iii f4 s skoraj vertikalno zaklju- čenim robom ustja (Bierbrauer 1987, t. 98: 11–12; 102: Form: These were pots with a short everted rim, 6–7). Na furlanskem prostoru je za ta tip mogoče najti thickened on the outer side, distinctively undercut on the analogije tudi v zgodnjesrednjeveških kontekstih, tako lower side and concave on the inner side so that it formed npr. v attimisu – San Giorgio (Vil a 2003, t. 2: 6) in v a groove for the lid. in some examples the groove was Concordiji (Lusuardi Siena, Negri, Vil a 2004, sl. 8: 3,5). explicitly pronounced ( Pls. 93: 8-10; 94), or merely slightly Lonci tipa 5 so znani tudi s Sv. Heme (Ladstätter concave on the inner side ( Pl. 95: 1-5). in the preserved 2000, t. 11: 8). Na vzhodneje ležečih najdiščih se zdi, da examples the neck was short, and it had a sharp transition so oblikovani nekoliko drugače, z bolj ostrim klekom into the shoulder. This shape was relatively common on na notranji strani ustja, ob prehodu v rame, ki je na tonovcov grad. tonovških primerih bolj tekoč. to velja npr. za primere Size: medium sized pots prevailed. z Gradca pri Prapretnem (Ciglenečki 1981, t. 1: 3–5; Manufacture: No special characteristics could be 4: 45) in tinja (Ciglenečki 2000, t. 20: 4,8,11–13; 21: noticed. 2–14). Decoration: The poor condition of type 5 pots made Datacija: Na invillinu so taki lonci postavljeni v it hard to define the decoration. Grooves often appeared periodo iii, ki sodi v drugo polovico 5. in v 6. st. (Bier- on the rim’s outer side, while brush strokes seemed to brauer 1987, 208–209). Ciglenečki na tinju poudarja prevail on the body wal s. in one example ( Pl. 93: 8) the njihovo poznoantično tradicijo z možnimi prežitki body wal s were covered by a series of short oblique inci- v slovansko obdobje (Ciglenečki 2000, 66). Uporabo sions. on invil ino brush strokes and grooves prevailed loncev tega tipa v zgodnjesrednjeveškem obdobju po- in this type, however a combination of wavy lines and trjujejo tudi primeri iz Furlanije, kjer so datirani v čas brush strokes was also found (Bierbrauer 1987, Pl. 77: 1). od 7. do 9. st. (Lusuardi Siena, Negri, Villa 2004, 84–87). Position: a few examples were found already in Late Na tonovcovem gradu njihova stratigrafska lega kaže antiquity 1 layers ( Pls. 94: 13; 95: 2,5), however they were na začetek uporabe sicer že v 5. st., najbolj priljubljeni most common in Late antiquity 2 layers. one example pa so bili v 6. st. ( Pl. 93: 9) was discovered in an early medieval layer. Analogies: Similar pots were common at invil ino where they were placed into types iii f1 (slightly concave Tip 6 ( t. 95: 8–11; 96; 102: 14–15; 104: 1–8; 106: 12) inner edge) and iii f2 (distinctively concave inner edge; Bierbrauer 1987, Pls. 76: 9-10; 77: 1-6; 119: 15; 120: 12). Oblika: Dokaj številno skupino na tonovcovem Some examples from tonovcov grad (e.g. Pls. 93: 10; 94: gradu sestavljajo lonci z dolgim, včasih skoraj horizon- 3; 95: 2) came close to type iii f4 with the almost verti- talno izvihanim ustjem, izrazitim, usločenim dolgim cal y ended rim edge (Bierbrauer 1987, Pls. 98: 11-12; 102: 191 4_ker.indd 191 23.1.2012 12:48:49 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery vratom in trebušastim spodnjim delom. od tipa 1 se 6-7). in Friuli the analogies for this type were also found razlikujejo po dolgem vratu, čeprav je ločitev med njimi in early medieval contexts, e.g. in attimis – San Giorgio včasih težka. (Vil a 2003, Pl. 2: 6) and in Concordia (Lusuardi Siena, Ločimo tri variante ustja: Negri, Vil a 2004, Fig. 8: 3,5). 6a: Preprosto vodoravno ali poševno izvihano, type 5 pots were also found at Hemmaberg (Lad- neodebeljeno ustje ( t. 95: 8–11; 96: 1–4; 102: 14–15; stätter 2000, Pl. 11: 8). towards the east it seems that the 104: 1–5,7); pots were formed slightly differently, sharper carinated 6b: vodoravno ali poševno izvihano ustje z odebe- (compared to the examples from tonovcov grad) on the ljenim robom ( t. 96: 5–6; 102: 15; 106: 12); inner side of the rim, at the transition into the shoulder. 6c: vodoravno izvihano, na notranji strani usločeno This was also found to be true in the examples from ustje (t. 96: 7–9,11–15; 104: 6,8). Gradec near Prapretno (Ciglenečki 1981, Pls. 1: 3-5; 4: 45) rob ustja je v večini primerov polkrožno zaključen, and tinje (Ciglenečki 2000, Pls. 20: 4,8,11-13; 21: 2-14). le redko ( t. 96: 7,13,15) je raven. opazno pri loncih Date: at invil ino such pots were dated into pe- vseh variant je, da je ostenje relativno tanko glede na riod iii, i.e. the second half of the 5th and the 6th century njihovo velikost. (Bierbrauer 1987, 208-209). Ciglenečki stressed that at Velikost: Prevladujejo srednje veliki lonci s preme- tinje they were a part of the Late antique tradition with rom med 15 in 18 cm, precej je velikih loncev s preme- possible residues into the Slav period (Ciglenečki 2000, rom med 18 in 23 cm, nekaj pa majhnih, s premerom 66). The use of this type in the early medieval period was med 10 in 14 cm. also confirmed by the examples from Friuli, where they Izdelava: izrazito prevladujejo lonci, ki sodijo v were dated to sometime between the 7th and 9th century tS 5, tS 9 in tS 10. Gre za sorodne tehnološke skupine, (Lusuardi Siena, Negri, Vil a 2004, 84-87). on tonovcov poleg teh je z nekaj primeri zastopana tS 8, z enim tS grad their stratigraphic position indicated that they were 4 in z enim tS 13. used already in the 5th century, however they reached the Lega: Velika večina loncev tipa 6 je bila najdena v peak of their popularity in the 6th century. zgodnjesrednjeveških plasteh in sicer tako na območju stavbe 1 kot tudi cerkvenega sklopa in cisterne. Večina jih je bila najdena v več odlomkih, kar na tonovcovem Type 6 ( Pls. 95: 8-11; 96; 102: 14-15; 104: 1-8; 106: 12) gradu za zgodnejše faze ni običajno. Okras: Večina loncev tipa 6 je neokrašenih, v enem Form: The relatively numerous group at tonovcov primeru se pojavlja z nizi navpičnih žlebov okrašeno grad is composed of pots with a long, sometimes almost ostenje ( t. 96: 7). Z enojno valovnico je okrašen lonec horizontal y everted rim, a pronounced, concave long iz stavbe 2 ( t. 102: 14). Lonec, najden v osrednji cerkvi, neck and a spherical body. They differ from type 1 by je okrašen s tremi linijami enojne, precej nepravilno their long necks, even though the division between the izvedene valovnice, ločene z vodoravnimi kanelurami two can sometimes be difficult. ( t. 104: 3). Three rim variants were established: Analogije: Gre za dokaj pogosto obliko, ki se po- 6a: Simple horizontal or obliquely everted, non- javlja tako v poznoantičnih kot zgodnjesrednjeveških thickened rim ( Pls. 95: 8-11; 96: 1-4; 102: 14-15; 104: kontekstih. Na furlanskem prostoru so poznani z invil- 1-5,7); lina (Bierbrauer 1987, t. 73: 1–4; 84: 1; 85: 1–3,11; 86: 7; 6b: horizontal or obliquely everted rim with a thick- 89: 9–10,12; 92: 16; 99: 1; 112: 1; 116: 8; 118: 9), Vidma ened edge ( Pls. 96: 5-6; 102: 15; 106: 12); (Buora, Fasano 1994, t. 2: iii a1, iii a2, iii a3, iii d1) in 6c: horizontal y everted rim, concave on the inner attimisa – San Giorgio (Vil a 2003, t: 2: 1–2,4). Najdeni side (Pl. 96: 7-9,11-15; 104: 6,8). so bili tudi na grobiščih v Špetru (San Pietro al Natiso- in most cases the rim edge was semi-circularly ne), kjer so datirani v drugo polovico 6. in začetek 7. st. ended, only rarely ( Pl. 96: 7,13,15) was it straight. Con- (Borzaconi 2007, t. 4: 1) ter v romans d'isonzo (maselli sidering their size al subtypes have relatively thin wal s. Scotti 1989, t. 2: 10,18–19). Size: medium sized pots with a diameter ranging Podobni lonci so bili najdeni tudi v Kopru (Cunja from 15 to 18 cm prevail, the large pots with a diameter 1996, t. 34: 363–367) in na Gorenjskem na blejski Pri- between 18 and 23 cm were also common and some stavi (Belak, Pleterski, Knific 2008; t. 10: 13; 12: 1). V smal pots with the diameter between 10 and 14 cm osrednji in vzhodni Sloveniji so poznani s tinja, kjer so were represented. uvrščeni v tip 4 (Ciglenečki 2000, 65; t. 17; 18), Vranja Manufacture: Pots made in the similar technologi- (Knific 1979, št. 51,78, 80,85), Gorenjega mokronoga cal groups (tG 5, tG 9 and tG 10) were by far the most (Pleterski, Belak 2002, št. 10–11) in Dragomlja (turk common. Some pots were made in tG 8, one example in 2002, št. 1, 2; sl. 4, 5). Na Koroškem so poznani s Sv. tG 4 and one in tG 13. Heme (Ladstätter 2000, t. 50: 8) in teurnije (rodriguez Position: most type 6 pots were discovered in early 1997, t. 2: 10,12). medieval layers, in the excavation area of building 1, ec- 192 4_ker.indd 192 23.1.2012 12:48:49 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery Datacija: Najbližje analogije so v Furlaniji. Na clesiastical complex and the cistern. most of them were najdišču San Giorgio v attimisu so bili lonci tega tipa found in numerous pieces, which is unusual for the early najdeni v plasteh, ki pripadajo času po opustitvi objektov phases at tonovcov grad. (Vil a 2003, 302–305). Na Kapucinskem vrtu v Kopru Decoration: most type 6 pots were not decorated, so na podlagi odsotnosti uvožene keramike v kon- in one example the wal s were decorated with a series of tekstih s takimi lonci le-ti postavljeni v čas po koncu vertical grooves ( Pl. 96: 7). The pot from building 2 ( Pl. 6. st. (Cunja 1996, 124–126). Na tinju so bili najdeni 102: 14) was decorated with a single wavy line. The pot večinoma v kontekstih, ki sodijo v zgodnjesrednjeveško found in the central church was decorated with three obdobje (Ciglenečki 2000, 65, 140, sl. 146). Na Gorenjem relatively uneven wavy lines, separated by horizontal mokronogu so interpretirani kot staroselski prežitek v grooves ( Pl. 104: 3). slovanskodobnem okolju oziroma kot primer, kjer je Analogies: This was a relatively common shape that prihajalo do prenosa lončarskih znanj med staroselci in appeared in Late antique as wel as early medieval con- Slovani (Pleterski, Belak 2002, 102; sl. 8). tudi podobni texts. in Friuli they were found at invillino (Bierbrauer lonci iz Dragomlja so datirani v čas po koncu 7. st. (turk 1987, Pls. 73: 1-4; 84: 1; 85: 1-3,11; 86: 7; 89: 9-10,12; 92: 2002, 82–83).49 16; 99: 1; 112: 1; 116: 8; 118: 9), Udine (Buora, Fasano tudi lonci s tonovcovega gradu so bili večinoma 1994, Pl. 2: iii a1, iii a2, iii a3, iii d1) and attimis – San najdeni v zgodnjesrednjeveških plasteh. Predstavljajo Giorgio (Vil a 2003, Pl. 2: 1-2,4). They were also found najmlajše keramično gradivo na tonovcovem gradu in cemeteries in San Pietro al Natisone, where they were in tvorijo dokaj enotno skupino. Poleg oblike jih druži dated into the second half of the 6th and the beginning of enotna izdelava in skoraj popolna odsotnost okrasa. the 7th century (Borzaconi 2007, Pl. 4: 1), and at romans d’isonzo (maselli Scotti 1989, Pl. 2: 10,18-19). Similar pots were also found in Koper (Cunja 1996, Tip 7 ( t. 97: 1–6; 102: 16) Pl. 34: 363-367) and at Pristava in Bled (Belak, Pleterski, Knific 2008; Pls: 10: 13; 12: 1). They are known at tinje Oblika: V ta tip so uvrščeni lonci z dolgim, skoraj (type 4, Ciglenečki 2000, 65; Pls. 17; 18), Vranje (Knific vodoravno izvihanim, lahko rahlo odebeljenim ustjem, 1979, Nos. 51,78,80,85) Gorenji mokronog (Pleterski, ki skoraj brez vratu prehaja v vrečast trup. Ustje je na Belak 2002, Nos. 10-11), Dragomelj (turk 2002, Nos. 1-2; notranji strani rahlo usločeno. rob ustja je lahko žlebljen Figs. 4-5). in Carinthia they were discovered at Hemma- ( t. 97: 1–2) ali rahlo razširjen ( t. 97: 5). berg (Ladstätter 2000, Pl. 50: 8) and teurnia (rodriguez Velikost: Prevladujejo srednje veliki lonci. 1997, Pl. 2: 10,12). Okras: Kot je mogoče sklepati iz ohranjenih ostenj, Date: The closest analogies were found in Friuli. in so bili lonci tega tipa večinoma neokrašeni. San Giorgio in attimis this type was found in layers that Izdelava: Prevladujejo lonci dokaj trde, kvalitetne belong to the period after the buildings were abandoned fakture. (Vil a 2003, 302-305). in Kapucinski vrt in Koper these Lega: Večina jih je bilo najdenih v plasteh druge pots were dated sometime after the 6th century due to poznoantične faze ( sl. 4.12). the lack of imported pottery in the contexts with such Analogije: Na invillinu je oblika redko zastopana, pots (Cunja 1996, 124-126). at tinje they were mainly blizu so ji nekatere variante tipa iii f1 (Bierbrauer 1987, found in early medieval contexts (Ciglenečki 2000, t. 77: 5–6,13), pa tudi tipa iii l (Bierbrauer 2000, t. 78: 65, 140, Fig. 146). in Gorenji mokronog they were 9,11). Podobne oblike so poznane tudi iz akvileje (ru- interpreted as an autochthonous romanised settlers’ pel 1994, CCg 16–20). Pojavljajo se tudi na najdiščih remnant within the Slav environment or as an example vzhodne in osrednje Slovenije. Na tinju jim ustrezajo of how pottery skil s passed from the original settlers nekateri lonci tipa 5 (Ciglenečki 2000, t. 21; 22), vendar to the Slavs (Pleterski, Belak 2002, 102; Fig. 8). Similar so tinjski primeri oblikovani nekoliko bolj ostro kot naši. pots from Dragomelj were dated sometime after the 7th Podobno velja za primere z Vranja (Knific 1979, 101; century (turk 2002, 82-83).49 mirnik-Prezelj 1984, t. 12: 146; 13: 150; 15: 158–160), on tonovcov grad most of the pots belonging to this Vipote (Ciglenečki 2000, sl. 90: 2) in Betnave (Strmč- type were found in early medieval layers. They represent nik 1997, t. 1: 8). Na Sv. Hemi ustreza varianti 2 tipa 6 the youngest pottery group at tonovcov grad and form a (Ladstätter 2000, t. 13: 1). relatively unified group. apart from the shape they also Datacija: Na tinju se pojavljajo izključno v po- shared the unified manufacture and the almost total lack znoantičnih kompleksih, njihova odsotnost pa naj bi of decoration. (posebej v južnonoriškem prostoru) pomenila odsotnost poselitve v drugi polovici 5. in v 6. st. (Ciglenečki 2000, 49 in Dragomelj a similarly shaped pot made on a fast 49 V Dragomlju je bil lonec podobne oblike izdelan na spinning potter’s wheel was found in a pit which is placed hitrem vretenu, najden pa v jami, z radiokarbonsko datacijo into the 8th century on the base of radiocarbon dating (turk postavljeni v 8. st. (turk 2002, 83). 2002, 83). 193 4_ker.indd 193 23.1.2012 12:48:49 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery 139). Na Sv. Hemi se pojavljajo izključno v plasteh 5. st. Type 7 ( Pls. 97: 1-6; 102: 16) (Ladstätter 2000, 139). Na tonovcovem gradu pa jih gle- de na njihovo stratigrafsko lego lahko postavimo v 6. st. Form: This type consists of pots with long, almost horizontal y everted, slightly thickened rims that trans- form into a bag shaped body almost without a neck. on Tip 8 ( t. 97: 7; 106: 3–5) the inner side the rim was slightly concave. The edge of the rim could be grooved ( Pl. 97: 1-2) or slightly widened Oblika: Gre za majhno skupino loncev z izvihanim ( Pl. 97: 5). ustjem in izrazitim, cilindrično oblikovanim vratom. Size: medium sized pots prevail. Prehod ustja v vrat je oster. Cilindrična oblika vratu in Decoration: The preserved wal s indicate that most oster prehod vratu v ustje in ostenje jih loči od loncev pots belonging to this type were not decorated. tipa 6, pri katerih je prehod bolj tekoč. Manufacture: Pots of a relatively hard, quality fabric Okras: Kot je mogoče sklepati iz ohranjenih ostenj, dominate. so bili lonci tega tipa večinoma neokrašeni, včasih se na Position: most of them were found in Late antiquity ostenju pojavljajo kanelure ali vodoravno metličenje. 2 layers ( Fig. 4.12). Izdelava: opaziti ni nobenih zakonitosti. Analogies: This shape was rare at invil ino, however Lega: Vsi so bili najdeni v plasteh prve poznoan- it sometimes corresponds to some iii f1 (Bierbrauer tične faze. 1987, Pl. 77: 5-6,13) and iii l subtypes (Bierbrauer 2000, Analogije: tip na obravnavanem prostoru ni po- Pl. 78: 9,11). Similar forms were also found in aquileia gost. Podobne oblike so poznane s Hrušice (Giesler (rupel 1994, CCg 16-20). They also appear in east and 1981, t. 48: 4–5). central Slovenia. This type corresponds to some type 5 pots in tinje (Ciglenečki 2000, Pls. 21; 22), however the tinje examples have a slightly sharper design. Similar can VrČi be said for the examples from Vranje (Knific 1979, No. 101; mirnik-Prezelj 1984, Pls. 12: 146; 13: 150; 15: 158- med vrče uvrščamo posode z izvihanim ustjem, 160), Vipota (Ciglenečki 2000, Fig. 90: 2) and Betnava izrazitim vratom, kroglastim trupom in enim ali več (Strmčnik 1997, Pl. 1: 8). at Hemmaberg it corresponds ročajev. Na tonovcovem gradu so zastopani redko ( t. to type 6 variant 2 (Ladstätter 2000, Pl. 13: 1). 97: 8–16). Date: at tinje they appear exclusively in Late an- ohranjeno je ostenje enoročajnega vrčka z str- tique contexts, and their absence is supposed to (espe- mimi ramami, okrašenega z valovnico med dvema cial y in the south Noricum area) indicate that it was not horizontalnima žlebovoma (t. 97: 8). Ustje ni ohranjeno, inhabited during the second half of the 5th and in the 6th možno je, da se je razširilo v izlivek, kot je to primer pri century (Ciglenečki 2000, 139). at Hemmaberg they ap- podobnem vrčku z ajdne (Ciglenečki 2000, sl. 124: 8) ali peared exclusively in 5th century layers (Ladstätter 2000, Šenturške gore (rodriguez 1997, t. 7: 72). Vrček izvira 139), while at tonovcov grad their stratigraphic position iz premešanih plasti. placed them into the 6th century. Pri drugem primeru ( t. 97: 9) gre za ostenje krogla- stega (verjetno dvoročajnega) vrčka, pri katerem ustje ravno tako ni bilo ohranjeno. Type 8 ( Pls. 97: 7; 106: 3-5) Poleg tega je bilo najdenih še nekaj ročajev, ki so ravno tako pripadali vrčkom ( t. 97: 10–16). Form: This is a smal group of pots with an everted Posebne zakonitosti pri pojavljanju vrčkov ni rim and a pronounced, cylindrical y shaped neck. The opaziti, saj so bili najdeni v plasteh prve in druge transition from the rim into the neck is sharp. The cylin- poznoantične faze. Večinoma so izdelani kvalitetno, drical neck shape and the sharp transition of the neck into prevladuje oksidacijsko žganje in trda, včasih glajena the rim and body make them different from the type 6 površina (tS 8 in 13). pots with a smoother transition. Skromno število vrčkov je bilo najdeno tudi na Decoration: The preserved wal s indicate that most invillinu, kjer je postavljena domneva, da so se kot pots belonging to this type were not decorated, however namizno pivsko posodje uporabljali v glavnem stekleni sometimes grooves or horizontal brush strokes could be kozarci, ki so bili najdeni v velikem številu (Bierbrauer seen on the wal s. 1987, 194). Podobno lahko domnevamo tudi za tonov- Manufacture: No special characteristics have been cov grad, kjer je bilo ravno tako najdeno veliko steklenih noticed. kozarcev (glej pogl. 3.1) Position: al were found in Late antiquity 1 layers. Analogies: This type was not common in the dis- cussed area. Similar forms were found at Hrušica (Giesler 1981, Pl. 48: 4-5). 194 4_ker.indd 194 23.1.2012 12:48:50 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery 4.2.3 oKraS JUGS Na keramiki s tonovcovega gradu se pojavljajo tri Jugs are vessels with an everted rim, pronounced osnovne krasilne tehnike: tehnika vrezovanja, vtiskova- neck, rounded body and one or more handles. They were nja in modeliranja. rare on tonovcov grad ( Pl. 97: 8-16). okrasi v teh tehnikah so lahko izvedeni z različni- The wal of a single-handle jug with steep shoul- mi instrumenti. tako imamo pri vrezovanju zastopan ders, decorated with a wavy line between two horizontal pravi vrez (izveden z ostrim orodjem tako, da je profil grooves was found (Pl. 97: 8). The rim was not preserved, v obliki črke V), žleb ali kaneluro (profil v obliki črke however it could have widened into a spout, as was the U) in glavničenje oziroma metličenje. meja med njima case with the similar jugs from ajdna (Ciglenečki 2000, ni vedno jasna, v osnovi pa velja, da so zareze, narejene Fig. 124: 8) or Ulrichsberg (rodriguez 1997, Pl. 7: 72). z glavničastim orodjem (nem. Kammstrich, it. pettine) The jug was found in mixed layers. bolj ostre in pravilne od tistih, narejenih z metlico (nem. The second discovered example ( Pl. 97: 9) consisted Besenstrich, it. scopetto). ta delitev je posebno težka of the wal s of a rounded (most likely double-handled) (včasih nemogoča) pri nepravilno izvedenem okrasu jug. The rim was also not preserved. na ročno izdelanih posodah (Ladstätter 2000, 150). Vse a few jug handles were also discovered ( Pl. 97: oblike vrezovanja so bile na keramiko s tonovcovega 10-16). gradu izvedene pred žganjem, kar je splošna značilnost No special characteristics were noticed as regards the poznoantične keramike vzhodnoalpskega prostora location of the jugs, for they were found in Late antiquity (martelli 1995, 121; Ladstätter 2000, 151). 1 and 2 layers. most of them were of quality manufacture, Vtiskovanje je navadno izvedeno z ostrim predme- oxidation fired with a hard, sometimes smoothened sur- tom v površino posode pred žganjem. tudi pri tej tehniki face (tG 8 and 13). so orodja lahko različna, na keramiki s tonovcovega Several jugs were found at invil ino, where it was gradu prevladujejo vtisi s kratkim, ostrim predmetom assumed that glass goblets were used as drinking vessels, (noht, šilo). Poznamo tudi vtise z glavničastim pred- for they were found in large numbers (Bierbrauer 1987, metom. 194). Similar can also be assumed for tonovcov grad, Pri modeliranju gre za oblikovanje plastičnih iz- where large numbers of glass goblets were discovered boklin iz stene posode. Pri obravnavani keramiki so to (see chapter 3.1) večinoma rebra, ki so ponavadi okrašena še s tehniko vtiskovanja, lahko pa so iz stene posode modelirani tudi ročaji. 4.2.3 DeCoratioN Pottery from tonovcov grad showed three basic metLiČeNJe oZiroma GLaVNiČeNJe decoration techniques: incision, impression and model- ling techniques. Najpogostejša krasilna tehnika na tonovcovem These techniques could be performed with vari- gradu je glavničenje oziroma metličenje, ki se pogosto ous tools. incised decoration can be made by a proper druži tudi z drugimi vrstami okrasa. Pojavlja se lahko cut (made with a sharp tool with a V shaped profile), na zunanji, notranji ali obeh straneh posode. Bolj po- groove (U shaped profile) or combing or brush strokes. gosto je uporabljeno na skledah, pojavlja pa se tudi na The differentiation between the latter two is unclear, but loncih. Linije lahko potekajo vodoravno, poševno ali v in general incisions made with a comb-like tool (Germ. več smeri, ko nastane motiv mreže. Kammstrich, it. pettine) are sharper and more regular metličenje in glavničenje sta na rimski keramiki than those made with a brush (Germ. Besenstrich, it. pogost motiv, njegova tradicija pa na obravnavanem scopetto). it is especial y hard (sometimes impossible) to območju sega še v predrimski čas. V poznorimskem distinguish between the two when dealing with irregular obdobju postane prevladujoč dekorativni element decorations on hand-made vessels (Ladstätter 2000, 150). grobe keramike,50 njegova priljubljenost se nadaljuje at tonovcov grad the incised decoration took place before skozi vse obdobje pozne antike tudi v zgodnji srednji the pottery was fired, which is a general characteristic of vek. H. rodriguez je predpostavila razvoj glavničenja Late antique pottery in the Southeast alps (martel i 1995, v pozni antiki od finega h grobemu (rodriguez 1988, 121; Ladstätter 2000, 151). 144; 1992, 168–169; 1997, 153–154). Pri tem naj bi impression is usual y performed by a sharp tool that bilo fino metličenje v ozki povezavi z ornamentom is pressed into the vessel surface before firing. This can be created with a variety of tools, and on tonovcov grad 50 Priljubljenost metličenja v 4. st. kaže primer Hrušice, the impressions were in most cases created by a short and kjer se pojavlja horizontalno, navpično in poševno metli- sharp tool (fingernail, awl). We have also found imprints čenje, pa tudi metličenje v več smereh (Giesler 1981, t. 46: made with a comb-like tool. 9–16,18-30; 47: 2–8,14–15,20,22,24; 48: 4–9,18–23,28,31). 195 4_ker.indd 195 23.1.2012 12:48:50 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery model ing is a process in which bulges are created from vessel wal s. in our case most examples were pre- sented by ribs decorated with the pressing technique, and handles that were model ed from vessel wal s. BrUSH StroKeS or ComBiNG The most common decorative technique at tonovcov grad was combing or brush strokes, both of which were commonly combined with other decoration types. This decoration type could appear on the outer, inner or on both sides of the vessel. it is more likely to appear on bowls, but it also appears on pots. The lines can run horizontal y, obliquely or in multiple directions, thus creating the net motif. Sl. 4.13: metličenje ( t. 84: 2; foto: m. Zaplatil). m. = 1:1. Fig. 4.13: Brush strokes ( Pl. 84: 2; photo: m. Zaplatil). Scale = 1:1. Brush strokes and combing are common on roman pottery, and in the discussed area they appear already in pre-roman times. in the Late roman period this decora- cesarskodobnega obdobja, sčasoma pa je ta povezava tive element becomes the most common on coarse ware,50 vse manjša. Za čas 6. st. naj bi bila značilna popolna and its popularity continues throughout Late antiquity prevlada grobega metličenja (rodriguez 1992, 168). and into the early medieval period. H. rodriguez pre- izrazito grobo metličenje naj bi bilo v vzhodnih alpah supposed that combing in Late antiquity evolved from značilno za zgodnjesrednjeveško obdobje. fine to coarse (rodriguez 1988, 144; 1992, 168-169; 1997, Nasprotno tonovcov grad kaže, da se določen tip 153-154). Fine brush strokes were supposedly linked to metličenja bolj povezuje z določenim tipom posode, the decorations found in the early imperial period, but as kot pa na kronološki razvoj od finega metličenja proti time went by this link started to diminish. Coarse brush grobemu.51 Posebej izrazito je to mogoče opaziti pri strokes dominated in the 6th century (rodriguez 1992, skledah. tu se pojavlja zelo fino, pogosto v več smereh 168). in the eastern alps extremely coarse brush strokes potekajoče metličenje ( t. 74: 10; 76: 3–4,8,11,14–15; 79: were characteristic of the early medieval period. 1; 82: 9). tako metličenje je posebej pogosto na skledah in opposition the appearance of this ornament at tipa 1, posebno 1c ( t. 76: 3–4,8,11,14–15), ki so bile tonovcov grad indicates that a certain type of brush najdene v plasteh druge poznoantične faze, pa tudi v stroke was linked to a certain vessel type, and not to the zgodnjesrednjeveških plasteh. Vsaj za 6. st. torej lahko chronological development from fine to coarse brush govorimo o uporabi dokaj finega metličenja. strokes.51 This was clearly noticed on bowls, where very metličenje je lahko izvedeno tudi bolj grobo, tako fine brush strokes appeared, often in multiple directions da potegi z metlico ali glavnikom tvorijo izrazite brazde. ( Pls. 74: 10; 76: 3-4,8,11,14-15; 79: 1; 82 : 9). Such brush tudi tovrstno metličenje lahko poteka v več smereh in strokes were common on type 1 bowls, especial y type 1c tvori motiv mreže ( sl. 4.13; t. 82: 8; 83: 9–10; 84: 1–5). ( Pl. 76: 3-4,8,11,14-15), which were found in Late antiq- Grobo navzkrižno metličenje je na tonovcovem gradu uity 2 layers, as wel as in early medieval layers. relatively zastopano skoraj izključno na skledah tipa 5 (predvsem fine brush strokes were used at least in the 6th century if 5b), ki se začnejo pojavljati že v plasteh prve poznoan- not longer. tične faze, prevladujejo pa v plasteh druge poznoantične Brush strokes could also be coarser, and the brush faze, torej v 6. st. Najbližje analogije za ta okras so na or comb-like tool could create pronounced grooves. invillinu (Bierbrauer 1987, t. 71: 8; 72: 1–3; 108: 2; Such brush strokes could be made in various directions, 111: 6; 113: 6), kjer se prav tako pojavlja predvsem na thus forming the net motif ( Fig. 4.13; Pls. 82: 8; 83: 9-10; skledah, ter na Castelraimondu (martelli 1995, sl. 10). 84: 1-5). at tonovcov grad coarse brush strokes in all izrazito grobo izvedenega metličenja, ki je značilnost zgodnjesrednjeveške keramike na tirolskem in v Fur- 50 in the 4th century the popularity of brush strokes was laniji (rodriguez 1992, 172; Ladstätter 2000, 151; Vil a indicated by the example from Hrušica where horizontal, 2005, 84, sl. 15), na tonovcovem gradu ni. vertical and oblique brush strokes appeared, as well as brush Pri loncih se metličenje pojavlja skoraj pri vseh strokes in various directions (Giesler 1981, Pls. 46: 9-16,18- tipih z izjemo tipov 6 in 7, vendar ni zelo pogosto in 30; 47: 2-8,14-15,20,22,24; 48: 4-12,15-16,18-23,28,31). 51 Similar holds true for Hemmaberg, where a certain 51 Podobno velja za Sv. Hemo, kjer se na določene tipe type of brush strokes was applied to certain vessel types, re- posod veže določen način metličenja, ne glede na kronološki gardless of the chronological position of the vessel (Ladstät- položaj posode (Ladstätter 2000, 151). ter 2000, 151). 196 4_ker.indd 196 23.1.2012 12:48:50 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery ga ne moremo posebej povezati z nobenim oblikovnim directions were almost exclusively found on type 5 bowls tipom. Le izjemoma nastopa metličenje v več smereh ( t. (especial y 5b), which started to appear in layers of Late 98: 2), pogostejše je vodoravno metličenje. antiquity 1 phase and prevailed in layers of Late antiq- metličenje se pogosto povezuje tudi z drugimi uity 2 phase, i.e. in the 6th century. The closest analogies okrasnimi tehnikami, predvsem z valovnico. were found at invil ino (Bierbrauer 1987, Pls. 71: 8; 72: 1-3; 108: 2; 111: 6; 113: 6), where they appeared mainly on bowls, and at Castelraimondo (martel i 1995, Fig. 10). VaLoVNiCa No exceptional y coarse brush strokes, characteristic of early medieval pottery in tyrol and Friuli (rodriguez Valovnica je okrasni motiv, ki je večinoma izveden 1992, 172; Ladstätter 2000, 151; Vil a 2005, 84, Fig. 15), v tehniki vrezovanja oziroma žlebljenja. Pogosto se po- were found on tonovcov grad. javlja skupaj z drugimi tehnikami in motivi (predvsem Brush strokes appeared on almost al pot types, s horizontalnimi vrezi oz. kanelurami ter metličenjem). with the exception of types 6 and 7; however they were Na poznoantični keramiki je bila izvedena z enojnim ali not very common and could not be linked to a specific glavničastim orodjem na steno posode pred pečenjem. shape. Brush strokes in various directions appeared only Spada med najpogostejše motive na poznoantični kera- as an exception ( Pl. 98: 2); horizontal brush strokes were miki v jugovzhodnih alpah. much more common. Z okrasom valovnice na poznoantični grobi kerami- Brush strokes often appeared in combination with ki v jugovzhodnoalpskem prostoru se je v največ ukvarjala other decorative techniques, especial y wavy lines. Helgard rodriguez (1986; 1992; 1997). Prvi pojav enojne valovnice na s finim metličenjem okrašeni poznoantični grobi keramiki v jugovzhodnih alpah je, predvsem za- WaVy LiNe radi odsotnosti tovrstnega okrasa na Hrušici, postavila v zadnjo tretjino 4. st., povezala pa ga je z vplivom podo- Wavy line is a decorative motif performed in the navskega prostora (rodriguez 1992, 166; 1997, 158). S to incising or grooving technique. it often appeared in tezo v nasprotju je predpostavka Ladstätterjeve o regio- combination with other techniques and motifs (espe- nalnem izvoru oblik in okrasnega spektra poznoantične cial y with horizontal incisions or grooves and brush keramike v jugovzhodnoalpskem prostoru (Ladstätter strokes). in Late antiquity it was created with a single or 2000, 134, 150). Valovnica je sicer poznana že na rimski comb-like tool before the pottery was fired. it was one of keramiki zgodnjega cesarstva na tem prostoru, vendar the most frequent motifs on Late antique pottery in the gre pri tej za popolnoma druge oblikovne in tehnološke Southeastern alps. značilnosti, hkrati pa povsem izgine v obdobju srednjega Helgard rodriguez (1986; 1992; 1997) has written cesarstva (rodriguez 1992, 168, op. 29). the most studies dealing with the wavy line decoration Glede nadaljnjega razvoja valovnice rodriguezova on Late antique coarse ware in the Southeastern alps. predpostavlja (podobno kot pri metličenju) razvoj od in the Southeastern alps she placed the first appear- finih k bolj grobim oblikam. tako naj bi bile za 6. st. ance of a single wavy line on a coarse ware into the last značilne nepravilne, večlinijske valovnice na grobo third of the 4th century – mainly due to the lack of such glavničenih površinah posode (rodriguez 1992, 168). decoration at Hrušica. This decoration was created by fine brush strokes and was linked to the influence from the Danubian area (rodriguez 1992, 166; 1997, 158). Ladstätter’s assumption as regards the regional origin and the decoration spectre of Late antique pottery in the Southeastern alps is in contradiction to this thesis (Ladstätter 2000, 134, 150). in this area the wavy line was known from early roman pottery, however it had a completely different design and technological charac- teristics, and it disappeared during the middle roman period (rodriguez 1992, 168, note 29). taking into account the further development of the wavy line rodriguez assumed (similar to brush strokes) that it developed from fine to coarse. Thus irregular multiline wavy lines on coarse combed surfaces were characteristic of the 6th century (rodriguez 1992, 168). on tonovcov grad the wavy line appeared in layers belonging to both Late antiquity phases, as wel as to the Sl. 4.14: Valovnica ( t. 81: 1; foto: m. Zaplatil). m. = 1:1. early medieval period. The multiline wavy lines appeared Fig. 4.14: Wavy line ( Pl. 81: 1; photo: m. Zaplatil). Scale = 1:1. 197 4_ker.indd 197 23.1.2012 12:48:51 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery in combination with brush strokes or combed decoration already in Late antiquity 1 layers, i.e. the second half of the 4th and beginning of the 5th century. Bowls were more likely to be decorated with a wavy line than pots. it often appeared in combination with other decorative techniques (brush strokes, incisions, grooves). The single wavy line prevailed, while multiple lines mainly appeared on bowls types 2, 3 and 6 ( Pls. 78: 7,9; 80: 1,9- 10; 84: 7,10,12). type 1 bowls were decorated only with a single wavy line, sometimes appearing in a strip ( Pls. 76: 7,10; 103: 2) or in combination with brush strokes ( Pl. 74: 2,8). Similar can be said for type 1 bowls from invil ino (Bierbrauer 1987, Pls. 70: 1,3,5,13; 72: 3), Koper (Cunja 1996, Pl. 37: 391-392), Križna gora (Ciglenečki 2000, Fig. 108: 3,10-11) and Hemmaberg (Ladstätter 2000, Pls. 14: 5; 56: 5). The multiple wavy lines on the two type 5a bowls were nicely done ( Pls. 83: 1; 105: 5), while this type of decoration never appeared on type 5b bowls. The wavy line appeared mainly on pot types 1 and 2; it could appear as a single line, a number of single lines or a multiple wavy line ( Pls. 87: 1,7-8; 88: 1,3-4, 8; 89: 1,6, 10, Sl. 4.15: metličenje in valovnica ( t. 99: 1; foto: m. Zaplatil). 13; 90: 1,3; 103: 10). on most pots the wavy line appeared m. = 1:1. Fig. 4.15: in combination with brush strokes and horizontal grooves Brush strokes and wavy line ( Pl. 99: 1; photo: m. Zaplatil). Scale = 1:1. ( Pls. 98: 7-13; 99: 1-6), and rarely with impressions. on a single example of a type 6 pot three skips with horizontal grooves divided a relatively irregularly made wavy line ( Pl. Na tonovcovem gradu se valovnica pojavlja v 104: 3). Wavy lines never appeared on pots types 7 and 8. plasteh obeh poznoantičnih faz, pa tudi v zgodnjem a richer wavy line decoration appeared at tonovcov srednjem veku. Pri tem se tudi v plasteh prve pozno- grad on vessels belonging to Late antiquity phase 1. antične faze, ki sodijo v drugo polovico 4. in začetek These were predominantly multiple wavy lines with a 5. st. že pojavlja večlinijska valovnica v kombinaciji z large amplitude ( Pls. 78: 7,9; 83: 1; 84: 7,10,12; 105: 5), metličenjem oz. glavničenjem. thus they sometimes transformed into a spruce branch Z valovnico so večkrat okrašene sklede kot lonci. or fishbone motif ( Pls. 78: 9; 84: 12). Such wavy lines Pogosto je njeno druženje z drugimi ornamentalnimi were often combined with impressions or incisions. This tehnikami (metličenje, vbodi, kanelure). Prevladuje decoration was not as commonly found in Late antiq- enojna valovnica, večlinijska pa se pojavlja predvsem na uity 2 layers (Pls. 80: 10; 90: 1), where a single, irregular skledah tipov 2, 3 in 6 ( t. 78: 7,9; 80: 1,9–10; 84: 7,10,12). wavy line combined with grooves (and rarely with brush Na skledah tipa 1 se pojavlja izključno enojna valovnica, strokes) appeared ( Pls. 75: 4; 77: 1,6,-7; 78: 13,16; 79: lahko tudi v pasovih ( t. 76: 7,10; 103: 2) in v kombinaciji 6-7,15-16; 80: 3; 81: 7; 85: 6; 87: 1,7; 93: 1; 99: 2-6; 102: z metličenjem ( t. 74: 2,8). Podobno velja za sklede tipa 1 1,14; 103: 1). in the early medieval layers only single line z invil ina (Bierbrauer 1987, t. 70: 1,3,5,13; 72: 3), Kopra or multiple individual wavy lines appeared; these were (Cunja 1996, t. 37: 391–392), Križne gore (Ciglenečki usual y extended, and were irregular in their shape ( Pls. 2000, sl. 108: 3,10–11) in Sv. Heme (Ladstätter 2000, t. 74: 2; 98: 9; 103: 2,10; 104: 3). 14: 5; 56: 5). Zelo lepo je izvedena večlinijska valovnica The single wavy line dominated on ajdna, sometimes na dveh skledah tipa 5a ( t. 83: 1; 105: 5), nikoli pa se ne it appeared in strips, and it was often combined with other pojavlja na skledah tipa 5b. techniques, especial y impressions (Ciglenečki 2000, Fig. Pri loncih se valovnica pojavlja predvsem pri tipih 123: 1-7,14; 124: 1-3,6-8). The stratigraphic position of the 1 in 2 in sicer lahko enojna, več enojnih ali večlinijska finds is unknown. in Koper the multiple wavy line was rare, valovnica ( t. 87: 1,7–8; 88: 1,3–4,8; 89: 1,6,10,13; 90: for it appeared exclusively on pots that belonged to the 1,3; 103: 10). Na loncih se pojavlja večinoma skupaj z first group and were dated into the 5th and 6th century. on metličenjem in horizontalnimi kanelurami ( t. 98: 7–13; the other hand, the regular single wavy line was relatively 99: 1–6), redko pa z vbodi. Pri loncih tipa 6 se samo v common (Cunja 1996, Pl. 33: 354-362). in most cases the enem primeru pojavijo trije pasovi s horizontalnimi pots belonging to the second group (dated after the 7th kanelurami ločene enojne, dokaj nepravilno izvedene century) revealed a single, gradual and irregular wavy line. valovnice ( t. 104: 3). Valovnice se nikoli ne pojavljajo The regular or irregular single wavy line was the na loncih tipov 7 in 8. most commonly found decoration type on the material 198 4_ker.indd 198 23.1.2012 12:48:51 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery Bogatejši okras valovnice se na tonovcovem gradu from invil ino (Bierbrauer 1987, Pls. 70: 2; 82: 10,12; 84: pojavlja na posodah iz prve poznoantične faze. to so 1,18; 85: 7-9); the multiple wavy line was rare (Bierbrauer večinoma večlinijske valovnice z veliko amplitudo ( t. 78: 1987, Pl. 70: 12). at Casteraimondo no wavy line decora- 7,9; 83: 1; 84: 7,10,12; 105: 5), tako da včasih prehajajo tions was found. že v motiv smrekovih vejic oziroma ribje kosti ( t. 78: 9; on Hemmaberg vessels decorated with a wavy line 84: 11). take valovnice so pogosto kombinirane z vbodi dominated in the layers belonging to the second half in vrezi. V plasteh druge poznoantične faze je tak okras of the 6th century, thus author concluded that the wavy redkejši (t. 80: 10; 90: 1). takrat prevladuje enolinijska, line became dominant in the Southeastern alps only večinoma bolj nepravilno izvedena valovnica, ki je kom- during the 6th century (Ladstätter 2000, 151). However, binirana samo še s kanelurami in redko metličenjem ( t. alongside tonovcov grad a few other sites in western 75: 4; 77: 1,6–7; 78: 13,16; 79: 6–7,15–16; 80: 3; 81: 7; 85: Slovenia indicate that the wavy line (in al its shapes) was 6; 87: 1,7; 93: 1; 99: 2–6; 102: 1,14; 103: 1). V zgodnjesred- popular already in the 5th century. richly decorated pots njeveških plasteh se pojavlja samo še enojna oziroma with various types of wavy lines and brush strokes were več enojnih, precej razvlečenih, nepravilno izvedenih found on rodik (Ciglenečki 2000, Pl. 115: 1-2), which was valovnic ( t. 74: 2; 98: 9; 103: 2,10; 104: 3). most probably not inhabited beyond the mid 5th century Na ajdni prevladuje enojna valovnica, včasih v (Slapšak 1985; Vidrih Perko 1997a; Ciglenečki 2000, 107). pasovih, pogosto pa kombinirana z drugimi tehnikami, on Kučar, which was inhabited until the end of the 5th predvsem vbodi (Ciglenečki 2000, sl. 123: 1–7,14; 124: century, the multiple wavy line appeared in a single exam- 1–3,6–8), vendar stratigrafski položaj najdb ni poznan. V ple, i.e. on an everted rim belonging to a bowl (J. Dular, Kopru je večlinijska valovnica redka, pojavlja se izključ- Ciglenečki, a. Dular 1995, Pl. 79: 8). individual wavy lines no na loncih, ki pripadajo prvi skupini in so datirani v prevailed, often found on vessel wal s in combination with čas 5. in 6. st., dokaj pogosta pa je pravilna enolinijska brush strokes. The rich repertoire of various wavy lines valovnica (Cunja 1996, t. 33: 354–362). Na loncih dru- can also be found at Predloka (Boltin-tome 1993, Pls. 2: ge skupine, datiranih v čas po 7. st. prevladuje enojna, 1-7; 3: 1-9) and Križna gora (Ciglenečki 2000, Figs. 105: položna, nepravilno izvedena valovnica. 1,5-6,11; 106: 1-4,9-11), both of which were inhabited med gradivom z invillina je opazna močna pre- in the 5th as wel as 6th century. a part of Predloka was vlada enojne valovnice, ki je lahko izvedena pravilno inhabited at least until the 9th century (Boltin-tome 1993, ali pa tudi zelo nepravilno (npr. Bierbrauer 1987, t. 70: 83). The finds were not stratigraphical y placed. 2; 82: 10,12; 84: 1,18; 85: 7–9), medtem ko je večlinijska al of this indicates that we can as yet not chrono- zastopana le izjemoma (Bierbrauer 1987, t. 70: 12). logical y define the individual phases in the development Na Casteraimondu valovnica ni zastopana (martel i of this popular Late antique decoration. The wavy line 1995, 126). started to appear in Late antiquity, one could say at the Na Sv. Hemi z valovnico okrašene posode prevladu- beginning of the 5th century, however a few exceptions jejo v plasteh druge polovice 6. st., zato avtorica sklepa, can be dated already into the 4th century (rodriguez da je postal okras valovnice v jugovzhodnoalpskem 1997, 163). prostoru prevladujoč šele v teku 6. st. (Ladstätter 2000, The wavy line does not appear in the neighbouring 151). Vendar pa poleg tonovcovega gradu tudi nekaj site of Gradič above Kobarid52 (similar to Hrušica), which drugih najdišč v zahodni Sloveniji kaže na to, da je bila was inhabited at least throughout the 4th century (osmuk valovnica v vseh pojavnih oblikah že v 5. st. priljubljen 1987; 1997), which is an additional element that leads okras. tako so poznani z različnimi vrstami valovnice in us to believe that the appearance of the wavy line can be metličenja bogato okrašeni lonci z rodika (Ciglenečki dated into the 5th century. 2000, t. 115: 1–2), kjer čas življenja naselbine verjetno it seems that we can witness a fast development of ne seže čez sredino 5. st. (Slapšak 1985; Vidrih Perko various forms in certain areas (especial y in western and 1997a; Ciglenečki 2000, 107). Na Kučarju, ki je datiran southern Slovenia). These forms included the multiple do konca 5. st., se večlinijska valovnica pojavlja v enem wavy line soon after it first appeared, while in certain primeru in sicer na izvihanem ustju sklede (J. Dular, areas (e.g. Friuli) it reached greater popularity only in the Ciglenečki, a. Dular 1995, t. 79: 8), prevladuje pa okras early medieval period (Lusuardi Siena, Negri, Vil a 2004, več enojnih valovnic, večkrat tudi na metličeni steni Figs. 7: 1,3,7,14; 12: 3,5,7-11). in Carinthia it appeared posode. Bogat repertoar različnih valovnic kažeta tudi as a dominant decorative motif only in the 6th century Predloka (Boltin-tome 1993, t. 2: 1–7; 3: 1–9) in Križna (Ladstätter 2000, 151). gora (Ciglenečki 2000, sl. 105: 1,5–6,11; 106: 1–4,9–11), on hil top settlements in eastern Slovenia the wavy ki pa obe živita tako v 5. kot v 6. st., v Predloki pa se line was practical y the only decoration (apart from the življenje na delu naselja nadaljuje še vsaj do 9. st. (Boltin- brush strokes) found on Late antique pottery, while most tome 1993, 83). Najdbe stratigrafsko niso umeščene. of it had no decoration at al (Ciglenečki 2000, 139). in Povedano kaže, da zaenkrat ne moremo kronolo- 52 ško določiti posameznih faz v razvoju tega priljubljenega N. osmuk kindly let me go through the unpublished material that is in preparation for publication. 199 4_ker.indd 199 23.1.2012 12:48:52 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery poznoantičnega okrasa. Začetek pojava valovnice v most cases the wavy line appeared on its own, sometimes pozni antiki sicer lahko postavimo na začetek 5. st, z iz- in combination with horizontal grooves. jemnimi primeri tudi konec 4. st. (rodriguez 1997, 163). The wavy line was not found on the oldest Slav pot- med neobjavljenim gradivom sosednjega najdi- tery, however it soon became the most common decora- šča Gradič nad Kobaridom,52 ki živi še vsaj celo 4. st. tive element. in eastern Slovenian sites the multiple wavy (osmuk 1987; 1997) se valovnica ne pojavlja (podobno line was the most common; this was often combined with kot ne na Hrušici), kar je dodaten element za datacijo grooves that were made with a comb-like tool (Ciglenečki pojava valovnice v 5. st. 2000, 143; newer sites col ected in Guštin 2002). in the Kaže, da je na določenih območjih (predvsem v early medieval contexts in Friuli a single, irregularly zahodni in južni Sloveniji) prišlo do hitrega razvoja raz- made wavy line or more wavy lines with a smal ampli- ličnih oblik, vključno z večlinijsko valovnico, že kmalu tude were found (col ected at Lusuardi Siena, Negri, Vil a po njenem pojavu, medtem ko je drugje (npr. v Furlaniji) 2004). Similar can be said for the Pristava in Bled (Belak, dosegla večjo popularnost šele v zgodnjem srednjem Pleterski, Knific 2008, Pls. 2: 2-3; 3: 1; 5: 2-5,9; 6: 4; 7: 1: 8: veku (Lusuardi Siena, Negri, Vil a 2004, sl. 7: 1,3,7,14; 1-3,5; 10: 12; 11: 10,12; 13: 2,13; 14: 1-3, 7; 20-22; 23: 1-10). 12: 3,5,7–11). Na Koroškem naj bi se kot prevladujoč in the Southeastern alps we can thus talk about okrasni motiv pojavila šele v 6. st. (Ladstätter 2000, 151). strong regional characteristics in the use of the wavy line. Na višinskih naselbinah vzhodne Slovenije je valov- a more precise chronological classification of the nica poleg metličenja praktično edini okrasni element wavy line development in individual narrower areas poznoantične keramike, medtem ko je večina celo brez could only be given through an analysis of stratigraphed okrasa (Ciglenečki 2000, 139). Večinoma se pojavlja sa- materials from al sites, for this would enable us to fol ow mostojno, včasih se druži s horizontalnimi kanelurami. the development of the decoration through time on each Valovnica na najstarejši slovanski keramiki ni individual site. zastopana, že kmalu pa postane prevladujoč okrasni element. Na vzhodnoslovenskih najdiščih gre večino- ma za večlinijsko valovnico, pogosto kombinirano s GrooVeS kanelurami, izvedenimi z glavničastim orodjem (Ci- glenečki 2000, 143; novejša najdišča zbrana v Guštin on tonovcov grad horizontal incisions or grooves 2002). V zgodnjesrednjeveških kontekstih Furlanije pa rarely appeared on the vessels wal s on their own (Pl. 95: prevladuje enojna ali več enojnih, nepravilno izvedenih 11). in most cases they appeared in combination with valovnic z majhno amplitudo (zbrano pri Lusuardi other decorative elements, especial y the wavy line (see Siena, Negri, Villa 2004). Podobno velja na blejski above), but also with brush strokes or impressions. Pristavi (Belak, Pleterski, Knific 2008, t. 2: 2-3; 3: 1; 5: The rims were often grooved, especial y in pot types 2-5,9; 6: 4; 7: 1: 8: 1-3,5; 10: 12; 11: 10,12; 13: 2,13; 14: 4 and 5 ( Pls. 91: 16,18; 93: 10-11; 94 : 7-8,11,13-15) and 1-3,7; 20-22; 23: 1-10). bowl type 5 ( Pls. 82: 6-8; 83: 1,4-5). Govorimo lahko torej o močnih regionalnih zna- čilnostih pri uporabi valovnice v jugovzhodnih alpah. Bolj natančno kronološko opredelitev razvoja imPreSSioNS aND iNCiSioNS valovnice na posameznih ožjih območjih bi lahko dala le analiza stratificiranega gradiva z več najdišč, kjer bi This decoration was relatively common on tonovcov lahko sledili razvoju okrasa na enem najdišču. grad. in most cases it was found on the vessel wal s, but it was also commonly found on the rim, the base or the rib. most impressions were created with a short, sharp žLeBLJeNJe object (fingernail, awl). impressions and incisions were linked to a specific okras horizontalnih vrezov oziroma žlebov na vessel type. Thus impressions were mainly found on rims tonovcovem gradu le redko nastopa samostojno na oste- belonging to type 2 (Pl. 78: 5-6), type 3 ( Pls. 79: 9; 80: 6; njih posod (t. 95: 11). mnogo pogostejši je v kombinaciji 81: 1-2,7-14) or type 6 ( Pl. 84: 10) bowls. z drugimi okrasnimi tehnikami, predvsem z valovnico a series of somewhat longer and narrower incisions (glej zgoraj), pa tudi z metličenjem in vbodi. were also found. These were more commonly found on Pogosto pa je žlebljeno ustje, predvsem to velja za pot wal s, especial y on pots type 1 ( Pls. 87: 3, 8; 89 : 3,13) lonce tipov 4 in 5 ( t. 91: 16,18; 93: 10–11; 94: 7–8,11,13– and 4 ( Pls. 91: 15; 92: 14), however, they also appeared 15) ter sklede tipa 5 ( t. 82: 6–8; 83: 1,4–5). on bowls ( Pl. 82: 4). impressions and incisions often appeared in combi- nation with other types of decoration. impressions were 52 Pregled gradiva, ki je v pripravi za objavo, mi je prija- often made over the combing or brush stroke patterns and zno omogočila N. osmuk. were combined with the wavy line. This holds especial y 200 4_ker.indd 200 23.1.2012 12:48:52 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery VBoDi iN VreZi true for type 3 bowls, where the entire vessel wal could be covered in a combination of brush strokes, wavy lines ta okras je na tonovcovem gradu dokaj pogost. and impressions or incisions ( Pl. 80: 1,13). Večinoma je bil izveden v ostenje posode, pogosti pa so This decoration was also found at invil ino, however tudi vbodi na ustju in dnu ter na plastičnem rebru. Pre- here the most common were vessel wal s decorated by a vladujejo vbodi s kratkim, ostrim predmetom (noht, šilo). long slanting series of impressions, while rims with im- tudi vbodi in vrezi se vežejo na določen tip posode. pressions were rare (Bierbrauer 1987, Pls. 70: 8,10; 71: 6; tako so z vbodi razčlenjena ustja skled tipa 2 (t. 78: 5–6), 72: 7; 73: 12; 75: 7,12; 78: 7; 91: 7; 108: 4,7,12; 109: 2,13; 3 ( t. 79: 9; 80: 6; 81: 1–2,7–14) in 6 ( t. 84: 10). 110: 5,8,10; 111: 1,9,14-15; 112: 12,14; 114: 15,18; 115: 2; Pojavljajo se tudi nizi nekoliko daljših, ozkih vre- 116: 12; 117: 1,6,13; 122: 1; 123: 1-2). a similar type of zov. ti so pogostejši na ostenjih loncev, predvsem tipa 1 decoration on thickened rims as found on tonovcov grad ( t. 87: 3,8; 89: 3,13) in 4 ( t. 91: 15; 92: 14) pojavljajo pa was also discovered at Castelraimondo (Covizzi 1995, se tudi na skledah ( t. 82: 4). Vbodi in vrezi se pogosto Pls. 12: C1995,C2007; 13: C 2949, C 2122; 14: C 1044; 15: družijo z drugimi vrstami okrasa. mnogokrat so vbodi C 1989), and impressions also appeared on vessel wal s, izvedeni preko glavničenja oz. metličenja in kombini- especial y on bowls (Covizzi 1995, Pls. 6: C 1357; 11: C rani z valovnico. Posebno velja to za sklede tipa 3, kjer 6039; 14: C 1689, C 2866). je lahko s kombinacijo metličenja, valovnice in vbodov This type of decoration was rare in the Karst and in oz. vrezov okrašeno celo ostenje posode ( t. 80: 1,13). the coastal sites. However, it was extremely common on okras se pojavlja tudi na invillinu, vendar tu ajdna, where the obliquely positioned short incisions prevladuje oblika daljših poševnih nizov na ostenjih were often placed into a fishbone pattern (meterc 1981, posode, medtem ko so z vbodi razčlenjena ustja redka Pl. 1: 3,6,8; Ciglenečki 2000, Figs. 123: 3,14; 124: 1,6). (Bierbrauer 1987, t. 70: 8,10; 71: 6; 72: 7; 73: 12; 75: on Hemmaberg it appeared on pots (Ladstätter 7,12; 78: 7; 91: 7; 108: 4,7,12; 109: 2,13; 110: 5,8,10; 111: 2000, Pls. 12: 1; 13: 7,10; 20: 6; 32: 1) and bowls (Ladstätter 1,9,14–15; 112: 12,14; 114: 15,18; 115: 2; 116: 12; 117: 2000, Pl. 16: 6) and was sometimes combined with other 1,6,13; 122: 1; 123: 1–2). tonovcovemu gradu soroden decorations (wavy lines, grooves: Ladstätter 2000, Pl. 51: način okraševanja odebeljenih ustij skled najdemo na 1), however, none of the articulated bowl rims character- Castelraimondu (Covizzi 1995, t. 12: C 1995, C 2007; 13: istic of tonovcov grad were found here. C 2949, C 2122; 14: C 1044; 15: C 1989), pojavljajo pa se relative similarity with the decorations from tonov- tudi vbodi v ostenje posod – predvsem skled (Covizzi cov grad was shown by the rather distant Lavant, where 1995, t. 6: C 1357; 11: C 6039; 14: C 1689, C 2866). bowl rims were often decorated with incisions or impres- Na kraških in primorskih najdiščih je ta okras sions (rodriguez 1984, Fig. 1: 1-2,6-8,10), and a divided redek. Zelo pogost pa je na ajdni, kjer se poševno po- outer base edge was also found (rodriguez 1984, Fig. 2: stavljeni kratki vrezi pogosto sestavljajo v motiv ribje 7-8). Similar can be said for the materials from the only kosti (meterc 1981, t. 1: 3,6,8; Ciglenečki 2000, sl. 123: slightly closer Duel (Steinklauber 1990, Figs. 7, 12, 14). 3,14; 124: 1,6). Decoration in the form of a series of short incisions Na Sv. Hemi se pojavlja tako na loncih (Ladstätter was also discovered at Kappele (Felgenhauer-Schmiedt 2000, t. 12: 1; 13: 7,10; 20: 6; 32: 1) kot na skledah (Lad- 1993, Pls. 26: 4; 33: 2; 28: 9 – divided base edge), while a stätter 2000, t. 16: 6) in je včasih kombiniran z drugimi series of impressions were found in teurnia (rodriguez vrstami okrasa (valovnica, žlebljenje: Ladstätter 2000, 2000, Pl. 1: 6) and Kirchbichl (rodriguez 2000, Pls. 10: t. 51: 1), čeprav tudi tu ni zaslediti za tonovcov grad 97; 11: 99,101-102). tipičnega z vrezi razčlenjenega ustja skled. Further to the east a bowl with a series of impres- Precejšnjo sorodnost z okrasom s tonovcovega sions below the rim was discovered on Brinjeva gora gradu kaže sicer precej oddaljeni Lavant, kjer je pogosto (Ciglenečki 2000, Fig. 95: 1). z vrezi oziroma vbodi okrašeno ustje skled (rodriguez on tonovcov grad two base fragments were discov- 1984, sl 1: 1–2,6–8,10), pojavlja pa se tudi razčlenjen ered, both decorated with short incisions or imprints on zunanji rob dna (rodriguez 1984, sl. 2: 7–8). Podobno the interior ( Pl. 99: 15-16). The incisions were positioned velja za gradivo iz le nekoliko bližjega Duela (Steinkla- in the shape of a circle or a double circle. in Carinthia the uber 1990, sl. 7, 12, 14). base interior was often decorated. incisions, impressions okras nizov kratkih vrezov je poznan tudi z naj- and wavy lines appeared, and they formed a concentric dišča Kappele (Felgenhauer-Schmiedt 1993, t. 26: 4; circle, the interior of which was often decorated with a 33: 2, 28: 9 – razčlenjen rob dna), vbodov pa s teurnije cross (which could be formed in a variety of ways). Such (rodriguez 2000, t. 1: 6) in Kirchbichla (rodriguez 2000, examples were found on Hemmaberg, Kappele, teurnia t. 10: 97; 11: 99,101–102). and Lavant (col ected at Ladstätter 2000, 153-156, Fig. 64, od vzhodneje ležečih najdišč je poznan primer z with the literature quoted there). Brinjeve gore z nizom vbodov pod ustjem sklede (Ci- on tonovcov grad the decoration was made with glenečki 2000, sl. 95: 1). short incisions, while in Carinthia it was made in the 201 4_ker.indd 201 23.1.2012 12:48:52 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery Na tonovcovem gradu sta bila najdena tudi dva form of impressed lines with a comb-like tool. Due to fragmenta dna, okrašenega s kratkimi vrezi oziroma the poor condition of the examples from tonovcov grad žigi na notranji strani dna posode ( t. 99: 15–16). Vrezi we cannot conclude as regards the decoration within the so postavljeni v obliki kroga oz. dvojnega kroga. circle. The impressed cross on the base is stil unknown okras na notranji strani dna je pogost na koroških in Slovenian and north italian sites (Ciglenečki 2000, 140; najdiščih. tu se pojavljajo vrezi, vbodi in valovnice, ki Ladstätter 2000, 155, note 981). tvorijo koncentrični krog, katerega notranjost je pogosto The most similar to the example from tonovcov grad okrašena z na različne načine izvedenim križem. taka is the plate base from Vranje, which was also decorated dna so bila najdena na Sv. Hemi, Kapel i, teurniji in with strips of short, radial y positioned incisions (mirnik- Lavantu (zbrano pri Ladstätter 2000, 153–156, sl. 64, s Prezelj 1984, Pl. 33: 290). tam citirano literaturo). The model for the carved or imprinted decoration on Primera s tonovcovega gradu se od koroških razli- the vessel base can be sought for amongst red Slip Ware. kujeta po načinu izvedbe okrasa s kratkimi vrezi, okras in the 5th century vessels decorated with vegetable and koroških najdišč pa je izveden z glavničastim orodjem v geometric motifs in the style Hayes a ii and Hayes a ii, obliki vbodnih linij. Zaradi slabe ohranjenosti primerov were especial y common finds in the discussed area s tonovcovega gradu ne moremo sklepati o okrasu v no- (Pröttel 1996, 61). S. Ladstätter assumes that the cross tranjosti kroga. tako še vedno velja, da okras žigosanega decoration was adopted from metal containers, while križa na dnu posode s slovenskih in severnoitalijanskih red Slip Ware with a stamped decoration of the cross is najdišč zaenkrat ni poznan (Ciglenečki 2000, 140; Lad- unknown in the Southeastern alps. The manner in which stätter 2000, 155, op. 981). the decoration on the Carinthian examples was executed Primeru s tonovcovega gradu tako še najbolj is reminiscent of the tremolo incisions found on metal ustreza dno krožnika z Vranja, ki je ravno tako okrašeno vessels (Ladstätter 2000, 155). s pasovi kratkih, radialno postavljenih vrezov (mirnik- on the basis of its position in Late antiquity 1 layer Prezelj 1984, t. 33: 290). we can date one example ( Pl. 99: 15) into the second half Vzor za vrezan oziroma žigosan okras na dnu poso- of the 4th or beginning of the 5th century, while the other de lahko iščemo na sigilatnem posodju. Predvsem posode, ( Pl. 99: 16) was found in a Late antiquity 2 layer. okrašene z rastlinskimi in geometrijskimi motivi v stilu on tonovcov grad the decoration in the form of Hayes a ii in Hayes a iii, so v 5. st. pogoste najdbe na impressions (most commonly positioned in an oblique obravnavanem prostoru (Pröttel 1996, 61). Za okras križa shape) created with a comb-like tool was very rare ( Pl. 99: pa S. Ladstätter predpostavlja vzore v kovinskem posodju. 7). in Slovenia this type of decoration was characteristic Z žigosanim okrasom križa okrašena sigilata namreč ni for early medieval pottery (Ciglenečki 2000, 144, Pl. 37: poznana z najdišč jugovzhodnoalpskega prostora, poleg 17-19). Hemmaberg such decoration appeared already in tega način izvedbe okrasa na koroških primerih spominja the 6th century layers, however it only became characteristic na tremolirni vrez kovinskih posod (Ladstätter 2000, 155). at the beginning of the 7th century (Ladstätter 2000, 153). en primer ( t. 99: 15) lahko na podlagi njegove on tonovcov grad it was found in a Late antique layer. lege v plasti faze Pa 1 postavimo v čas druge polovice 4. oziroma začetka 5. st., medtem ko je bil drugi ( t. 99: 16) najden v plasteh druge poznoantične faze. StriPS aND riBS Na tonovcovem gradu je zelo skromno zastopan okras vbodov, izvedenih z glavničastim orodjem, ki ribs can be applied (stuck) to the vessel, or pul ed navadno potekajo v obliki poševnih nizov ( t. 99: 7). out from the vessel wal s. Gre za značilen okras zgodnjesrednjeveške keramike v at tonovcov grad the most common technique Sloveniji (Ciglenečki 2000, 144, t. 37: 17–19), na sv. Hemi was attaching a strip to the vessel wal , however in some se tak okras pojavi že v plasteh 6. st., značilen naj bi bil examples the rib was model ed from the vessel wal s. za začetek 7. st. (Ladstätter 2000, 153). Na tonovcovem Both examples also show a functional use. The ribs made gradu se pojavlja v poznoantični plasti. it easier to carry the vessel (Buora, Casani 2002, 59), and they could also be formed into a handle ( Pl. 86: 5-6). ribs were rarely undecorated ( Pl. 99: 14), and most commonly traKoVi iN reBra they were decorated with incisions or impressions. The poorly preserved fragments with this decoration do not rebra so lahko aplicirana (prilepljena) na posodo, al ow us to conclude as regards the types of vessels upon lahko pa izvlečena iz stene posode. which this decoration was applied. Na tonovcovem gradu prevladuje plastičen trak, ribs on vessel wal s were a common decoration in prilepljen na ostenje posode, pojavlja pa se tudi mode- Friuli, where they were most commonly found on bowls liranje rebra iz stene posode. Pri obeh načinih gre tudi (invil ino: Bierbrauer 1987, Pls. 117: 8; 130: 1; 131: 2-3; za uporabno funkcijo. rebra namreč olajšujejo prenos Castelraimondo: Covizzi 1995, Pls. 12: C 2599, C 2630; 202 4_ker.indd 202 23.1.2012 12:48:52 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery 13: C2 121; Vidulis: rupel 1988, No. 28; Coseano: rupel 1988, Nos. 92-105; Sclaunico: Buora, Casani 1998, Fig. 2: 1; iutizzo: Buora, Casani 1998, Fig. 2: 2-3). They were also known from the coastal and Karst sites (Predloka: Boltin tome 1993, Pl. 3: 9). in Friuli vessels decorated with ribs were most commonly found in 4th and 5th century sites, where ribs appeared in combination with brush strokes, but never in combination with the wavy line (Buora, Cassani 2002, 61). in some cases ribs were used to decorate the vessel base ( Pl. 99: 17-21). most commonly they formed the shape of a cross within a circle. This type of decoration was relatively common throughout the Southeastern alps and the northern adriatic. it was discovered in Koper (Cunja 1996, Pl. 38: 399), at Korinjski hrib (Ciglenečki 1984, Fig. 8), Kučar (J. Dular, Ciglenečki, a. Dular 1995, Pls. 79: 2; 83: 7), tinje (Ciglenečki 1984, Fig. 7), Vranje (mirnik- Prezelj 1984, Pl. 25: 240) and Hemmaberg (Ladstätter 2000, Pl. 53: 3-4; Fig. 65). in Friuli it was found at invil ino Sl. 4.16: Dno z reliefnimi rebri ( t. 99: 19; foto: m. Zaplatil). (Bierbrauer 1987, Pls. 93: 16; 103: 13; 117: 10-11,15-16), in Fig. 4.16: rib-decorated vessel base ( Pl. 99: 19; photo: m. Zaplatil). osoppo, artegna, S. Daniele del Friuli, Cividale del Friuli, San Giorgio, Sclavons di Cordenon, Grado and oderzo (col ected at Lusuardi Siena, Negri 2007). posode (Buora, Casani 2002, 59), lahko so tudi obliko- most rib-decorated vessel bases from tonovcov vana v držaj ( t. 86: 5–6). rebra so le redko neokrašena ( t. grad were found in Late antiquity 2 layers, and can thus 99: 14), prevladujejo z vrezi oz. vbodi okrašeni trakovi. be dated into the 6th century, however a single example Slaba ohranjenost fragmentov s tem okrasom ne dopu- was found in an early medieval layer. on Hemmaberg šča sklepanja o tipih posod, na katere je bil apliciran. bases decorated with ribs appeared in layers belonging to Plastična rebra na ostenjih posod so pogost okras the second half of the 6th century, and none were found na področju Furlanije, kjer prevladujejo na skledah in 5th century layers (Ladstätter 2000, 157). in Friuli the (invillino: Bierbrauer 1987, t. 117: 8; 130: 1; 131: 2–3; earliest examples were dated into the 5th century, however Castelraimondo: Covizzi 1995, t. 12: C 2599, C 2630; they reached the peak of their popularity in the 6th and 13: C 2121; Vidulis: rupel 1988, št. 28; Coseano: rupel 7th century (Lusuardi Siena, Negri 2007, 185, Pl. 1). This 1988, št. 92–105; Sclaunico: Buora, Casani 1998, sl. 2: 1; type of decoration was known already in the Late roman iutizzo: Buora, Casani 1998, sl. 2: 2–3), poznana pa so period, when it was commonly found in the area of the tudi z obalno-kraških najdiščih (Predloka: Boltin tome Danubian limes (Ladstätter 2000, note 989).53 The move- 1993, t. 3: 9). S trakovi okrašene posode v Furlaniji pre- ment of the decoration into the Southeastern alps and vladujejo na najdiščih 4. in 5. st. rebra se tam pojavljajo Friuli could be linked to the Late antique movements of v kombinaciji z metličenjem, nikoli pa v kombinaciji z the inhabitants (Lusuardi Siena, Negri 2007, 197). valovnico (Buora, Cassani 2002, 61). This decoration spanned over a long time, for in Z reliefnimi rebri je lahko okrašeno tudi dno posod Slovenia it also appeared on 8th and 9th century Slav pot- na spodnji strani ( t. 99: 17–21). Večinoma tvorijo obliko tery. it was found in cemeteries Dobova – Humek (Knific križa v krogu. tak okras je dokaj pogost na vsem jugo- 2002, 123, Fig. 20) and Zgornji Duplek (Knific 2002, 124, vzhodnoalpskem in severnojadranskem prostoru. Poznan Figs. 22, 26) and in settlement Pristava in Bled (Belak, je iz Kopra (Cunja 1996, t. 38: 399), s Korinjskega hriba Pleterski, Knific 2008, Pl. 15: 1-2,11-12). (Ciglenečki 1984, sl. 8), Kučarja (J. Dular, Ciglenečki, a. The temporal caesura between the antique examples Dular 1995, t. 79: 2; 83: 7), tinja (Ciglenečki 1984, sl. 7), and its reintroduction in Slav contexts (in the 8th and 9th z Vranja (mirnik-Prezelj 1984, t. 25: 240) in s Sv. Heme century) is supposedly proof for the contact and cohabi- (Ladstätter 2000, t. 53: 3–4; sl. 65). V Furlaniji je bil naj- tation of the original settlers and the newly arrived Slavs den na invil inu (Bierbrauer 1987, t. 93: 16; 103: 13; 117: (Lusuardi Siena, Negri 2007, 197). 10–11,15–16), v osoppu, artegni, S. Daniele del Friuli, 53 S. Lusuardi Siena and a. Negri assumed that the model Čedadu, San Giorgiu, Sclavons di Cordenon, Gradežu in for this decoration derived from the ornaments on the alano- oderzu (zbrano pri Lusuardi Siena, Negri 2007). Sarmatian metal mirrors that were supposedly developed in Večina dnov posod, okrašenih z reliefnimi rebri, je the military contexts on the limes, where it was assumed that bilo na tonovcovem gradu najdenih v plasteh, ki sodijo it represented a sign for a certain ethnic group within a multi v drugo poznoantično fazo, torej v 6. st., en primer pa je ethnic community (Lusuardi Siena, Negri 2007, 197). 203 4_ker.indd 203 23.1.2012 12:48:53 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery poznan tudi iz zgodnjesrednjeveške faze. Na Sv. Hemi se 4.3 CoNCLUSioN dna, okrašena z rebri, pojavljajo v plasteh druge polovice 6. st., medtem ko jih v plasteh 5. st. ni (Ladstätter 2000, 4.3.1 toNoVCoV GraD 157). V Furlaniji so najzgodnejši primeri datirani v 5. st., prevladujejo pa v 6. in 7. st. (Lusuardi Siena, Negri 2007, at tonovcov grad the pottery overview by build- 185, t. 1). okras reber na dnu posode je sicer poznan ings has revealed that most of the material (by far) was že v poznorimskem obdobju, kjer je pogost na območju discovered in the excavation area of building 1, which was donavskega limesa (Ladstätter 2000, op. 989).53 Prenos defined as living quarters. This area revealed a rich selec- okrasa na območje jugovzhodnoalpskega prostora in tion of imported pottery from Late antiquity phases 1 and Furlanije naj bi bil povezan s premiki prebivalstva v po- 2 as wel as a large selection of coarse ware dated to both znoantičnem obdobju (Lusuardi Siena, Negri 2007, 197). Late antiquity phases as wel as to early middle ages. rebra na dnu posode so dolgotrajen okras, saj se most of the imported pottery that could be dated pojavljajo tudi na slovanski keramiki 8. in 9. st. Poznana into Late antiquity 1 phase (african imports, glazed pot- so npr. z grobišč Dobova - Humek (Knific 2002, 123, tery, common tableware) was discovered in layers that also sl. 20) in Zgornji Duplek (Knific 2002, sl. 22, 26) ter stratigraphical y belong to the period before building 1 iz naselbine na blejski Pristavi (Belak, Pleterski, Knific was built, while some of it was mixed in Late antiquity 2 2008, t. 15: 1–2,11–12). layers. imports of african origin did not appear in early Časovna cezura med antičnimi primeri in ponovnim medieval layers. eastern mediterranean amphorae were pojavom v slovanskih kontekstih 8. in 9. st. naj bi bila found almost exclusively in Late antiquity 2 layers, while tudi dokaz za stik in sobivanje staroselskega prebivalstva the few modest examples found in the early medieval s slovanskimi prišleki (Lusuardi Siena, Negri 2007, 197). layers were classified as residual finds. it had been noticed that the finds of eastern mediterranean amphorae were concentrated on the outer side of the wal 4 of building 4.3 SKLeP 1, thus it can be assumed that this was the location of a warehouse for imported goods (see chapter 4.1.7, Fig. 4.8). 4.3.1 toNoVCoV GraD Late antiquity 1 coarse ware did not show any special characteristics as regards its location within the Pregled keramičnega gradiva na tonovcovem area, as it was found throughout the excavation area. in gradu po stavbah pokaže, da ga je bilo daleč največ phase La 2 the dispersion was rather uneven, as a large najdenega na območju stavbe 1, ki je bila opredeljena quantity of finds was discovered in the area in front of kot bivalna. tu je bil zastopan pester sklop uvožene the entrance into building 1 (Qus. 716, 717/a1, 717/a2, keramike iz prve in druge poznoantične faze ter velika 666, 667), while in the building itself these finds were not količina grobe keramike iz obeh poznoantičnih faz in as common. This fitted the general image as regards the tudi iz zgodnjega srednjega veka. distribution of finds within the excavation area of building Uvožena keramika, ki jo časovno lahko uvrstimo v 1, as smal non-pottery finds were also most common in prvo poznoantično fazo (afriški importi, glazirana kera- the vicinity of the building (tonovcov grad. Settlement mika, navadna namizna keramika) je bila večinoma naj- remains and interpretation, Fig. 3.15). dena v plasteh, ki tudi stratigrafsko pripadajo obdobju in the excavation area of building 1 the early me- pred gradnjo stavbe 1, nekaj pa je je bilo tudi pomešane dieval period was relatively reliably documented merely v plasteh druge poznoantične faze. V zgodnjesrednje- with the layers in the building interior, from where most veških plasteh se importi afriškega izvora ne pojavljajo. of the coarse ware from this phase originates (tonovcov Vzhodnosredozemske amfore pa so bile najdene skoraj grad. Settlement remains and interpretation, Fig. 3.16). izključno v plasteh, ki pripadajo drugi poznoantični fazi, most of the pottery found within ecclesiastical nekaj skromnih primerov iz zgodnjesrednjeveških plasti complex could be dated into Late antiquity phase 1 and lahko označimo kot rezidualne. opazna pa je prostorska into the early middle ages. La 1 phase was documented koncentracija vzhodnosredozemskih amfor ob zidu 4 with a few modest finds under the mortar floors of the stavbe 1, zato na tem mestu morda lahko domnevamo north and main church. The churches’ demolition layers skladišče uvoženega blaga (glej pogl. 4.1.7, sl. 4.8). revealed some early medieval pottery. Finds that could Groba keramika prve poznoantične faze ne kaže be categorised as belonging to Late antiquity 2 (due to nobenih posebnih značilnosti glede razporeditve po their technological and typological characteristics) were prostoru, najdena je bila po vsem izkopnem polju. V rare and found in demolition layers. Buildings 2 and 3 show a very different picture as 53 S. Lusuardi Siena in a. Negri predpostavljata vzor za ta regards their pottery inventory. okras v ornamentiki alano-sarmatskih kovinskih zrcal, razvil pa naj bi se v vojaških kontekstih na limesu, kjer naj bi pome- Building 3 is the best preserved building from phase nil znak za določeno etnično skupino znotraj večnacionalne Late antiquity 1 at tonovcov grad. The finds were not skupnosti (Lusuardi Siena, Negri 2007, 197). numerous, but the inventory was similar to that from the 204 4_ker.indd 204 23.1.2012 12:48:53 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery fazi Pa 2 je razporeditev ravno tako precej enakomer- Late antiquity 1 phase in the excavation area of build- na, opazna je le velika količina najdb na prostoru pred ing 1 (pots type 7, bowls type 5b, african amphorae). vhodom v stavbo 1 (Kv. 716, 717/a1, 717/a2, 666, 667), Late antiquity 2 finds were present in layers that covered medtem ko v sami hiši ni tako številna. to ustreza splošni the demolished building 3. These finds could be linked sliki razprostranjenosti najdb v izkopnem polju stavbe to the period in which the neighbouring building 2 was 1, saj so tudi nekeramične drobne najdbe prevladovale inhabited. v okolici stavbe (tonovcov grad. Naselbinski ostanki in extremely low quantities of pottery were discov- interpretacija, sl. 3.15) ered in building 2 (in total approximately 30 diagnostic Zgodnjesrednjeveško obdobje je bilo v izkopnem pieces), one third of which represented imported pottery. polju stavbe 1 dokaj zanesljivo dokumentirano le s plast- The imports consisted of african red Slip Ware and a mi v notranjosti objekta in iz njih izvira večina grobe few eastern mediterranean amphorae fragments. Due keramike te faze (tonovcov grad. Naselbinski ostanki to the low numbers the coarse ware was hard to define, in interpretacija, sl. 3.16) however it showed Late antiquity 2 characteristics (bowl Na območju cerkvenega sklopa sta v keramič- type 3a). The low numbers of pottery finds and their nem gradivu zastopani predvsem prva poznoantična relatively unusual composition (relatively large quantity in zgodnjesrednjeveška faza. Faza Pa 1 je bila z nekaj of imported material) indicated that building 2 was not skromnimi najdbami dokumentirana pod estrihi sever- used for living quarters. ne in osrednje cerkve. V ruševinski plasti cerkva je bila The cistern revealed very few finds. amongst the najdena tudi zgodnjesrednjeveška keramika. Najdbe, ki ruins that fil ed the cistern, only a few non-typical frag- jih glede na tehnološke in tipološke značilnosti lahko ments of coarse ware wal s were found. in the charred pripišemo drugi poznoantični fazi, so redke, pa še te layer at the bottom, i.e. in the layer that emerged after izvirajo iz ruševinskih plasti. the cistern was no longer used in its primary function, Stavbi 2 in 3 kažeta glede keramičnega inventarja a few fragments were found that were similar (in their dokaj različno sliko. typological and technological characteristics) to the pot- Stavba 3 je na tonovcovem gradu zaenkrat najbo- tery found in the early medieval layers in building 1 and lje ohranjen objekt iz prve poznoantične faze. Najdbe in the ecclesiastical complex. sicer niso številne, vendar gre za podoben inventar kot v plasteh prve poznoantične faze na območju stavbe 1 (lonci tipa 7, sklede tipa 5b, afriške amfore). V plasteh, 4.3.2 Late aNtiQUe Pottery ki so prekrile razrušeno stavbo 3, je zastopana tudi iN SLoVeNia aND FriULi druga poznoantična faza, ki jo lahko povežemo s časom življenja sosednje stavbe 2. in Late antiquity imported vessels were an indicator V stavbi 2 je bilo odkritega izredno malo keramične- of the trade connections between the inland provinces ga gradiva (vsega skupaj okrog 30 značilnih kosov), med and the mediterranean. Their presence indicated that njim pa je kar tretjina uvožene keramike. Zastopani so these contacts remained (at least to a certain measure) odlomki afriške sigilate ter nekaj vzhodnosredozemskih and the need for imported goods reflected the certain amfor. Groba keramika je zaradi skromnega števila težko civilizational level of the inhabitants who stil desired opredeljiva, kaže pa značilnosti druge poznoantične faze mediterranean goods and were also capable of obtaining (skleda tipa 3a). majhno število keramičnih najdb in nji- them (cf. Vil a 1998, 286). hova dokaj nenavadna sestava (razmeroma velika količina Coarse kitchen ware of predominantly local pro- uvoženega gradiva) kaže na nebivalni značaj stavbe 2. duction was a product used in everyday lives, and not V cisterni je bilo najdb malo. V ruševini, ki je za- an object of exchange over long distances. Certain simi- polnjevala cisterno, je bilo najdenih le nekaj netipičnih larities in the shapes and decoration with the relatively fragmentov ostenj grobe keramike. V žganinski plasti distant locations can be explained with the exchange of na dnu, torej v plasti, ki je nastala po koncu uporabe influences, possibly also craftsmen and the movements cisterne v njeni prvotni funkciji, pa je bilo najdenih of individuals, and not necessarily trade. nekaj fragmentov, ki so po tipoloških in tehnoloških as we are discussing a relatively long, historical y značilnostih sorodni keramiki iz zgodnjesrednjeveških diverse period, it should be clear that we cannot speak of plasti v stavbi 1 in v cerkvenem sklopu. a unified supply of pottery throughout this period. in the second half of the 4th and in the beginning of the 5th century most of the imported goods reached the 4.3.2 PoZNoaNtiČNa KeramiKa Na Southeastern alps via aquileia and other large northern oBmoČJU SLoVeNiJe iN FUrLaNiJe adriatic ports. most imports of the period were repre- sented by african amphorae, african red Slip Ware, Uvoženo posodje je v poznoantičnem obdobju african oil lamps and african kitchen ware. amphorae indikator trgovskih stikov provinc v notranjosti s Sredo- were used to transport goods linked to the annona – wine, 205 4_ker.indd 205 23.1.2012 12:48:53 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery zemskim prostorom. Njegova prisotnost dokazuje, da so oil and garum. in the Southeastern alps the most com- ti stiki do neke mere še vedno živi, potreba po uvoženem monly found were amphorae types Keay 25 and Keay 26, blagu pa kaže tudi na določeno civilizacijsko stopnjo for which it is assumed that they were used mainly for prebivalstva, ki si je še vedno želelo sredozemske do- transporting wine – due to their resin-covered interior brine in jih je bilo tudi sposobno pridobiti (prim. tudi (Bonifay 2004, 122, 129). Large cylindrical amphorae also Vil a 1998, 286). appear, for instance Keay 27, 35 and 36. The mentioned Po drugi strani je grobo kuhinjsko posodje veči- imports are common in coastal towns such as aquileia noma lokalne izdelave izdelek za vsakdanjo uporabo, and tergeste (aquileia 1991; 1994; masel i Scotti et al. ki ni bil predmet izmenjave na daljše razdalje. Nekatere 2004), in centres in the interior, such as emona and Celeia, sorodnosti v oblikah in okrasu posod iz medsebojno as wel as in the area of the Claustra Alpium Iuliarum and dokaj oddaljenih krajev si je mogoče razlagati bolj z the settlements in its vicinity (Vidrih Perko 2000). These izmenjavo vplivov, morda tudi z izmenjavo obrtnikov imports were linked to the supply of military posts. The in selitvijo posameznikov, ne pa s trgovino. settlements in the hinterland served a defensive function Ker obravnavamo dokaj dolgo, zgodovinsko pestro also once the defence line fel (around 400 aD), which is časovno obdobje, pa je jasno, da ne moremo govoriti clearly indicated by the imported goods that kept com- o enotnem načinu oskrbe s keramiko skozi ves ta čas. ing until the mid 5th century (Vidrih Perko 2000, 447; V drugi polovici 4. in začetku 5. st. je uvoženo blago Vidrih Perko, župančič 2005, 521-522). a similar image v jugovzhodne alpe prihajalo predvsem prek akvileje in as regards african imports was indicated by tonovcov ostalih večjih severnojadranskih pristanišč. Glavnina uvo- grad, which confirms its relatively important (most likely za v tem času predstavljajo afriške amfore, ki jih spremlja defensive) function at the end of the 4th and beginning afriška sigilata, oljenke, pa tudi afriško kuhinjsko posodje. of the 5th century. V amforah je prihajalo blago, povezano z anono – vino, african imports were not as common in hil top set- olje in garum. V jugovzhodnih alpah spadajo med naj- tlements in central and eastern Slovenia. pogostejše najdbe različne variante amfor tipov Keay 25 in this period eastern mediterranean imports ap- in Keay 26, ki naj bi bile glede na posmoljeno notranjost peared throughout the entire Southeastern alpine area. v uporabi predvsem za vino (Bonifay 2004, 122, 129). Po- most common were aegean amphorae Lr 3, which javljajo se tudi velike cilindrične amfore, npr. Keay 27, 35 dominated in the ˝western part of the discussed area and in 36. omenjeni importi so pogosti v obmorskih mestih, in larger centres. kot sta akvileja in tergeste (aquileia 1991; 1994; masel i in the mid 5th century african imports were no Scotti et al. 2004), v centrih v notranjosti, kot sta emona longer imported into rural sites in western Slovenia, in Celeja, pa tudi na območju sistema Claustra Alpium and most settlements were abandoned (Vidrih Perko, Iuliarum in naselij v njihovem zaledju (Vidrih Perko župančič 2003, 464). a similar scenario can be assumed 2000). tu so tovrstni importi povezani z oskrbo vojaških for tonovcov grad, as no material that would be character- posadk. Naselja v zaledju opravljajo obrambno funkcijo istic of the second half of the 5th century was discovered. tudi še po propadu zapor okrog leta 400, saj uvoženo blago Throughout the 6th century the mediterranean and vanje prihaja nekje do sredine 5. st. (Vidrih Perko 2000, the interior were flooded by eastern mediterranean pot- 447; Vidrih Perko, župančič 2005, 521–522). Podobno tery, primarily amphorae, but also LrC ware (reynolds sliko glede afriških importov kaže tudi tonovcov grad, kar 1995, Bonifay, Piéri 1995; murialdo 2007). in the north potrjuje njegovo dokaj pomembno (verjetno obrambno) adriatic these imports were numerous in coastal towns funkcijo konec 4. in v začetku 5. st. such as Koper (Cunja 1996) and Piran (Vidrih Perko Na višinskih naseljih v osrednji in vzhodni Sloveniji 1994a), as wel as in smal er settlements such as for so afriški importi redkejši. instance Savudrija (Vidrih Perko, župančič 2005) and V tem času se pojavljajo tudi importi iz vzhodne- Fizine (Gaspari et al. 2007). The relatively high numbers ga Sredozemlja, predvsem egejske amfore Lr 3, ki pa of these imports indicate the existence of an organised prevladujejo v zahodnem delu jugovzhodnih alp in v overseas trade network at least until the mid 7th century. večjih centrih. it is highly probable that the settlements in the interior od sredine 5. st. dalje je na podeželskih najdiščih were supplied from these coastal settlements. zahodne Slovenije opazno nenadno prenehanje afriškega in this period a similar composition of imported pot- uvoza, večina naselbin pa je opuščenih (Vidrih Perko, tery was noticed in hil top settlements in Friuli (invil ino, župančič 2003, 464). Podobno domnevamo za tonovcov Udine, attimis, osoppo, iulium Carnicum), central and grad, kjer prav tako ni poznano tipično gradivo druge eastern Slovenia (ajdna, Bašelj, Vranje, rifnik, Korinjski polovice 5. st. hrib, Kučar, tinje, Kranj and Črnomelj) and in Carin- V 6. st. v vsem Sredozemlju, pa tudi v notranjosti, thia (Hemmaberg, Duel, teurnia); however compared prevladuje keramika vzhodnosredozemskega izvora, to coastal towns their numbers were much lower. it was v prvi vrsti amfore, pa tudi sigilatna LrC produkcija assumed that these examples were no longer a result of (reynolds 1995, Bonifay, Piéri 1995; murialdo 2007). Na organised trade, but a result of individual imports of 206 4_ker.indd 206 23.1.2012 12:48:53 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery severnem Jadranu so ti importi zelo številni v obalnih certain articles, maybe on special occasions.54 However, mestih, kot sta Koper (Cunja 1996) in Piran (Vidrih it seems that the high numbers and diversity of 6th cen- Perko 1994a), pa tudi v manjših naseljih, npr. Savudrija tury amphorae in the interior indicates the existence of (Vidrih Perko, župančič 2005) in Fizine (Gaspari et organised trade (at least to a certain extent).55 The analysis al. 2007). Dokajšnja številčnost teh importov kaže na that Lucca Vil a performed for Friuli showed a relatively obstoj organizirane prekomorske trgovske mreže vsaj similar composition of imported vessels inventory and do sredine 7. st. iz teh obalnih naselij so se verjetno their relative diversity in fortified hil top settlements in oskrbovala tudi naselja v notranjosti. the 6th and beginning of the 7th century, which suppos- Podobno sestavo uvoženega posodja v tem času edly indicates a centralised organisation and a managed lahko zasledimo tudi na višinskih naseljih v Furlaniji supply (Vil a 1998, 286).56 (invil ino, Videm, attimis, osoppo, Iulium Carnicum), in the 6th century organised supply could have been v osrednji in vzhodni Sloveniji (ajdna, Bašelj, Vranje, performed by the state (military) or church authorities rifnik, Korinjski hrib, Kučar, tinje, Kranj in Črnomelj) (which were in the later period to a great extent in charge ter na Koroškem (Sv. Hema, Duel, teurnija), vendar je of state services). njihovo število skromnejše kot na obalnih najdiščih. Due to the relatively standardised forms it was Postavljena je bila teza, da naj v teh primerih ne bi šlo assumed that the production and trade with certain več za sledi organizirane trgovine, ampak prej za indi- amphorae (Lra 1, Lra 2) was control ed by the military vidualen prinos določenih artiklov, morda ob posebnih authorities (e.g. in the Danubian limes, abadie-reynal priložnostih.54 Kljub temu se zdi, da precejšnje število in 1989; Curta 2001; opaiţ 2004a; Pieri 2005). Lra 1 and raznolikost amfor 6. st. tudi v notranjosti kaže na obstoj Lra 2 were the most common eastern mediterranean vsaj do neke mere organizirane trgovine.55 tudi analiza, amphorae also at tonovcov grad. ki jo je opravil Lucca Vil a za Furlanijo, kaže predvsem Similar holds true for the late smal spatheia, which na višinskih utrjenih naselbinah v času 6. in začetka 7. st. were linked to the early Byzantine fortification of set- dokaj podobno sestavo inventarja uvoženega posodja in tlements along the Danube river (which took place in njegovo precejšnjo raznolikost, kar naj bi kazalo na cen- the 6th and beginning of the 7th century; mackensen tralno organizirano in vodeno oskrbo (Vil a 1998, 286).56 1992, 247, 251). in the adriatic and in the hinterland a organizirano oskrbo v 6. st. je na obravnavanem connection between Samos-cystern type amphorae and območju lahko izvajala državna (vojaška) ali pa cerkvena fortified Byzantine settlements was observed (arthur oblast, ki je v poznem obdobju v veliki meri skrbela tudi 1990, 290, Fig. 4). za delovanje državnih služb. Smal late spatheia were a common find in the 6th Povezavo z vojaško oblastjo za proizvodnjo in and 7th century. They were common in coastal towns trgovino nekaterih amfor (npr. Lra 1, Lra 2) zaradi (Koper, Piran), as wel as in hil top settlements in the njihove dokaj standardizirane oblike domnevajo denimo interior. in invil ino they were one of the best represented za podonavski limes (abadie-reynal 1989; Curta 2001; amphorae (mackensen 1987), and numerous examples opaiţ 2004a; Pieri 2005). Lra 1 in Lra 2 sta tudi na were also found at Vranje (Knific 1994), rifnik (Knific tonovcovem gradu najbolj pogosti vzhodnomediteran- 1994, Pl. 7: 4,6; Bausovac 2010, Fig. 3: 7-14) and Križna ski amfori. Podobno velja za pozne male spatejone, ki gora (Urleb 1974). jih povezujejo z zgodnjebizantinsko utrditvijo kastelov in this period it was also possible that the church ob Donavi v 6. in prvi polovici 7. st. (mackensen 1992, provided the settlements in the interior with mediter- 247, 251). Na Jadranu in v zaledju pa se kaže povezava ranean goods.57 The thesis as regards the connection amfor tipa Samos-cisterna z utrjenimi bizantinskimi between the church and the supply of amphorae to Late kastrumi (arthur 1990, 290, sl. 4). antique settlements in the interior was in a way con- Zelo pogosta najdba na obravnavanem območju v času 6. in 7. st. so tudi pozni mali spatejoni. Pogosti so 54 The first to come up with this thesis in relation to med- v obalnih mestih (Koper, Piran), pa tudi na višinskih iterranean imports on Svete gore was P. Korošec, and later naseljih v notranjosti. Na invillinu sodijo med najpo- Verena Vidrih Perko adopted it to a certain extent (1994, 271, gosteje zastopane amfore (mackensen 1987), po več note 4). 55 as these goods were widespread not only in areas under Byzantine government, but also in territories settled 54 Prva je to tezo izrekla v zvezi z najdbami mediteran- by Germanic tribes, this supposedly indicates the Byzantine skih importov na Svetih gorah P. Korošec, kasneje jo delno dominance in the 6th and 7th century sea trade (murialdo povzame tudi Verena Vidrih Perko (1994b, 271, op. 4). 2007, 14-15). 55 razprostranjenost tovrstnega blaga ne samo na območ- 56 L. Vil a emphasised the important role of the inhabit- jih pod bizantinsko oblastjo, ampak tudi na ozemljih, nase- ants from these settlements and their demand for imported ljenih z germanskimi ljudstvi, naj bi kazalo moč bizantinske goods. talasokracije v ekonomiji 6. in 7. st. (murialdo 2007, 14–15). 57 in Late antiquity the church increasingly took over 56 L. Vil a poudarja tudi pomembno vlogo prebivalcev food production as well as the production of amphorae and teh naselij in njihovega povpraševanja po uvoženem blagu. the trade with the two (Bernal Casasola 2010, 19-25). 207 4_ker.indd 207 23.1.2012 12:48:54 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery primerov je poznanih iz Vranja (Knific 1994), rifnika firmed by the burial of the spatheion with the Justinian (Knific 1994, t. 7: 4,6; Bausovac 2010, sl. 3: 7–14) in coin next to the altar in the main church at tonovcov Križne gore (Urleb 1974). grad. The special (most likely liturgy) contents were Druga organizacija, ki bi v tem poznem obdobju indicated by the small volume of the late spatheion. of lahko vodila oskrbo naselij v notranjosti z blagom iz course, the question arises whether the goods brought Sredozemlja, je bila cerkev.57 tezo o povezavi cerkvene to these settlements by the church were predominantly organizacije z oskrbo z amforami na poznoantičnih used for liturgy purposes or did some of them also ap- naseljih v notranjosti na neki način potrjuje tudi zakop pear on the ‘open market’. spatejona skupaj z Justinijanovim novcem ob oltar the route used to supply western Slovenia and osrednje cerkve na tonovcovem gradu. Na posebno (ver- Friuli with imported goods most likely ran through jetno liturgično) vsebino kaže tudi majhna prostornina coastal towns, such as Koper, Grado and marano (Cunja poznih spatejonov. Seveda se pri tem postavlja vprašanje, 1994, Vil a 1998, malaguti et al. 2007), as wel as smal er ali je s pomočjo cerkvene mreže prineseno blago na teh settlements such as Fizine and Savudrija (Vidrih Perko, naselbinah bilo tudi porabljeno pretežno v liturgične župančič 2005; Gaspari et al. 2007, 185). The settlements namene, ali pa je kaj od njega prišlo tudi na “prosti trg”. in the eastern part of current day Slovenia were most Pot, po kateri je prihajalo uvoženo blago na zahod- likely supplied via a ground or the so-cal ed Danubian noslovenska in furlanska naselja, je verjetno vodila prek route (mackensen 1992, 245-251). obalnih mest, kot so npr. Koper, Gradež in marano in al Late antique hil top settlements coarse kitchen (Cunja 1994, Villa 1998, malaguti et al. 2007) in manjših ware showed extreme diversity and was the most numer- naselij, npr. Fizine in Savudrija (Vidrih Perko, župan- ous of al pottery types. The analysis carried out on the čič 2005; Gaspari et al. 2007, 185). Za oskrbo naselij v inventory at tonovcov grad has shown that it is possible vzhodnem delu današnjega slovenskega ozemlja pa je to roughly define the development of pottery types dur- mogoče domnevati tudi kopensko oziroma tako ime- ing Late antiquity and the transition into the middle novano podonavsko pot (mackensen 1992, 245–251). ages within a single site, however the analysis needs to Grobo kuhinjsko posodje na vseh poznoantičnih be performed on a large enough sample. višinskih naseljih kaže izredno pestrost in številčno it is more difficult to compare different sites. it is močno prevladuje nad ostalimi vrstami keramike. made harder by the great variety of shapes and fabrics, analiza inventarja s tonovcovega gradu je pokazala, as wel as the various levels of research and publications da se znotraj enega najdišča v grobem da določiti ra- on individual sites. Some have been researched and zvoj keramičnih oblik v pozni antiki in na prehodu v published almost in their entirety (e.g. invil ino), while srednji vek, vendar je potrebno, da analiza temelji na for others only a modest selection of the finds is known, dovolj velikem vzorcu. usual y without precise temporal contexts. When per- težja je primerjava med različnimi najdišči. ote- forming comparisons one needs to be cautious also due žuje jo predvsem velika raznolikost oblik in faktur, pa to the long lifespan of certain types which can appear in tudi različne stopnje raziskanosti in objave posameznih different periods in different areas (e.g. type 1c bowls, najdišč. Nekatera so raziskana in objavljena skoraj v ce- type 1, 4 pots, etc.). loti (npr. invillino), pri drugih pa je poznan le skromen When dealing with Late antique pottery we have izbor gradiva, navadno brez ožjih časovnih kontekstov. to keep in mind that we are dealing with local produc- Previdnost pri primerjavah je potrebna tudi zaradi tion that is limited to a single site, even though we can dolgega življenja nekaterih tipov, ki se lahko na različ- assume that individual pieces were exchanged between nih območjih pojavljajo v zelo različnih obdobjih (npr. neighbouring settlements (Ciglenečki 2000, 60; Ladstät- sklede tipa 1c, lonci tipov 1, 4 ...). ter 2003, 833). Poleg tega gre pri poznoantični grobi keramiki za regardless of the limitations of coarse ware we can lokalno proizvodnjo, omejeno na eno najdišče, čeprav fol ow the shapes and decorations in the broader South- lahko domnevamo menjavanje posameznih posod med eastern alps and North adriatic at least until the begin- bližnjimi naselbinami (Ciglenečki 2000, 60; Ladstätter ning of the 5th century and conclude that the production 2003, 833). was organised at least to some extent. Certain types (e.g. Kljub omejenosti proizvodnje grobe keramike pa bowls types 1a and 1b, 2, 4 and pots types 1, 4 and 5) lahko vsaj do začetka 5. st. še vedno sledimo oblikam appear in Friuli, on tonovcov grad, as wel as in sites in posod in okrasa, ki se pojavljajo na širšem jugovzhod- central and eastern Slovenia. most of these vessels were noalpskem in severnojadranskem območju in kažejo na of relatively high quality (tG 1, 2, 8). do neke mere organizirano proizvodnjo. Določeni tipi The last period (4th maybe beginning of the 5th cen- (npr. sklede tipov 1a in 1b, 2, 4 ter lonci tipov 1, 4 in 5) tury) at the closest site – Gradič above Kobarid – partial y coincidents with the Late antiquity phase 1 at tonovcov 57 V pozni antiki je cerkvena organizacija vse bolj pre- grad, and shows some similarities as wel as differences. vzemala že samo produkcijo hrane, pa tudi produkcijo amfor Pot types 1-5 were found, however it was surprising how in trgovino s temi izdelki (Bernal Casasola 2010, 19–25). 208 4_ker.indd 208 23.1.2012 12:48:54 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery se pojavljajo v Furlaniji, na tonovcovem gradu, pa tudi rare bowls were, as these seem to be popular during the na najdiščih osrednje in vzhodne Slovenije. Posode teh La 1 phase on tonovcov grad. Bowls type 1, 6 and 7 were tipov so večinoma izdelane dokaj kvalitetno (tS 1, 2, 8). found. No bowls type 2 and 3 were found, even though Najbližje najdišče Gradič nad Kobaridom, katerega these were the most popular types on tonovcov grad zadnje obdobje (4., morda začetek 5. st.) se delno pre- in Late antiquity 1 phase. This could indicate that the kriva s prvo poznoantično fazo na tonovcovem gradu, ones found on tonovcov grad should be dated to the last kaže nekaj podobnosti, pa tudi nekaj razlik. Najdeni so decades of Late antiquity 1 phase. bili lonci tipov 1–5, presenetljivo pa je zastopanih malo a lot of analogies for type 3 bowls were found at skled, ki so zelo pogoste v fazi Pa 1 na tonovcovem invil ino (bowls type invil ino ib and ih, Bierbrauer 1987, gradu. Zastopane so sklede tipa 1, 6 in 7. Popolnoma 208), where they appeared in the layers belonging to the manjkajo na tonovcovem gradu v prvi poznoantični fazi end of the 4th and beginning of the 5th century. They prevladujoče sklede tipov 2 in 3 kar morda kaže, da jih were also found in other sites in Friuli (Castelraimondo, lahko na tonovcovem gradu postavimo bolj v končna Vidulis, Coseano), but were rare in central and eastern desetletja prve poznoantične faze. Slovenia. Bowls type 5b were also found only in Friuli and Zelo pogoste analogije za sklede tipa 3 pa so na western Slovenia. These local shapes show poor quality, invil inu (sklede tipov invil ino ib in ih, Bierbrauer however they do show a certain extent of craftsmanship 1987, 208), kjer se pojavljajo v plasteh konca 4. in začetka (production on a hand-spun pottery wheel, firing in a 5. st. Poznane so tudi na drugih furlanskih najdiščih control ed atmosphere). (Castelraimondo, Vidulis, Coseano). take sklede so v relatively large differences in decorations were no- osrednji in vzhodni Slovenije redke. Podobno lokalno ticed between the various areas. in the 5th and 6th century omejenost na Furlanijo in zahodno Slovenijo kažejo the multiple wavy line, which had a strong presence in tudi sklede tipa 5b. Pri teh lokalno omejenih oblikah Late antiquity 1 layers at tonovcov grad, was practical y je že opazna slabša kakovost izdelave, ki pa vendar do unknown on invil ino and Castelraimondo. in Carinthian neke mere še kaže na obrtni način (izdelava na ročnem sites the wavy line became characteristic only in the mid kolesu, žganje v kontrolirani atmosferi). 6th century (Ladstätter 2000, 151). on the other hand, Dokaj velike razlike med različnimi območji se že v the multiple wavy lines were common in the coastal and tem času kažejo v ornamentu. Večlinijska valovnica, ki je Karst sites. Predloka and Križna gora were not precisely na tonovcovem gradu v plasteh prve poznoantične faze dated, but the appearance of such a wavy line on rodik že močno zastopana, je praktično neznana na invil inu in (Ciglenečki 2000, Fig. 115: 2) was dated into the first half Castelraimondu tako v 5. kot v 6. st. Za koroška najdišča of the 5th century (taking into account the date of the site). je značilna šele od sredine 6. st. dalje (Ladstätter 2000, The broad criss-cross brush stroke decoration that was on 151). Po drugi strani je večlinijska valovnica pogosta tonovcov grad predominantly found on type 5b bowls na obalno-kraških najdiščih. Predloka in Križna gora can only be found in Friuli. časovno sicer nista natančneje opredeljeni, pojav take The sites show greater diversity in the 6th century. valovnice na rodiku (Ciglenečki 2000, sl. 115: 2) pa sodi tonovcov grad shows similar characteristics as the sites po dataciji najdišča v prvo polovico 5. st. Na Furlanijo je in Friuli. most shapes that were known in La 1 contin- omejen okras širokega navzkrižnega metličenja, ki je na ued, however pots with an undercut rim and bowls type tonovcovem gradu večinoma izveden na skledah tipa 5b. 1c appeared anew. Pots with an undercut rim (types V 6. st. je med najdišči opaznih že več razlik. to- tonovcov grad 4a, 4b and 5) were one of the most com- novcov grad spet kaže podobne značilnosti kot najdišča monly represented forms also at invil ino (type invil ino v Furlaniji. Večina oblik iz faze Pa 1 se nadaljuje, nov iii d-f; Bierbrauer 1987, 208). The situation was similar pa je pojav loncev s spodrezanim ustjem ter skled tipa in Koper, where pots tonovcov grad 4a and bowls type 1c. Predvsem lonci s spodrezanim ustjem (tip tonovcov 1a-c were found. grad 4a, 4b in 5) sodijo tudi na invillinu (tip invillino The discovered vessels showed a relatively high qual- iii d–f) med najpogosteje zastopane oblike (Bierbrau- ity, but non-unified production. most of them were made er 1987, 208). Podobno sliko kaže tudi Koper, kjer so from hard fired, non-porous clay, with few large mineral zastopani lonci tonovcov grad 4a in sklede tipa 1a–c. inclusions, and were oxidation or reduction fired (tG 1, Posode kažejo še dokaj kvalitetno, vendar ne enotno tG 2, tG 8). Coarsely made, porous, mainly uncontrol ed izdelavo. Večinoma so izdelane iz trdo žgane, neporozne fired vessels started to appear in higher numbers (tG 9, gline, z obilnimi dodatki, žgane pa so lahko v redukcijski tG 10), and this indicated a relative level of self-supply ali oksidacijski atmosferi (tS 1, 2, 8). Bolj izrazito pa se with kitchenware. začnejo pojavljati grobo izdelane, porozne, večinoma a slightly different image was shown by the hil top nekontrolirano žgane posode (tS 9, 10), kar že kaže na settlements in east Slovenia (Vranje, tinje, Gradec near določeno stopnjo samooskrbe s kuhinjskim posodjem. Prapretno, rifnik). There types appeared that were un- Dokaj drugačno sliko v tem času kažejo višinska known or rarely found in the west, while on the other hand naselja v vzhodnem delu Slovenije (Vranje, tinje, Gradec some types that were common in Friuli failed to appear. 209 4_ker.indd 209 23.1.2012 12:48:54 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery pri Prapretnem, rifnik). tam se pojavljajo tipi, ki na in the second half of the 6th century a decline in the zahodu niso poznani ali so zelo redki, hkrati pa na njih shapes was noticed in Carinthia, where mainly low body niso zastopani nekateri, v Furlaniji pogosti tipi. shaped pots with an everted rim and a broad base were Na Koroškem je v drugi polovici 6. st. opazen upad found (Ladstätter 2000, 139). števila oblikovnih tipov, saj so zastopani v glavnem samo a large change in the decoration was noticed in nizki trebušasti lonci z izvihanim ustjem in široko stojno the 6th century. The decoration developed differently ploskvijo (Ladstätter 2000, 139). in different areas. The number of decorated bowls on V 6. st. je precejšnja sprememba glede na prejšnje tonovcov grad fel , the decoration became more modest, faze opazna pri okrasu. tudi v tem času je razvoj okrasa the multiple wavy line disappeared almost completely, and po posameznih območjih različen. Na tonovcovem the irregular single wavy line became the most common gradu se število okrašenih posod zmanjša, okras postane decoration. in Friuli the wavy line continued to be rare. bolj skromen, skoraj popolnoma izgine večlinijska valov- Some new decorations appeared, for instance ribs on the nica, prevladujoča postane enojna, nepravilno izvedena base. The Carinthian sites were completely different, for in valovnica. V Furlaniji je valovnica še naprej številčno the second half of the 6th century the vessels were richly skromno zastopana. Pojavijo pa se nekatere nove vrste decorated with various wavy lines, combings, incisions okrasa, npr. plastična rebra na dnu posod. Popolno and impressions. nasprotje v tem času pomenijo koroška najdišča, kjer Sites in east Slovenia showed a modest decoration so posode v drugi polovici 6. st. bogato okrašene z raz- repertoire in the 6th century (mainly single wavy lines ličnimi vrstami valovnic, glavničenja, vrezov in vbodov. and grooves). Vzhodnoslovenska najdišča tudi v času 6. st. kažejo at the end of the 6th and beginning of the 7th century le skromen repertoar okrasa (predvsem enojna valovnica the first traces of Slav settlement appeared in the eastern in kanelure). and central part of current day Slovenia and in Carinthia. Konec 6. in v začetku 7 st. se na vzhodnem in The oldest Slav settlement phase was recently recognised osrednjem delu današnjega slovenskega ozemlja ter na in the vicinity of murska Sobota, in Hoče, Dragomelj, Koroškem pojavijo prvi sledovi slovanske poselitve. Naj- Gorenji mokronog (col ected in: Guštin 2002) and at starejša slovanska poselitvena faza je bila v zadnjem času Hemmaberg (Ladstätter 2000; 2003). prepoznana na več najdiščih v okolici murske Sobote, This, the oldest Slav phase, did not reach west Slo- v Hočah, Dragomlju, Gorenjem mokronogu (zbrano venia and Friuli. Certain Late mediterranean imports v: Guštin 2002) in na Sv. Hemi (Ladstätter 2000; 2003). clearly indicate that most hil top settlements were con- ta, najstarejša slovanska faza, v zahodnem delu tinuously inhabited until the first half of the 7th century. Slovenije in v Furlaniji ni zastopana. Na večini višinskih Fol owing this period the imports stop completely. two naselij je kontinuirana poselitev segla še v prvo polovico handmade pots from most na Soči stand out, both of 7. st., kot kažejo predvsem nekateri pozni sredozemski which were found in a pit in the middle of a prehistoric importi (Lusuardi Siena, Negri, Vil a 2004; murialdo burial site (mlinar 2002, 111) and show characteristics 2007). Po tem času pa uvoz popolnoma preneha. iz of early Slav pottery; however it was impossible to date tega konteksta izstopa samo najdba dveh prostoročno them precisely. izdelanih lončkov z mosta na Soči, ki sta bila najdena The post-antiquity phase has so far been discovered v jami sredi prazgodovinskega grobišča (mlinar 2002, at tonovcov grad, invil ino, in Concordia, ossopo – San 111) in kažeta značilnosti zgodnje slovanske lončenine, Pietro, ragogna, San Daniele dei Friuli, attimis and vendar njuna ožja časovna opredelitev ni mogoča. ovaro. a short gap in the inhabitation was assumed for Na naseljih je poantična faza do sedaj poznana na some of these sites (tonovcov grad, Concordia, osoppo tonovcovem gradu, invil inu, v Concordiji, ossopu – San – San Pietro). most of these settlements were repopulated Pietro, ragogni, San Daniele dei Friuli, attimisu in ovaru. in the 8th century or later, however some show that they Na nekaterih od teh najdišč (tonovcov grad, Concordija, were inhabited in the second half of the 7th century (see osoppo – San Pietro) se domneva krajša prekinitev v also tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpreta- poselitvi. Na večini naselij je tako ponovna poselitev tion, chapter 2.2). postavljena v čas od 8. st. dalje, nekatera pa kažejo tudi še There was a noticeable decline in the number of poselitev v drugi polovici 7. st. (glej tudi tonovcov grad. pottery shapes during this period – mainly shapes used Naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, pogl. 2.2). for food preparation and conservation remained, while V keramičnem gradivu je v tem času opazen upad tableware disappeared almost completely. The produc- števila oblik – ostanejo predvsem oblike, namenjene tion was strongly regionalised (Lusuardi Siena, Negri, pripravi in shranjevanju hrane, skoraj povsem pa izgine Vil a 2004, 79). namizno posodje. Pojavi se tudi močna regionalizacija at tonovcov grad pot types represented in the first proizvodnje (Lusuardi Siena, Negri, Vil a 2004, 79). two phases appeared in the early middle ages in modest Na tonovcovem gradu se tipi loncev, zastopani v numbers and can be defined as residual finds. total y new prvih dveh fazah, v zgodnjem srednjem veku pojavljajo is the appearance of pot type 6, i.e. pots with a distinc- 210 4_ker.indd 210 23.1.2012 12:48:54 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery le še v zelo skromnem številu in jih lahko opredelimo tively arched neck and a long horizontal or oblique rim. kot rezidualne kose. Popolnoma na novo nastopijo These pots were hardly ever decorated (one exception lonci tipa 6, to je lonci z izrazito usločenim vratom ter with individual wavy lines separated by grooves was dolgim horizontalnim ali poševnim ustjem. ti so skoraj found in the charred layer of the main church) and their vedno neokrašeni (ena izjema z enojnimi, s kanelurami fabric was completely different from the previous ones. ločenimi valovnicami je bila najdena v žganinski plasti technological groups tG 9 and 10 were by far the most osrednje cerkve), pa tudi njihova faktura je popolnoma common; these were vessels made from coarse fabric, drugačna od predhodnih. izrazito prevladujeta tehno- fired in uncontrol ed atmosphere, which indicated the use loški skupini tS 9 in 10, to je posodje grobe fakture, of pottery piles. a novelty was the appearance of tG 5, i.e. žgano v nekontrolirani atmosferi, ki kaže na uporabo porous coarse ware with a smoothened and shiny surface lončarskih kop. izrazita novost je pojav tS 5, to je grobe that was ‘greasy’ or ‘waxy’ to the touch. Such a surface was porozne keramike, pri kateri je površina glajena, tako da characteristic for pottery found in Slav territories and Pl- je otip “masten” oziroma “voščen”, površina pa svetleča. eterski and Belak used it as proof that pottery techniques taka površina je značilna za posodje na slovanskih were transferred from Slavs to the autochthonous settlers ozem ljih in jo Pleterski in Belakova postavljata kot dokaz (Pleterski, Belak 2002, 102). The smoothened surface was za prenos lončarskih tehnik Slovanov k staroselcem (Ple- also common in the early medieval phase in Friuli (Lu- terski, Belak 2002, 102). Glajena površina je pogosta tudi suardi Siena, Negri, Vil a 2004, 83). at Hemmaberg the v zgodnjesrednjeveški fazi v Furlaniji (Lusuardi Siena, coarse porous pottery ‘soapy’ to the touch was ascribed Negri, Vil a 2004, 83). Na Sv. Hemi je groba, porozna to the autochthonous settler’s phase in the 7th century keramika “milnatega” otipa pripisana staroselski fazi (Ladstätter 2000, 160; 2003, 854). 7. st. (Ladstätter 2000, 160; 2003, 854). analogies for type 6 pots can be found across the analogije za lonce tipa 6 so sicer poznane po širokem broader Southeastern alps in Late antique and early me- območju jugovzhodnih alp tako v poznoantičnih kot v dieval contexts (see chapter 4.2.2), however mainly they zgodnjesrednjeveških kontekstih (glej pogl. 4.2.2), vendar were connected to certain technological groups linked predvsem v povezavi z določenimi tehnološkimi skupi- to the early medieval period (Vil a 2003, 300; Lusuardi nami kažejo na čas zgodnjega srednjega veka (Vil a 2003, Siena, Negri, Vil a 2004, Figs. 7: 3; 10: 1-3). 300; Lusuardi Siena, Negri, Vil a 2004, sl. 7: 3; 10: 1–3). Similar pots were found in Koper, where most of Podobni lonci so bili najdeni tudi v Kopru (Cunja them were decorated by a single or multiple separated 1996, t. 34; 35: 374–376), kjer so večinoma okrašeni z irregular wavy lines. These belong into the second group, enojno ali več enojnimi, nepravilnimi valovnicami. Sodi- which was – taking into account the absence of imported jo v drugo skupino, ki je glede na odsotnost importirane pottery – also dated into the time after the 7th century keramike v najdiščnih kontekstih ravno tako datirana v (Cunja 1996, 125). čas po 7. st. (Cunja 1996, 125). in Friuli pots with a distinctive strip decoration Z ta čas so v Furlaniji značilni tudi lonci z izrazito were characteristic for this period (type invil ino iii f4: trakastim ustjem (tip invillino iii f4: Bierbrauer 1987, t. Bierbrauer 1987, Pls. 76: 9,10; 120: 14-19; Lusuardi Siena, 76: 9–10; 120: 14–19; Lusuardi Siena, Negri, Vil a 2004, Negri, Vil a 2004, Figs. 8-9). at tonovcov grad they cor- sl. 8–9). Na tonovcovem gradu ustrezajo nekaterim respond to some type 5 examples ( Pls. 93: 9-11; 94: 3-4), primerom tipa 5 ( t. 93: 9–11; 94: 3–4), ki se pojavijo že which appeared already in Late antiquity phase 2. v drugi poznoantični fazi. type 1 bowls (fire covers) were continuously used, med skledami se iz prvih faz nadaljujejo sklede especial y types with a broadened or thickened edge (pekve) tipa 1, predvsem oblike z razširjenim oziroma (Lusuardi Siena, Negri, Vil a 2004, Figs. 7: 11; 12: 1-7). odebeljenim robom ustja (Lusuardi Siena, Negri, Vil a New was the appearance of kettles with an overreaching 2004, sl. 7: 11; 12: 1–7). Novost so kotlički s presega- triangular handle with a hole, which were common in jočim trikotnim ročajem z luknjo (Bierbrauer 1986, t. 9th and 10th century north italian contexts (Bierbrauer 124:10; Lusuardi Siena, Negri, Vil a 2004, sl. 4: 1; 13: 1–2; 1986, Pl. 124:10; Lusuardi Siena, Negri, Vil a 2004, Figs. Pleterski 2008, sl. 1.4: 3; 4.92), ki so pogoste v severnoi- 4: 1, 13: 1-2; Pleterski 2008, Figs. 1.4: 3; 4.92), and one talijanskih kontekstih 9. in 10. st, ena pa je bila najdena was also discovered at tonovcov grad ( Pl. 106: 11). Plates tudi na tonovcovem gradu ( t. 106: 11). Dokaj pogosti so were also relatively common. They appeared already in tudi krožniki, ki pa se prav tako lahko pojavijo že v 6. st., the 6th century, however they continued into the early nadaljujejo pa se še v zgodnjesrednjeveških kontekstih medieval contexts (Lusuardi Siena, Negri, Vil a 2004, (Lusuardi Siena, Negri, Vil a 2004, sl. 7: 13). Dva sta bila Fig. 7: 13). two were also discovered at tonovcov grad najdena tudi na tonovcovem gradu ( t. 85: 6; 105: 8). ( Pls. 85: 6; 105: 8). med ornamentalnimi tehnikami v Furlaniji pre- amongst the decorative techniques in Friuli the vladuje enojna valovnica z majhno amplitudo, pogosto often irregular single wavy line with a small amplitude izvedena zelo nepravilno, medtem ko je na slovanskih was the most common, while in the Slav sites in eastern najdiščih vzhodne in osrednje Slovenije prevladujoča and central Slovenia the multiple wavy lines tended to 211 4_ker.indd 211 23.1.2012 12:48:55 4. KeramiKa 4. Pottery večlinijska valovnica. Pogosto je tudi grobo metličenje be more popular. Brush strokes that cover the entire (brazdanje) cele površine posode, ki ga najdemo tako surface, often in various directions, were also common. na vzhodnem delu obravnavanega območja (Ciglenečki They were found in the eastern part of the discussed area 2000, t. 20: 2, z zbranimi primerjavami) kot v Furlaniji (Ciglenečki 2000, Pl. 20: 2, with the collected compari- (Lusuardi Siena, Negri, Vil a 2004, sl. 15: 1), pogosto sons) and Friuli (Lusuardi Siena, Negri, Vil a 2004, Fig. pa poteka v več smereh (Lusuardi Siena, Negri, Vil a 15: 1). on tonovcov grad the irregular wavy line was 2004, sl. 15: 2–3). Na tonovcovem gradu nepravilno not common, however it appeared in Late antiquity 2 izvedena valovnica ni pogosta, pojavlja se že v plasteh and early medieval layers (see chapter 4.2.3). druge poznoantične faze, pa tudi v zgodnjesrednjeveških The disappearance of certain old shapes and the plasteh (glej pogl. 4.2.3). appearance of new ones was most likely linked to the izginotje nekaterih starih oblik posod ter pojav no- change in the diet once the contacts with the mediter- vih je verjetno povezano tudi s spremembo načina prehra- ranean were broken. njevanja po prekinitvi stikov s sredozemskim prostorom. The characteristics of the pottery inventory in Prikazane značilnosti keramičnega inventarja na the discussed area shows that more attention should obravnavanem območju kažejo, da bi bilo v prihodnosti be paid to the contexts from which the finds originate potrebno več pozornosti posvetiti kontekstom, iz katerih and to the development within an individual site. The izvirajo najdbe, ter notranjem razvoju na posameznem analysis of coarse ware on tonovcov grad has shown najdišču. analiza grobe keramike s tonovcovega gradu that the development of the shapes, technology and je pokazala, da je znotraj najdišča vsaj v grobem mogoče decoration within the site can be followed to a certain slediti razvoju oblik, tehnologije in ornamenta. Primer- extent. The comparison with other sites has shown that java z drugimi najdišči pa je pokazala, da razlike (in po- differences (and similarities) in the coarse ware do not dobnosti) v grobi keramiki med posameznimi najdiščih necessarily have a chronological cause, however they nimajo nujno vedno kronološkega vzroka, ampak pogosto often represent a regional characteristic. in order to pomenijo tudi regionalno značilnost. Za določanje, katere define which characteristics are chronological, and lastnosti so kronološki, katere pa prostorski pokazatelj, which spatial indices, one has to be acquainted with the pa je nujno poznavanje celotnega keramičnega gradiva entire pottery assemblage from individual sites as wel as posameznih najdišč ter stratigrafskih kontekstov najdb. the stratigraphic contexts of these finds. in the current Uvožena keramika pri današnjem stanju raziskav že nudi research imported pottery offers relatively good support dokaj dobro oporo pri ožjih časovnih opredelitvah, z when trying to define the time of origin and with its help njeno pomočjo pa je možno slediti tudi razvoju oblik in it is possible to follow the development of coarse ware ornamenta pri grobi keramiki. shapes and decorations. 4.4 LiteratUra / BiBLioGraPHy tonovcov grad. Naselbinski ostanki in interpre- artHUr, P. 1998, eastern mediterranean am- tacija / tonovcov grad. 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PaNeLLa, C. 1973, anfore. – V / in: ostia 3, 1973, moDriJaN, Z. 2010, The last phases of the settle- 163–633. ment at tonovcov grad (Slovenia): the ceramic evidence. PaNeLLa, C. 1993, merci e scambi nel mediter- – V / in: LrCW3/2, 689–694. raneo tardoantico. – V / in: Storia di Roma III. L’età moDriJaN, Z. 2011, Continuity in Late antiqui- tardoantica 2. I luoghi e le culture, 613–697, roma. ty Slovenian fortified hil top settlements. – V / in: o. PaNeLLa, C. 2001, Le anfore di età imperiale nel Heinrich-tamáska (ur. / ed.), Keszthely-Fenékpuszta mediterraneo occidentale. V / in: Céramiques hel énis- im Kontext spätantiker Kontinuitätsforschung zwischen tiques et romaines iii, 177–275. Noricum und Moesia, 157–171, Budapest, Leipzig, Kesz- PatterSoN, H., a. BoUSQUet, S. FoNtaNa, thely, rahden (Westf.). r. WitCHer in / and S. ZamPiNi 2005, Late roman morSeLLi, C. (ur. / ed.) 2007, Trieste antica. Lo common wares and amphorae in the middle tiber val ey, scavo di Crosada. 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CoiN fiNds Peter Kos 5.1 Katalog 5.1 Catalogue velika večina novcev s tonovcovega gradu je že bila ob- Most of the coins from tonovcov grad have already been javljena v treh zvezkih korpusa antičnih novčnih najdb s področja published in the three volumes of coin finds from the territory of slovenije, še zlasti v njegovem četrtem delu (fMRsl). Kljub temu slovenia, especial y in the fourth volume (fMRsl). Nevertheless, na tem mestu še enkrat objavljamo katalog vsega novčnega gradiva we are again publishing a catalogue of all coins from the site with z najdišča z navajanjem vseh relevantnih arheoloških podatkov. all the relevant archaeological data. v katalogu si pod posameznimi vladarji sledijo podatki o in the catalogue the data about the denomination, minting nominalu, dataciji kovanja posameznega novca, kovnici, stan- date, mint, standard literature and mint-mark are given under dardni literaturi in priznaku kovnice. individual rulers. Nominal: as = as; an = antoninianus; Cen = centenionalis; denomination: as = as; an = antoninianus; Cen = cen- d = denarius; dp = dupondius; Num = nummus; s = sestertius; tenionalis; d = denarius; dp = dupondius; Num = nummus; s = sil = siliqua; tre = tremis. v poznem 4. stoletju so novci označeni sestertius; sil = siliqua; tre = tremissis. for the late 4th century po njihovi velikosti (ae 4 = najmanjši bronasti novec). Prav tako the coins are marked according to their size (ae 4 = the smallest so označeni novci viminacijske kovnice (ae 1 = bronasti novec bronze coin). The coins of the mint of viminacium are marked in najvišje vrednosti). the same way (ae 1 = bronze coin of the highest value). Kovnice: aq = aquileia; ale = alexandria; ant = antio- Mints: aq = aquileia; ale = alexandria; ant = antiochia; chia; Cyz = Cyzicus; Her = Heraclea; Med = Mediolanum; Rav Cyz = Cyzicus; Her = Heraclea; Med = Mediolanum; Rav = = Ravenna; Rom = Roma; sis = siscia; tes = Thessalonica; tic = Ravenna; Rom = Roma; sis = siscia; tes = Thessalonica; tic = ticinum; vim = viminacium. ticinum; vim = viminacium. Citati standardne literature: CNi = Corpus Nummorum standard literature: CNi = Corpus Nummorum Italicorum: Italicorum: primo tentativo di un catalogo generale del e monete primo tentativo di un catalogo generale delle monete medievali medievali e moderne coniate in Italia o da Italiani in altre paesi, e moderne coniate in Italia o da Italiani in altre paesi, Roma, Roma, 1910–1943. 1910-1943. Mib = W. Hahn, Moneta Imperii Byzantini, Bd. 1: Von Ana- Mib = W. Hahn, Moneta Imperii Byzantini, Bd. 1: Von Ana- stasius I. bis Iustinianus I. (491–565), einschliesslich der ostgotischen stasius I. bis Iustinianus I. (491-565), einschliesslich der ostgotischen und vandalischen Prägungen, Wien 1973. und vandalischen Prägungen, Wien 1973. MiR = R. göbl, Die Münzprägung der Kaiser Valerianus I., MiR = R. göbl, Die Münzprägung der Kaiser Valerianus I., Gal ienus, Saloninus (253/268), Regalianus (260) und Macrianus, Gal ienus, Saloninus (253/268), Regalianus (260) und Macrianus, Quietus (260/262), Wien 2000 (denkschriften / Österreichische Quietus (260/262), Wien 2000 (denkschriften / Österreichische akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-historische Klasse, akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-historische Klasse, bd. 286. veröffentlichungen der Numismatischen Kommission, bd. 286. veröffentlichungen der Numismatischen Kommission, bd. 35) (MiR – Moneta imperii Romani, bd. 36; 43; 44). bd. 35) (MiR – Moneta imperii Romani, bd. 36; 43; 44). R. göbl, Die Münzprägung des Kaisers Aurelianus (270/275), R. göbl, Die Münzprägung des Kaisers Aurelianus (270/275), Wien 1993 (denkschriften / Österreichische akademie der Wien 1993 (denkschriften / Österreichische akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-historische Klasse ; bd. 233. Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-historische Klasse ; bd. 233. veröffentlichungen der Numismatischen Kommission, bd. 29) veröffentlichungen der Numismatischen Kommission, bd. 29) (MiR – Moneta imperii Romani, bd. 47). (MiR - Moneta imperii Romani, bd. 47). Pick = b. Pick, Die antiken Münzen Nord-Griechenlands, Pick = b. Pick, Die antiken Münzen Nord-Griechenlands, bd. i, i. Halbband. Die antiken Münzen von Dacien und Moesien, bd. i, i. Halbband. Die antiken Münzen von Dacien und Moesien, berlin 1898. berlin 1898. RiC = The Roman Imperial Coinage V/2 – X, london RiC = The Roman Imperial Coinage V/2 – X, london 1933–1994. 1933-1994. vse novce hrani goriški muzej, Nova gorica (gM). all the coins are kept at the goriški muzej, Nova gorica (gM). 221 5_Kos.indd 221 23.1.2012 10:41:34 5. NovčNe Najdbe 5. CoiN fiNds RiM / RoMe tiberius (divus augustus) 1 as 22–30 Rom RiC 81 vespasianus 2 as 69–79 Rom RiC ? titus (domitianus) 3 as 80–81 Rom RiC 169a Hadrianus 4 d 134–138 Rom RiC 338 5 as 125–128 Rom RiC 668c M. aurelius 6 – 7 dp 161–180 Rom RiC ? 8 dp 170–171 Rom RiC 1001 severus alexander 9 s 222–235 Rom RiC ? 10 s 233 Rom RiC 535c gordianus iii. 11 s 241–243 Rom RiC 300a gallienus 12 an 260–261 Rom RiC 325K MiR 373 13 an 267–268 Rom RiC 163K Z MiR 735b 14 an 267–268 Rom RiC 166K Δ MiR 718b 15 an 267–268 Rom RiC 181K X MiR - (ad 716b) 16 an 267–268 Rom RiC 181K Xii MiR 750b 17 an 260–268 ? RiC ? s MiR ? (salonina) 18 an 260–268 ? RiC ? ? MiR ? Claudius ii. 19 an 268–270 Rom RiC 103K X 20 an 268–270 sis RiC 193f aurelianus 21 an 270–275 Rom RiC ? ? MiR ? 22 an 272 sis RiC 225f *s MiR 199l-2 222 5_Kos.indd 222 23.1.2012 10:41:34 5. NovčNe Najdbe 5. CoiN fiNds (divus Claudius ii.) 23 an 270 ? RiC ? Probus 24 an 276–282 Rom RiC 173f R-b 25 an 276–282 Rom RiC 202H R*ε 26 an 276–282 ? RiC ? ? Carus 27 an 282–283 Rom RiC 40f b? Carinus 28 an 284–285 Rom RiC 261f KaΓ diocletianus 29 an 284–294 ant RiC 325C ? E/Z galerius 30 Num 312 ant RiC 167b aNt Γ * licinius i. 31 Num 313–316 tes RiC 2 ztzszaz Constantinus i. 32 Cen 318–319 tic RiC 82 tt 33 Cen 330–335 ? RiC ? ? (Crispus) 34 Cen 322–325 tic RiC 170 Pt ε 35 Cen 326–327 sis RiC 201 Δsis 36 Cen 321–324 ? RiC ? ? (Constantius ii.) 37 Cen 330–333 Her RiC 113 sMHΓ 38 Cen 330–335 ? RiC ? ? 39 Cen 335–337 ? RiC ? ? (Constantinopolis) 40 Cen 334–335 aq RiC 123 aQs 41 Cen 330–337 ? RiC ? ? Constantinus i. ali sinovi / Constantinus i or sons 42 Cen 335–341 ? RiC ? ? Constans 43 Cen 341–348 sis RiC 182 Γsis 44 Cen 341–348 ? RiC ? ? 45 ae 3 348–350 ? RiC ? ? Constantius ii. 46 ae 3 352–355 aq RiC 208 aQt ii 47 – 51 ae 3 351–361 ? RiC ? ? 52 ae 4 355–361 ? RiC ? ? 223 5_Kos.indd 223 23.1.2012 10:41:34 5. NovčNe Najdbe 5. CoiN fiNds (Constantius gal us) 53 ae 2 351–354 Cyz RiC 99 sMKε 54 – 55 ae 2 351–354 ? RiC ? ? (iulianus) 56 ae 3 355–361 aq RiC 213;214 aQ? ii 57 ae 3 355–361 ale RiC 88 aleΔ Constantinus ii., Constans ali / or Constantius ii. 58 – 59 Cen 337–341 ? RiC ? ? Constans ali / or Constantius ii. 60 – 61 Cen 341–348 ? RiC ? ? 62 ae 2 348–361 ? RiC ? ? Magnentius 63 ae 2 351–352 aq RiC 170 ~aQt} 64 ae 2 351–352 aq RiC 173 aQs */z 65 ae 2 351–352 ? RiC ? ? valentinianus i. 66 ae 3 364–367 aq RiC 7a i(b) sMaQs a 67 ae 3 367–375 aq RiC 11a xviii(a) sMaQ? * 68 – 70 ae 3 364–375 ? RiC ? ? valens 71 – 77 ae 3 364–378 ? RiC ? ? gratianus 78 ae 2 378–383 aq RiC 30a 1 sMaQ 79 ae 2 378–383 ? RiC ? ? 80 ae 3 367–378 ? RiC ? ? valentinianus i., valens ali / or gratianus 81 ae 3 364–378 ? RiC ? ? valentinianus ii. 82 ae 375–388 ? RiC ? ? valentinianus i., valens, gratianus ali / or valentinianus ii. 83 ae 3 364–378 ? RiC ? ? Theodosius i. 84 ae 4 379–383 ? RiC ? ? arcadius 85 ae 4 395–402 aq RiC 1237 aQ? 86 – 89 ae 4 388–403 ? RiC ? ? 224 5_Kos.indd 224 23.1.2012 10:41:34 5. NovčNe Najdbe 5. CoiN fiNds eudoxia 90 ae 3 400–401 ? RiC ? ? Honorius 91 ae 3 408–423 Rom RiC 1355 sMRε 92 – 95 ae 3 408–423 aq RiC 1358 aQP 96 – 98 ae 3 408–423 aq RiC 1358 aQs 99 – 104 ae 3 408–423 aq RiC 1358 aQ? 105 – 107 ae 4 395–402 aq RiC 1238 aQs 108 ae 4 395–402 aq RiC 1238 aQ? 109 – 114 ae 3 408–423 ? RiC ? ? 115 – 118 ae 4 393–403 ? RiC ? ? arcadius ali / or Honorius 119 – 125 ae 4 388–403 ? RiC ? ? valentinianus ii., Theodosius i., arcadius ali / or Honorius 126 ae 4 388–393 aq RiC 58a-d 2 aQs 127 ae 4 388–403 ? RiC ? ? Zeno (odovacar) 128 tre 480–491 Med RiC 3610 CoMob Nedoločljiv / Undetermined 129 s 1.–2.st. / 1st-2nd cent. Rom RiC ? 130 dp 1.–2.st. / 1st-2nd cent. Rom RiC ? 131 – 133 as 1.–2.st. / 1st-2nd cent. Rom RiC ? 134 an 2. pol. 3.st. / 2nd half of the 3rd cent. ? RiC ? 135 – 136 an 2. pol. 3.st. / 2nd half of the 3rd cent. ? RiC ? ? 137 Num 1. pol. 4.st. / 1st half of the 4th cent. ? RiC ? ? 138 ae 2 2. pol. 4.st. / 2nd half of the 4th cent. ? RiC ? ? 139 – 149 ae 3 2. pol. 4.st. / 2nd half of the 4th cent. ? RiC ? ? 150 – 154 ae 4 2. pol. 4.st. / 2nd half of the 4th cent. ? RiC ? ? 155 ae 4 2. pol. 4.–1.pol. 5.st. / 2nd half of the 4th-1st half of the 5th cent ? RiC ? ? 225 5_Kos.indd 225 23.1.2012 10:41:34 5. NovčNe Najdbe 5. CoiN fiNds gRšKi iMPeRialNi NovCi / gReeK iMPeRial CoiNs Moesia superior traianus decius 156 ae 1 250 vim Pick 125 aN Xi biZaNC / byZaNtiuM iustinianus i. 157 1/4 sil 540–552 Rav Mib 78 vZHodNi goti / ostRogotHs Theoderich (anastasius) 158 – 159 1/4 sil 492–518 Med Mib 44b 160 1/4 sil 500–518 Rom Mib 39 (iustinus i.) 161 10 Num 522–526 Rav Mib 72b athalaric (iustinianus i.) 162 1/2 sil 527–534 Rom Mib 53b Novi veK / Post Mediaeval PeRiod Italija / Italy beneška republika / venetian Republic antonio Priuli, doge XCiv (1618–1623) 163 soldo b. l. / no year venezia CNi 203 1 gM N1762. stavba 1, kv. 767/C1, se 10. fMRsl iv 5-1. t.: 6,62g. izrabljen. 2 gM N1772. stavba 1, kv. 766/ C1, se 10. določitev po portretu. fMRsl iv 5-2. t.: 9,54g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 3 lj 8305. stavba 1, kv. 619/b2, se 67. fMRsl iv 5-3. t.: 7,41g. izrabljen. 4 gM N1678. stavba 1, kv. 619/b2, se 67. fMRsl iv 5-4. t.: 2,41g. izrabljen. 5 lj 8456. stavba 1, kv. 719/d3, se 26. fMRsl iv 5-5. t.: 9,19g. dobro ohranjen. 6 gM N1753. stavba 1, kv. 719/C4. fMRsl iv 5-6. t.: 10,99g. izrabljen. 7 gM N1760. stavba 1, kv. 719/C4. določitev po portretu. fMRsl iv 5-7. t.: 10,98g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 8 lj 8290. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu. fMRsl iv 5-8. t.: 14,57g. dobro ohranjen. 9 lj 8289. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu. fMRsl iv 5-9. t.: 13,64g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 10 lj 8304. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu. fMRsl iv 5-10. t.: 18,61g. Zelo lepo ohranjen. 11 lj 15355. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu. dvojni kov. fMRsl iv 5-11. t.: 16,89g. Zelo lepo ohranjen. 12 gM. PN 350. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu, kv. 864. t.: 2,05g. dobro ohranjen. 13 gM N1749. stavba 1, kv. 669/b2, se 30. fMRsl iv 5-12. t.: 1,93g. dobro ohranjen. 14 gM N1739. stavba 1, kv. 766/a4, se 24. fMRsl iv 5-13. t.: 1,74g. dobro ohranjen. 15 gM N1744. stavba 1, kv. 669/b3, se 32. fMRsl iv 5-14. t.: 3,40g. dobro ohranjen. 16 gM N1774. stavba 1, kv. 817/d1, se 03. fMRsl iv 5-15. t.: 2,37g. Zelo lepo ohranjen. 17 gM N1757. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu, kv. 56. fragmentiran. tip: ?. fMRsl iv 5-16. t.: 1,35g. izrabljen. 18 lj 8302. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu. fMRsl iv 5-17. t.: 1,74g. izrabljen. 19 gM N1747. stavba 1, kv. 817/d4. fMRsl iv 5-18. t.: 1,50g. izrabljen. 20 gM N1741. stavba 1, kv. 716/C3, se 68. fMRsl iv 5-19. t.: 1,86g. izrabljen. 21 gM N1701. stavba 1, kv. 666/a3, se 56. av.: iMP avReliaNvs avg. doprsje f. tip: ?. fMRsl iv 5-20. t.: 3,06g. izrabljen. 22 gM. stavba 3, se 172. t.: 1,99g. Zelo lepo ohranjen. 23 gM. stavba 3, naključna najdba v izmetani zemlji. tip: orel d. t.: 1,15g. izrabljen. 24 lj 7483. stavba 1, kv. 666/a1, se 34. fMRsl iv 5-21. t.: 2,14g. izrabljen. 25 gM N1677. stavba 1, kv. 666/a1, se 34. fMRsl iv 5-22. t.: 3,24g. dobro ohranjen. 26 gM. Cerkveni sklop – memorija, kv. 1375/C3, se 02. fragmentiran. Rv.: MaRs vltoR. tip: Mars d. t.: 1,53g. izrabljen. 27 gM N1754. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu, kv. 56. fMRsl iv 5-23. t.: 2,72g. dobro ohranjen. 28 lj 7507. fMRsl iv 5-24. t.: 2,89g. izrabljen. 226 5_Kos.indd 226 23.1.2012 10:41:35 5. NovčNe Najdbe 5. CoiN fiNds 29 gM N1748. stavba 1, kv. 768/b1, se 17. fMRsl iv 5-25. t.: 2,75g. izrabljen. 30 gM N1676. stavba 1, kv. 817/C1, se 34. fMRsl iv 5-26. t.: 4,33g. Zelo lepo ohranjen. 31 gM N1704. stavba 1, kv. 816/b3, se 09. fMRsl iv 5-27. t.: 1,91g. izrabljen. 32 lj 7482. fMRsl iv 5-28. t.: 1,75g. izrabljen. 33 gM N1691. stavba 1, kv. 666/b2, se 34. Polovičen. tip: gloria exercitus, 2 vojaški znamenji. fMRsl iv 5-31. t.: 0,71g. izrabljen. 34 gM N1761. stavba 1, kv. 719/ d4. fMRsl iv 5-29. t.: 3,05g. Zelo lepo ohranjen. 35 lj 5784. stavba 1, kv. 619. t.: 2,24g. izrabljen. 36 gM N1675. stavba 1, kv. 569/d3, se 34. tip: Caesarum Nostrorum, vot XX. fMRsl iv 5-30. t.: 1,44g. izrabljen. 37 lj 8457. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu. fMRsl iv 5-32. t.: 2,14g. izrabljen. 38 gM N1723. stavba 1, kv. 716/C2, se 23. tip: gloria exercitus, 2 vojaški znamenji. fMRsl iv 5-33. t.: 1,77g. dobro ohranjen. 39 gM N1690. stavba 1, kv. 666/C2, se 29. tip: gloria exercitus, 1 vojaško znamenje. fMRsl iv 5-34. t.: 0,93g. dobro ohranjen. 40 gM N1769. stavba 1, kv. 669/a3, se 29. fMRsl iv 5-35. t.: 0,83g. izrabljen. 41 gM N1696. stavba 1, kv. 666/b2, se 34. fMRsl iv 5-36. t.: 1,11g. izrabljen. 42 gM N1698. stavba 1, kv. 716/b3, se 34. tip: gloria exercitus, 1 vojaško znamenje. fMRsl iv 5-39. t.: 0,60g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 43 lj 5800. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu. fMRsl iii 7-2. t.: 1,02g. izrabljen. 44 gM N1768. stavba 1, kv. 720/a2, se 01. tip: victoriae dd auggq NN. fMRsl iv 5-40. t.: 1,19g. izrabljen. 45 gM. sklop cerkva, prostor med glavno in južno cerkvijo, kv. 1272, se 107. tip: fel temp Reparatio, galeja. t.: 1,40g. Zelo lepo ohranjen. 46 gM N1719. stavba 1, kv. 769/C1. fMRsl iv 5-46. t.: 1,60g. dobro ohranjen. 47 gM N1756. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu, kv. 56. fragmentiran. tip: fel temp Reparatio, padajoči konjenik 3. fMRsl iv 5-53. t.: 2,18g. izrabljen. 48 gM N1755. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu, kv. 56. tip: fel temp Reparatio, padajoči konjenik 3. fMRsl iv 5-54. t.: 2,07g. izrabljen. 49 gM N1728. stavba 1, kv. 716/a2, se 24. tip: fel temp Reparatio, padajoči konjenik 3. fMRsl iv 5-55. t.: 1,89g. izrabljen. 50 lj 7481. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu. tip: fel temp Reparatio, padajoči konjenik 4. fMRsl iv 5-56. t.: 1,83g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 51 lj 5799. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu. tip: fel temp Reparatio, padajoči konjenik 3. fMRsl iii 7-3. t.: 1,50g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 52 lj 7901. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu. tip: spes Reipublice. fMRsl iv 5-50. t.: 3,05g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 53 lj 8301. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu. fMRsl iv 5-47. t.: 4,26g. izrabljen. 54 lj 8375. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu. tip: fel temp Reparatio, padajoči konjenik 4. fMRsl iv 5-48. t.: 3,44g. izrabljen. 55 lj 8377. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu. tip: fel temp Reparatio, padajoči konjenik 4. fMRsl iv 5-49. t.: 2,71g. izrabljen. 56 gM N1714. stavba 1, kv. 669/ b2, se 23. fragmentiran. fMRsl iv 5-51. t.: 0,96g. dobro ohranjen. 57 gM N1700. stavba 1, kv. 666/a2,b2, se 34. fMRsl iv 5-52. t.: 2,37g. izrabljen. 58 gM N1716. stavba 1, kv. 769/b2. fragmentiran. tip: gloria exercitus, 1 vojaško znamenje. fMRsl iv 5-37. t.: 0,66g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 59 gM N1779. stavba 1, kv. 816/a1, se 01. fragmentiran. tip: gloria exercitus, 1 vojaško znamenje. fMRsl iv 5-38. t.: 0,53g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 60 gM N1746. stavba 1, kv. 817/d4. tip: victoriae dd auggq NN. fMRsl iv 5-41. t.: 1,26g. izrabljen. 61 gM N1771. stavba 1, kv. 667/C3, se 24. tip: victoriae dd auggq NN. fMRsl iv 5-42. t.: 0,70g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 62 gM. stavba 3, se 150. tip: fel temp Reparatio, padajoči konjenik (?). t.: 2,48g. izrabljen. 63 gM N1776. stavba 1, kv. 717/a1, se 24. fMRsl iv 5-43. t.: 4,61g. dobro ohranjen. 64 gM N1695. stavba 1, kv. 820/ b4, se 34. fMRsl iv 5-44. t.: 3,51g. izrabljen. 65 gM N1703. stavba 1, kv. 667/C4,d4. tip: victoriae dd NN aug et Caes, vot v Mult X. fMRsl iv 5-45. t.: 3,94g. izrabljen. 66 gM N1778. stavba 1, 716/C2, se 23. fMRsl iv 5-57. t.: 1,72g. dobro ohranjen. 67 gM PN347. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu, kv 470. t.: 1,87g. dobro ohranjen. 68 gM N1706. stavba 1, kv. 818/a2. tip: securitas Reipublicae. fMRsl iv 5-58. t.: 2,22g. dobro ohranjen. 69 lj 7899. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu. tip: gloria Romanorum. fMRsl iv 5-59. t.: 1,54g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 70 gM N1707. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu, kv. 476. Polovičen. tip: securitas Reipublicae. fMRsl iv 5-60. t.: 1,10g. izrabljen. 71 lj 8303. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu. tip: gloria Romanorum. fMRsl iv 5-61. t.: 1,85g. izrabljen. 72 gM N1697. stavba 1, kv 918/C3, se 34. tip: gloria Romanorum. fMRsl iv 5-62. t.: 1,84g. izrabljen. 73 gM N1734. stavba 1, kv. 668/a, se 06. tip: gloria Romanorum. fMRsl iv 5-63. t.: 1,65g. izrabljen. 74 gM N1705. stavba 1, kv. 818/ b4, se 01. fragmentiran. tip: securitas Reipublicae. fMRsl iv 5-64. t.: 1,55g. izrabljen. 75 lj 7480. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu.tip: securitas Reipublicae. fMRsl iv 5-65. t.: 1,33g. izrabljen. 76 gM N1775. stavba 1, kv. 719/ C2, se 26. fragmentiran. tip: gloria Romanorum. fMRsl iv 5-66. t.: 0,91g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 77 gM N1773. stavba 1¸ kv. 719/ C3, se 26. Polovičen. tip: gloria Romanorum. fMRsl iv 5-67. t.: 0,79g. izrabljen. 78 gM N1763. stavba 1, kv. 817/ a2,a3, se10. fMRsl iv 5-70. t.: 3,46g. dobro ohranjen. 79 gM N1745. stavba 1, kv. 719/d3, se 26. tip: Reparatio Reipub. fMRsl iv 5-71. t.: 2,73g. izrabljen. 80 lj 8455. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu. tip: gloria Romanorum. fMRsl iv 5-68. t.: 1,38g. izrabljen. 81 lj 5798. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu. tip: gloria Romanorum. fMRsl iii 7-4. t.: 1,37g. izrabljen. 82 gM N1683. stavba 1, kv. 666/a3, se 29. tip: gloria Romanorum. fMRsl iv 5-73. t.: 1,76g. izrabljen. 83 gM N1736. stavba 1, kv. 666/d1, se 06. tip: gloria Romanorum. fMRsl iv 5-69. t.: 1,08g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 84 lj 8292. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu. tip: vot Xv Mult XX. fMRsl iv 5-72. t.: 1,01g. izrabljen. 85 gM N1680. stavba 1, kv. 918/a3, se 34. fMRsl iv 5-74. t.: 0,62g. dobro ohranjen. 86 gM N1688. stavba 1, kv. 618/C2, se 34. tip: salus Reipublicae. fMRsl iv 5-75. t.: 1,25g. izrabljen. 87 gM. Cerkveni sklop – okolica, kv. 1120/ C1, se 01. tip: salus Reipublicae. t.: 0,93g. izrabljen. 227 5_Kos.indd 227 23.1.2012 10:41:35 5. NovčNe Najdbe 5. CoiN fiNds 88 gM N1759. stavba 1, kv. 669/b1, se 29. tip: salus Reipublicae. fMRsl iv 5-76. t.: 0,65g. izrabljen. 89 gM. Cerkveni sklop – memorija, kv. 1375/a1, se 04. tip: salus Reipublicae. t.: 0,50g. dobro ohranjen. 90 gM. izven izkopnega polja, kv. 1064, v humusu. tip: gloria Romanorum 24. t.: 1,01g. izrabljen. 91 gM N1729. stavba 1, kv. 669/a2, se 29. fMRsl iv 5-92. t.: 2,48g. dobro ohranjen. 92 gM N1718. stavba 1, kv. 769/a2. fMRsl iv 5-93. t.: 2,08g. dobro ohranjen. 93 gM N1737. stavba 1, kv. 719/C3, se 04. fMRsl iv 5-94. t.: 1,86g. Zelo lepo ohranjen. 94 gM N1693. stavba 1, kv. 619/ C3, se 68. fMRsl iv 5-95. t.: 1,66g. Zelo lepo ohranjen. 95 gM N1752. stavba 1, kv. 716/d1. fMRsl iv 5-96. t.: 1,09g. izrabljen. 96 lj 15528. stavba 1, kv. 820/b4, se 34. fMRsl iv 5-97. t.: 1,74g. dobro ohranjen. 97 gM N1764. stavba 1, kv. 720, se 34. fMRsl iv 5-98. t.: 1,60g. dobro ohranjen. 98 gM N1743. stavba 1, kv. 769/C2. fMRsl iv 5-99. t.: 1,32g. dobro ohranjen. 99 gM N1742. stavba 1, kv. 769/C1. fMRsl iv 5-100. t.: 2,59g. dobro ohranjen. 100 gM N1709. stavba 1, kv. 719/C3. fMRsl iv 5-101. t.: 2,38g. Zelo lepo ohranjen. 101 gM N1681. stavba 1, kv. 715/d3, se 04. fMRsl iv 5-102. t.: 1,42g. dobro ohranjen. 102 gM N1717. stavba 1, kv. 669/C4, se 24. fragmentiran. fMRsl iv 5-103. t.: 1,31g. izrabljen. 103 gM N1720. stavba 1, kv. 769/C1. fragmentiran. fMRsl iv 5-104. t.: 1,21g. izrabljen. 104 gM N1685. stavba 1, kv. 666/b4, se 52. fragmentiran. fMRsl iv 5-105. t.: 0,69g. dobro ohranjen. 105 gM N1726. stavba 1, kv. 766/a4, se 24. fMRsl iv 5-77. t.: 1,03g. dobro ohranjen. 106 gM N1733. stavba 1, kv. 669/b1, se 29. fMRsl iv 5-78. t.: 0,86g. dobro ohranjen. 107 gM N1679. stavba 1, kv. 666/ C4, se 57. fMRsl iv 5-79. t.: 0,61g. dobro ohranjen. 108 gM N1694. stavba 1, kv. 919/a1, se 34. fMRsl iv 5-80. t.: 0,57g. izrabljen. 109 gM N1780. stavba 1, kv. 867/b1, se 03. tip: gloria Romanorum 11. fMRsl iv 5-106. t.: 2,68g. Zelo lepo ohranjen. 110 gM N1724. stavba 1, kv. 868/a1, se 06. tip: gloria Romanorum 11. fMRsl iv 5-107. t.: 2,39g. Zelo lepo ohranjen. 111 gM N1730. stavba 1, kv. 769/C2, se 03. objekt 1Z. tip: gloria Romanorum 11. fMRsl iv 5-108. t.: 2,33g. izrabljen. 112 gM N1692. stavba 1, kv. 619/b3, se 68. tip: gloria Romanorum 11. fMRsl iv 5-109. t.: 2,11g. dobro ohranjen. 113 gM N1766. stavba 1, kv. 716/ b4, se 23. tip: gloria Romanorum 11. fMRsl iv 5-110. t.: 2,04g. izrabljen. 114 gM N1767. stavba 1, kv. 766/ d3. tip: gloria Romanorum 11. fMRsl iv 5-111. t.: 1,68g. dobro ohranjen. 115 gM N1689. stavba 1, kv. 917/d2, se 34. tip: salus Reipublicae. fMRsl iv 5-81. t.: 1,08g. dobro ohranjen. 116 gM N1750. stavba 1, kv. 817/C4, se 03. tip: salus Reipublicae. fMRsl iv 5-82. t.: 0,90g. izrabljen. 117 gM N1687. stavba 1, kv. 618/a3, se 34. tip: salus Reipublicae. fMRsl iv 5-83. t.: 0,86g. izrabljen. 118 gM N1715. stavba 1, kv. 769/C1. tip: salus Reipublicae. fMRsl iv 5-84. t.: 0,85g. Zelo lepo ohranjen. 119 gM N1765. stavba 1, kv. 667/ d4, se 24. tip: salus Reipublicae. fMRsl iv 5-85. t.: 1,03g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 120 gM N1708. izven izkopnega polja, kv. 476. Humus. tip: salus Reipublicae. fMRsl iv 5-86. t.: 0,89g. izrabljen. 121 gM N1731. stavba 1, kv. 768/b2, se 03. tip: salus Reipublicae. fMRsl iv 5-87. t.: 0,86g. izrabljen. 122 gM N1684. stavba 1, kv. 666/C3, se 50. tip: salus Reipublicae. fMRsl iv 5-88. t.: 0,80g. izrabljen. 123 gM N1732. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu, kv. 56. tip: salus Reipublicae. fMRsl iv 5-89. t.: 0,78g. izrabljen. 124 gM N1686. stavba 1, kv. 771/b1, se 69. tip: salus Reipublicae. fMRsl iv 5-90. t.: 0,78g. izrabljen. 125 gM N1751. stavba 1, kv. 669/ d3, se 30. tip: salus Reipublicae. fMRsl iv 5-91. t.: 0,61g. izrabljen. 126 gM. Cerkveni sklop – okolica, kv. 1120/C1. t.: 0,90g. izrabljen. 127 gM. Cerkveni sklop – okolica. Kv. 1120/d1. tip: salus Reipublicae. t.: 0,63g. izrabljen. 128 lj 25149. stavba 1, kv. 918/d3, se 34. fMRsl v 4-1. t.: 1,45g. odlično ohranjen. 129 gM N1738. stavba 1, kv. 767/C1, se 10. fMRsl iv 5-112. t.: 12,81g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 130 lj 8188. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu. fMRsl iv 5-113. t.: 6,03g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 131 lj 8454. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu. fMRsl iv 5-114. t.: 6,32g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 132 lj 8189. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu. fMRsl iv 5-115. t.: 5,36g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 133 gM N1735. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu. fragmentiran. fMRsl iv 5-116. t.: 4,89g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 134 lj 5801. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu. fMRsl iii 7-5. t.: 1,50g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 135 gM N1777. stavba 1, kv. 716/a4, se 23. fMRsl iv 5-117. t.: 3,81g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 136 gM N1674. stavba 1, kv. 669/b4, se 24. fMRsl iv 5-118. t.: 1,21g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 137 lj 7508. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu. fMRsl iv 5-119. t.: 0,94g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 138 gM N1727. stavba 1, kv. 666/d3, se 23. fMRsl iv 5-120. t.: 3,47g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 139 gM N1682. stavba 1, kv. 666/C2, se 56. fMRsl iv 5-121. t.: 1,77g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 140 gM N1702. stavba 1, kv. 716/d1, se 24. fMRsl iv 5-122. t.: 1,33g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 141 gM N1722. stavba 1, kv. 720/a1, se 01. fMRsl iv 5-123. t.: 1,29g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 142 gM N1699. stavba 1, kv. 968/a3, se 34. fMRsl iv 5-124. t.: 1,21g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 143 gM N1758. stavba 1, kv. 669/b2,d2, se 07. fMRsl iv 5-125. t.: 1,14g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 144 gM N1781. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu, kv.762/763. fMRsl iv 5-126. t.: 1,07g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 145 gM N1673. stavba 1, kv. 618/d3, se 34. fMRsl iv 5-127. t.: 0,93g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 146 gM N1710. stavba 1, kv. 769/a2, se 03. fMRsl iv 5-128. t.: 0,85g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 147 gM N1721. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu, kv. 1115. fMRsl iv 5-129. t.: 0,70g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 148 lj 7900. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu. fMRsl iv 5-130. t.: 0,58g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 149 gM N1740. stavba 1, kv. 765/C4, se 06. fragmentiran. fMRsl iv 5-131. t.: 0,54g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 150 gM N1770. stavba 1, kv. 766/b2, se 23. fMRsl iv 5-132. t.: 1,00g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 151 gM N1713. stavba 1, kv. 718/d4, se 10. ožgan. fMRsl iv 5-133. t.: 0,85g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 152 gM N1712. stavba 1, kv. 669/b1, se 24. fMRsl iv 5-134. t.: 0,67g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 153 lj 8291. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu. fMRsl iv 5-135. t.: 0,65g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 228 5_Kos.indd 228 23.1.2012 10:41:35 5. NovčNe Najdbe 5. CoiN fiNds 154 gM N1711. stavba 1, kv. 720/b2, se 01. fMRsl iv 5-136. t.: 0,46g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 155 gM. stavba 2, kv. 1178/C1, se 106. t.: 0,35g. Zelo močno izrabljen. 156 lj 8376. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu. Polovičen. fMRsl iv 5-137. t.: 7,78g. izrabljen. 157 lj 25150. Cerkveni sklop – prezbiterij glavne cerkve, v amfori, kv. 1325/C1. fMRsl v 4-2. t.: 0,75g. Zelo lepo ohranjen. 158 lj 14056. stavba 1, kv. 769/a2, se 03. fMRsl iv 5-138. t.: 0,81g. odlično ohranjen. 159 lj 14057. Kvadrant 669/C4, se 01. fMRsl iv 5-139. t.: 0,80g. odlično ohranjen. 160 lj 14058. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu, kv. 865/C4. fMRsl iv 5-140. t.: 0,69g. odlično ohranjen. 161 lj 14059. stavba 1, kv. 719/C2, se 08. fMRsl iv 5-141. t.: 3,08g. Zelo lepo ohranjen. 162 Pr.l. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu. fMRsl iii 7-6. demo 1994, str. 92 kat. št. 142, str. 144. t.: 1,32g. odlično ohranjen. 163 gM N1725. izven izkopnega polja, v humusu. t.: 1,74g. izrabljen. 5.2 ovRedNoteNje 5.2 evaluatioN NovčNiH Najdb of tHe CoiN fiNds 5.2.1 RiMsKi NovCi 5.2.1 RoMaN CoiNs Na območju naselbine je bilo mogoče dokumen- 156 Roman coins were documented within the set- tirati 156 rimskih novcev ( tab. 5.1). Za primerjavo tlement ( Tab. 5.1). as a comparison we looked at data navajamo še podatke o zastopanosti novčnih najdb for coin finds from four late Roman sites in northeast- na štirih poznorimskih najdiščih v severovzhodni in ern and northern italy: Concordia,1 Castel azzo near severni italiji: Concordija,1 Castel azzo pri doberdobu,2 doberdob,2 the altino area3 and trento.4 območje altina3 ter trento.4 The 1st and 2nd centuries coins (8 examples or Novci 1. in 2. stoletja (8 primerkov oziroma 5,1 %) 5.1 %) show strong signs of use, which leads us to believe so zelo močno izrabljeni, na osnovi česar je mogoče that they arrived in the soil only once they were in use zaključiti, da so prišli v zemljo po razmeroma dolgi for a relatively long time.5 Therefore there is no evidence uporabi.5 Zato nikakor niso dokaz, da bi se ta denar v that this money was actual y used in the settlement as naselbini morda uporabljal že v omenjenem obdobju. early as the 1st or 2nd century. o rednem dotoku denarja v obtok na naselbini je We can talk about a regular influx of money into mogoče govoriti šele od druge polovice 3. stoletja ( tab. circulation (at the settlement) only from the second half 5.2), ko je med najdbami zastopanih več antoninijanov of the 3rd century onwards ( Tab. 5.2), when the finds (13,5 % vseh na najdišču dokumentiranih rimskih include a greater number of antoniniani (13.5 % of all novčnih najdb). Roman coins documented at the site). skupno število na najdišču dokumentiranih an- The total number of documented antoniniani from toninijanov druge polovice 3. stoletja je številčno sicer the second half of the third century is modest, however skromno, vendar procentualna zastopanost novcev the percentages of coins of individual rulers do not differ posameznih vladarjev ne odstopa bistveno od vred- greatly from the proportions at certain comparable sites nosti na nekaterih primerjalnih najdiščih (npr. Rim,6 (e.g. Rome,6 ajdovščina,7 Hrušica8). Their high share ajdovščina,7 Hrušica8). Njihov znaten procentualni amongst al Roman coin finds (13.5 %) differs from the delež med vsemi rimskimi novčnimi najdbami (13,5 %) low shares at the three northeastern italian sites (Concor- na najdišču pa odstopa predvsem od nizkih vrednosti dia, Castel azzo near doberdob, trento; Tab. 5.1). When na treh severovzhodnih italskih najdiščih (Concordija, interpreting these finds, we have to keep in mind that the Castel azzo pri doberdobu, trento; tab. 5.1). Pri inter- radiates from this period were in circulation for a very pretaciji teh najdb se moramo zavedati dejstva, da so long time, for they are represented (in modest numbers) bili antoninijani tega obdobja v obtoku lahko zelo dolgo, even in hoards from the end of the 3rd and beginning of saj so (sicer v majhni meri) zastopani še v zakladnih the 4th centuries, which means that they were stil in use najdbah konca 3. oziroma samega začetka 4. stoletja, when the hoard was buried. in some parts of the empire, kar pomeni, da so bili v uporabi še v času zakopa zakla- sporadic coin finds that can be placed with certainty into 1 bonomi 1988, 165–168; arzone 1988, 190–199; arzone 1 bonomi 1988, 165-168; arzone 1988, 190-199; arzone 1989, 135–140. 1989, 135-140. 2 ahumada silva 1989, 84–85. 2 ahumada silva 1989, 84-85. 3 asolati, Crisafulli 1999, 53(ac). 3 asolati, Crisafulli 1999, 53 (ac). 4 Callegher 1998. 4 Callegher 1998. 5 o problematiki izrabe novcev zaradi dolgotrajnega ob- 5 for signs of coin use due to a lengthy time in circula- toka glej delamare 1994. tion see delamare 1994. 6 Reece 1982, 116 ss (= Reece 2003, 192 ss) 6 Reece 1982, 116 ff. (= Reece 2003, 192 ff.). bertoldi 1997. 7 fMRsl i 13; fMRsl iii 12. 7 fMRsl i 13; fMRsl iii 12. 8 fMRsl i 17-1; fMRsl iii 15. 8 fMRsl i 17-1; fMRsl iii 15. 229 5_Kos.indd 229 23.1.2012 10:41:35 5. NovčNe Najdbe 5. CoiN fiNds Tab. 5.1: Primerjava deleža novcev z omenjenih najdišč po obdobjih. Tab. 5.1: The comparison of coin shares from the aforementioned sites, by periods. Castel azzo altino tonovcov grad Concordia trento (Quartiere Nord ovest) (zakladna najdba / (zakladna najdba / hoard) hoard) (teatro sociale) Republika / Republic 1 (0,8%) 1 (0,1%) 1. pol. 1. st. / 1st half of the 1st cent. 1 (0,6%) 2 (1,6%) 1 (0,1%) 2. pol. 1. st. / 2nd half of the 1st cent. 2 (1,3%) 1. pol. 2. st. / 1st half of the 2nd cent. 2 (1,3%) 1 (0,8%) 2. pol. 2. st. / 2nd half of the 2nd cent. 3 (1,9%) 1.–2.st. / 1st – 2nd cent. 5 (3,2%) 8 (0,5%) 1. pol. 3. st. / 1st half of the 3rd cent. 4 (2,5%) 1(0,8%) 2 (0,2%) 2. pol. 3. st. / 2nd half of the 3rd cent. 21 (13,5%) 4 (3,2%) 32 (10%) 16 (1,1%) 1. pol. 4. st. / 1st half of the 4th cent. 22 (14%) 36 (24,2%) 14 (1,6%) 56 (17,5%) 281 (18,9%) 2. pol. 4. st. / 2nd half of the 4th cent. 75 (48%) 49 (39,5%) 186 (21,3%) 138 (43,1%) 900 (60,6%) 4. st. / 4th cent. 4 (3,2%) 58 (3,9%) 1. pol. 5. st. / 1st half of the 5th cent. 20 (12,8%) 18 (14,5%) 202 (23,1%) 50 (15,6%) 2. pol. 5. st. / 2nd half of the 5th cent. 1 (0,6%) 2. pol. 4.–1. pol. 5. st. / 2nd half of the 4th - 1st 1 (0,6%) 14 (11,3%) 469 (53,6%) 44 (13,7%) 204 (13,7%) half of the 5th cent. skupaj / total 156 124 874 320 1485 Tab. 5.2: Zastopanost antoninijanov posameznih kovnih obdobij druge polovice 3. stoletja. Tab. 5.2: The share of radiates from individual minting periods in the second half of the 3rd century. obdobje Kovnica / Mint kovanja / Minting Rom sis ant Ned. / indet. skupaj / total period 260–268 5 2 7 (38,9%) 268–270 1 1 2 (11,1%) 270–275 1 1 1 3 (16,6%) 275–282 2 1 3 (16,6%) 282–284 2 2 (11,1%) 284–294 1 1 (5,55%) skupaj / total 11 2 1 4 18 da. Poleg tega tudi analize sporadičnih novčnih najdb certain stratigraphic units clearly indicate that antoniniani dokumentirajo ponekod v imperiju na osnovi njihove were reused as late as the late 4th century.9 The comparison nedvoumne umestitve v posamezne stratigrafske enote 9 depeyrot 1999, 57 ff. The presence of 3rd century coins prisotnost antoninijanov oziroma njihovo ponovno in post-Theodosian hoards is shown by delmaire 1983, 143 ff. 230 5_Kos.indd 230 23.1.2012 10:41:36 5. NovčNe Najdbe 5. CoiN fiNds Tab. 5.3: Zastopanost novcev posameznih kovnih obdobij prve polovice 4. stoletja po kovnicah. Tab. 5.3: shares of coins from individual minting periods in the first half of the 4th century, by mints. obdobje Kovnica / Mint kovanja / Minting tic aq sis Her tes ant ale Cyz Nedoločljiva kovnica / skupaj / period Mint indeterminable total 312–320 1 1 1 3 (8,3%) 321–330 1 1 1 3 (8,3%) 330–337 1 1 4 6 (16,7%) 335–341 3 3 (8,3%) 341–348 1 3 4 (11,1%) 348–361 1 1 (2,8%) 351–354 3 1 3 7 (19,4%) 351–361 5 5 (13,9%) 355–361 1 1 1 3 (8,3%) skupaj / 2 5 2 1 1 1 1 1 22 (61%) 36 total uporabo še v poznem 4. stoletju.9 Za analizo in interpre- of the structure of the coin finds in trento ( Tridentum) is tacijo novčnih najdb 3. stoletja na tonovcovem gradu je interesting for the analysis and interpretation of the 3rd zanimiva primerjava strukture novčnih najdb v trentu century coin finds at tonovcov grad. according to Cal- ( Tridentum), kjer naj bi po Callegherju vsi najdeni novci legher, al the discovered coins (also including the modest (torej tudi skromen delež antoninijanov) predstavljali share of antoniniani) represented the monetary circula- denarni obtok zadnjih dvajsetih let 4. stoletja oziroma tion during the final twenty years of the 4th century and prvih let 5. stoletja.10 Zakladna najdba z območja altina the first years of the 5th centuries.10 The hoard from altino ( Altinum) v benečiji kaže podobne procentualne deleže ( Altinum) in the venetian territories shows similar shares zastopanosti novcev posameznih obdobij kot tonovcov of coins from individual periods as at tonovcov grad ( Tab. grad ( tab. 5.1), vendar je bila zakopana šele v tretjem ali 5.1), even though it was buried only in the third or fourth četrtem desetletju 5. stoletja, kar kaže na to, da bi bili decade of the 5th century. This indicates that al coins in vsi novci v njenem sestavu (torej tudi dobro zastopani the hoard (including the wel -represented antoniniani antoninijani druge polovice 3. stoletja) v času zakopa from the second half of the 3rd century) could have been najdbe lahko še v uporabi.11 in use at the time the hoard was buried.11 Na osnovi številčno razmeroma skromnih najdb in terms of the modest finds (as regards the num- antoninijanov na tonovcovem gradu (med katerimi jih bers) of antoniniani at tonovcov grad (amongst which a veliko kaže znake precejšnje izrabe) zato ne moremo z number of them show signs of long-term use), we cannot gotovostjo ugotavljati, da bi novci v denarni obtok v ascertain with certainty that the coins were used within naselbini zašli že kmalu po njihovem kovanju. le dobro the settlement soon after they were minted. only the well ohranjeni srebrniki samostojne galijenove vlade (kat. preserved silver coins dating to the sole rule of gal ienus št. 12–16) bi sicer lahko dokazovali njihovo uporabo v (Cat. Nos. 12-16) could indicate that they were used in naselbini že vsaj v sredini druge polovice 3. stoletja. Na the settlement from at least the middle of the second osnovi dobre ohranjenosti antoninijanov Proba (kat. št. half of the 3rd century. from the good condition of the 25) in Kara (kat. št. 27) je tudi njuno uporabo v naselbini antoniniani of Probus (Cat. No. 25) and Carus (Cat. mogoče domnevati vsaj v zadnjem desetletju 3. stoletja. No. 27), their use in the settlement can be assumed at Najdbe antoninijanov, ki ne kažejo močne izrabe, tako least in the last decade of the 3rd century. The finds of verjetno odražajo prvo občasno prisotnost prebivalstva antoniniani that do not show great use can thus reflect na vzpetini proti koncu 3. stoletja. the first occasional presence of inhabitants on the eleva- tion towards the end of the 3rd century. Coins from the first half of the 4th century ( Tab. 5.3) 9 depeyrot 1999, 57 ss. Podatke za prisotnost novcev 3. are relatively modestly represented at the site (14 % of all stoletja v post-teodozijanskih zakladnih najdbah navaja del- Roman coins). Not al minting periods are represented, maire 1983, 143 ss. 10 Callegher 1998, 83. 10 Callegher 1998, 83. 11 asolati, Crisafulli 1999, 53(ac). 11 asolati, Crisafulli 1999, 53 (ac). 231 5_Kos.indd 231 23.1.2012 10:41:36 5. NovčNe Najdbe 5. CoiN fiNds Tab. 5.4: Zastopanost novcev posameznih kovnih obdobij druge polovice 4. in začetka 5. stoletja po kovnicah. Tab. 5.4: shares of coins from individual minting periods in the second half of the 4th and beginning of the 5th centuries, by mint. Kovnica / Mint obdobje kovanja / Minting period Roma aquileia Nedoločljiva kovnica / skupaj / Mint indeterminable total 364–378 2 13 15 (24,2%) 378–383 1 2 3 (4,8%) 375–388 1 1 (1,6%) 388–403 1 12 13 (20,9%) 393–403 4 4 (6,4%) 395–403 5 1 6 (9,7%) 408–423 1 13 6 20 (32,2%) skupaj / total 1 (1,6%) 22 (35,4%) 39 (62,9%) 62 Tab. 5.5: delež novcev posameznih vladarjev po tipih v kovnem obdobju 364–378. Tab. 5.5: shares of coins of individual rulers, by types, in the minting period 364–378. securitas Reipublicae gloria Romanorum skupaj / total ae 3 ae 3 valentinianus i. 2 3 5 (33,3%) valens 2 5 7 (46,6%) gratianus 1 1 (6,6%) valentinianus i., valens, 2 2 (13,3%) gratianus ali / or valen- tinianus ii. skupaj / total 4 (26,6%) 11 (73,3%) 15 Novci prve polovice 4. stoletja ( tab. 5.3) so na and the level of preservation ranges between very well najdišču razmeroma skromno zastopani (14 % vseh preserved to very poorly preserved. Thus it can be jus- rimskih novcev), prav tako niso dokumentirani novci tifiably assumed that the presence of these coins cannot vseh kovnih obdobij, stopnja njihove ohranjenosti pa se reflect a more intense settlement of the area in this period. giblje med zelo dobro ohranjenostjo in zelo močno iz- 48 % of al 1st to 5th century Roman coins were rabljenostjo. Zato je upravičena domneva, da prisotnost minted in the second half of the 4th century. teh novcev ne more odražati intenzivnejše poselitve 62 identifiable (39.7 %) bronze coins dating be- naselbinskega prostora v tem obdobju. tween 364 and 423 ad were discovered. Their structure skoraj polovica vseh rimskih novcev iz obdobja 1.–5. is shown in the table 5.4. stoletja (48 %) je bila kovana v drugi polovici 4. stoletja. 15 coins (24 % of all coins) from the second half of iz obdobja 364–423 je bilo dokumentiranih 62 the 4th century and the first half of the 5th century can (39,7 %) določljivih bronastih novcev, katerih strukturo be dated to the valentinian period (364-378). The shares prikazuje tabela 5.4. of bronze coins from this period (at this site) are shown 15 (24 %) novcev druge polovice 4. stoletja in in the next table ( Tab. 5.5). prve polovice 5. stoletja je iz valentinijanskega obdobja in this period the shares of coins of individual rul- (364–378). strukturo bronastih novcev tega obdobja ers do not differ from the average values in the Roman na najdišču prikazuje naslednja preglednica ( tab. 5.5). empire. The most common are coins of valens,12 which Zastopanost novcev posameznih vladarjev v tem is to be expected as he ruled for a long period of time obdobju ne odstopa od povprečnih vrednosti v rim- and thus the coins were minted for a longer period than skem imperiju, kjer je običajna večja prisotnost novcev most. at this site the ratio of the two bronze coin types valensa,12 kar je pričakovano glede na njegovo daljše 12 for instance, compare the values for Conimbriga in 12 Prim. npr. vrednosti za Conimbrigo v luzitaniji (va- lusitania (valentinianus i : valens : gratianus = 32.8 % : lentinianus i. : valens : gratianus = 32,8 % : 60,6 % : 6,5 %) 60.6 % : 6.5 %) in: Pereira, bost 1974, 286 ff. see also data for v: Pereira, bost 1974, 286 ss. glej tudi podatke za antični tri- late Roman tridentum (trento): Callegher 1998, 50. 232 5_Kos.indd 232 23.1.2012 10:41:36 5. NovčNe Najdbe 5. CoiN fiNds vladanje in kovanje. Razmerje zastopanosti obeh v tem that were minted in this period (securitas Reipublicae : obdobju kovanih tipov bronastih novcev (securitas gloria Romanorum = 26.6 % : 73.3 %) differs from the Reipublicae : gloria Romanorum = 26,6 % : 73,3 %) na values most commonly documented across the empire. najdišču sicer odstopa od vrednosti, ki so najpogosteje Most commonly coins of type securitas Reipublicae13 dokumentirane v imperiju. Največkrat namreč pre- dominate, and such an image is also shown by the vladujejo novci tipa securitas Reipublicae,13 podobno hoard from altino in the venetian territories (the latest sliko pa kaže tudi zakladna najdba s področja altina v coins can be dated to between 410 and 467), in which benečiji (najmlajši novci v njej so iz obdobja 410–467), coins of the type securitas Reipublicae dominate with kjer novci tipa securitas Reipublicae prevladujejo s 85 %.14 amongst the individual coin finds in trento 85 %.14 Med posamičnimi novčnimi najdbami v trentu (tridentum), coins of the securitas Reipublicae type are ( Tridentum) prav tako prevladujejo novci tipa securitas predominant with 70.4 %.15 a similar ratio of coins as s 70,4 %.15 Podobno razmerje kot na tonovcovemu at tonovcov grad was documented in the hoard found gradu je sicer dokumentirano v zakladni najdbi alte at alte Ceccato (vicenza), in which the latest can be Ceccato (vicenza), v kateri so najmlajši novci iz obdobja dated to the period between 394 and 403 (securitas 394–403 (securitas Reipublicae : gloria Romanorum = Reipublicae : gloria Romanorum = 40,9 % : 59,1 %).16 40,9 % : 59,1 %).16 Three coins from the mid 4th century (Cat. Nos. 33, trije novci sredine 4. stoletja (kat. št. 33, 70, 77) so 70, 77) are halved, i.e. deliberately cut into two. This was polovičeni, torej namenoma presekani na polovico, kar a common phenomenon in periods in which there was je običajen fenomen v obdobjih pomanjkanja drobiža. a lack of change. in the eastern empire halved coins are Na polovico presekani novci so na vzhodu imperija often found in hoards dating to the 5th and beginning of pogosto zastopani v zakladnih najdbah 5. in začetka the 6th centuries. as halved coins were not to be found 6. stoletja. glede na dejstvo, da se polovičeni novci ne in hoards buried prior to 423, M. vasić assumed that pojavljajo v zakladnih najdbah, ki so bile zakopane pred halved coins were in circulation only after 425, and that letom 423, pa M. vasić domneva, da so bili polovičeni this occurred due to the lack of money in circulation.17 in novci v obtoku šele po letu 425, zaradi pomanjkanja the Western empire, halved coins are only present in the denarja v obtoku.17 Na zahodu imperija so polovičeni second decade of the 5th century.18 Halved coins from the novci prav tako prisotni šele v drugem desetletju 5. second half of the 4th century from tonovcov grad thus stoletja.18 Polovičeni novci druge polovice 4. stoletja s indicate their use as late as the first half of the 5th century. tonovcovega gradu tako izpričujejo njihovo uporabo 23 coins from the 388-403 period show the struc- šele v prvi polovici 5. stoletja. ture on table 5.6. 23 novcev iz kovnega obdobja 388–403 kaže struk- all coins – except for the single coin of eudoxia – turo, ki jo prikazuje tabela 5.6. from this minting period were of the type salus Reipub- vsi novci tega kovnega obdobja so tipa salus Reipu- licae. The mint for 72 % of all coins could not be estab- blicae, razen novca eudoksije. v primeru 72 % novcev ni lished, which is a normal occurrence.19 The remaining bilo mogoče opredeliti njihove kovnice, kar je običajen coins (27 %) are from aquileia, which was the mint pojav,19 ostali novci (27 %) pa so iz najdišču najbližje closest to the site (Cat. Nos. 85, 105-108, 126), and where kovnice aquileia (kat. št. 85, 105–108, 126), kjer so novce these coins were minted until 402. 38 % of these coins tega tipa kovali do leta 402. 38 % teh novcev z najdišča found at the site were minted post 393, when Honorius je bilo kovanih po letu 393, ko postane Honorij avgust became augustus (Cat. Nos. 105-108, 115-118), which (kat. št. 105–108, 115–118), kar je značilnost najdišč, kjer is a characteristic of sites where the monetary circula- je mogoče denarni obtok dokumentirati še v večjem delu tion can be documented throughout most of the first prve polovice 5. stoletja. Pet Honorijevih novcev tega tipa half of the 5th century. five coins of Honorius are well je dobro ohranjenih (kat. št. 105–107, 115, 118), trije pa preserved (Cat. Nos. 105-107, 115, 118), and three are kažejo sledove izrabe (kat. št. 108, 116, 117), kar govori rather worn (Cat. Nos. 108, 116, 117), which indicates that they were in circulation for a longer period of time. dentum (trento): Callegher 1998, 50. 13 Kot primer za zahodni del rimskega imperija navaja- 13 as an example for the Western Roman empire, we mo podatke za Conimbrigo (securitas Reipublicae : gloria present the data for Conimbriga (securitas Reipublicae : glo- Romanorum = 67,3 % : 32,6 %): Pereira, bost 1974, 286 ss. ria Romanorum = 67.3 % : 32.6 %): Pereira, bost 1974, 286 Podatke za Panonijo podaja duncan 1993, 79–81. ff. The data for Pannonia is provided by duncan 1993, 79-81. 14 asolati, Crisafulli 1999, 53 (ac). 14 asolati, Crisafulli 1999, 53 (ac). 15 Callegher 1998, 48. 15 Callegher 1998, 48. 16 gorini 1987, 267–279. 16 gorini 1987, 267-279. 17 vasić 1990, 82 ss. 17 vasić 1990, 82 ff. 18 delmaire 1983, 139. 18 delmaire 1983, 139. 19 Prim. zakladno najdbo iz augsburga, kjer v primeru 19 Compare to the hoard from augsburg, where the mint 69 % novcev tega tipa ni bilo mogoče opredeliti kovnice (Kos could not be ascertained for 69 % of this type of coins (Kos 2006, 98). 2006, 98). 233 5_Kos.indd 233 23.1.2012 10:41:37 5. NovčNe Najdbe 5. CoiN fiNds Tab. 5.6: Zastopanost novcev po tipih, kovnicah in vladarjih v kovnem obdobju 388–403. Tab. 5.6: Coins by types, mints and rulers, in the period 388–403. tip / type salus Reipublicae gloria Romanorum (tip / type 24) skupaj / total Kovnica / Mint aq Ned. kovnica / Ned. kovnica / Mint indet. Mint indet. arcadius 1 4 5 (21,7%) eudoxia 1 1 (4,3%) Honorius 4 4 8 (34,7%) arcadius ali / or Honorius 7 7 (30,4%) valentinianus ii., Theodosius 1 1 2 (8,7%) i., arcadius ali / or Honorius skupaj / total 6 (27,2%) 16 (72,2%) 1 (4,3%) 23 za njihovo dolgotrajnejšo uporabo oziroma prisotnost v With a 32 % share (20 examples), the best repre- obtoku še dolgo po njihovem kovanju in predaji v obtok. sented coins from the second half of the 4th and first Z 32 % (20 primerkov) so med novci druge polo- half of the 5th century at tonovcov grad are the Roman vice 4. in prve polovice 5. stoletja najmočneje zastopani coins from the latest minting period (408-423). These are rimski novci najmlajšega na najdišču zastopanega kov- bronze coins of the type gloria Romanorum 11, minted nega obdobja 408–423. to so bronasti novci tipa gloria during the independent reign of emperor Honorius Romanorum 11, kovani v času samostojne vlade cesarja (Cat. Nos. 91-104, 109-114). five coins are extremely Honorija (kat. št. 91–104, 109–114). Pet novcev je zelo well preserved (93, 94, 100, 109, 110), ten coins are in a lepo ohranjenih (93, 94, 100, 109, 110), deset novcev je good condition (91, 92, 96-99, 101, 104, 112, 114), while dobro ohranjenih (91, 92, 96–99, 101, 104, 112, 114), pet five coins are in a poor condition (Cat. Nos. 95, 102, 103, novcev pa je izrabljenih (kat. št. 95, 102, 103, 111, 113). 111, 113). taking into account the long period during glede na dolgotrajno kovanje novcev tega tipa (15 let) ni which this type was minted (15 years), it is impossible mogoče ugotoviti, kdaj naj bi prišli na najdišče oziroma to ascertain when they arrived at the site or were placed v uporabo, niti ni mogoče podrobneje opredeliti, do kdaj in circulation, nor can it be more precisely determined bi te novce lahko še uporabljali. verjetna je domneva, da until when these coins were stil in use. it is possible that bi vsaj izrabljeni novci lahko bili v obtoku še v četrtem all of the poorly preserved coins could have been in use desetletju 5. stoletja. as late as the fourth decade of the 5th century. številčna zastopanost novcev obdobja 408–423, The volume of coins dating to the period between ki prav po intenzivnosti odstopa od primerljivih razi- 408 and 423 (which stands out from the comparable skanih višinskih naselbin na širšem območju,20 odraža investigated elevated settlements in the broader area)20 intenzivno poselitev in uporabo denarja na naselbini indicates that this was an intensively inhabited settle- v sredini prve polovice 5. stoletja.21 analiza novčnih ment and that these coins were in use in the middle of najdb s področja današnje slovenije kaže, da so v prvi the first half of the 5th century.21 The analysis of the coin polovici 5. stoletja v zahodnem delu slovenije v obtoku finds from the territory of present day slovenia shows prevladovali prav bronasti Honorijevi novci tipa gloria that in the first half of the 5th century, bronze coins of Romanorum 11.22 Honorius of the type gloria Romanorum 11 dominated Podobna struktura denarnega obtoka rimskega in western slovenia.22 obdobja kot na tonovcovem gradu je dokumentirana a similar structure of monetary circulation dur- v Concordiji (Quartiere Nord ovest), kjer je bilo med ing the Roman period (as at tonovcov grad) has been leti 1982–1988 izkopanih 124 novcev,23 med katerimi so documented in Concordia (Quartiere Nord ovest), where 20 s Honorijevim novcem tipa gloria Romanorum 11 za- ključuje tudi redni denarni obtok na Col e santino v invil inu, 20 kjer je bilo v celoti sicer dokumentiranih le skromnih 39 nov- The regular money circulation at Col e santino in invil- cev: bierbrauer 1987, 411–413. glej tudi Kos 1986, 208–217. lino also ended with a coin of Honorius of the type gloria Ro- 21 Kos 2000, 107–118. manorum 11. at this site a total of merely 39 coins were docu- 22 Kos 2000, 111. glej še Miškec 2007, 279. Po Callegher, mented: bierbrauer 1987, 411-413. see also Kos 1986, 208-217. 21 Passera, saccocci 2007, 254 je ta tip novcev osredinjen na po- Kos 2000, 107-118. 22 krajini veneto in furlanija ter istro. Kos 2000, 111. see also Miškec 2007, 279. according to 23 bonomi 1988, 165–168; arzone 1988, 190–199; arzo- Cal egher, Passera, saccocci 2007, 254, the coins of this type are ne 1989, 135–140. concentrated in the plain of veneto and friuli as wel as in istria. 234 5_Kos.indd 234 23.1.2012 10:41:37 5. NovčNe Najdbe 5. CoiN fiNds najmlajši najdeni novci Honorijevi bronasti novci tipa 124 coins were excavated between 1982 and 1988.23 The gloria Romanorum 11. sporadične novčne najdbe iz latest coins are bronze coins of Honorius of the gloria poznorimske utrjene naselbine Castel azzo pri dober- Romanorum 11 type. sporadic coin finds from the late dobu kažejo, da so bili tudi tu najmlajši novci v obtoku Roman fortified settlement of Castel azzo near doberdob Honorijevi bronasti novci tipa gloria Romanorum 11.24 also show that the latest coins in circulation were bronze če upoštevamo vse antične novce, pa tonovcovemu coins of Honorius of the type gloria Romanorum 11.24 gradu najbolj podobno strukturo kaže 86 novcev, izko- if we take into account al coins from antiquity, the struc- panih v veroni, kjer so najmlajši med poznorimskimi ture closest to tonovcov grad is shown by the 86 coins bronastimi novci prav novci tipa gloria Romanorum excavated at verona, where the latest amongst the late 11, poleg tega pa so na najdišču dokumentirani še bro- Roman bronze coins were gloria Romanorum 11 coins, nasti novec Zenona iz konca 5. stoletja ter dva bronasta accompanied by a bronze coin of Zeno from the end of the vzhod nogotska novca iz obdobja 512–522.25 tudi na 5th century and two bronze coins of the ostrogoths from Col e santino v invil inu je bil – podobno kot na tonov- between 512 and 522.25 similarly as at tonovcov grad, a covem gradu – odkrit Zenonov tremis milanske kovnice tremissis of Zeno from the Milan mint (dated between 480 iz obdobja 480–491.26 and 491)26 was discovered at Col e santino in invil ino. Na tonovcovem gradu niso bili dokumentirani No bronze coins of Honorius’ successors, Theodo- bronasti novci Honorijevih naslednikov teodozija ii. sius ii and valentinian iii, were documented at tonovcov ali valentinijana iii., ki so bili v vsakodnevni uporabi v grad, even though they were in everyday use in northern severni italiji.27 g. gorini je pred časom sicer domneval, italy.27 at one point g. gorini assumed that the monetary da se denarni obtok v benečiji zaključuje z emisijami circulation in venetian lands ended with the emissions of novcev iz obdobja 388–402,28 za akvilejo pa je gorini coins dating to the period between 388 and 402,28 and for navajal zgolj sumarne podatke, iz katerih izhaja, da so aquileia he stated merely summary data from which it bili najmlajši bronasti novci kovani v obdobju 388–410.29 can be concluded that the latest bronze coins were minted tudi sicer navaja gorini zmanjšanje proizvodnje brona- between 388 and 410.29 gorini also mentioned a decline stega denarja v obdobju med 408 in vlado valentinijana in the production of bronze coins between 408 and the iii. (425–455).30 v trentu ( Tridentum) so bili v obtoku reign of valentinian iii (425-455).30 at tridentum they še novci, ki so bili kovani po letu 423.31 Novci iz obdobja stil used coins that were minted post 423.31 Coins from 423–455 so bili zastopani tudi v veliki raztreseni novčni between 423 and 455 were also discovered in the large depojski najdbi s področja utrjene naselbine Castellazzo scattered coin hoard in the fortified settlement of Cas- pri doberdobu.32 gorini postavlja zakop te zakladne tel azzo near doberdob.32 gorini placed the burial of this najdbe v čas med 450 in 460,33 njen sestav pa tako jasno hoard between 450 and 460,33 and its composition clearly odraža strukturo denarja, ki je bil na tem prostoru do reflects the structure of the coins that were in everyday tega časa v vsakodnevnem obtoku. circulation in this area up to this period. struktura denarnega obtoka na naselbini tonovcov The structure of the coins in circulation at the set- grad potemtakem povsem ustreza strukturi denarnega tlement of tonovcov grad thus fits the structure of the obtoka zelo poznih rimskih poselitvenih središč v coins in circulation in late Roman centres in north- severovzhodni italiji. Preglednica 5.7 kaže primerjavo eastern italy. Table 5.7 shows the comparison between zastopanosti poznorimskih novcev posameznih kovnih the shares of late Roman coins from individual minting obdobij na tonovcovem gradu s tremi tipičnimi najdišči periods at tonovcov grad and three typical sites (only the (upoštevani so le določljivi novci). coins that could be determined were taken into account). Na osnovi primerjalnih podatkov je mogoče z veliko gotovostjo trditi, da je reden dotok denarja na 23 bonomi 1988, 165-168; arzone 1988, 190-199; arzone 1989, 135-140. 24 ahumada silva 1989, 84–85. 24 ahumada silva 1989, 84-85. 25 arzena 1987, 123–135. 25 arzena 1987, 123-135. 26 Novec je sicer napačno določen kot vzhodnogotski (za 26 The coin was wrongful y identified as an ostrogothic Zenona) iz časa 474–476; bierbrauer 1987, 413 kat. št. 39, taf. coin dating to 474-476; bierbrauer 1987, 413 Cat. No. 39, Pl. 69, 2. 69, 2. 27 Prim. opitergium: Callegher 1992, 12/7 104–105; 14 27 Cf. opitergium: Callegher 1992, 12/7 104-105; 14 648–649. altino: asolati, Crisafulli 1999, 53 (ad) 1586–1587, 648-649. altino: asolati, Crisafulli 1999, 53 (ad) 1586-1587, 1614–1616, 1618–1622. Quarto dáltino: asolati, Crisafulli 1614-1616, 1618-1622. Quarto dáltino: asolati, Crisafulli 1999 1(9) 172–173. 1999 1(9) 172-173. 28 gorini 1987, 275. 28 gorini 1987, 275. 29 gorini 1979, 435. glej tudi podatke pri Reece 1971, 171. 29 gorini 1979, 435. see also Reece 1971, 171. 30 gorini 1996, 187. 30 gorini 1996, 187. 31 Callegher 1998, 76–78, 263 ss, 308. 31 Callegher 1998, 76-78, 263 ff., 308. 32 ahumada silva 1989, 45–53. 32 ahumada silva 1989, 45-53. 33 gorini 1989, 42. 33 gorini 1989, 42. 235 5_Kos.indd 235 23.1.2012 10:41:37 5. NovčNe Najdbe 5. CoiN fiNds Tab. 5.7: Zastopanost novcev posameznih kovnih obdobij druge polovice 4. in prve polovice 5. stoletja na tonovcovem gradu ter primerjalnih najdiščih. Tab. 5.7: shares of coins from individual minting periods in the second half of the 4th and the first half of the 5th centuries at tonovcov grad and comparable sites. obdobje Castel azzo Castel azzo kovanja / tonovcov grad Concordia (zakladna najdba (sporadične najdbe / trento Minting period / hoard) sporadic finds) 364–378 15 (24,2%) 8 (17%) 5 (1,3%) 2 (11,7%) 138 (15,1%) 378–383 3 (4,8%) 1 (2,1%) 364–392 2 (0,5%) 375–388 1 (1,6%) 383–403 17 (36,2%) 129 (33,7%) 186 (20,4%) 388–403 13 (20,9%) 18 (38,3%) 6 (1,6%) 1 (5,9%) 573 (62,8%) 393–403 4 (6,4%) 30 (7,8%) 395–403 6 (9,7%) 9 (2,7%) 397–428 1 (0,3%) 404–406 1 (0,1%) 408–423 20 (32,2%) 2 (4,2%) 125 (32,7%) 14 (82,3%) 2 (0,2%) 423–425 48 (12,5%) 1 (0,1%) 425–455 1 (2,1%) 27 (7%) 6 (0,6%) 404-435 2 (0,2%) 457–461 3 (0,3%) skupaj / total 62 47 382 17 912 tonovcov grad prisoten od valentinijanskega obdobja, on the basis of analogous results, it can be stated torej precej pred pričetkom stalnega dotoka denarja with great certainty that a regular influx of money was na poznorimsko utrdbo Castel azzo, kjer se intenziven present at tonovcov grad from as early as the reign of denarni obtok pričenja šele z bronastimi novci tipa salus valentinian onwards, i.e. much prior to the start of a con- Reipublicae, torej po letu 388. stant influx of coins into the late Roman fortification of Po drugi strani lahko iz primerjalnih podatkov Castel azzo, where a more intense circulation began only s širšega območja dokaj zanesljivo sklepamo, da je with the bronze coins of type salus Reipublicae (post 388). na tonovcovem gradu reden dotok denarja v obtok on the other hand, we can use the comparable data prenehal proti koncu tretjega oziroma v četrtem de- from the broader area to state (with a certain degree of setletju 5. stoletja. Za to govori odsotnost bronastih certainty) that the regular influx of money into circula- novcev Honorijevih naslednikov italskih kovnic, saj je tion at tonovcov grad ceased towards the end of the od najdišča zgolj 90 km južneje ležeča kovnica akvileja third or in the fourth decade of the 5th century. This is (sicer v skromnem obsegu) delovala še v času cesarja shown by the lack of bronze italian coins of Honorius’ valentinijana iii., medtem ko je bilo intenzivno kovanje successors, for the aquileia mint was located only 90 km v tem času v rimski kovnici.34 Prekinitev dotoka svežega to the south of the site and it still operated (albeit mod- denarja v obtok zato ne moremo interpretirati drugače estly) during the reign of emperor valentinian iii, while kot posledico prenehanja intenzivne poselitve. Na osnovi intense minting took place at the mint in Rome.34 The analize novčnih najdb bi potemtakem na tonovcovem end of the influx of fresh money into circulation can gradu lahko utemeljeno domnevali intenzivno in ne- thus not be interpreted in any other way than as a con- prekinjeno poselitev od osmega desetletja 4. stoletja do sequence of the end of intense settlement at the site. on tretjega ali četrtega desetletja 5. stoletja. the basis of the analysis of coin finds, it can be assumed that tonovcov grad was intensively and uninterruptedly settled between the eighth decade of the 4th century and the third or fourth decade of the 5th century. 34 Kent 1994, 172. 34 Kent 1994, 172. 236 5_Kos.indd 236 23.1.2012 10:41:38 5. NovčNe Najdbe 5. CoiN fiNds 5.2.2 vZHodNogotsKi 5.2.2 ostRogotHiC iN biZaNtiNsKi NovCi aNd byZaNtiNe CoiNs sledi obdobje, ko v naselbini ni bilo odkritih nov- No coins minted in the fol owing five decades were cev, ki bi bili kovani v naslednjih petih desetletjih, kar je found, which is most likely a result of the settlement no po vsej verjetnosti posledica opustitve stalne poselitve longer being permanently inhabited. This hiatus ends naselja. omenjeno cezuro zaključuje najdba Zenovega with the find of a tremissis of Zeno from the Milan mint, tremisa milanske kovnice iz let 480–491 (kat. št. 128). dating to between 480 and 491 (Cat. No. 128). five os- iz obdobja 492–534 je na naselbini dokumentiranih pet trogothic coins dating from 492 to 534 were documented vzhodnogotskih novcev ( sl. 5.1: 2–7). tri četrtsilikve ter at the settlement. Three quarter-siliquae and one bronze en bronasti novec v vrednosti 40 numov so bili kovani coin valued at 40 nummi were minted in the name of v imenu vzhodnogotskega vladarja teoderika (kat. št. the ostrogothic ruler Theodoric (Cat. Nos. 158-161; Fig. 158–161; sl. 5.1: 3–6), polsilikva pa v imenu njegovega 5.1: 3-6), while a half-siliqua coin was minted in the naslednika atalarika (kat. št. 162; sl. 5.1: 7). tremis Ze- name of his successor athalaric (Cat. No. 162; Fig. 5.1: nona ter vsi vzhodnogotski novci so odlično ohranjeni, 7). The tremissis of Zeno and all ostrogothic coins are kar kaže na njihovo kratkotrajno uporabo. te novčne excel ently preserved, which indicates that they were najdbe kažejo na ponovno stalno poselitev vzpetine ter used for a very short period of time. These coin finds potrjujejo prisotnost vzhodnogotskega prebivalstva v show that the site was permanently settled once again naselbini v času od konca 5. stoletja.35 and also indicate the presence of ostrogoths from the Zelo lepo ohranjena justinijanova četrtsilikva end of the 5th century onwards.35 iz 540–552 (kat. št. 157; sl. 5.1: 2), ki je bila kovana v a very well preserved quarter siliqua of justinian najdišču najbližji kovnici Ravena, morda govori o (vsaj from between 540 and 552 (Cat. No. 157; Fig. 5.1: 2), občasni) poseljenosti prostora še v sredini 6. stoletja. minted in Ravenna (the mint closest to the site), could indicate that the area was inhabited (at least occasion- al y) as late as the mid 6th century. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Sl. 5.1: Novci. 1 – kat. št. 96, 2 – kat. št. 157, 3 – kat. št. 158, 4 – kat. št. 159, 5 – kat. št. 160, 6 – kat. št. 161, 7 – kat. št. 162. Fig. 5.1: Conis. 1 – Cat. No. 96, 2 – Cat. No. 157, 3 – Cat. No. 158, 4 – Cat. No. 159, 5 – Cat. No 160, 6 – Cat. No. 161, 7 – Cat. No. 162. 35 35 Za prisotnost vzhodnogotskih novcev na ozemlju da- for the presence of ostrogothic coins in the territory of našnje slovenije glej Kos 2000, 116. glej še demo 1994. present day slovenia see Kos 2000, 116. see also demo 1994. 237 5_Kos.indd 237 23.1.2012 10:41:38 5. NovčNe Najdbe 5. CoiN fiNds 5.3 liteRatuRa / bibliogRaPHy aHuMada silva, i. 1989, Monete. – v / in: e. fMRsl iv: a. šemrov, Die Fundmünzen der römi- Montagnari Kokelj (ur. / ed.), Il Carso goriziano tra pro- schen Zeit in Slowenien, Teil IV. – Mainz 1998. tostoria e storia da Castel azzo a San Polo, gorizia, 45–53. fMRsl v: a. šemrov, Die Fündmunzen der römi- aRZeNa, a. 1987, verona: monete provenienti schen Zeit in Slowenien, teil v. – Mainz 2004. dallo scavo archeologico del fabbricato del Monte dei goRiNi, g. 1979, aspetti del a circolazione mo- Pegni. – Quaderni di Archeologia delVeneto 3, 123–135. netaria ad aquileia e nell suo territorio in età antica. – aRZoNe, a. 1988, le monete. – Quaderni di Antichità Altoadriatiche 15, 413–437. Archeologia del Veneto 4, 190–199. goRiNi, g. 1987, il ripostiglio di alte Ceccato aRZoNe, a. 1989, le monete. – Quaderni di (vicenza) e laCircolazione di moneta di bronzo del tardo Archeologia del Veneto 5, 135–140. iv secolo nel avenetia. – v / in: H. Huvelin, M. Christol, asolati, M. in / and C. CRisafulli 1999, Ri- g. gautier (ur. / eds.), Mélanges de numismatique offerts trovamenti monetali di età romana nel Veneto. Provincia à Pierre Bastien à l’occasion de son 75e anniversaire, VI: Venezia, vol. i: Altino I. – Padova. Wetteren, 267–279. bieRbRaueR, v. 1987, Invil ino-Ibligo in Friaul. – goRiNi, g. 1989, le monete. – v / in: e. Monta- Münchner beiträge zur vor- und frühgeschichte; bd. 33. gnari Kokelj (ur. / ed.), Il Carso goriziano tra protostoria boNoMi, s. 1988, le monete. – Quaderni di Ar- e storia da Castel azzo a San Polo, gorizia, 42–44. cheologia del Veneto 4, 165–168. goRiNi, g. 1996, Currency in italy in the fifth CallegHeR, b. 1992, Ritrovamenti monetali di century a.d. – v / in: C. King, d. Wigg (ur. / eds.), età romana nel Veneto (=RMRVe), Provincia II: Treviso, Coin Finds and Coin Use in the Roman World: a NATO vol. 2: Oderzo. – Padova. advanced research workshop. studien zu fundmünzen CallegHeR, b. 1998, trento-teatro sociale: scavi der antike 10. berlin, 185-202. 1990–1992. le monete repubblicane, imperiali e medie- KeNt, j. P. C. 1994, Roman Imperial Coinage, vol. vali: analisi critica e catalogo del complesso numismati- X. The Divided Empire and the Fal of the Western Empire co. – v / in: Materiali per la storia urbana di Tridentum. 395-491. – london. 2. Ritrovamenti monetali. Archeologia del e Alpi 4. Kos, P. 1986, The Monetary Circulation in the South- CallegHeR, b., l. PasseRa in / and a. saC- eastern Alpine Region ca. 300 BC – AD 1000. – situla 24. CoCCi 2007, limiti e potenzialità degli studi sulla Kos, P. 2000, The numismatic evidence for the circolazione monetaria in ambito locale: il caso del e period from the 5th to the 10th centuries in the area of valli del Natisone. saccocci 2007. – v / in: M. Chiabà, modern slovenia. – v / in: R. bratož (ur. / ed.), Slove- P. Maggi, C. Magrini (ur. / ed.), Le Val i del Natisone e nija in sosednje dežele med antiko in karolinško dobo / del ’Isonzo tra Centroeuropa e Adriatico. Studi e ricerche Slowenien und die Nachbarländer zwischen Antike und sul a Galia Cisalpina 20. – Roma, 247–265. karolingischer Epoche. – situla 39, 107–118. delMaiRe, R. 1983, un trésor d’aes 4 au Musée Kos, P. 2006, der theodosianische Aes 4-beutel- de boulogne-sur-mer (notes sur la circulation monétai- fund aus augsburg. – Bayerische Vorgeschichtsblätter re en gaule du nord au début du ve siècle). – Trésors 71, 95–114. monétaires 5, 131–185. MišKeC, a. 2007, Monetary circulation in the delaMaRe, f. 1994, Le frai et ses lois ou de Posočje Region in the antiquity. – v / in: M. Chiabà, l’évolution des espèces (circulation et usure des mon- P. Maggi, C. Magrini (ur. / eds.), Le Val i del Natisone e naies). – Paris. del ’Isonzo tra Centroeuropa e Adriatico, Studi e ricerche deMo, Ž. 1994, Ostrogothic Coinage from Col ec- sul a Galia Cisalpina 20. Roma, 275–281. tions in Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia & Herzegovina. – PeReiRa, i., j.-P. bost, in / and j. HieRNaRd situla 32. 1974, Fouil es de Conimbriga. 3, Les monnaies. – Paris. dePeyRot, g. 1999, Zilil I : étude du numéraire : ReeCe, R. 1971, Roman coinage in northern recherches Archéologiques franco-marocaines à Dchar italy. – Numismatic Chronicle 11, 167–179. Jdid, Colonia Iulia Constantia Zilil. – Roma. ReeCe, R. 1982, a collection of coins from the duNCaN, g. l. 1993, Coin circulation in the centre of Rome. – Papers Brit. School Rome 50, 116-145 Danubian and Balkan Provinces of the Roman Empire: (= Reece 2003, 192–213). AD 294– 578. – london. ReeCe, R. 2003, Roman Coins and Archaeology. fMRsl i: P. Kos, Die Fundmünzen der römischen Col ected Papers. – Wetteren 2003. Zeit in Slowenien,Teil I. – berlin 1988. vasić, M. 1990, Horreum Margi. Nalazi rimskog fMRsl iii: P. Kos, a. šemrov, Die Fundmünzen bronzanog novca IV i V veka iz municipijuma Horreum der römischen Zeit in Slowenien, teil iii. – Mainz 1995. Margi / Trouvail e des monnaies de bronze de IVéme et Véme siècle en municipe Horreum Margi. – beograd. 238 5_Kos.indd 238 23.1.2012 10:41:38 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU IN žeLezNodobNa KULTNa MeSTa v PoSočJU 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad aNd IRoN aGe CULT PLaCeS IN The PoSočJe aRea dragan božIč (dodatek / appendix: Matija TURK) 6.1 Uvod 6.1 INTRodUCTIoN Prazgodovinske drobne najdbe s Tonovcovega Prehistoric smal finds from Tonovcov grad are gradu so v primerjavi s tistimi iz rimske dobe in iz po- scarce in comparison to those from the Roman period zne antike maloštevilne. Kamnitih je skupno dvajset in and Late antiquity. Twenty are stone finds and include obsegajo orodja, odbitke in eno jedro ( sl. 6.1). večinoma tools, flakes, and a core ( Fig. 6.1). They mostly originate izvirajo iz najstarejših poselitvenih plasti na najdišču, ki from the earliest settlement layer at the site which also so vsebovale tudi nekaj zelo skromnih, časovno težko contained a few very modest pottery fragments and opredeljivih odlomkov keramike. Plasti je mogoče da- can be only broadly dated from the Neolithic to the tirati široko, od mlajše kamene do bronaste dobe (To- bronze age (Tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and novcov grad. Naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, pogl. interpretation, chapter 2.2; cf. Milavec, Modrijan 2007, 2.2; prim. Milavec, Modrijan 2007, 108 in 110, sl. 3). 108-109, fig. 3). Le malo več, devetnajst, je najdb iz železne dobe Just a few more, nineteen, finds are from the Iron ( sl. 6.2). Cele so samo tri, obročka s šestimi izrastki in age ( Fig. 6.2). only three are whole, namely two rings steklena jagoda s plastovitimi očesci ( sl. 6.2: 2, 4, 7). Pra- with six knobs and a glass bead with layered eyes ( Fig. vokotna ploščica ( sl. 6.2: 14) je poškodovana, vse drugo 6.2: 2, 4, 7). The rectangular plate ( Fig. 6.2: 14) is dam- pa so odlomki predmetov. Razen treh železnih in ene iz aged, while everything else are object fragments. except stekla so vse najdbe iz bakrove zlitine, večinoma gotovo for three iron and one glass find, all others are made of iz brona. Trije odlomki fibul vrste Jezerine ( sl. 6.2: 17–19) copper alloy, mostly certainly from bronze. Three frag- bi bili lahko tudi iz medenine ali celo iz rdeče litine, to ments of Jezerine type fibulae ( Fig. 6.2: 17-19) could also je zlitine bakra s kositrom in cinkom (Šmit et al. 2005, be made of brass or even of gunmetal, an al oy of copper 229, št. 3 in 232, levi stolpec; Istenič, Šmit 2007, 142, sl. 4, with tin and zinc (Šmit et al. 2005, 217, Tab. 3, 227, left 144–145, Results). Kemijske analize niso bile opravljene. column; Istenič, Šmit 2007, 142, fig. 4, 144-145, Results). Skoraj vse železnodobne najdbe so bile odkrite v Chemical analyses were not performed. poznoantičnih ruševinskih plasteh v izkopnem polju almost al Iron age finds were discovered in the stavbe 1 (Tonovcov grad. Naselbinski ostanki in in- Late antique destruction layers in the excavation area terpretacija, pogl. 3.1; prim. Milavec, Modrijan 2007, of building 1 (Tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and 110; Milavec 2008, 9). Tri so našli že pred izkopavanji interpretation, chapter 3.1; cf. Milavec, Modrijan 2007, pri iskanju z detektorjem za kovine ( sl. 6.2: 7, 11, 19 – 109; Milavec 2008, 9). Three were found prior to the Ciglenečki 1994, 5, t. 1: 1, 2; 6, t. 2: 6), vse druge pa excavations, during the metal detector search ( Fig. 6.2: med načrtnimi izkopavanji. v poznejših objavah jih je 7, 11, 19 – Ciglenečki 1994, 5, Pl. 1: 1, 2; 6, Pl. 2: 6), bilo od teh predstavljenih samo nekaj (Ciglenečki 1997, while al others were discovered during the systematic 30–31, druga in tretja vrsta; Milavec, Modrijan 2007, excavations. In later publications only a few of them were 110–111, sl. 4), vse najdbe razen dveh, ki sta založeni presented (Ciglenečki 1998, 30-31, the second and third ( sl. 6.2: 7, 19), pa je v svojo neobjavljeno doktorsko row; Milavec, Modrijan 2007, 109, fig. 4), and al besides disertacijo zajela Tina Milavec (Milavec 2008, 5, 9, 11, two, which are misplaced ( Fig. 6.2: 7, 19), are included in t. 1: 5–16, 21; 2: 1, 5; 4: 16; 12: 5). Slavko Ciglenečki the unpublished doctoral thesis of Tina Milavec (Milavec (1997, 7–8) je na podlagi teh najdb sklepal, da je bila 2008, 5, 9, 11, Pls. 1: 5-16, 21; 2: 1, 5; 4: 16; 12: 5). Slavko tu v starejši in mlajši železni dobi ali opazovalnica ali Ciglenečki (1998, 7-8) inferred on the basis of these finds kultni prostor ali pa pribežališče prebivalcev slabše that in the early and Late Iron age a lookout station or zavarovanega Gradiča, ki je od Tonovcovega gradu a cult place or a refuge for inhabitants of more poorly oddaljen samo 2 km. Milavčeva je opustila misel o secured Gradič, which is only 2 km away from Tonovcov 239 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 239 23.1.2012 12:57:57 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU ... 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad . . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Sl. 6.1: Kamnite najdbe s Tonovcovega gradu pri Kobaridu. M. 1 = 1:2, 2–12 = 1:1. Fig. 6.1: Stone finds from Tonovcov grad near Kobarid. Scale 1 = 1:2, 2–12 = 1:1. 240 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 240 23.1.2012 12:57:59 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU ... 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad . . 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 6 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Sl. 6.2: železnodobne najdbe s Tonovcovega gradu pri Kobaridu. 1–3, 5–7, 11–16 bron, 4 steklo, 8–10 železo, 17–19 bakrova zlitina. M. = 1:2. Fig. 6.2: Iron age finds from Tonovcov grad near Kobarid. 1–3, 5–7, 11–16 bronze, 4 glass, 8–10 iron, 17–19 copper al oy. Scale = 1:2. opazovalnici ali pribežališču. Po njenem mnenju (2008, grad, were located here. Milavec abandoned the idea of the 5) spekter najdb nakazuje možnost, da je bilo tukaj lookout station or refuge. according to her (2008, 5), the svetišče, podobno kot na Gradiču nad Kobaridom. spectrum of finds indicates the possibility that this was a sanctuary, similar to Gradič above Kobarid. 6.2 NaJdbe Iz STaReJŠe žeLezNe dobe 6.2 eaRLy IRoN aGe fINdS Na Tonovcovem gradu je bilo najdenih sedem Seven early Iron age finds were discovered at najdb iz starejše železne dobe: polovica votlega krogla- Tonovcov grad: one half of a hollow globular pendant, stega obeska, dva obročka s šestimi izrastki, odlomek two rings with six knobs, a fragment of a three-knobbed trortaste fibule, steklena jagoda, odlomek certoške fibule fibula, a glass bead, a fragment of a Certosa fibula, and in odlomek štule negovske čelade ( sl. 6.2: 1–7). a fragment of a cap of a Negova helmet ( Fig. 6.2: 1-7). 241 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 241 23.1.2012 12:58:00 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU ... 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad . . 6.2.1 voTeL KRoGLaST obeSeK 6.2.1 hoLLoW GLobULaR PeNdaNT vRSTe PoSočJe of The PoSočJe TyPe Ciglenečki (1997, 7) in Milavčeva (Milavec 2008, Ciglenečki (1997, 7) and Milavec (Milavec 2008, 9, 9, op. 19; 149, t. 1: 9) sta s tem, ko sta polovico votlega note 19; 149, Pl. 1: 9), when they called a half of the hol- obeska, sestavljenega iz dveh polkroglastih polovic, ki low pendant which is assembled from two semi-globular ju povezuje zanka za obešanje ( sl. 6.2: 1), imenovala halves that are connected by a suspension loop ( Fig. 6.2: “del oziroma polovica kraguljčka”, sledila neustreznemu 1), ‘a part or one half of a rumbler bel ’, fol owed the inap- poimenovanju, ki ga je za take obeske predlagala biba propriate denomination suggested for such pendants by Teržan (Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-orel 1985, 35, biba Teržan (Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-orel 1985, št. 9). Kraguljčki imajo v svoji notranjosti kroglice, ki 35, no. 9). In their interior, rumbler bel s have small z udarjanjem ob kovinski plašč ustvarjajo zvok (Štular bal s which produce a sound by striking against the 2009, 114), obravnavani votli obeski pa kroglic nimajo. metal coat (Štular 2009, 114), while the discussed hol- Poleg tega imajo pravi kraguljčki reže ali okrogle luknjice low pendants do not have such bal s. Moreover, the true ali oboje, pri obravnavanih obeskih pa se votli polovici rumbler bel s have slits or circular holes or both, while stikata. Ustrezno poimenovanje “votel kroglast obesek” with the discussed pendants the hollow halves touch. je uporabil Stane Gabrovec (1974, 303). zdi se mi najpri- The appropriate denomination of a ‘hol ow globular mernejše, ker izhaja iz tega, da so obeski v obliki kroglice pendant’ was used by Stane Gabrovec (1974, 303). This lahko polni ali pa votli tako kot v našem primeru. seems to me the most appropriate since it derives from doslej najtemeljitejšo obravnavo so taki obeski, ki the fact that pendants in the form of a small ball can be se pojavljajo predvsem na najdiščih svetolucijske skupine solid or hollow, as in this case. v Posočju in bohinju, medtem ko jih dolenjska halštatska Until now the most thorough discussion about skupina ne pozna, doživeli v delu Thila Warnekeja o such pendants, which appear mostly on the sites of the halštatskih in zgodnjelatenskih obeskih. Warneke jih je Sveta Lucija group in the Posočje area and bohinj, while sicer neustrezno uvrstil med kroglaste votle pločevinaste they are unknown to the dolenjska hal statt group, has obeske (“kugelige hohlblechanhänger”), ki so narejeni been presented in the work of Thilo Warneke about the iz dveh tanjenih polkrogel, povezanih z zanko (Warneke hal statt and early La Tène pendants. Warneke classi- 1999, 31–36, sl. 9 in 10). Posoški primerki se od drugih fies them, inappropriately, among globular hol ow sheet razlikujejo ne samo po masivni izdelavi, ampak tudi po pendants (‘kugelige hohlblechanhänger’) made of two velikosti. Warneke je ugotovil, da so tisti s premerom, thinned semi-globes, connected by a loop (Warneke večjim od 1,2 cm, najpogostejši v Sloveniji (prav tam, 1999, 31-36, figs. 9 and 10). The Posočje area items 32). Glede datacije ulitih in velikih obeskov, ki bi jih differ from others in being larger and in having much smeli imenovati “votli kroglasti obeski vrste Posočje”, thicker wal s. Warneke finds that those with diameter je pravilno sklepal, da sodijo zato, ker so bili skupaj z greater than 1.2 cm are the most frequent in Slovenia obeski drugih oblik (npr. s prstani in pincetami) obešeni (ibid., 32). Regarding the dating of cast and large pen- na svetolucijske ločne fibule (prav tam, verwendung), v dants, which could be named ‘hol ow globular pendants čas uporabe teh fibul, to je v stopnji Sv. Lucija IIa in IIb of the Posočje type’, he correctly concluded that due to po Teržanovi in Trampuževi (prav tam, 33, Chronologie, the fact that they were together with pendants of other op. 145). zabeležil je primerke s petih najdišč – z Mosta forms (e.g. rings and tweezers) hung on the Sveta Lucija na Soči, s Koritnice v dolini bače, z bitenj in Lepenc v bow fibulae (ibid., verwendung), they belong to the time bohinju ter s Pristave na bledu (prav tam, 34, Referenz- when these fibulae were used, i.e. to phases Sveta Lucija liste, zadnji odstavek). IIa and IIb according to Teržan and Trampuž (ibid., 33, Premer obeskov vrste Posočje se giblje od 1,4 do Chronologie, note 145). he recorded examples from five 2,2 cm. večinoma so neokrašeni ( sl. 6.3: 1–4), nekateri sites – Most na Soči, Koritnica in the bača valley, bitnje pa so tako kot primerek s Tonovcovega gradu okrašeni and Lepence in bohinj, and Pristava in bled (ibid., 34, s krožci s piko ( sl. 6.3: 1, 5; 6.4: 1). vsi primerki, ki jih je Referenzliste, the last paragraph). zbral Warneke, izvirajo iz grobov. Izjema je le okrašeni The diameter of the Posočje type pendants ranges obesek s Pristave na bledu, ki ni bil najden v grobu from 1.4 to 2.2 cm. They are mostly undecorated ( Fig. (Gabrovec 1960, 30, Grob ž 36, št. 6, t. 19: 8; 67, obe- 6.3: 1-4) but some also appear which are just like the item ski). Gre za posamezno najdbo, ki je ležala nad kamnito from Tonovcov grad decorated by ring-and-dots ( Figs. oblogo groba 36. 6.3: 1, 5; 6.4: 1). all items collected by Warneke origi- Warnekejev seznam votlih kroglastih obeskov nate from graves. The only exception is the decorated vrste Posočje lahko razen s primerkom s Tonovcovega pendant from Pristava in bled, which was not found in gradu dopolnim še s polovičnimi obeski s kultnih mest a grave (Gabrovec 1960, 30, Grob ž 36, no. 6, Pl. 19: 8; vrh gradu pri Pečinah ( sl. 6.3: 2 – božič 1999b, 75, sl. 67, obeski). This is an isolated find which lay above the 5: 2) in Kovačevše nad Lokavcem ( sl. 6.3: 3 – Svoljšak stone covering of grave 36. 242 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 242 23.1.2012 12:58:00 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU ... 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad . . 2 3 1 4 5 Sl. 6.3: Svetolucijska ločna fibula iz groba Sz 643 na Mostu na Soči z različnimi obeski (1), polovice votlih kroglastih obeskov z vrh gradu pri Pečinah (2), s Kovačevša nad Lokavcem (3) in z najdišča Sv. Janez v Ribčevem Lazu (4) ter trortasta fibula vrste XI po ogrinovi iz Mecklenburške zbirke (5). vse bron. M. = 1:2 (1 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-orel 1984, t. 57; 2 božič 1999b, sl. 5; 3 Svoljšak 1983, t. 4; 5 Mahr 1934, t. 15). Fig. 6.3: Sveta Lucija bow fibula from grave Sz 643 at Most na Soči with various pendants (1), halves of hollow globular pendants from vrh gradu near Pečine (2), Kovačevše above Lokavec (3), and from the site Sv. Janez in Ribčev Laz (4); and a three-knobbed fibula of type XI according to ogrin from the Mecklenburg collection (5). all bronze. Scale = 1:2 (1 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž- orel 1984, Pl. 57; 2 božič 1999b, fig. 5; 3 Svoljšak 1983, Pl. 4; 5 Mahr 1934, Pl. 15). 1983, 19, št. 12, Polovica bronastega kraguljčka [sic], t. 4: Warneke’s list of hol ow globular pendants of the 129) v Posočju in Sv. Janez v Ribčevem Lazu v bohinju1 Posočje type can, besides the item from Tonovcov grad, be ( sl. 6.3: 4) ter z najmanj enim obeskom, odkritim na supplemented also by the halves of pendants from the cult grobišču pri dernazzaccu v Nadiških dolinah (Pettarin places vrh gradu near Pečine ( Fig. 6.3: 2 – božič 1999b, 2006, 137, Pendenti globulari, t. 26: 448). Maloštevilni 75, fig. 5: 2) and Kovačevše above Lokavec ( Fig. 6.3: 3 – obeski te vrste iz Notranjske so neokrašeni in so videti Svoljšak 1983, 19, no. 12, one half of the bronze rumbler masivnejši kot posoški (Guštin 1979, t. 3: 5; 68: 2, 8; bel [sic], Pl. 4: 129) in the Posočje area, and Sv. Janez in horvat 1995, 180, t. 1: 8). Ribčev Laz in bohinj1 ( Fig. 6.3: 4), and also by at least one Trije okrašeni obeski vrste Posočje so obešeni na pendant discovered at the cemetery near dernazzacco in trortasto fibulo vrste XI po ogrinovi iz Mecklenburške val i del Natisone (Pettarin 2006, 137, Pendenti globulari, zbirke ( sl. 6.3: 5 – Mahr 1934, 95, lot 78, t. 15: 78). fibula Pl. 26: 448). few pendants of this type from the Notranjska je bila pripisana grobu 143 grobišča v Stražnem dolu region are undecorated and seem even more massive than blizu Goleka pri vinici. Ker se trortaste fibule te vrste, those from the Posočje area (Guštin 1979, Pls. 3: 5; 68: 2, ki se od drugih vrst trortastih fibul loči po samostrelni 8; horvat 1995, 199, left column, Pl. 1: 8). peresovini, pojavljajo izključno v Posočju in v Nadiških Three decorated pendants of the Posočje type are dolinah (Marchesetti 1893, 128, grob 2862, fibula a hung on the three-knobbed fibula type XI according to doppio ardiglione con bottoni, 331, t. 29: 32; ogrin 1998, ogrin from the Mecklenburg col ection ( Fig. 6.3: 5 – Mahr 114–115, sl. 19, 127, sl. 36: trikotnik; Pettarin 2006, 91, 1934, 95, lot 78, Pl. 15: 78). The fibula was assigned to sl. 23: 1, 203, fibula con bottoni sull'arco, t. 2: 37) in ker grave 143 of the cemetery in Stražni dol near Golek pri imajo podobno razprostranjenost tudi okrašeni obeski vinici. Since three-knobbed fibulae of this type, which vrste Posočje (Posočje, bohinj, dernazzacco in bled), gre differ from other types of three-knobbed fibulae by the v primeru, da je bila fibula res izkopana na Goleku pri crossbow spring, appear exclusively in the Posočje area vinici, za predmet, uvožen v Pokolpje s tega območja. and in val i del Natisone (Marchesetti 1893, 128, grave Glede na močno pomešanost najdb v Mecklenburški 2862, fibula a doppio ardiglione con bottoni, 331, Pl. 29: zbirki (božič 2009; božič 2010) pa se zdi še verjetneje, 32; ogrin 1998, 114-115, fig. 19, 127, figs. 36: triangle; 1 Polovica votlega kroglastega obeska je bila najdena leta 1 This half of a hollow globular pendant was found in 1999 med izkopavanji ob cerkvi, ki jih je vodil draško Josipo- 1999, during the excavations around the church which vić. Marija ogrin, direktorica Gorenjskega muzeja v Kranju, were led by draško Josipović. Marija ogrin, the director of mi je ljubeznivo dovolila objavo. Prim. Josipovič, Gaspari, Gorenjski muzej in Kranj, kindly allowed me to publish this Miškec 2012. find. Cf. Josipovič, Gaspari, Miškec 2012. 2 fibulo, na katero me je opozoril Miha Mlinar iz Tol- 2 The fibula, to which my attention was drawn by Miha minskega muzeja v Tolminu, je ogrinova (1998, 109) uvrstila Mlinar from Tolminski muzej in Tolmin, was assigned by v vrsto IIa, vendar iz risbe in iz Marchesettijevega opisa izha- ogrin 1998, 109 to type IIa, yet it is obvious from the drawing ja, da je imela samostrelno peresovino. and Marchesetti’s description that it had a crossbow spring. 243 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 243 23.1.2012 12:58:00 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU ... 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad . . da je vojvodinja Mecklenburška pridobila nekaj železno- 37: XI; 132; Pettarin 2006, 91, fig. 23: 1, 203, fibula con dobnih najdb iz Posočja ali bohinja, ki so bile pozneje bottoni sul ’arco, Pl. 2: 37), and because the similar distri- napačno pripisane viniškemu grobišču. bution is revealed also by the decorated pendants of the omenil sem že, da je Warneke (1999, 33, op. 145) Posočje type (the Posočje area, bohinj, dernazzacco, and votle kroglaste obeske vrste Posočje datiral v čas uporabe bled) this item was, if the fibula was truly excavated at svetolucijskih ločnih fibul, to je v stopnji Sv. Lucija IIa Golek pri vinici, imported to Pokolpje (the Kolpa region) in IIb. Taka datacija velja za neokrašene obeske. Pregled from this area. Considering the extensive mixing of finds vsega gradiva iz Posočja in bohinja pa je pokazal, da in the Mecklenburg col ection (božič 2009; božič 2010) lahko okrašene obeske, ki so s polovico enega zastopani it seems more probable that the duchess of Mecklenburg tudi na Tonovcovem gradu ( sl. 6.2: 1), na podlagi grob- acquired a few Iron age finds from the Posočje area or nih celot oziroma različic svetolucijske ločne fibule, na bohinj and these were later erroneously attributed to the katerih visijo, datiramo izključno v stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIb. vinica cemetery. Na tem mestu naj zadošča ugotovitev, da gre za grobove, as mentioned above, Warneke (1999, 33, note 145) v katerih se med drugim pojavljajo za to stopnjo značilna assigned hol ow globular pendants of the Posočje type mlajša različica svetolucijskih fibul, ki ima lok okrašen to the time when Sveta Lucija bow fibulae were used, i.e. z nizi prečnih vrezov ali reber (Parzinger 1988, 14, levi phases Sveta Lucija IIa and IIb. Such dating is valid for stolpec, Sveta Lucija-III3, t. 12: 174), trakaste fibule z undecorated pendants. The survey of al material from mrežastim okrasom na loku (Teržan, Trampuž 1973, the Posočje area and bohinj revealed, however, that the 430, t. 16: 4–9) ter prstani, okrašeni s skupinami prečnih decorated pendants, which are with one half represented vrezov in z enim ali več krožci s piko med njimi (glej also at Tonovcov grad ( Fig. 6.2: 1), can on the basis of na primer Marchesetti 1893, 24, grob 558, t. 3: 3; 11: 2 grave groups and variants of the Sveta Lucija bow fibula, [tukaj: sl. 6.4]; Gabrovec 1974, t. 4: Grob 11; 6: Grob 14; on which they hang, be dated exclusively to phase Sveta Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-orel 1984, t. 57: a [tukaj: Lucija IIb. here it should suffice to say that these are sl. 6.3: 1]; 98; 142: e; 277: 1). graves, in which appear for this phase typical later variant of Sveta Lucija fibulae, where the bow is decorated with groups of transversal incisions or ribs (Parzinger 1988, 14, left column, Sveta Lucija-III3, Pl. 12: 174), arc fibulae with lattice decoration on the flat bow (Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 439, Pl. 16: 4-9), and rings decorated by groups of transversal incisions and with one or more ring-and-dots among them (see e.g. Marchesetti 1893, 24, grave 558, Pls. 3: 3; 11: 2 [here: Fig. 6.4]; Gabrovec 1974, Pl. 4: Grob 11; 6: Grob 14; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-orel 1984, Pls. 57: a [here: Fig. 6.3: 1]; 98; 142: e; 277: 1). 1 2 6.2.2 TWo RINGS WITh SIX KNobS Sl. 6.4: Svetolucijska ločna fibula (1) in situla (2) iz groba M 558 na Mostu na Soči. obe bron. M. 1 = 1:2, 2 = 1:6 (Marchesetti The preserved ring ( Fig. 6.2: 2) has six distinct 1893, t. 3 in 11). knobs. The ring which is not preserved ( Fig. 6.2: 7) had Fig. 6.4: Sveta Lucija bow fibula (1) and situla (2) from grave five non-distinct knobs and a small one. M 558 at Most na Soči. both bronze. Scale 1 = 1:2, 2 = 1:6 bronze rings with five to seven distinct knobs, (Marchesetti 1893, Pls. 3 and 11). among which those with six prevail, are frequent in Late hal statt graves of the Sveta Lucija group (Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-orel 1985, 35, no. 16; Warneke 6.2.2 obRočKa S ŠeSTIMI IzRaSTKI 1999, 82, verbreitung, 83, Referenzliste, fig. 37: 605, 651; Pettarin 2006, 231, pendenti ad anello lobato a sei lobi). ohranjeni obroček ( sl. 6.2: 2) ima šest izrazitih Since the two rings from Tonovcov grad have six knobs izrastkov. obroček, ki ni ohranjen ( sl. 6.2: 7), je imel pet each, I will hereon limit my discussion to such rings. neizrazitih izrastkov in enega majhnega. Most of them are known from cemeteries at Most bronasti obročki s petimi do sedmimi izrazitimi na Soči (e.g. Marchesetti 1893, Pl. 16: 12; Teržan, Lo izrastki, med katerimi prevladujejo taki s šestimi, so Schiavo, Trampuž-orel 1984, Pls. 61: d7; 63: e7; 65: pogosti v mladohalštatskih grobovih svetolucijske sku- b5 etc.; Mlinar 2002, 45, cat. no. 19; 50, cat. no. 25) and pine (Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-orel 1985, 35, št. 16; in bohinj (Gabrovec 1974, Pls. 6: 24;3 8: 3, 7; 10: 5-7). Warneke 1999, 82, verbreitung, 83, Referenzliste, sl. 37: 3 605, 651; Pettarin 2006, 231, pendenti ad anello lobato Since the number of knobs on the left ring of the fibula from grave 14 at bitnje is not clear from the published draw- 244 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 244 23.1.2012 12:58:01 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU ... 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad . . Sl. 6.5: Svetolucijska ločna fibula iz groba Sz 2118 na Mostu na Soči z različnimi obeski (1) in obročki s šestimi izrastki s kultnega mesta na Medejskem hribu nad Medejo (2–5). vse bron. M. = 1:2 (1 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-orel 1984, t. 216; 2–5 furlani 1974–1975, t. 4). Fig. 6.5: Sveta Lucija bow fibula from grave Sz 2118 at Most 2 3 na Soči with various pendants (1) and rings with six knobs from the cult place on Monte di Medea above Medea (2–5). all bronze. Scale = 1:2 (1 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-orel 1984, Pl. 216; 2–5 furlani 1974–1975, Pl. 4). 1 4 5 one was discovered also in the grave with the bronze situla from Srpenica in the upper Posočje area (Mlinar 2004, 139, cat. no. 3, fig. 8: 3; Mlinar 2007, 57, Pl. 1: 4), another at the site Loga at bodrež in the central Posočje area (Guštin 1991, 12, bronze, k, Pl. 40: 17), and one at Tabor above črniče in the vipava valley (osmuk 1988, 213, fig. 22). one such ring, found at the cemeteries dernazzacco or San Pietro al Natisone, is kept in the a sei lobi). Ker imata obročka s Tonovcovega gradu po National archaeological museum (Museo archeologico šest izrastkov, se bom v nadaljevanju omejil na take. Nazionale) in Cividale del friuli (Pettarin 2006, 138, cat. Največ jih poznamo z grobišč na Mostu na Soči (npr. no. 454, Pl. 26: 454), one whole and at least one fragment Marchesetti 1893, t. 16: 12; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž- were found among numerous finds from the cult place orel 1984, t. 61: d7; 63: e7; 65: b5 itd.; Mlinar 2002, 45, on Monte di Medea above Medea in friuli ( Fig. 6.5: 2 – kat. št. 19; 50, kat. št. 25) in v bohinju (Gabrovec 1974, furlani 1974-1975, 36, Pl. 4: 23, 27). t. 6: 24;3 8: 3, 7; 10: 5–7). eden je bil odkrit tudi v grobu The knobs are either big (e.g. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, z bronasto situlo s Srpenice v zgornjem Posočju (Mlinar Trampuž-orel 1984, Pls. 61: d7; 65: b5; Gabrovec 1974, 2004, 139, kat. št. 3, sl. 8: 3; Mlinar 2007, 55, t. 1: 4), eden Pls. 8: 7; 10: 5-7) or small (e.g. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, na najdišču Loga v bodrežu v srednjem Posočju (Guštin Trampuž-orel 1984, Pls. 63: e7; 69: a8; osmuk 1988, 1991, 12, bronze, k, t. 40: 17) in eden na Taboru nad 213, fig. 22). They are of different forms, e.g. globular črničami v vipavski dolini (osmuk 1988, 213, sl. 22). (Gabrovec 1974, Pl. 10: 7), mushroom-shaped (Teržan, en obroček, ki je bil najden na grobiščih dernazzacco Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-orel 1984, Pl. 116: e2), biconi- ali Špeter Slovenov (it. San Pietro al Natisone), hrani tudi cal (ibid., Pl. 65: b5), and rectangular (ibid., Pl. 169: Narodni arheološki muzej v čedadu (Pettarin 2006, 138, 10). They are often found together with various other kat. št. 454, t. 26: 454), en cel in vsaj en odlomek pa sta tudi pendants on the Sveta Lucija bow fibulae (e.g. Gabrovec med številnimi najdbami s kultnega mesta na Medejskem 1974, Pls. 6: 24; 8: 3; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-orel hribu (it. Monte di Medea) nad Medejo (it. Medea) v 1984, Pls. 69: a8; 116: e2; 216: a1 [here: Fig. 6.5: 1]; furlaniji ( sl. 6.5: 2 – furlani 1974–1975, 36, t. 4: 23, 27). Mlinar 2002, 45, cat. no. 19), exceptionally also on Izrastki so veliki (npr. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Tram- fibulae of other types (Marchesetti 1893, Pl. 16: 12). as puž-orel 1984, t. 61: d7; 65: b5; Gabrovec 1974, t. 8: 7; sole pendants these appear also on some Certosa fibulae 10: 5–7) ali majhni (npr. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž- from the cemetery at Socerb (Mahr 1934, Pl. 30). orel 1984, t. 63: e7; 69: a8; osmuk 1988, 213, sl. 22). They were used in al three Late hal statt phases, in Imajo različno obliko, npr. kroglasto (Gabrovec 1974, t. phase Sveta Lucija IIa (e.g. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž- 10: 7), gobasto (Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-orel 1984, orel 1984, Pls. 61: d7; 69: a8), phase IIb (e.g. ibid., Pls. t. 116: e2), bikonično (prav tam, t. 65: b5) in pravokotno 63: e7; 246: C3; Gabrovec 1974, Pls. 6: 24; 8: 3), and (prav tam, t. 169: 10). Pogosto jih najdemo skupaj z raz- phase IIc (e.g. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-orel 1984, ličnimi drugimi obeski na svetolucijskih ločnih fibulah Pl. 169: 10; Mlinar 2002, 50, cat. no. 25; Mlinar 2004, (npr. Gabrovec 1974, t. 6: 24; 8: 3; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, 137, fig. 8: 3). Trampuž-orel 1984, t. 69: a8; 116: e2; 216: a1 [tukaj: Rings with six non-distinct knobs appear rarely. sl. 6.5: 1]; Mlinar 2002, 45, kat. št. 19), izjemoma tudi In the Posočje area, one was discovered at the ceme- tery Pucarjev rob at Most na Soči (Mlinar 2002, 50, cat. 3 Ker število izrastkov na levem obročku na fibuli iz gro- ba 14 na bitnjah iz objavljene risbe ni razvidno, si je Peter ing, Peter Turk from the Narodni muzej Slovenije examined Turk iz Narodnega muzeja Slovenije to fibulo, ki jo pod inv. anew this fibula, which is under inv. no. P 10093 kept at their št. P 10093 hranijo v njihovi prazgodovinski zbirki, ogledal prehistoric collection, and kindly reported to me that both in mi ljubeznivo sporočil, da imata oba obročka, tako desni rings, the right, more massive one, and the left, less massive, masivnejši kot levi manj masivni, po šest izrastkov. have six knobs each. 245 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 245 23.1.2012 12:58:02 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU ... 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad . . na fibulah drugih vrst (Marchesetti 1893, t. 16: 12). Kot no. 26), but otherwise appear also at Monte di Medea edini obeski se pojavljajo tudi na nekaterih certoških above Medea, west of Gorizia (furlani 1974-1975, 36, fibulah z grobišča pri Socerbu (Mahr 1934, t. 30). Pl. 4: 24-26), and at cemeteries in the surroundings of v uporabi so bili v vseh treh mladohalštatskih sto- Cividale del friuli (Pettarin 2006, 138, cat. nos. 455 and pnjah, v stopnji Sv. Lucija IIa (npr. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, 456, 231, note 230, Pl. 26: 456), at Socerb (Mahr 1934, Trampuž-orel 1984, t. 61: d7; 69: a8), v stopnji IIb (npr. Pl. 30; vidulli Torlo 2002, Pl. on p. 51, 81, cat. nos. 138, prav tam, t. 63: e7; 246: C3; Gabrovec 1974, t. 6: 24; 8: 140, and 141), at Golek pri vinici and at Podzemelj in 3) in v stopnji IIc (npr. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž- bela krajina (Gabrovec 1966, Pls. 18: 15; 23: 8; dular orel 1984, t. 169: 10; Mlinar 2002, 50, kat. št. 25; Mlinar 1978, Pl. 5: 10). 2004, 137, sl. 8: 3). The example from Most na Soči proves that they Mnogo redkejši so obročki s šestimi neizrazitimi had appeared already at the end of the hal statt period. izrastki. v Posočju je bil eden odkrit na grobišču Pu- Probably also three such rings from Monte di Medea carjev rob na Mostu na Soči (Mlinar 2002, 50, kat. št. ( Fig. 6.5: 3-5 – furlani 1974-1975, Pl. 4: 24-26) belong 26), sicer pa se pojavljajo še na Medejskem hribu nad to the same time, i.e. phase Sveta Lucija IIc. Namely, Medejo zahodno od Gorice (furlani 1974–1975, 36, t. 708 fragments of bronze items were found at this site, 4: 24–26) ter na grobiščih v okolici čedada (Pettarin 430 of which belong to the Certosa fibulae (ibid., 40). 2006, 138, kat. št. 455 in 456, 231, op. 230, t. 26: 456), v only two fragments of feet reveal ring-and-dots (ibid., Socerbu (Mahr 1934, t. 30; vidulli Torlo 2002, t. na str. Pls. 2: 13; 3: 16), which means that they belong to one 51, 81, kat. št. 138, 140 in 141) ter na Goleku pri vinici of the types characteristic for phase Sveta Lucija IIb in v Podzemlju v beli krajini (Gabrovec 1966, t. 18: 15; (e.g. Teržan, Trampuž 1973, Pl. 15: 1). The majority of 23: 8; dular 1978, t. 5: 10). fragments, however, obviously originates from the later Mostarski primerek dokazuje, da so se pojavili že fibulae of variant IXa ( Fig. 6.24: 1, 4, 9, 10 – furlani na koncu halštatske dobe. v isti čas, to je v stopnjo Sv. 1974-1975, Pls. 2: 1; 3: 1, 12, 15, 17, and 18) and from Lucija IIc, zelo verjetno sodijo tudi trije taki obročki z fibulae of type X ( Fig. 6.24: 11, 12 – ibid., Pl. 4: 1-11), Medejskega hriba ( sl. 6.5: 3–5 – furlani 1974–1975, t. which appeared during phase Sveta Lucija IIc (Teržan 4: 24–26). Na tem najdišču je bilo namreč najdenih 708 1976, 429-430, and 431).4 Since the fragments of bronze odlomkov bronastih predmetov, od katerih jih kar 430 items do not reveal a single one which could be placed pripada certoškim fibulam (prav tam, 40). Le na dveh 4 odlomkih nog so krožci s piko (prav tam, t. 2: 13; 3: 16), biba Teržan in her study on Certosa fibulae (Teržan 1976), could not have accounted for the items from Monte kar pomeni, da sta pripadala eni od vrst, značilnih za sto- di Medea since these were presented only a year before. for pnjo Sv. Lucija IIb (npr. Teržan, Trampuž 1973, t. 15: 1). fibulae of type IX, a globular thickening on the bow encom- velika večina odlomkov pa očitno izvira od mlajših fibul passed by two col ars is characteristic (ibid., 329, type IX, različice IXa ( sl. 6.24: 1, 4, 9, 10 – furlani 1974–1975, t. 429, fig. 21: 4, 7; 432, fig. 39: 2, 5, 8). examples from Monte 2: 1; 3: 1, 12, 15, 17 in 18) in od fibul X. vrste ( sl. 6.24: di Medea were, judging from one entire fibula and a bigger 11, 12 – prav tam, t. 4: 1–11), kakršne so se pojavljale fragment of a bow ( Fig. 6.24: 1, 4 – furlani 1974-1975, Pls. 2: v stopnji Sv. Lucija IIc (Teržan 1976, 355 in 364).4 Ker 1; 3: 1), longer than 8 cm and must therefore be assigned to variant IXa, which according to Teržan consists of relatively 4 biba Teržan v svoji razpravi o certoški fibuli (Teržan large fibulae, while variants b and c unite small ones (Teržan 1976) primerkov z Medejskega hriba, ki so bili predstavljeni 1976, 329). komaj leto prej, še ni mogla upoštevati. za fibule IX. vrste earlier fibulae of variant IXa are otherwise smaller and je značilna s svitkoma obdana kroglasta odebelitev na loku characteristic for este, where they appear in phase este III (prav tam, 329, IX. vrsta, 355, sl. 21: 4, 7; 371, sl. 39: 2, 5, 8). middle (ibid., 429, fig. 21: 4, 7), only later examples, which Primerki z Medejskega hriba so bili sodeč po eni celi fibuli in are bigger and more stretched and are found in graves of večjem odlomku loka ( sl. 6.24: 1, 4 – furlani 1974–1975, t. 2: phase este III late (ibid., 330, a, este; frey 1969, 24, fig. 11: 1; 3: 1) daljši od 8 cm in jih moramo zato uvrstiti v različico este III-spät, Pl. 33: 8), also appear elsewhere (Teržan 1976, IXa, ki po Teržanovi obsega razmeroma velike fibule, med- 429). Nevertheless, the Certosa fibulae of variant IXa from tem ko različici b in c združujeta majhne (Teržan 1976, 329). Monte di Medea typological y clearly differ from fibulae of this Starejše fibule različice IXa so sicer manjše in značilne za variant in Este in that with the latter the thickening with col- este, kjer se pojavijo v stopnji este III srednje (prav tam, 355, lars is located right by the spring, while on fibulae from Monte sl. 21: 4, 7), šele mlajši primerki, ki so večji in bolj iztegnjeni di Medea it is fairly far from it. This characteristic connects in jih najdemo v grobovih stopnje este III pozno (prav tam, them to late fibulae of variant IXa from Idrija pri bači and 330, a, este; frey 1969, 24, sl. 11: este III-spät, t. 33: 8), so from Koritnica (ibid., 430, note 80) and to fibulae of variant znani tudi od drugod (Teržan 1976, 355). Vendar se certoške IXb from este (ibid., 432, fig. 39: 2, 5, 8) and from Idrija pri fibule različice IXa z Medejskega hriba tipološko jasno ločijo bači (ibid., 330, b, 369, fig. 39: 9), which belong, considering od fibul te različice v Este po tem, da je na slednjih odebelitev the grave groups, to phases este III late or Sveta Lucija IIc. s svitkoma tik ob peresovini, na fibulah z Medejskega hriba pa due to these connections it is clear that also fibulae of variant je precej daleč od nje. Ta značilnost jih povezuje s poznimi fi- IXa from Medejski hrib belong only to phase Sveta Lucija IIc, bulami različice IXa z Idrije pri bači in s Koritnice (prav tam, i.e. to the same time as fibulae of type X according to Teržan, 355, op. 80) ter s fibulami različice IXb iz este (prav tam, 371, which were found there. 246 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 246 23.1.2012 12:58:02 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU ... 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad . . med odlomki bronastih predmetov ni niti enega, ki bi ga into the Late Iron age, this is a site from the last phase lahko postavili v mlajšo železno dobo, gre nedvomno za of the hal statt period (Sveta Lucija IIc). The ring with najdišče iz zadnje stopnje halštatske dobe (Sv. Lucija IIc). six non-distinct knobs from Podzemelj is later since it Podzemeljski obroček s šestimi neizrazitimi izrastki pa appears on the fibula of Gemeinlebarn variant of Möt- je že mlajši, saj je na fibuli različice Gemeinlebarn vrste schwil type, characteristic for Middle La Tène phase LT Mötschwil, ki je značilna za srednjelatensko stopnjo LT C2 (božič 1993, 197, 200, group C, no. 4; 203). C2 (božič 1993, 197, 200, skupina C, št. 4). 6.2.3 ThRee-KNobbed fIbULa of TyPe IIa 6.2.3 TRoRTaSTa fIbULa aCCoRdING To oGRIN vRSTe IIa Po oGRINovI a fragment of a three-knobbed fibula ( Fig. 6.2: 3) odlomek trortaste fibule ( sl. 6.2: 3) je sodil k tror- belonged to the three-knobbed fibula of type IIa accord- tasti fibuli vrste IIa po ogrinovi, za katero so značilni ing to ogrin, for which are characteristic the thickening odebelitev okroglega preseka in kroglasti ali ovalni of round cross section and globular or oval knobs that gumbi, ki so včasih na svitkastih vratovih (ogrin 1998, are occasional y on col ar necks (ogrin 1998, 108, fig. 108, sl. 10: a). večina primerkov izvira z najdišč sve- 10: a). The majority of items originate from sites of the tolucijske skupine halštatske kulture (Most na Soči in Sveta Lucija group of the hallstatt culture (Most na Soči, Kobarid v dolini Soče ter bitnje v bohinju – prav tam, Kobarid in the Soča valley, and bitnje in bohinj – ibid., 109, levi stolpec). ogrinova je vrsto IIa trortastih fibul 109, left column). ogrin dated type IIa of three-knobbed na podlagi grobov Sz 1670 in Sz 2224 z Mosta na Soči fibulae on the basis of graves Sz 1670 and Sz 2224 from (Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-orel 1984, t. 159: C; 231: Most na Soči (Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-orel 1984, a) datirala v stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIa (ogrin 1998, 118–119, Pls. 159: C; 231: a) to phase Sveta Lucija IIa (ogrin 1998, sl. 27; 37: II a, b). 118-119, figs. 27; 37: II a, b; p. 131). Pri kronološki opredelitvi te vrste pa ni upoštevala In the chronological classification of this type she še enega groba z Mosta na Soči (Sz 229 – prav tam, 109, did not consider another grave from Most na Soči (Sz fragmenti II. vrste) ter grobov 3 in 22 z bitenj v bohinju 229 – ibid., 109, fragmenti II. vrste) and graves 3 and (Gabrovec 1974, t. 2 in 3: grob 3; 7: grob 22). od teh treh 22 from bitnje in bohinj (Gabrovec 1974, Pls. 2 and 3: grobov sodi tudi grob 3 z bitenj v stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIa grob 3; 7: grob 22). among these three, grave 3 from bitnje also belongs to phase Sveta Lucija IIa (ibid., 301). The other two are later. Grave 22 from bitnje belongs to phase Sveta Lucija IIb due to the arc fibula with lattice decoration on the flat bow (ibid., Pl. 7: 9; Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 439), and grave Sz 229 from Most na Soči (Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-orel 1984, Pl. 21: C) to the same phase due to the rings decorated by groups of transverse incisions and clusters of ring- and-dots among them, and due to the fragment of a three-knobbed fibula of type vII (ibid., Pl. 21: C2, 7, 10; ogrin 1998, 125, type vII, right column, fig. 35: 7-11; 132). 1 2 The two fibulae of type IIa according to ogrin from the last two graves ( Fig. 6.6: 1, 2) differ in the cross sec- Sl. 6.6: Trortasti fibuli vrste IIa po ogrinovi iz groba 22 na tion of the bow from the fibulae of this type from graves bitnjah v bohinju (1) in iz groba Sz 229 na Mostu na Soči (2). obe bron. M. = 1:2 (1 Gabrovec 1974, t. 7; 2 Teržan, Lo of phase Sveta Lucija IIa. While all earlier fibulae have a Schiavo, Trampuž-orel 1984, t. 21). round bow cross section, the fibula from grave 22 from Fig. 6.6: Two three-knobbed fibulae of type IIa according to bitnje ( Fig. 6.6: 1) has a faceted bow, and the fibula from ogrin from grave 22 at bitnje in bohinj (1) and from grave Sz grave Sz 229 at Most na Soči ( Fig. 6.6: 2) a bow which 229 at Most na Soči (2). both bronze. Scale = 1:2 (1 Gabrovec is faceted at the front and is at the back angular in cross 1974, Pl. 7; 2 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-orel 1984, Pl. 21). section (triangular or rhombic). on the fragment from Tonovcov grad ( Fig. 6.2: 3), besides the thickening, only sl. 39: 2, 5, 8) in z Idrije pri bači (prav tam, 330, b, 369, sl. 39: a part of the bow is preserved and is of a rhombic cross 9), ki sodijo glede na grobne celote v stopnji este III pozno section. hence this fragment most probably also belongs oziroma Sv. Lucija IIc. zaradi teh povezav je jasno, da sodijo to phase Sveta Lucija IIb. tudi fibule različice IXa z Medejskega hriba šele v stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIc, to je v isti čas kot tam najdene fibule X. vrste po Teržanovi. 247 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 247 23.1.2012 12:58:02 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU ... 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad . . prav tam, 301). druga dva pa sta mlajša. Grob 22 z bi- 6.2.4 GLaSS bead WITh LayeRed bLUe aNd tenj sodi v stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIb zaradi trakaste fibule z WhITe eyeS mrežastim okrasom na loku (prav tam, t. 7: 9; Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 430), grob Sz 229 z Mosta na Soči (Ter- The completely preserved bead of a flattened žan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-orel 1984, t. 21: C) pa v isto globular shape made of bluish green glass ( Fig. 6.2: 4) is stopnjo zaradi prstanov, ki sta okrašena s snopi prečnih ornamented by four double layered blue and white eyes. vrezov in s skupinami krožcev s piko med njimi, in zaradi Completely identical but smaller bead was, for odlomka trortaste fibule vII. vrste (prav tam, t. 21: C2, 7, example, discovered in grave Sz 229 from Most na Soči 10; ogrin 1998, 125, vII. vrsta, desni stolpec, sl. 35: 7–11). (Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-orel 1984, Pl. 21: C13; fibuli vrste IIa po ogrinovi iz zadnjih dveh gro- Kunter 1995, 357, cat. no. 1132), which I have already bov ( sl. 6.6: 1, 2) se po preseku loka razlikujeta od fibul mentioned during the discussion of the fragment of the te vrste iz grobov stopnje Sv. Lucija IIa. Medtem ko three-knobbed fibula of type IIa according to ogrin. The imajo vse starejše fibule okrogel presek loka, ima fibula grave belongs to phase Sveta Lucija IIb. The widely dis- iz groba 22 z bitenj ( sl. 6.6: 1) fasetiran lok, fibula iz tributed yel ow and bluish green glass beads with layered groba Sz 229 na Mostu na Soči ( sl. 6.6: 2) pa lok, ki je eyes are characteristic for the 5th and 4th centuries bC spredaj fasetiran, zadaj pa v preseku oglat (trikoten ali (ibid., 161, 5.4.7 Kombinationen, zeitstel ung). In the rombičen). Na odlomku s Tonovcovega gradu ( sl. 6.2: dolenjska region these appear in graves of the Certosa 3) je poleg odebelitve ohranjen samo še delček loka, ki and Negova phases ( Fig. 6.7 – ibid., 37, note 100) and je rombičnega preseka. zaradi tega sodi tudi ta odlomek in the Posočje area in graves of Sveta Lucija IIb and IIc najverjetneje v stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIb. phases (ibid., 38, cemetery at Koritnica and note 112). Such dating is also confirmed by grave 19, discovered in 2000 at Repelc in Most na Soči, which besides the frag- 6.2.4 STeKLeNa JaGoda ment of a Certosa fibula also contained a larger number S PLaSTovITIMI ModRo-beLIMI očeSCI of yellow glass beads with single or double layered blue and white eyes (Mlinar 2008, 73, note 94; 111-112, Pl. v celoti ohranjena jagoda sploščeno kroglaste 15: R 19). Glass beads of the discussed type were in the oblike iz modrozelenega stekla ( sl. 6.2: 4) je okrašena catalogue of the Szombathy excavations attributed also s štirimi dvojnimi plastovitimi modro-belimi očesci. to a few graves from the early hal statt period and from Povsem enaka, le manjša jagoda je bila na primer od- phase Sveta Lucija IIa (Kunter 1995, 38, notes 110 and krita v grobu Sz 229 z Mosta na Soči (Teržan, Lo Schiavo, 111). but because these graves include just individual Trampuž-orel 1984, t. 21: C13; Kunter 1995, 357, kat. št. beads, often even solely their fragments and not neck- 1132), ki sem ga že omenil pri obravnavi odlomka tror- laces of large or small number of beads, and because taste fibule vrste IIa po ogrinovi. Grob sodi v stopnjo Sv. Szombathy in his diaries does not list them among grave Lucija IIb. Široko razprostranjene rumene in modrozelene goods, it is the most probable explanation that these are steklene jagode s plastovitimi očesci so značilnost 5. in isolated finds which are not part of a grave group but 4. stoletja pr. n. št. (prav tam, 161, 5.4.7 Kombinationen, were simply assigned to the nearest grave (ibid., 226-227, zeitstel ung). Na dolenjskem se pojavljajo v grobovih notes 757 and 758). certoške in negovske stopnje ( sl. 6.7 – prav tam, 37, op. 100), v Posočju pa v grobovih stopenj Sv. Lucija IIb in IIc (prav tam, 38, grobišče na Koritnici in op. 112). Tako datacijo potrjuje tudi leta 2000 odkriti grob 19 na Repelcu na Mostu na Soči, ki je poleg odlomka certoške fibule vseboval tudi večje število rumenih steklenih jagod z enojnimi ali dvojnimi plastovitimi modro-belimi očesci (Mlinar 2008, 73, op. 94; 111–112, t. 15: R 19). Steklene jagode obravnavane vrste so bile v katalogu Szombathyje- vih izkopavanj sicer pripisane tudi nekaterim grobovom iz starohalštatskega obdobja in iz stopnje Sv. Lucija IIa (Kunter 1995, 38, op. 110 in 111). Ker pa gre v teh pri- merih samo za posamezne jagode, pogosto celo samo za njihove odlomke, ne pa za ogrlice iz večjega ali manjšega števila jagod, in ker jih Szombathy v dnevnikih ne navaja Sl. 6.7: Steklena ogrlica iz groba 98 gomile 48 v Stični z modro- zelenimi jagodami, ki so okrašene z enojnimi in dvojnimi pla- med grobnimi pridatki, je najverjetnejša razlaga, da gre stovitimi modro-belimi očesci. M. = 1:1 (Gabrovec 2006, t. 55). za posamezne najdbe, ki niso del grobne celote, ampak Fig. 6.7: Glass necklace from grave 98 of mound 48 in Stična so bile preprosto dodeljene najbližjemu grobu (prav tam, with blue-green beads decorated by single or double layered 226–227, op. 757 in 758). blue and white eyes. Scale = 1:1 (Gabrovec 2006, Pl. 55). 248 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 248 23.1.2012 12:58:03 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU ... 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad . . 6.2.5 CeRToŠKa fIbULa 6.2.5 CeRToSa fIbULa z dvoJNIM v-MoTIvoM Na NoGI WITh doUbLe v-MoTIf oN fooT Tina Milavec je menila, da je odlomek certoške Tina Milavec believed that the fragment of a Certosa fibule ( sl. 6.2: 5) pripadal fibuli X. vrste po Teržanovi fibula ( Fig. 6.2: 5) belonged to a fibula of type X according (Milavec, Modrijan 2007, 110, op. 5). Tovrstne fibule to Teržan (Milavec, Modrijan 2007, 109, note 5). Such so značilne za najmlajšo stopnjo svetolucijske kulture, fibulae are characteristic for the latest phase of the Sveta to je stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIc (glej npr. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Lucija culture, i.e. phase Sveta Lucija IIc (see e.g. Teržan, Trampuž-orel 1984, t. 8: a; 17: b1; 29: d1; 38: C1; 39: Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-orel 1984, Pls. 8: a; 17: b1; 29: d1; a1). vendar pa imajo z dvojnim v-motivom okrašeno 38: C1; 39: a1). yet there are some fibulae of type vII that nogo tudi nekatere fibule vrste vII, na primer različici also have the foot decorated by the double v-motif, such a in d, ki se pojavljata tudi v Posočju (prav tam, t. 125: as variants a and d which also appear in the Posočje area a1, 2; Teržan 1976, 325–328, sl. 3: d). fibule različice (ibid., Pl. 125: a1, 2; Teržan 1976, 325-328, fig. 3: d). vIIa so se po Teržanovi (prav tam, 357) na dolenjskem fibulae of variant vIIa according to Teržan (ibid., 430) pojavile že v certoški stopnji in ostale v uporabi še v appeared in dolenjska already in the Certosa phase and negovski stopnji. Iz tega sledi, da bi bil odlomek certoške remained in use stil during the Negova phase. Thus the fibule s Tonovcovega gradu lahko tako iz stopnje Sv. fragment of the Certosa fibula from Tonovcov grad could Lucija IIb kot IIc. be from phase Sveta Lucija IIb as wel as IIc. 6.2.6 NeGovSKa čeLada 6.2.6 NeGova heLMeT odlomek štule negovske čelade z ostanki okrasnega The fragment of a cap of the Negova helmet with friza iz palmet in dvojnih krožcev ( sl. 6.2: 6) je po Mi- remains of the ornamental frieze from palmettes and lavčevi sodil k negovski čeladi alpske vrste iz 4. stoletja double rings ( Fig. 6.2: 6) according to Milavec belonged pr. n. št. (Milavec, Modrijan 2007, 110–111, op. 7, sl. 4: to the Negova helmet of the alpine type from the 4th 2). Pri tem se je oprla na palmete, ki so zelo podobne century bC (Milavec, Modrijan 2007, 109, note 7, fig. palmetam na čeladi alpske vrste, ki je bila najdena na 4: 2). She based this on the palmettes, which are very najdišču fallmereyerstraße v Innsbrucku na Tirolskem similar to palmettes on the helmet of the alpine type ( sl. 6.8 – egg 1986, 100, sl. 48: 6, fries). Gre za posame- found at the site fal mereyerstraße at Innsbruck in Tyrol zno najdbo ( sl. 6.9 – prav tam, 236 in 238, kat. št. 354, t. ( Fig. 6.8 – egg 1986, 100, fig. 48: 6, fries). This is an 272; 273: a). Negovske čelade alpske vrste imajo na vrhu ozek greben, na prehodu zgornjega dela štule v vglobitev iztolčeno rebro in na krajcih visok pasasto razširjen rob (prav tam, 95–96, sl. 203 in 220). Markus egg jih je razdelil na maloštevilno starejšo skupino z žigosanim okrasom (prav tam, 97–102) in na številčnejšo mlajšo z okrasom prepleta (prav tam, 102–112). Starejši skupini je lahko zanesljivo pripisal samo pet čelad (prav tam, 97, sl. 49). Štiri so bile najdene v južnoalpskih dolinah in na Tirolskem, ena pa v zakladni najdbi negovskih Sl. 6.8: žigosani okras nad vglobitvijo štule na negovski čeladi alpske vrste z najdišča fallmereyerstraße v Innsbrucku (egg 1986, sl. 48). Sl. 6.9: Negovska čelada iz Innsbrucka. Pogled od strani (fo- Fig. 6.8: Stamped ornament above the recessed base of the tografija Rimsko-germanskega osrednjega muzeja v Mainzu). cap on the Negova helmet of the alpine type from the site Fig. 6.9: Negova helmet from Innsbruck. Side view (photo fallmereyerstraße in Innsbruck (egg 1986, fig. 48). from the Römisch-Germanisches zentralmuseum in Mainz). 249 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 249 23.1.2012 12:58:03 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU ... 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad . . čelad iz ženjaka v Slovenskih goricah. Ker nobena ne isolated find ( Fig. 6.9 – ibid., 236 and 238, cat. no. 354, izvira iz zanesljive grobne celote, jih je samo na podlagi Pls. 272; 273: a). The Negova helmets of the alpine type tipoloških značilnosti približno datiral v 4. stoletje pr. have a narrow crest on the top, a hammered rib on the n. št. (prav tam, 102). transition from the upper part of the cap to the recessed vendar ima po prepričanju egga povsem enake base, and a high ribbon-shaped edge of the brim (ibid., palmete in dvojne koncentrične krožce kot čelada iz 95-96, figs. 203 and 220). Markus egg divided them into Innsbrucka še ena negovska čelada, ki pa ni alpske vrste the earlier, smal in number, group with the stamped or- (prav tam, 83, Monrupino, op. 280, Kreisaugentyp 2, nament (ibid., 97-102) and into the larger later with the Gruppe 2f; 100, 98, op. 319, Kreisaugentyp 2, Gruppe interlaced ornament (ibid., 102-112). only five helmets 2f). egg jo je uvrstil v različico Idrija slovenske vrste could have been attributed to the earlier group with cer- negovskih čelad ( sl. 6.10 – prav tam, 82–86, sl. 38: 1, tainty (ibid, 97, fig. 49). four were found in the south- fries). odkrili so jo jamarji leta 1929 ob robu nasipnega alpine valleys and in Tyrol, and one was found within stožca na dnu 78 m globokega navpičnega vhodnega a hoard of Negova helmets from ženjak in Slovenske brezna jame, ki leži blizu Repentabra (it. Monrupino) na gorice. Since none originates from a reliable grave group Tržaškem Krasu ( sl. 6.11 – prav tam, 229, kat. št. 332, t. egg approximately dated them to the 4th century bC on 253; Gherlizza, halupca 1988, 151–154). Njeno sloven- the basis of the typological characteristics (ibid, 102). sko ime je Jama v držencah, italijansko pa prav zaradi v according to egg’s belief, nevertheless, completely njej odkrite čelade Grotta del 'elmo. Poleg čelade so našli identical palmettes and double concentric rings as on nekaj odlomkov konjske mandibule (prav tam, 152). the helmet from Innsbruck are found on another Ne- gova helmet but which is not of the alpine type (ibid., 83, Monrupino, note 280, Kreisaugentyp 2, Gruppe 2f; 100, 98, note 319, Kreisaugentyp 2, Gruppe 2f). egg assigned it to the Idrija variant of the Slovenian type of Negova helmets ( Fig. 6.10 – ibid., 82-86, fig. 38: 1, fries). It was discovered by a group of speleologists in 1929, at the edge of the talus cone at the bottom of the 78 m deep vertical entrance shaft of the cave, located near Repentabor (Ita. Monrupino) on Trieste Karst ( Fig. 6.11 – ibid., 229, cat. no. 332, Pl. 253; Gherlizza, halupca 1988, 151-154). Its Slovenian name is Jama v držencah, while in Italian it is due to the helmet discovered in it Sl. 6.10: žigosani okras nad vglobitvijo štule na negovski called Grotta del ’elmo. besides the helmet a few frag- čeladi različice Idrija slovenske vrste iz Jame v držencah pri ments of the horse mandible were discovered (ibid., 152). Repentabru (fotografija Mestnih zgodovinskih in umetnostnih Negova helmets of the Idrija variant of the Slo- muzejev v Trstu). venian type have two flat bow-shaped loops for the Fig. 6.10: Stamped ornament above the recessed base of the chin-strap riveted to the brim lining (egg 1986, 82, cap on the Negova helmet of the Idrija variant of Slovenian type from Jama v držencah near Repentabor (photo from the figs. 189; 191). The helmet from Jama v držencah is Civici Musei di Storia ed arte in Trieste). now missing the brim lining. according to the data Sl. 6.11: Negovska čelada iz Jame v držencah pri Repentabru. Pogled od strani (Gherlizza, halupca 1988, stran 153 in fotografija Rimsko-germanskega osrednjega muzeja v Mainzu). Fig. 6.11: Negova helmet from Jama v držencah near Repentabor. Side view (Gherlizza, halupca 1988, page 153 and photo from the Römisch-Germanisches zentralmuseum in Mainz). 250 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 250 23.1.2012 12:58:04 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU ... 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad . . Negovske čelade različice Idrija slovenske vrste imajo by Walter Šmid, who had managed to see it before the na podlogi krajcev prikovičeni po dve trakasti ločni ušesci Second World War, it had two riveted loops for the za podbradnik (egg 1986, 82, sl. 189; 191). Pri čeladi iz chin-strap (ibid., 229, cat. no. 332). according to egg’s Jame v držencah podloga krajcev zdaj manjka. Po podat- opinion, the helmets of the Idrija variant started to be ku Walterja Šmida, ki jo je še videl pred drugo svetovno made already in the 4th century bC (ibid., 85-86) and vojno, sta bili na njej prikovičeni ušesci za podbradnik they reappeared during the 1st century bC. The helmet (prav tam, 229, kat. št. 332). Po eggovem mnenju so from the cave near Repentabor also needs to be assigned čelade različice Idrija začeli izdelovati že v 4. stoletju pr. among the earliest examples of this variant due to the n. št. (prav tam, 85–86), potem pa so se spet pojavile v ornament, which is according to egg die identical to the 1. stoletju pr. n. št. Med najstarejše primerke te različice one on the helmet of the alpine type with the stamped moramo zaradi okrasa, ki je po eggu pečatno enak tistemu ornament from Innsbruck. na čeladi alpske vrste z žigosanim okrasom iz Innsbrucka, The fragment of the Negova helmet from Tonovcov uvrstiti tudi čelado iz jame pri Repentabru. grad is unfortunately too small to enable the decision odlomek negovske čelade s Tonovcovega gradu between the Slovenian and the alpine type. Two reasons je žal premajhen, da bi omogočal odločitev med pri- make it more likely to belong to the helmet of the Slo- padnostjo slovenski ali alpski vrsti. Iz dveh razlogov pa venian type. firstly, Innsbruck is much further away je precej verjetneje, da je sodil k čeladi slovenske vrste. from the Posočje area than Repentabor. The second Prvič je Innsbruck precej bolj oddaljen od Posočja kot reason lies in the distribution of helmets. as mentioned Repentabor. drugi razlog je razprostranjenost čelad. Kot above, all but one (ženjak) helmet of the alpine type sem omenil že zgoraj, so bile vse čelade alpske vrste z with the stamped ornament were found west of Slovenia, žigosanim okrasom razen ene (ženjak) najdene zahodno while all helmets of the Idrija variant of the Slovenian od Slovenije, vse čelade različice Idrija slovenske vrste type of Negova helmets except one (Cazin in bosnia and negovskih čelad razen ene (Cazin v bosni in hercego- herzegovina) were found in Slovenia or immediately vini) pa v Sloveniji oziroma tik za njeno mejo z Italijo across its border with Italy (ibid., 85, fig. 39). The frag- (prav tam, 85, sl. 39). odlomek s Tonovcovega gradu, ment from Tonovcov grad, the ornament of which is katerega okras je izredno podoben okrasu na čeladah extremely similar to the ornament of the helmets from iz Innsbrucka in iz jame pri Repentabru, zelo verjetno Innsbruck and the cave at Repentabor, very probably tudi sodi v stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIc. also belongs to phase Sveta Lucija IIc. 6.3 NaJdbe 6.3 LaTe IRoN aGe fINdS Iz MLaJŠe žeLezNe dobe Late Iron age finds from Tonovcov grad contain Mlajšeželeznodobne najdbe s Tonovcovega gradu two parts of weaponry and a part of a belt set (a chape obsegajo dva dela orožja in del pasne garniture (zaklju- end, a sword guard, and an annular belt hook with a ček koničnika nožnice, branik meča in obročasto pasno tongue), eight fibula fragments (two fibulae of Middle spono z jezičkom), osem odlomkov fibul (dveh srednje- La Tène scheme of the type Idrija pri bači, one fibula latenske sheme vrste Idrija pri bači, ene s tremi vozli na with three knobs on the bow, two almgren 65 type fibu- loku, dveh vrste almgren 65 in treh vrste Jezerine) in lae, and three Jezerine type fibulae), and a rectangular pravokotno ploščico ( sl. 6.2: 8–19). plate ( Fig. 6.2: 8-19). 6.3.1 zaKLJUčeK KoNIčNIKa NožNICe 6.3.1 La TèNe SWoRd ChaPe eNd LaTeNSKeGa Meča The chape end of the La Tène sword ( Fig. 6.2: 8) Na zaključku koničnika nožnice latenskega meča has a relatively wel preserved thickening above the ( sl. 6.2: 8) je razmeroma dobro ohranjena odebelitev nad oval widening at the right section. Such thickenings are ovalno razširitvijo na desnem kraku. Take odebelitve so characteristic of chapes with an openwork end (Lejars značilnost koničnikov s predrtim zaključkom (Lejars 1994, 19, fig. 1). The end from Tonovcov grad is in its 1994, 19, sl. 1). zaključek s Tonovcovega gradu je po shape and size closest to ends of certain chapes, which obliki in velikosti še najbližji zaključkom nekaterih Thierry Lejars in his discussion of scabbards from the koničnikov, ki jih je Thierry Lejars v obravnavi nožnic sanctuary Gournay-sur-aronde united into group 4 iz svetišča Gournay-sur-aronde združil v skupino 4 (ibid., 22-23, a – 4 – Groupe 4, 156, GSa 2111; 157, (prav tam, 22–23, a - 4 - Groupe 4, 156, GSa 2111; GSa 2148 and 2475). These chapes are short, thin, and 157, GSa 2148 in 2475). Ti koničniki so kratki, tanki in have two small openings and represent the last phase in imajo majhni predrtini ter predstavljajo zadnjo stopnjo the development of openwork chapes. on the basis of 251 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 251 23.1.2012 12:58:04 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU ... 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad . . v razvoju predrtih koničnikov. Lejars je nožnice s takimi certain grave groups Lejars dated scabbards with such zaključki na podlagi nekaterih grobnih celot datiral v ends to phase LT C1 (ibid., 48-49). stopnjo LT C1 (prav tam, 48–49). 6.3.2 aNNULaR beLT hooK WITh a ToNGUe 6.3.2 obRočaSTa PaSNa SPoNa z JezIčKoM aNd a bUTToN oN The INCLINed NeCK IN GUMboM Na PoŠevNeM vRaTU Similarly to the previous item the iron annular belt Tako kot prejšnji predmet je tudi železna obročasta hook ( Fig. 6.2: 9) is also poorly preserved, yet enough to pasna spona ( sl. 6.2: 9) slabo ohranjena, vendar dovolj, enable the reliable typological classification. belt hooks da je mogoča zanesljiva tipološka opredelitev. Tovrstne of this kind were a component part of annular belt sets as pasne spone so bile sestavni deli obročastih pasnih gar- were worn by the Celtic warriors in phase LT C2 (božič nitur, kakršne so nosili keltski bojevniki v stopnji LT C2 1999a, 197; Tomičić, dizdar 2005, 88-89, and 91). The (božič 1999a, 210; Tomičić, dizdar 2005, 89 in 91). od- fragment from Tonovcov grad belongs due to the pear- lomek s Tonovcovega gradu sodi zaradi jezička hruškaste shaped tongue to variant 4C1 according to batail e (ba- oblike v različico 4C1 po batail u (bataille 2001, 451, sl. tail e 2001, 451, figs. 3: 4C1; 6: 29-31, 46-47, 49, 52). In 3: 4C1; 6: 29–31, 46–47, 49, 52). v Slovenji se pojavljajo Slovenia, hooks of this variant appear also in dobova ( Fig. spone te različice še v dobovi ( sl. 6.12: 1 – božič 1983, 6.12: 1 – božič 1983, 78, fig. 22; Guštin, egidi 2002, 78, 78, sl. 22; Guštin, egidi 2002, 78, dobova, št. 6, sl. I.75) dobova, no. 6, fig. I.75) and Slatina v Rožni dolini ( Fig. in Slatini v Rožni dolini ( sl. 6.12: 2 – Pirkmajer 1991, t. 6.12: 2 – Pirkmajer 1991, Pl. 6: 36), while in Croatia they 6: 36), na hrvaškem pa v bojevniških grobovih grobišča are found in the warrior graves of phase LT C2 cemetery stopnje LT C2 v zvonimirovu v Podravini ( sl. 6.12: 3 – at zvonimirovo in Podravina ( Fig. 6.12: 3 – Majnarić- Majnarić-Pandžić 2001, 87, t. 10: 5 in dizdar 2007, 129). Pandžić 2001, 87, Pl. 10: 5 and dizdar 2007, 129). v istem času je bila na približno istem prostoru v at the same time and at the approximately same rabi nekoliko drugačna in razmeroma redka različica space a somewhat different and relatively rare variant 4C3b po batail u (2001, 454, sl. 7: 61, 62) z navpičnim 4C3b according to bataille (2001, 454, fig. 7: 61, 62) vratom, ki ne izhaja neposredno iz jezička, ampak je was in use, which has a vertical neck, not prolonged di- zakovan v okroglo ploščico, v katero preide jeziček, rectly from the tongue but riveted into a disc into which ki večinoma ni hruškast, ampak približno okrogel ali progresses the tongue that is mostly not pear-shaped rombičen. Tej različici pripadata poleg dveh pasnih but is approximately round or rhombic. To this variant spon iz Slovenije, iz groba 13 v Slatini v Rožni dolini belong two belt hooks from Slovenia, the one from grave (Pirkmajer 1991, t. 13: 88) in iz groba 173 na Kapitelj- 13 at Slatina v Rožni dolini (Pirkmajer 1991, Pl. 13: 88) ski njivi v Novem mestu (Križ 2005, t. 46: 7), še ena iz and the one from grave 173 at Kapiteljska njiva in Novo groba LT 2 v zvonimirovu (Tomičić, dizdar 2005, 91, mesto (Križ 2005, Pl. 46: 7), another one from grave LT 115, Grob LT 2, št. 6, t. 4: 4) in bronasta pasna spona 2 in zvonimirovo (Tomičić, dizdar 2005, 89, 115, Grab iz bojevniškega groba stopnje LT C2 v amaru v Kar- LT 2, no. 6, Pl. 4: 4), and a bronze hook from the warrior niji (Righi 2001, 122, kat. št. 8, sl. 6: 8; faleschini et al. grave of LT C2 phase in amaro in Carnia (Righi 2001, 2009, 162, sl. 11: 8), ki ima na gumbu enak trikoten 122, cat. no. 8, fig. 6: 8; faleschini et al. 2009, 162, fig. okrasek kot železna pasna spona te različice iz groba 11: 8), which has the same triangular ornament on the 13 v Slatini v Rožni dolini. 1 2 3 Sl. 6.12: obročaste pasne spone s hruškastim jezičkom iz groba 22 v dobovi (1), groba 1b v Slatini v Rožni dolini (2) in groba 12 v zvonimirovu (3). vse železo. M. = 1:2 (1 risba Inštituta za dediščino Sredozemlja zRS UP v Ljubljani; 2 Pirkmajer 1991, t. 6; 3 Majnarić-Pandžić 2001, t. 10). Fig. 6.12: annular belt hooks with a pear-shaped tongue from grave 22 in dobova (1), grave 1b in Slatina v Rožni dolini (2), and grave 12 in zvonimirovo (3). all iron. Scale = 1:2 (1 drawing from the Institute for the Mediterranean heritage of UP SRC in Ljubljana; 2 Pirkmajer 1991, Pl. 6; 3 Majnarić-Pandžić 2001, Pl. 10). 252 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 252 23.1.2012 12:58:05 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU ... 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad . . 6.3.3 bRaNIK LaTeNSKeGa Meča button as the iron belt hook of this variant from grave 13 at Slatina v Rožni dolini. Tudi branik latenskega meča, ki ima visoko zvon- často obliko ( sl. 6.2: 10), je razmeroma slabo ohranjen in skažen. Ker oblike meča, katerega del je bil, ne poznamo, 6.3.3 GUaRd of La TèNe SWoRd ga lahko opredelimo samo nekoliko širše, saj se podobni braniki pojavljajo tako na mečih stopnje LT C2 (Tomičić, The guard of the La Tène sword that has a high dizdar 2005, 114, Grob LT 2, kat. št. 1, sl. 1 na str. 73 in campanulate form ( Fig. 6.2: 10) is also relatively poorly t. 2: 1; dizdar 2007, 138, Grob LT 8, kat. št. 1, t. 1: 10) preserved and disfigured. Since we are not familiar with kot na mečih, ki so značilni za stopnjo LT d1 (Gabrovec the shape of the sword, the part of which this guard 1966, t. 3: 1; 4: 2; Knez 1977, t. 7: 4, 6). was, it can only be delimited somewhat more widely because similar guards appear on swords of LT C2 phase (Tomičić, dizdar 2005, 114, Grab LT 2, cat. no. 1, fig. 1 6.3.4 fIbULI vRSTe IdRIJa PRI bačI on p. 73 and Pl. 2: 1; dizdar 2007, 138, Grave LT 8, cat. no. 1, Pl. 1: 10) and on swords characteristic for phase LT oba odlomka fibul srednjelatenske sheme s po d1 (Gabrovec 1966, Pls. 3: 1; 4: 2; Knez 1977, Pl. 7: 4, 6). dvema odebelitvama na zapognjeni nogi ( sl. 6.2: 11 in 12) imata poškodovano objemko. čeprav sta bila pripi- sana fibulam s tremi vozli na loku in ploščato okroglo 6.3.4 TWo fIbULae of IdRIJa PRI bačI TyPe razširitvijo na nogi (Milavec, Modrijan 2007, 110, op. 6; Milavec 2008, 9, op. 22, t. 1: 12, 14), ni dvoma, da gre both fragments of Middle La Tène scheme fibulae za zapognjeni nogi fibul, ki jim je dal Mitja Guštin ime with two thickenings on the bent foot ( Fig. 6.2: 11 and “fibule različice Idrija vrste Kastav” (Guštin 1987, 50, sl. 12) have a damaged clasp. even though the fragments 11: trikotnik; glej tudi Guštin 1991, 36–37), jaz pa zdaj were attributed to fibulae with three knobs on the bow zanje predlagam ime “fibule vrste Idrija pri bači”. Guštin and a flat round widening on the foot (Milavec, Modrijan je razdelil fibule vrste Kastav poleg različice Idrija ( sl. 2007, 109, note 6; Milavec 2008, 9, note 22, Pl. 1: 12, 14), 6.14) še na dve različici, na različico Kastav ( sl. 6.13: 1) there can be no doubt that these are bent feet of fibulae in različico Ribić ( sl. 6.13: 2). which Mitja Guštin called ‘Idrija variant fibulae of the od leta 1987 do zdaj se je število fibul vrste Kastav Kastav type’ (Guštin 1987, 50, fig. 11: triangle; see also močno pomnožilo. odkrita so bila nova najdišča, za Guštin 1991, 36-37), and for which I now suggest the nekatera pa se je izkazalo, da jih je treba z Guštinovega name ‘Idrija pri bači type fibulae’. Guštin divided the seznama izbrisati. Njegova tipološka razdelitev je doži- Kastav type fibulae into three variants: the Idrija variant 1 2 3 4 Sl. 6.13: fibule vrste Kastav. 1 – različica Kastav, 2 – različica Ribić, 3 – različica Nezakcij, 4 – različica Ulaka. vse bron. M. = 1:2 (1 vidulli Torlo 2002, sl. 52; 2 Marić 1968, t. 13; 3 blečić Kavur 2009, sl. 4; 4 Laharnar 2009, sl. 8). Fig. 6.13: Kastav type fibulae. 1 – variant Kastav, 2 – variant Ribić, 3 – variant Nezakcij, 4 – variant Ulaka. all bronze. Scale = 1:2 (1 vidulli Torlo 2002, fig. 52; 2 Marić 1968, Pl. 13; 3 blečić Kavur 2009, fig. 4; 4 Laharnar 2009, fig. 8). 253 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 253 23.1.2012 12:58:05 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU ... 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad . . vela pomembno razširitev z opredelitvijo ulite različice ( Fig. 6.14), the Kastav variant ( Fig. 6.13: 1), and the Ribić Ulaka ( sl. 6.13: 4), ki se pojavlja samo v Ljubljanici variant ( Fig. 6.13: 2). (Gaspari 2002, 149), na Notranjskem (Laharnar 2009, Since 1987 the number of the Kastav type fibulae 129, desni stolpec, sl. 8 in 9 na str. 102) in z enim pri- greatly increased. New sites appeared, while for some merkom v zgornji vipavski dolini5 (Svoljšak 1983, t. 6: others it was shown that they need to be erased from 165), ter vrste Nezakcij ( sl. 6.13: 3 – blečić Kavur 2009, Guštin’s list. his typological division experienced a 200, op. 18 in 19, sl. 4–5). Slednja si po mojem mnenju significant expansion with the definition of the cast ne zasluži statusa vrste, ampak je različica vrste Kastav, variant Ulaka ( Fig. 6.13: 4), which appears only in the ki je značilna za Istro, Kastav nad Reko in Cres (blečić river Ljubljanica (Gaspari 2002, 149), in the Notranjska Kavur 2010, 332, sl. 253–255; 579, seznam 62) in se od region (Laharnar 2009, 102, figs. 8 and 9), and with one drugih različic te vrste razlikuje predvsem po tem, da item in the upper vipava valley5 (Svoljšak 1983, Pl. 6: je precej manjša, da ima kolenast obris loka, da ima na 165), and the Nezakcij type ( Fig. 6.13: 3 – blečić Kavur njem še en tak gumb kot na zapognjeni nogi in da sta 2009, 200, notes 18 and 19, figs. 4-5). The latter, in my gumba okrašena. opinion, does not deserve the status of a type but is rather če je uvrstitev fibul različic Kastav, Ribić, Nezakcij a variant of the Kastav type, typical for Istria, Kastav in Ulaka ( sl. 6.13) v vrsto Kastav povsem umestna, pa above Rijeka, and Cres (blečić Kavur 2010, 332, figs. to nikakor ne velja za fibule različice Idrija ( sl. 6.14). 253-255; 579, list 62), and differs from other variants of Te se namreč od fibul prej navedenih različic tipološko this type mostly in its much smal er size, its knee-shaped bistveno razlikujejo. zato predlagam, da jih izločimo iz bow outline, it has another knob on the bow besides the vrste Kastav po Guštinu in opredelimo kot novo vrsto one on the bent foot, and both knobs are ornamented. Idrija pri Bači. If the classification of fibulae of variants Kastav, fibule vrste Kastav brez različice Idrija po Gušti- Ribić, Nezakcij, and Ulaka ( Fig. 6.13) into the Kastav nu ( sl. 6.13) imajo na zapognjeni nogi en sam gumb. type is completely appropriate, this is in no way true objemka je kratka in okrašena s prečnimi vrezi. Lok, for fibulae of the Idrija variant ( Fig. 6.14). These typo- ki tekoče prehaja v nogo, je ovalnega, segmentnega ali logical y significantly differ from previously enumerated bikonveksnega preseka. Peresovina je izdelana iz plo- variants. Thus I suggest that they be excluded from the ščate žice. Pri fibulah različic Kastav, Ribić in Nezakcij Kastav type according to Guštin and classified as the ima običajno šest navojev, pri fibulah različice Ulaka new type Idrija pri bači. pa enkrat šest ( sl. 6.21: 13 – Svoljšak 1983, t. 6: 165), fibulae of the Kastav type without the variant Idrija večinoma pa devet ali več navojev. Tetiva se od znotraj according to Guštin ( Fig. 6.13) have just one knob on the ovija okrog loka. bent foot. The clasp is short and ornamented with trans- fibule, ki sodijo v “vrsto Idrija pri bači” po mojem versal incisions. The bow, which smoothly progresses predlogu oziroma “različico Idrija vrste Kastav” po Gu- into the foot, has an oval, segmented, or biconvex cross štinu ( sl. 6.14), pa imajo na zapognjeni nogi dve različno section. The spring is made of flat wire. In fibulae of veliki odebelitvi. objemka je dolga in ima ob robovih variants Kastav, Ribić, and Nezakcij it usual y has six izraziti prečni rebri. Lok, katerega prehod v nogo je coils, while in fibulae of the variant Ulaka it once has kolenast, je večinoma okroglega, redko pa pravokotnega six ( Fig. 6.21: 13 – Svoljšak 1983, Pl. 6: 165), but mostly preseka. Peresovina je iz žice okroglega preseka in ima nine or more coils. The chord is wrapped around the praviloma osem, izjemoma pa sedem navojev. Tetiva se bow from inside. od zunaj ovija okrog loka. Podobne zapognjene noge kot on the other hand, fibulae which belong to ‘the Idrija na Tonovcovem gradu ( sl. 6.2: 11, 12) so bile med drugim pri bači type’ according to my suggestion or to ‘the Idrija najdene na kultnem mestu na Kovačevšu nad Lokavcem variant of the Kastav type’ according to Guštin ( Fig. 6.14) ( sl. 6.15: 1, 2) in v Socerbu ( sl. 6.15: 3). have two thickenings of different sizes on the bent foot. Popraviti je treba tudi časovno opredelitev fibul The clasp is long and has two distinct transversal ribs vrste Idrija pri bači. Guštin je menil, da so te fibule v along the edges. The bow, the transition of which into Posočju vodilna oblika srednjelatenske stopnje III in the foot is knee-shaped, most frequently has a round and da se pojavljajo še v grobovih avgustejske stopnje Ivb seldom rectangular cross section. The spring is made of (Guštin 1991, 37). Iz moje kronološke analize grobnih round wire and as a rule has eight, rarely seven coils. The celot s fibulami te vrste na Idriji pri bači in iz dejstva, chord is wrapped around the bow from outside. Similar da se enaka peresovina z osmimi navoji in tetivo, ki se bent feet as at Tonovcov grad ( Fig. 6.2: 11, 12) were, od zunaj ovija okrog loka, pojavlja na fibulah nekaterih among others, also found at the cult place of Kovačevše drugih vrst, ki so zanesljivo iz stopnje LT d1,6 pa izhaja, above Lokavec ( Fig. 6.15: 1, 2) and at Socerb ( Fig. 6.15: 3). The dating of the Idrija pri bači type fibulae also 5 Na ta primerek me je opozoril Miha Mlinar iz Tolmin- needs to be amended. Guštin believed that in the Posočje skega muzeja v Tolminu. 6 Glej moj članek o fibulah vrste Idrija pri bači, ki je v 5 This item was brought to my attention by Miha Mlinar pripravi. from Tolminski muzej in Tolmin. 254 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 254 23.1.2012 12:58:05 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU ... 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad . . 1 2 3 Sl. 6.14: fibule vrste Idrija pri bači iz grobov 9, 16 in 5 na Idriji pri bači. vse bron. M. = 1:2 (Guštin 1991, t. 10, 14 in 6). Fig. 6.14: fibulae of type Idrija pri bači from graves 9, 16, and 5 at Idrija pri bači. all bronze. Scale = 1:2 (Guštin 1991, Pls. 10, 14, and 6). Sl. 6.15: zapognjene noge fibul vrste Idrija pri bači s Kovačevša nad Lokavcem (1 in 2) in iz Socerba (3). vse bron. M. = 1:2 (1 in 2 Svoljšak 1983, t. 2; 3 Crismani, Righi 2002, kat. št. 30). Fig. 6.15: bent feet of Idrija pri bači type fibulae from Kovačevše above Lokavec (1 and 2) and from Socerb (3). all bronze. Scale = 1:2 (1 and 2 Svoljšak 1983, Pl. 2; 3 Crismani, Righi 2002, cat. no. 30). 1 2 3 da je treba nastanek in uporabo fibul vrste Idrija pri bači area these fibulae are the leading form of Middle La Tène postaviti v to stopnjo, pri čemer ni dvoma, da se na Idriji phase III and that they appear also in the graves of the pri bači pojavljajo še v mlajših grobovih (7/8 in 16), v augustan phase Ivb (Guštin 1991, 37). My chronological katerih pa fibule te vrste niso edini starejši pridatek. analysis of grave groups with fibulae of this type in Idrija pri bači and the fact that the same spring with eight coils and a chord wrapped around the bow from outside ap- 6.3.5 fIbULa SLoveNSKe vRSTe pears on fibulae of several other types which are certainly fIbUL SRedNJeLaTeNSKe SheMe from phase LT d1,6 reveal that the emergence and use S TReMI vozLI Na LoKU IN of the Idrija pri bači type fibulae needs to be set in this z oKRoGLo PLoŠčICo Na zaPoGNJeNI NoGI phase. There can be no doubt that they at Idrija pri bači also appear in later graves (7/8 and 16), but fibulae of this odlomek loka bronaste fibule srednjelatenske type are not the only earlier grave goods in them. sheme s tremi vozli na loku in z okroglo ploščico na zapognjeni nogi ( sl. 6.2: 13) nima za tovrstne fibule značilne glave, ki je razmeroma debela in običajno 6.3.5 fIbULa of SLoveNIaN TyPe okrašena s snopoma dveh ali treh poševnih črt (prim. of MIddLe La TèNe SCheMe fIbULae npr. Gabrovec 1974, 298, t. 11: 13; Svoljšak 1983, t. 2: 65; WITh ThRee KNobS oN boW Guštin 1991, t. 12: 2; 13: 1; 21: 13; 28: 4; 35: 2, 3 [tukaj: aNd WITh dISC oN beNT fooT sl. 6.16: 2]), ampak koničasto glavo, ki je podobna tisti, ki jo ima ena od fibul iz groba 12 na Reki (prav tam, t. The fragment of a bronze Middle La Tène scheme 35: 1 [tukaj: sl. 6.16: 1]). Ta je vtaknjena v stožčast tulec, fibula with three knobs on the bow and with a disc on ki nosi peresovino in iglo. Kot kaže, je imela na ta način the bent foot ( Fig. 6.2: 13) does not have a typical head izdelano peresovino tudi fibula s Tonovcovega gradu. for such fibulae, which is relatively thick and usual y fibule slovenske vrste fibul s tremi vozli na loku 6 sta podrobneje obdelala Guštin (1991, 37–38) in anne See my article on Idrija pri bači type fibulae, which is currently being prepared. 255 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 255 23.1.2012 12:58:06 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU ... 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad . . 1 2 3 Sl. 6.16: fibule s tremi vozli na loku iz groba 12 na Reki (1 in 2) in z območja župne cerkve v Kranju (3). 1 bron in smola, 2 srebro in smola, 3 srebro. M. = 1:2 (1 in 2 Guštin 1991, t. 35; 3 horvat 1983, t. 6). Fig. 6.16: fibulae with three knobs on the bow from grave 12 at Reka (1 and 2) and from the area of the parish church in Kranj (3). 1 bronze and resin, 2 silver and resin, 3 silver. Scale = 1:2 (1 and 2 Guštin 1991, Pl. 35; 3 horvat 1983, Pl. 6). Marie adam (adam 1996, 190–191, sl. 26: d; 27: kro- ornamented by two groups of two or three oblique lines žec; 193, d/Tipo sloveno). Njihovo dosedanjo datacijo (cf. e.g. Gabrovec 1974, 298, Pl. 11: 13; Svoljšak 1983, v srednjo latensko dobo in v starejši del pozne latenske Pl. 2: 65; Guštin 1991, Pls. 12: 2; 13: 1; 21: 13; 28: 4; 35: dobe (Guštin 1991, 38) je treba popraviti, saj so zelo 2, 3 [here: Fig. 6.16: 2]), but a pointed head similar to verjetno sočasne fibulam vrste Idrija pri bači, ki sodijo the one that is found on one of the fibulae from grave v stopnjo LT d1. Sočasnost fibul slovenske vrste in fibul 12 at Reka (ibid., Pl. 35: 1 [here: Fig. 6.16: 1]). This is vrste Idrija pri bači lahko utemeljimo s tem, da se v treh inserted into a conical socket with a spring and pin. as grobovih na Idriji pri bači (3, 13 in 24 – prav tam, t. 3; it seems the fibula from Tonovcov grad had a spring 12; 21) fibuli obeh vrst pojavljata skupaj, in s tem, da made in the same manner. obe vrsti povezujejo nekatere enake prvine, na primer The fibulae of the Slovenian type of fibulae with oblika objemke (prim. prav tam, t. 4: 4 s t. 13: 1), dva s three knobs on the bow were discussed in detail by Guštin presledkom ločena svitka (prim. prav tam, t. 14: 9 s t. 3: (1991, 37-38) and anne Marie adam (adam 1996, 190- 15) ali trije svitki (prim. prav tam, t. 4: 1 s t. 13: 1 in 28: 4) 191, fig. 26: d; 27: ring; 193, d/Tipo sloveno). The dating med odebelitvami ter svitki, okrašeni s tankimi prečnimi up until now into the Middle and the earlier part of the vrezi (prim. prav tam, t. 10: 9 in 12: 1 s t. 3: 15 in 35: 4). Late La Tène period (Guštin 1991, 38) has to be corrected odlomek s Tonovcovega gradu ( sl. 6.2: 13) ima med since these are very probably contemporary to fibulae of vozli in na glavi po en oglat svitek. Tako oblikovane fibu- the Idrija pri bači type, which belong to phase LT d1. The le niso pogoste. znane so samo še z Reke v dolini Idrijce contemporaneity of fibulae of the Slovenian type and of ( sl. 6.16: 1, 2 – prav tam, t. 35: 1, 3 in 4) in iz Kranja na Idrija pri bači type originates from the fact that in three Gorenjskem ( sl. 6.16: 3 – horvat 1983, t. 6: 29). Svitka graves at Idrija pri bači (3, 13, and 24 – ibid., Pls. 3; 12; med vozli sta okrašena s tankimi prečnimi vrezi tako kot 21) fibulae of both types appear together, and from the na eni od fibul z Reke (Guštin 1991, t. 35: 4). fact that both types are connected by certain identical ele- ments, for example the shape of the clasp (cf. ibid., Pl. 4: 4 with Pl. 13: 1), the fact that on several fibulae of both types 6.3.6 PRavoKoTNa PLoŠčICa between the two thickenings two with a break separated col ars (cf. ibid., Pl. 14: 9 with Pl. 3: 15) or three col ars delno poškodovana pravokotna ploščica ( sl. 6.2: (cf. ibid., Pl. 4: 1 with Pls. 13: 1 and 28: 4) are located, and 14) je po načinu izdelave okrasa in delno tudi po upo- the fact that on fibulae of both types col ars are sometimes dobljenem motivu podobna najmanj šestim bronastim ornamented with thin transversal incisions (cf. ibid., Pls. ploščicam, ki so bile najdene v železnodobno-rimskem 10: 9 and 12: 1 with Pls. 3: 15 and 35: 4). svetišču na Gradiču nad Kobaridom (osmuk 1987; The fragment from Tonovcov grad ( Fig. 6.2: 13) has osmuk 1997; osmuk 1998a). objavljena je bila samo two angular col ars between the knobs and one on the ena ( sl. 6.17: 8 – osmuk 1998b, 17, sl. 1 in 2). Štiri so head. fibulae shaped in this manner are not frequent. kvadratne, dve pa sta pravokotni. vseh šest ima ob ro- They are known only from Reka in the Idrijca val ey ( Fig. bovih okvir iz štirih nizov pik oziroma bunčic, ki so na 6.16: 1, 2 – ibid., Pl. 35: 1, 3, and 4) and from Kranj in petih ploščicah iztolčene, na eni pa vtolčene. Ploščici s the Gorenjska region ( Fig. 6.16: 3 – horvat 1983, Pl. 6: Tonovcovega gradu je po velikosti najbližja le malenkost 29). The two col ars between the knobs are ornamented 256 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 256 23.1.2012 12:58:06 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU ... 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad . . 1 2 4 3 5 6 7 8 Sl. 6.17: daritvene ploščice z Gradiča nad Kobaridom (1 in 8), z vrh gradu pri Pečinah (2), z Gurine pri dolah (3, 5–7) in s Colle Mazéit pri verzegnisu (4). 2 srebro, drugo bron. M. = 1:2 (1 risba območne enote Nova Gorica zavoda Republike Slovenije za varstvo kulturne dediščine; 2 fotografija Tolminskega muzeja v Tolminu; 3, 5–7 Jablonka 2001, t. 124 in 126; 4 vannacci Lunazzi 2001, sl. 5; 8 osmuk 1998b, sl. 2). Fig. 6.17: offering plates from Gradič above Kobarid (1 and 8), vrh gradu near Pečine (2), Gurina above del ach (3, 5–7), and from Colle Mazéit near verzegnis (4). 2 silver, others bronze. Scale = 1:2 (1 drawing from the Regional Unit Nova Gorica of the Institute for the Protection of Cultural heritage of Slovenia; 2 photo from the Tolminski muzej in Tolmin; 3, 5–7 Jablonka 2001, Pls. 124 and 126; 4 vannacci Lunazzi 2001, fig. 5; 8 osmuk 1998b, fig. 2). večja pravokotna ploščica z luknjico na sredini ene od with thin transversal incisions as on one of the fibulae daljših stranic, ki je znotraj okvira iz štirih pikčastih from Reka (Guštin 1991, Pl. 35: 4). nizov okrašena s štirimi diagonalno razporejenimi pikčastimi kraki, ki segajo do sredinskega motiva, ki je sestavljen iz iztolčenega kroga s piko v sredini ( sl. 6.3.6 ReCTaNGULaR PLaTe 6.17: 1). Povsem podoben motiv, kot je na ploščici s Tonovcovega gradu, to je pravokotnik oziroma kvadrat z The partly damaged rectangular plate ( Fig. 6.2: 14) is včrtanim križem, pa imajo tri ploščice kvadratne oblike. in the manner of ornament manufacturing and partly also od šestih ploščic z Gradiča jih je pet okrašenih z in the portrayed motif similar to at least six bronze plates geometrijskimi motivi. Šesta ( sl. 6.17: 8 – osmuk 1998b) found at the Iron age-Roman sanctuary at Gradič above pa ima znotraj zunanjega kvadratnega okvira iz pikčastih Kobarid (osmuk 1987; osmuk 1997; osmuk 1998a). nizov najprej kvadrat, sestavljen iz iztolčenih bunčic, only one has been published ( Fig. 6.17: 8 – osmuk 1998b, nato pa pokončen pravokotni notranji okvir, narejen iz 17, figs. 1 and 2). four are square and two are rectangular. štirih nizov iztolčenih pik. znotraj tega je le malo manjši al six have along the edges a frame made of four rows of pravokotni okvir iz štirih vtolčenih črt. Tako omejeno dots or bosses, which are hammered out on five of them pravokotno središčno polje je zgoraj izpolnjeno z upodo- and hammered in on only one. The closest in size to the bitvijo konjenika z navpično postavljeno sulico v levici, plate from Tonovcov grad is the slightly bigger rectangular spodaj pa s pravokotnim okvirom s tremi včrtanimi loki. plate with a hole in the middle of one of the longer sides, Močno sorodna skupina daritvenih ploščic je znana which is inside the frame of four dotted rows ornamented z Gurine v zgornji ziljski dolini (Jablonka 2001, 170–171, by four diagonal dotted shanks reaching to the central verzierte bleche, 179, t. 124: 1; 126: 1–5). Največja od motif, which is composed of a hammered out ring with šestih ploščic je skoraj kvadratna ( sl. 6.17: 3), druge so a dot in the middle ( Fig. 6.17: 1). a completely similar pravokotne ( sl. 6.17: 5–7). Na vseh je geometrijski okras. motif as on the plate from Tonovcov grad, meaning a Tri imajo tako kot ploščice z Gradiča po eno luknjico na rectangle or a square with an inscribed cross, is found on sredini ene od stranic ( sl. 6.17: 5–7), na eni je luknjica three plates of square shape. na sredini (prav tam, t. 126: 4) in dve ploščici sta brez among six plates from Gradič, five are ornamented luknjice (prav tam, t. 126: 5 in sl. 6.17: 3). vseh šest plo- with geometrical motives. The sixth ( Fig. 6.17: 8 – os- 257 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 257 23.1.2012 12:58:07 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU ... 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad . . ščic je okrašenih z večinoma enojnim in samo enkrat z muk 1998b) has within the outer square frame of dotted dvojnim okvirom iz iztolčenih pik, ki je blizu roba. Na rows first a square, made of hammered out bosses, and največji ploščici ( sl. 6.17: 3) je na sredini krog s piko, ki then a vertical rectangular inner frame, made of four pa ni sklenjen kot tisti na najmanjši ploščici z Gradiča rows of hammered out dots. Within this frame is an only ( sl. 6.17: 1), ampak je sestavljen iz iztolčenih pik. ob treh slightly smaller rectangular frame made of four ham- robovih te ploščice se vije daritveni napis iz venetskih črk. mered in lines. In this way delimited rectangular central z najmanjšo ploščico z Gradiča in z največjo z field is on top fil ed with the portrait of a horseman with Gurine je tesno povezana srebrna ploščica z najdišča an erect spear in his left hand, while at the bottom there vrh gradu pri Pečinah na Šentviški planoti ( sl. 6.17: 2 is a rectangular frame with three inscribed arches. – Mlinar, Crevatin 2011). Po velikosti (3,3 x 3,7 cm) se a closely related group of offering plates is known približuje 4,2 x 3,4 cm veliki ploščici z Gradiča, ki ima from Gurina in the upper Gail (Slov. zilja) valley (Ja- na sredini povsem enak iztolčen krog s piko ( sl. 6.17: 1). blonka 2001, 170-171, verzierte bleche, 179, Pls. 124: Po svoji skoraj kvadratni obliki in po venetskem napisu 1; 126: 1-5). The biggest among the six plates is almost pa je zelo blizu ploščici z Gurine ( sl. 6.17: 3). Kot zadnja square ( Fig. 6.17: 3), others are rectangular ( Fig. 6.17: sodi v obravnavano skupino bronasta ploščica s hriba 5-7). all have a geometrical ornament. Three have, just Col e Mazéit pri verzegnisu v Karniji, ki je bila leta 1991 as the plates from Gradič, one hole in the middle of one odkrita z detektorjem za kovine ( sl. 6.17: 4 – vannacci of the sides each ( Fig. 6.17: 5-7), one has a hole in the Lunazzi 2001, 152–153, sl. 5: 1; donat, Righi, vitri middle (ibid., Pl. 126: 4), and two plates are without a 2007, 96 in 98, sl. 10: 1) in je bila potem žal prodana na hole (ibid., Pl. 126: 5 and Fig. 6.17: 3). all six plates are trgu s starinami. Na tem hribu je bilo v mlajši železni ornamented with mostly single, only once with a double dobi zanesljivo kultno mesto (prav tam, 96–98, sl. 10). frame made of hammered out dots which is near the Ploščica je trapezasta in okrašena z nizi pik. znotraj edge. The biggest plate ( Fig. 6.17: 3) has a ring with a dot pikčastega okvira je motiv X. Preko njegovega sečišča in the middle but the ring is here not joint as the one on poteka še navpičen pikčast niz. Tako nastali šesterokraki the smallest plate from Gradič ( Fig. 6.17: 1), rather it is motiv se pojavlja tudi znotraj pikčastega kroga na eni od assembled of hammered out dots. along three edges of ploščic z Gurine ( sl. 6.17: 5). Tudi ploščica iz verzegnisa this plate runs an offering inscription in venetic letters. nosi ob dveh robovih venetski napis (Crevatin 2001, The smal est plate from Gradič and the biggest from 116–117, kat. št. 3; donat, Righi, vitri 2007, 98, levi Gurina are closely connected to the silver plate from the stolpec). Ploščica s Tonovcovega gradu ( sl. 6.2: 14) se od site vrh gradu near Pečine on the Šentviška planota plateau opisanih šestih ploščic z Gradiča nad Kobaridom, šestih ( Fig. 6.17: 2 – Mlinar, Crevatin 2011). Its size (3.3 x 3.7 cm) z Gurine pri dolah v ziljski dolini in po ene z vrh gradu is close to 4.2 x 3.4 cm plate from Gradič which has in the pri Pečinah in s Colle Mazéit pri verzegnisu razlikuje middle an identical hammered out ring with a dot ( Fig. predvsem po tem, da ima štiri vogalne luknjice. Take 6.17: 1). due to its almost square shape and the venetic luknjice se pojavljajo na nekaterih daritvenih ploščicah s inscription it comes very close to the plate from Gurina ( Fig. figuralnim okrasom v venetskih svetiščih (glej na primer 6.17: 3). The last of the discussed group is the bronze plate Ruta Serafini 2002, 233–247, sl. 100: 7, 8, 16; 102: 26; from the hil Col e Mazéit near verzegnis in Carnia which 283–295, sl. 125: 1, 7; 126: 14; 311–320, sl. 138: 7, 8, 12). was found with the help of the metal detector in 1991 ( Fig. Povsem zanesljive datacije ploščic z Gurine, Gradi- 6.17: 4 – vannacci Lunazzi 2001, 152-153, fig. 5: 1; donat, ča, vrh gradu, Colle Mazéit in s Tonovcovega gradu ni Righi, vitri 2007, 96 and 98, fig. 10: 1) and was later, unfor- mogoče podati. Glede na njihovo precejšnjo oblikovno, tunately, sold at the antiquity market. There was certainly tehnološko in okrasno povezanost pa smemo domneva- a cult place on this hil in the Late Iron age (ibid., 96-98, ti, da med njimi ni zelo velikih časovnih razlik. datacijo fig. 10). The plate is of trapezoid shape and ornamented v 2. in 1. stoletje pr. n. št. nakazuje ploščica s konjenikom by rows of dots. The motif X is located within the dotted z Gradiča ( sl. 6.17: 8). Nada osmuk (1998b) je namreč frame. a vertical dotted row runs also over its intersection. ugotovila, da konjenik in pravokotnik s tremi loki po- Thus created six-armed motif appears also within the dot- snemata motiv na rimskem republikanskem denariju, ki ted circle on one of the plates from Gurina ( Fig. 6.17: 5). je bil kovan v letih 114–113 pr. n. št. Ti dve leti sta torej The plate from verzegnis also carries a venetic inscription terminus post quem za nastanek te ploščice. Seveda pa along two of its edges (Crevatin 2001, 116-117, cat. no. 3; to ne pomeni, da podobnih ploščic niso izdelovali že donat, Righi, vitri 2007, 98, left column). The plate from nekaj desetletij prej oziroma tudi pozneje. Tonovcov grad ( Fig. 6.2: 14) differs from the described six plates from Gradič above Kobarid, six from Gurina above del ach in the Gail val ey, one from vrh gradu near Pečine, 6.3.7 fIbULI vRSTe aLMGReN 65 and one from Col e Mazéit near verzegnis mostly in the fact that it has four corner holes. Such holes appear on odlomek okviraste noge neke poznolatenske fibule several offering plates with the figural ornament in venetic ( sl. 6.2: 15) je dolg 2,8 cm. Leva stranica okvira ima raven sanctuaries (see e.g. Ruta Serafini 2002, 233-247, figs. 100: 258 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 258 23.1.2012 12:58:07 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU ... 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad . . zunanji rob, na notranjem robu pa je majhen trikoten 7, 8, 16; 102: 26; 283-295, figs. 125: 1, 7; 126: 14; 311-320, izrastek, lepo viden na zadnji strani noge. bolj ali manj fig. 138: 7, 8, 12). izrazite trikotne izrastke imajo na notranji strani leve It is not possible to present a completely certain stranice okvira nekateri primerki naslednjih vrst fibul: dating for the plates from Gurina, Gradič, vrh gradu, tirolskih školjčnih in palmetastih fibul (demetz 1999, t. Colle Mazéit, and from Tonovcov grad. Nevertheless, 18: 1; 19: 1, 2), fibul s fasetiranim lokom (Meller 2002, t. according to their considerable connection of shape, 26: 316; 27: 319, 321), velikih fibul vrste Nova vas (božič technology, and ornament we can assume that there exist 2008, 86, sl. 37: 1, 5), delfinskih fibul (prav tam, sl. 42: no significant time differences among them. The dating 5) in fibul vrste almgren 65 (Meller 2002, t. 28: 334; 29: into the 2nd and 1st centuries bC is indicated by the plate 337, 341, 347; 30: 358, 360; Cunja, Mlinar 2010, 113, with a horseman from Gradič ( Fig. 6.17: 8). Nada osmuk kat. št. 119). Ker nobena noga velikih fibul vrste Nova (1998b) found that the horseman and the rectangle with vas (božič 2008, sl. 37) ne presega dolžine 2,3 cm in ker three arches imitate the motif on the Roman republican je edina ohranjena noga delfinskih fibul dolga le 1,7 cm denarius, which was minted in 114-113 bC. These two (prav tam, sl. 42: 5), odlomek s Tonovcovega gradu ni years are thus terminus post quem for the production of pripadal nobeni od teh dveh vrst. za to, da ne gre niti this plate. Indeed this does not mean that similar plates za odlomek noge fibule s fasetiranim lokom, govori were not manufactured several decades before and after. zunanji rob leve stranice, ki je raven, ne pa razčlenjen (prav tam, sl. 43 na str. 85). Tudi možnost, da bi šlo za del tirolske školjčne ali palmetaste fibule, ni verjetna, 6.3.7 TWo fIbULae of aLMGReN 65 TyPe ker v Posočju takih fibul ni (demetz 1999, karta 19 in 20). Preostane samo še možnost, da gre za odlomek The fragment of the open foot of the Late La Tène okviraste noge velike fibule vrste almgren 65 ( sl. 6.18), fibula ( Fig. 6.2: 15) is 2.8 cm long. The left side of the h kakršni je glede na mere sodil tudi odlomek glave z frame has a straight outer edge, while the inner edge has značilnim žlebičem na robu in s polovico peresovine iz a smal triangular protuberance which is nicely visible on šestih navojev ( sl. 6.2: 16). the back side of the foot. More or less distinct triangular dve veliki fibuli te vrste sta bili najdeni v grobovih protuberances are found on the inner edge of the frame’s 5 in 7/8 na Idriji pri bači (Guštin 1991, 45–46, t. 6: 12; left side of several examples of the fol owing fibula types: 10: 1 [tukaj: sl. 6.18: 1]), ena pa tudi v ustrini na Repel- Tyrolean conchoidal and palmette fibulae (demetz 1999, cu na Mostu na Soči (Mlinar 2008, 34, t. 25: 22; Cunja, Pls. 18: 1; 19: 1, 2), fibulae with a faceted bow (Mel er Mlinar 2010, 113, kat. št. 118). fibule vrste almgren 65 2002, Pls. 26: 316; 27: 319, 321), big Nova vas type fibulae (demetz 1999, 27–38) so italske in so značilne za mlajši (božič 2008, 86-87, fig. 37: 1, 5), dolphin fibulae (ibid., del stopnje LT d1 v srednjeevropskem smislu, to je za fig. 42: 5), and almgren 65 type fibulae (Mel er 2002, stopnjo LT d1b (božič 2008, 145, tab. 5). Pls. 28: 334; 29: 337, 341, 347; 30: 358, 360; Cunja, Mlinar 2010, 113, cat. no. 119). Since none of the feet of the big Nova vas type fibulae (božič 2008, fig. 37) exceeds the 6.3.8 fIbULe vRSTe JezeRINe length of 2.3 cm and because the only preserved foot of the dolphin fibulae is no longer than 1.7 cm (ibid., fig. dva odlomka fibul vrste Jezerine ( sl. 6.2: 18, 19) 42: 5), the fragment from Tonovcov grad did not belong sodita v vrsto Jezerine IIa po demetzu, ki ima na sre- to either of these two types. To the fact that this cannot be 1 2 Sl. 6.18: veliki fibuli vrste almgren 65 iz groba 7/8 na Idriji pri bači (1) in iz svetišča Reitije v este (2). obe bron. M. = 1:2 (1 Guštin 1991, t. 10; 2 Meller 2002, t. 32). Fig. 6.18: Two big almgren 65 type fibulae from grave 7/8 at Idrija pri bači (1) and from the Reitia sanctuary in este (2). both bronze. Scale = 1:2 (1 Guštin 1991, Pl. 10; 2 Meller 2002, Pl. 32). 259 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 259 23.1.2012 12:58:07 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU ... 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad . . dini loka ozko in nizko rebro (demetz 1999, 100, t. 25: a foot fragment of a fibula with a faceted bow testifies the 3, 4). Robova sta včasih rahlo dvignjena ( sl. 6.19: 2). outer edge of the left side that is straight and not indented Podobno majhna fibula te vrste je bila najdena v sondi (ibid., fig. 43 on p. 85). It is also not very likely that this 19 na Cvingerju nad virom pri Stični (Gabrovec 1994, is a part of the Tyrolean conchoidal or palmette fibula 174, t. 16: 46). since no such fibula was ever found in the Posočje area odlomek loka s širino 1,2 cm ( sl. 6.2: 17) pa zaradi (demetz 1999, maps 19 and 20). The only remaining op- treh približno enakih reber pripada vrsti IIb po demetzu tion is that this is a fragment of an open foot of a big fibula ( sl. 6.19: 1 – demetz 1999, 100, t. 25: 5). fibule vrste of almgren 65 type ( Fig. 6.18). To this variant, according Jezerine (prav tam, 99–105) so tako kot fibule vrste al- to the measures, we can attribute also the fragment of a mgren 65 italske in jih ravno tako najdemo med pridatki head with a typical groove at the edge and one half of the grobov na Idriji pri bači (Guštin 1991, 41–42, t. 20: 2; six-coil spring ( Fig. 6.2: 16). 21: 9), pa tudi v naselbini na Mostu na Soči (Cunja, Two big fibulae of almgren 65 type were found in Mlinar 2010, 114, kat. št. 128). značilne so za mlajši del graves 5 and 7/8 at Idrija pri bači (Guštin 1991, 45-46, pozne latenske dobe, to je za stopnjo LT d2 (božič 2008, Pls. 6: 12; 10: 1 [here: Fig. 6.18: 1]) and another one in 146–147, tab. 5). brez opravljene analize ni mogoče reči, the ustrinum at Repelc in Most na Soči (Mlinar 2008, 34, iz katere bakrove zlitine so izdelane (Istenič, Šmit 2007, Pl. 25: 22; Cunja, Mlinar 2010, 113, cat. no. 118). fibulae 144–145, Results). of the almgren 65 type (demetz 1999, 27-38) are Italic and are characteristic for the later part of phase LT d1 in the Central european sense, that is phase LT d1b (božič 2008, 145, Tab. 5). 6.3.8 fIbULae of JezeRINe TyPe 1 2 Two fragments of the Jezerine type fibulae ( Fig. 6.2: 18, 19) belong to type Jezerine IIa according to demetz and have in the middle of the bow a narrow and low rib (demetz 1999, 100, Pl. 25: 3, 4). The edges are occasion- al y slightly lifted ( Fig. 6.19: 2). a similarly small fibula Sl. 6.19: fibuli vrste Jezerine iz groba 140 na beletovem vrtu of this type was found in trench 19 at Cvinger above vir v Novem mestu (1) in iz San Giorgia di Nogaro (2). obe pri Stični (Gabrovec 1994, 175, Pl. 16: 46). bakrova zlitina. M. = 1:2 (1 Knez 1992, t. 51; 2 buora, Seidel The fragment of a bow with the width of 1.2 cm 2008, kat. št. 116). ( Fig. 6.2: 17) due to the three approximately equal ribs Fig. 6.19: Two fibulae of the Jezerine type from grave 140 at belongs to type IIb according to demetz ( Fig. 6.19: 1 – beletov vrt in Novo mesto (1) and from San Giorgio di Nogaro demetz 1999, 100, Pl. 25: 5). fibulae of the Jezerine type (2). both copper al oy. Scale = 1:2 (1 Knez 1992, Pl. 51; 2 buora, (ibid., 99-105) are so as almgren 65 type fibulae Italic Seidel 2008, cat. no. 116). and can also be found among the grave goods at Idrija pri bači (Guštin 1991, 41-42, Pls. 20: 2; 21: 9), as well as in the settlement at Most na Soči (Cunja, Mlinar 2010, 6.4 žeLezNodobNe NaJdbe 114, cat. no. 128). They are characteristic for the later S ToNovCoveGa GRadU part of the Late La Tène period, i.e. phase LT d2 (božič v PRIMeRJavI z NaJdbaMI v 2008, 146-147, Tab. 5). Without the conducted analysis SveTIŠčIh IN Na KULTNIh MeSTIh it is impossible to say from which copper alloy they are made of (Istenič, Šmit 2007, 144-145, Results). od skupno 19 drobnih železnodobnih najdb s To- novcovega gradu ( sl. 6.2) jih je sedem iz starejše železne, dvanajst pa iz mlajše železne dobe. 6.4 IRoN aGe fINdS fRoM To- halštatske najdbe obsegajo predvsem dele noše – NovCov GRad NeaR KobaRId odlomka fibul ( sl. 6.2: 3, 5), polovico votlega kroglastega IN CoMPaRISoN To fINdS fRoM obeska, kakršni so bili obešeni na svetolucijske ločne SaNCTUaRIeS aNd CULT PLaCeS fibule ( sl. 6.2: 1), ter dva obročka s šestimi izrastki, od katerih bi bil tisti z izrazitimi izrastki ( sl. 6.2: 2) tudi from 19 small Iron age finds at Tonovcov grad lahko obesek na svetolucijski ločni fibuli, medtem ko je ( Fig. 6.2) seven belong to the early Iron age and twelve bil mlajši ( sl. 6.2: 7) prav tako gotovo del ženske noše. Po to the Late Iron age. en predmet pripada nakitu (steklena jagoda ogrlice – sl. hal statt finds include mostly parts of attire – two 6.2: 4) in orožju (odlomek negovske čelade – sl. 6.2: 6). fibula fragments ( Fig. 6.2: 3, 5), one half of a hol ow 260 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 260 23.1.2012 12:58:08 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU ... 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad . . Podobno sestavo kažejo latenske najdbe. Poleg globular pendant such as were hung on the Sveta Lucija osmih odlomkov fibul ( sl. 6.2: 11–13, 15–19) so med bow fibulae ( Fig. 6.2: 1), and two rings with six knobs, njimi še orožje (branik meča in zaključek koničnika of which the one with distinct knobs ( Fig. 6.2: 2) could nožnice – sl. 6.2: 10, 8) in del vojaškega pasu (odlomek also have been a pendant on the Sveta Lucija bow fibula, obročaste pasne spone – sl. 6.2: 9). Novost tega časa pa while the later one ( Fig. 6.2: 7) was definitely also a part je daritvena ploščica ( sl. 6.2: 14). of the female attire. There is one example of jewellery (a obroček s šestimi izrazitimi zrastki ( sl. 6.2: 2) bi glass bead of a necklace – Fig. 6.2: 4) and one of weapons bil lahko že iz stopnje Sv. Lucija IIa, vendar so bili taki (a fragment of a Negova helmet – Fig. 6.2: 6). obročki v uporabi vse do stopnje IIc. druge najdbe se La Tène finds reveal a similar composition. beside uvrščajo v vse poznohalštatske in latenske stopnje od eight fibula fragments ( Fig. 6.2: 11-13, 15-19) also weap- stopnje Sv. Lucija IIb ( sl. 6.2: 1, 3) do stopnje LT d2 ( sl. ons (a guard of a sword and a chape end – Fig. 6.2: 10, 6.2: 17–19). 8) and a part of a military belt (a fragment of an annular belt hook – Fig. 6.2: 9) can be found. The novelty of this več možnih odgovorov na vprašanje, s kakšno člo- time is the offering plate ( Fig. 6.2: 14). veško dejavnostjo so povezane železnodobne najdbe na The ring with six distinct knobs ( Fig. 6.2: 2) could Tonovcovem gradu, je podal že Ciglenečki (1997, 7–8). have already originated from phase Sveta Lucija IIa, zaradi odsotnosti železnodobne keramike, ki bi morala even though such pendants were in use until phase IIc. biti v primeru uporabe hriba za naselje ali kratkotrajno other finds belong to al final hal statt and La Tène pribežališče prisotna, in zaradi velike podobnosti pred- phases from phase Sveta Lucija IIb ( Fig. 6.2: 1, 3) to metov z najdbami, ki so jih našli v nekaterih svetiščih phase LT d2 ( Fig. 6.2: 17-19). in na kultnih mestih v Karniji, furlaniji, Posočju in na Notranjskem ( sl. 6.20), je po mojem mnenju naj- Several possible answers to the question to which verjetnejša tista možnost, ki jo je Ciglenečki navedel human activity the Iron age finds from Tonovcov grad predvsem zaradi bronaste daritvene ploščice: “Najdbe are connected to were given by Ciglenečki (1998, 7-8). Sl. 6.20: Izbrana železnodobna svetišča in kultna mesta v Karniji, furlaniji, Posočju in na Notranjskem. Fig. 6.20: Selected Iron age sanctuaries and cult places in Carnia, friuli, the Soča region, and Notranjska region. 261 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 261 23.1.2012 12:58:08 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU ... 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad . . iz halštatske in latenske dobe izvirajo s kultnega mesta due to the absence of Iron age pottery, which would nekje na Tonovcovem gradu.” in the case of use of the hill for a settlement or a short- v prid tej razlagi govori značaj prej omenjenih term refuge have to be present, and due to great simi- svetišč in kultnih mest, ki si jih velja nekoliko podrob- larity of items to the finds from several sanctuaries and neje ogledati. cult places in Carnia, friuli, the Posočje area, and the Notranjska region ( Fig. 6.20), I believe the most probable to be the option that Ciglenečki stated mostly due to the 6.4.1 SoŠKa doLINa bronze offering plate: ‘finds from the hal statt and La Tène periods originate from the cult place somewhere Pri večini halštatskih in latenskih fibul, ki so jih at Tonovcov grad.’ našli v železnodobno-rimskem svetišču na Gradiču In favour of this explanation speaks also the char- nad Kobaridom (osmuk 1998a), gre podobno kot na acter of the above mentioned sanctuaries and cult places, Tonovcovem gradu za večje ali manjše odlomke.7 Cele ali which are worth taking a closer look. skoraj cele so zlasti nekatere rimskodobne fibule. Med tu najdenimi daritvenimi ploščicami8 je več takih, ki imajo enak okras kot ploščica s Tonovcovega gradu, to je motiv 6.4.1 The Soča vaLLey črke X znotraj kvadrata oziroma pravokotnika. Po drugi strani pa so med obema najdiščema tudi pomembne raz- Most of the hal statt and La Tène fibulae that were like, saj so na Gradiču na primer našli številne bronaste found at the Iron age-Roman sanctuary Gradič above kipce rimskih bogov, darovalcev in svečenika (osmuk Kobarid (osmuk 1998a) are, similarly to Tonovcov grad, 1987; osmuk 1997) ter keramične posode, uvožene iz bigger or smal er fragments.7 Whole or nearly whole are Italije (osmuk 1998a; Mlinar 2011a). mostly some fibulae of the Roman period. Several among the offering plates8 found here have the same ornament as the plate from Tonovcov grad, that is the motif of the 6.4.2 vIPavSKa doLINa letter X within the square or rectangle. on the other hand, both sites also reveal significant differences, since že drago Svoljšak je v objavi najdb, ki so jih našli at Gradič, for example, numerous bronze statuettes of deloma domačini, deloma pa arheologi iz Ljubljane in Roman gods, offerers, and a priest (osmuk 1987; osmuk Nove Gorice med izkopavanji v letih 1949 in 1983 v 1997) and pottery vessels imported from Italy (osmuk nekaj kvadratnih metrov veliki jami na Kovačevšu nad 1998a; Mlinar 2011b) were found. Lokavcem blizu ajdovščine v zgornji vipavski dolini ( sl. 6.21), kot eno od več možnih razlag omenil, da so bili predmeti vanjo morda obredno nasipani postopoma, v 6.4.2 The vIPava vaLLey časovnem zaporedju (Svoljšak 1983, 5, sl. 2 in stran 9; t. 1–6). Mnogo pozneje je Paul Gleirscher (2002, 174, drago Svoljšak in his publication of finds that were sl. 1: 187; 188, desni stolpec; 258, kat. št. 187) v objavi partly found by the locals and partly by the archaeolo- žgalnodaritvenega mesta Rungger egg pri Seisu na gists from Ljubljana and Nova Gorica during the excava- Južnem Tirolskem to jamo zaradi njene lege, razkosa- tions of 1949 and 1983 in a few m2 big pit at Kovačevše nosti predmetov ter njihove sestave jasno opredelil kot above Lokavec near ajdovščina in the upper vipava daritveno mesto. v prid tej razlagi govori tudi Svoljša- valley ( Fig. 6.21) mentioned as one of the possible ex- kov podatek, da so bile v zasutju jame tudi nedogorele planations that the items could have been ritually placed kosti in koščki žganine.9 Kovinske in steklene najdbe there gradual y, in a time sequence (Svoljšak 1983, 5, fig. so razen ene močno profilirane fibule (Svoljšak 1983, t. 2 and p. 9; Pls. 1-6). Much later Paul Gleirscher (2002, 1: 23) železnodobne. odlomki keramičnih posod (npr. 174, fig. 1: 187; 188, right column; 258, cat. no. 187) in deli vrčev in tere sigilate) pa so večinoma rimskodobni his publication of the burnt-offering site Rungger egg (prav tam, 8). Najdbe iz starejše in mlajše železne dobe near Seis in South Tyrol clearly defined this pit as an of- obsegajo fibule, obročast nakit, steklene jagode, obeske fering place due to its position, item fragmentation, and their composition. In favour of this explanation speaks 7 S fibulami iz svetišča na Gradiču nad Kobaridom in z nekaterimi drugimi tam odkritimi najdbami me je seznanila 7 fibulae from the sanctuary at Gradič above Kobarid Nada osmuk iz Nove Gorice, ki je vodila izkopavanja. and some other finds from that site were brought to my at- 8 Štirje primerki so razstavljeni v prostoru z imenom Ko- tention by Nada osmuk from Nova Gorica who led the ex- bariška kultna krajina stalne razstave Tolminskega muzeja v cavations. Tolminu (Mlinar 2011a, 22–23). 8 four items are exhibited in the sector named Kobariška 9 Podatek o nedogorelih kosteh in koščkih žganine na- kultna krajina (Cult region of Kobarid) of the Tolminski vaja Svoljšak samo v slovenskem besedilu (1983, 9), v zelo muzej permanent exhibition in Tolmin (Mlinar 2011b, 22- kratkem italijanskem povzetku pa ne. 23). 262 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 262 23.1.2012 12:58:08 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU ... 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad . . 5 6 1 2 3 4 8 7 9 12 13 10 11 14 15 16 17 18 Sl. 6.21: Izbor najdb s kultnega mesta na Kovačevšu nad Lokavcem. 6 steklo, 15 medenina in železo, 16 medenina, 18 železo, drugo bron. M. = 1:2 (Svoljšak 1983, t. 1–6). Fig. 6.21: Selection of finds from the cult place at Kovačevše above Lokavec. 6 glass, 15 brass and iron, 16 brass, 18 iron, others bronze. Scale = 1:2 (Svoljšak 1983, Pls. 1–6). in orožje (med drugim dele bronaste etruščansko-italske also Svoljšak’s data that the filling of the pit contained čelade in železne sulične osti). Neposredno povezavo z also partly burned bones and pieces of burnt remains.9 najdbami s Tonovcovega gradu ( sl. 6.2) predstavljajo Metal and glass finds are with the exception of one noga certoške fibule z dvojnim v-motivom na hrbtu, strongly profiled fibula (Svoljšak 1983, Pl. 1: 23) from polovica votlega kroglastega obeska, steklena jagoda s the Iron age. fragments of pottery vessels (e.g. pieces plastovitimi modro-belimi očesci, zapognjeni nogi fibul of jugs and terra sigil ata) are, however, mostly from the vrste Idrija pri bači, lok slovenske vrste fibul s tremi Roman period (ibid., 8). finds from the early and Late vozli na loku in fibula vrste Jezerine brez noge ( sl. 6.21: Iron age comprise fibulae, annular jewel ery, glass beads, 1, 3, 6, 8, 9, 11, 16). pendants, and weaponry (among others also parts of a Pri izkopavanjih rimskega podeželskega dvorca na bronze etrusco-Italic helmet and iron spearheads). The Kolenovci pri Lokah v spodnji vipavski dolini je bilo direct connection to the finds from Tonovcov grad ( Fig. najdenih tudi nekaj bronastih predmetov, od katerih 6.2) is represented by a foot of the Certosa fibula with sta dva (prstan in del negovske čelade) zanesljivo, trije double v-motif on the back, a half of a hollow globular dvojni obroči pa verjetno iz pozne halštatske dobe10 ( sl. pendant, a glass bead with layered blue and white eyes, 6.22 – žbona-Trkman 1985, 104, sl. 3; vidrih Perko, two bent feet of the Idrija pri bači fibula type, a bow of žbona Trkman 2003–2004, 23, op. 8). Prstan d-preseka, the Slovenian type of fibulae with three knobs on the okrašen s krožci s piko ( sl. 6.22: 1), je podoben prsta- bow, and a fibula of the Jezerine type without the foot ( Fig. 6.21: 1, 3, 6, 8, 9, 11, 16). 10 Predmete mi je izročila za risanje in mi dovolila nji- hovo objavo kustosinja Goriškega muzeja v Kromberku pri 9 The data about the partly burnt bones and pieces of Novi Gorici beatriče žbona Trkman, za kar se ji najlepše za- burnt remains is given by Svoljšak only in the Slovenian text hvaljujem. (1983, 9) and is omitted in the very short Italian summary. 263 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 263 23.1.2012 12:58:09 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU ... 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad . . during the excavations of the Roman vil a rustica at Kolenovca near Loke in the lower vipava val ey a few bronze items were found, among which two (a ring and a part of a Negova helmet) are certainly, and three double rings are probably from the final hal statt period10 ( Fig. 6.22 – žbona-Trkman 1985, 104, fig. 3; vidrih Perko, žbona Trkman 2003-2004, 23, note 8). The ring of the 1 2 d-cross section decorated by ring-and-dots ( Fig. 6.22: 1) is similar to the ring from Kovačevše ( Fig. 6.21: 5), the fragment of the Negova helmet brim lining ( Fig. 6.22: 2) is comparable to the cap fragment from Tonovcov grad ( Fig. 6.2: 6), completely exceptional in Slovenia are three double rings with spines,11 two of which are undamaged ( Fig. 6.22: 3, 4) and one damaged in the fire, all of which are certainly of Italic origin (Muffatti 1971, 293-294, doppi anelli con cunei, Pl. 61b: 1-14; 3 Jacobi 1974, 192-195, Stachelringe, Pl. 53: 818 and 819; adam 1984, 105-106, Pièces d’attelage, cat. nos. 119-129; endert 1991, 74-75, Stachelring, Pl. 22: 384; Sannibale 1998, 222-253, anel i gemini cuspidati; Jurgeit 1999, 178-180, zwillingsringe, cat. nos. 256-259; Schönfelder 2002, 273-275, Stachelringe, fig. 173, Tab. 48). These bronze finds from Kolenovca near Loke, which is located in the immediate vicinity of the picturesque spring of the torrent Lijak (žbona-Trkman 1985, 103), most probably originate from an Iron age offering place near the vil a. 4 6.4.3 ŠeNTvIŠKa PLaNoTa PLaTeaU In the Posočje area the remains of Iron age sanc- tuaries or cult places are known, beside from the valleys Sl. 6.22: Izbor najdb z domnevnega kultnega mesta na Kole- of the Soča and vipava, also from the Šentviška planota novci pri Lokah. vse bron. M. = 1:2. plateau between the rivers bača and Idrijca. from nu- Fig. 6.22: Selection of finds from the presumed cult place at merous metal finds, which were discovered by the Kolenovca near Loke. all bronze. Scale = 1:2. unauthorised searchers at berlotov rob near Šentviška Gora, only very few have been published until today, nu s Kovačevša ( sl. 6.21: 5), odlomek podloge krajcev among them a fragment of a final hal statt bronze situla negovske čelade ( sl. 6.22: 2) je primerljiv z odlomkom (Turk P. et al. 2009, 57-59, figs. 10-11), a torc from the štule s Tonovcovega gradu ( sl. 6.2: 6), povsem izjemni Late La Tène period (Turk P. 2006b, 99, fig. 78: 5; božič v Sloveniji pa so trije dvojni obroči z bodicami,11 dva 2007, 837, fig. 7), and two fibulae of alesia type (Istenič nepoškodovana ( sl. 6.22: 3, 4) in eden poškodovan v 2005, 192, cat. no. 5, fig. 2, Pl. 1: 5; 196, cat. no. 12, fig. ognju, ki so nedvomno italskega izvora (Muffatti 1971, 6, Pl. 1: 12). 293–294, doppi anelli con cunei, t. 61b: 1–14; Jacobi That a cult place was located also at vrh gradu near 1974, 192–195, Stachelringe, t. 53: 818 in 819; adam Pečine ( Fig. 6.23 – božič 1999b, 75, figs. 5 and 6; Laha- 1984, 105–106, Pièces d'attelage, kat. št. 119–129; 10 These items were handed over for drawing and were endert 1991, 74–75, Stachelring, t. 22: 384; Sannibale allowed to be published by me by the curator of the Goriški 1998, 222–253, anelli gemini cuspidati; Jurgeit 1999, muzej in Kromberk near Nova Gorica beatriče žbona Trk- 178–180, zwillingsringe, kat. št. 256–259; Schönfelder man, for which I am very grateful. 11 In the auction catalogue of the Mecklenburg collection 11 v dražbenem katalogu Mecklenburške zbirke je bil en one such double ring was listed which is supposed to origi- tak dvojni obroč, ki v resnici menda izvira iz severne Italije nate from northern Italy (Jacobi 1974, 195, note 846) and was (Jacobi 1974, 195, op. 846), pomotoma uvrščen med najdbe by mistake classified among the finds from various sites in z različnih najdišč na Kranjskem (Mahr 1934, 81, lot 30, t. 7: Carniola (Mahr 1934, 81, lot 30, Pl. 7: 30; Schönfelder 2002, 30; Schönfelder 2002, 275, tab. 48 je zmešnjavo še povečal, ko 275, Tab. 48 only added to the confusion when he translated je zemljepisno ime Carniola prevedel kot Koroška [“Kärn- the geographical name Carniola as Kärnten [‘Koroška’] in- ten”] namesto kot Kranjska!). stead of Krain [‘Kranjska’]!). 264 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 264 23.1.2012 12:58:10 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU ... 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad . . 2002, 273–275, Stachelringe, sl. 173, tab. 48). Te bronaste rnar, Mlinar 2011) is proven by the here found offering najdbe s Kolenovce pri Lokah, ki leži v neposredni bližini plate made of silver with a venetic inscription ( Fig. 6.17: slikovitega izvira hudourniškega Lijaka (žbona-Trkman 2 – Mlinar, Crevatin 2011). on the basis of comparisons 1985, 103), zelo verjetno izvirajo z železnodobnega with other cult places we can assign among the cult of- daritvenega mesta v bližini dvorca. ferings also the half of a hol ow globular pendant (cf. Fig. 6.23: 2 to Figs. 6.3: 4 and 6.21: 3), a fragment of a Certosa fibula (cf. Fig. 6.23: 1 to Fig. 6.21: 1), a bent foot of a fibula 6.4.3 ŠeNTvIŠKa PLaNoTa with three thickenings near the clasp (cf. Fig. 6.23: 3 to Fig. 6.21: 10), and a fibula of the Jezerine type without v Posočju so ostanki železnodobnih svetišč ozi- the foot12 (cf. to Fig. 6.21: 16). The annular fibula of the roma kultnih mest razen iz dolin Soče in vipave znani Posočje type ( Fig. 6.23: 4 – Cunja, Mlinar 2010, 112, cat. še s Šentviške planote med rekama bačo in Idrijco. od no. 115) from phase LT d (Guštin 1991, 40, figs. 6: 9; 10: številnih kovinskih najdb, ki so jih nepooblaščeni iskalci 10; 20: 4) in the fact that it is complete corresponds to the odkrili na berlotovem robu pri Šentviški Gori, jih je bilo fibula of the alesia type from the cult place Kovačevše doslej objavljenih zelo malo, med njimi odlomek pozno- ( Fig. 6.21: 15 – Cunja, Mlinar 2010, 115, cat. no. 134), halštatske bronaste situle (Turk P. et al. 2009, 57–59, sl. which is also Late La Tène, from phase LT d2. 10–11), ovratnica iz pozne latenske dobe (Turk P. 2006a, 99, sl. 78: 5; božič 2007, 837, sl. 7) in fibuli vrste alezija (Istenič 2005, 206, kat. št. 5, sl. 2, t. 1: 5; 208, kat. št. 12, 6.4.4 fRIULI sl. 6, t. 1: 12). da je bilo kultno mesto tudi na vrh gradu pri at the northern slope of the western part of Monte Pečinah ( sl. 6.23 – božič 1999b, 75, sl. 5 in 6; Laharnar, di Medea above Medea, 15 km west of Gorizia, in 1968 Mlinar 2011), dokazuje tukaj najdena daritvena ploščica under the supervision of Ugo furlani on the area of iz srebra z venetskim napisom ( sl. 6.17: 2 – Mlinar, Cre- about 10 m2 mostly in brown-blackish loam layer, ap- vatin 2011). Na podlagi primerjav z drugimi kultnimi proximately 700 bronze fragments were excavated ( Fig. mesti pa bi smeli med kultne darove uvrstiti tudi polo- 6.24), around 60 % of which belong to Certosa fibulae vico votlega kroglastega obeska (prim. sl. 6.23: 2 s sl. 6.3: of variant IXa and type X according to Teržan (furlani 4 in 6.21: 3), odlomek certoške fibule (prim. sl. 6.23: 1 s 1974-1975, Pls. 2; 3; 4: 1-22; Teržan 1976, 329-336, sl. 6.21: 1), zapognjeno nogo fibule s tremi odebelitvami appendix 1). In this layer and also above and below it blizu objemke (prim. sl. 6.23: 3 s sl. 6.21: 10) ter fibulo numerous tiny pieces of burnt bones were found, which vrste Jezerine brez noge12 (prim. s sl. 6.21: 16). obročasta were according to furlani human (furlani 1974-1975, fibula vrste Posočje ( sl. 6.23: 4 – Cunja, Mlinar 2010, 35). besides the bronze finds 80 glass beads were also 112, kat. št. 115) iz stopnje LT d (Guštin 1991, 40, sl. discovered ( Fig. 6.24: 16, 17 – ibid., 38, Pl. 5: 21-33, 6: 9; 10: 10; 20: 4) pa po tem, da je cela, ustreza fibuli 36-38) and a very large number of small fragments of vrste alezija s kultnega mesta na Kovačevšu ( sl. 6.21: pottery vessels (ibid., 37-38, Pl. 6). bronze finds include 15 – Cunja, Mlinar 2010, 115, kat. št. 134), ki je prav also fragments of annular jewellery ( Fig. 6.24: 18-20 – tako poznolatenska, iz stopnje LT d2. ibid., 37, Pl. 5: 1-9) and several rings, among them such 12 12 Tolminski muzej v Tolminu je leta 2011 pridobil več Tolminski muzej in Tolmin acquired several finds from najdb s tega najdišča, med njimi slabo ohranjeno nogo cer- this site in 2011, among them also a poorly preserved foot of toške fibule, del zapognjene noge fibule s tremi odebelitvami a Certosa fibula, a piece of a bent fibula foot with three thick- in poškodovano objemko ( sl. 6.23: 3) ter fibulo vrste Jezerine enings and a damaged clasp ( Fig. 6.23: 3), and a fibula of the brez noge. Jezerine type without the foot. 2 3 1 4 Sl. 6.23: Izbor najdb s kultnega mesta na vrh gradu pri Pečinah. vse bron. M. = 1:2 (1, 2 in 4 božič 1999b, sl. 5). Fig. 6.23: Selection of finds from the cult place at vrh gradu near Pečine. all bronze. Scale = 1:2 (1, 2, and 4 božič 1999b, fig. 5). 265 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 265 23.1.2012 12:58:10 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU ... 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad . . Sl. 6.24: Izbor najdb s kultnega mesta na Medejskem hribu nad Medejo. 16 in 17 steklo, drugo bron. M. = 1:2 (furlani 1974–1975, t. 2–5). Fig. 6.24: Selection of finds from the cult place at Monte di Medea above Medea. 16 and 17 glass, others bronze. Scale = 1:2 (furlani 1974–1975, Pls. 2–5). 1 2 6.4.4 fURLaNIJa Na severnem pobočju zahodnega dela Medejskega hriba (it. Monte di Medea) nad Medejo (it. Medea) 15 km zahodno od Gorice je bilo leta 1968 pod vodstvom 3 4 5 Uga furlanija na površini okrog 10 m2 predvsem v rjavočrnikasti ilovnati plasti izkopanih okrog 700 bro- 9 11 nastih odlomkov ( sl. 6.24), od katerih jih je okrog 60 % sodilo k certoškim fibulam različice IXa in X. vrste po 6 7 8 10 12 Teržanovi (furlani 1974–1975, t. 2; 3; 4: 1–22; Teržan 1976, 329–336, pril. 1). v tej plasti, pa tudi nad njo in pod njo je bilo zelo veliko drobnih koščkov sežganih 16 kosti, po furlaniju človeških (furlani 1974–1975, 35). 13 Razen bronastih najdb so odkrili še 80 steklenih jagod 14 15 17 ( sl. 6.24: 16, 17 – prav tam, 38, t. 5: 21–33, 36–38) in zelo veliko majhnih odlomkov keramičnih posod (prav tam, 37–38, t. 6). bronaste najdbe obsegajo še odlomke obro- 18 19 20 častega nakita ( sl. 6.24: 18–20 – prav tam, 37, t. 5: 1–9) ter več obročkov, med njimi take s šestimi izrastki, ki so drugače kot fibule večinoma celi ( sl. 6.24: 14, 15 – prav with six knobs, which are, unlike the fibulae, mostly tam, 36–37, t. 4: 23–28). večina bronastih odlomkov in complete ( Fig. 6.24: 14, 15 – ibid., 36-37, Pl. 4: 23-28). vse steklene jagode so bili izpostavljeni delovanju ognja Most of the bronze fragments and all glass beads were (prav tam, 35–36 in 38). furlani je domneval, da gre za exposed to fire (ibid., 35-36 and 38). furlani assumed uničeno žgano grobišče (prav tam, 38). Pri tej domnevi that this is a destroyed cremation cemetery (ibid., 38). je vztrajal tudi še potem, ko je postalo jasno, da se moti he insisted on this assumption even after it had been (furlani 2000, 38–47). proven wrong (furlani 2000, 38-47). Šestnajst let po izidu furlanijevega članka je na- Namely, sixteen years after furlani’s article was mreč anne-Marie adam (1991, 52–60) prepričljivo published anne-Marie adam (1991, 52-60) convinc- pokazala, da ima “grobišče” na Medejskem hribu številne ingly proved that the ‘cemetery’ at Monte di Medea podobnosti z žgalnodaritvenimi mesti, ki so značilna has numerous similarities with the burnt-offering sites zlasti za tista območja alp, kjer so po antičnih pisnih which are primarily characteristic for those areas of the virih prebivali Retijci (prav tam, 56–59). Po njenem alps where according to the ancient written sources the mnenju furlani na Medejskem hribu ni raziskal ostan- Raetian people lived (ibid., 56-59). according to her kov žganega grobišča, ki so ga uničili pri terasiranju opinion, furlani at Monte di Medea did not research pobočja, ampak kratkotrajno kultno mesto s konca the remains of a cremation cemetery, destroyed during starejše železne dobe (prav tam, 53–54 in 58). do iste the terracing of the slope, but a short-lasting cult place ugotovitve je prišel neodvisno od adamove tudi Paul from the end of the early Iron age (ibid., 53-54 and Gleirscher (2002, 175, sl. 1: 117; 187, levi stolpec; 244, 58). Independently of adam the same conclusion was kat. št. 117). reached also by Paul Gleirscher (2002, 175, fig. 1: 117; 187, left column; 244, cat. no. 117). 6.4.5 NoTRaNJSKa 6.4.5 NoTRaNJSKa ReGIoN Najdbam s kultnega mesta na Medejskem hribu v furlaniji so izredno podobne najdbe s Starega gradu pri finds from the cult place at Monte di Medea in Uncu na Notranjskem, ki so jih našli iskalci kovin in se friuli are extraordinarily similar to the finds from Stari zdaj hranijo v vojnem muzeju Logatec v Gornjem Logat- grad near Unec in Notranjska, which were found by the cu (Gaspari 2009, 318, sl. 4). Gre za odlomke certoških metal searchers and are now kept at the vojni muzej 266 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 266 23.1.2012 12:58:11 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU ... 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad . . fibul in obročastega nakita ter za cele obročke, od katerih Logatec in Gornji Logatec (Gaspari 2009, 318, fig. 4). sta dva okrogla, drugi pa imajo po pet ali šest izrastkov. These are fragments of Certosa fibulae and annular Te najdbe nakazujejo, da je bilo na koncu halštatske dobe jewel ery and complete rings, among which two are tukaj kultno mesto, ki je bilo sodeč po dveh odlomkih round and the others have five or six knobs. These finds poznolatenskih ščitnih grb (prav tam, 326, op. 103, sl. indicate that a cult place was located here at the end of 6: 6, 7) v rabi vse do pozne latenske dobe.13 the hal statt period which was, judging from two frag- ments of the Late La Tène shield bosses (ibid., 326, note 103, fig. 6: 6, 7), in use all to the Late La Tène period.13 6.4.6 KaRNIJa Še eno pomembno kultno mesto je bilo odkrito na 6.4.6 CaRNIa jugozahodnem pobočju hriba Monte Sorantri nad Rave- om v Karniji (Concina 2001, 57, kat. št. 7, Santuario (?); another important cult place was discovered at vil a 2001, 101, op. 6, sl. 5; Righi 2001, 114–119, sl. 7–20; the southwestern slope of the hill Monte Sorantri above donat, Righi, vitri 2007, 100–108, sl. 12–19; faleschini Raveo in Carnia (Concina 2001, 57, cat. no. 7, Santuario et al. 2009, 150, sl. 3). zanj je značilno, da sodi samo v (?); vil a 2001, 101, note 6, fig. 5; Righi 2001, 114-119, latensko dobo in da so med darovanimi predmeti samo figs. 7-20; donat, Righi, vitri 2007, 100-108, figs. 12-19; orožje (meča, nožnice, sulični osti, sulična kopita, ost faleschini et al. 2009, 150, fig. 3). It is characteristic for piluma, naličnice čelad, ščitne grbe, ročaji in žebljički this site that it belongs exclusively to the La Tène period ščitov), železne fibule, dve zajemalki in štirje kavlji ( sl. and that the offering items include only weaponry (two 6.25). Celi so samo nekatera kopita, en pasni obroček, swords, scabbards, two spearheads, spearbutts, a pilum nekaj žebljičkov ščitov in trije kavlji, vse drugo pa je head, helmet cheek-pieces, shield bosses, shield handles bolj ali manj poškodovano oziroma razkosano. zato je and nails), iron fibulae, two ladles, and four hooks ( Fig. Giuliano Righi upravičeno sklepal, da so potekali tukaj 6.25). only some butts, one belt ring, a few shield nails, v latenski dobi obredi, povezani s svetom vojne (Righi and three hooks are complete, everything else is more 2001, 119–121). or less damaged or torn to pieces. Thus Giuliano Righi justifiably assumed that during the La Tène period rituals connected to the world of warfare were performed here 6.4.7 žeLezNodobNo KULTNo MeSTo (Righi 2001, 119-121). Na ToNovCoveM GRadU PRI KobaRIdU 6.4.7 IRoN aGe CULT PLaCe Predstavljena svetišča in kultna mesta iz železne do- aT ToNovCov GRad NeaR KobaRId be na območju Posočja, Karnije, furlanije in Notranjske ( sl. 6.20) po mojem mnenju krepijo domnevo, da drobne The presented sanctuaries and cult places from the najdbe iz železne dobe, odkrite na Tonovcovem gradu Iron age in the Posočje area, Carnia, friuli, and Notran- ( sl. 6.2), izvirajo z nekega kultnega mesta na tem hribu, jska ( Fig. 6.20) in my belief strengthen the assumption that ki je po sestavi najdb še najbližje kultnima mestoma na the smal finds from the Iron age discovered at Tonovcov Kovačevšu nad Lokavcem v zgornji vipavski dolini ( sl. grad ( Fig. 6.2) originate from a cult place at this hil which 6.21) in na vrh gradu pri Pečinah na Šentviški planoti is according to the find composition nearest to cult places ( sl. 6.17: 2; 6.23). Kovačevše above Lokavec in the upper vipava val ey ( Fig. Podrobna primerjava med kultnim mestom na 6.21) and vrh gradu near Pečine at the Šentviška planota Tonovcovem gradu in svetiščem na Gradiču nad Ko- plateau ( Figs. 6.17: 2; 6.23). baridom na tem mestu ni mogoča. omenim naj samo, a detailed comparison between the cult place da so na Gradiču močno zastopani predmeti italskega at Tonovcov grad and the sanctuary at Gradič above izvora (na primer del bronastih kipcev, ki predstavljajo Kobarid is here not possible. Let me just mention that rimske bogove, darovalce in svečenika, amfore, keramika at Gradič there is a strong representation of the items s črnim premazom in keramični askosi) in keramične of Italic origin (e.g. some of the bronze statuettes rep- posode različnih vrst (osmuk 1997, 12 in 14; Mlinar resenting Roman gods, offerers and a priest, amphorae, 2011a, 22–23), kar vse na Tonovcovem gradu manjka. black-slipped ware, and pottery askoi) and pottery ves- 13 13 boštjan Laharnar me je ljubeznivo opozoril, da je med boštjan Laharnar kindly drew my attention to the najdbami s Starega gradu, ki jih hranijo v Narodnem muzeju fact that among the finds from Stari grad, kept at the Nar- Slovenije v Ljubljani, tudi neobjavljen koničnik nožnice la- odni muzej Slovenije in Ljubljana, there is also an unpub- tenskega meča iz stopnje LT b2 (inv. št. G 11133), ki bi tako lished chape of a La Tène sword from phase LT b2 (inv. no. kot malo mlajši koničnik s Tonovcovega gradu (sl. 6.2: 8) lah- G 11133) which could like the slightly later chape fragment ko izviral s kultnega mesta. from Tonovcov grad (Fig. 6.2: 8) originate from a cult place. 267 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 267 23.1.2012 12:58:11 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU ... 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad . . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 11 9 10 12 Sl. 6.25: Izbor najdb s kultnega mesta na Monte Sorantri nad Raveom. vse železo. Različna merila (Righi 2001, sl. 7, 10–16 in 19). Fig. 6.25: Selection of finds from the cult place at Monte Sorantri above Raveo. all iron. various scales (Righi 2001, figs. 7, 10–16, and 19). Po drugi strani pa imamo tukaj dele orožja, ki jih med sels of different types (osmuk 1997, 12 and 14; Mlinar najdbami na Gradiču ni. 2011b, 22-23), all of which are missing from Tonovcov Glede treh odlomkov orožja (čelade, meča in grad. on the other hand, here we find parts of weaponry nožnice – sl. 6.2: 6, 10 in 8) in obročaste pasne spone absent among the finds from Gradič. z jezičkom, ki je bila del vojaškega pasu ( sl. 6.2: 9), za- Regarding the three fragments of weaponry (hel- došča omeniti, da so na Kolenovci pri Lokah tudi našli met, sword, and scabbard – Fig. 6.2: 6, 10, and 8) and odlomek negovske čelade ( sl. 6.22: 2), na Kovačevšu the annular belt hook with a tongue that was part of a nad Lokavcem dele etruščansko-italske ( sl. 6.21: 17) in military belt ( Fig. 6.2: 9) it should suffice to say that at še ene čelade (Svoljšak 1983, 20, kat. št. 42) in na dveh Kolenovca near Loke a fragment of a Negova helmet was karnijskih kultnih mestih, na Monte Sorantri nad Ra- also found ( Fig. 6.22: 2), at Kovačevše above Lokavec veom ( sl. 6.25: 7 – Righi 2001, 116–117, sl. 12: 37–38; parts of an etrusco-Italic ( Fig. 6.21: 17) and another 13: 39–42) ter na Col e Mazéit pri verzegnisu (vannacci helmet (Svoljšak 1983, 20, cat. no. 42) and at two Car- Lunazzi 2001, 154, sl. 5: 3; donat, Righi, vitri 2007, 98, nian cult places, Monte Sorantri above Raveo ( Fig. 6.25: sl. 10: 3), naličnice keltskih čelad. braniki keltskih mečev 7 – Righi 2001, 116-117, figs. 12: 37-38; 13: 39-42) and in zaključki koničnikov nožnic so znani s kultnega mesta Colle Mazéit near verzegnis (vannacci Lunazzi 2001, na Monte Sorantri ( sl. 6.25: 1, 2 – Righi 2001, sl. 7: 2; 10: 154, fig. 5: 3; donat, Righi, vitri 2007, 98, fig. 10: 3), 9; 14: 46–48) in z žgalnodaritvenega mesta Rungger egg cheek-pieces of Celtic helmets. Guards of Celtic swords na Južnem Tirolskem (Gleirscher 2002, t. 54: 6, 10–13). and chape ends are known from the cult place at Monte Na zadnjem najdišču sta bili najdeni tudi obročasti pasni Sorantri ( Fig. 6.25: 1, 2 – Righi 2001, figs. 7: 2; 10: 9; sponi s hruškastim jezičkom in gumbom na poševnem 14: 46-48) and from burnt-offering site Rungger egg in 268 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 268 23.1.2012 12:58:12 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU ... 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad . . vratu (prav tam, t. 55: 11, 12), podobni poškodovani South Tyrol (Gleirscher 2002, Pl. 54: 6, 10-13). at the pasni sponi s Tonovcovega gradu ( sl. 6.2: 9). latter site two annular belt hooks with a pear-shaped opravljena podrobna analiza 19 železnodobnih tongue and a button on the inclined neck were found najdb s Tonovcovega gradu ( sl. 6.2) je okrepila domne- (ibid., Pl. 55: 11, 12), which are similar to the damaged vo, da je bilo tu v starejši in mlajši železni dobi kultno belt hook from Tonovcov grad ( Fig. 6.2: 9). mesto. Prvi jo je kot eno od več možnih razlag predstavil The performed detailed analysis of 19 Iron age Slavko Ciglenečki (1997, 7–8), za njim pa sta jo kot finds from Tonovcov grad ( Fig. 6.2) supported the as- najverjetnejšo možnost navedla najprej Tina Milavec v sumption that a cult place was located here in the early svoji disertaciji14 in za njo še Miha Mlinar v vodniku po and Late Iron age. Slavko Ciglenečki (1998, 7-8) was stalni razstavi Tolminskega muzeja.15 the first to present this as one of the multiple possible explanations and it was later given as the most probable option also by Tina Milavec in her doctoral thesis14 and Zahvala then by Miha Mlinar in the guide through the perma- nent exhibition of Tolminski muzej.15 za pomoč pri pripravi članka se lepo zahvaljujem Mateji belak, dragici Knific Lunder, zvezdani Modrijan in dragu valohu z našega inštituta, Tini Milavec z oddelka za arheologijo filozofske Acknowledgements fakultete v Ljubljani, boštjanu Laharnarju, Idi Murgelj in Petru Turku iz Narodnega muzeja Slovenije v Ljubljani, darji Pirkmajer iz Pokrajinskega muzeja v Celju, Mariji ogrin in vereni vidrih I give my thanks for the help during the preparation of Perko iz Gorenjskega muzeja v Kranju, beatriče žbona Trkman iz this article to Mateja belak, dragica Knific Lunder, zvezdana Goriškega muzeja v Kromberku, Marku Gregu in Mihu Mlinarju Modrijan, and drago valoh from our Institute, Tina Milavec iz Tolminskega muzeja v Tolminu, Marzii vidul i iz Mestnih from the oddelek za arheologijo, filozofska fakulteta Univerze v zgodovinskih in umetnostnih muzejev v Trstu in Markusu eggu Ljubljani, boštjan Laharnar, Ida Murgelj, and Peter Turk from the iz Rimsko-germanskega osrednjega muzeja v Mainzu. Lepa hvala Narodni muzej Slovenije in Ljubljana, darja Pirkmajer from the tudi Jani horvat z našega inštituta, ki je natančno prebrala prvo- Pokrajinski muzej in Celje, Marija ogrin and verena vidrih Perko tno in precej skrajšano različico članka in mi dala več koristnih from the Gorenjski muzej in Kranj, beatriče žbona Trkman from predlogov in pripomb. the Goriški muzej in Kromberk, Marko Grego and Miha Mlinar from the Tolminski muzej in Tolmin, Marzia vidulli from the Civici Musei di Storia ed arte in Trieste, and Markus egg from the Römisch-Germanisches zentralmuseum in Mainz. Kind thanks also to Jana horvat from our Institute who thoroughly read the original and the considerably shortened version of the article and provided several useful comments and suggestions. 14 Milavec 2008, 5: ‘The spectrum of finds from the early 14 Milavec 2008, 5: “Spekter najdb iz starejše in mlajše and Late Iron age (fibulae, beads, weapon fragments, votive železne dobe (fibule, jagode, odlomki orožja, votivna tabli- plate – Pl. 1) indicates the possibility that a sanctuary was lo- ca – t. 1) nakazuje možnost, da se je na Tonovcovem gradu cated at Tonovcov grad, similar to the one on the neighbour- nahajalo svetišče, podobno kot na sosednjem najdišču, Sv. ing site Sv. anton above Gradič (sic). especial y revealing is antonu nad Gradičem (sic). Posebno zgovorna je bronasta the bronze ornamented votive plate, for which comparisons okrašena votivna ploščica, kateri lahko najdemo primerjave can be found at Sv. anton and e.g. at Gurina (osmuk 1997, na Sv. antonu in na primer na Gurini (osmuk 1997, 12; Ja- 12; Jablonka 1992, Taf. 196).’ blonka 1992, Taf. 196).” 15 Mlinar 2011b, 23: ‘The role of the old cult was not an- 15 Mlinar 2011a, 23: “vloge starega kulta ni izničilo niti nihilated even by the early Christian centre on the nearby zgodnjekrščansko središče na bližnjem Tonovcovem gradu, Tonovcov grad, where there might already have existed a kjer se je glede na spekter nekaterih najdb iz železne dobe pre-Christian temple, with respect to the spectrum of certain (votivna ploščica, fibule, jagode, orožje) morda nahajalo že findings (sic) from the Iron age (votive plaquettes, fibulae, predkrščansko svetišče.” beads, and weapons).’ 6.5 KaMNITI aRTefaKTI 6.5 SToNe aRTefaCTS S ToNovCoveGa GRadU fRoM ToNovCov GRad Litični inventar, pridobljen med arheološkimi The lithic inventory acquired during the archaeologi- izkopavanji na Tonovcovem gradu med letoma 1994 in cal excavations at Tonovcov grad between 1994 and 2005 2005, šteje 20 kosov. Izmed njih lahko takoj izločimo dve includes 20 pieces. Two chert shatters, which are – con- razbitini roženca, ki glede na obliko in slabo kakovost sidering the shape and poor quality of the raw material surovine najverjetneje nista produkt človeškega posega. – most probably not the product of human hands, can be Prav tako lahko izločimo razbit prodnik peščenjaka, immediately excluded. a shattered sandstone pebble could uporabnega kot tolkač ali brus, ki na ohranjenem delu be used as a hammer or a whetstone, but does not show any ne kaže nobenih znakov uporabe. signs of use on the preserved part and can also be excluded. 269 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 269 23.1.2012 12:58:12 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU ... 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad . . edino glajeno orodje predstavlja fragment kladi- The only polished tool is represented by a fragment vaste sekire z luknjo, izdelane iz zelenkaste magmatske of a hammer axe with a hole, made of a greenish magma kamnine ( sl. 6.1: 1). Pri ostalih primerkih gre za odbit- rock ( Fig. 6.1: 1). other pieces are knapped artefacts kovne artefakte iz roženca. Njihova surovinska slika je made of chert. The knapped artefact raw material dokaj enotna, prevladuje kakovostni svetlo sivi roženec. picture is fairly simple, in it the quality light grey chert Med odpadnimi produkti, ki nastanejo pri izdelavi ka- prevails. among waste products, which occur during mnitih orodij, je zastopanih pet odbitkov, robni odbitek the manufacturing of stone tools, there are five flakes, ( sl. 6.1: 11) in jedro. Korteks na robnem odbitku, nožu a cortical flake ( Fig. 6.1: 11), and a core. The cortex on z naravnim hrbtom in na jedru kaže, da so kot surovi- the cortical flake, on the natural y backed knife, and on no uporabili prodnike roženca. Na majhnem, močno the core reveals that chert pebbles were used as the raw izrabljenem jedru so vidni sledovi odbijanja klinic ( sl. material. Traces of bladelet flaking are visible on the 6.1: 12). smal , strongly reduced core ( Fig. 6.1: 12). Med odbitkovnimi artefakti prepoznamo naslednja The following tools are recognised among the orodja: nož z naravnim hrbtom ( sl. 6.1: 2), neenakokrak knapped artefacts: a natural y backed knife ( Fig. 6.1: trapez ( sl. 6.1: 3), obojestransko ploskovno retuširano 2), an asymmetrical trapeze ( Fig. 6.1: 3), a bifacial y puščično ost ( sl. 6.1: 4), konico ( sl. 6.1: 5), strgalce ( sl. retouched arrow point ( Fig. 6.1: 4), a point ( Fig. 6.1: 5), 6.1: 6), sveder ( sl. 6.1: 7), odbitek z izjedo ( sl. 6.1: 8), a raclette ( Fig. 6.1: 6), a borer ( Fig. 6.1: 7), a notch ( Fig. retuširan klinast odbitek ( sl. 6.1: 9) ter retuširan odbitek, 6.1: 8), a retouched laminar flake ( Fig. 6.1: 9), and a re- ki bi ga zaradi enakomerne okrcanosti vseh robov lahko touched flake which could be, on the account of the even šteli za kresilnik ( sl. 6.1: 10). chipping of al edges, considered a firestone ( Fig. 6.1: 10). v tako majhni zbirki kamnitega inventarja s To- Such a smal col ection of stone inventory from novcovega gradu najdemo tipe orodij, ki so značilni za Tonovcov grad reveals types of tools which are typical različna obdobja kamene dobe oziroma prazgodovine. of various Stone age or prehistoric periods. We should Izpostavili bomo tri. Na prvem mestu velja omeniti nož stress three. firstly we should mention the natural y z naravnim hrbtom ( sl. 6.1: 2), ki je značilno orodje backed knife ( Fig. 6.1: 2) which is a typical tool of the srednjega paleolitika. delovni rob orodja, izdelanega na Middle Palaeolithic. The working edge of the tool, made masivnem odbitku z gladkim talonom, je v celoti retu- on the massive flake with a smooth striking platform, širan z uporabno retušo. visoko starost tega orodja bi is completely retouched with a use wear retouch. The lahko nakazovala tudi precejšna površinska preperelost. significant surface weathering could also indicate great Neenakokraki trapez, izdelan z mikrovbadalno age of this tool. tehniko ( sl. 6.1: 3), se je uporabljal kot puščična ost za The asymmetrical trapeze made by the microburin lok. Neenakokraki trapezi, izdelani z mikrovbadalno technique ( Fig. 6.1: 3) was used as an arrow point for the tehniko, so značilni za mlajši mezolitik, pojavljajo pa se bow. asymmetrical trapezes made by the microburin tudi še v neolitiku. večje število takšnih trapezov pozna- technique are characteristic of the Late Mesolithic and mo v Sloveniji iz kraške jame Mala Triglavca pri divači appear also during the Neolithic. In Slovenia many such (Turk M., Turk I. 2004, 187), kjer je plast z mezolitskimi trapezes are known from the Karst cave Mala Triglavca najdbami opredeljena v mlajši mezolitik (castelnovien). near divača (Turk M., Turk I. 2004, 187) where the layer za kamnita orodja s Tonovcovega gradu je bila nekoč with the Mesolithic finds is assigned to its later phase že zapisana domneva o pripadnosti mezolitiku in/ali (castelnovien). an assumption that the stone tools from mlajšim obdobjem (Ciglenečki 1997, 5–6). domneva Tonovcov grad belong to the Mesolithic and/or later o pripadnosti vsaj dela kamnitih orodij s Tonovcovega periods has once already been written (Ciglenečki 1997, gradu mezolitiku ostaja aktualna, še posebej, ker je bilo 5-6). The assumption that at least some of the stone tools v zadnjem desetletju v bližnjih gorah nad Sočo odkritih from Tonovcov grad belong to the Mesolithic remains rel- več mezolitskih postaj na prostem (Turk M. et al. 2005; evant, especial y because in the last decade in the nearby Turk M. 2006). Te so bile na podlagi tipološke analize mountains above the Soča several Mesolithic open sites kamnitih orodij sicer pripisane starejšemu mezolitiku were discovered (Turk M. et al. 2005; Turk M. 2006). (sauveterrienu). These sites were on the basis of the stone tool typological v še mlajše prazgodovinsko obdobje uvrščamo, analysis assigned to the early Mesolithic (sauveterrien). skupaj s kladivasto sekiro, obojestransko ploskovno The bifacial y retouched arrow point ( Fig. 6.1: 4) retuširano puščično ost ( sl. 6.1: 4). Takšne puščične is together with the hammer axe assigned to the later osti se pojavljajo vse od mlajšega neolitika do bronaste period of prehistory. Such arrow points appear from dobe. v našem primeru jo v povezavi s kladivasto sekiro the Late Neolithic to the bronze age. In our case it is in datiramo v eneolitik. connection to the hammer axe dated to the eneolithic. Kamnite najdbe so bile odkrite v vseh odkopanih Stone finds were discovered in al unearthed build- stavbah (stavbe 1, 2 in 3, sklop cerkva in cisterna), po- ings (buildings 1, 2, and 3, the ecclesiastical complex, and večini v plasti trde oranžnordeče ilovice, ki je ponekod the cistern), mostly in the layer of firm orange-red loam 270 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 270 23.1.2012 12:58:12 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU ... 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad . . vsebovala drobce slabo ohranjene, nedoločljive pra- which in places contained pieces of poorly preserved zgodovinske keramike (glej Tonovcov grad. Naselbinski indefinable prehistoric pottery (see Tonovcov grad. Settle- ostanki in interpretacija, pogl. 2.2.1). Pod to zadnjo ment remains and interpretation, chapter 2.2.1). beneath kulturno plastjo je bila plast sterilne oranžne ilovice, ki this last cultural layer a layer of sterile orange loam was je ležala na skalni osnovi. Meja med obema ilovnatima covering the rocky base. The border between both loam plastema je bila pogosto težko določljiva. Ker so gra- layers is often difficult to define. Since the builders of the ditelji antičnih objektov med gradnjo gotovo posegali antique buildings during construction certainly reached v globlje plasti, je bilo nekaj kamnitih najdb odkritih into deeper layers, some stone finds were discovered also tudi v antičnih plasteh. Največ kamnitih najdb je bilo in the antique layers. Most of the stone finds were gath- pobranih v izkopnem polju stavb 2 in 3, ki sta umeščeni ered in the excavation field of buildings 2 and 3, which are na sedlo med platojem s cerkvami in najvišjim vrhom located at the pass between the plateau of the ecclesiasti- Tonovcovega gradu (glej Tonovcov grad. Naselbinski cal complex and the highest point of Tonovcov grad (see ostanki in interpretacija, pogl. 2.4 in 3.2). v stavbi 3 Tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpretation, sta bila v plasti trde oranžnordeče ilovice (Se 140 = chapters 2.4 and 3.2). In building 3, a natural y backed 180) najdena nož z naravnim hrbtom in obojestransko knife and a bifacial y retouched arrow point were found ploskovno retuširana puščična ost. v isti stavbi je bil v in the layer of firm orange-red loam (SU 140 = 180). In sivi kulturni plasti (Se 172), ki je ležala pod antičnim the same building an asymmetrical trapeze was found zidom, najden neenakokraki trapez. Kamnita sekira je in the grey cultural layer (SU 172), which lay beneath bila najdena v stavbi 2. the antique wal . The stone axe was found in building 2. Glede na hribovit teren, prepreden s številnimi Considering the hil y terrain intersected by numerous kotanjami in sedli, ugotavljamo, da najstarejše najdbe depressions and passes we believe that the earliest finds s Tonovcovega gradu niso bile odkrite v primarni legi. from Tonovcov grad were not discovered in their primary drsenje najdb s pobočij in njihovo odlaganje v kotanjah, position. The stratification and interpretation of stone kjer so se akumulirali ali formirali tudi ilovnati sedi- finds is made difficult by the sliding of finds along hil s and menti, antični gradbeni posegi ter nejasna razmejitev their deposition in the depressions where loam sediments med sterilno in kulturno ilovnato plastjo nam otežujejo also accumulated and formed, by the antique building stratifikacijo in interpretacijo kamnitih najdb. vsekakor interventions, and the unclear delimitation between the bo treba pri novih izkopavanjih usmeriti pozornost na sterile and cultural loam layer. With the new excavations, najgloblje plasti, ne samo v antičnih stavbah, temveč the attention should be focused on the deepest layers, not tudi zunaj njih. only within the antique buildings but also outside. Matija TurK Matija TurK 6.6 KaTaLoG / CaTaLoGUe Sl. 6.1 8. odbitek z izjedo, rjav roženec, korteks, inv. št. 23390. Stavba 1, Se 17. 1. fragment glajene kladivaste sekire z luknjo, zelenkasta 9. Retuširan klinast odbitek, temnosiv roženec, inv. št. magmatska kamnina, inv. št. 23566. Stavba 2, Se 140=180. 23587. Stavba 3, Se 172. – Milavec, Modrijan 2007, 110, op. 3, sl. 3: 3. 10. Retuširan odbitek (kresilnik ?), svetlosiv roženec, inv. 2. Nož z naravnim hrbtom, preperel rumenosiv roženec, št. 23580. Stavba 3, Se 144. uporabna retuša vzdolž celotnega desnega roba, gladek talon, 11. Robni odbitek, siv roženec, inv. št. 23652. Sklop inv. št. 23583. Stavba 3, Se 140=180. cerkva - osrednja cerkev, sonda 2, Se 46. 3. Neenakokrak trapez, svetlosiv roženec, inv. št. 23588. 12. Jedro na prodniku, siv roženec, korteks, inv. št. 23680. Stavba 3, Se 172. Cisterna, Se 201. 4. obojestransko ploskovno retuširana puščična ost, temno siv roženec, inv. št. 23565. Stavba 3, Se 140 = 180. – Milavec, Modrijan 2007, 110, op. 3, sl. 3: 2. Sl. 6.2 5. Konica, svetlosiv roženec, gladek talon, inv. št. 23456. Sklop cerkva - “memorija”, Se 19. 1. votel kroglast obesek, bron, ohr. v. 2,9 cm, pr. 1,9 cm, – Ciglenečki 1997, 30, prva vrsta. inv. št. 22367. ohranjena je polovica. okrašena je bila s štirimi – Milavec, Modrijan 2007, 110, op. 3, sl. 3: 1. rombično razporejenimi krožci s piko. Ker je patina skoraj v 6. Strgalce, svetlosiv roženec, inv. št. 22440. Stavba 1, Se 39. celoti odpadla, so zdaj vidne samo še pike. Stavba 1, kv. 668/ 7. Sveder, svetlosiv roženec, inv. št. 22385. Stavba 1, Se 66. b1, Se 24. – Ciglenečki 1997, 6 s sl. in 30, prva vrsta. – Ciglenečki 1997, 30, druga vrsta. 271 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 271 23.1.2012 12:58:12 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU ... 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad . . Sl. 6.26: Razprostranjenost železnodobnih najdb v izkopnem polju stavbe 1. M. = 1:200. Fig. 6.26: distibution of the Iron age finds in the excavation area of building 1. Scale = 1:200. 2. obroček s šestimi izrastki, bron, pr. 3 cm, inv. št. loka, ki je rombičnega preseka. Stranska gumba sta od odebe- 22322. Izrastki so izraziti in imajo približno pravokoten obris litve ločena s po enim svitkom. Stavba 1, kv. 817/C2, Se 21. z izbočeno zunanjo stranico. Stavba 1, kv. 666/b2, Se 29? (plast – Ciglenečki 1997, 30, druga vrsta. ni zanesljiva, najdeno ob podiranju drevesa). – Milavec, Modrijan 2007, 110, op. 4, sl. 4: 1. – Ciglenečki 1997, 30, druga vrsta. 4. Sploščeno kroglasta jagoda s plastovitimi očesci, 3. Trortasta fibula vrste IIa po ogrinovi, bron, ohr. d. modrozeleno steklo, pr. 1,2 cm, inv. št. 22311. okrašena je s 2,2 cm, inv. št. 22202. ohranjen je srednji del loka z odebelitvijo štirimi dvojnimi plastovitimi modro-belimi očesci približno okroglega preseka, ki je spodaj stisnjena, s tremi kroglastimi ovalne oblike. vsako očesce je sestavljeno iz štirih plasti, dveh gumbi, od katerih je dobro ohranjen samo zgornji, in z delom belih in dveh kobaltno modrih. Stavba 1, kv. 718/a3, Se 10. 272 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 272 23.1.2012 12:58:13 6. PRazGodovINSKe NaJdbe S ToNovCoveGa GRadU ... 6. PRehISToRIC fINdS fRoM ToNovCov GRad . . 5. Certoška fibula, bron, ohr. d. 2,4 cm, inv. št. 22480. bron, ohr. d. 3,5 cm, inv. št. 22201. ohranjen je del loka s tremi ohranjena je noga brez gumba. Na hrbtu strešastega preseka vozli in koničasto glavo, ki je v zgornjem delu kvadratnega je okrašena z dvojnim v-motivom. Stavba 1, kv. 569/b3, Se 34. preseka. Med vozli in na vrhu glave so oglati svitki. oba svitka – Milavec, Modrijan 2007, 110, op. 5. med vozli sta okrašena s tankimi prečnimi vrezi. Stavba 1, kv. 6. Negovska čelada, bron, ohr. v. 5,5 cm, deb. 1,5 mm, 666/a1, Se 29. inv. št. 22835. ohranjen je del štule z okrasnim frizom iz štirih – Ciglenečki 1997, 30, tretja vrsta. palmet, ob katerih so slabo vidni ostanki treh dvojnih koncen- – Milavec, Modrijan 2007, 110, op. 6, sl. 4: 3. tričnih krožcev. Palmete imajo zaobljen vrh, rahlo izbočena 14. Pravokotna ploščica, bron, vel. 2,9 x 3,9 cm, inv. št. robova in gosta poševna rebra. Stavba 1, kv. 766/ b3, Se 14. 22219. Iz tanke pločevine izdelana ploščica je delno poško- – Milavec, Modrijan 2007, 110–111, op. 7, sl. 4: 2. dovana. v vseh štirih vogalih je imela po eno vbito okroglo 7. obroček s šestimi izrastki, bron, pr. 2,8 cm. Pet izrast- luknjico. ob stranicah je okrašena s pasovi, ki so sestavljeni kov je neizrazitih. Najden je bil pred izkopavanji z detektorjem iz niza vtolčenih pik med dvema nizoma iztočenih pik. No- kovin. založen. tranjost je okrašena z motivom v obliki črke X, ki je sestavljen – Ciglenečki 1994, 6, t. 2: 6. iz niza iztolčenih pik med dvema nizoma vtolčenih pik. Pri – Ciglenečki 1997, 31, tretja vrsta. desnem spodnjem kraku en niz vtolčenih pik manjka. Pod 8. Nožnica latenskega meča, železo, ohr. v. 5,2 cm, inv. luknjico v desnem zgornjem vogalu je še ena nekoliko manjša št. 22900. ohranjeni so zaključek koničnika in kratka dela izbita luknjica. Stavba 1, kv. 816/a1, Se 14. robnih okovov. Kraka zaključka imata na zgornjem koncu – Ciglenečki 1997, 8 s sl. na str. 7 in 31, tretja vrsta. po eno diskasto razširitev in nad njo še odebelitev. zaključek 15. fibula vrste almgren 65, bron, ohr. d. 2,8 cm, inv. št. višine 4 cm je zdaj nesimetričen, ker je bil levi krak potisnjen 22882. ohranjen je samo del okviraste noge. Ležišče za iglo je navznoter. ohranjenost je slaba. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a3, Se 56. J-preseka. Na notranji strani leve stranice okvira je neizrazit 9. obročasta pasna spona z jezičkom in gumbom, železo, trikoten izrastek. zgornja stranica je bila v preseku verjetno ohr. d. 2,8 cm, inv. št. 23121. od okroglega obroča sta ohranje- rombična. zunaj izkopnega polja stavbe 1, kv. 513/b1. na samo nastavka, slabo je ohranjen tudi gumb na poševnem 16. fibula vrste almgren 65, bron, ohr. d. 2,8 cm, inv. št. vratu. Stavba 1, kv. 669/ d3, Se 06. 22478. ohranjeni sta glava in polovica peresovine, ki je imela 10. branik latenskega meča, železo, ohr. d. 5 cm, inv. št. šest navojev in zunanjo tetivo. ob robu glave poteka ozek 23178. Slabo ohranjen in skažen. Stavba 1, kv. 771/C1, Se 34. žlebič. Stavba 1, kv. 618/a4, Se 06. 11. fibula srednjelatenske sheme vrste Idrija pri bači, – Ciglenečki 1997, 30, tretja vrsta. bron, ohr. d. 4,1 cm, inv. št. 22489. ohranjena je samo zapo- 17. fibula vrste Jezerine IIb po demetzu, bakrova zlitina, gnjena noga. Na njej sta ena večja in ena manjša kroglasta ohr. d. 2,9 cm, š. loka 1,2 cm, inv. št. 22332. ohranjen je del odebelitev, ki sta na vsaki strani obdani s po enim svitkom. loka, okrašen s tremi rebri. Na srednjem so drobni prečni vrezi. Na koncu izrastka je ostanek objemke, nasprotni konec pa Stavba 1, kv. 816/C2, Se 12. je priostren. Najdena je bila pred izkopavanji z detektorjem 18. fibula vrste Jezerine IIa po demetzu, bakrova zli- kovin. tina, ohr. d. 2,5 cm, š. loka 0,8 cm, inv. št. 23746. ohranjena – Ciglenečki 1994, 5, t. 1: 1. sta razčlenjena objemka in del loka, ki ima na spodnji strani 12. fibula srednjelatenske sheme vrste Idrija pri bači, sredinsko rebro. bila je v ognju. Stavba 1, kv. 719/b1, Se 24. bron, ohr. d. 3,9 cm, inv. št. 22212. ohranjena je samo zapog- – Milavec 2009, 244, op. 76, t. 2: 10. njena noga. Na njej sta ena večja in ena manjša kroglasta 19. fibula vrste Jezerine IIa po demetzu, bakrova zli- odebelitev, ki sta na vsaki strani obdani s po enim svitkom. tina, ohr. d. 2,2 cm, š. loka 0,7 cm. ohranjena sta del loka s Na koncu izrastka je ostanek objemke, nasprotni konec pa je sredinskim rebrom na spodnji strani in del peresovine iz štirih priostren. Stavba 1, kv. 669/d3, Se 06. navojev in s spodvito tetivo. Najdena je bila pred izkopavanji 13. fibula slovenske vrste fibul srednjelatenske sheme s z detektorjem kovin. založena. tremi vozli na loku in z okroglo ploščico na zapognjeni nogi, – Ciglenečki 1994, 5, op. 13, t. 1: 2. 6.7 LITeRaTURa / bIbLIoGRaPhy Tonovcov grad. Naselbinski ostanki in interpreta- baTaILLe, G. 2001, Les agrafes de ceinturon du cija / Tonovcov grad. 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Na- WaRNeKe, Th. f. 1999, Hallstatt- und früh- bergoj (ur. / ed.), Steps into the Past. Treasures from the latènezeitlicher Anhängerschmuck. Studien zu Metal an- archaeological col ections of the National Museum of hängern des 8.-5. Jahrhunderts v.Chr. zwischen Main und Slovenia, 98–99, Ljubljana. Po. – Internationale archäologie 50. žboNa-TRKMaN, b. 1985, Loke. vil a rustica. – Arheološki pregled 26, 103–104. 277 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 277 23.1.2012 12:58:14 6_Dragan_Tonovc2.indd 278 23.1.2012 12:58:14 7. antroPoLoŠka anaLIza SkeLetov 7. anthroPoLogIcaL anaLySIS of the SkeLetonS Petra Leben-SeLjak 7.1 uvod, materIaL 7.1 IntroductIon, materIaL In metode deLa and methodS tonovcov grad je bil poseljen od prazgodovine do tonovcov grad was inhabited from prehistoric srednjega veka. vrhunec razvoja je dosegel v poznoantič- times all until the middle ages. The peak of its devel- nem obdobju, v ta čas datirajo tudi ostanki naselbine in opment was reached during Late antiquity, and the večina grobov (glej tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki settlement remains and most of the graves belong to in interpretacija, pogl. 2.2). this period (see tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and v naselbini je bilo odkritih 22 grobov, vendar sta interpretation, chapter 2.2). bila dva prazna (grobova 2 in 14), v dveh pa so bile samo The settlement revealed 22 graves, 2 of which were živalske kosti (grobova 16 in 17). Človeških okostij je empty (graves 2 and 14), and two contained only animal bilo torej 18, večina izmed njih je bila ohranjena v celoti, bones (graves 16 and 17). This means that there were 18 vendar so bile kosti v zelo slabem stanju. human skeletons, most of which were preserved in en- dva skeleta sta po pridatkih iz zgodnjega srednjega tirety, however the bones were in a very poor condition. veka (grobova 18 in 21, konec 7. do začetka 9. stoletja), two skeletons were buried together with early glede na lego pa v ta čas sodita tudi grobova 15 in 20, medieval grave goods (graves 18 and 21, end of the 7th morda pa tudi grob 1a ob stavbi 1. Preostalih 14 skeletov to the beginning of the 9th century); taking into account je iz pozne antike, verjetno pripadajo drugi poznoantični the location of graves 15 and 23 it seems that they could fazi na tonovcovem gradu (konec 5., 6. st.). also belong into this period, as could grave 1a next to building 1. The remaining 14 skeletons were dated to antropološka analiza je izdelana po standardnih Late antiquity, most likely they originated to the Late metodah. obsega določitev spola in starosti (chiarelli antiquity 2 phase (at tonovcov grad this was the end 1980, acsádi, nemeskéri 1970, Steele 1976), antropo- of the 5th and 6th century). metrično morfološko analizo (martin, Saller 1957), analizo zobovja (hil son 1996), epigenetskih znakov Standard methods were used in the anthropologi- (hauser, de Stefano 1989) ter patoloških sprememb na cal analysis. This includes the assessment of age and sex okostjih (aufderheide, rodríguez-martín 1998, rogers, (chiarelli 1980, acsádi, nemeskéri 1970, Steele 1976), Waldron 1994, Steinbock 1976). Pri določanju starosti anthropometric morphological analysis (martin, Saller je upoštevana tudi abrazija zob (brothwel 1972), pri 1957), dental analysis (hil son 1996), as wel as the morfološki analizi frontomandibularni indeks (Škerlj, study of epigenetic traits (hauser, de Stefano 1989) and dolinar 1950), telesna višina pa je izračunana po ma- pathological changes on the skeletons (aufderheide, ro- nouvrierjevi metodi. v primerih, ko ni bilo mogoče dríguez-martín 1998, rogers, Waldron 1994, Steinbock izmeriti dolžine dolge kosti, je bila za oceno njene dol- 1976). In the age assessment we also considered dental žine uporabljena müllerjeva rekonstrukcijska formula wear (brothwel 1972), in the morphological analysis we (krogman, İşcan 1986). included the frontal mandibular index (Škerlj, dolinar 1950), while the stature was calculated according to manouvrier’s method. It the event that it was impossible to measure the length of the long bone its length was assessed with the aid of mül er’s reconstruction formula (krogman, İşcan 1986). 279 7_okostja.indd 279 23.1.2012 10:44:03 7. antroPoLoŠka anaLIza SkeLetov 7. anthroPoLogIcaL anaLySIS of the SkeLetonS 7.2 rezuLtatI 7.2 reSuLtS 7.2.1 oPIS SkeLetov Po grobnIh 7.2.1 SkeLeton deScrIPtIon enotah by graveS Grob 1a Grave 1a – moški, juvenis – adultus I, 20 let – male, juvenis – adultus I, 20 years Slabo ohranjen skelet: fragmenti lobanje (rekon- Poorly preserved skeleton: skul fragments (recon- strukcija ni mogoča), diafize vseh dolgih kosti okončin struction is impossible), diaphysis of all long bones (the (manjka desna ulna), deli reber in loki vretenc. right ulna is missing), parts of ribs and vertebrae arches. Spolni znaki na medenici so moški, na lobanji pa The sexual traits on the pelvis are male, on the mešani ( tab. 7.2). cranium undefined ( Table 7.2). določitev starosti je okvirna, ker ključni deli oko- The age assessment is an approximation, as the key stja niso ohranjeni ( synchondrosis sphaenooccipitalis parts of the skeleton were not preserved ( synchondrosis in epifize dolgih kosti). Capitulum radi in trochanter sphaenooccipitalis and the epiphysis of the long bones). minor sta že prirasla, lobanjski šivi so še povsem odprti. Capitulum radi and trochanter minor have already unit- abrazija zob je zelo rahla (17−25 let), korenine m3 in I2 ed, while the cranial suture remained completely open. so na apeksu še odprte. The degree of dental wear is very mild (17-25 years), and ohranjenih je 26 zob, 4 zobje so izpadli post mor- the roots of m3 and I2 are still open at the apex. tem, 2 zoba pa manjkata vključno z deli čeljustnic. abra- 26 teeth have been preserved, 4 have fallen out post zija zob je zelo rahla (m1 = 2−3, m2 = 1−2, m3 = 1). zobje mortem, while 2 teeth are missing together with parts of so zdravi, brez kariesa. rahle obloge zobnega kamna. the jawbones. dental wear is very mild (m1 = 2-3, m2 = Postkranialne kosti so na pogled srednje robustne, 1-2, m3 = 1). The teeth are healthy, no traces of dental za moškega razmeroma gracilne. mišična narastišča niso caries. Slight calculus. izražena. na levem humerusu je vidna perforacija fosse The postcranial bones appear to be moderately olecrani v velikosti 10 x 6 mm, medtem ko ustrezen del robust, relatively gracile for a male. The muscle attach- kosti pri desnem humerusu manjka. dolžina radiusa in ment areas are not pronounced. There is a fosse olecrani tibije je ocenjena na podlagi merljivih fragmentov (ra- perforation measuring 10 x 6 mm on the left humerus, dius c−d 19 cm, tibija d−e 18 cm), obe dolžini ustrezata while the same part of the bone of the right humerus is telesni višini 166,6 cm. missing. The lengths of the radius and tibia were esti- mated on the basis of the measurable fragments (radius c-d 19 cm, tibia d-e 18 cm); both lengths correspond to Grob 1 a body height of 166.6 cm. – moški, maturus II – senilis, 53−62 let Srednje dobro ohranjen skelet. manjkajo vratna in prsna vretenca, leva klavikula in levi humerus. večina Grave 1 postkranialnih kosti je v fragmentih, poškodovan je tudi – male, maturus II – senilis, 53-62 years obrazni del lobanje. averagely preserved skeleton. The cervical and Spolni znaki na medenici in lobanji so tipično thoracic vertebrae, the left clavicle and the left humerus moški ( tab. 7.2). are missing. most postcranial bones are fragmented and Starost je določena po kombinirani metodi ob upo- the facial part of the cranium is also damaged. števanju dveh faktorjev, facies symphyseos os pubis (faza Sexual traits on the pelvis and the cranium are III, 46–58 let) in endokranialne obliteracije lobanjskih typical y male ( Table 7.2). šivov (koronalni in sagitalni šiv sta popolnoma zarasla, The age was estimated with the use of a combined koeficient endokranialne obliteracije je 4,0, faza v, method that took two factors into account, i.e. facies 58–72 let). abrazija zob je zelo močna (nad 50 let). symphyseos os pubis (phase III, 46-58 years) and the ohranjenih je 13 zob, post mortem je izpadlo 6 zob, endocranial obliteration of the cranial suture (coronal 11 zob pa manjka vključno z maksilo. oba tretja kočnika and sagittal suture are completely closed, the endocra- v madibuli nista izrasla ali pa sta izpadla že pred smrtjo. nial obliteration coefficient is 4.0, phase v, 58-72 years). zobje so zdravi, brez kariesa. abrazija zob je zelo močna dental wear is very heavy (over 50 years). (m1 = 5+, m2 = 5). kompenzirana je s kontinuiranim 13 teeth are preserved, 6 fell out post mortem, and izraščanjem zob, kar se kaže v izpostavljenih zobnih 11 are missing, together with the maxil a. both third vratovih in koreninah. razdalja med skleninsko mejo molars in the mandible did not erupt or they were lost (cej) in robom zobne alveole je 5 mm pri kaninih in ante mortem. The teeth are healthy, without traces of 7 mm pri molarjih v mandibuli. znakov parodontalnih dental caries. dental wear is very strong (m1 = 5+, obolenj ni. m2 = 5). The strong dental wear was compensated by the 280 7_okostja.indd 280 23.1.2012 10:44:03 7. antroPoLoŠka anaLIza SkeLetov 7. anthroPoLogIcaL anaLySIS of the SkeLetonS Lobanja je ovoidne in hišaste oblike. je dolga, continuous growing of the teeth which is indicated by srednje široka in nizka, aristenkefalna, na meji med do- the exposed necks and roots. The distance between the lihokranijo in mezokrajino, hamekrana, tapeinokrana, cement-enamel junction (cej) and the edge of the tooth metriometopična in evrimandibularna. alveolus is 5 mm at the canines and 7 mm at the molars in Postkranialne kosti so zelo robustne, mišična na- the mandible. There are no signs of periodontal disease. rastišča dobro izražena. telesna višina, izračunana po The cranium is of an ovoid and house shape. It is dolžinah femurja in radiusa, je 166,6 cm, po dolžini ulne long, medium wide and low, aristencefalic, on the border pa 171,6 cm. moški je bil verjetno visok okrog 167 cm, between dolichocrania and mesocrania, chamaecrania, kar pomeni kategorijo srednje telesne višine. tapeinocrania, metriometopia and eurymandibular. Patologija: degenerativne spremembe na ledvenih The postcranial bones are very robust, the muscle vretencih ( spondylosis deformans). ohranjena so le za- attachment areas are pronounced. The body height, dnja tri vretenca L calculated from the length of the femur and radius, was 3−5, vsa imajo velike osteofite na robu korpusov ( osteophytosis) in majhne osteofite na robu estimated at 166.6 cm, while calculated from the length sklepnih odrastkov ( osteoarthrosis), na zgornji površini of the ulna it was estimated at 171.6 cm. The male was korpusa L most likely approximately 167 cm tal , which meant that 5 pa so prisotni tudi znaki osteohondroze. nepopolna sakralizacija petega ledvenega vretenca L he was of average height. 5 na levi strani; na desni strani križnice in L Pathology: degenerative changes on the lumbar 5 ni videti sprememb, vendar pa je ta stran poškodovana. vertebrae ( spondylosis deformans). only the last three vertebrae L3-5 are preserved, and all have large osteo- phytes on the edge of the bodies ( osteophytosis) and small Grob 3 osteophytes on the articular facets ( osteoarthrosis), while – ženska, maturus, 40−60 let the upper surface of the L5 vertebral body also shows zelo slabo ohranjen skelet: nekaj fragmentov loba- signs of osteochondrosis. Partial sacralisation of the fifth nje in diafize dolgih kosti. lumbar vertebrae L5 on the left side; on the right side Spolni znaki na medenici in lobanji so ženski ( tab. no changes can be seen on the sacrum and L5, however 7.2), medtem ko sta kaput femurja in talus razmeroma this side is damaged. robustna in po velikosti na mejni vrednosti za moški spol. Lobanjski šivi so že zarasli (nad 40 let), struktura gobaste kostnine v proksimalni epifizi femurja ustreza Grave 3 fazi III (44–59 let). abrazija zob je srednje močna. – female, maturus, 40-60 years ohranjenih je le 5 zob: leva polovica mandibule s very poorly preserved skeleton: a few cranium tremi zobmi in dva izolirana zoba iz maksile. Prvi pre- fragments and the diaphysis of the long bones. molar ima kariozno razjedo velikosti 2 mm na labialni The sexual traits on the pelvis and cranium are fe- strani zobnega vratu. male ( Table 7.2), while the femur head and the talus are Postkranialne kosti so gracilne, mišična narastišča relatively robust and border on the dimensions ascribed slabo izražena. telesna višina je približno 160 cm. to the male sex. The cranial suture is obliterated (older than 40 years); the structure of the trabecular bone in the Grob 4 proximal epiphysis of the femur corresponds to phase III – domnevno moški, maturus I, 40−50 let (44-59 years). dental wear is moderate. okostje ima srednje dobro ohranjeno lobanjo z only 5 teeth are preserved: the left half of the man- obraznim delom, medtem ko je postkranialni skelet v dible with three teeth and two isolated teeth from the slabem stanju: ohranjene so diafize dolgih kosti okončin maxil a. The first premolar has a 2 mm caries erosion ter fragmenti ledvenih vretenc in medenice. on the labial side of the neck. Pravilna določitev spola je vprašljiva zaradi mešanih The postcranial bones are gracile, the muscle at- spolnih znakov na medenici in večinoma slabo izraženih tachment areas are poorly expressed. The body height spolnih znakov na lobanji ( tab. 7.2). Sklepna glava stegne- measured at approximately 160 cm. nice je srednje krepka, mišična narastišča na stegnenici niso izražena, talus je gracilen in sodi v rang ženskih skočnic. tudi kazalniki starosti niso enotni. Po obliteraciji Grave 4 lobanjskih šivov, ki so že skoraj povsem zarasli (koefi- – presumably male, maturus I, 40-50 years cient endokranialne obliteracije 3,7 − faza Iv), bi bil The skeleton has an averagely preserved cranium moški star med 53 in 66 let. glede na stanje in abrazijo and facial part, while the postcranial skeleton is in a zobovja pa je bil mlajši od 50 let. menimo, da je v tem poor condition: preserved are the diaphyses of the primeru abrazija zob boljši kazalnik starosti, čeprav je long bones and fragments of the lumbar vertebrae precej odvisna od načina prehrane. za proces obliteracije and the pelvis. 281 7_okostja.indd 281 23.1.2012 10:44:03 7. antroPoLoŠka anaLIza SkeLetov 7. anthroPoLogIcaL anaLySIS of the SkeLetonS lobanjskih šivov je namreč značilna precejšnja individu- due to the mixed sexual traits on the pelvis and alna variabilnost (key, aiel o, mol eson 1994). glede na especial y due to the poorly expressed sexual traits on abrazijo zob je bil moški mlajši od tistega iz groba 1, ki the cranium it is questionable whether the sex was ac- smo mu določili starost 53−62 let. curately defined ( Table 7.2). The femur head is of average ohranjeni sta obe čeljustnici s 27 zobmi, trije strength, the muscle attachment areas on the femur are zobje v maksili so izpadli pred smrtjo, skrajni desni del not pronounced, the talus is gracile and can be consid- maksile z zadnjima dvema molarjema manjka. zobje so ered to have belonged to a female. v dobrem stanju, abrazija je srednje močna (m The age indices are also not uniform. accord- 1 = 3−4, m ing to the obliteration of the cranial sutures that are 2 = 3, m3 = 2−3), noben zob ni izpadel ante mortem. na levem m almost completely closed (endocranial obliteration 2 je vidna začetna stopnja kariesa, razjeda velikosti 1−2 mm je na sredini okluzalne ploskve zobne coefficient 3.7 – phase Iv), the male would have to be krone. ugriz je kleščast. between 53 and 66 years old. however, the dental wear Lobanja je ovoidne in hišaste oblike. je dolga, and general condition of his teeth indicate that he was ozka do srednje široka in srednje visoka, evenkefalna, not yet 50 years old. We are of the opinion that in this mezokrana, na meji med ortokranijo in hamekranijo, case dental wear is a better indicator of his age, even tapeinokrana, evrimetopična in mezomandibularna. though it depends greatly on the diet. relative indi- obraz je ozek in srednje visok – hiperleptoprozopen, vidual variability is characteristic of the obliteration zgornji del obraza je visok – hiperlepten. ravno tako cranial suture process (key, aiello, mol eson 1994). so visoke tudi orbite, ki so hipsikonhne, in nos, ki je taking into account tooth wear the male was younger leptorin. than the one found in grave 1, which we believe to be Postkranialne kosti so na pogled srednje robustne, between 53 and 62 years old. mišična narastišča slabo izražena. Izrazita lateralna both jawbones and 27 teeth were preserved, three asimetrija pri kosteh zgornjih okončin, leva klavikula teeth in the maxil a fell out ante mortem, and the far in humerus sta veliko bolj gracilna kot desna, kar je right part of the maxil a and the last two molars are razvidno iz vrednosti obodov ( tab. 7. 4). dolžina tibije je missing. The teeth are in good condition, medium worn izračunana na podlagi fragmenta (b−h 36 cm) in ustreza (m1 = 3-4, m2 = 3, m3 = 2-3). The left m2 shows the first telesni višini 172 cm. stage of dental caries, a hole measuring approximately Patologija: začetna stopnja starostnih degenerativ- 1-2 mm in size is located in the centre of the occlusal nih sprememb na treh ledvenih vretencih. na sprednjem surface of the tooth crown. The bite is plier like. robu korpusa L The cranium is of an ovoid and house shape. It is 5 so vidni zelo majhni osteofiti, na zgor- nji površini korpusa enega izmed ledvenih vretenc je long, narrow to mid wide and mid high, euenchephalia. viden odtis Šmorlovega vozla (posledica poškodovane Indices: mesocrania, on the border between orthocra- medvretenčne ploščice), na fragmentu drugega pa znaki nia and chamaecrania, tapeinocrania, eurymetopia, osteoartroze na spodnjem desnem sklepnem odrastku. mesomandibular. The face is narrow and medium high zaceljena poševna fraktura leve tibije na distalnem delu – hyperleptoprosopia, the upper part of the face is high korpusa na mestu minimalnega oboda. – hyperlepten. The orbits are also high, and hypsikonch, while the nose is leptorrhine. the postcranial bones appear to be averagely Grob 5 robust and the muscle attachment areas are not pro- – otrok, infans II, 10 let truding. The bones of the upper extremities are lateral y Slabo ohranjen kompleten skelet v fragmentih. asymmetric, the left clavicle and humerus are much dentalna starost 10 let ± 30 mesecev. ohranjeni more gracile that the right (this is clearly visible from sta obe čeljustnici s skoraj popolnim zobovjem (post the circumference values, Table 7.4). The length of mortem je izgubljen samo desni I the tibia was calculated from the discovered fragment 2). zobovje je v pro- cesu menjave mlečnih zob s stalnimi (6 mlečnih zob, 13 (b-h 36 cm) and would have belonged to an individual stalnih zob, 12 zobnih zasnov stalnih zob). standing 172 cm tal . Skeletna starost okrog 9 let (približna dolžina dia- Pathology: first stage of age related degenera- fize humerusa 19 cm) tive changes on three lumbar vertebrae. very small osteophytes were noticed on the anterior edge of L5. on the upper surface of one of the lumbar vertebrae Grob 6 a Schmorl’s node was noticed (a result of a damaged – otrok, infans I, 6−12 mesecev intervertebral disc), while a fragment of the other ver- dobro ohranjen kompleten skelet. tebrae shows signs of osteoarthritis on the lower right dentalna starost 9 mesecev ± 3 mesece. ohranjeni articular facet. There is a healed diagonal fracture of so obe čeljustnici z izraslimi mlečnimi sekalci ter zobne the left tibia, at the point of the minimal circumference zasnove preostalih mlečnih zob. measurement. 282 7_okostja.indd 282 23.1.2012 10:44:03 7. antroPoLoŠka anaLIza SkeLetov 7. anthroPoLogIcaL anaLySIS of the SkeLetonS Skeletna starost 6 mesecev (humerus 86 mm, radius Grave 5 66 mm, femur 103 mm). obe polovici mandibule sta že – child, infans II, 10 years zrasli, krila zagozdnice ( ala magna os sphenoidale) pa so Poorly preserved and fragmented skeleton. še ločena od korpusa. dental age: 10 years ± 30 months. both jawbones are preserved as are almost all teeth (only the right I2 was lost post mortem). The teeth were in the process Grob 7 of changing from deciduous to permanent dentition (6 – otrok, infans I, 4 leta deciduous teeth, 13 permanent teeth, 12 tooth crowns Slabo ohranjen kompleten skelet v fragmentih. for permanent teeth). dentalna starost 4 leta ± 12 mesecev. ohranjeni Skeletal age: approximately 9 years (approximate sta obe čeljustnici z 12 mlečnimi zobmi, 8 mlečnih zob length of the humerus diaphysis is 19 cm). manjka post mortem, stalni zobje še niso začeli izraščati, vidne so zobne zasnove I1 in m1. Skeletna starost 3 leta (približna dolžina diafize Grave 6 humerusa 13 cm). Loki vretenc so že zrasli, korpus pa – infant, infans I, 6-12 months je še ločen. Pars lateralis in pars basilaris zatilnice še Well preserved and complete skeleton. nista zrasla. dental age: 9 months ± 3 months. both jawbones are preserved together with the deciduous incisors and the tooth crowns of the not yet erupted decidious teeth. Grob 8 The skeleton age is 6 months (humerus 86 mm, – otrok, infans I, 2 leti radius 66 mm, femur 103 mm). both halves of the man- delno ohranjen skelet: fragmentirana lobanja, ne- dible have already fused, while the wings of the sphenoid kaj reber in vretenc, klavikula, del radiusa, obe črevnici, bone are still separated from the main bone body. femurja in tibiji. dentalna starost 2 leti ± 8 mesecev ali 3 leta ± 12 mesecev. ohranjeni sta obe čeljustnici z 19 mlečnimi Grave 7 zobmi, desni mI manjka post mortem. Stalni zobje še – child, infans I, 4 years niso izrasli, vidne so zasnove I1 in m Poorly preserved fragmented, but complete, skel- 1. Skeletna starost 18–24 mesecev (približna dolžina eton. diafize femurja 135 mm). dental age: 4 years ± 12 months. both jawbones are preserved together with 12 deciduous teeth, 8 deciduous teeth fel out post mortem, permanent teeth did not start Grob 9 to erupt yet, the tooth crowns of I1 and m1 are visible. – otrok, infans I, 2 leti Skeletal age: 3 years (the approximate length of kompleten skelet v fragmentih. the humerus diaphysis is 13 cm). The both halves of dentalna starost 2 leti ± 8 mesecev. ohranjeni sta vertebral arch has already fused, while the body is still obe čeljustnici s 13 mlečnimi zobmi, 7 jih manjka post separated. The pars lateralis and pars basilaris of the mortem, stalni zobje še niso izrasli. occipital bone have not fused yet. Skeletna starost 18 mesecev (humerus 108 mm, tibija 112 mm). Posebnosti: kosti zgornje okončine (oba humerusa Grave 8 in ulni) so zelo robustne, še posebej v primerjavi s kost- – child (early childhood), infans I, 2 years mi spodnje okončine (femur in tibia). minimalni obod Partial y preserved skeleton. Preserved are: a frag- humerusa (38 mm) je enak minimalnemu obodu tibije mented cranium, a few ribs and vertebrae, clavicle, a part (37 mm) in le malo manjši od srednjega oboda femurja of the radius, both ilia, femurs and tibias. (43 mm). Skelet iz groba 8, ki pripada otroku približno dental age: 2 years ± 8 months or 3 years ± 12 iste starosti, ima ob enakem obodu femurja (43 mm) months. both jawbones are preserved together with 19 manjši obod humerusa (33 mm), kar je normalno. deciduous teeth, the left mI is missing post mortem. The permanent teeth have not emerged yet, the crowns for I1 and m1 are visible. Grob 10 Skeletal age: 18-24 months (approximate length of – otrok, infans I, 6−9 mesecev the femur diaphysis is 135 mm). zelo slabo ohranjen skelet, samo nekaj fragmentov kompaktne kostnine in lobanjskega krova ter mandibula. dentalna starost 6 mesecev ± 3 mesece ali 9 mese- Grave 9 cev ± 3 mesece. ohranjena je samo mandibula z obema – child (early childhood), infans I, 2 years 283 7_okostja.indd 283 23.1.2012 10:44:04 7. antroPoLoŠka anaLIza SkeLetov 7. anthroPoLogIcaL anaLySIS of the SkeLetonS mI, mII še nista izrasla, ostali zobje manjkajo post mor- complete skeleton in fragments. tem. obe polovici mandibule se še nista zrasli. dental age: 2 years ± 8 months. both jawbones are preserved together with 13 deciduous teeth, 7 are missing post mortem, the permanent teeth have not Grob 11 erupted yet. – otrok, infans I, 6 mesecev Skeletal age: 18 months (humerus 108 mm, tibia ohranjeni so samo fragmenti obeh femurjev in 112 mm). leva senčnica. Special characteristics: the bones of the upper Skeletna starost 6 mesecev je določena po približno extremities (both humeri and ulnae) are very robust, ocenjeni dolžini femurja (cca 9−10 cm). especial y when compared to the bones belonging to the lower extremities (femur and tibia). The minimal cir- cumference of the humerus (38 mm) equals the minimal Grob 12 circumference of the tibia (37 mm) and measures only – otrok, infans II, 10−12 let slightly less than the medium circumference of the femur Slabo ohranjen skelet: fragmenti lobanje, klavikula, (43 mm). The skeleton from grave 8, which belongs to desni humerus, fragment tibije. a child of a similar age, has at the same femur circum- dentalna starost 10 let ± 30 mesecev. ohranjeni so ference (43 mm) but a smaller humerus circumference osrednji del korpusa mandibule s 6 stalnimi zobmi (vsi (33 mm), which is normal. štirje I so že povsem izrasli, oba c sta v prodoru) ter 15 izoliranih zob (6 mlečnih in 9 stalnih). Skeletna starost 10−12 let, ocenjena po približni Grave 10 dolžini humerusa (cca 21 cm). – infant, infans I, 6-9 months very poorly preserved skeleton, only a few frag- ments of the compact bone and the cranial vault and Grob 13 the mandible are preserved. – otrok, infans II – juvenis, 13−15 let dental age: 6 months ± 3 months or 9 months ± 3 Slabo ohranjen skelet: vse kosti lobanje v fragmen- months. only the mandible with both mI is preserved, tih, od postkraniuma pa le del drugega vratnega vretenca mII have not erupted yet, the remaining teeth went ( dens axis), dva fragmenta reber, korpus radiusa in ulne, missing post mortem. The two halves of the mandible nekaj kosti manusa, fragmenti kolčnice, femurja in tibije, have not fused yet. ena patela in ena stopalnica. dentalna starost 12 let ± 30 mesecev. ohranjenih je 18 izoliranih stalnih zob (4 spodnji I, 4 c, 3 Pm, 4 m1, Grave 11 3 m2) in 2 zasnovi m3. kanini in drugi molarji imajo še – infant, infans I, 6 months odprte korenine. only fragments of the two femurs and the left Skeletna starost 13−16 let. distalne epifize radiu- temporal bone are preserved. sa, ulne, femurja in tibije so še ločene, ravno tako tudi The skeletal age of 6 months was defined using the kaput femurja. Pri prstnih členkih je trohlea že prirasla, rough estimate of the femur length (approx. 9-10 cm). baza pa je še ločena. glede na velikost korpusa desnega radiusa ocenjujemo dolžino cele diafize na 18−19 cm, kar ustreza starosti 13 let ali več. Grave 12 – child, infans II, 10-12 years Poorly preserved skeleton: preserved are cranium Grob 15 fragments, the clavicle, the right humerus, and a tibia – ženska, adultus, 25−40 let fragment. Slabo ohranjen skelet: vse kosti lobanje v fragmen- dental age: 10 years ± 30 months. Preserved are the tih (rekonstrukcija nevrokranija), vratna vretenca, central part of the mandible with 6 permanent teeth (all fragmenti reber, obeh ključnic, lopatic in nadlahtnic, four I have erupted entirely, both c are in the process nekaj fragmentov kosti manusa in deli diafize femurja. of eruption) and 15 isolated teeth (6 deciduous and 9 medenica ni ohranjena, na lobanji prevladujejo permanent ones). ženski spolni znaki ( tab. 7.2). Skeletal age: 10-12 years, calculated from the rough Lobanjski šivi so še odprti (koeficient endokra- estimate of the length of the humerus (approx. 21 cm). nialne obliteracije 0, faza I, 23−39 let), sternalni del ključnice je že prirasel (faza III, nad 25 let), abrazija zob je srednja (25−35 let). Grave 13 – child or adolescent, infans II – juvenis, 13-15 years 284 7_okostja.indd 284 23.1.2012 10:44:04 7. antroPoLoŠka anaLIza SkeLetov 7. anthroPoLogIcaL anaLySIS of the SkeLetonS ohranjeni sta obe čeljustnici z 31 zobmi, levi m Poorly preserved skeleton: al cranial bones are 3 ni izrasel ali pa manjka ante mortem. zobje so v dobrem fragmented, from the postcranial bones only a part of stanju, abrazija je srednje močna (m the second cervical vertebrae ( dens axis), two rib frag- 1 = 4+, m2 = 3+ do 4+, m ments, the radius and ulna corpus, a few hand bones, 3 = 2 do 3+). kariozna sta oba premolarja v levi maksili. gre za začetno stopnjo kariesa, razjedi sta veliki fragments of innominate bones, the femur and tibia, one 1 oz. 2 mm. karies je lociran na stiku obeh premolarjev patel a and one foot bone remain. (Pm1 dental age: 12 years ± 30 months. Preserved are 18 distalno, Pm2 meziano) na zgornjem robu zobne krone, lingvalno. na lingvalnih ploskvah spodnjih inci- isolated permanent teeth (4 lower I, 4 c, 3 Pm, 4 m1, zivov so rahle obloge zobnega kamna. rahla prognatija. 3 m2) and 2 crowns of nonerupted m3. The canines and Lobanja je ovoidne in bombaste oblike. je srednje second molars still have open roots. dolga in srednje široka−široka, brahikrana−hiperbra- Skeletal age: 13-16 years. The distal epiphysis of the hikrana, evrimetopična in mezomandibularna. glede radius, ulna, femur and tibia are stil separated, as is the na ušesno višino je hipsikrana, tapeinokrana in ari- femur head. The trochlea in the phalanges has already stenkefalna. fused to the shafts, however the base is stil separated. Postkranialne kosti so na pogled gracilne, merljivi taking into account the size of the right radius we have sta bili samo ključnici. estimated that the diaphysis measured 18-19 cm in length, which means that the individual was 13 years old or more. Grob 18 – moški, adultus I, 25−30 let Grave 15 Srednje dobro ohranjen skelet: fragmentirana lo- – female, adultus, 25-40 years banja (rekonstrukcija) in vse postkranialne kosti razen Poorly preserved skeleton: all cranium bones are stopal (večji del v fragmentih). fragmented (neurocranium reconstruction), preserved Spolni znaki na medenici so moški, na lobanji pa are also cervical vertebrae, rib fragments, fragments mešani ( tab. 7.2). of both col ar bones, scapulae and the humerus, a few Lobanjski šivi so še odprti (koeficient endokranialne fragments of the hand bones and a part of the femur obliteracije 0, faza I, 25−39 let), synchondrosis sphaeno- diaphysis. occipitalis je že zakostenela, tuber ischiadicum je prirasel The pelvis is not preserved, and female sexual traits (nad 24 let), abrazija zob je zelo rahla (17−25 let). prevail on the cranium ( Table 7.2). ohranjeni sta obe čeljustnici z 31 zobmi, desni m3 ni The cranial suture is stil open (endocranial ob- izrasel. zobje so zdravi, brez kariesa. abrazija je zelo rahla literation coefficient 0, phase I, 23-39 years), the ster- (m nal part of the col ar bone has already attached itself 1 = 2+, m2 = 2 do 2+, m3 = 1 do 2). ugriz je normalen. Lobanja je ovoidna in hišasta, s tendenco h klinasti (phase III, over 25 years), dental wear corresponds to obliki. je zelo dolga, srednje široka in visoka, aristenke- the age of 25-35. falna, dolihokrana, ortokrana, metriokrana, na meji med both jawbones and 31 teeth are preserved, the left metriometopijo in stenometopijo in mezomandibularna. m3 did not erupted or went missing ante mortem. The obraz je srednje širok in srednje visok − mezoprozopen, teeth are in good condition, dental wear is medium zgornji del mezen, nos je leptorin. (m1 = 4+, m2 = 3+ to 4+, m3 = 2 to 3+). The two premo- Postkranialne kosti so srednje krepke, telesna višina lars in the left maxil a have first stage caries, at which 172,3 cm. the cavities measure between 1 and 2 mm. The caries is Patologija: cribra orbitalia, neaktivna oblika, sto- located at the contact of the two premolars (Pm1 distal, pnja II po brothwel u, obojestransko. Pm2 mesial) on the upper edge of the tooth crown, lin- gual. Slight calculus deposits traces were noticed on the lingual surfaces of the lower incisors. Slight prognathism Grob 19 was also present. – otrok, infans II, 8 let The cranium is of an ovoid and bomb shape. It is me- zelo slabo ohranjen skelet: fragmenti kosti lobanj- dium length and medium wide to wide. Indices: brachy- skega krova, desni ramus mandibule, fragmenti dolgih crania with tendency to hyperbrachicrania, eurymetopia, kosti okončin. mesomandibular; according to ear height porion-bregma dentalna starost: zobje niso ohranjeni. hypsicrania, tapeinocrania, aristencephalia. Skeletna starost 8 let (7−10 let), glede na približno The postcranial bones appear gracile, but only the ocenjeno dolžino diafize femurja (cca 25 cm). col ar bones could be measured. Grob 20 Grave 18 – moški, adultus II, 30−40 let – male, adultus I, 25-30 years 285 7_okostja.indd 285 23.1.2012 10:44:04 7. antroPoLoŠka anaLIza SkeLetov 7. anthroPoLogIcaL anaLySIS of the SkeLetonS zelo slabo ohranjen, preperel skelet: fragmenti loba- averagely preserved skeleton: fragmented cranium nje (rekonstrukcija ni mogoča) in korpusov dolgih kosti. (reconstruction) and all postcranial bones except the medenica ni ohranjena, spolni znaki na lobanji so feet (mostly fragmented). moški ( tab. 7.2). The sexual traits on the pelvis are male, while on abrazija zob ustreza starosti 25−35 let. the cranium they are mixed ( Table 7.2). ohranjenih je 25 zob, eden je izpadel post mortem, The cranial suture is still open (endocranial oblit- 6 pa jih manjka vključno z deli čeljustnic. zobje so zdra- eration coefficient 0, phase I, 25-39 years), synchondrosis vi, brez kariesa. abrazija je srednje močna (m1 = 4 do sphaenooccipitalis has already ossified, the tuber ischi- 4+, m2 = 3 do 4, m3 = 3 do 4+). Postkranialne kosti so adicum has attached itself (over 24 years), dental wear na pogled robustne, mišična narastišča dobro izražena. is very slight (17-25 years). Patologija: zaceljena fraktura leve tibije, na sredini both jawbones with 31 teeth are preserved, the left korpusa. m3 did not erupted. The teeth are healthy and no traces of caries were found. dental wear is slight (m1 = 2+, m2 = 2 to 2+, m3 = 1 to 2). The bite is normal. Grob 21 The cranium is ovoid and house shaped, with the – ženska, adultus II, 30−40 let tendency to be wedge shaped. It is very long, medium Slabo ohranjen skelet: fragmentirana lobanja (re- wide and high, aristencefalic, dolichocranial, ortocrani- konstrukcija) in fragmenti skoraj vseh postkranialnih al, metriocranial, on the border between metriometopic kosti (manjkajo desna kolčnica in večina vretenc: ohra- and stenometopic; it is also mesomandibular. The face njeni so delci 4 vratnih in/ali zgornjih prsnih vretenc ter is medium wide and medium high – mesoprosopia, the loka 2 ledvenih). upper part is mesial, the nose is leptorrhine. Spolni znaki na medenici in lobanji so ženski ( tab. The postcranial bones are of medium strength, the 7.2). body height measured in at 172.3 cm. Lobanjski šivi so še odprti (koeficient endokrani- Pathology: cribra orbitalia, inactive form, grade II alne obliteracije 0.2, faza I, 25−39 let). according to brothwel , on both sides. ohranjeni so delčki maksile (brez zob in vidnih al- veol) ter mandibula s 3 zobmi (6 jih manjka ante mortem, ostali post mortem). abrazija levega Pm1 je rahla, pri Grave 19 ostalih dveh zobeh (levi Pm2, desni I2) pa srednja do moč- – child, late childhood, infans II, 8 years na ter poševna, močnejša na distalni strani zobne krone. very poorly preserved skeleton: fragmented bones Lobanja je pentagonoidna in klinasta s tendenco of the cranial vault, the right ramus of mandible, frag- k hišasti obliki. je zelo dolga in srednje široka, ari- ments of the long bones. stenkefalna, mezokrana, ortokrana in metriokrana dental age: no teeth were preserved. (z močno tendenco k dolihokraniji in hipsikraniji), Skeletal age: 8 years (7-10 years), deduced from stenometopična in na meji med mezomandibularnim the roughly estimated length of the femur diaphysis in leptomandibularnim tipom. (approx. 25 cm). Postkranialne kosti so gracilne, telesna višina nedoločljiva. Patologija: osteohondroza vratnih oz. zgornjih Grave 20 prsnih vretenc. – male, adultus II, 30-40 years very poorly preserved, decayed skeleton: fragments of the cranium (reconstruction is impossible) and the 7.2.2 Struktura okoStIj shafts of the long bones. Po SPoLu In StaroStI The pelvis is not preserved, the sexual traits on the cranium are male ( Table 7.2). razporeditev skeletov po spolu in starostnih kate- The dental wear corresponds to the age between gorijah prikazuje tab. 7.1. Prevladujejo otroška okostja, 25 and 35. ki jih je 10. v zgodnji otroški dobi infans I je umrlo 6 25 teeth are preserved, one was lost post mortem, otrok: trije so bili stari od 6 do 12 mesecev, dva pribli- 6 are missing together with parts of the jawbones. The žno 2 leti, eden pa 4 leta. v pozni otroški dobi infans II teeth are healthy, there are no signs of dental caries. so umrli 4 otroci: najmlajši je štel 8 let, naslednja dva dental wear is medium (m1 = 4 to 4+, m2 = 3 to 4, m3= med 10 in 12 let, medtem ko je četrti umrl na prehodu 3 to 4+). The postcranial bones appear robust; the muscle v mladostniško obdobje, med 13. in 16. letom starosti. attachment areas are protruding. otroška okostja predstavljajo 55,5 % skeletne serije, če Pathology: a healed fracture of the left tibia, in the upoštevamo razdelitev po kronoloških obdobjih pa celo middle of the shaft. 71,4 %. vsi otroški skeleti namreč sodijo v poznoantično 286 7_okostja.indd 286 23.1.2012 10:44:04 7. antroPoLoŠka anaLIza SkeLetov 7. anthroPoLogIcaL anaLySIS of the SkeLetonS obdobje. Iz tega časa so tudi 4 odrasli skeleti, preostali 4 Grave 21 odrasli skeleti pa so iz zgodnjesrednjeveškega obdobja. – female, adultus II, 30-40 years med odraslimi okostji je 5 moških in 3 ženska, Poorly preserved skeleton: fragmented cranium vendar je pri moškem iz groba 4 pravilna določitev (reconstruction) and fragments of almost al postcranial spola vprašljiva ( tab. 7.2). v poznoantično obdobje bones (the right innominate bone and most of the ver- sodijo 3 moški in 1 ženska: mladenič je umrl v starosti tebrae are missing; parts of the 4 cervical and/or upper Tab. 7.1: tonovcov grad pri kobaridu. Struktura skeletov po spolu in starosti. Tab. 7.1: tonovcov grad at kobarid. Structure of skeletons by sex and age. spol / sex moški /male ženski / female nedoločljiv / undetermined skupaj / total n n n n % Pa / La* zSv / emP** Pa / La* zSv / emP** Pa / La* zSv / emP** infans I 6 6 33,3 infans II 4 4 22,2 juvenis 1 1 5,6 adultus 2 2 4 22,2 maturus 2 1 3 16,7 senilis skupaj / total 3 2 1 2 10 18 100,0 * Pa – poznoantično obdobje / La – Late antiquity ** zSv – zgodnjesrednjeveško obdobje / emP – early medieval period Tab. 7.2: tonovcov grad pri kobaridu. Spolni znaki pri odraslih skeletih – individualni podatki. Tab. 7.2: tonovcov grad at kobarid. Sexual traits in adult skeletons – individual data. skelet št. /skeleton No 1a 1 3 4 15 18 20 glabel a +2 0 -1 0 processus mastoideus +2 +2 -1 +2 -1 +2 +2 relief planum nuchale +1 0 processus zygomaticus 0 arcus superciliaris +2 +1 -2 +1 tuber frontale et parietale +2 +1 -1 -1 protuberantia occipitalis ext. -2 +2 -2 +1 -2 +1 0 os zygomaticum +2 -2 +1 0 +2 inclinatio frontale +2 +1 -1 0 forma orbitae +1 -2 margo orbitae +1 +1 -2 -1 corpus mandibulae +1 -2 +1 -1 +1 trigonum mentale -1 +1 -2 +2 +1 -1 +1 angulus mandibulae +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 sulcus preauricularis +2 +2 -2 +2 +2 incisura ischiadica major +1 +2 -2 -2 -1 arcus compose +2 +2 -2 +2 +2 angulus pubis +2 os coxae +2 linea aspera +1 +2 0 -1 +1 +2 caput femoris +2 +1 +1 -1 +1 talus max. /mm/ 57 52 47 stopnja seksualizacije / sex. degree +1,24 +1,66 -1,50 +0,85 -0,96 +0,69 +1,25 spol / sex m / m m / m ž / f m / m ? ž / f m / m m / m 287 7_okostja.indd 287 23.1.2012 10:44:05 7. antroPoLoŠka anaLIza SkeLetov 7. anthroPoLogIcaL anaLySIS of the SkeLetonS okrog 20 let (grob 1a), preostale tri osebe pa po 40. letu thoracic vertebrae and the arches of 2 lumbar ones are (grobovi 1, 3, 4). oba moška in obe ženski iz zgodnje- preserved). srednjeveške dobe so umrli pred dopolnjenim 40. letom The sexual traits on the pelvis and cranium are starosti (grobovi 15, 18, 20, 21). female ( Table 7.2). The cranial suture is still open (endocranial oblit- eration coefficient 0.2, phase I, 25-39 years). 7.2.3 morfoLoŠke znaČILnoStI Parts of the maxil a are preserved (without the teeth and visible tooth sockets) as is the mandible with 3 teeth okostja so bila zelo slabo ohranjena. Lobanje so (6 are missing ante mortem, the rest post mortem). The bile fragmentirane, po rekonstrukciji smo lahko delno left Pm1 is slightly worn, and at the remaining two teeth izmerili tri moške in dve ženski lobanji, obrazni del pa (left Pm2, right I2) the wear is medium to strong and je bil v celoti ohranjen le pri eni ( tab. 7.3; sl. 7.3). tudi slanting, stronger on the distal side of the tooth crown. postkranialne kosti so bile ohranjene fragmentarno, The cranium is pentagonoid and wedge shaped deli zgrajeni iz gobaste kostnine, so sprhneli. večinoma with a slight tendency towards the house shape. It is smo lahko izmerili le premere in obode močnejših kosti, very long to medium wide, aristencefalic, mesocranial, dolžino kosti, potrebno za izračun telesne višine, je bilo ortocranial and metriometopic (with a strong tendency mogoče izmeriti le pri treh skeletih, pri dveh okostjih towards dolichocrania and hypsicrania), stenometopic pa smo dolžino lahko ocenili na podlagi ohranjenega and on the border between the mesomandibular and fragmenta kosti ( tab. 7. 4). leptomandibular type. Tab. 7.3: tonovcov grad pri kobaridu. mere (mm) in indeksi lobanj ter lobanjska prostornina (ccm) – individualni podatki. Tab. 7.3: tonovcov grad at kobarid. Skull measurements (mm), indices and cranial capacity (ccm) – individual data. skelet št. / skeleton No. 1 4 15 18 21 Spol / sex m / m m / m ž / f m / m ž / f Martin št. / Martin No. 1 195 186 170 194 185 2 192 184 165 189 180 5 100 106 102 7 39 37 8 145-150 142 145 144 140 9 98 103 100 95 89 10 122 123 123 120 117 11 128 121 103 12 107 100 107 106 13 108 106 108 101 16 30 32 17 125 130 140 20 107 112 113 120 116 45 122-125 130 47 120 115 48 80 70 50 24 – 51 l 41 – 52 l 37 – 54 26 24 55 61 54 65 113 113 66 110 103 97 96 85 69 min. 30 29 29 70 65 60 55 64 8:1 74,4-76,9 76,3 85,3 74,2 75,7 17:1 64,1 69,9 72,2 17:8 68,2-83,3 91,5 97,2 20:1 54,9 60,2 66,5 61,9 62,7 20:8 73,8-71,3 78,9 77,9 83,3 82,9 288 7_okostja.indd 288 23.1.2012 10:44:05 7. antroPoLoŠka anaLIza SkeLetov 7. anthroPoLogIcaL anaLySIS of the SkeLetonS skelet št. / skeleton No. 1 4 15 18 21 Spol / sex m / m m / m ž / f m / m ž / f Martin št. / Martin No. 9:10 80,3 83,7 81,3 79,2 76,1 9:8 67,6-65,3 72,5 69,0 66,0 63,6 16:7 76,9 86,5 47:45 98,4-96,0 88,5 48:45 65,6-64,0 53,8 66:45 84,4-82,4 73,8 52:51 l 90,2 – 54:55 42,6 44,4 66:65 85,8 85,0 9:45 82,4-84,4 73,1 66:9 112,2 100,0 97,0 101,1 95,5 lob.prost.17 / cran. cap.17 1465-1497 1438 1565 lob.prost.20 / cran. cap.20 1464-1502 1439 1341 1583 1423 Tab. 7.4: tonovcov grad pri kobaridu. mere (mm) in indeksi postkraniuma ter telesna višina (po manouvrierju) – individualni podatki. Tab. 7.4: tonovcov grad at kobarid. Postcranial measurements (mm), indices and stature (manouvrier method) – individual data. skelet št. / skeleton No. 1a 1 3 4 15 18 20 21 spol / sex m / m m / m ž / f m / m ž / f m / m m / m ž / f Martin št. / Martin No. desna – leva / right - left d l d l d l d l d l d l d l d l cl 1 135 140 cl 6 35 41 29 42 36 38 39 40 43 33 cl 6:1 h 1 350 h 2 h 4 62 h 7 60 58 53 63 55 65 68 66 52 h 9 35 h 10 42 39 h 7:1 r 1 241 244 r 2 229 r 3 40 41 48 50 46 33 r 5,1 r 3:2 21,0 u 1 273 u 2 230 u 3 47 45 u 3:2 20,4 f 1 453 441 478 f 2 447 439 473 f 8 85 87 96 99 84 83 89 91 93 100 78 f 9 28 30 32 31 31 31 33 30 30 31 f 10 23 23 29 22 22 24 25 27 26 27 f 18 53 52 45 45 46 42 46 46 41 f 21 f 10:9 82,1 76,7 90,6 71,0 71,0 77,4 75,8 90,0 86,7 f 8:2 21,5 19,1 19,7 t 1 289 7_okostja.indd 289 23.1.2012 10:44:06 7. antroPoLoŠka anaLIza SkeLetov 7. anthroPoLogIcaL anaLySIS of the SkeLetonS skelet št. / skeleton No. 1a 1 3 4 15 18 20 21 spol / sex m / m m / m ž / f m / m ž / f m / m m / m ž / f Martin št. / Martin No. t 1a 371 391 t 3 t 8a 33 31 35 33 36 32 32 t 9a 20 20 24 23 26 26 26 t 10b 70 70 78 77 78 t 9a:8a t 10b:1 – telesna višina / stature 1666 1666 1600 1720 1723 moŠkI Postcranial bones are gracile, the body height undefinable. vse tri merljive moške lobanje, dve poznoantični Pathology: osteochondrosis of the cervical or upper in ena zgodnjesrednjeveška, so dolge in srednje široke, thoracic vertebrae. kranialni indeks (od 74,2 do 76,3) je na meji med doli- hokranijo in mezokranijo. Po obliki so ovoidne in hišaste ter imajo veliko lobanjsko prostornino. razlikujejo pa se 7.2.2 Structure of the SkeLetonS po višini lobanje, fronto-parietalnem indeksu in karak- by Sex and age teristikah obraza. Poznoantična lobanja št. 1 je nizka in metriometopična, ima evrimandibularen obraz s široko The division of skeletons by sex and age is shown mandibulo ter močno izraženo glabelo in nadočesne obo- in Table 7.1. child skeletons prevail, as there are 10 of ke. drugi dve lobanji sta višji, obe imata mezomandibu- them. 6 children died in the early infant stage infans I: laren obraz s srednje široko mandibulo, ozek leptorin nos 3 were infants between 6 and 12 months old, two were ter manj poudarjene moške spolne znake v predelu čela. approximately 2 years old, and one was 4 years old. 4 Poznoantična lobanja št. 4 je srednje visoka, ima široko children died in the late childhood infans II: the youngest čelo (evrimetopija) ter ozek in srednje visok obraz, ki je was 8 years old, the next two between 10 and 12, while hiperleptoprozopen in hiperlepten. zgodnjesrednjeveška the fourth died on the transition into the juvenile stage, lobanja št. 18 je visoka, ima ozko čelo (metriometopija between the ages of 13 and 16. child skeletons represent s tendenco k stenometopiji) ter nekoliko širši in krajši 55.5 % of the skeletal series, and if we take into account obraz, ki je mezoprozopen in mezen. the division by chronological periods this percentage moški skelet št. 1 se od ostalih dveh razlikuje tudi raises to as much as 71.4 %. al child skeletons originate po postkranialnih karakteristikah. Ima zelo robustne from Late antiquity. 4 adult skeletons were also dated to kosti, po telesni višini 167 cm pa sodi v kategorijo sre- this period, while the remaining 4 adult skeletons belong dnje visokih moških. za okostji št. 4 in 18 so značilne to the early medieval period. manj krepke kosti in višja telesna višina. oba sta bila amongst the adult skeletons 5 are male and 3 female, visoka okrog 172 cm, kar pomeni kategorijo visoke however it is questionable whether the skeleton from telesne višine. Po stari klasifikaciji bi skelet 1 uvrstili v grave 4 is truly male ( Table 7.2). 3 male and 1 female kromanjonidni tip, preostala dva pa v nordidni. skeletons were dated into Late antiquity: the youth died kosti postkraniuma so bile deloma merljive še pri approximately at the age of 20 (grave 1a), while the re- dveh moških okostjih. zgodnjesrednjeveški skelet št. maining three individuals died after their 40th birthday 20 ima podobno kot št. 1 zelo krepke kosti, medtem ko (graves 1, 3, 4). both males and both females from the poznoantični skelet št. 1a (srednja telesna višina, okrog early medieval period died before they reached 40 (graves 167 cm) bolj spominja na okostji št. 4 in 18. Ima najbolj 15, 18, 20, 21). gracilne kosti izmed vseh, na slabo razvito mišičevje pa poleg neizraženih mišičnih narastišč opozarja tudi nastanek perforatio fosse olecrani na humerusu. 7.2.3 morPhoLogIcaL characterIStIcS ŽenSke The skeletons are very poorly preserved. The skul s are fragmented. fol owing the reconstruction we could merljivi sta bili dve lobanji, ki si nista podobni, partial y measure three male and two female craniums, čeprav sta obe zgodnjesrednjeveški. Lobanja št. 21 je po while the facial part was preserved in its entirety in a single 290 7_okostja.indd 290 23.1.2012 10:44:06 7. antroPoLoŠka anaLIza SkeLetov 7. anthroPoLogIcaL anaLySIS of the SkeLetonS obliki pentagonoidna in klinasta, št. 15 pa ovoidna in example ( Table 7.3; Fig. 7.3). The postcranial bones were bombasta. Prva je, enako kot tukajšnje moške lobanje, preserved fragmentarily and the trabecular bone turned to zelo dolga in srednje široka, mezokrana s tendenco k dust. In most cases we could only measure the diameters dolihokraniji. druga je krajša in širša, kar se odraža tudi and circumferences of the stronger bones, the length of v kranialnem indeksu (85,3), ki kaže na brahikranijo s the bone necessary to calculate the body height could be tendenco k hiperbrahikraniji. v absolutni ušesni višini measured in three examples, while for two examples we med njima ni razlike, relativno gledano pa je prva lo- estimated the bone length on the basis of the preserved banja ortokrana in metriokrana, druga pa hipsikrana bone fragment ( Table 7.4). in tapeinokrana. Prva lobanja ima tudi ožje čelo in mandibulo kot druga: je stenometopična in na meji med mezomandibularnim in leptomandibularnim tipom, maLe lobanja št. 15 pa evrimetopična in mezomandibularna. telesne višine tema dvema skeletoma ni bilo moč al three male skul s that could be measured, two določiti. je pa ženska iz groba 21 imela gracilne kosti, Late antiquity and one early medieval one, are long and podobno kot ženska iz poznoantičnega groba 3, ki je medium wide; the cranial index (between 74.2 and 76.3) bila visoka 160 cm. is on the border between dolichocrania and mesocrania. by shape they are ovoid and house like and the cranium is large in volume. They differ by the height of the cranium, PrImerjava S SLovenSkImI the frontal-parietal index and facial characteristics. The PoznoantIČnImI SerIjamI Late antiquity cranium no. 1 is low and metriometopic, it has an euromandibular face with a wide mandible and Primerjali smo kranialni indeks in telesno višino a strongly emphasised glabela and orbits. The remaining moških iz štirih poznoantičnih najdišč: tonovcov grad, two craniums are higher, both have a mesomandibular ajdna (Leben-Seljak 1995, 1996a), Pristava I na bledu face with a medium wide mandible, a narrow leptorrhine (Leben-Seljak 1996a) in vrajk (Leben-Seljak 2003). nose and less pronounced male sex traits in the forehead za vse štiri serije so značilne dolihokrane in mezo- area. The Late antiquity cranium no. 4 is of medium krane lobanje. oba moška z ajdne imata sicer krajši height, has a wide forehead ( eurymetopia) and a narrow lobanji (177 in 179 mm), vendar sta tudi ožji (135 in and medium high face, which fals in the category of 142 mm) in zato ravno tako mezokrani. Lobanja št. 7 z hyperleptoprosopia and hyperleptia. The early medieval ajdne ima izrazite kromanjonidne karakteristike in je cranium no. 18 is high, has a narrow forehead ( metri- v tem podobna tukajšnjemu skeletu 1. za Pristavo I in ometopia with a tendency to eurymetopia) and a slightly vrajk so, enako kot za tonovcov grad, značilne dolge in wider and shorter face that is mesoprosopic. zelo dolge lobanje, ki pa so zaradi manjše širine nekoliko male skeleton no. 1 differs from the other two bolj dolihokrane. to velja za večino okostij, se pa na also by its postcranial characteristics. It has very robust obeh najdiščih pojavljajo tudi posamezniki s krajšimi bones, and with a body height of 167 cm the individual in širšimi – brahikranimi lobanjami ( sl. 7.1). was an averagely tall male. The bones of skeletons nos. medtem ko v kranialnem indeksu nismo ugoto- 4 and 18 are not as strong however the individuals were vili razlik, pa to ne velja za telesno višino. Predvsem tal er. both were approximately 172 cm high, which was dva moška (skelet 4 in 18) s tonovcovega gradu sta s tall at the time. according to the old classification we would define skeleton no. 1 as cro-magnon, and the remaining two as nordid. the postcranial bones could be measured (to a certain degree) at two other male skeletons. The early medieval skeleton no. 20 has very robust bones (similar to skeleton no. 1), while the Late antiquity skeleton no. 1a (medium body height, approximately 167 cm) is closer to skeletons nos. 4 and 18. Skeleton no. 1 has the most grac- ile bones of them al , and the poorly developed muscles are indicated by the non-protruding muscle attachment areas and the perforatio fosse olecrani on the humerus. femaLe Sl. 7.1: dolžina in širina moških lobanj v poznoantičnih slo- venskih skeletnih serijah. It was possible to measure two craniums, and Fig. 7.1: maximum cranial length and width of male skul s they are dissimilar even though they are both early from Slovenian Late antiquity sites. 291 7_okostja.indd 291 23.1.2012 10:44:06 7. antroPoLoŠka anaLIza SkeLetov 7. anthroPoLogIcaL anaLySIS of the SkeLetonS 172 cm precej velika, telesna višina drugih dveh pa je za medieval. cranium no. 21 is pentagonoid and wedge tisti čas bolj običajna, čeprav sta še vedno med višjimi. shaped, while no. 15 is ovoid and bomb shaped. Similar oba moška z ajdne sta precej manjša, velika 157,6 cm to the male skul s found at this location the first is long in 164,4 cm. za vrajk imamo podatke o telesni višini and of medium width, mesocranial with a tendency sedmih moških. večinoma so manjše postave: pet je towards dolichocranial. The second is shorter and velikih med 163 in 165 cm, eden 169 cm in eden 171 cm. wider, which is also reflected in the cranial index (85.3), Podobno velja tudi za Pristavo I: med desetimi moškimi which indicates a brachicranial type with a tendency to je šest manjših od 165 cm, dva sta velika 166 in 167 cm, hyperbrachicrania. There is no difference between the eden 169,7 cm in eden 175 cm. Se pravi, da so med two in the absolute ear height; relatively speaking the vsemi 23 moškimi le štirje višji od 170 cm in od teh sta first cranium is ortocranial and metriometopic, while dva s tonovcovega gradu, eden iz pozne antike in drugi the second is hypsicranial and tapeinocranic. The first iz zgodnjega srednjega veka. razlika je še opaznejša pri cranium also has a narrower forehead and mandible primerjavi povprečne telesne višine moških, ki je pri than the other: it is stenometopic and on the border tonovcovem gradu 169,4 cm (oz. 168,4 cm za pozno- between the mesomandibular and leptomandibular antično serijo), medtem ko je povprečje za preostala tri type, while cranium no. 15 is eurymetropic and me- najdišča 164,5 cm (ajdna 161 cm, Pristava I 164,3 cm, somandibular. vrajk 165,9 cm). It was impossible to estimate the body height of these two skeletons. of the others the female from grave 21 had gracile bones, similar to the female from the Late antiquity grave 3 who measured 160 cm tal . comParISon WIth SLovenIan Late antIquIty SerIeS We compared the cranial index and body heights of males from four Late antiquity sites: tonovcov grad, ajdna (Leben-Seljak 1995, 1996a), Pristava I at bled (Leben-Seljak 1996a) and vrajk (Leben-Seljak 2003). dolichocranial and mesocranial skul s are charac- teristic for al four series. both men from ajdna have a Sl. 7.2: kranialni indeks in telesna višina moških v poznoan- shorter cranium (177 and 179 mm), however they are tičnih slovenskih skeletnih serijah. Fig. 7.2: cranial index and stature of males from Slovenian also narrower (135 and 142 mm) and thus mesocranial. antiquity sites. cranium no. 7 from ajdna has explicit cro-magnon characteristics which is a feature shared with skeleton 1 from our site. The skulls from Pristava I and vrajk na sliki 7.2 so v koordinatnem sistemu prikazani are also long or very long (similar to the ones from skeleti, za katere imamo podatke tako o kranialnem tonovcov grad), however as they are slightly narrower indeksu kot o telesni višini. tudi tu je razvidno, da they are somewhat more dochicranial. This holds true ima večina okostij dolihokrane (vrednost kranialne- for most skeletons, however at both sites individuals ga indeksa pod 75) ali mezokrane lobanje (vrednost were found with shorter and wider – brachicranial indeksa 75–80) in le trije brahikrane. oba skeleta s skul s ( Fig. 7.1). tonovcovega gradu izstopata po telesni višini, saj sta While we have not ascertained any differences jima enaka le skelet št. 19 z vrajka in skelet št. 279 s in the cranial index, this was not the case as regards Pristave I. body heights. The two males (skeletons 4 and 18) from tonovcov grad were relatively tall (172 cm), while the body heights of the other two were closer to the aver- 7.2.4 ePIgenetSkI znakI age for the time, even though they were still amongst the taller ones. both males from ajdna were quite a bit analiza ni dala uporabnih rezultatov, deloma zaradi smal er, measuring 157.6 cm and 164.4 cm. for vrajk we slabe ohranjenosti lobanj, deloma pa zaradi nespeci- have the data on the body height of seven males. most of fičnih epigenetskih znakov ( tab. 7.5). Lobanjski šivi so them were of a smal er stature: five measured in between brez posebnosti, ossiculum astericum nastopa le pri eni 163 and 165 cm, one was 169 cm and one 171 cm tal . lobanji, sutura petrosquamosa pa pri vseh treh merljivih Similar was discovered at Pristava I: amongst the ten moških lobanjah. males six of them were under 165 cm tal , two measured in at 166 and 167 cm, one at 169.7 cm and one at 175 cm. 292 7_okostja.indd 292 23.1.2012 10:44:07 7. antroPoLoŠka anaLIza SkeLetov 7. anthroPoLogIcaL anaLySIS of the SkeLetonS Tab. 7.5: tonovcov grad pri kobaridu. epigenetski znaki – individualni podatki. Tab. 7.5: tonovcov grad at kobarid. epigenetic traits – individual data. skelet št. / skeleton No. 1 4 15 18 21 spol / sex m / m m / m ž / f m / m ž / f d l d l d l d l d l sutura metopica − − − − − sutura frontotemporalis − − − − − sutura petrosquamosa + + + − − + − − − sutura praemaxil aris − − − ossiculum bregmaticum − − − − − ossiculum lambdoideum − − − − − ossiculum astericum − − − − + − − − − ossiculum epiptericum − ossiculum incisurae parietalis − − − − − ossa suturalia suturae sagittalis − − − − − ossa suturalia suturae coronalis − − − − − − − − − − ossa suturalia suturae lambdoideae − − − − − − − − − torus palatinus − − − − torus maxil aris − − − − processus marginalis − + + − tuberculum pharyngeum − + +? tuberculum praecondylaris − − − − − − canalis condylaris posterior + + canalis hypoglossi dvojen / double + + − − foramen emissarium parietale − − + + + − − − foramen mastoideus exsuturalis + − − + + − foramen mastoideus manjka / absent − − − − − foramen supraorbitale − − + − + + − − − + sulcus supraorbitalis + + − + − + + + + foramen infraorbitale dvojen / double − foramen zygomaticofaciale dvojen / double − − − + − + foramen zygomaticofaciale manjka / absent − − − − − − foramen mentale dvojen / double − − − − − − − − − linea nuchae suprema − − − − facies condylaris dvojen / double − − − − − − 7.2.5 karakterIStIke zobovja This means that from the total of 23 males only four were taller than 170 cm, two of which were discovered Pri nobenem skeletu ni opaziti anomalij v morfolo- at tonovcov grad, one dated to Late antiquity and the giji in izraščanju zob. tudi anomalij v formiranju zobne other to the early medieval period. The difference is sklenine (linearna hipoplazija) ni videti. otroški skeleti even more noticeable when we compare the average male nimajo karioznih zob, pri odraslih pa je stopnja kariesa body height at tonovcov grad (169.4 cm or. 168.4 cm nizka ( tab. 7. 6–7.8). in Late antiquity) with the average for the remaining kariozne zobe imajo trije odrasli skeleti od osmih: three sites (164.5 cm - ajdna 161 cm, Pristava I 164.3 cm, moški in ženska iz poznoantičnega obdobja (grobova 3 vrajk 165.9 cm). in 4, oba maturus) ter ženska iz srednjeveškega obdobja Figure 7. 2 shows skeletons for which we have data (grob 15, adultus). frekvenca kariesa je nizka, saj so on the cranial index as well as the body height. It can be od 161 ohranjenih zob kariozni le 4 zobje ali 2,48 %: noticed that most skeletons have dolichocranial (cranial pri skeletu 15 dva premolarja v maksili, pri preostalih index value below 75) or mesocranial skulls (index dveh skeletih pa po en molar in premolar v mandibuli. value 75-80) and only three have brachicranial ones. v vseh primerih gre za začetno stopnjo kariesa, razjede both skeletons from tonovcov grad step out as regards so velike 1−2 mm. Lokacija kariesa je različna: v enem their body height, for only skeleton no. 19 from vrajk primeru na vratu, v treh pa na zobni kroni. and skeleton no. 279 from Pristava I can match them. 293 7_okostja.indd 293 23.1.2012 10:44:07 7. antroPoLoŠka anaLIza SkeLetov 7. anthroPoLogIcaL anaLySIS of the SkeLetonS Tab. 7.6: tonovcov grad pri kobaridu. frekvenca kariesa (c) in ante mortem izpadlih zob (amtL) po starosti. Tab. 7.6: tonovcov grad at kobarid. frequency of dental caries (c) and ante mortem tooth loss (amtL) by age. okostja / individual count zobje / tooth count C AMTL C AMTL n n % n n % n n % n n % juvenis 1 0 0,00 1 0 0,00 26 0 0,00 30 0 0,00 adultus 4 1 25,00 4 1 25,00 90 2 2,22 98 4 4,08 maturus 3 2 66,67 3 2 66,67 45 2 4,44 59 6 10,17 skupaj / total 8 3 37,50 8 3 37,50 161 4 2,48 187 10 5,35 n – število skeletov / number of skeletons, c % - frekvenca karioznih zob / frequency of caries– tooth count, amtL % - frekvenca ante mortem izpadlih zob / frequency of ante mortem tooth loss – tooth count Tab. 7.7: tonovcov grad pri kobaridu. frekvenca karioznih (c) in ante mortem izpadlih zob (amtL) po tipu zoba. Tab. 7.7: tonovcov grad at kobarid. frequency of dental caries (c) and ante mortem tooth loss (amtL) by tooth type. Kariozni zobje / carious teeth AM izpadli zobje / AMTL maxilla mandibula skupaj / total maxilla mandibula skupaj / total n nc n nc % n nam n nam % I 17 0 19 0 0,00 19 0 30 0 0,00 c 10 0 11 0 0,00 10 0 14 0 0,00 Pm 20 2 26 1 6,52 21 1 29 2 6,00 m 26 0 32 1 1,72 29 2 37 5 10,61 skupaj / total 73 2 88 2 2,48 79 3 110 7 5,35 n – število skeletov / number of skeletons, c % - frekvenca karioznih zob / frequency of caries– tooth count, amtL % - frekvenca ante mortem izpadlih zob / frequency of ante mortem tooth loss – tooth count Tab. 7.8: Stopnja kariesa pri odraslih skeletih iz poznoantičnih najdišč v Sloveniji. Tab. 7.8: dental caries in adult skeletons from Late roman period sites in Slovenia. adultus (20-40 let / y.) vsi odrasli / all adults najdišče / site st. / cent. N C % AMTL % N C % AMTL % Ptuj-caissaa 3.–4. 28 2,52 1,42 45 2,49 4,97 brezje pri zrečaha 3.–4. 6 17,39 10,63 23 14,84 33,39 kranj - Lajh 1902b 6. 27 – – 34 17,01 – a Leben-Seljak, kranj - Lajh 2004c 6. 5 14,84 5,48 8 11,00 6,41 Štefančič 2001, tonovcov grad 6. – – – 4 2,48 5,35 b krušič 1971, c ajdnad 6. 4 0,00 0,00 5 2,52 6,47 Leben-Seljak, neobj. /unpub., d bled - Pristava Id 6.–7. 15 7,80 1,48 30 8,29 4,13 Leben-Seljak 1996a, vrajke 6.–7. 6 12,50 6,00 13 14,58 12,73 e Leben-Seljak 2003, rifnikf 5.–7. 19 5,36 0,26 30 6,53 10,07 f Leben-Seljak 2006, Puščavag 5.–9. 11 5,58 4,02 24 6,04 9,23 g Leben-Seljak 2004 n – število skeletov / number of skeletons, c % - frekvenca karioznih zob / frequency of caries– tooth count, amtL % - frekvenca ante mortem izpadlih zob / frequency of ante mortem tooth loss – tooth count za časa življenja so zobje izpadli trem osebam 7.2.4 ePIgenetIc traItS od osmih, že zgoraj omenjenima poznoantičnima skeletoma (grobova 3 in 4, oba maturus) ter zgodnje- This analysis did not yield any useful data, partial y srednjeveški ženski (grob 21, adultus). Skupno število due to the poor condition of the skul s, partial y due to ante mortem izpadlih zob je 10 ali 5,35 %, med njimi the non-specific epigenetic traits ( Table 7.5). The cranial je 5 prvih molarjev. frekvenca izpadlih zob je nizka, sutures are without any special characteristics, ossiculum 294 7_okostja.indd 294 23.1.2012 10:44:08 7. antroPoLoŠka anaLIza SkeLetov 7. anthroPoLogIcaL anaLySIS of the SkeLetonS pojav nastopa le pri starejših osebah, omejen je na re- astericum appears at a single skul and sutura petro- gijo premolarjev in zlasti molarjev, pogosteje izpadejo squamosa at al three male skul s that could be examined. zobje v mandibuli ( tab. 7.6–7.8). Intenziteta kariesa predstavlja seštevek povprečnega števila karioznih zob in povprečnega števila ante mortem izpadlih zob na 7.2.5 dentaL characterIStIcS osebo. v povprečju pride na osebo 0,50 karioznih zob in 1,25 ante mortem izpadlih zob, intenziteta kariesa je none of the skeletons show any anomalies in the 1,75. Intenziteta narašča s starostjo: v juvenilni dobi je 0, morphology and growing pattern of the teeth. There v obdobju adultus 1,00 (karies 0,50, am 0,50), v obdobju are also no visible anomalies in the formation of dental maturus pa 2,67 (karies 0,67, am 2,0). enamel (linear hypoplasia). no caries was found on the teeth belonging to children, while adults revealed a low level of dental caries ( Tables 7.6-7.8). 7.2.6 PatoLogIja Three (out of the eight) adults had caries: the Late antiquity male and female (graves 3 and 4, both matu- opažene patološke spremembe lahko razdelimo rus) and the medieval female (grave 15, adultus). The v tri kategorije. frequency of dental caries was low, for from the 161 Prva so degenerativne spremembe, ki smo jih opa- preserved teeth only 4 teeth (2.48 %) were marked by zili pri treh skeletih. Pri dveh moških okostjih so vidne caries: two premolars in the maxil a of skeleton 15, and degenerativne spremembe ( spondylosis deformans) na one molar and one premolar (respectively) in the man- ledvenih vretencih, vratna in prsna niso ohranjena. dibles of the other two skeletons. all four cases revealed verjetno so posledica normalnega procesa staranja, the first stage of dental caries, the cavities measuring saj obe okostji sodita v starostno kategorijo maturus. between 1 and 2 mm. The locations of the caries were Pri mlajšem od obeh skeletov (grob 4, 40−50 let) gre different: in one example it was found on the tooth neck, za začetno stopnjo spondiloze, pri starejšem (grob 1, in the other three on the crown. 53−62 let) pa za močnejšo obliko. Pri ženskem skeletu during their lifetimes three out of the eight indi- iz groba 21 je vidna osteohondroza na korpusih vratnih viduals lost some teeth: the previously mentioned Late in/ali zgornjih prsnih vretenc. antiquity skeletons (graves 3 and 4, both maturus) druga kategorija so poškodbe oz. travma. dva and the early medieval female (grave 21, adultus). moška skeleta imata zaceljeno poševno frakturo leve The total number of teeth that were lost ante mortem tibije. Pri skeletu št. 4 je zlom lociran na distalnem delu is 10 or 5.35 %, half of which were the first molars. korpusa, pri skeletu št. 20 pa na sredini korpusa. The frequency of lost teeth is low, only the elderly lost tretjo kategorijo predstavljajo motnje v presnovi. them, and the loss was limited to the premolars and Cribra orbitalia nastanejo zaradi pomanjkanja železa especial y molars, most commonly from the mandible v krvi. neaktivno obliko smo opazili pri dveh skeletih ( Tables 7.6-7.8). The intensity of dental caries repre- (moški št. 18, otrok št. 5) od enajstih, medtem ko pri sents the total of the average number of caries teeth and sedmih okostjih orbite niso bile ohranjene. frekvenca the average number of teeth that fel out ante mortem pojava je 20 % pri otrocih in 16,7 % pri odraslih. (per individual). an average individual had 0.50 caries zanimiva je še izrazita lateralna asimetrija kosti teeth and lost 1.25 teeth ante mortem, which makes the zgornjih okončin pri skeletu št. 4. Leva ključnica in intensity of dental caries 1.75. The intensity increased nadlahtnica sta bolj gracilni od desnih. zaradi slabe with age: in the juvenile period it was 0, in the adult ohranjenosti ni mogoče ugotoviti, ali gre za patologijo period 1.00 (caries 0.50, am 0.50), and in the mature (atrofija) ali ne (preferenčna uporaba desne roke). period 2.67 (caries 0.67, am 2.0). 7.3 razPrava In SkLePI 7.2.6 PathoLogy v naselbini na tonovcovem gradu je bilo ob stavbah The observed pathological changes can be divided in v njih evidentiranih 22 grobov z 18 človeškimi skeleti. into three categories. Po arheološki dataciji sodi 14 skeletov v obdobje pozne The first are degenerative changes that were noticed antike, 4 pa v zgodnji srednji vek (grobovi 15, 18, 20, 22). in three skeletons. two male skeletons showed degen- Prevladujejo otroška okostja, ki predstavljajo 55,5 erative changes ( spondylosis deformans) on the lumbar % celotne skeletne serije oziroma 71,4 % poznoantične vertebrae, while the cervical and thoracic vertebrae were skeletne serije, saj so vsi otroški grobovi iz pozne antike. not preserved. They are most likely a consequence of the delež otrok je visok, če ga primerjamo z deležem otro- normal aging process, as both skeletons belong into the ških okostij na skeletnih nekropolah, kjer ti navadno maturus age group. The first stage of spondylosis was manjkajo iz različnih vzrokov. v kontekstu demograf- noticed in the younger of the two skeletons (grave 4, 40- 295 7_okostja.indd 295 23.1.2012 10:44:08 7. antroPoLoŠka anaLIza SkeLetov 7. anthroPoLogIcaL anaLySIS of the SkeLetonS 50 years), while the elder (grave 1, 53-62 years) revealed that of a later stage. osteochondrosis was noticed on the cervical and/or upper thoracic vertebrae of the female skeleton from grave 21. The second category is represented by injuries or trauma. two male skeletons have a healed diagonal frac- ture of the left tibia. Skeleton no. 4 revealed a fracture on the distal part of the corpus while skeleton no. 20 revealed a fracture in the middle of the shaft. The third category is represented by metabolism disorders. Cribra orbitalia is a result of iron deficiency. from the total of eleven skeletons, two revealed the inac- tive form (male no. 18, child no. 5), while the orbits were not preserved at seven. The frequency is 20 % at children and 16.7 % at adults. Interesting is also the pronounced lateral asymmetry of the bones of the upper extremities in skeleton no. 4. The left col ar bone and humerus are more gracile that the right. due to the poor condition it was impossible to ascertain whether this was a part of the pathology (atro- phy) or not (preferential use of the right hand). 7.3 dIScuSSIon and concLuSIonS 22 graves with 18 human skeletons were discovered next to the buildings in the settlement on tonovcov grad. according to archaeological dating 14 skeletons belong into Late antiquity and 4 into the early medieval period (graves 15, 18, 20, 22). child skeletons prevail, for they represent 55.5 % of al skeletons or 71.4 % of Late antiquity skeletons, for all children graves are dated into Late antiquity. The share of children is high if we compare it to the share of child skeletons on skeleton necropoles, where they are most Sl. 7.3: grob 4, moški, lobanja. Pogled od spredaj in s strani. commonly not present due to various reasons. In the Fig. 7.3: grave 4, male, skul . front and side view. context of demographic rules of the historic populations such death rates are quite normal amongst children. The skih zakonitosti zgodovinskih populacij pa je tolikšna mortality structure of the child skeletons is in accord- umrljivost otrok običajna. tudi mortalitetna struktura ance to the demographic rules, for most children died in otroških skeletov je v skladu z demografskimi zakoni- the early childhood, three in the infant stage before they tostmi, saj je največ otrok umrlo v zgodnji otroški dobi, reached the age of 1. trije pred dopolnjenim 1. letom starosti. There are 8 adult skeletons, the sex of the one odraslih skeletov je 8, pri moškem iz groba 4 je from grave 4 (defined as male) is questionable. half pravilna določitev spola dvomljiva. Polovica je datirana v were dated into Late antiquity (3 male, 1 female), and pozno antiko (3 moški, 1 ženska), polovica pa v zgodnji half into the early medieval period (2 male, 2 female). srednji vek (2 moška, 2 ženski). med obema serijama There is a difference in the age structure between the obstaja razlika v starostni strukturi, saj so poznoantični two series, for in Late antiquity the inhabitants lived prebivalci dočakali višjo starost kot zgodnjesrednjeveški. longer than in the early medieval period. We cannot o razlikah ne moremo razpravljati, saj jih zaradi majh- discuss the differences, for due to the low numbers of nega števila skeletov ne moremo posplošiti na celotno skeletons it is impossible to generalise them onto the populacijo. Lahko pa sklepamo, da spolna in starostna entire population. We can assume that the sex and age struktura obeh serij ne izstopata iz okvira, značilnega structure of the two series does not stand out from the za zgodovinske populacije (acsádi, nemeskéri 1970, frame characteristic for historic populations (acsádi, Leben-Seljak 1996a, Leben-Seljak 1996b, Leben-Seljak, nemeskéri 1970, Leben-Seljak 1996a, Leben-Seljak Štefančič 1999). 1996b, Leben-Seljak, Štefančič 1999). 296 7_okostja.indd 296 23.1.2012 10:44:09 7. antroPoLoŠka anaLIza SkeLetov 7. anthroPoLogIcaL anaLySIS of the SkeLetonS o telesnem videzu prebivalcev tonovcovega gradu Little can be said as regards the visual appearance of lahko povemo le malo. okostja so bila zelo slabo ohra- the inhabitants from tonovcov grad. The skeletons were njena, kolikor toliko kompletni so bili samo trije moški in poor condition, with only three male skeletons more or skeleti, dva poznoantična in en zgodnjesrednjeveški. less complete (two Late antiquity ones and one early me- vsi trije imajo dolge in srednje široke lobanje, ki so po dieval one). al three have long and medium wide skul s obliki ovoidne in hišaste ter na meji med mezokrajino in that are ovoid and house shaped and according to cranial dolihokranijo. razlike nastopajo v višini lobanje, karak- index they fal between the categories of mesocrania and teristikah obraza in telesni konstituciji. dva moška sta si dolichocrania. The differences appear in the height of the v teh značilnostih dokaj podobna: imata srednje visoko skul , the face characteristics and in the body constitution. oz. visoko lobanjo, mezomandibularen obraz z ozkim two men were rather similar in these characteristics: they leptorinim nosom, moški spolni znaki v predelu čela had a medium high or high cranium, a mesomandibular so slabo izraženi, postkranialne kosti so srednje krepke, face with a narrow leptorrhine nose, the male sexual po telesni višini 172 cm pa spadata v kategorijo visokih traits in the forehead area were poorly pronounced, the moških. tretji moški pa ima nizko lobanjo, evrimandibu- postcranial bones were averagely strong, and with a body laren obraz s široko mandibulo, močno izraženo glabelo height of 172 cm they were tal for the period. The third in nadočesne oboke, zelo robustne postkranialne kosti in male had a low skul , a eurymandibular face with a wide je s 167 cm nekoliko manjši od preostalih dveh. mandible, a pronounced glabela and superciliary arches, Pri ženskih skeletih smo lahko izmerili le dve robust postcranial bones and with 167 cm he was slightly lobanji, ki datirata v zgodnji srednji vek in sta si precej smal er than the other two. različni. ena je podobna tukajšnjim moškim lobanjam: from the female skeletons only two skul s could je zelo dolga in srednje široka, mezokrana s tendenco k be measured, both of which were dated into the early dolihokraniji, po obliki pa pentagonoidna in klinasta. medieval period and differ greatly. one is similar to the druga je krajša in širša, brahikrana s tendenco k hiper- male skul s found at this location: it is very long and brahikraniji, po obliki pa ovoidna in bombasta. telesno medium wide, mesocranial with a tendency towards višino smo lahko določili le eni poznoantični ženski, ki dolichocranial, in its shape pentagonoid and wedge like. je bila visoka okrog 160 cm. The second is shorter and wider, brachycranial, almost Ljudje, pokopani na tonovcovem gradu, imajo hyper-brachycranial, and ovoid and bomb like in its shape. torej lobanje na meji med dolihokranijo in mezokranijo The body height could be defined merely for one Late in so visoke postave. to velja tako za poznoantično kot antiquity female, who was approximately 160 cm tal . zgodnjesrednjeveško serijo, saj izstopa le brahikrana lo- al of the individuals who were buried at tonovcov banja zgodnjesrednjeveške ženske. analiza epigenetskih grad were tal in stature and had skul s somewhere on znakov, ki bi lahko pokazala na morebitne sorodstvene the border between dolichocranial and mesocranial. vezi prebivalcev ali pa na razlike med obema kronolo- This was true in Late antiquity as wel as in the early škima serijama, ni dala uporabnih rezultatov, deloma medieval period, for only the early medieval female zaradi slabe ohranjenosti lobanj, deloma pa zaradi stands out because of hyperbrachicrania. The analysis of nespecifičnih epigenetskih znakov. epigenetic traits that could indicate the eventual relation ties between the inhabitants (or the differences between za primerjavo morfoloških karakteristik ljudi, the two chronological series) failed to yield any useful živečih na območju današnje Slovenije v pozni antiki, results - partial y due to the poor condition of the skul s, imamo na voljo le malo podatkov. v preglednem članku partial y due to the non-specific epigenetic traits. o problemih poznoantične arheologije (ciglenečki 1999) je sicer omenjenih precej najdišč, žal pa je le malokatero The data that could be used in the comparison of od njih raziskano tudi z antropološkega vidika. tista, ki morphological characteristics of people who lived in so, pa imajo enako kot tonovcov grad le malo okostij, the area of present day Slovenia during Late antiquity ki so praviloma slabo ohranjena. ciglenečki je grobišča is rather limited. The article that overviews the problems razdelil v dve kronološki skupini. v prvi je 12 grobišč of Late antiquity archaeology (ciglenečki 1999) men- iz 4. in prve polovice 5. stoletja, antropološko sta obde- tions a number of sites, unfortunately very few were lani le dve izmed njih. nekropola ajdovski gradec nad researched from the anthropological aspect. Those that vranjem pri Sevnici je bila obdelana v okviru diplomske were are similar to tonovcov grad in the fact that they naloge, izsledki analize 49 okostij pa so pomanjkljivi in have only a few skeletons, and most were found in a poor za primerjavo neuporabni, deloma zaradi slabe ohranje- condition. ciglenečki divided the burial sites into two nosti okostij, deloma pa zaradi neizkušenosti študentov chronological groups. The first one consists of 12 grave (orožen-adamič et al. 1975). na Puščavi pri Starem trgu sites dating to the 4th and first half of the 5th century, je bilo evidentiranih 138 grobov, ohranjenih pa je le 53 only two of which were anthropological y treated. The nepopolnih okostij, večinoma lobanje brez obraznega necropolis ajdovski gradec above vranje near Sevnica dela, zaradi česar podatkov o telesni višini nimamo. was treated within a graduation thesis, and the results of 297 7_okostja.indd 297 23.1.2012 10:44:09 7. antroPoLoŠka anaLIza SkeLetov 7. anthroPoLogIcaL anaLySIS of the SkeLetonS the analysis of the 49 skeletons are lacking and cannot be used for comparison: partial y due to the poor condition of the skeletons and partial y due to the inexperience of the students (orožen-adamič et al. 1975). 138 graves were discovered at Puščava near Stari trg, however only 53 incomplete skeletons were preserved, mainly skul s without the facial part, which leaves us without any data on the body heights. beside that the necropolis was in use during a relatively long period of time, between the 5th and the 9th century, and based on the grave goods only 4 female and 1 male skul s can be reliably placed into the Late antiquity period (Leben-Seljak 2004). The second group of 26 sites is dated into the end of the 5th century and during the entire 6th century. Single skeletons were discovered on 16 locations, however none were anthropological y treated. The 5 sites in which graves were found in the churches or alongside them form a spe- cial group. This groups consists of the graves on tonovcov grad, the graves on ajdna, the sarcophagus from rifnik and the graves on korinjski hrib and kučar. 6 child and 5 adult skeletons from ajdna above Potoki (Leben-Seljak 1995, 1996a) and both skeletons from the sarcophagus from rifnik (Leben-Seljak 2006) were anthropologi- cal y treated. on the remaining five locations cited by ciglenečki larger cemeteries were discovered and al with the exception of the necropolis kranj - Iskra crossroads were anthropological y studied. unfortunately, none Sl. 7.4: obraba zob: grobova 1 in 4. of the four analysed burial sites revealed skeletons in a Fig. 7.4: dental wear: graves 1 and 4. good condition. rifnik did not fulfil the expectations of becoming a referential series for Late antiquity. during archaeological excavations 109 almost complete skeletons nekropola je bila v uporabi v dokaj širokem časovnem were discovered, however only 56 skul s were preserved, obdobju, od 5. do 9. stoletja, v nedvomno poznoantični and for most of them it is unknown as to which grave čas so po grobnih pridatkih opredeljene le 4 ženske in they originate from, and the sex determination is ques- 1 moška lobanja (Leben-Seljak 2004). tionable (Leben-Seljak 2006). 147 graves were discovered druga skupina 26 grobišč datira v konec 5. stoletja on Pristava I at bled, however only 64 remain preserved in v celotno 6. stoletje. na 16 lokacijah so bili odkriti le until today (12 of which held child skeletons). all of posamezni skeleti, nobeno od grobišč ni antropološko them belonged to romanised autochthonous population obdelano. Posebno skupino predstavlja 5 najdišč, kjer so (Leben-Seljak 1996a). from the vast necropolis at Lajh bili grobovi najdeni v cerkvah ali poleg njih. v to zadnjo in kranj, where over 700 graves were destroyed between skupino sodijo poleg grobov na tonovcovem gradu še 1898 and 1905, only the remains of 73 skeletons have grobovi z ajdne, sarkofag z rifnika ter grobovi s ko- been preserved. This series is very heterogeneous and rinjskega hriba in kučarja. antropološko je obdelanih 6 represents a part of the ethnical y mixed population of otroških in 5 odraslih okostij z ajdne nad Potoki (Leben- autochthonous settlers, germans, ostrogoths, al emans Seljak 1995, 1996a) ter oba skeleta iz sarkofaga na rifniku and Lombards, al of whom lived in the Late antiquity (Leben-Seljak 2006). na preostalih petih lokacijah so bila fort of carnium during the 6th century (kiszely 1979). odkrita večja grobišča, antropološko so bila pregledana during the protective archaeological excavation at Lajh vsa z izjemo nekropole kranj – križišče Iskra. Žal pa se (2004 and 2005) archaeologists discovered another 14 nobeno izmed štirih analiziranih grobišč ne more po- graves with relatively wel preserved skeletons, al of hvaliti z dobro ohranjenostjo okostij. rifnik pri celju ni which have been anthropological y treated (Leben-Seljak, izpolnil pričakovanj, da bi lahko postal referenčna serija unpublished results). The excavations continued in 2007 za pozno antiko. med arheološkimi izkopavanji je bilo (144 graves, 58 of which were anthropological y docu- sicer odkritih 109 skoraj kompletnih skeletov, vendar mented during the fieldwork, and al are in the process pa se je ohranilo le 56 lobanj, za večino katerih se ne ve, of a detailed anthropological analysis) and in 2009, when iz katerega groba izvirajo, pravilna določitev spola pa je a preliminary anthropological analysis of 84 intact graves vprašljiva (Leben-Seljak 2006). na Pristavi I na bledu je and approximately 200 destroyed graves was carried out 298 7_okostja.indd 298 23.1.2012 10:44:10 7. antroPoLoŠka anaLIza SkeLetov 7. anthroPoLogIcaL anaLySIS of the SkeLetonS bilo odkritih 147 grobov romaniziranih staroselcev, ven- during the fieldwork (Leben-Seljak, unpublished data). dar se jih je do danes ohranilo le 64, od tega 12 otroških The site Ljubljana dravlje belongs to the eastern gothic (Leben-Seljak 1996a). od obsežne nekropole na Lajhu v period (1st half of the 6th century), and this also revealed kranju, kjer je bilo med letoma 1898 in 1905 uničenih an ethnical y mixed population. a part of the necropolis več kot 700 grobov, so se ohranili le ostanki 73 okostij. was destroyed by the building, however the data on the Serija je zelo heterogena in predstavlja del etnično mešane sex, age and morphological characteristics of 49 skeletons populacije staroselcev, germanov, ostrogotov, alemanov (10 of which are male) was published. The analysis of the in Langobardov, ki so v 6. stoletju živeli v poznoantični skeletons was not concluded in relation to archaeologi- utrdbi Carnium (kiszely 1979). Leta 2004 in 2005 so ar- cal discoveries, and for the entire series a relatively large heologi ob zaščitnih izkopavanjih na Lajhu odkrili še 14 share of artificial y reshaped skul s (13) is characteristic grobov z dokaj dobro ohranjenimi okostji, ki so že antro- (tomazo-ravnik 1975). pološko obdelana (Leben-Seljak, neobjavljeni rezultati). alongside the locations that have been mentioned Izkopavanja so se nadaljevala v letu 2007 (144 grobov, in ciglenečki’s overview another three sites have recently na terenu jih je bilo antropološko dokumentiranih 58, been anthropological y treated. one was a solitary female vsi pa so trenutno v fazi podrobne antropološke analize) skeleton from the sarcophagus found in zidani gaber on in v letu 2009, ko je bila na terenu izdelana preliminarna gorjanci (breščak et al. 2002). The second is the series antropološka analiza 84 intaktnih grobov ter približno from vrajk that consists of 17 skeletons that originate from 200 uničenih grobov (Leben-Seljak, neobjavljeni po- the partial y destroyed necropolis on the location of the datki). v vzhodnogotsko obdobje, to je v prvo polovico il egal sandpit at gorenji mokronog (Leben-Seljak 2003). 6. stoletja, sodi tudi najdišče Ljubljana dravlje, ki tudi Within the frame of the research project finaced by The pripada etnično mešani populaciji. del nekropole je bil Slovenian research agency (agencija za raziskovalno zaradi gradbenih posegov uničen, objavljeni so podatki o dejavnost republike Slovenije) the burial site dobova - spolu, starosti in morfoloških karakteristikah 49 okostij, humek with 29 skeleton graves dated between the 4th and od katerih je 10 otroških. analiza skeletov ni izdelana v the end of the 9th century was also analysed (Leben-Seljak povezavi z arheološkimi izsledki, za celotno serijo pa je 2008), however the results have not been made public yet. značilen precejšen delež (13) umetno preoblikovanih This slightly longer introduction is an explanation as lobanj (tomazo-ravnik 1975). to why was it possible to compare merely the cranial index Poleg lokacij, ki jih omenja ciglenečki v pregledu and the body height of the males from four Late antiquity grobišč, so bila v zadnjem času antropološko obdelana sites ( Figs. 7.1-7.2). tonovcov grad does not stand out as še tri. v enem primeru gre za osamljeno žensko okostje regards the cranial index, for the comparable skeletons iz sarkofaga z zidanega gabra na gorjancih (breščak et from ajdna, Pristava I and vrajk show a domination al. 2002), medtem ko serija z vrajka šteje 17 okostij, ki of mesocranial and dolichocranial skul s. In the area of izvirajo iz delno uničene nekropole na lokaciji divjega present day Slovenia such skul s are characteristic for peskokopa pri gorenjem mokronogu (Leben-Seljak early medieval cemeteries, which are relatively homog- 2003). v okviru temeljnega raziskovalnega projekta je enous in the cranial index, as wel as the Late antiquity bilo analizirano tudi grobišče dobova − humek z 29 ones, which are more heterogeneous. brachicranial skul s skeletnimi grobovi iz 4. do začetka 9. stoletja (Leben- are rare in both chronological periods, however single Seljak 2008), vendar pa rezultati še niso objavljeni. ones can be found almost in al burial sites. Škerlj was ta malo daljši uvod je pojasnilo, zakaj smo lahko pri- of the opinion that the brachicrania was characteristic merjali le kranialni indeks in telesno višino moških s štirih of pre-antiquity settlers (Škerlj 1953), however newer poznoantičnih najdišč ( sl. 7.1–7.2). v kranialnem indeksu research indicates, that this could also be a foreign ele- tonovcov grad ne izstopa, saj tudi primerjalne skeletne ment that arrived from the east. This assumption could serije z ajdne, Pristave I in vrajka izkazujejo prevlado be confirmed by the anthropological analysis of the grave mezokranih in dolihokranih lobanj. v slovenskem pro- in batuje, dated between the 9th and 11th century, which storu so take lobanje tipične tako za zgodnjesrednjeveška is the only site, in which brachicranial skul s prevail (ac- grobišča, ki so v kranialnem indeksu dokaj homogena, kot cording to the data so far; martinc et al. 1972). tudi za poznoantična, ki pa so bolj heterogena. brahikrane according to their body height the inhabitants of lobanje so v obeh kronoloških obdobjih redke, vendar tonovcov grad were amongst the tallest ones in their pa se pojavljajo skoraj na vseh grobiščih. Škerlj je menil, time. The graves of early medieval Slavs were more da bi bila brahikranija lahko značilnost predantičnega likely to reveal tal skeletons, while Late antiquity graves avtohtonega prebivalstva (Škerlj 1953), vendar pa nove tended to reveal more heterogeneous graves than the raziskave kažejo, da bi lahko šlo tudi za tuj element, ki je k early medieval ones also as regards this characteristic. nam prišel z vzhoda. to domnevo bi morda lahko potrdila members of germanic tribes were especial y tal . kiszely antropološka analiza grobišča v batujah iz 9.–11. stoletja, (1979) stated the average height of 171.1 cm for male ki je po dosedanjih podatkih edino najdišče, na katerem and 161.6 cm for female Lombards, and in the site of prevladujejo brahikrane lobanje (martinc et al. 1972). Lajh 171.6 cm for males and 162.3 cm for females. 299 7_okostja.indd 299 23.1.2012 10:44:10 7. antroPoLoŠka anaLIza SkeLetov 7. anthroPoLogIcaL anaLySIS of the SkeLetonS Po telesni višini so prebivalci tonovcovega gradu unfortunately this was calculated with the use of the med višjimi. visoka telesna višina je značilna predvsem breitinger-bach methodology, which gives higher results za zgodnjesrednjeveška grobišča starih Slovanov, med- than the manouvrier method and does thus not enable tem ko so poznoantična grobišča tudi v tej karakteristiki direct comparison. all skeletons discovered at Lajh in precej bolj heterogena kot zgodnjesrednjeveška. visoki 2004 revealed relatively tal individuals: four females so bili predvsem pripadniki germanskih plemen. kiszely measured between 161 and 165 cm, and from the four (1979) navaja za Langobarde povprečno telesno višino males three were between 169 and 172 cm tal while one 171,1 cm za moške in 161,6 cm za ženske, za najdišče was 165 cm tall (Leben-Seljak, unpublished). on sites Lajh pa 171,6 cm za moške in 162,3 cm za ženske. Žal that were archeological y defined as grave sites of rom- pa je ta izračunana po breitinger-bachovi metodologiji, anised autochthonous settlers, people of a lower stature ki daje višje rezultate kot manouvrierjeva metoda in prevail, and only a few tall individuals were found. The zato onemogoča neposredne primerjave. tudi vsa oko- only comparative analysis preformed so far shows that stja, odkrita na Lajhu leta 2004, kažejo na dokaj visoke the body height is the characteristic that differentiates telesne postave: štiri ženske so bile visoke med 161 in between the Late antiquity and early medieval inhabit- 165 cm, med štirimi moškimi pa so trije merili med 169 ants of the bled area (Leben-Seljak 2000). in 172 cm in eden 165 cm (Leben-Seljak, neobjavljeno). na najdiščih, ki so arheološko opredeljena kot grobišča al skeletons have relatively healthy teeth; there were romaniziranih staroselcev, prevladujejo ljudje nižjih no anomalies in their morphology or eruption, nor in the postav, visoka telesna višina je značilna le za redke po- formation of the enamel. The child skeletons do not have sameznike. edina do sedaj izvedena primerjalna analiza any dental caries, while amongst the adults the frequency kaže, da je prav telesna višina tista značilnost, ki razlikuje of teeth with caries (2.48 %) and teeth that fel out ante poznoantične in zgodnjesrednjeveške prebivalce na mortem (5.35 %) is low. both occurrences are limited območju bleda (Leben-Seljak 2000). to the region of molars and premolars. as there are no traces of periodontal disease ante mortem tooth loss is vsi skeleti imajo dokaj zdrave zobe, anomalij v most likely a result of the late stages of dental caries. as morfologiji in izraščanju zob ter anomalij v formira- expected the intensity of dental caries increases with age. nju zobne sklenine ni. otroški skeleti nimajo kariesa, due to the low numbers of skeletons and the different age pri odraslih pa je frekvenca karioznih zob (2,48 %) in structure it was impossible to compare the Late antiquity ante mortem izpadlih zob (5,35 %) nizka. oba pojava and early medieval series, however it seems that there are sta omejena ne regijo molarjev in premolarjev. ante no larger differences between the two. The rarity of dental mortem izpad zob je verjetno posledica napredne caries is most likely a consequence of the diet, which most oblike kariesa, saj znakov parodontalnih obolenj ni. likely contained a lot of fibre and wheat in unprocessed Po pričakovanju intenziteta kariesa narašča s starostjo. forms. This is also indicated by the relatively strong tooth Primerjava med poznoantično in zgodnjesrednjeveško wear and the lack of calculus. serijo zaradi majhnega števila skeletov in različne sta- The good condition of teeth in the Late antiquity rostne strukture obeh serij ni možna, vendar pa se zdi, series is somewhat surprising. until now research has da med njima ni bistvenih razlik. nizka stopnja kariesa indicated that the inhabitants of present day Slovenia je verjetno posledica naravnega načina prehrane, ki je had a high level of dental caries until the Slavs arrived. domnevno vsebovala veliko vlaknin in žit v nepredelani This rule was noticed already by krušič (1970-1971). The obliki. na to kažeta tudi precej močna obraba zob in same tendency could be noticed on the necropolises from odsotnost zobnega kamna. bled, where the skeletons from the autochthonous settlers dobro stanje zobovja v poznoantični seriji nekoliko (Pristava I) had more dental caries than the skeletons from preseneča. dosedanje raziskave so kazale, da so imeli the early medieval necropolises (Leben-Seljak 1996a). prebivalci slovenskega prostora vse do prihoda Slovanov Similar holds true for the necropolis brezje near zreče, precej visoko stopnjo kariesa. to pravilo je zaznal že where Late antiquity skeletons have as much as 14.8 % krušič (1970−1971). Ista tendenca se je pokazala tudi of teeth with caries, while this share at the early medieval pri blejskih grobiščih, kjer imajo skeleti s staroselske Pri- skeletons is much lower with a mere 4 % (Leben-Seljak, stave I več kariesa kot pa skeleti iz zgodnjesrednjeveških Štefančič 2001). The new researches which are gradual y nekropol (Leben-Seljak 1996a). Podobno velja tudi za increasing the skeleton database, confirm the low level nekropolo brezje pri zrečah, kjer imajo poznoantični of dental caries in the early medieval period, however skeleti kar 14,8 % karioznih zob, zgodnjesrednjeveški pa they also show large differences between individual Late le 4 % (Leben-Seljak, Štefančič 2001). nove raziskave, antiquity sites. apart from tonovcov grad low caries ki postopno povečujejo bazo podatkov o skeletih, po- frequency was also found at ajdna and Ptuj ( Table 7.8). trjujejo nizko stopnjo kariesa v zgodnjesrednjeveškem obdobju, vendar pa kažejo, da so med posameznimi There were also not many pathological changes, najdišči poznoantičnega obdobja precejšnje razlike. which is a general characteristic of al anthropologi- 300 7_okostja.indd 300 23.1.2012 10:44:10 7. antroPoLoŠka anaLIza SkeLetov 7. anthroPoLogIcaL anaLySIS of the SkeLetonS Poleg tonovcovega gradu imata npr. nizko frekvenco cal y studied sites in Slovenia. two male skeletons re- kariesa tudi ajdna in Ptuj ( tab. 7.8). vealed degenerative changes ( spondylosis deformans) on the lumbar vertebrae, and these were most likely tudi patoloških sprememb ni veliko, kar je splo- a consequence of normal aging. The osteochondro- šna značilnost vseh antropološko preučenih najdišč v sis discovered on the cervical and/or upper thoracic Sloveniji. na okostjih dveh moških so vidne degenera- vertebrae of the female from grave 21 is most likely a tivne spremembe ( spondylosis deformans) na ledvenih consequence of physical activity, possibly a result of vretencih, ki so verjetno posledica normalnega procesa carrying heavy loads on the top of her head. a similar staranja. osteohondroza na vratnih in/ali zgornjih prsnih pathology has been noticed amongst the females from vretencih pri ženski iz groba 21 pa je verjetno posledica vrajk (Leben-Seljak 2003). two male skeletons have a telesne aktivnosti, morda nošenja težjih bremen na glavi. healed diagonal fracture of the left tibia (graves 4 and Podobno patologijo smo opazili tudi pri ženskah z vrajka 20). a pronounced lateral asymmetry of the upper (Leben-Seljak 2003). dva moška skeleta imata zaceljeno extremities is characteristic of skeleton no. 4, however poševno frakturo leve tibije (grobova 4 in 20). za skelet due to their poor condition it is impossible to ascertain št. 4 je značilna izrazita lateralna asimetrija zgornjih whether this was a non-pathological change, the cause okončin, vendar zaradi slabe ohranjenosti ni mogoče of which could be the preferential use of the right ugotoviti, ali gre za nepatološko spremembo, katere vzrok hand, or an atrophy as a consequence of a temporal je preferenčna uporaba desne roke, ali pa za atrofijo kot or permanent incapability to move the left arm, e.g. posledico začasne ali stalne nezmožnosti premikanja due to a broken forearm. Cribra orbitalia appears in its leve roke, npr. zaradi zloma podlahti. Cribra orbitalia inactive form in two skeletons, with a frequency of 20 nastopajo v neaktivni obliki pri dveh skeletih, frekvenca % amongst children and 16.7 % amongst adults. This pojava je 20 % pri otrocih in 16,7 % pri odraslih. verjetno is most likely a consequence of a survived infection or gre za posledico prebolele infekcije ali anemije, ki pa ni an anaemia which was not the cause of death. There are bila vzrok smrti. drugih patoloških sprememb, ki bi jih no other pathological changes that could be ascribed to lahko pripisali preživelim stresnim situacijam, kot so npr. stressful situations, such as for instance malnutrition podhranjenost in infekcijske bolezni, ni. or inflectional diseases. 7.4 LIteratura / bIbLIograPhy tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpreta- interpretacija / Tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and cija / tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpre- interpretation. – opera Instituti archaeologici 23. tation = ciglenečki, modrijan, milavec 2011. hauSer, g. in / end g. f. de Stefano 1989, Epigenetic Variants of the Human Skul . – Stuttgart. acSÁdI, g. in / and j. nemeSkÉrI 1970, History hILLSon, S. 1996, Dental Anthropology. − cam- of Human Life Span and Mortality. − budapest. bridge. aufderheIde, a. c. in / and c. rodrÍguez- key, c. a., aIeLLo, L. c. in / and t. moLLeSon martÍn 1998, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human 1994. cranial Suture closure and Its Implications for Paleopathology. – cambridge. age estimation. − International Journal of Osteoarcha- breŠČak d., m. Lovenjak, t. verbIČ in / eology 4, 193−207. and P. Leben-SeLjak 2002, nov poznoantični grob kISzeLy, I. 1979. The Anthropology of the Lom- z zidanega gabra na gorjancih. – Arheološki vestnik bards. bar. International Series 6i. – oxford. 53, 223–232. krogman, W. m. in / and m. y. İŞcan 1986, brothWeLL, d. r. 1972, Digging up Bones. − The human skeleton in forensic medicine. − Springfield. London. kruŠIČ, v. 1970-71, karies pri narodih, živečih na chIareLLI, a. b. (ur. / ed.) 1980, recommenda- Slovenskem, gledan skozi prizmo tisočletij. – Arheološki tions for age and Sex diagnoses of Skeletons. – Journal vestnik 21−22, 225−236. of Human Evolution 9, 517−549. kruŠIČ, v. 1971, karies pri Langobardih, živečih cIgLeneČkI, S. 1999, results and Problems in the na ozemlju današnje Slovenije. – Zobozdravstveni vestnik archaeology of the Late antiquity in Slovenia. / Izsledki 26, 4−6, 137−151. in problemi poznoantične arheologije v Sloveniji. – Ar- Leben-SeLjak, P. 1995, antropološka analiza heološki vestnik 50, 287−309. poznoantičnih skeletov z ajdne nad Potoki. – Jeseniški cIgLeneČkI, S., z. modrIjan in / and t. zbornik 7, 237−250. mILavec 2011, Tonovcov grad. Naselbinski ostanki in Leben-SeLjak, P. 1996a, Antropološka analiza poznoantičnih in srednjeveških grobišč Bleda in okolice. 301 7_okostja.indd 301 23.1.2012 10:44:10 7. antroPoLoŠka anaLIza SkeLetov 7. anthroPoLogIcaL anaLySIS of the SkeLetonS – neobjavljena doktorska disertacija / unpublished martIn, r. in / and k. SaLLer 1957, Lehrbuch doctoral thesis, univerza v Ljubljani, Ljubljana. der Anthropologie I. − Stuttgart. Leben-SeLjak, P. 1996b, Paleodemografska ana- martInc, a., zorc, m. in / and zuPanc, d. liza nekropole pri farni cerkvi v kranju. – Antropološki 1972, Antropološka obdelava staroslovanskega grobišča zvezki 4, 95−107. v Batujah. diplomska naloga / undergraduate thesis, Leben-SeLjak, P. 2000, etnogeneza Slovencev: oddelek za biologijo, biotehniška fakulteta, univerza v rezultati antropoloških raziskav. v / In: r. bratož (ur. / Ljubljani, Ljubljana. ed.) 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Leben-SeLjak, P. 2008, Zaključno poročilo o ŠkerLj, b. 1953, Srednjeveška okostja z bleda, iz- rezultatih raziskovalnega projekta 2005−2008. Antro- kopana leta 1949. – Razprave 1. razreda SAZU 3, 313−55. pološka analiza izbranih antičnih arheoloških najdišč ŠkerLj, b. in / and z. doLInar 1950, Staroslo- Slovenije. – arhiv Inštituta za arheologijo zrc Sazu, vanska okostja z bleda. – v / In: kaSteLIc, j. in / and Ljubljana. b. ŠkerLj, Slovanska nekropola na Bledu. – dela Sazu Leben-SeLjak, P. in / and m. ŠtefanČIČ 1999, 1. raz. 2. adult mortality and biodynamic characteristics in the tomazo-ravnIk, t. 1975, dravlje – antropo- early middle ages population at bled, Slovenia. – Vari- loška obdelava osteološkega gradiva. – v / In: Slabe m., ability and Evolution 7, 65−77. Dravlje: grobišče iz časov preseljevanja ljudstev / Dravlje: Leben-SeLjak, P. in /and m. ŠtefanČIČ 2001, necropoli dall' epoca del a migrazione dei popoli, Situla dental caries in skeletal samples from northeastern 16, 143−153. Slovenia. − Anthropological notebooks 7, 84−99. 302 7_okostja.indd 302 23.1.2012 10:44:11 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Borut ToŠkan, Janez dirJec Tonovcov grad leži na naravno dobro zavarovanem, Tonovcov grad lies on a natural y wel protected, 412 m visokem hribu severno od kobarida ( sl. 8.1). 412 m high hil north of kobarid ( Fig. 8.1). individual Prva poselitev na tem mestu sega v prazgodovino in finds indicate that a settlement was located at this je dokumentirana s posameznimi najdbami artefaktov location already in prehistoric times, however no brez ostalin naselbinskih struktur (glej Tonovcov grad. settlement structure remnants were discovered from naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, pogl. 2.2). iz tega this period (see Tonovcov grad. Settlement remains obdobja so maloštevilni tudi živalski ostanki, saj v and interpretation, chapter 2.2). animal remains are prazgodovinski kontekst sodijo le po en fragment go- also rare, for only one fragment of a cattle radius and veje koželjnice in golenice ter zgornji meljak drobnice. tibia and the upper molar of a sheep or goat originate naslednja z naselbinskimi ostanki izpričana poselitev from the prehistoric context. Tonovcov grad was set- Tonovcovega gradu je že poznoantična in obsega več tled again in late antiquity and this settlement can be faz.1 v tem obdobju je spričo svoje strateške lege širše divided into two phases; in addition to this an early območje kobarida igralo pomembno vlogo. Tod je medieval phase has been also established.1 namreč tekla rimska cesta, ki je čez prelaz Predil pove- due to its strategic location the broader kobarid zovala Čedad/ Forum Iuli z naselbinami na koroškem area played an important role during the aforemen- (Šašel 1975, 76; Bosio 1991, 193; ciglenečki 1997a, 188). tioned period. This territory was crossed by the roman Še posebej pomembna je bila prav vloga naselbine na road leading across the Predil pass and connecting Tonovcovem gradu, ki je v tistem obdobju predstavljala Forum Iuli with settlements in carinthia (Šašel 1975, središče območja, zamejenega z rekama nadižo in Sočo 76; Bosio 1991, 193; ciglenečki 1997a, 188). The role (ciglenečki 1997b; 2005). več tisoč sesalskih kosti in zob of the settlement at Tonovcov grad was especial y im- iz poznoantičnih plasti Tonovcovega gradu tako ponuja portant, as it represented the centre of the area marked izvrstno priložnost za poglobljen vpogled v ekonomijo by the nadiža and Soča rivers at the time (ciglenečki in prehranske navade prebivalcev lokalnega središča na 1997b; 2005). Several thousand mammalian bones območju jugovzhodnih alp v obdobju od druge polovice and teeth from the late antique layers at Tonovcov 4. do začetka 7. stoletja, v luči najdb iz zgodnjesrednje- grad offer an excel ent opportunity for an insight into veške faze (okvirno datirane med 7. in 9. stoletje; glej the economy and diet of the inhabitants of this local Tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, centre in the southeast alps between the second half pogl. 2.2) pa tudi v morebitne spremembe, ki so jih v ta of the 4th century and the beginning of the 7th century. prostor vpeljali priseljenci z vzhoda. The finds from the early medieval phase (7th to 9th century; see Tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpretation, chapter 2.2) also offer an insight into 8.1 maTerial in meTode the eventual changes that were introduced into the area by the “Barbarians” from the east. izkopavanja na Tonovcovem gradu so potekala med letoma 1993 in 2005. Podrobne podatke o najdišču in metodologiji terenskega raziskovanja podajajo cigle- nečki, modrijan in milavec (Tonovcov grad. naselbinski 1 The time frames of the individual phases (Tonovcov 1 Časovni okvir posameznih faz (Tonovcov grad. nasel- grad. Settlement remains and interpretation, chapter 2.2): binski ostanki in interpretacija, pogl. 2.2): prva poznoantična late antiquity phase 1 = la 1 (2nd half of 4th century, begin- faza = Pa 1 (2. polovica 4. in začetek 5. st.), druga poznoan- ning of 5th century), late antiquity phase 2 = la 2 (end of tična faza = Pa 2 (od konca 5. do začetka 7. st.) in zgodnje- 5th century to beginning of 7th century) and early medieval srednjeveška faza = ZSv (okvirno 7. do 9. st.). phase = ema (approx. 7th to 9th century). 303 08_favna.indd 303 23.1.2012 12:38:03 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Sl. 8.1: lega Tonovcovega gradu in ostalih v besedilu pogosteje omenjenih najdišč. Fig. 8.1: The position of Tonovcov grad and other sites that are commonly mentioned in the text. ostanki in interpretacija, pogl. 1.3, 2.1), zato se na tem 8.1 maTerialS and meThodS mestu posvečava le predstavitvi arheozoološke analize. favnistični ostanki so bili pobirani ročno, le deloma je The excavations at Tonovcov grad took place be- bil izkopan sediment tudi (suho) presejan skozi sita.2 tween 1993 and 2005. detailed information as regards Zaradi tega je delež manjših kosti in zob ter kostnih/ the site and the fieldwork research methodology were zobnih drobcev v vzorcu nekoliko podcenjen ( tab. 8.19). given by ciglenečki and modrijan (see Tonovcov grad. kvantitativne primerjave med taksoni temeljijo na Settlement remains and interpretation, chapters 1.3, številu določenih primerkov ( Number of Identifiable 2.1), thus we will merely focus on the presentation of the Specimens, niSP). Pri tem sva fragmente, ki nedvou- archeozoological analysis. most of the faunal remains mno pripadajo isti kosti (npr. drobci med arheološkimi were manual y gathered, for only a part of the excavated izkopavanji razbitih kosti), združila in jih štela kot en sediment was (dry) sifted through sieves.2 due to this primerek (tj. niSP = 1). ob najmanjšem številu določe- the contribution of smal er bones, teeth and bone/tooth nih primerkov sva v okviru nekaterih analiz uporabila fragments is slightly underestimated ( Tab. 8.19). Quali- tudi podatek o najmanjšem številu osebkov ( Minimum tative comparisons between the taxa are based on the Number of Individuals, mni).3 Pri izračunu mni za number of identifiable specimens (niSP). in calculating posamezen skeletni element sva v primerih, ko se ta v niSP we joined the fragments that undoubtedly belong skeletu pojavlja v paru, upoštevala podatek o abundanci to the same bone (for example fragments of bones that elementa številčno bolje zastopane anatomske strani. k were broken during the archaeological excavations), and tej številki sva nato prištela še vse fragmente istega skele- counted them as a single example (i.e. niSP = 1). Within tnega elementa nasprotne anatomske strani, za katere je certain analyses we used the information as regards the bilo ugotovljeno, da nedvoumno pripadajo drugim živa- minimum number of individuals (mni) to complement lim (tj. živalim drugačne starosti ali nasprotnega spola). the number of identifiable specimens.3 in the examples Pri biometrični študiji sva sledila smernicam von in which a skeletal element appears in pairs we calcu- den driescheve (1976). Zaradi pogosto skromnega lated the mni for an individual element by taking into števila merljivih ostankov posameznega skeletnega ele- account the data from the numerical y better represented anatomical side. al of the fragments of the same skeletal 2 dolžina stranice kvadratno oblikovanih luknjic na situ je merila 1 cm. 2 The sides of the square holes on the sieve measured 1 cm. 3 Za diskusijo o prednostih in slabostih posameznih ka- 3 for the discussion as regards the advantages and dis- zalnikov abundance najdb glej npr. Gautier (1984), Grayson advantages of the individual indicators of abundance of finds (1984), Grayson, frey (2004). see Gautier (1984), Grayson (1984), Grayson, frey (2004). 304 08_favna.indd 304 23.1.2012 12:38:03 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna menta sva v okviru nekaterih analiz metrične podatke element from the opposite anatomical side for which it standardizirala ter tako virtualno povečala razpoložljivi was ascertained that they undoubtedly belonged to other vzorec ( cf. albarel a 2002). Standardiziranje sva izvedla specimens (i.e. animals of a different age or the opposite v skladu s formulo: sex) were added to this number. measurements were taken fol owing the guidelines standardizirana vrednost = ( x – m) / s, provided by von den driesch (1976). due to the often rather low numbers of measurable remains of individual kjer x predstavlja dimenzijo primerka s Tonovcovega skeletal elements the biometrical study has been per- gradu, m in s pa povprečje in standardno deviacijo iste formed on standardised metric data, which virtual y dimenzije pri referenčnem vzorcu. v okviru pričujočega increased the available sample ( cf. albarel a 2002). The prispevka sva kot referenčni vzorec uporabila gradivo standardisation was performed in accordance to the iz rimskega mesta Tác/ Gorsium (madžarska; Bökönyi following formula: 1984), pri čemer sva upoštevala le skeletne elemente, zastopane z vsaj 30 primerki. na ta način sva skušala Standardised value = ( x – m) / s, zadovoljiti pogoju, da je za izračun povprečne vre- dnosti in standardne deviacije treba operirati z bolj ali in which x represents the dimension of the specimen manj normalno porazdeljenimi (metričnimi) podatki. from Tonovcov grad, while m and s represent the aver- Po drugi strani pa sva z izključitvijo pičlo zastopanih age and standard deviation of the same dimension from skeletnih elementov iz referenčnega vzorca zmanjšala a reference sample. for this article we used the mate- (odpravila?) neželen vpliv4 različnega deleža zastopano- rial from the roman town of Tác/ Gorsium (hungary; sti samcev, samic in kastratov med ostanki posameznih Bökönyi 1984) as a reference sample, at which we took skeletnih elementov. Pričakujemo namreč lahko, da into account only skeletal elements represented by at so med majhnimi vzorci razlike v deležu zastopanosti least 30 specimens. in this way we tried to fulfil the obeh spolov v splošnem večje kot med velikimi. To ne condition that states that the average value and standard nazadnje potrjuje tudi podatek, da so razlike v deležu deviation needs to be calculated with more or less nor- samcev, samic in kastratov med vzorcema govejih dlanč- mally distributed (metric) data. moreover, the exclusion nic (n = 168) in stopalnic (n = 162) iz rimskega mesta of the poorly represented skeletal elements from the Tác/ Gorsium praktično zanemarljive (Bökönyi 1984, reference sample reduced (eliminated?) the undesired Tab. 5), podobno pa velja tudi za favnistične vzorce s influence4 of differential contributions of males, females številnih drugih najdišč (npr. riedel 1979, 99; 1993a, and castrates to the remains of individual skeletal ele- Tab. 6; 1994a, Tab. 3). ments. namely, we can expect that within smal samples v primeru razlikovanja med tretjimi meljaki doma- the inter-sample differences in the shares of the two sexes čega prašiča ( Sus domesticus) in njegovega divjega pred- are general y greater than in large samples. This is also nika ( S. scrofa) sva uporabila zgornji sorodno metodo. confirmed by the data that show that the differences in Tu razmerje med posameznimi meritvami primerjamo the contributions of males, females and castrates to the z uporabo logaritma količnika med izbranimi metrič- samples of bovine metacarpals (n = 168) and metatarsals nimi podatki v števcu in neko referenčno vrednostjo (n = 162) from Tác/ Gorsium are practical y negligible (tj. standardom) v imenovalcu (Payne, Bul 1988). v tem (Bökönyi 1984, Tab. 5). Similar can be stated for the fau- prispevku uporabljena standardna vrednost za širino nal assemblages from numerous other sites (e.g. riedel tretjega zgornjega oz. spodnjega meljaka znaša 21,7 oz. 1979, 99; 1993a, Tab. 6; 1994a, Tab. 3). 18,3 in temelji na vzorcu recentnih divjih prašičev ( Sus in our attempt to differentiate between the third scrofa libycus) iz Turčije (Payne, Bull 1988, 40 s). molars of domestic pig ( Sus domesticus) and its wild ancestor ( S. scrofa) we used a method similar to the 4 4 Predpostavimo, da želimo primerjati standardizirane let's assume that we wish to compare the standardised metrične podatke za govedo z najdišč a in B ter da pri tem measurements for cattle from sites a and B and that we in v postopku standardiziranja uporabimo referenčni vzorec, this standardisation process use a reference sample in which kjer med golenicami močno prevladujejo primerki samcev, males dominate amongst the tibia remains, while females med nadlahtnicami samic, pri ostalih skeletnih elementih pa dominate with humerus remains; at the remaining skeletal je razmerje med spoloma približno enako. v kolikor bi med elements the ratio between the sexes is roughly the same. gradivom z najdišča a število izmerjenih golenic presegalo in the event that the material from site a included a greater število nadlahtnic, v okviru najdišča B pa bi bilo obratno, po- number of tibiae than humeri, and the picture would be the tem bi zgoraj omenjene razlike v spolni strukturi med obema opposite in site B, then the above mentioned differences in navedenima skeletnima elementoma v referenčnem vzorcu the sex structure amongst the two skeletal elements within prispevale k višjim povprečnim vrednostim standardiziranih the reference sample would aid the higher average values of metričnih podatkov (≈ velikosti goved) za najdišče a naspro- standardised measurements (≈ cattle size) for site a com- ti najdišču B tudi v primeru, ko bi bila velikost govejih ostan- pared to site B even in the event that the size of bovine re- kov z obeh najdišč sicer primerljiva. mains would be comparable at both sites. 305 08_favna.indd 305 23.1.2012 12:38:04 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Pri statistični obdelavi sva praviloma uporabljala one described above. in this case the ratio between the neparametrične prijeme, saj vzorci pogosto niso izka- individual measurements was compared with the use zovali normalne porazdelitve. med drugim sva prou- of a logarithm that calculated the quotient between the čevala tudi zastopanost posameznih anatomsklih delov selected metric data in the numerator and a referential živalskega trupa (izraženo z niSP), ki sva jih na podlagi value (i.e. standard) in the denominator (Payne, Bull kakovosti in količine pripadajočega mesa razdelila v 1988). in this contribution we used the standard value tri kategorije: kategorija a (vključuje ostanke nosačev, for the breadth of the upper or lower molar at 21.7 and okretačev ter drugih vratnih, prsnih in križnih vretenc, 18.3, respectively. The two standards are based on the lopatic, nadlahtnic, medenic in stegnenic), kategorija B sample of recent wild boars ( Sus scrofa libycus) from (obsega ostanke lobanj, spodnjih čeljustnic, koželjnic, Turkey (Payne, Bul 1988, 40 f). golenic in piščali) ter kategorija c (vključuje ostanke as a rule we used non-parametric approaches in zgornjih čeljustnic, zob, dlančnic, stopalnic, zapestnih our statistical analyses, for the samples often failed to kosti, skočnic, petnic in ostalih nartnih kosti ter prstnic). show a normal distribution. in studying the represen- Podatke o deležu zastopanosti vsake od treh kva- tation of individual anatomical regions of the animal litetnih kategorij ter tiste o številu določenih primerkov body (expressed in terms of niSP), we divided the vari- posameznega taksona sva v nadaljevanju uporabila kot ous skeletal elements into three categories regarding vstopne podatke za analizo večdimenzionalnega skali- the quality and quantity of meat: category a (includes ranja ( Multidimensional scaling, mdS), da bi ugotovila remains of vertebrae, scapulae, humeri, pelvises and obstoj morebitnih razlik v favnistični sliki v prostoru in femora), category B (includes skul fragments, as well času. obstoj različnih pasem govedi sva proučevala z upo- as fragments of lower jawbones, radii and tibiae) and rabo analize glavnih komponent ( Principal Component category c (includes fragments of upper jawbones, Analysis, Pca), ki so bile izračunane na podlagi matrike teeth, metacarpals, metatarsals, carpals, tarsals and treh merjenih dimenzij skočnic omenjenega taksona. phalanges). Statistična obdelava je bila narejena s programskim pa- in the following we used the data on the contribu- ketom StatSoft 2001, Statistica za Windows, verzija 6.0. tions by each of the three qualitative categories and the favnistično gradivo s Tonovcovega gradu hrani abundance (niSP) of individual taxa as the input data Tolminski muzej. used in Multidimensional scaling (mdS). This helped ascertaining the existence of the eventual differences in the exploited fauna through space and time. The 8.2 TakSonomiJa existence of the various cattle forms/breeds was studied with the use of the Principal Component Analysis (Pca), Skupno je bilo med izkopavanji poznoantičnih in which was calculated on the basis of the greatest length zgodnjesrednjeveških plasti na Tonovcovem gradu pri- of the medial sides, greatest depth of the lateral side dobljenih 18.524 ostankov velikih sesalcev. vsaj do ni- and the distal breadth of the astragalus. The statistical voja rodu5 jih je bilo mogoče določiti 5.621 (oz. 30,3 %). calculations were performed with StatSoft 2001 software, v razpoložljivem gradivu je zastopanih najmanj dvanajst Statistica for Windows, version 6.0. vrst iz šestih družin ( tab. 8.1), od katerih jih večino še The faunal material from Tonovcov grad is kept by danes najdemo na širšem območju Zgornje in Srednje the Tolmin museum. Soške doline (kryštufek 1991). edino izjemo v tem smislu predstavlja globalno izumrlo pragovedo ( Bos pri- migenius), čeprav je tudi današnja prisotnost kozoroga 8.2 Taxonomy (kryštufek 1991, 254) in morda divjega prašiča (kryštu- fek 1991, 236) sicer le posledica ponovne naselitve po during the excavations of the late antique and predhodnem lokalnem iztrebljenju. early medieval layers at Tonovcov grad a total of 18,524 Po številu določenih primerkov je najbolje zasto- large mammalian remains were discovered. of these, pana vrsta v vzorcu najverjetneje ovca ( Ovis aries). Z 5,621 (30.3 %) could be defined at least to the level of the gotovostjo sva lahko slednji sicer pripisala zgolj 272 genus5. The material revealed a minimum of twelve spe- ostankov, kar predstavlja 63 odstotkov vseh specifično cies from six families ( Tab. 8.1), most of which can still determiniranih kosti in zob drobnice.6 vendar pa lahko be found in the area of the upper and central Soča val ey pričakujemo, da je s podobnim deležem ovca zastopana (kryštufek 1991). The sole exception in this sense is rep- tudi v vzorcu vseh tistih ostankov poddružine caprinae, resented by the global y extinct aurochs ( Bos primigen- ki jih do nivoja vrste sicer ni bilo mogoče določiti ius), even though today the alpine ibex (kryštufek 1991, 5 v primeru drobnice je bilo mogoče specifično deter- 5 in the event of sheep and goats only 15.5 percent of minirati le 15,5 odstotka ostankov; ostali so določeni le do the remains could be identified to the level of species; the re- nivoja poddružine (tj. subfam. caprinae). maining finds could only be identified as belonging to the 6 kozi ( Capra hircus) sva pripisala 156 ostankov. caprinae subfamily. 306 08_favna.indd 306 23.1.2012 12:38:04 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Takson / Taxon NISP % NISP Tab. 8.1: Število določenih primerkov (niSP) za posamezne taksone velikih sesalcev s Tonovcovega gradu. Skupina ‘ostalo’ caprinae 2748 48,9 vključuje: Bos taurus s. Equus cabal us (n = 5), Bos taurus s. Cer- Bos taurus 1620 28,8 vus elaphus (n = 2) ter caprinae s. Capreolus capreolus (n = 14). Sus sp. 1095 19,5 Pri cervidih je v oklepaju podano število ostankov rogovja. Tab. 8.1: number of identifiable specimens (niSP) for indi- Equus cabal us 67 1,2 vidual large mammalian taxa at Tonovcov grad. The group Cervus elaphus 29 (19) 0,5 “other” includes: Bos taurus s. Equus cabal us (n = 5), Bos Capra ibex 14 0,2 taurus s. Cervus elaphus (n = 2) and caprinae s. Capreolus capreolus (n = 14). for cervids the number of antler remains Capreolus capreolus 9 (1) 0,2 is provided in brackets. Bos cf. primigenius 9 0,2 Canis familiaris 5 0,1 Ursus arctos 4 0,1 254) and possibly the wild boar (kryštufek 1991, 236) are present in this area only because they were reintroduced ostalo / rest 21 0,4 after having been made extinct. SkuPaJ / ToTal 5621 100,0 according to the number of taxonomical y identified remains it seems that sheep ( Ovis aries) is the best rep- resented species in the assemblage. Such a presumption (tj. 2.320 primerkov). Po tej oceni bi se število ostankov is based on the expectation that the share of sheep in the ovce v obravnavanem vzorcu povzpelo na približno assemblage of al caprinae remains (n = 2748) should 1.730, s čimer bi preseglo7 število govedu ( Bos taurus) not differ considerably from what has been observed in pripisanih najdb (niSP = 1620). Slika je seveda povsem studying the (only) 428 caprinae remains identifiable to drugačna, če razmerje med obema vrstama izrazimo v the level of species. of these, 272 were referable to sheep količini z zakolom pridobljenega mesa; ne gre namreč (i.e. 63 %), the remaining 156 being those of goat ( Capra pozabiti, da masa goved tudi za osemkrat presega maso hircus). according to this estimate the number of sheep ovac (luff 1982, 8; Baker 1991, Tab. 76a). remains in the studied assemblage would rise to approxi- ovci in govedu po številu najdb sledita koza ( Capra mately 1,730, with which it would surpass6 the number hircus) in domači prašič ( Sus domesticus), katerih deleža of finds identifiable as cattle ( Bos taurus, niSP = 1,620). zastopanosti sta bila ocenjena na slabih 20 odstotkov of course we get a completely different picture if the ratio vseh določenih najdb. natančnega števila kozjih ostan- between the two species is expressed with the amount kov, podobno kot v primeru ovac, ni mogoče podati. of meat obtained through cul ing; one should not forget enako velja za rod Sus, saj je zanesljivo razlikovanje that the weight of cattle can surpass the weight of a sheep med domačim in divjim prašičem ( Sus scrofa) pogosto or goat by eight fold (luff 1982, 8; Baker 1991, Tab. 76a). nemogoče. v primeru gradiva s Tonovcovega gradu in terms of the number of finds sheep and cattle sva delež zastopanosti vsake od obeh vrst prašičev ugo- are followed by goat and domestic pig ( Sus domesticus), tavljala s pomočjo podatkov o širini tretjih zgornjih in whose contributions were estimated at almost 20 percent tretjih spodnjih meljakov; omenjeni dimenziji namreč of al the taxonomical y identified mammal remains. izkazujeta le minimalno variabilnost v odvisnosti od Similarly to the case of sheep an exact number of goat starosti in spola živali (Payne, Bull 1988, 31). rezultati remains cannot be provided. nedvoumno dokazujejo prisotnost obeh vrst, v skladu s The same holds true also for the two species of the pričakovanji pa močno prevladujejo ostanki domačega genus Sus, for reliable differentiation between domestic prašiča ( sl. 8.2). Skladni s tem so tudi podatki o dimen- pig and wild boar ( Sus scrofa) is often impossible. in the zijah kosti postkranialnega skeleta ( pril. 8.1). case of the material from Tonovcov grad we assessed the od domačih živali so bile na Tonovcovem gradu contribution of both species by considering the breadth of najdene še kosti konja ( Equus cabal us) in psa8 ( Canis the third upper and third lower molars, as the previously familiaris), ki pa skupaj predstavljajo le dober odstotek mentioned dimensions show merely a minimal variability niSP. Podobno sliko kaže tudi večina sočasnih najdišč v in relation to the age and sex of the animal (Payne, Bull 1988, 31). While the results proved the presence of both 7 razlika v abundanci obeh taksonov sicer ostaja pod Sus species, they emphasized the dominance of domestic mejo statistične značilnosti (χ2 test: p = 0,204). Za podatke pig ( Fig. 8.2). The dimensions of the post-cranial skeletal glede ostalih taksonov glej tab. 8.2. elements also fit this pattern ( Appendix 8.1). 8 kanidni okretač iz vzorca št. 277 se po vrednosti širine kranialne sklepne površine (Bfcr sensu von den driesch 1976, 69) umešča tako znotraj variacijske širine za velike rimsko- dobne pse iz mesta Tác/ Gorsium (Bökönyi 1984, 212) kot tudi 6 The difference in the abundance of both taxa remains znotraj tiste za volkove (riedel 1977, 167; lastni neobjavljeni below the level of statistical significance (χ2 test: p = 0.204). podatki). data for othet taxa are shown in table 8.2. 307 08_favna.indd 307 23.1.2012 12:38:04 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Tab. 8.2: rezultati statističnega testiranja razlik v zastopanosti posameznih taksonov velikih sesalcev v vzorcu s Tonovcovega gradu z uporabo χ2 testa. v tabeli so p-vrednosti običajnega χ2 testa zapisane pokončno, p-vrednosti χ2 testa z yatesovimi popravki ( Yates corrected χ2 test; StatSoft, inc. 2001) pa poševno. Statistično značilne razlike v zastopanosti posameznih taksonov (tj. p < 0,05) so označene z zvezdo (*). legenda: cap – caprinae; B.T. – Bos taurus; e.c. – Equus cabal us; c.e. – Cervus elaphus; c.i. – Capra ibex; c.c. – Capreolus capreolus; B.P. – Bos primigenius; c.f. – canis familiari s; u.a. – Ursus arctos. Tab. 8.2: The results of the χ2 statistical test of the differences in the representation of individual large mammalian taxa in the sample from Tonovcov grad. The table shows the p-values written in normal font, and the Yates corrected p-values (StatSoft, inc. 2001) in italics. Statistical y significant differences in the representation of the individual taxa (i.e. p < 0.05) are denoted with an asterisk (*). abbreviations: cap – caprinae; B.T. – Bos taurus; e.c. – Equus cabal us; c.e. – Cervus elaphus; c.i. – Capra ibex; c.c. – Capreolus capreolus; B.P. – Bos primigenius; c.f. – canis familiari s; u.a. – Ursus arctos. Cap. B.T. Sus E.C. C.E. C.I. C.C. B.P. C.F. U.A. Cap. 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* B.T. 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* Sus 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* E.C. 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,005* 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* C.E. 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,005* 0,124 0,017* 0,017* 0,000* 0,000* C.I. 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,127 0,374 0,374 0,178 0,082 C.C. 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,018* 0,380 1,000 0,445 0,420 B.P. 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,018* 0,380 1,000 0,445 0,420 C.F. 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,184 0,453 0,453 0,819 U.A. 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,087 0,429 0,429 0,824 regiji (Stork, von den driesch 1987, Tab. 2; Baker 1991, Tonovcov grad also revealed bones of other domestic 154; Pucher 1993, Tab. 1; Turk 2000, 169; forstenpo- animals, such as horse ( Equus cabal us) and dog7 ( Canis intner et al. 2002, Tab 1; Bartosiewicz, choyke 1985, familiaris); however they were discovered in smal num- Tab. 1). Gre za pričakovano posledico dejstva, da konji in bers as the two species together represent just above one psi v pozni antiki pač niso bili (več) vir mesa za prehrano. percent of the niSP. a similar picture is shown also by Trupla poginulih živali so bila tako praviloma zavržena v other contemporaneous sites in the region (Stork, von odpadne jarke oz. jame ( cf. Stal ibrass 2000), zaradi česar den driesch 1987, Tab. 2; Baker 1991, 154; Pucher 1993, se njihove kosti med “kuhinjskimi odpadki” pojavljajo Tab. 1; Turk 2000, 169; forstenpointner et al. 2002, Tab le po naključju. eno takšnih (odpadnih?) odlagališč je 1; Bartosiewicz, choyke 1985, Tab. 1). This is an expected morda bilo ob vzhodnem vogalu objekta 1 ( sl. 8.12). na consequence of the fact that in the studied region horse vsega skupaj 15 m2 površine (tj. južna polovica kv. 669 and dog meat was no longer considered to be a source of in severna polovica kv. 719) je bilo namreč najdenih kar food in late antiquity.8 deceased animals were thus as 19 konjskih ostankov (mni = 3), kar predstavlja dve a rule discarded and thrown into ditches or waste-holes tretjini vseh kosti in zob omenjene vrste med gradivom ( cf. Stal ibrass 2000), which means that their bones ap- iz druge poznoantične faze s Tonovcovega gradu. Pri tem pear amongst “kitchen waste” only by coincidence. one je zanimivo, da je bila na istem mestu najdena tudi ena such (waste?) site might have existed at the east corner of izmed skupno sicer le štirih kosti psa. building 1 ( Fig. 8.12). as many as 19 horse finds (mni= 3) v okviru obravnave konjskih kosti si poseben ko- were located within a total of 15 m2 (i.e. the south half mentar zasluži možnost, da je med njimi zastopana tudi of sq. 669 and the north half of sq. 719).9 These finds mula. v to smer kaže morfologija prve prstnice iz vzorca represent two thirds of al horse bones and teeth within št. 2110 (kv. 717; mkv. c3), ki je v skladu z opažanji Peter- the material dated to the late antiquity phase 2. at this sove (1998, sl. 56) bliže muli kot konju ( sl. 8.3). ne glede na utemeljenost takšne determinacije pa velja dodati, da mule na Tonovcovem gradu zagotovo niso bile številčne. 7 The breadth of the cranial articular surface (Bfcr sensu Poleg primerka s slike 8.3 je namreč ekvidno gradivo von den driesch 1976, 69) of the canine epistopheus from vključevalo še tri prve prstnice, ki pa so vse morfološko sample no. 277 corresponds to both large roman period bliže konju. enako velja tudi za ostanke še drugih skele- dogs from the town of Tác/ Gorsium (Bökönyi 1984, 212) and tnih elementov,9 katerih morfologija naj bi omogočala wolves (riedel 1977, 167; own unpublished data). (vsaj pogojno) razlikovanje med obema oblikama ( sl. 8.4). 8 however, two horse bones from the late antiquity phase 2 did show cut-marks. 9 v okviru favnističnega vzorca s Tonovcovega gradu 9 The total excavation area within the area of structure 1 so to: distalni del koželjnice (n = 3), distalni del golenice surpassed 400 m2. 308 08_favna.indd 308 23.1.2012 12:38:05 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Sl. 8.2: variabilnost v širini tretjega zgornjega (a) in tretjega spodnjega (b) meljaka pri prašičih s Tonovcovega gradu, domačih prašičih iz ribnice/romule (rimska doba; lastni neobjavljeni podatki) oz. z ajdovskega gradca nad vranjem (pozna antika; Bartosiewicz, choyke 1985) ter divjih prašičih z Zaloga (mezolitik; Toškan, dirjec 2006, 187). variabilnost je izražena kot logaritem količnika med posamezno izmerjeno vrednostjo širine zoba in pa standardno vrednostjo za navedeno dimenzijo. Postopek izračunavanja logaritemskega količnika je podan v pogl. 8.1. Fig. 8.2: The variability in the breadth of the third upper (a) and third lower (b) molar in pigs/wild boars from Tonovcov grad, pigs from ribnica/ Romula (roman period; unpublished data) and ajdovski gradec above vranje (late antiquity; Bartosiewicz, choyke 1985) and wild boars from Zalog (mesolithic; Toškan, dirjec 2006, 187). The variability is expressed as a logarithm of the quotient between the individual measured value of the tooth breadth and the standard value for the stated dimension. The procedure for calculating the logarithm quotient is given in chapter 8.1. Sl. 8.3: ekvidna prva prstnica s Tonovcovega gradu (št. vzorca: 2110; kv. 717; mkv. c3) z morfološkimi značilnostmi mule ( cf. Peters 1998, Sl. 56). foto: m. Zaplatil. Fig. 8.3: The equid first phalange from Tonovcov grad (sample no.: 2110; sq. 717; msq. c3) with morphological characteristics of a mule ( cf. Peters 1998, fig. 56). Photo: m. Zaplatil. delež kosti in zob lovnih živali med živalskimi it might be interesting that one of the four (in total) dog ostanki s Tonovcovega gradu komaj presega odstotek bones was found at the same location. niSP, čeprav je v gradivu sicer zastopanih najmanj10 šest While dealing with equid bones it should be men- vrst divjadi. ob zgoraj že omenjenem divjem prašiču so tioned that mules may be represented amongst them, too. This is indicated by the morphology of the first (n = 2) ter dlančnica (n = 1); cf. Peters (1998, 411 ss). phalanx from sample no. 2110 (sq. 717; msq. c3), which 10 upoštevaje lego Tonovcovega gradu in ekološke zah- is – according to the observations by Peters (1998, fig. teve nekaterih v favnističnem vzorcu zastopanih lovnih vrst 56) – closer to a mule than a horse ( Fig. 8.3). regardless (npr. kozorog) ni mogoče z gotovostjo izključiti, da je med of the basis for such a speculation it should be added that drobnici pripisanimi ostanki tudi kak primerek gamsa ( Ru- mule remains were not to be found in larger quantities picapra rupicapra); zanesljivo razlikovanje med omenjeno at Tonovcov grad. namely, alongside the specimen from vrsto na eni strani ter ovco oz. kozo na drugi je namreč raz- meroma težavno ( cf. Pucher, engl 1997, 39 ss). figure 8.3 the equid material included another three first 309 08_favna.indd 309 23.1.2012 12:38:05 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Sl. 8.4: ekvidni ostanki s Tonovcovega gradu z morfološkimi značilnostmi konja ( cf. Peters 1998, Sl. 54 in 55): a – distalni del koželjnice (št. vzorca 778); b – distalni del koželjnice (št. vzorca 960); c – distalni del koželjnice (št. vzorca 1711); d – distalni del golenice (št. vzorca 747); e – distalni del golenice (št. vzorca 1666). foto: m. Zaplatil. Fig. 8.4: equid remains from Tonovcov grad with the morphological characteristics of a horse ( cf. Peters 1998, figs. 54 and 55): a – distal part of the radius (sample no. 778); b – distal part of the radius (sample no. 960); c – distal part of the radius (sample no. 1711); d – distal part of the tibia (sample no. 747); e – distal part of the tibia (sample no. 1666). Photo: m. Zaplatil. to še jelen ( Cervus elaphus), srna ( Capreolus capreolus), phalanges, all of which were morphological y closer to kozorog ( Capra ibex), rjavi medved ( Ursus arctos) in horse. The same holds true for the remains of other skel- pragovedo ( Bos primigenius). iz navedenega izhaja, da etal elements10 showing morphological characteristics je lov v ekonomiji prebivalcev Tonovcovega gradu igral which al ow for the (at least conditional) discrimination zelo obrobno vlogo. ugotovitev je sicer pričakovana, saj between the two forms ( Fig. 8.4). podobno sliko kažejo praktično vsa arheozoološko obde- The relative abundance of bones and teeth of wild lana poznoantična najdišča na območju med Gardskim animals hardly surpasses one percent of the total niSP, jezerom v italiji in kozjanskim v vzhodni Sloveniji: monte even though this share consists of at least11 six species. Barro (Baker 1991, 154), Torcel o (faza Ta; riedel 1979, 84 s), verona (faza vr-i; riedel 1994a, 77 ss), videm/ 10 The fol owing were discovered in the faunal assemblage udine (riedel 1993b, Tab. 12), Sv. Pavel nad vrtovinom from from Tonovcov grad: the distal part of the radius (n = 3), (Svoljšak 1985, 226 s), invil ino (Stork, von den driesch the distal part of the tibia (n = 2) and metacarpus (n = 1); 1987, Tab. 2), kappele (Pucher 1993, Tab. 1), Teriola cf. Peters (1998, 411 ff). (Pucher 2003, Tab. 1), Sv. hema/hemmaberg (forsten- 11 Taking into account the geographic position of Tonovcov pointner et al. 2001, Tab. 1), ajdovski gradec nad vranjem grad and the ecological demands of some of the wild species (for (Bartosiewicz, choyke 1985) in Tinje (Turk 2000, 169). instance ibex) represented within the fauna sample, it cannot be ruled out that the remains ascribed to sheep and goat might 310 08_favna.indd 310 23.1.2012 12:38:06 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Pravzaprav med navedenimi najdišči ni bistvenih razlik alongside wild boar, remains of the red deer ( Cervus niti v samem naboru lovnih vrst. v tem smislu gre izpo- elaphus), roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus), alpine ibex staviti predvsem divjega prašiča, srno, medveda in jelena. ( Capra ibex), brown bear ( Ursus arctos) and aurochs Slednji je navadno zastopan predvsem z (obdelanimi) ( Bos primigenius) can also be found in the studied ostanki rogovja in tako je tudi v primeru Tonovcovega assemblage. from the modest contribution of wild gradu.11 Zdi se torej, da je bil lov12 na jelene motiviran animals it is clear that hunting played a quantitatively predvsem s pridobivanjem rogovij kot surovine za izde- insignificant role in the economy of the inhabitants of lavo raznih orodij. drugače je bilo z divjim prašičem in Tonovcov grad. This was to be expected, for a similar pic- srno, ki sta takratnim lovcem najverjetneje predstavljala ture was portrayed by practical y all archeozoological y predvsem dodaten vir mesa. med skupno devetimi analyzed late antique sites in the area between lake najdbami vrste C. capreolus 13 je tudi primerek v celoti Garda in italy and kozjansko in east Slovenia: monte ohranjenega rogovja, ki pa ne kaže sledi obdelave. najdbe Barro (Baker 1991, 154), Torcel o (phase Ta; riedel 1979, medveda so redke in morda predstavljajo ostanke živali, ki 84 f), verona (complex vr-i; riedel 1994a, 77 ff), udine so bile uplenjene z namenom obrambe ljudi in živine (cf. (riedel 1993b, Tab. 12), Sv. Pavel above vrtovin (Svoljšak riedel 1989, 319) ali kot trofeja ( cf. Johnstone 2007, 288). 1985, 226 f), invil ino (Stork, von den driesch 1987, ostanki kozoroga v okviru poznoantičnih najdišč Tab. 2), kappele (Pucher 1993, Tab. 1), Teriola (Pucher v regiji so izjemno redki.14 Po najini najboljši vednosti 2003, Tab. 1), hemmaberg (forstenpointner et al. 2001, je tak primer znan le z Gradišča nad Pivko pri naklem Tab. 1), ajdovski gradec above vranje (Bartosiewicz, (rakovec 1973, 260). Gradivo s Tonovcovega gradu choyke 1985) and Tinje (Turk 2000, 169). no great vključuje do deset kostnih fragmentov kozoroga. nji- inter-site differences were observed in the wild species hova determinacija temelji na metričnih podatkih, ki composition either. red deer is usual y wel represented pa spričo delnega prekrivanja dimenzij posameznih with remains of (worked) antler, which is also the case at skeletnih elementov včasih ne dopuščajo zanesljivega Tonovcov grad.12 it therefore seems that the main goal razlikovanja med kozorogom in drobnico ( sl. 8.5). of red deer stalking13 was obtaining antlers, later used Čeprav torej natančnega števila ostankov vrste C. ibex as a raw material in producing tools. The situation was v gradivu s Tonovcovega gradu ni mogoče podati, pa o different with wild boar and roe deer, which most likely njeni prisotnosti v obravnavanem vzorcu ne gre dvo- represented an additional meat source for the hunters. miti. To poleg nekaterih ostankov, katerih dimenzije so amongst the total of nine finds of the species C. capreo- prikazane na sliki 8.5, dokazujejo tudi metrični podatki lus 14 a set of ful y preserved antlers was also discovered; petnice iz vzorca št. 110, nadlahtnice iz vzorca št. 1560, however this particular set did not show any traces of dveh fragmentov komolčnice iz vzorcev št. 1402 in 2090 working. Bear finds are rare and possibly represent ter morda tudi prva prstnica iz vzorca št. 1182 ( pril. 8.1). remains of animals that were killed in order to protect Posebno obravnavo zaslužijo bovidne najdbe, ki po people and domestic animals (cf. riedel 1989, 319) or svojih dimenzijah presegajo običajne vrednosti, ugoto- in order to procure trophies ( cf. Johnstone 2007, 288). vljene pri domačem govedu (pozno)antične starosti v alpine ibex remains are extremely rare at late Srednji evropi. v gradivu s Tonovcovega gradu je bilo antique sites in the region.15 To our best knowledge takih najdb 14. vsaj nekatere od njih se zdi utemeljeno such an example is known only from the hil top settle- pripisati pragovedu. Tak primer predstavlja fragment ment Gradišče nad Pivko near naklo (rakovec 1973, stegnenice s slike 8.6, pri čemer velja dodati, da se proces 260). The material from Tonovcov grad includes up to zraščanja epifize sklepne glave ( caput femoris) z diafizo ten bone fragments that belonged to the alpine ibex. pri tem primerku sploh še ni končal. Prav tako se zdi za Their taxonomic identification is based on metric data, domače govedo s poznoantičnega Tonovcovega gradu which – however – does occasional y not allow for a prevelik vsaj kateri od treh distalnih delov golenice s sli- reliable differentiation between the alpine ibex and ke 8.7. Ti sicer ne odstopajo od največjih predstavnikov sheep or goat ( Fig. 8.5). even though it is impossible to omenjene vrste iz rimskega mesta Tác/ Gorsium,15 vendar also include chamois ( Rupicapra rupicapra), for it is often im- 11 med skupno 29 najdbami jelena s Tonovcovega gradu possible to clearly differentiate between the chamois on one side je fragmentov rogovij kar 19, večina s sledmi obdelave. and sheep or goat on the other ( cf. Pucher, engl 1997, 39 ff). 12 12 do rogovij so sicer ljudje prihajali tudi s pobiranjem from the total of 29 red deer finds from Tonovcov grad naravno odpadlih primerkov. 19 are antler fragments, most of which show traces of working. 13 13 navedeno število najdb srne je morda nekoliko pod- antlers were also obtained just by picking up speci- cenjeno, saj sva 14 kostnih fragmentov determinirala le kot mens that were shed natural y. 14 Capreolus capreolus s. caprinae. The number of roe deer finds could be slightly under- 14 Podobno sliko kažejo praktično vsa holocenska najdi- estimated, for we have defined 14 bone fragments merely as šča v Sv italiji (riedel 1989, 317) in na Slovenskem (rakovec Capreolus capreolus s. caprinae. 15 1973, 257 ss). Practical y all holocene sites in ne italy (riedel 1989, 15 opisna statistika za dimenzijo ‘najmanjša širina diafize 317) and the territory of present day Slovenia (rakovec 1973, golenice’ z najdišča Tác/ Gorsium (n = 51): razpon vredno- 257 ff) show a similar trend. 311 08_favna.indd 311 23.1.2012 12:38:06 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Sl. 8.5: dimenzije dolgih kosti kozoroga s Tonovcovega gradu ( ). Za primerjavo so podane meritve fosilnih kozorogov iz več francoskih najdišč ( ; Prat 1966, 289 s) ter drobnice s Tonov- covega gradu (diagram tipa okvirji z ročaji). velikosti vzorcev drobnice za posamezno dimenzijo so sledeče: hum (Bd): 21; rad (Bp): 24; rad (Sd): 9; mc (Bp): 8. legenda: hum – nadlah- tnica; rad – koželjnica; mc – dlančnica. dimenzije so povzete po von den drieschevi (1976) in so predstavljene v prilogi 8.1. Fig. 8.5: dimensions of ibex long bones from Tonovcov grad ( ). as a comparison we have given the measurements of fossil ibex from a number of french sites ( ; Prat 1966, 289 s) as well as sheep and goat from Tonovcov grad ( Box & whisker diagram). The sample size of the sheep and goats for a specific dimension is as fol ows: hum (Bd): 21; rad (Bp): 24; rad (Sd): 9; mc (Bp): 8. legend: hum – humerus; rad – radius; mc – metacarpal. The dimensions are taken from von den drieschevi (1976). See Appendix 8.1. Sl. 8.6: največja globina sklepne glavice stegnenice (dc sensu Sl. 8.7: najmanjša širina diafize (Bd sensu von den driesch von den driesch 1976) s Tonovcovega gradu (vzorec št. 2084, 1976) treh bovidnih golenic s Tonovcovega gradu (primerek kv. 766, mkv. d2). Podani so tudi primerjalni podatki za A: vzorec št. 1335, kv. 769, mkv. a2; primerek B: vzorec št. domače govedo, pragovedo in zobra. Seznam in velikost (n) 519, kv. 631, mkv. c4; primerek C: vzorec št. 279, kv. 769, vzorcev: 1 – Bos primigenius s. Bison bonasus, Tonovcov grad mkv. a4). Podani so tudi primerjalni podatki za domače (4.–5. stoletje; n = 1); 2 – Bos taurus, Tonovcov grad (4.–8. govedo, pragovedo, zobra in stepskega bizona. Seznam vzor- stoletje; n = 12); 3 – Bos primigenius, več evropskih najdišč cev: 1 – Bos s. Bison, Tonovcov grad (4.–7. stoletje); 2 – Bos (holocen; n = 14; Boessneck et al. 1963, 185 s; chaix, arbogast taurus, Tonovcov grad (4.–7. stoletje); 3 – Bos primigenius, 1999, 48); 4 – Bison bonasus, Seeberg (Švica, neolitik; n = 1; zahodna evropa (holocen; chaix, arbogast 1999, 48); 4 – Bos Boessneck et al. 1963, 185). vse mere so v mm. primigenius, srednja evropa (mlajši pleistocen; martin 1987, Fig. 8.6: The greatest depth of the caput femoris (dc sensu von 119); 5 – Bison bonasus, Seeberg (Švica, neolitik; Boessneck den driesch 1976) from Tonovcov grad (sample no. 2084, et al. 1963, 186 s); 6 – Bison priscus, cava filo (italija, mlajši sq. 766, msq. d2). Given are also the comparative data for pleistocen; Sala 1986, 148). vse mere so v mm. domestic cattle, aurochs and european bison. list and size Fig. 8.7: The smallest breadth of diaphysis (Bd sensu von den (n) of samples: 1 – Bos primigenius s. Bison bonasus, Tonovcov driesch 1976) from the three bovine tibia at Tonovcov grad grad (4th –5th century; n = 1); 2 – Bos taurus, Tonovcov grad (specimen A: sample no. 1335, sq. 769, msq. a2; specimen (4th –8th century; n = 12); 3 – Bos primigenius, a number of B: sample no. 519, sq. 631, msq. c4; specimen C: sample no. european sites (holocene; n = 14; Boessneck et al. 1963, 279, sq. 769, msq. a4). Provided is also the comparative data 185 f; chaix, arbogast 1999, 48); 4 – Bison bonasus, Seeberg for domestic cattle, aurochs, european bison and steppe bison. (Switzerland, neolithic; n = 1; Boessneck et al. 1963, 185). all list of samples: 1 – Bos s. Bison, Tonovcov grad (4th –7th cen- measurements are in mm. tury); 2 – Bos taurus, Tonovcov grad (4th –7th century); 3 – Bos primigenius, western europe (holocene; chaix, arbogast 1999, 48); 4 – Bos primigenius, central europe (early Pleistocene; martin 1987, 119); 5 – Bison bonasus, Seeberg (Switzerland, neolithic; Boessneck et al. 1963, 186 f); 6 – Bison priscus, cava filo (italy, early Pleistocene; Sala 1986, 148). al measurements are given in mm. 312 08_favna.indd 312 23.1.2012 12:38:07 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna pa pri tem ne gre pozabiti, da se je na območju jugovzho- provide a precise number of C. ibex remains within the dnih alp velikost goved v pozni antiki zmanjšala (riedel material from Tonovcov grad, its presence is not to be 1994b, 54). v zvezi s sliko 8.7 velja opozoriti tudi na to, doubted. alongside certain remains – the dimensions da je fosilno pragovedo v povprečju presegalo velikost of which are shown in figure 8.5 – this is also proven by subfosilnega in da podobno velja tudi za ledenodobnega the measurements of the calcaneus of sample no. 110, stepskega bizona ( Bison priscus) nasproti recentnemu the humerus from sample no. 1560, two ulna fragments zobru ( B. bonasus). Še zadnja bovidna najdba, ki je from samples nos. 1402 and 2090 and possibly also the po svojih dimenzijah nedvomno bliže pragovedu kot first phalanx from sample no. 1182 ( Appendix 8.1). domačemu govedu, je tretja prstnica iz vzorca št. 54 Bovine finds – whose sizes exceed the usual values (kv. 666; mkv. d1). diagonalna dolžina ventralnega ascertained for (late) antique domestic cattle in central dela16 namreč pri omenjenem primerku meri 83,0 mm, europe deserve special attention. The material from medtem ko je razpon vrednosti za navedeno dimenzijo Tonovcov grad included 14 such specimens. it seems pri domačemu govedu s Tonovcovega gradu od 52,5 do that at least some of them can be ascribed to the aurochs. 78,0 mm (n = 11), pri pragovedu/zobru s švicarskega one such specimen is represented by the femur frag- mlajšekamenodobnega kolišča Seeberg pa med 73,0 in ment shown on figure 8.6, displaying an unfused caput 93,0 mm (n = 78; Boessneck et al. 1963, 196). femoris. at least one of the three tibia distal epiphyses resnici na ljubo zgolj na podlagi dimenzij in mor- from figure 8.7 seems to surpass in size the late antique foloških značilnosti zgoraj navedenih bovidnih najdb domestic cattle from Tonovcov grad, too. it is true that ni mogoče z gotovostjo zavrniti možnosti, da je med al three specimens correspond to the largest representa- njimi zastopan tudi zober. razlog, da se to vendarle ne tives of cattle from the roman town of Tác/ Gorsium,16 zdi zelo verjetno, je odsotnost najdb omenjene vrste na however it is noteworthy that the size of cattle in the Slovenskem in v italiji v obdobju antike in srednjega veka southeast alpine area became smaller in late antiquity (rakovec 1973; Bon et al. 1991; Benecke 2005–2006, (riedel 1994b, 54). 426). Po drugi strani pa velja omeniti tudi poročilo The last bovine find definitely closer to aurochs langobardskega zgodovinarja Pavla diakona, da so zobri than domestic cattle, is the third phalanx from sample živeli v pragozdovih med vipavsko in Zgornjesavsko no. 54 (sq. 666; msq. d1). its diagonal length on the dolino še tudi takrat, ko se je langobardski kralj alboin s ventral part17 measures 83.0 mm, with the range of svojo vojsko in prebivalstvom leta 568 selil čez današnjo the same dimension observed in domestic cattle from Slovenijo v italijo.17 Tonovcov grad (n = 11) and in aurochs/european bison Težave s kriteriji za razlikovanje med pragovedom from the Swiss neolithic pile-dwelling site at Seeberg in zobrom so manj moteče v primeru preostalih deve- (n = 78; Boessneck et al. 1963, 196) being 52.5-78.0 mm tih od predhodno omenjenih 14 nadpovprečno velikih and 73.0-93.0 mm, respectively. bovidnih kosti s Tonovcovega gradu. ne le zato, ker Based on the dimensions and morphological nekatere od njih odstopajo od morfologije zobra ( cf. Sala characteristics of five of the aforementioned 14 large 1986; martin 1987), temveč tudi zato, ker se po svojih di- bovine finds, the possibility of some of them belonging menzijah prav vse umeščajo bliže domačemu govedu kot to the european bison cannot be rejected. after all the kateri od obeh divjih vrst. Slednje je morda še najmanj lombardian historian Pavel diakon reported that the očitno v primeru fragmenta lopatice s slike 8.8, saj je species was present in the forests between the vipava and prekrivanje med metričnimi podatki domačega goveda upper Sava valleys even in 568, when the lombardian in pragoveda tu precejšnje. Bistveno manj problematična king alboin together with his army and citizens were se zdi determinacija za domače govedo v primeru najdb, moving across the territory of present-day Slovenia prikazanih v tabeli 8.3. navedene kosti so bile najdene into italy (Paulus diaconus, historia langobardorum v istem kvadrantu (celo v istem mikrokvadrantu) in so 2, 8).18 nevertheless, in view of the lack of antique and tako verjetno pripadale istemu, za takratne razmere medieval finds of the european bison in Slovenia and relativno velikemu domačemu govedu. Ta je po velikosti ne italy (rakovec 1973; Bon et al. 1991; Benecke 2005- presegal celo dimenzije maljšekamenodobnih primer- 2006, 426), the possibility of these bones belonging to kov s švicarskega najdišča Seeberg, čeprav je takratno aurochs seems to be much more likely. domače govedo po velikosti zaostajalo le za velikim The problems with the criteria for differentiating rimskodobnim in je torej prekašalo poznoantične oz. between Bos primigenius and Bison bonasus are not zgodnjesrednjeveške primerke (Guintard 1999, 14 s). 16 The descriptive statistics for ‘the smal est breadth of the sti = 28,5–47,0 mm; povprečna vrednost 38,3 mm; standar- tibia diaphysis’ from the site Tác/ Gorsium (n = 51): range = dna deviacija = 4,74. 28.5-47.0 mm; average = 38.3 mm; standard deviation = 4.74. 16 dlS sensu von den driesch 1976. 17 dlS sensu von den driesch (1976). 17 cf. Pavel Diakon (Paulus Diaconus): Zgodovina Lan- 18 cf. Pavel Diakon (Paulus Diaconus): Zgodovina Lango- gobardov (Historia Langobardorum), (prevedli: f. Bradač, B. bardov (Historia Langobardorum), (slovenian translation by: Grafenauer in k. Gantar), maribor, 1988, 66. Bradač, f, Grafenauer, B. and Gantar, k.), maribor, 1988, 66. 313 08_favna.indd 313 23.1.2012 12:38:07 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Tab. 8.3: dimenzije bovidnih kosti iz vzorca št. 2006 (kv. 719, mkv. d1) s Tonovcovega gradu, ki so domnevno pripadale isti živali. Podani so tudi primerjalni podatki za domače govedo s Tonovcovega gradu, ajdovskega gradca (Slovenija; Bartosiewicz, choyke 1985) in Seeberga (Švica; Boessneck et al. 1963, 176 ss) ter pragovedo iz več evropskih najdišč (Boessneck et al. 1963, 176 ss; Bökönyi 1984, 150; chaix, arbogast 1999, 47 s). legenda: me – mediana; n – velikost vzorca; min.–max. – razpon vrednosti. dimenzije so povzete po von den drieschevi (1976) in so predstavljene v prilogi 8.1. Za časovno umestitev najdišč glej besedilo. vse mere so izražene v mm. Tab. 8.3: The dimensions of the bovine bones from sample no. 2006 (sq. 719, msq. d1) from Tonovcov grad, assumed to belong to the same animal. Provided is also comparative data for cattle from Tonovcov grad, ajdovski gradec (Slovenia; Bartosiewicz, choyke 1985) and Seeberg (Switzerland; Boessneck et al. 1963, 176 ff) as well as for aurochs from numerous european sites (Boessneck et al. 1963, 176 ff; Bökönyi 1984, 150; chaix, arbogast 1999, 47 f). abbreviations: me – median; n – sample size; min.–max. – range. The dimensions are taken from von den driesche (1976). for the placement of sites in time see text. all measurements are given in mm. Bos cf. taurus Bos taurus B. primigenius Dimenzija Tonovcov grad Tonovcov grad Ajdovski gradec Seeberg Evropa / Europe Dimension mera me (n) me (n) me (n) me (n) measurement min.–max. min.–max. min.–max. min.–max. humerus Bp 88,0 – – 79,0 (3) 140,0 (5) 73,0–86,0 136,0–146,0 ulna dPa 67,0 63,0 (1) – 58,5 (6) 83,0 (5) 56,0–61,0 79,0–97,0 femur dc 45,0 42,75 (12) 37,0–46,0 – 40,0 (1) 54,5 (14) 51,0–65,5 Tibia dd 42,5 41,5 (13) 45,8 (5) 37,5–46,0 40,5–52,4 – 54,25 (18) 44,0–63,5 Phalanx 2 Gl 44,0 37,5 (37) 48,0 (52) 26,0–43,5 – 37,0 (5) 35,0–38,5 42,0–53,0 Sl. 8.8: največja širina sklepne jamice (BG sensu von den dri- esch 1976) bovidne lopatice s Tonovcovega gradu (vzorec št. 1662, kv. 668, mkv. c2). Podani so tudi primerjalni podatki za domače govedo, pragovedo in zobra. Seznam in velikost (n) vzorcev: 1 – Bos primigenius s. Bison bonasus, Tonovcov grad (4.–7. stoletje; n = 1); 2 – Bos taurus, Tonovcov grad (4.–8. stoletje; n = 12); 3 – Bos primigenius, Seeberg (Švica, neoli- tik; n = 15; Boessneck et al. 1963, 176 s); 4 – Bison bonasus, Seeberg (Švica, neolitik; n = 6; Boessneck et al. 1963, 176 s). vse mere so v mm. Fig. 8.8: Breadth of the glenoid cavity (BG sensu von den driesch 1976) of the bovine scapula from Tonovcov grad (sample no. 1662, sq. 668, msq. c2). Provided is also comparative data for domestic cattle, aurochs and european bison. The list and sizes (n) of samples: 1 – Bos primigenius s. Bison bonasus, Tonovcov grad (4th –7th century; n = 1); 2 – Bos taurus, Tonovcov grad (4th –8th century; n = 12); 3 – Bos primigenius, Seeberg (Switzer- as great with the remaining nine large bovine bones land, neolithic; n = 15; Boessneck et al. 1963, 176 f); 4 – Bison studied from Tonovcov grad. This is the case not only bonasus, Seeberg (Switzerland, neolithic; n = 6; Boessneck et because some of them differ from the morphology of al. 1963, 176 f). al measurements are given in mm . the european bison ( cf. Sala 1986; martin 1987), but also because all of them are closer in their dimensions k domačemu govedu sva na podlagi metričnih to cattle than to either of the wild species. The latter is podatkov pripisala tudi fragment komolčnice iz vzorca not so obvious in the case of the scapula fragment shown št. 519, katerega globina na mestu komolčnega od- in figure 8.8, for the measurements of cattle and those rastka18 meri 67,0 mm (primerjaj tudi s tab. 8.3), ter of aurochs are rather similar in this case. ascribing the drobec distalne golenice iz vzorca št. 1825. Slednji sicer specimens referred to as B. taurus in table 8.3 seems less problematic. These bones were found in the same square 18 dPa sensu von den driesch 1976. (even micro-square) and thus most likely belong to the 314 08_favna.indd 314 23.1.2012 12:38:08 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna nekoliko izstopa zaradi razmeroma globoke distalne same cattle, relatively large for the time. The size of this epifize19 (tj. 46,5 mm; primerjaj tudi s tab. 8.3), ki dosega animal must have exceeded the specimens of neolithic spodnji rob razpona vrednosti za pragovedo. ker pa age from the Swiss site of Seeberg, even though the cattle meri najmanjša širina diafize omenjene golenice zgolj of the time lagged in size only behind the large roman 38 mm (primerjaj tudi s sl. 8.7), sva jo vendarle pogojno period forms and was thus larger than the late antique determinirala za domače govedo. and early medieval ones (Guintard 1999, 14 f). on the basis of its size (i.e. the depth across the processus anconaeus 19 equals 67.0 mm; Tab. 8.3) the 8.3 PoraZdeliTev naJdB v ČaSu ulna fragment from sample no. 519 is referrable to cattle as was the fragment of the distal tibia from sam- na Tonovcovem gradu sta bili ugotovljeni dve fazi ple no. 1825. The latter stands out slightly due to the poznoantične poselitve in ena zgodnjesrednjeveška (za relatively deep distal epiphysis20 (46.5 mm; Tab. 8.3) časovno opredelitev posamezne faze glej op. 1). največ that is as deep as has been observed in small aurochs. najdb (tj. 39,3 %) izvira iz druge poznoantične faze, nevertheless, as the smallest breadth of the distal end medtem ko jih gre z zgodnjesrednjeveško poselitvijo – ta measures a mere 38.0 mm ( Fig. 8.7) we have opted for je bila sicer bistveno manjša od obeh poznoantičnih (glej its conditional identification as cattle. Tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, pogl. 2.2.) – povezati komaj 7,7 odstotka. Primerjava deležev zastopanosti posameznih taksonov je pokazala 8.3 diachronic diSTriBuTion na veliko podobnost med gradivoma iz druge poznoan- of findS tične ter iz zgodnjesrednjeveške faze, medtem ko vzorec iz prve poznoantične faze odstopa po očitno večjem de- Two late antiquity and an early medieval settle- ležu zastopanosti domačega goveda ( tab. 8.4). relativna ment phases (for the dating of each phase see note 1) frekvenca pojavljanja lovnih vrst je v vseh treh primerih were established at Tonovcov grad. most finds origi- zanemarljiva (vrti se okrog odstotka niSP), nobenih nate from late antiquity phase 2 (i.e. 39.3 %), while a omembe vrednih medfaznih razlik pa ni opaziti niti v mere 7.7 % date to the early medieval phase, when pogledu vrstne pestrosti ( sl. 8.13). the settlement was, however, much less intensive (see del kosti in zob s Tonovcovega gradu ni bilo mo- Tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpretation, goče z zanesljivostjo pripisati nobeni od treh faz, čeprav chapter 2.2). The comparison between the contributions gre zagotovo za gradivo iz obdobja med koncem 4. in of individual taxa showed great similarity between late 8. (morda 9.) stoletjem. Je pa bilo na podlagi arheolo- antiquity phase 2 and the early medieval phase, while ških podatkov dobro polovico od navedenih ostankov the assemblage from the late antiquity phase 1 differs mogoče umestiti v drugo poznoantično fazo vsaj z zelo by its obviously greater share of cattle ( Tab. 8.4). as they veliko verjetnostjo ( tab. 8.5), saj je bila mednje v okviru represent roughly 1 per cent of niSP the hunted species posamezne stratigrafske enote domnevno pomešana le are negligible in all three samples, and no significant dif- peščica zgodnjesrednjeveških kosti in zob. Takšno tezo ferences between the individual phases were observed as na neki način potrjuje tudi izrazita pozitivna korelacija far as species richness is concerned ( Fig. 8.13). v deležu zastopanosti posameznih taksonov med nave- Some bones and teeth from Tonovcov grad could denim vzorcem in gradivom, katerega umestitev v drugo not be reliably attributed to any of the three settlement poznoantično fazo ni vprašljiva (Pearsonov koeficient phases, although they certainly originate from the pe- korelacije: 0,996; p = 0,000). Posledično sva tako v riod encompassed between the end of the 4th and the okviru nadaljnjih analiz gradivu iz druge poznoantične 8th (maybe even 9th) century. nevertheless, on the basis faze prištela tudi vse tiste kosti in zobe iz premešanih of the archaeological data the majority of these remains plasti, katerih datiranje v omenjeno fazo sicer ni povsem could be placed into late antiquity phase 2 with a high zanesljivo, je pa zelo verjetno (glej tab. 8.5). Takšno po- degree of probability ( Tab. 8.5), for within each strati- stopanje nama je omogočilo operirati z večjimi vzorci, graphic unit only a handful of early medieval finds were kar je prispevalo k boljši reprezentativnosti rezultatov. mixed amongst late antique material. This is further Pri tem naj domnevna prisotnost posameznih najdb iz confirmed by the strong positive correlation in the shares zgodnjesrednjeveške faze ne bi bila moteča, saj je njihovo of individual taxa observed in the aforementioned as- število v združenem vzorcu zanemarljivo. semblage and the material that reliably belongs to late v okviru tukaj predstavljene študije sesalske ma- antiquity phase 2 (Pearson correlation coefficient: krofavne s Tonovcovega gradu je abundanca posameznih r = 0.996, p = 0.000). consequently, all bones and teeth taksonov in/ali (skupin) skeletnih elementov praviloma from the mixed layers that cannot be reliably dated to izražena s podatkom o najmanjšem številu določenih the aforementioned phase, but are highly likely to belong primerkov (niSP). Pri medfazni primerjavi deležev zasto- 19 dPa sensu von den driesch (1976). 19 dd sensu von den driesch 1976. 20 dd sensu von den driesch (1976). 315 08_favna.indd 315 23.1.2012 12:38:08 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Tab. 8.4: Število določenih primerkov (niSP) za posamezne taksone velikih sesalcev s Tonovcovega gradu po fazah. Skupina ‘ostalo’ vključuje: Bos taurus s. Equus cabal us, Bos taurus s. Cervus elaphus ter caprinae s. Capreolus capreolus. Pri cervidih je v oklepaju podano število ostankov rogovja. legenda: Pa – poznoantična faza; ZSv – zgodnjesrednjeveška faza. Tab. 8.4: number of identifiable specimens (niSP) for individual large mammalian taxa from Tonovcov grad per individual phase. The group “other” includes: Bos taurus s. Equus cabal us, Bos taurus s. Cervus elaphus and caprinae s. Capreolus capreolus. for cervids the number of antler remains is provided in brackets. legend: la – late antiquity phase; ema – early medieval phase. Takson PA 1 / LA 1 PA 2 / LA 2 ZSV / EMA Mešano / Mixed Taxon NISP % NISP % NISP % NISP % caprinae 638 40,4 1124 52,4 230 58,7 756 50,4 Bos taurus 646 39,9 468 21,9 82 20,7 424 28,3 Sus sp. 251 15,9 496 23,0 70 17,9 278 18,5 Equus cabal us 25 1,6 15 0,7 5 1,3 22 1,5 Cervus elaphus 4 0,3 18 (15) 0,8 1 (1) 0,3 6 (3) 0,4 Capra ibex 4 0,3 7 0,3 – 0,0 3 0,2 Capreolus capreolus – 0,0 5 0,2 1 0,3 3 (1) 0,2 Bos cf. primigenius 5 0,3 2 < 0,1 – 0,0 2 0,1 Canis familiaris – 0,0 3 0,1 1 0,3 1 0,1 Ursus arctos 1 0,1 1 < 0,1 2 0,5 – 0,0 ostalo / rest 2 0,2 14 0,6 – 0,0 5 0,3 Σ det. fragm. 1576 100,0 2153 100,0 392 100,0 1500 100,0 Σ indet. fragm. 3189 (= 67,0 %n) 5139 (= 70,5 %n) 1039 (= 72,5 %n) 3536 (= 70,2 %n) SkuPaJ / ToTal 4765 7292 1431 5036 panosti posameznih taksonov pa sva za domače govedo, into it (see Tab. 8.5) were added to the assemblage from drobnico in prašiča, ki skupaj predstavljajo več kot 95 the late antiquity phase 2 in the rest of the analyses. odstotkov vseh določenih najdb, izračunala še najmanjše in this we were allowed to operate with larger and thus število osebkov (mni; tab. 8.6). dobljeni rezultati v celoti more representative assemblages. The hypothesized potrjujejo razmerja iz tabele 8.4, kjer je številčnost najdb presence of individual early medieval finds was not izražena kot niSP. oba kazalnika abundance tako izka- considered to be obtrusive, since their number is thought zujeta pomembno zmanjšanje vloge goveda s pričetkom to be insignificant in the total assemblage. druge faze poznoantične poselitve Tonovcovega gradu, Within the framework of this study of the mamma- vzporedno s tem pa je pomen pridobila drobnica. delež lian macro-fauna at Tonovcov grad the abundance of in- zastopanosti prašiča se skozi opazovano obdobje ni bi- dividual taxa and/or (groups) of skeletal elements is ex- stveno spreminjal; vrsta je bila za prebivalce Tonovcovega pressed by the number of identifiable specimens (niSP). gradu sicer nedvomno pomembna, a njena vloga nikoli ni When comparing the contributions of individual taxa presegala vloge goveda in/ali drobnice. Podobno stalnost between the phases we also calculated the minimum izkazuje tudi relativna frekvenca pojavljanja ostankov number of individuals (mni; Tab. 8.6) for domestic lovnih vrst. Ta v nobeni od faz ne presega poldrugega cattle, sheep, goats and pigs, which together represent odstotka niSP, kar je nedvoumen dokaz za kvantitativno over 95 percent of all finds . The results ful y confirm skromen ekonomski pomen lova. those shown in table 8.4, where niSP has been used. o vlogi posameznih vrst domačih živali v ekono- Both abundance indicators (i.e. niSP and mni) thus miji proučevanih skupnosti priča tudi frekvenca zasto- show a significant reduction in the role of cattle starting panosti posameznih skeletnih elementov ( tab. 8.18). v from the beginning of the late antiquity phase 2; at the primeru gradiva s Tonovcovega gradu večjih medfaznih same time caprines began gaining on importance. The razlik v tem pogledu ni zaznati pri nobenem od osre- share of pigs has not changed significantly throughout dnjih taksonov ( tab. 8.7). To se kaže tudi v razmeroma the observation period; they were certainly important konstantnih deležih zastopanosti skeletnih elementov for the inhabitants of Tonovcov grad, but their role never iz treh kvalitetnih kategorij20 trupa goveda, drobnice in exceeded that of cattle and sheep. a similar continuity prašiča v času. kot so pokazali rezultati testa χ2, namreč is shown in the relative frequency of game remains, 20 which does not exceed 1.5 per cent of taxonomical y vzorec porazdelitve skeletnih elementov v omenjene kva- identifiable specimens in any of the phases. Such a result litetne kategorije (tj. kategorije a, B in c) je podan v pogl. 8.1. 316 08_favna.indd 316 23.1.2012 12:38:08 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Tab. 8.5: Število določenih primerkov (niSP) za posamezne Tab. 8.6: najmanjše število osebkov (mni) za tri najbolje zasto- taksone velikih sesalcev v gradivu s Tonovcovega gradu, ki pane taksone velikih sesalcev s Tonovcovega gradu. legenda: večinoma izvirajo iz druge poznoantične faze. Skupina ‘ostalo’ Pa – poznoantična faza; ZSv – zgodnjesrednjeveška faza. vključuje: Bos taurus s. Equus cabal us (n = 1) ter Bos taurus Tab. 8.6: minimum number of individuals (mni) for the three s. Cervus elaphus (n = 1). Pri cervidih je v oklepaju podano best represented large mammalian taxa at Tonovcov grad. leg- število ostankov rogovja. end: la – late antiquity phase; ema – early medieval phase. Tab. 8.5: number of identified specimens (niSP) for individual large mammalian taxa from Tonovcov grad, mostly originat- Takson / Taxon PA 1 / LA 1 PA 2 / LA 2 ZSV / EMA ing from late antiquity phase 2. The group “other” includes: Bos taurus s. Equus cabal us (n = 1) and Bos taurus s. Cervus B. taurus 18 12 4 elaphus (n = 1). for cervids the number of antler remains is caprinae 22 43 7 provided in brackets. Sus sp . 8 14 3 Takson / Taxon NISP % NISP caprinae 424 50,2 Tab. 8.7: obseg korelacije med deleži zastopanosti posameznih Bos taurus 214 25,4 skeletnih elementov domačega goveda, drobnice in prašiča med tremi tukaj obravnavanimi poselitvenimi fazami Tonovcovega Sus sp. 177 21,0 gradu. v tabeli so Spearmanovi r korelacijski koeficienti zapisani Equus cabal us 20 2,4 pokončno, Pearsonovi korelacijski koeficienti pa ležeče. vsi ko- relacijski koeficienti so statistično značilni (α = 0,05). legenda: Cervus elaphus 3 (1) 0,4 Pa – poznoantična faza; ZSv – zgodnjesrednjeveška faza. Capra ibex 1 0,1 Tab. 8.7: correlation between the shares of individual skeletal Capreolus capreolus 1 (1) 0,1 elements of cattle, sheep/goats and pigs originating from in- dividual settlement phase at Tonovcov grad. The table shows Bos cf. primigenius 1 0,1 the Spearman’s r correlation coefficients written in normal Canis familiaris 1 0,1 font while the Pearson’s correlation coefficients are written in ostalo / rest 2 0,2 italics. al correlation coefficients are statistical y significant (α = 0.05). legend: la – late antiquity phase; ema – early SkuPaJ / ToTal 844 100,0 medieval phase. medfazna odstopanja pri nobenem od treh taksonov ne PA 1 / LA 1 presegajo meje statistične značilnosti (α = 0,05). Bos Capr. Sus medfazna primerjava velikosti živali nekaterih bolje zastopanih sesalskih vrst je predstavljena v nadaljevanju Bos 0,92 0,77 (glej pogl. 8.5), starostna struktura za domače govedo, caprinae 0,95 0,79 drobnico in prašiča pa na sliki 8.9 ter v tabelah 8.8–11. Sus 0,86 0,89 navedeni podatki kažejo, da so nihanja v zastopanosti PA 2 / LA 2 posameznih starostnih razredov v proučevanem obdo- bju pod mejo statistične značilnosti (test χ2: p > 0,05). Bos Capr. Sus To pa samo po sebi še ne izključuje obstoja časovnih Bos 0,95 0,85 trendov, kar zadeva starost živine ob zakolu. Podrobnejša caprinae 0,99 0,81 analiza podatkov o deležu kosti s še nezraščenima epi- in Sus 0,91 0,93 diafizo ( tab. 8.8– 8.10) namreč nakazuje dvig povprečne ZSV / EMA starosti ob zakolu/poginu v drugi poznoantični fazi nasproti stanju v prvi poznoantični fazi v primeru vseh Bos Capr. Sus treh taksonov.21 količnik med številom še ne v celoti Bos 0,86 0,79 osificiranih kosti in pa številom tistih z že zraščenima caprinae 0,88 0,79 epi- in diafizo je v primeru prve poznoantične faze Sus 0,79 0,86 namreč statistično značilno večji od njegove vrednosti pri gradivu iz druge poznoantične faze tako v primeru drobnice (p = 0,005) kot tudi prašiča (p = 0,000).22 Pri unambiguously indicates the (quantitatively) modest govedu podobno očitnih trendov sicer ni opaziti, se pa economic importance of hunting. določene medfazne razlike kažejo tudi pri tej vrsti. Tako The economic role of animals of the studied com- munity is also indicated by the frequency by which 21 Podatki za zgodnjesrednjeveško fazo v tej primerjavi individual skeletal elements appear in the studied niso bili upoštevani, saj je razpoložljivo število najdb pre- assemblage ( Tab. 8.18) . in the case of the material skromno. 22 izračun p-vrednosti temelji na t-vrednosti za posame- from Tonovcov grad no major inter-phase differences zno primerjavo dveh proporcev (StatSoft, inc. 2001). were noticed in any of the key taxa ( Tab. 8.7) . This is 317 08_favna.indd 317 23.1.2012 12:38:09 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Tab. 8.8: Število kosti domačega goveda s Tonovcovega gradu Tab. 8.9: Število kosti drobnice s Tonovcovega gradu z nezra- z nezraščenima epi- in diafizo po starostnih skupinah. Posa- ščenima epi- in diafizo po starostnih skupinah. Posamezno mezno skupino sestavljajo skeletni elementi, ki popolnoma skupino sestavljajo skeletni elementi, ki popolnoma osificirajo osificirajo pri isti ontogenetski starosti (tj. v prvem, drugem, pri isti ontogenetski starosti (tj. v prvem, drugem, tretjem ali tretjem ali po tretjem letu življenja). razlika med obema po- po tretjem letu življenja). razlika med obema poznoantičnima znoantičnima fazama v zastopanosti že popolnoma osificiranih fazama v zastopanosti že popolnoma osificiranih kosti in pa kosti in pa tistih s še nezraščenima epi- in diafizo ni statistično tistih s še nezraščenima epi- in diafizo ni statistično značilna značilna (χ2 test: χ2 = 0,54; p = 0,462). Podatke o časovnem (χ2 test: χ2 = 2,95; p = 0,085). Podatke o časovnem poteku poteku zraščanja epi- in diafiz podaja Silver (1972). legenda: zraščanja epi- in diafiz podaja Silver (1972). legenda: Pa – Pa – poznoantična faza; ZSv – zgodnjesrednjeveška faza. poznoantična faza; ZSv – zgodnjesrednjeveška faza. Tab. 8.8: number of unfused cattle bones at Tonovcov grad Tab. 8.9: The number of unfused sheep/goat bones from by age groups. an individual age group is composed from Tonovcov grad by age groups. an individual age group is skeletal elements that completely ossify at the same ontoge- composed from skeletal elements that completely ossify at netic age (i.e. in the first, second, third or after the third the same ontogenetic age (i.e. in the first, second, third or year of life). The differences between late antiquity phases after the third year of life). The differences between late 1 and 2 in the representation of fused versus unfused bones antiquity phases 1 and 2 in the representation of fused versus is not statistical y significant (χ2 test: χ2 = 0.54; p = 0.462). unfused bones is not statistical y significant (χ2 test: χ2 = 2.95; details on fusing phases of epi- and diaphysis are provided p = 0.085). details on fusing phases of epi- and diaphysis are by Silver (1972). legend: la – late antiquity phase; ema – provided by Silver (1972). legend: la – late antiquity phase; early medieval phase. ema – early medieval phase. Epifiza / Epiphysis Epifiza / Epiphysis Faza Starost Faza Starost Phase Age Zraščena Nezraščena Phase Age Zraščena Nezraščena Fused Unfused Fused Unfused 0–1 - - 0–1 17 3 Pa 1 1–2 22 2 Pa 1 1–2 4 1 2–3 26 3 2–3 4 4 la 1 3– 46 13 la 1 3– 3 5 Σ 94 18 Σ 28 13 0–1 - - 0–1 59 4 Pa 2 1–2 33 2 Pa 2 1–2 18 1 2–3 8 5 2–3 22 8 la 2 3– 35 12 la 2 3– 27 17 Σ 76 19 Σ 126 30 0–1 - - 0–1 14 2 ZSv 1–2 1 1 ZSv 1–2 6 2 2–3 5 1 2–3 2 4 ema 3– 2 2 ema 3– 4 8 Σ 8 4 Σ 26 16 je delež kosti s še nezraščenima epi- in diafizo v vzorcu also reflected in the relatively constant shares of indi- ostankov, ki popolnoma osificirajo po koncu drugega vidual skeletal elements within the three qualitative leta starosti, v prvi poznoantični fazi statistično značilno categories21 through time. The results of the χ2 test manjši od tistega iz druge poznoantične faze (p = 0,027). showed that the variations do not exceed the level of velja poudariti, da je navedeni trend ravno nasproten statistical significance (α = 0.05) in any of the three od ugotovljenega pri drobnici in prašiču. best represented taxa. Spričo številnih pasti, vezanih na oceno starostne The inter-phase comparison between the sizes of strukture populacij na podlagi podatkov o frekvenci po- some of the better represented mammalian species is javljanja kosti s še nezraščenima epi- in diafizo ( cf . mo- presented below (see chapter 8.5), while the mortality ran, o'connor 1994), sva starost živali ob poginu/zakolu 21 The division of skeletal elements into qualitative cat- ocenila še na osnovi obrabe žvekalne površine kočnikov. egories (i.e. categories a, B and c) is given in chapter 8.1. 318 08_favna.indd 318 23.1.2012 12:38:09 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Tab. 8.10: Število kosti prašiča s Tonovcovega gradu z nezra- profiles of cattle, caprines and pig are il ustrated in fig- ščenima epi- in diafizo po starostnih skupinah. Posamezno ure 8.9 and in tables 8.8-8.11. The data suggest that the skupino sestavljajo skeletni elementi, ki popolnoma osificirajo variations in the representation of various age classes pri isti ontogenetski starosti (tj. v prvem, drugem, tretjem ali are below the level of statistical significance (χ2 test: po tretjem letu življenja). razlika med obema poznoantičnima fazama v zastopanosti že popolnoma osificiranih kosti in pa p > 0.05). This in itself does not exclude the existence of tistih s še nezraščenima epi- in diafizo ni statistično značilna diachronic trends as regards the age of the domesticates (χ2 test: χ2 = 2,11; p = 0,147). Podatke o časovnem poteku at cul ing. namely, a detailed analysis of the data on zraščanja epi- in diafiz podaja Silver (1972). legenda: Pa – relative abundance of unfused bones ( Tabs. 8.9-8.10) poznoantična faza; ZSv – zgodnjesrednjeveška faza. suggests that the average age at death might has been Tab. 8.10: The number of unfused pig bones from Tonovcov on the rise during the late antiquity phase 2 (compared grad by age groups. an individual group is composed from to late antiquity phase 1) for both caprines and pig,22 skeletal elements that completely ossify at the same ontoge- with the inter-phase differences being statistical y highly netic age (i.e. in the first, second, third or after the third year significant (p = 0.005 and p = 0.000, respectively).23 of life). The differences between late antiquity phases 1 and 2 in the representation of fused versus unfused bones is not contrary to this, in the case of cattle the contribution of statistical y significant (χ2 test: χ2 = 2.11; p = 0.147). details unfused bones among the completely ossified remains on fusing phases of epi- and diaphysis are provided by Silver after the completion of the second year of age is statisti- (1972). legend: la – late antiquity phase; ema – early cal y significantly lower in the late antiquity phase 1 medieval phase. than in late antiquity phase 2 (p = 0.027). Given the number of uncertainties related to the Epifiza / Epiphysis assessment of the population mortality profile based on Faza Starost the unfused bones ( cf. moran, o’connor 1994), molar Phase Age Zraščena Nezraščena Fused Unfused eruption and attrition sequences were also considered. 0–1 - - in the case of cattle Grant’s (1982) methodology was used, which unfortunately, does not allow for the Pa 1 1–2 9 5 analysis of individual isolated teeth. consequently, 2–3 8 6 no sufficient data were available from which a repre- la 1 3– 3 5 sentative mortality profile could be constructed. of Σ 20 21 the six sufficiently preserved mandibles five originate from the late antiquity phase 1 and one from the late antiquity phase 2. The latter possibly belonged to an 0–1 - - approximately three years old animal (mWS = 37)24, Pa 2 1–2 22 8 while late antiquity phase 1 finds consisted of four 2–3 17 7 specimens belonging to over 3.5 years old cattle la 2 3– 2 9 (mWS = 41-45) and a mandibula of a 10 to 12 weeks old calf (mWS = 10-11). These data thus fit wel with Σ 41 24 the one from table 8.8, as in both cases late antiquity phase 1 shows the preferential cul ing of adult animals 0–1 - - (i.e. over three years old). a similar comparison on the level of the remaining two settlement phases is ZSv 1–2 3 - 2–3 6 4 rendered impossible by smal assemblage sizes. ema in the case of caprines and pigs we had more data 3– - 3 available on the age at death, for the methodology used Σ 9 7 also allowed for the analysis of isolated teeth ( cf. Payne 1973; rolett, chiu 1994). nevertheless, in the inter- phase comparisons we have limited ourselves to the Žal je bilo v primeru goveda razpoložljivih podatkov comparison between the two best represented i.e. late za reprezentativno oceno starostne strukture premalo; antiquity phases 1 and 2. Similarly to what has been uporabila sva namreč metodologijo Grantove (1982), observed while analyzing the relative abundance of un- ki ne omogoča analize posameznih izoliranih zob. od fused bones, the study of tooth wear showed an absence le šestih zadovoljivo ohranjenih spodnjih čeljustnic jih pet izvira iz prve poznoantične faze, ena pa iz druge. 22 The data for the early medieval phase were not tak- Slednja je domnevno pripadala okrog tri leta stari živali en into account in this comparison due to the insufficient (m.W.S. = 37),23 medtem ko so v prvi poznoantični fazi number of finds. 23 s štirimi najdbami prevladovali primerki nad 3,5 leta The calculation of the p-value is based on the t-val- ue for the individual comparison between the two ratios 23 m.W.S. – stopnja obrabe spodnje čeljustnice ( Mandi- (StatSoft, inc. 2001). bular Wear Stage; Grant 1982) 24 mWS – Mandibular Wear Stage (Grant 1982) 319 08_favna.indd 319 23.1.2012 12:38:09 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Tab. 8.11: Starost domačih prašičev s Tonovcovega gradu, kot Faza / Phase Starost / Age SA YA MA izhaja iz obrabe žvekalne površine kočnikov ( cf. rolett, chiu 1994). razlika v zastopanosti posameznih starostnih razredov m1 3 3 2 med obema poznoantičnima fazama ni statistično značilna (χ2 Pa 1 m2 - 3 1 test: χ2 = 2,56; p > 0,200). legenda: Sa – subadulten (tj. 5/8 do 10/14 mesecev); ya – mlad adulten (tj. 10/14 do 18/26 mese- la 1 m3 - 2 2 cev); ma – adulten (tj. nad 18/26 mesecev); Pa – poznoantična Σ 3 8 5 faza; ZSv – zgodnjesrednjeveška faza. Tab. 8.11: The age at death for pigs from Tonovcov grad, as m1 8 7 4 shown by molar wear ( cf. rolett, chiu 1994). The difference Pa 2 in the representation of individual age groups between late m2 6 1 3 antiquity phases 1 and 2 is not statistical y significant (χ2 test: la 2 m3 - 3 3 χ2 = 2.56; p > 0.200). abbreviations: Sa – subadult (i.e. 5/8 to Σ 14 11 10 10/14 months); ya – young adult (i.e. 10/14 to 18/26 months); ma – mature adult (i.e. above 18/26 months). legend: la – late antiquity phase; ema – early medieval phase. m1 2 - - ZSv m2 - - 1 starih goved (m.W.S. = 41–45). v tem smislu je bila m edina izjema čeljustnica 10 do 12 tednov starega teleta ema 3 - - - Σ 2 - 1 (m.W.S = 10–11). navedeni podatki se tako ujemajo s tistimi iz tabele 8.8. kar zadeva prvo fazo poznoantične poselitve Tonovcovega gradu, namreč oboji izkazujejo večinski zakol odraslih (tj. nad tri leta starih) živali; of statistical y significant differences in the mortality primerjava na nivoju preostalih dveh faz je zavoljo le profiles between the two late antiquity phases both in enega razpoložljivega podatka nemogoča. the case of caprines ( Fig. 8.9) and for pig ( Tab. 8.11) . v primeru drobnice in prašiča je razpoložljivih Based on the latter data it is not even possible to confirm podatkov o starosti živali ob poginu/zakolu več, saj je the trend of a slight rise in the average age at culling. uporabljena metodologija omogočala tudi analizo izo- after al , in the material from the late antiquity phase liranih zob ( cf. Payne 1973; rolett, chiu 1994). kljub 1 the quotient between the number of juvenile, subadult temu sva se pri medfaznih primerjavah omejila le na and young adult molars on the one hand and the number vzporedbo dveh bogateje zastopanih faz, tj. prve in druge of (old) adult molars on the other is not statistical y poznoantične faze. Podobno kot že analiza zastopanosti different from the values relevant to the late antiquity še ne popolnoma osificiranih kosti je tudi študija obrabe phase 2 at any of the three molars for neither of the two žvekalne površine zob pokazala na odsotnost statistično taxa. it follows that the increase in the share of unfused značilnih razlik v starostni strukturi med obema faza- caprine and pig bones dated to the late antiquity phase ma tako v primeru drobnice ( sl. 8.9) kot tudi prašiča 2 ( Tabs. 8.9-8.10) most probably does not truly reflect ( tab. 8.11). celo več. na podlagi podatkov o obrabi zob the actual changes in livestock management in the early ni mogoče govoriti niti o obstoju kakršnega koli trenda, 6th century, but might rather be the result of various ki bi kazal na dvig povprečne starosti ob zakolu. količnik pre- and post-depositional factors. med številom meljakov juvenilnih, subadultnih in mla- dih adultnih živali na eni strani ter številom meljakov (starih) adultnih primerkov na drugi se v gradivu iz 8.3.1 TaPhonomy prve poznoantične faze namreč statistično ne razlikuje od vrednosti za drugo poznoantično fazo pri nobenem The arheozoological information obtained from the od treh meljakov pri nobenem od obeh taksonov. iz tega faunal assemblage is to a certain extent blurred by the je mogoče sklepati, da zgoraj navedeni povečan delež še various biotic and abiotic post-depositional factors, whose ne popolnoma osificiranih kosti drobnice in prašiča v role is hard to define a posteriori. This should definitely drugi poznoantični fazi ( tab. 8.9–8.10) pravzaprav ne be taken into account in the evaluation of the mortality odraža dejanske spremembe v gospodarjenju z živino na profiles. it is a known fact that dogs can destroy most of začetku 6. stoletja, ampak da gre predvsem za posledice the smal er bones, i.e. bones with a lower structural den- delovanja različnih pred- in poodložitvenih dejavnikov. sity25 (e.g. Payne, munson 1985; marean, Spencer 1991, 656; lyman 1999, 325 ff; cleghorn, marean 2004), and therefore significantly distort the original relationship 8.3.1 TafonomiJa 25 The same holds true for pigs (Greenfield 1988). moreo- arheozoološka informacija, zajeta v favnističnem ver, the remains of lower structural density also show a more vzorcu, je praviloma do neke mere zamegljena zavoljo intensive/faster disintegration within the sediment (outram 2004, 172 f). 320 08_favna.indd 320 23.1.2012 12:38:10 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Sl. 8.9: Stopnja obrabe kočnikov pri drobnici s Tonovcovega gradu ( cf. Payne 1973). Simbole za označbo posameznih stopenj obrabe podaja Payne (1987, 610). razlika med obema poznoantičnima fazama v zastopanosti drugih spodnjih meljakov z različno stopnjo obrabe žvekalne površine ni statistično značilna (χ2 test: χ2 = 4,239; p < 0,999); m2 je bil izbran zato, ker je v obravnavanem vzorcu zastopan z največjim številom primerkov. Fig. 8.9: level of molar wear at sheep and goats from Tonovcov grad ( cf. Payne 1973). The symbols for marking individual levels of wear is provided by Payne (1987, 610). The difference between late antiquity phases 1 and 2 in the wear of second lower molars (m2) is not statistical y significant (χ2 test: χ2 = 4.239; p < 0.999); m2 was chosen because it is the best represented tooth in the analysed material. delovanja različnih biotskih in abiotskih poodložitve- between the age classes. Samples with a disproportionately nih dejavnikov, katerih vlogo je a posteriori zelo težko large number of humeral distal ends relative to proximal opredeliti. Tega se je treba zavedati tudi pri ocenjevanju ones (the latter being characterized by a significantly starostne strukture živali ob zakolu. Znano je namreč, da lower structural density) are thus highly likely to show psi lahko zgrizejo večino manjših kosti oz. kosti z manjšo also an underestimation of the mandibles of young strukturno gostoto24 (npr. Payne, munson 1985; marean, animals (when compared to the number attributed to Spencer 1991, 656; lyman 1999, 325 ss; cleghorn, mare- mature specimens). as the experiment carried out by an 2004) ter s tem pomembno popačijo izvirno razmerje Payne and munson (1985, 34 ff) showed, dogs are able med posameznimi starostnimi razredi. vzorci z neso- to entirely destroy the lower jawbones of lambs (includ- razmerno velikim številom distalnih delov nadlahtnic ing numerous deciduous teeth), while (at least) parts nasproti proksimalnim tako zelo verjetno izkazujejo tudi of mandibles of adult sheep and goats with permanent molars are preserved. 24 Podobno velja za prašiče (Greenfield 1988), ostanki z The ratio between the number of caprine humerus manjšo strukturno gostoto pa izkazujejo tudi intenzivnejše/ hitrejše razpadanje v sedimentu (outram 2004, 172 s). distal and proximal ends amongst the material from 321 08_favna.indd 321 23.1.2012 12:38:10 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna podcenjen delež spodnjih čeljustnic mladih živali glede late antiquity phases 1 and 2 at Tonovcov grad is 4:1 na število tistih, ki jih gre pripisati že odraslim. kot sta in favour of the former, which suggests that there was a s poskusom pokazala Payne in munson (1985, 34 ss), moderate destructive activity by dogs ( cf. munson 2000, psi lahko v celoti uničijo spodnje čeljustnice jagenjčkov 400 f). This is not necessarily in contradiction with the in kozličev (z mnogimi mlečnimi zobmi vred), medtem observed modest (i.e. < 1 %) proportion of gnawed re- ko se posamezni deli mandibul odraslih ovac in koz z mains, for the negligible number of such bones in itself že stalnimi kočniki praviloma ohranijo. is not seen as an indicator of less destructive dog activi- razmerje med številom distalnih in proksimalnih ties, or even its absence (kent 1981, 370; Payne, munson delov nadlahtnic drobnice v gradivu iz obeh pozno- 1985, 34). a similar ratio of caprine humerus distal and antičnih faz s Tonovcovega gradu znaša 4 : 1 v korist proximal ends as in the case of Tonovcov grad was found prvih, kar nakazuje zmerno destruktivno aktivnost also in a modern seasonal camp of the navajo tribe,26 psov ( cf. munson 2000, 400 s). Skromen (tj. < 1 %) delež which was the subject of a current study of the effects of ostankov z odtisi zob v tem smislu ni problematičen, saj dogs ravaging sheep bones. on the basis of these results zanemarljivo število obgrizenih kosti samo po sebi še ne and that of several similar studies, munson (2000, 400) gre vnaprej razumeti kot kazalnik manjše destruktivne estimated the extent of sheep/goat teeth destruction aktivnosti psov ali celo njen izostanek (kent 1981, 370; caused by dogs by multiplying the observed numbers Payne, munson 1985, 34). Podobno razmerje med števi- of teeth in individual age classes by the inverses of the lom distalnih in proksimalnih delov nadlahtnic drobnice survival rates from the aforementioned navajo dog- je bilo ugotovljeno tudi v modernem sezonskem taboru ravaged assemblage. This al owed him to construct a plemena navajo,25 ki je bil predmet aktualistične študije corrected for ravaging mortality profile which was much posledic pasjega mrhovinarstva na ovčjih kosteh. na more realistic. analogously corrected mortality profile podlagi rezultatov navedene raziskave in še nekaterih for caprines from Tonovcov grad is given in table 8.12. podobnih je munson (2000, 400) izpeljal oceno obsega it is known that the sheep/goat fourth lower de- uničenja kosti in zob drobnice posameznih starostnih ciduous premolars fal out roughly at the same time razredov s strani psov. Ta mu je služila kot izhodišče as the third lower molars start erupting ( cf. moran, za izpeljavo novih, korigiranih frekvenc zastopanosti o’connor 1994, 277 f). The mortality profile that would posameznih zob, ki naj bi omogočile izračun verodo- be based on the wear of the dP4 and m3 specimens in- stojnejših ocen starostne strukture živali ob zakolu. cluded in the studied assemblage would encompass all korigirane frekvence zastopanosti za posamezne zobe age classes and thus fulfil one of the key conditions for drobnice s Tonovcovega gradu podajava v tabeli 8.12. its credibility. let us take a look at the corrected relative Tab. 8.12: Podatki o dejanskih in korigiranih frekvencah pojavljanja mlečnih četrtih spodnjih predmeljakov in tretjih spodnjih meljakov drobnice po starostnih razredih za gradivo iz obeh poznoantičnih faz s Tonovcovega gradu. Postopek izračunavanja korigiranih frekvenc podaja munson (2000, 400). Zvezda (*) označuje približne vrednosti. Tab. 8.12: The data on the actual and corrected frequencies of deciduous fourth lower premolars and third lower molars of sheep and goats by age groups for the material from late antiquity phases 1 and 2 at Tonovcov grad. The process for calculating the corrected frequencies is provided by munson (2000, 400). The asterisk (*) denotes approximate values. Starost Poznoantična faza 1 / Late Antiquity phase 1 Poznoantična faza 2 / Late Antiquity phase 2 (v letih) Dejanski podatki Korigirani podatki Dejanski podatki Korigirani podatki Age Actual data Corrected data Actual data Corrected data (in years) N % N % N % N % 0–1 4 7* 29,6 51,6 18 27* 133,3 74,3 1–2 3 5,1 8,9 1 1,7 1,0 2–3 5 5,5 9,5 12 13,1 7,3 93* 73* 3–4 9 9,1 15,9 15 15,3 8,5 4– 8 8,0 14,1 16 16 8,3 Σ 29 100,0 57,3 100,0 62 100,0 179,4 100,0 Znano je, da se pri drobnici obdobje izpada mleč- abundances of caprine deciduous P4 and the m3 teeth nih četrtih spodnjih predmeljakov v grobem ujema z ob- for each individual age class in the material from the two dobjem izraščanja tretjih spodnjih meljakov ( cf. moran, late antiquity phases at Tonovcov grad ( Table 8.12). The 25 ugotovljeno razmerje med številom distalnih in pro- 26 in this case the ratio established between the number ksimalnih koncev nadlahtnic je tu znašalo 4,7 : 1 (munson of distal and proximal humerous parts was 4.7 : 1 (munson 2000, 400 s). 2000, 400 f). 322 08_favna.indd 322 23.1.2012 12:38:10 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna o'connor 1994, 277 s). Starostna struktura, ki bi teme- inter-phase difference in the representation of various ljila na stopnji obrabe žvekalne površine razpoložljivih age classes is above the level of statistical significance primerkov omenjenih dveh zob v proučevanem vzorcu, (χ2 test: χ2 = 16.11, p < 0.010) and thus differs from the bi tako zajela vse starostne razrede ter s tem izpolnila results of the analogous comparison based on the actual enega ključnih pogojev za njeno verodostojnost. Poglej- (i.e. observed) frequencies in which the studied teeth mo si korigirane frekvence pojavljanja mlečnih P4 in m3 occurred (χ2 test : χ2 = 6.18, p > 0.200). Taking into ac- ovac in koz posameznega starostnega razreda v gradivu count the corrected abundances of deciduous P4 and the iz prve in druge faze poznoantične poselitve Tonovco- m3 the inter-phase difference is greater also with regard vega gradu ( tab. 8.12). razlika v deležu zastopanosti to the value of the quotient between the number of all posameznega starostnega razreda med obema fazama teeth of up to one year old animals and the number of je nad mejo statistične značilnosti (test χ2: χ2 = 16,11; those belonging to sheep and goats over one year old.27 p < 0,010), kar sicer za analogno primerjavo, temelječo These results question the conclusions that could be na dejanskih frekvencah pojavljanja obravnavanih zob, derived from the data on the number of unfused caprine ne velja (test χ2: χ2 = 6,18; p > 0,200). ob upoštevanju bones compared to their fused counterparts. namely, korigiranih frekvenc pojavljanja najdb je razlika med late antiquity phase 1 material includes fewer of the fazama večja, tudi kar zadeva vrednost količnika med latter (in comparison with material from late antiquity številom vseh zob do enega leta starih živali in številom phase 2, Tab. 8.9), thus indicating a trend of increasing tistih pripadajočih nad leto dni starim ovcam in kozam; the average age of sheep/goat at culling which might medfazna razlika sicer v obeh primerih presega mejo be the reasons behind the observed difference between statistične značilnosti.26 the two (i.e. bone- vs. teeth-based) mortality profiles. Predstavljeni rezultati postavljajo pod vprašaj There are no doubts that to a certain degree it should ugotovitve, ki jih je bilo mogoče izpeljati iz podatkov be due to the fact that the corrected data in table 8.12 o številčnosti še neosificiranih kosti drobnice nasproti at least partial y take into account the lack of teeth of tistim z že zraščenima epi- in diafizo. ker je slednjih v young animals, which is not the case for data in table 8.9. gradivu iz prve poznoantične faze relativno manj kot other factors resulting in taphonomic loss should also med ostanki iz druge poznoantične faze ( tab. 8.9), bi be taken into account. But what about human influence? lahko to namreč nakazovalo časovni trend višanja pov- is the observed discrepancy between the two profiles prečne starosti drobnice ob zakolu. na drugi strani se zdi attributable also to the activities of the local population v luči podatkov iz tabele 8.12 takšno domnevo smiselno ( cf. maltby 1982; o’connor 1991)? ovreči, pri čemer pa ostajajo razlogi za obstoj razlike med To this effect we have compared the numbers of obema starostnima krivuljama nepojasnjeni. delno gre unfused humerus and tibia distal ends with the abun- razliko med njima seveda pripisati dejstvu, da korigira- dance of radius proximal ends on one side with the ni podatki iz tabele 8.12 vsaj delno upoštevajo manko number of deciduous fourth lower premolars and third zob mladih živali, medtem ko v primeru podatkov iz lower molars on the other betwen the two late antiquity tabele 8.9 ni tako. Zanimivo pa bi bilo tudi raziskati, v phases ( Tab. 8.13). added to this is the information on kolikšni meri ugotovljena slika odraža delovanje človeka the number of fused humerus and tibia proximal parts as ( cf. maltby 1982; o'connor 1991). well as femur distal ends versus the number of m3 worn v ta namen sva za vsako od obeh faz število še ne to at least stage 5G (sensu Payne 1987, 610) – separately popolnoma osificiranih distalnih koncev nadlahtnice in for late antiquity phases 1 and 2. Within sheep the os- golenice ter proksimalnih koncev koželjnice primerjala sification of the humerus and tibia distal ends and of the s številom četrtih mlečnih spodnjih predmeljakov in radius proximal end should be completed by the con- tretjih spodnjih meljakov ( tab. 8.13). na istem mestu clusion of the second year of life (Silver 1972, Tab. a),28 podajava tudi podatke o številu že v celoti osificiranih which roughly coincides with the loss of deciduous P4 proksimalnih koncev nadlahtnice in golenice ter dis- or the beginning of wear of m3 (Payne 1973; moran, talnih koncev stegnenice nasproti številu m3 s stopnjo o’connor 2004, 277 ff). on the other hand, the proximal obrabe najmanj 5G ( sensu Payne 1987, 610), prav tako epiphysis of humerus and tibia or the distal epiphysis ločeno za vsako od obeh poznoantičnih faz. osifikacija 27 The actual abundance of tooth eruption: p = 0.021; distalnega konca nadlahtnice in golenice oz. proksi- corrected abundance of tooth eruption: p = 0.000. The cal- malnega konca koželjnice naj bi se pri ovci končala do culation of the p-value is based on the t-value for each in- konca drugega leta življenja (Silver 1972, Tab. a),27 kar v dividual comparison between the two proportions (StatSoft, inc. 2001). 26 dejanske frekvence pojavljanja zob: p = 0,021; kori- 28 This is an approximate estimate which does not take girane frekvence pojavljanja zob: p = 0,000. izračun p-vre- into account the variability within species that occurs due to dnosti temelji na t-vrednosti za posamezno primerjavo dveh breed, sex, living conditions, way of breeding, etc. (moran, proporcev (StatSoft, inc. 2001). o'connor 2004, 272 ff). Similar also holds true for the com- 27 Gre le za približno oceno, ki ne upošteva znotrajvrstne parison between the age at death on the basis of molar erup- variabilnosti na račun pasme, spola, življenjskih pogojev, na- tion and attrition sequences (moran, o'connor 2004, 268 ff). 323 08_favna.indd 323 23.1.2012 12:38:11 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna grobem sovpada z izpadanjem mlečnih P4 oz. začetkom Tab. 8.13: frekvenca zastopanosti ostankov drobnice iz skupin obrabe stalnih m a, B, c in d v obeh poznoantičnih fazah (= Pa 1 in 2) s To- 3 (Payne 1973; moran, o'connor 2004, 277ss). Po drugi strani se zraščanje proksimalne epifize novcovega gradu. Skupina a vključuje še ne v celoti osificirane z diafizo pri nadlahtnici in golenici oz. distalne epifize primerke distalnih koncev nadlahtnice in golenice ter proksi- z diafizo pri stegnenici konča po dopolnitvi tretjega malnih koncev koželjnice, skupina B vključuje mlečne četrte leta starosti (Silver 1972, Tab. a), ko stopnja obrabe spodnje predmeljake in tretje spodnje meljake brez obrabe žvekalne površine, skupina c vključuje že v celoti osificirane žvekalne površine tretjih spodnjih meljakov praviloma primerke proksimalnih koncev nadlahtnice in golenice ter ustreza stopnji 5G (Payne 1973; moran, o'connor 2004, distalnih delov stegnenice, skupina d pa tretje spodnje meljake 277ss). količnik med številom še ne osificiranih kostnih s stopnjo obrabe najmanj 5G ( sensu Payne 1987, 610). fragmentov ter skupnim številom vseh mlečnih P4 in še Tab. 8.13: The frequency of sheep/goat remains from groups neobrabljenih m a, B, c and d in the material from the late antiquity phases 3 gre tako razumeti kot kazalnik abun- dance kranialnih in postkranialnih ostankov mladih ži- (= la) 1 and 2 at Tonovcov grad. Group a includes not yet vali v obravnavanem vzorcu. v nasprotju s tem količnik fused distal humeri and tibiae as well as fused proximal ra- med številom že popolnoma osificiranih kosti in tretjimi dii, group B includes deciduous fourth lower premolars and spodnjimi meljaki s stopnjo obrabe najmanj 5G kaže na unworn third lower molars, group c includes fused proximal humeri and tibiae as well as distal femora, while group d in- številčnost obeh skupin ostankov pri odraslih, nad tri cludes third lower molars worn at least to the stage 5G ( sensu leta starih ovcah in kozah. Payne 1987, 610). kot je razvidno iz tabele 8.13, je med ostanki mla- dih živali razmerje med številom kosti in zob v prvi Skupina PA 1 PA 2 poznoantični fazi zgolj 1 : 2 v korist slednjih, medtem Group LA 1 LA 2 ko znaša za gradivo iz druge poznoantične faze kar 1 : 6,75. obratno sliko kaže primerjava obeh faz v a 4 4 vrednosti količnika med številom kosti in zob odraslih B 8 27 ovac in koz, saj je tu razmerje v prvi poznoantični fazi c 3 19 kar 1 : 5,7 v korist zob, medtem ko znaša v primeru d 17 31 druge poznoantične faze komaj 1 : 1,6. iz navedenega izhaja, da gradivo iz druge faze poznoantične poselitve Tonovcovega gradu izkazuje manko28 ostankov postkra- of femur fuse by the end of the third year of life (Silver nialnega skeleta juvenilnih ovac in koz nasproti zobem 1972, Tab. a), i.e. when the third lower molar is usual y primerljivo starih živali, ki ga ni mogoče razložiti zgolj worn to stage 5G (Payne 1973; moran, o’connor 2004, z različno intenzivnim poodložitvenim razpadanjem 277 ff). The quotient between the number of unfused ene in druge skupine ostankov. Čeprav je bilo gradi- bone fragments of the aforementioned skeletal elements vo iz prve poznoantične faze deponirano v enakem and the total number of deciduous P4 and unworn m3 sedimentu kot tisto iz druge (in to celo za nekaj deset teeth indicates the abundance of cranial vs. postcranial let daljše obdobje), je namreč manko juvenilnih kosti skeletal element remains from juveniles. in contrast, okončin drobnice nasproti zobem v omenjenem vzorcu the quotient between the number of fused bones and vendarle manj izrazit.29 Podatke iz tabele 8.13 je tako the third lower molars worn to at least stage 5G reflects mogoče razumeti kot indic za to, da so bile med drugo the abundance of both groups of remains belonging to fazo poznoantične poselitve glave mladih ovac in koz adult (roughly three years old or more) sheep and goats. deponirane (procesirane?) na drugih lokacijah, kot to among the remains of juvenile animals from late velja za njihove trupe ( cf. maltby 1982, 86).30 na neka- antiquity phase 1 the ratio between the number of tera očitna nesorazmerja v deležu zastopanosti različnih aforemntioned bones and teeth is a mere 1:2 in favour delov trupa je ne nazadnje pokazalo tudi vzporejanje of the latter, while in late antiquity phase 2 this ratio rises to 1:6.75 ( Tab. 8.13). a different picture emerged čina reje ipd. (moran, o'connor 2004, 272 ss). Podobno velja from the analysis of the remains of adults. here the ra- tudi za vzporejanje starosti s stopnjo obrabe žvekalne površi- tio between the number of bones from the postcranial ne kočnikov (moran, o'connor 2004, 268 ss). 28 skeleton and teeth dated to the late antiquity phase 1 v gradivu iz druge poznoantične faze je delež kosti shows a value as high as 1:5.7 in favour of teeth, whereas med vsemi (tj. kosti in zobje) ostanki mladih živali statistično značilno manjši od deleža kosti med vsemi ostanki odraslih, in late antiquity phase 2 the same quotient amounts to več kot tri leta starih ovac in koz (test χ2: χ2 = 5,93; p = 0,015). a mere 1:1.6. it follows that the material from the late 29 v gradivu iz prve poznoantične faze se delež kosti med antiquity phase 2 shows a lack29 of juvenile sheep and vsemi (tj. kosti in zobje) ostanki mladih živali statistično zna- 29 čilno ne razlikuje od deleža kosti med vsemi ostanki odraslih, in the material from late antiquity phase 2 the share več kot tri leta starih ovac in koz (test χ2: χ2 = 1,48; p = 0,232). of bones amongst al (i.e. bones and teeth) young animal re- 30 Žal specifično težo rezultatom in njihovim interpreta- mains is statistical y significantly lower than the share of bones cijam zmanjšuje pičlo število razpoložljivih najdb, kar velja amongst al adult remains (three years or more). The data is for predvsem za prvo poznoantično fazo. sheep and goat remains (χ2 test: χ2 = 5.93; p = 0.015). 324 08_favna.indd 324 23.1.2012 12:38:11 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna števila najdb posameznih elementov apendikularnega goat finds of postcranial skeletal elements compared to skeleta ( sl. 8.27–8.28). the teeth of animals of the same age group, which cannot Podatek o “primanjkljaju” ostankov postkranialnih be explained solely by the differential taphonomic loss. skeletnih elementov mladih ovac in koz v gradivu iz dru- although the material from late antiquity phase 1 was ge poznoantične faze pa ima implikacije, tudi kar zadeva deposited within the same sediment as that from the zgoraj omenjeno razliko med obema razpoložljivima sta- late antiquity phase 2 (even for a period lasting a few rostnima strukturama za omenjeni vrsti: tisto, ki temelji decades longer), the lack of juvenile sheep/goat bones na deležu še ne popolnoma osificiranih kosti ( tab. 8.9), from the postcranial skeleton compared to teeth remains in ono, ki izhaja iz stopnje obrabe žvekalne površine of animals of the same age is much less pronounced in kočnikov ( tab. 8.13). ker je bil v drugi poznoantični fazi this assemblage.30 The data from table 8.13 can thus namreč pomemben del kosti postkranialnega skeleta be understood as an indication that during the late domnevno deponiran zunaj meja izkopnega polja, je antiquity phase 2 the heads of young sheep and goats ugotovljeni delež še ne popolnoma osificiranih kosti were deposited (processed?) at other locations than med ostanki drobnice iz te faze (močno?) podcenjen. their carcasses ( cf. maltby 1982, 86).31 after al , certain Posledično lahko označimo za neutemeljena tudi vsa iz obvious imbalances in the relative abundances were also tabele 8.9 izhajajoča razmišljanja o povišanju povprečne indicated by the comparison between the number of starosti ovac in koz ob zakolu/poginu s pričetkom druge finds of individual elements of the appendicular skeleton faze poznoantične poselitve Tonovcovega gradu. obe- ( Figs. 8.27-8.28). nem pa bistveno večjo težo pridobijo rezultati analize The data on the “deficit” of young sheep and goat stopnje obrabe žvekalne površine kočnikov ( tab. 8.13), bones in the material from late antiquity phase 2 also ki kažejo na večinski zakol/pogin do enega leta starih has implications with regard to the difference between ovac in koz tako v prvi kot tudi v drugi poznoantični the two mortality profiles: the one based on the share poselitveni fazi, pri čemer je ta delež v okviru slednje of unfused bones ( Tab. 8.9) and the one derived from celo statistično značilno večji. the attrition sequences ( Tab. 8.13) . Since an important part of bones from the postcranial skeleton dated to late antiquity phase 2 are supposed to have been deposited 8.4 PoraZdeliTev naJdB outside the excavated area, the observed low contribu- v ProSToru tion of unfused bones amongst the sheep/goat remains might be (heavily?) underestimated. if this is indeed so, daleč največ favnističnih najdb s Tonovcovega then we may consider al thoughts unfounded as regards gradu31 je bilo pobranih na območju okrog stavbe 1 the increase in the average age of sheep and goats at cull- (tj. 17.282 oz. 95,9 % vseh izkopanih ostankov), med- ing with the beginning of the late antiquity phase 2. tem ko jih je raziskovanje vodnega zbiralnika navrglo at the same time the analysis of tooth wear ( Tab. 8.13) le 21.32 Podatki o številu najdb posameznih taksonov shows that in both late antiquity phases (i.e. 1 and 2) the po območjih so podani v prilogi 8.2. Zaradi pičlega majority of animals were culled/died before the age of števila ostankov znotraj večine vzorcev podrobnejša one. The contribution of such young animals to the late analiza porazdelitve najdb v prostoru ni mogoča, preli- antiquity phase 2 is statistical y even more significant. minarna primerjava deležev zastopanosti posameznih taksonov med vzorci pa, vsaj kar zadeva gradivo iz prve poznoantične in pa zgodnjesrednjeveške faze, ne kaže 8.4 The SPaTial diSTriBuTion opaznejših razlik. nekoliko večjo heterogenost izkazuje of findS porazdelitev najdb goveda, drobnice in prašiča v pro- storu med drugo fazo poznoantične porazdelitve, ko so at Tonovcov grad32 by far the most archaeozoologi- tudi razpoložljivi favnistični vzorci največji ( sl. 8.10). cal finds originate from the area surrounding building 1 izstopa predvsem vzorec s prostora med cerkvami, ki (i.e. 17,282 or 95.9 % of all excavated remains), while je edini izmed petih z večinskim deležem najdb goveda only 21 were discovered in the excavation of the water ( pril. 8.2: tab. D). v tem smislu tako omenjeni vzorec 30 The material from late antiquity phase 1 does not show izkazuje podobnost predvsem z gradivom iz prve po- any statistical y significant difference in the share of bones znoantične faze, kjer je bilo govedo prav tako najbolje among al (i.e. bone and teeth) young animal finds when com- pared to the share of bones within al adult (three years or 31 med večletnimi izkopavanji so bili raziskani ostanki more) sheep and goat remains (χ2 test: χ2 = 1.48; p = 0.232). 31 cerkvenega kompleksa ter še treh stavb in vodnega zbiralnika unfortunately, the weight of these results and their in- (modrijan 2007). terpretations are reduced by the small numbers of finds. This 32 ob 16 nedoločljivih fragmentih je vzorec vključeval holds true especial y for the late antiquity phase 1. 32 tudi odlomek goveje rožnice, kozje lopatice ter zgornje če- The several-year excavations at the site concerned a ljustnice, zoba (m ecclesiastical complex, three additional buildings and a water 2) in distalnega konca koželjnice drobnice. vsi ostanki so datirani v drugo poznoantično fazo. cistern (modrijan 2007). 325 08_favna.indd 325 23.1.2012 12:38:11 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Sl. 8.10: delež zastopanosti domačega goveda, drobnice in prašiča iz druge poznoantične poselitvene faze Tonovcovega gradu na prostoru med srednjo in južno cerkvijo, stavb 1–3 ter vodnega zbiralnika. Podatki o velikosti vzorcev so podani v prilogi 8.2. Fig. 8.10: The share of cattle, sheep, goats and pigs from the late antiquity phase 2 at Tonovcov grad for the area between the central and the south churches, buildings 1–3 and the cisterne. The data on the size of the samples is given in Appendix 8.2. zastopan takson (območje stavbe 3; pril. 8.2: tab.C) oz. cistern.33 data on the number of finds of individual si je vodilno mesto delilo z drobnico (območje stavbe 1; taxa in specific areas are given in Appendix 8.2. due to pril. 8.2: tab. A). the modest number of remains it is impossible to come v okviru interpretacije zgornjih rezultatov velja up with a detailed analysis of the pattern of horizontal seveda opozoriti na skromnost vzorca s prostora med distribution of finds for most of the assemblages,34 how- cerkvami (niSP = 121), čeprav so razlike med deležem ever the preliminary comparison between the shares of zastopanosti goveda in drobnice med omenjenim vzor- individual taxa within the assemblages – at least as far as cem in ostalimi vzorci iz druge poznoantične faze sicer the material from late antiquity phase 1 and the early v vseh primerih nad mejo statistične značilnosti (test χ2: medieval phase are concerned – revealed no significant p < 0,05). arheološki podatki žal ne omogočajo nedvo- 33 umnega vpogleda v odnos med najdbami s prostora alongside the 16 taxonomicaly non-identified frag- med cerkvami in samim cerkvenim kompleksom, saj ments the sample included a fragment of cattle horn core, a je bila stratigrafska situacija na tem delu najdišča zelo goat’s scapula as well as a maxil a, a tooth (m2) and a distal part of a radius referable to caprines. all finds were dated into kompleksna (glej Tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in the late antiquity phase 2. interpretacija, pogl. 2.5.5). Je pa ugotovljen visok delež 34 each assemblage includes animal remains found wi- ostankov goveda vseeno omembe vreden. lahko bi na- thin the area of individual buildings (i.e. ecclesiastical com- mreč kazal na specifičen status objekta, ki je v 6. stoletju plex, buildings 1-3, water cistern). 326 08_favna.indd 326 23.1.2012 12:38:12 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Sl. 8.11: delež zastopanosti ostankov iz posamezne od treh kvalitetnih kategorij (tj. kategorija a, B in c) trupa domačega goveda za drugo poznoantično poselitveno fazo Tonovcovega gradu na prostoru med srednjo in južno cerkvijo ter stavb 1 in 2. vzorec porazdelitve skeletnih elementov v omenjene kvalitetne kategorije je podan v pogl. 8.1. Fig. 8.11: The share of the remains of each of the three qualitative categories (i.e. category a, B and c) of cattle carcass for the late antiquity phase 2 at Tonovcov grad for the area between the central and the south churches as well as buildings 1 and 2. The definition of individual qualitative categories is given in chapter 8.1. stal na prostoru med cerkvama33 ( cf. kobryń et al. 1984; differences. a somewhat higher degree of heterogeneity Bartosiewicz 1998; ervynck 2004; mackinnon 2004, 225). is indicated by the spatial distribution of much more v tem smislu je še bolj poveden podatek o zastopanosti numerous cattle, caprine and pig finds originating from kosti in zob iz posamezne kvalitetne kategorije trupa the late antiquity phase 2 ( Fig. 8.10) . The assemblage goveda v treh favnističnih vzorcih iz druge poznoantič- from the area between the central and the south churches ne faze ( sl. 8.11). med ostanki s prostora med cerkvami stands out, for it is the only one (out of the five) in which namreč prevladujejo prav kosti najbolj mesnatih delov cattle prevails ( Appendix 8.2: Tab. D) . in this sense the goveda (tj. kvalitetne kategorije a), česar ne izkazujeta ne aforementioned sample reflects a similarity to the mate- rial from the late antiquity phase 1, in which cattle was 33 na prostoru med osrednjo in južno cerkvijo je bil od- either the best represented taxon (area of building 3; krit v skalo vklesan izdolben prostor, ki je bil kasneje del- Appendix 8.2: Tab.C) or it shared the lead with caprines no zasut in prekrit z več plastmi malte. namen prostora ni (area of building 1; Appendix 8.2: Tab. A). popolnoma jasen, verjetno pa je bil izklesan kot vodni zbi- during the interpretation of these results the paucity ralnik hkrati z izgradnjo prvih dveh cerkva konec 5. stoletja. of the assemblage from the area between the central and domnevno sredi 6. stoletja (tj. v poznoantični fazi 2) je bil the south churches (niSP = 121) should be noted, even objekt preurejen, s čimer se je spremenila tudi njegova na- though the differences between the contribution of cattle membnost (modrijan 2007, 175 ss). 327 08_favna.indd 327 23.1.2012 12:38:12 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna sočasna vzorca z območja stavbe 1 oz. 234, niti nobeden as wel as sheep/goat to the above assemblage and any od vzorcev iz prve poznoantične oz. zgodnjesrednjeveške of the remaining four assemblages from late antiquity faze poselitve Tonovcovega gradu. phase 2 are al above the level of statistical significance Sicer praviloma skromni podatki o deležu še ne po- (χ2 test: p < 0.05). unfortunately, the archaeological data polnoma osificiranih kosti ter o stopnji obrabe žvekalne do not offer an unequivocal picture of the relationship površine kočnikov najpomembnejših domačih živali za between the finds from the area between the churches posamezne dele izkopnega polja ne izkazujejo omembe and the ecclesiastical complex itself, as the stratigraphic vredne heterogenosti v prostoru. To velja tudi za gradivo situation in this part of the site was extremely complex s prostora med cerkvami iz druge poznoantične faze, kjer (see Tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpreta- skladno s splošno sliko najdišča prevladujejo ostanki tion, chapter 2.5.5). however, the high proportion of več kot dve leti (marsikdaj tudi več kot tri leta) starih cattle remains is worth mentioning, as this could point goved. med desetimi izoliranimi kočniki drobnice sva tri towards the specific status of the area between the central pripisala enoletnim živalim, preostale pa praviloma nad and south churches in the 6th century35 ( cf. kobryń et al. dve leti starim ovcam oz. kozam. v kolikor gre omenjene 1984; Bartosiewicz 1998; ervynck 2004; mackinnon 2004, najdbe dejansko povezovati s specifičnim statusom tega 225). in this context the data are even more informative prostora (glej opombo št. 33), potem dajejo sicer pičli as regards the representation of individual qualitative podatki o starosti živali ob zakolu/poginu zanimivo categories of the cattle carcass within each of the three sliko o prehrani nekega segmenta prebivalcev, morda samples dated to the late antiquity phase 2 ( Fig. 8.11) . pa le obiskovalcev (romarjev?) Tonovcovega gradu. Ti animal remains from the area between the churches are naj bi tako uživali meso (predvsem govedino) istih živali dominated by the bones from the cattle carcass richest in kot (ostali) prebivalci naselbine in domnevno tudi nič meat (i.e. qualitative category a), which appear neither pogosteje od stanovalcev stavb 1 in 2 posegali po meh- in the samples from the same phase excavated in the area kejšem ter zato verjetno tudi bolj cenjenem mesu telet, of buildings 1 and 2,36 nor in the samples from the late jagenj in/ali kozličev. Posebnost favnističnega gradiva antiquity phase 1 or the early medieval phase. s prostora med cerkvami je tako zgolj nadpovprečno The general y poor data on molar wear as well dobra zastopanost skeletnih elementov iz najbolj kako- as those regarding the relative abundance of unfused vostnih anatomskih delov trupa goveda (tj. kategorije a; bones per location within the excavated area do not sl. 8.11), zaradi česar bi lahko sklepali na višji status show a notable heterogeneity in space. This also ap- nekaterih prebivalcev naselbine. Podobno razliko je na plies to the material from the late antiquity phase 2 primeru rimskega vojaškega tabora pokazala primerjava originating from the area between the central and the jedilnikov poveljnika in njegovega moštva (Stokes 2000, south churches, which is – in accordance with the gen- 149), povedni pa so tudi podatki o jedilniku urbane eral picture – dominated by the remains of cattle over elite na apeninskem polotoku (mackinnon 2004, 225). two years (often well over 3 years) old. amongst the ten isolated caprine molars, three were attributed to one year old animals, while the rest general y belonged to sheep 8.4.1 STavBa 1 and goats aged two years or more. in the event that the actual finds are to be associated with the specific status med terenskim raziskovanjem je bila velika večina of this area (see footnote no. 35), then the (unfortunately favnističnih najdb pobrana na območju stavbe 1. Gre scarce) data as regards the age of the animals at death za bivanjsko stavbo, ki je bila zgrajena in uporabljana offers an interesting outline of the diet of a segment v drugi fazi poznoantične poselitve.35 Poleg površine of the population of (or perhaps visitors /pilgrims to) same stavbe je bilo med izkopavanji na tem delu naj- Tonovcov grad. despite supposedly consuming the meat dišča raziskanih še približno 400 m2 njene okolice, kar (especial y in the case of beef) of the virtual y very same omogoča analizo porazdelitve najdb v mikroprostoru. animals as the residents in buildings 1 and 2, without rezultati kažejo koncentracijo ostankov pred vhodom v showing a more pronounced preference for the more objekt ter vzdolž zunanje strani zidov 1, 4 in 5,36 medtem tender and therefore presumably also higher value meat ko se drugje pojavljajo le izjemoma ( sl. 8.12). Pri tem 35 in the area between the central and south church a space carved into stone and later partial y covered with grav- 34 Podatki za stavbo 3 in vodni zbiralnik v tej primerjavi el and multiple layers of mortar was discovered. The function niso bili upoštevani, saj je razpoložljivo število najdb pre- of the structure is unclear, however the most likely explana- skromno. tion is that it was carved as a water cistern at the time the first 35 do ponovne naselitve dela stavbe, ki je bila takrat že ne- two churches were built (5th century). it is assumed that the koliko porušena, je prišlo tudi v zgodnjesrednjeveški fazi. na structure was rebuilt in the middle of the 6th century (i.e. late širšem območju stavbe 1 so bili ohranjeni tudi ostanki starejše antiquity phase 2), and at the time it also changed its func- poselitve, datirane v prvo poznoantično fazo (glej Tonovcov tion (modrijan 2007, 175 ff). grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, pogl. 2.2, 2.3). 36 due to the lack of finds the data for structure 3 and the 36 Za identifikacijo posameznih zidov glej sliko 8.12. water cistern were not taken into account in this comparison. 328 08_favna.indd 328 23.1.2012 12:38:13 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Sl. 8.12: vzorec porazdelitve najdb domačega goveda, drobnice in prašiča iz druge poznoantične poselitvene faze Tonovcovega gradu na območju stavbe 1. Zvezda (*) označuje mikrokvadrante, v katerih so bili najdeni ostanki zarodkov. obkrožene številke predstavljajo oštevilčenje posameznih zidov. Fig. 8.12: The distribution of finds of cattle, sheep, goats and pigs from the late antiquity phase 2 at Tonovcov grad for the area of building 1. The asterisk (*) denotes the microquadrants in which embryonal remains were found. encircled numbers represent numbering of the wal s. omembe vrednih razlik med posameznimi taksoni ni of calves, lamb or kids, the food waste from the area be- opaziti, prav tako tudi ne med obema poznoantičnima tween the central and the south churches does stand out fazama.37 homogenost v prostoru (in času) izkazujejo with its above average representation of skeletal elements from the highest quality body parts (i.e. qualitative cat- 37 Gradivo iz zgodnjesrednjeveške faze v tej primerjavi ni egory a; Fig. 8.11), which could reflect the higher status bilo upoštevano, saj se najdbe pojavljajo le znotraj takrat sicer 329 08_favna.indd 329 23.1.2012 12:38:13 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna of that segment of the population within the settlement ( cf. Stokes 2000, 149; mackinnon 2004, 225). 8.4.1 BuildinG 1 during the field research, the vast majority of the faunal finds were col ected in the area of building 1. This was a dwelling that was built and used during the late antiquity phase 2.37 in addition to the area of the building approximately 400 m2 of its surroundings were investigated during the excavations of this part of the site, which allows for an analysis of the distribution of finds within a microspace. The results show a high con- Sl. 8.13: odnos med velikostjo vzorcev in njihovo vrstno centration of remains in front of the building entrance pestrostjo za posamezne kvadrante s širšega območja stavbe 1 and along the outer side of the wal s 1, 4 and 5,38 while na Tonovcovem gradu. upoštevani so bili le vzorci iz “bogatih” elsewhere they are rather rare ( Fig. 8.12). no noteworthy kvarantov, ki so vključevali vsaj 40 določljivih kosti in zob differences between the various taxa were observed, nor datiranih v eno od treh tukaj obravnavanih poselitvenih faz. were there any major differences between late antiquity legenda: Pa – poznoantična faza; ZSv – zgodnjesrednjeveška phases 1 and 2.39 The homogeneity in space (and time) faza. is also shown by the data on species richness of the Fig. 8.13: The relation between the sample size and the spe- mammal remains originating from individual squares, cies diversity for individual quadrants from the broader area weighed by the sample size ( Fig. 8.13). of building 1 at Tonovcov grad. only samples from “rich” quadrants that included at least 40 taxonomical y determined This pattern of distribution is by al means a reflec- bones and teeth dated into one of the three settlement phases tion of human activities; nevertheless, the major factor were taken into account. legend: la – late antiquity phase; defining it must have been the highly varied terrain. in ema – early medieval phase. places where the walking surface was represented by the geological basis itself (e.g. sq. 617, 618, 765, 815, 819, 866, 868) the cultural layers were not preserved, tudi podatki o številu vrst med ostanki iz posameznega therefore, finds were rare. To the north and west of the kvadranta, obteženi z velikostjo vzorcev ( sl. 8.13). building and within a narrow strip along its east wall a v opisanem vzorcu porazdelitve se bolj od člove- depression formed in the rock basis, which was filled kovih aktivnosti odraža izrazito razgiban teren. kjer by a sediment up to 2 meters thick at some points; (je) hodno površino predstavlja(la) kar sama geološka most of the excavated finds were discovered within this osnova (npr. kv. 617, 618, 765, 815, 819, 866, 868), sediment (e.g. sq. 666, 669, 716, and partly sq. 719, 769, kulturne plasti niso ohranjene, zato so tu tudi najdbe 818 and 817). izjemno maloštevilne. Severno in zahodno od objekta Building 1 was positioned on an extremely uneven ter v ozkem pasu vzdolž njegovega vzhodnega zidu pa base, which is best seen in the wal 3. its central part is se je v skalni osnovi oblikovala depresija, ki so jo zapol- located on live rock that rises as much as 1.2 m above the nili mestoma tudi do 2 metra debeli sedimenti; tu (npr. lower level of the interior cornerstones (see Tonovcov kv. 666, 669, 716 ter deloma kv. 719, 769, 818 in 817) je grad. Settlement remains and interpretation, chapter 2.3). bila izkopana večina vseh najdb. The rock takes up a large part of the central area within na zelo neravno osnovo je bila postavljena tudi building 1, which certainly contributed to the relatively sama stavba 1, kar je še posebej izrazito pri zidu 3. Ta smal number of animal remains discovered there (n = 42 namreč leži v osrednjem delu na skalni osnovi, ki se v or 2.2 %). This is further emphasized by the data on the notranjosti dviguje nad spodnji nivo temeljnih kamnov kar za 1,2 m (glej Tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in 37 Part of the building that was already slightly ruined at interpretacija, pogl. 2.3). Skala zavzema velik del osre- the time was repopulated during the early medieval phase. dnjega prostora stavbe 1, kar je zagotovo pomembno remains of the older settlement phase (i.e. late antiquity prispevalo k razmeroma skromnemu številu tam naj- phase 1) were also discovered in the broader area of struc- ture 1 (see Tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpre- denih favnističnih najdb (n = 42 oz 2,2 %). To dodatno tation, chapters 2.2, 2.3). podkrepljuje podatek o šestkrat večji številčnosti zgo- 38 for the identification of individual wal s see figure 8.13. dnjesrednjeveških najdb na istem območju (n = 251), 39 in this comparison the material from early medieval čeprav je vseh živalskih ostankov iz te faze štiri npolkrat phase was not taken into account, for the finds only appear within the (at the time) already partial y ruined structure 1 že delno porušene stavbe 1 (glej Tonovcov grad. naselbinski (see Tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpretation, ostanki in interpretacija, pogl. 2.2, 2.3). chapters 2.2, 2.3). 330 08_favna.indd 330 23.1.2012 12:38:13 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Tab. 8.14: Številčnost ostankov iz posamezne od treh kvalitetnih kategorij (tj. kategorije a, B in c) trupa domačega goveda, drobnice in prašiča v okviru gradiva iz druge poznoantične poselitvene faze Tonovcovega gradu na območjih glavnega prostora stavbe 1 in njenega prizidka. vzorec porazdelitve skeletnih elementov v omenjene kvalitetne kategorije je podan v pogl. 8.1. Tab. 8.14: The numbers of finds of each of the three qualitative categories (i.e. categories a, B and c) of cattle, sheep/goat and pig carcasses, within the frame of the material from the late antiquity phase 2 of Tonovcov grad, originating from the areas of the main room of building 1 and its extension. The definition of individual qualitative categories is given in chapter 8.1. Kategorija / Category B. taurus Caprinae Sus sp. Σ Glavni prostor / main room: a 4 8 3 15 B 3 7 – 10 c 6 21 3 30 Σ 13 36 6 55 Prizidek / extention: a – 2 – 2 B – 2 – 2 c 5 10 2 17 Σ 5 14 2 21 manj od tistih iz druge poznoantične faze ( pril. 8.2: six times greater numbers of early medieval finds in the tab. A). najdbe iz najmlajše od treh tukaj obravnavanih same area (n = 251), even though there are four and a faz so namreč ležale v plasti mehke, kulturne zemlje, ki je half times fewer animal remains from the early medieval ostanek ponovne uporabe delno že porušenega objekta. phase altogether, when compared to those from late Pri tem se navedena plast ni deponirala neposredno na antiquity phase 2 ( Appendix 8.2: Tab. A). This is because skalno osnovo kot pri najdbah iz druge poznoantične the finds dated to the latest of the three settlement phases faze, marveč na do 60 cm debelo plast žganine oz. col ected within the area of building 1 lay in stacked layer ostankov s sten odpadlega ometa (glej Tonovcov grad. of soft, strong cultural soil, which formed when the then naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, pogl. 2.2). already partial y demolished building was being reused. v okviru analize vzorca porazdelitve živalskih This layer was not deposited directly on the rock base, ostankov na širšem območju stavbe 1 velja opozoriti as was the case with the finds from the late antiquity še na rezultate primerjave med gradivom iz glavnega phase 2, but on an up to 60 cm thick layer of burnt plas- prostora in tistim iz prizidka.38 omembe vrednih razlik ter remains (see Tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and v deležu zastopanosti posameznih taksonov omenjena interpretation, chapter 2.2). primerjava ni pokazala ( tab. 8.14), kar je potrdilo tudi in the analysis of the spatial distribution of animal statistično testiranje (test χ2: χ2 = 0,683; p > 0,05). Zani- remains in the broader area of building 1 attention mivo pa je, da vzorec iz prizidka odstopa po večinskem should be drawn to the results from the comparison deležu zastopanosti kosti iz najmanj mesnatih delov tru- between the material from the main room and that pa (tj. kvalitetne kategorije c). res je, da je število najdb from the extension.40 no noteworthy differences in pičlo, a podobno izrazita prevlada zob, prstnic, dlančnic/ the representation of individual taxa were observed stopalnic ter zapestnih/nartnih kosti ni bila ugotovljena in this comparison ( Tab. 8.14) which was addition- pri nobenem od ostalih kvadrantov s podobno majhnim ally confirmed by the statistical testing (χ2 = 0.683, številom najdb (tj. 20 < niSP < 60; sl. 8.14).39 celo več. p > 0.05). it is interesting, though, that the assemblage verjetnost, da bi lahko naleteli na vzorec s tako izrazito from the extension displayed a much greater share of bones from the least meaty parts of cattle, sheep/goat 38 upoštevala sva le najdbe iz druge poznoantične faze, and pig carcasses (i.e. qualitative category c). it is true ko sta bila edinkrat v uporabi oba dela stavbe 1. that the number of finds is scarce, but a similar strong 39 v tem smislu predstavlja edino izjemo gradivo iz kva- dominance of teeth, phalanges, metacarpals, metatarsals, dranta 766, kjer prav tako močno prevladujejo ostanki naj- carpals and tarsals has not been found in any of the manj mesnatih delov trupa. vendar pa je v zvezi s tem treba other squares with a similarily low number of finds (i.e. dodati, da gre visok delež najdb iz kvalitetne kategorije c v 20 < niSP < 60; Fig. 8.14).41 moreover, in the event that tem primeru predvsem na račun ostankov drobnice. med kostnimi najdbami večjega goveda je namreč tretjina pri- 40 We only took into account the finds from late antiq- merkov iz najbolj kakovostnih delov živali, kar pa vsekakor uity phase 2, when both parts of the building were in use. odstopa od vzorca iz prizidka ( tab. 8.14). 41 in this sense the only exception is represented by the 331 08_favna.indd 331 23.1.2012 12:38:13 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Sl. 8.14: delež zastopanosti ostankov iz posamezne od treh kvalitetnih kategorij (tj. kategorija a, B in c) trupa domačega goveda, drobnice in prašiča za drugo poznoantično poselitveno fazo Tonovcovega gradu za stavbo 1, njegov prizidek in bližnjo okolico; podatki so prikazani le za kvadrante, znotraj katerih je bilo najdenih med 20 in 60 določljivih kosti in zob. vzorec porazdelitve skeletnih elementov v kvalitetne kategorije a, B in c je podan v pogl. 8.1. Fig. 8.14: The share of the remains of each of the three qualitative categories (i.e. category a, B and c) of the carcass of cattle, sheep, goats and pigs for the late antiquity phase 2 at Tonovcov grad for building 1, its extention and its near vicinity. The data is shown only for quadrants within which at least 20 taxonomical y determined bones and teeth were found (niSPmax = 60). The division of skeletal elements into qualitative categories a, B and c is shown in chapter 8.1. 332 08_favna.indd 332 23.1.2012 12:38:14 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna prevlado ostankov iz najmanj mesnatih delov trupa tudi original y no differences in the carcass parts consumed v primeru, ko tovrstnih razlik med izhodiščnim nabo- by the inhabitants of the main room and those dwel - rom najdb v prizidku in njegovi bližnji okolici sploh ni ing in its extention existed, the chances that we would bilo, je manjša od petih odstotkov (test χ2: p < 0,05). da observe such a pronounced differences in food waste bi bilo odstopanje vzorca iz prizidka zgolj naključno, se composition between the two areas as those shown in torej ne zdi verjetno. table 8.14 and figure 8.14 are less than five percent (χ Pri poskusu interpretacije zgornjih ugotovitev sva 2 test: p <0.05). upoštevala dejstvo, da je bila kvaliteta gradnje prizidka in an attempt to interpret these considerations we razmeroma slaba. njegovi zidovi namreč niso bili te- took into account the fact that the quality of construc- meljeni tako globoko kot zidovi glavnega prostora, prav tion the extension was relatively poor. its wal s were not tako pa tudi niso bili ometani. Poleg tega je večino že founded as deeply as the wal s of the main room, and tako skromno odmerjenega uporabnega prostora zavze- they were not plastered either. in addition, the majority mala skala, tako da je bilo nekaj za bivanje primernega of the already modest usable space was occupied by a ravnega prostora le ob zidovih 8 in 9; v vogal zidov 9 rock, thus the only levelled area suitable for habitation in 10 je bilo postavljeno tudi ognjišče (glej Tonovcov could be found along the wal s 8 and 9, where the fire- grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, pogl. 2.3). place was located (in the corner of wal s 9 and 10; see navedeni podatki kažejo, da je prizidek sicer lahko bil Tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpretation, uporabljen kot bivalni prostor (prisotnost ognjišča!), da chapter 2.3). These data suggest that the extension could pa je v njem najverjetneje prebivala oseba nižjega statusa, have been used as a living quarters (note the presence of hlapec. Skoraj izključna prisotnost ostankov iz najmanj the fireplace), but that it was most probably inhabited kvalitetnih delov trupa v sicer skromnem vzorcu se zdi by a person of a lower status, a servant. The almost ex- tako razumljiva in na neki način predstavlja antitezo sli- clusive presence of poorest quality meat remains in the ke, ki jo kažejo favnistične najdbe z območja domnevne (unfortunately modest) sample seems thus understand- shrambe duhovščine na območju med srednjo in južno able and in a way represents an antithesis to the image cerkvijo ( sl. 8.11). shown by the faunal remains found in the area of the assumed clergy larder in the area between the central and the south churches ( Fig. 8.11). 8.5 analiZa velikoSTi mere kolikor toliko ohranjenih sesalskih ostan- 8.5 SiZe analySiS kov s Tonovcovega gradu so podane v prilogi 8.1. Žal je razpoložljivih podatkov pri večini vrst le peščica, The measurements of the sufficiently preserved tako da poglobljenih metričnih analiz ni bilo mogoče mammalian remains from Tonovcov grad are shown in izvesti. izjemo predstavljajo domače govedo, drobnica Appendix 8.1. unfortunately, there is only a smidgen of (predvsem ovca), prašič ter deloma konj, kjer sva ugo- available data for most species, so no in-depth metric tovila obstoj morebitnih trendov spreminjanja velikosti analysis could be performed. an exception is represented skozi čas in med regijami. analize temeljijo na primer- by cattle, caprines (mainly sheep), pigs and to a certain javi standardiziranih metričnih podatkov dolgih kosti, extent horses in which cases we tried to check for the ex- čeprav sva upoštevala tudi mere petnic in/ali skočnic istence of any trends of diachronic size changes between (glej pogl. 8.1). vsaka kost je bila zastopana s po eno regions. The analysis is based on the comparison between meritvijo, ki je bila vedno nedolžinska; pri kopitarjih standardized measurements of long bones, even though so namreč slednje primernejše za oceno mase živali od measurements of calcaneus and/or talus bones were also dolžinskih mer (Scott 1990). taken into consideration (see chapter 8.1). in the analysis each bone was represented by a single measurement. This was always a breadth measurement (e.g. smal est breadth 8.5.1 domaČe Govedo of the diaphysis, breadth of the proximal/distal epiphysis), as in ungulates they are more suitable for assessing the metrične študije ostankov domačega goveda v weight of the animal than lengths (Scott 1990). Srednji evropi so pokazale, da se je z začetkom obdobja preseljevanja ljudstev velika “rimska” oblika (pasma?) material from square 766, in which the remains from the goveda na tem prostoru postopoma izgubila. Govedoreja least meat-rich parts of the carcass dominate. however, it has je, podobno kot že pred prihodom rimljanov, v pozni to be said that the high share of finds from the qualitative antiki in ponovno zgodnjem srednjem veku temeljila category c is mainly due to a large number of caprine feet predvsem na primitivnih lokalnih formah (Bökönyi bones. among cattle finds one third is represented by bones 1974, 134). navedeni proces, ki je imel seveda za po- from the meatiest parts of the carcass, which certainly differs sledico tudi upad povprečne velikosti živali v takratnih from the picture observed in the case of the sample collected within the extension ( Tab. 8.14). 333 08_favna.indd 333 23.1.2012 12:38:14 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Sl. 8.15: Porazdelitev standardiziranih dimenzij dolgih kosti (nadlahtnica, koželjnica, dlančnica, golenica, stopalnica) ter petnic in skočnic domačega goveda s Tonovcovega gradu ter z več sočasnih najdišč severne italije in avstrije. vsak skeletni element je zastopan le s po eno dimenzijo. Postopek standardiziranja dimenzij je podan v pogl. 8.1. legenda: rP – rimskodobno povprečje, izračunano na osnovi govejih ostankov iz rimskega mesta Tác/ Gorsium (madžarska; Bökönyi 1984). Seznam najdišč S italije: invillino (Stork, von den driesch 1987); monte Barro (Baker 1991); videm/udine: grad (riedel 1993b); verona: skupek vr-i (riedel 1994a). Seznam najdišč avstrije: kappele (Pucher 1993); Teriola (Pucher 2003); Sveta hema/hemmaberg (forstenpo- intner et al. 2002); drösing (riedel 2007). Fig. 8.15: distribution of standardised metric datas of cattle long bones (humerus, radius, metacarpals, tibiae, metatarsals) as well as calcanei and astragali from Tonovcov grad and from a number of contemporary sites in north italy and austria. each skeletal element is represented by a single dimension. The procedure for standardising the metric data is given in cahp. 7.1. legend: rP – roman Period average, calculated on the basis of cattle remains from the roman town Tác/ Gorsium (hungary; Bökönyi 1984). The list of sites in n italy: invillino (Stork, von den driesch 1987); monte Barro (Baker 1991); udine: castle (riedel 1993b); verona: complex vr-i (riedel 1994a). list of sites in austria: kappele (Pucher 1993); Teriola (Pucher 2003); hemmaberg (forstenpointner et al. 2002); drösing (riedel 2007). čredah, je najprej zajel bolj oddaljene province cesarstva 8.5.1 caTTle (Bökönyi 1974, 134), medtem ko ga je na nižinskih ob- močjih severne italije zaznati šele z nastopom zgodnjega metric analyses of cattle remains from central srednjega veka (riedel 1979, 138 s; 1986, 85). european sites have shown that with the beginning of Primerjava standardiziranih metričnih podatkov the migration period the large “roman” form (breed?) of (≈ velikosti) za kosti domačega goveda s Tonovcovega cattle gradual y disappeared from this region. Similarly gradu ter z več sočasnih najdišč severne italije in avstrije to the period before the arrival of the romans, cattle je dala rezultate, ki zgornjo ugotovitev v celoti podpirajo husbandry in late antiquity and the early middle ages ( sl. 8.15). navedeni trije vzorci se namreč med seboj was once again based primarily on the primitive local dejansko razlikujejo, pri čemer razlika presega mejo forms (Bökönyi 1974, 134). This process, which of course 334 08_favna.indd 334 23.1.2012 12:38:14 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna statistične značilnosti (kruskal-Wallisov anova-test: also resulted in the decline in the average withers height h [2; n = 185)] = 11,18; p = 0,004). izstopa predvsem ve- of animals, first occurred in the more remote provinces liko severnoitalijansko govedo,40 medtem ko statistično of the empire (Bökönyi 1974, 134), while it took until značilnih razlik med razpoložljivimi podatki za vzorec the early medieval period to hit the lowland areas of s Tonovcovega gradu ter tistimi z avstrijskih najdišč northern italy (riedel 1979, 138 f; 1986, 85). ni (mann-Whitneyjev u-test: u = 1944,5; Z = -0,75; The comparison between the standardized meas- p = 0,455). Pri tem je povedno, da se povprečna vrednost urements (≈ size) for cattle bones from Tonovcov grad standardiziranih metričnih podatkov za severnoitalijan- and a number of contemporary sites in northern italy sko poznoantično govedo v splošnem ujema s povprečno and austria offered results that ful y support these find- vrednostjo rimskodobnih živali iz mesta Tác/ Gorsium 41 ings ( Fig. 8.15). The three samples actual y differ from (Bökönyi 1984), kar izpričuje pomembno zastopanost each other, at which the difference exceeds the level of velikega “rimskega” goveda na območju ravninske sever- statistical significance (kruskal-Wal is anova test: ne italije še globoko v obdobju pozne antike (cf. riedel h [2, n = 185)] = 11.18; p = 0.004). The large north 1993b, 101; 1994a, 18), morda celo do začetnih faz zgo- italian cattle stand out,42 while there are no statisti- dnjega srednjega veka ( cf. riedel 1979, 108). cal y significant differences to be observed between the Standardizirani metrični podatki za govedo s To- available data for the sample from Tonovcov grad and novcovega gradu in avstrije so, nasprotno, večinoma those from the austrian sites (mann-Whitney u test: porazdeljeni levo od navpičnice, ki označuje povprečno u = 1944.5; Z = -0.75; p = 0.455). The average value of vrednost za referenčni vzorec iz mesta Tác/ Gorsium the standardized measurements for late antique cattle ( sl. 8.15). Govedo s Tonovcovega gradu je bilo v pov- from north italy in general fal s within the range of the prečju statistično značilno manjše tudi od goveda iz z average value of animals from the roman town of Tác/ živalskimi ostanki bogatega rimskodobnega najdišča Gorsium 43 (Bökönyi 1984), testifying the significant ribnica na dolenjskem/ Romula (mann-Whitneyjev representation of large “roman” cattle in the north ital- u-test: u = 3772,0; Z = -5,05; p = 0,000), kar le še doda- ian plains deep into the late antique period (cf. riedel tno potrjuje progresivno povečevanje vloge primitivnega 1993b, 101; 1994, 18), perhaps even as late as the initial lokalnega goveda na Slovenskem v obdobju po koncu 4. stages of the early middle ages ( cf. riedel 1979, 108). stoletja. višino ob vihru sva za gradivo s Tonovcovega contrary to what has been observed in north italian gradu lahko izračunala le v primeru dlančnice42 iz vzorca material the standardized measurements for cattle from št. 414 (kv: 816; mkv: B4; druga poznoantična faza) in Tonovcov grad and austria are mainly distributed to the stopalnice43 iz vzorca št. 2038 (kv./mkv. 668/d3, 669/ left of the vertical that indicates the average value for the d4; prva poznoantična faza). Sicer izolirana podatka reference assemblage col ected at Tác/ Gorsium ( Fig. 8.15). sta skladna z zgornjimi ugotovitvami, saj sta oba mnogo as a matter of fact, the cattle from Tonovcov grad was sta- bliže povprečnim vrednostim železnodobnih primerkov tistical y significantly smal er also relative to conspecific goveda iz Stične kot pa rimskodobnim iz ribnice na animals from roman period sites in present-day Slovenia dolenjskem/romule ( tab. 8.15). (mann-Whitney u test: u = 3772.0; Z = -5.05; p = 0.000; v nadaljevanju sva vzporejala velikost primerkov own unpublished data), which further corroborates the s Tonovcovega gradu in tistih s poznoantičnih najdišč progressive increase in the role of primitive local cat- ajdovski Gradec nad vranjem (Bartosiewicz, cho- tle of smal stature in the area of Southeastern alps in yke 1985) in Tinje nad loko pri Žusmu (Turk 2000, the post 4th century period. as far as the material from Tab. 1) ter ugotovila odsotnost statistično značilnih Tonovcov grad is concerned, the withers height could razlik (mann-Whitneyjev u-test: u = 279,0; Z = -1,40; be calculated only for the metacarpal44 from sample no. p = 0,160 oz. u = 323,0; Z = 0,32; p = 0,745). Podobnost 414 (sq./msq.: 816/B4; late antiquity phase 2) and the med navedenimi vzorci izpričujejo tudi sicer malošte- metatarsal45 from sample no. 2038 (sq./msq.: 668/d3, vilne ocene višine živali ob vihru ( tab. 8.15). izginotje velikega“rimskega” goveda je bilo, kot kaže, na celotnem 42 The difference in the standardized measurements of območju današnje Slovenije bolj ali manj sočasno. cattle originating from Tonovcov grad relative to those from north italian sites is statistical y significant (mann-Whitney 40 razlika v razpoložljivih standardiziranih metričnih u test: u = 1229.0; Z = -3.36; p = 0.001). podatkih domačega goveda med Tonovcovim gradom in 43 The material from this site has already been used as severnoitalijanskimi najdišči je statistično značilna (mann- the reference sample at the procedure of standardizing meas- Whitneyjev u-test: u = 1229,0; Z = -3,36; p = 0,001). urements for cattle from individual late antique sites (see 41 navedeno gradivo sva sicer uporabila kot referenčni chapter 8.1). vzorec pri postopku standardiziranja metričnih podatkov 44 on the basis of the estimate of the slenderness index goved s posameznih poznoantičnih najdišč (glej pogl. 8.1). (19.83) and the nobis' index (33.06) the specimen was at- 42 na osnovi vrednosti indeksa vitkosti (tj. 19,83) in no- tributed to a female. bisovega indeksa (tj. 33,06) sva primerek pripisala samici. 45 on the basis of the estimate of the slenderness index 43 na osnovi vrednosti indeksa vitkosti (tj. 12,33) in no- (12.33) and the nobis' index (20.71) the specimen was at- bisovega indeksa (tj. 20,71) sva primerek pripisala samcu. tributed to a male. 335 08_favna.indd 335 23.1.2012 12:38:14 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Tab. 8.15: ocene višine ob vihru za domače govedo s Tonov- Metacarpus Metatarsus covega gradu, Stične (železna doba; Bökönyi 1994, Tab. 6), Najdišče ribnice na dolenjskem/ Romule (rimsko obdobje; neobjavljeni Site Me (N) Me (N) lastni podatki), ajdovskega Gradca nad vranjem (Bartosiewi- Min.–Max. Min.–Max. cz, choyke 1985, Tab. 6) in Pristave na Bledu (Toškan, dirjec Tonovcov grad 112,1 116,3 2008, 141). višina ob vihru je izračunana na osnovi dimenzij dlančnic oz. stopalnic s pomočjo matolcsijevih koeficientov Stična 108,1 (4) 111,3 (4) 98,9–113,7 102,3–116,0 (matolcsi 1970). legenda: me – mediana; n – velikost vzorca; min.–max. – razpon vrednosti. vse vrednosti so v cm. romula 122,4 (35) 124,25 (20) Tab. 8.15: The estimate of the withers height for cattle from 108,8–134,1 112,2–131,9 Tonovcov grad, Stična (iron age; Bökönyi 1994, Tab. 6), ribnica ajdovski gradec 110,6 & 116,1 – na dolenjskem/ Romula (roman period; unpublished personal Pristava – 108,2 data), ajdovski Gradec above vranje (Bartosiewicz, choyke 1985, Tab. 6) and Pristava at Bled (Toškan, dirjec 2008, 141). The withers height is calculated on the basis of the dimensions of the metacarpals or metatarsals with the aid of matolcsi’s coefficients 669/d4; late antiquity phase 1). The two data, though (matolcsi 1970). abbreviations: me – median; n – sample size; isolated, are consistent with the above findings, since both min.–max. – range. al values are in cm. are much closer to the average values of iron age animals from Stična than to their roman period counterparts (e.g. ribnica/ Romula; Tab. 8.15). Trend povečevanja povprečne velikosti domačega next we compared the sizes of the specimens from goveda s prihodom rimljanov ter naknaden upad v Tonovcov grad and those from the late antique sites at pozni antiki in zgodnjem srednjem veku je še očitneje ajdovski Gradec above vranje (choyke and Bartosie- izpričan na sliki 8.16. Ta prikazuje vrednosti prve glavne wicz 1985) and Tinje above loka pri Žusmu (Turk 2000, komponente ( PC1 scores), izračunane na podlagi ko- Tab. 1) and noted the absence of statistical y significant relacijske matrike metričnih podatkov treh dimenzij44 differences (mann-Whitney u test : u = 279.0; Z = -1.40; skočnic iz več prazgodovinskih, rimskodobnih, pozno- p = 0.160 and u = 323.0; Z = 0.32; p = 0.745, respec- antičnih in zgodnjesrednjeveških najdišč v širši regiji. tively). The similarity between these samples is also ker prva glavna komponenta v okviru analize glavnih testified by the few calculable withers height estimates komponent (Pca) po definiciji opiše najvišji delež ( Tab. 8.15). it thus seems that the large “roman” cattle variance45 osnovne množice podatkov, jo je mogoče disappeared throughout the territory of present-day razumeti kot vektor velikosti oz. nosilko velikostne in- Slovenia more or less simultaneously. formacije46 (lemen 1983). drugače povedano: razlike v The trend of increasing average cattle size with the vrednostih prve glavne komponente med posameznimi arrival of the romans and the subsequent decline ob- najdišči/obdobji je, glede na navedeno zgoraj, utemelje- served in late antiquity and the early medieval period is no interpretirati kot razlike v velikosti živali. Toliko bolj, even more evidently shown by the results of the Principal ker so pri govedu dimenzije skočnic v veliki korelaciji z component analysis (Pca; Fig. 8.16). The latter was maso samih živali ( cf. Bartosiewicz 1984). calculated on the correlation matrix of three measure- Testiranje razlik v vrednostih Pc1 med posamezni- ments of cattle astragali46 from numerous prehistoric, mi vzorci s slike 8.16 je pokazalo, da te presegajo mejo roman period, late antique and early medieval sites in statistične značilnosti (kruskal-Wallis anova-test: the broader region. Since the first principal component h [3, 109] = 22,51; p = 0,000). Seveda gre navedeno by definition accounts for the highest share of the total heterogenost pripisati predvsem izrazito višjemu variance47 of the initial data set, it can be understood as povprečju rimskodobnih goved, k čemur je prispevala a size vector or a carrier of size information48 (lemen prisotnost ostankov velikih “rimskih” form. Po drugi 1983). in other words, the differences in the first prin- strani razlik med gradivom s Tonovcovega gradu in cipal component scores between the individual sites/ tistim z drugih poznoantičnih in zgodnjesrednjeveških periods can be reasonably interpreted as differences in najdišč v širši regiji ni, tako kot tudi ne med podatki animal sizes. This is al the more so as it is known for the 44 Gre za največjo dolžino na medialni strani (Glm sen- 46 This includes the greatest length on the medial side su von den driesch 1976), širino na lateralni strani (dl) ter (Glm sensu von den driesch 1976), the depth on the lateral širino distalnega dela (Bd). Pri vseh treh dimenzijah so bili side (dl) and the greatest breadth of the distal part (Bd). The metrični podatki porazdeljeni normalno (Shapiro-Wilkov measurements conformed to the normal distribution in all W-test: p > 0,05). three the dimensions (Shapiro-Wilk W test: p > 0.05). 45 delež variance, ki ga v obravnavanem primeru opi- 47 The shares of the total variance accounted for by the še posamezna od prvih dveh glavnih komponent: Pc 1 first three principal components equal 88.7 % (Pc 1), 7.4 % (88,7 %), Pc 2 (7,4 %) in Pc 3 (3,9 %). (Pc 2) and 3.9 % (Pc 3). 46 Znano namreč je, da nam v morfometriji največji delež 48 in morphometry the highest share of variance is as a variance praviloma razloži prav velikost. rule linkable to size. 336 08_favna.indd 336 23.1.2012 12:38:15 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna dimensions of the cattle astragali to greatly correlate to the weight of the animals ( cf. Bartosiewicz 1984). Testing the differences in Pc1 scores between the individual samples included in figure 8.16 has shown that they exceed the limit of statistical significance (kruskal- Wallis anova test: h [3, 109] = 22.51; p = 0.000). of course, this heterogeneity can be mainly attributed to the significantly higher average of the roman period cattle, which is mostly attributable to the presence of the large “roman” form/breed. on the other hand, there are no substantial differences between the materials from Tonovcov grad and those from other late antique and early medieval sites in the broader region, nor are there any differences between the data from Tonovcov grad Sl. 8.16: diagram vrednosti prve glavne komponente ( PC 1 and those relative to iron age sites (mann-Whitney scores), izračunane na osnovi korelacijske matrike metričnih u test: u = 144.0; Z = -1.83; p = 0.067). This ascertain- podatkov treh dimenzij skočnic s Tonovcovega gradu (vzo- ment was to be expected and is perfectly in line with the rec 3) ter z več prazgodovinskih (vzorec 1), rimskodobnih thesis of the relatively rapid loss of knowledge associated (vzorec 2) in poznoantičnih oz. zgodnjesrednjeveških (vzo- rec 4) najdišč v širši regiji. Zaradi negativnega predznaka vseh with the breeding of large “roman” cattle once the em- treh faktorskih uteži ( factor loadings) izkazujejo večje skočnice pire collapsed and the resulting shift of cattle husbandry nižje vrednosti prve glavne komponente napram tistim manj- towards the smaller local primitive cattle forms as they šim. Seznam in velikost (n) vzorcev za najdišča na območju were known in these territories already in the iron age. Slovenije: Tonovcov grad (n = 13); maharski prekop (bakrena minor differences between the prehistoric assemblage doba; n = 3); Stare gmajne (bakrena doba; n = 2); Založnica on one side and that from Tonovcov grad (as well as (bakrena doba; n = 1); Gornja radgona (pozna bronasta from other late antique sites) on the other can most doba; n = 1); Gradec pri mirni (starejša železna doba; n = 1); likely be explained by the presence of individual copper kučar (starejša železna doba; n = 1); ljubljana/ Emona (rimska and/or Bronze age specimens within the prehistoric as- doba; n = 3); Sermin (rimska doba; n = 2); Školarice (rimska doba; n = 6); ribnica na dolenjskem/ Romula (rimska doba; semblage. as is known the largest prehistoric domestic n = 28); col (rimska doba; n = 5); hrušica/ Ad Pirum (rimska cattle are to be found in neolithic contexts; later on doba; n = 4); Pristava (zgodnji srednji vek; n = 2). Seznam in they gradual y became smal er (Bökönyi 1974, fig. 7.9). velikost (n) vzorcev za najdišča na območju avstrije: Brixlegg if the first principal component (Pc 1) represents (zgodnja bronasta doba; n = 25; riedel 2003); drösing (pozna the size vector, then the second and the third (i.e. Pc 2 antika; n = 12; 2007). and Pc 3) can be understood as carriers of the shape Fig. 8.16: diagram of Pc 1 scores, calculated on the basis of the information. in the aforementioned principal compo- correlation matrix of metric data referable to three astragalus nent analysis the second and third principal components dimensions in the material from Tonovcov grad (sample 3) account for an abundant ten percent of the total variance and a number of prehistoric (sample 1), roman (sample 2) and late antiquity or early medieval (sample 4) sites in the within the initial data set (see footnote no. 47). Similar broader region. due to the negative sign of all four factor load- as with Pc 1, statistical y significant differences in the ings the larger specimens show lower Pc 1 scores compared distribution of scores along the second principal compo- to the smaller ones. The list and size (n) of the samples for nent has been observed, while only minor discrepancies the sites in the territory of Slovenia: Tonovcov grad (n = 13); emerged from the comparison of Pc 3 scores. as seen maharski prekop (copper age; n = 3); Stare gmajne (copper in figure 8.17, roman period finds show higher Pc 2 age; n = 2); Založnica (copper age; n = 1); Gornja radgona scores relative to prehistoric49 or late antique/early (late Bronze age; n = 1); Gradec pri mirni (early iron age; medieval50 specimens, with the astragali from Tonovcov n = 1); kučar (early iron age; n = 1); ljubljana/ Emona (ro- grad occupying an intermediate position between the man period ; n = 3); Sermin (roman period; n = 2); Školarice (roman period; n = 6); ribnica na dolenjskem/ Romula (ro- two extremes. The values of factor loadings ( Tab. 8.16) man period; n = 28); col (roman period; n = 5); hrušica/ Ad indicate that the specimens showing higher Pc2 scores Pirum (roman period; n = 4); Pristava (early middle ages; (i.e. roman period finds) are relatively narrower than n = 2). list and size (n) of the samples for the sites in austria: those with lower Pc2 scores (i.e. prehistoric specimens). Brixlegg (early Bronze age; n = 25; riedel 2003); drösing at this it is interesting that the greatest depth of the (late antiquity; n = 12; 2007). astragalus medial side (Glm)51 increases faster than the greatest breadth of the distal part (Bd) of the same 49 mann-Whitney u test: u = 532.0; Z = -2.18; p = 0.029. 50 mann-Whitney u test: u = 252.0; Z = 2.23; p = 0.026. 51 The same holds true also for the greatest length on the lateral side (i.e. Gll sensu von den driesch 1976). 337 08_favna.indd 337 23.1.2012 12:38:15 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna za Tonovcov grad in tistimi z železnodobnih najdišč Tab. 8.16: faktorske uteži ( Factor loadings) za posamezno od (mann-Whitneyjev u-test: u = 144,0; Z = -1,83; prvih treh glavnih komponent (Pc), izračunanih na osnovi korelacijske matrike metričnih podatkov treh dimenzij skočnic p = 0,067). ugotovitev potrjuje tezo o razmeroma s Tonovcovega gradu ter z več prazgodovinskih, rimskodobnih hitri izgubi znanj povezanih z vzrejo velikih goved po in poznoantičnih najdišč v širši regiji. razpadu imperija ter posledičen premik težišča gove- Tab. 8.16: factor loadings for first three principal components doreje na majhne primitivne forme lokalnega izvora, (Pc), calculated on the basis of the correlation matrix of metric kakršne so v teh krajih poznali že v železni dobi. do- data referable to three astragalus dimensions in the material ločene razlike med prazgodovinskim vzorcem na eni from Tonovcov grad and from numerous prehistoric, roman strani ter tistim s Tonovcovega gradu (pa tudi ostalih period and late antique sites in the broader region. poznoantičnih najdišč) na drugi gre najverjetneje pri- pisati prisotnosti bakrenodobnih in bronastodobnih Dimenzija primerkov v prazgodovinskem vzorcu; velikost goved Dimension PC 1 PC 2 PC 3 je bila v prazgodovini na območju srednje evrope na- Glm -0,95 0,22 0,23 mreč največja v mlajši kameni dobi, nato pa je vseskozi dl -0,95 0,14 -0,26 postopoma upadala (Bökönyi 1974, sl. 9). Bd -0,92 -0,38 0,03 Če je prva glavna komponenta vektor velikosti, potem lahko drugi dve (Pc 2 in Pc 3) razumemo kot nosilki oblikovne informacije. v primeru zgoraj pred- stavljene analize glavnih komponent slednji opisujeta skeletal element (linear52 regression equation: Bd = dobrih deset odstotkov variance osnovnega nabora 6.798 + 0.579 * Glm; Pearson correlation coefficient: podatkov (glej opombo 44). Za razliko od vrednosti r = 0.67; p = 0.000), as it was observed in the measure- Pc3, kjer razlik med posameznimi vzorci nisva ugoto- ments obtained from Bronze age specimens from hun- vila, pa te pri porazdelitvi vrednosti vzdolž druge glavne gary (Bartosiewicz 1984, Tab. 1), which includes adult komponente obstajajo ( sl. 8.17). rimskodobni primerki specimens of both sexes as well as calves. in relation to namreč izkazujejo statistično značilno višje vrednosti this it is worth noting, that the regression equation is Pc2 od prazgodovinskih47 ter tudi poznoantičnih/ more or less independent from the fluctuating share of zgodnjesrednjeveških48 skočnic; pri tem primerki s individual age groups or sexes in the assemblage. Simi- Tonovcovega gradu zasedajo vmesno lego med obema lar holds true for the Pearson correlation coefficients skrajnostma. iz vrednosti faktorskih uteži ( Factor loadin- between the dimensions Glm (or Bd) on one hand and gs; tab. 8.16) izhaja, da so skočnice z višjimi vrednostmi the estimated cattle weight on the other ( cf. Bartosiewicz Pc2 (tj. rimskodobne skočnice) relativno ožje od tistih 1984, Tab. 1), as they never fall below 0.80. z nižjimi vrednostmi Pc2 (tj. prazgodovinski primerki). The existence of two groups of astragali, differing Pri tem je zanimivo, da se pri govedu največja širina in shapes (and not merely size), could be associated with medialnega dela (Glm)49 skočnice z naraščanjem mase the presence of two cattle forms (breeds?) in the studied živali domnevno povečuje hitreje od največje širine dis- area, i.e. the advanced “roman” and the traditional local talnega dela (Bd) istega skeletnega elementa (linearna50 form. The existence of statistical y significant differences regresijska enačba: Bd = 6,798 + 0,579*Glm; Pearsonov between the material from prehistoric or late antique/ koeficient korelacije: r = 0,67; p = 0,000). Takšen je vsaj early medieval sites on the one hand, and those from the trend, ki ga je mogoče razbrati iz metričnih podatkov za roman period on the other, may – in this case – reflect vzorec bronastodobnih govejih skočnic z madžarskega the lack (scarcity) of large cattle prior to the romanisa- (Bartosiewicz 1984, Tab. 1), ki sicer vključuje tako od- tion of this area or following the fall of the empire. of rasle primerke obeh spolov kot tudi teleta. Pri tem velja course, as “roman” cattle did not establish itself at once, poudariti, da je zgornja regresijska enačba bolj ali manj it did not suddenly disappear either. The somewhat in- neodvisna od spreminjanja razmerij med starostnimi termediate position of the sample from Tonovcov grad kategorijami oz. med spoloma v izhodiščnem vzorcu. in figure 8.17 could thus be due to the slightly higher Podobno velja tudi za Pearsonove koeficiente korelacije representation of the large cattle form(s)/breed(s) as med dimenzijama Glm oz. Bd na eni strani ter ocenjeno opposed to the situation at some other sites from the mid or second half of the first millennium. after al , the 47 mann-Whitneyjev u-test: u = 532,0; Z = -2,18; bulk53 of the specimens included in the late antique/ p = 0,029. early medieval assemblage shown on figure 8.17 is 48 mann-Whitneyjev u-test: u = 252,0; Z = 2,23; p = 0,026. 49 52 enako velja tudi za največjo dolžino lateralnega dela The appropriateness of using linear regression is prov- skočnice (tj. Gll). en by the distribution of residuals, for it does not show sta- 50 Primernost uporabe linearne regresije dokazuje po- tistical y significant deviation from the normal distribution razdelitev ostankov ( Residuals), saj ti ne izkazujejo statistično (Shapiro-Wilk W test: p > 0.05). 53 značilnih odstopanj od normalne porazdelitve (Shapiro-Wil- The sample also includes two specimens from the kov W-test: p > 0,05). early medieval site of Pristava at Bled (Toškan, dirjec 2008). 338 08_favna.indd 338 23.1.2012 12:38:15 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Sl. 8.17: Grafični prikaz odnosa med vrednostmi druge in tretje glavne komponente ( PC 2 & PC 3 scores), izračunane na osnovi korelacijske matrike metričnih podatkov treh dimenzij skočnic s Tonovcovega gradu ter z več prazgodovinskih, rimskodobnih in poznoantičnih najdišč v širši regiji. Za seznam in velikost vzorcev glej pripis k sliki 8.16. Fig. 8.17: Graphic representation of the relation between Pc 2 and Pc 3 scores, calculated on the basis of the correlation matrix of the metric data referable to three astragalus dimensions in the material from Tonovcov grad and a number of prehistoric, roman and late antiquity sites in the broader region. for a list and samples and their size see text under figure 8.16. maso goved na drugi ( cf. Bartosiewicz 1984, Tab. 1), saj represented by finds from the site of drösing north of ti nikoli ne padejo pod vrednost 0,80. the danube, and thus beyond the borders of the roman obstoj dveh skupin govejih skočnic, ki se med seboj empire (riedel 2007). as already stated above, in such razlikujejo po obliki (in ne le velikosti), bi lahko pove- peripheral areas the large “roman” cattle disappeared zovali s prisotnostjo dveh oblik (pasem?) goveda v tem significantly sooner than in the Southeastern alps. prostoru, tj. napredne “rimske” in tradicionalne lokalne. The presence of individual specimens from ad- v statistično značilnih razlikah med gradivom s praz- vanced “roman” cattle within the assemblage from godovinskih oz. poznoantičnih/zgodnjesrednjeveških Tonovcov grad is evident also from figure 8.18, which najdišč na eni strani ter rimskodobnih na drugi bi se v shows the relationship between the breadth and depth tem primeru lahko odražala prav odsotnost (malošte- of the distal tibia epiphysis in specimens originating vilnost) velikih goved pred romanizacijo obravnavanega from several prehistoric and roman period as well as prostora oz. po razpadu cesarstva. Seveda se “rimsko” one early medieval site in the territory of present-day govedo v našem prostoru ni uveljavilo naenkrat, tako Slovenia. as can be seen the largest finds are those of kot tudi ni naenkrat izginilo. Skočnice s Tonovcovega roman period animals; nevertheless, a single distal tibia gradu se tako morda na sliki 8.17 umeščajo med skočnice does come also from Tonovcov grad.54 Given that in z rimskodobnih in tiste s poznoantičnih/zgodnjesre- figure 8.18 we did not distinguish between males and dnjeveških najdišč prav zaradi še vedno nekoliko večje females, an important part of the observed variability zastopanosti napredne oblike goveda nasproti stanju na can of course be attributed to sexual dimorphism and nekaterih drugih najdiščih s sredine oz. druge polovice not to the presence of two (or more?) different cattle prvega tisočletja. Pretežni del51 skočnic v poznoantič- forms/breeds. however, the overlap between the meas- nem/zgodnjesrednjeveškem vzorcu s slike 8.17 namreč urements of local and “roman” cattle is to be expected predstavljajo najdbe z najdišča drösing, ki leži severno in the central part of the “cloud” where males and cas- od donave, torej onkraj meja rimskega cesarstva (rie- trates of the former as well as females of the latter are del 2007). Tu pa je do zmanjševanja prisotnosti velikih to be found. This can be clearly seen from the range of 54 The find originates from the oldest roman period set- 51 vzorec sicer vključuje še dva primerka z zgodnjesre- tlement phase (i.e. the late antiquity phase 1), which may dnjeveške Pristave na Bledu (Toškan, dirjec 2008). well not be a coincidence. 339 08_favna.indd 339 23.1.2012 12:38:16 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Sl. 8.18: Grafični prikaz razmerja med največjo širino (Bd) in največjo globino (dd) distalne epifize golenice domačega goveda z več različnih najdišč z območja današnje Slovenije. označeno polje ponazarja razpon vrednosti obeh dimenzij za domače govedo z rimskodobnega najdišča nickelsdorf (riedel 2004, Tab. 42). Seznam in velikost (n) vzorcev: Tonovcov grad (n = 12); maharski prekop (bakrena doba, n = 4); Gornja radgona (bronasta doba, n = 2); cvinger (železna doba, n = 1); vače (železna doba, n = 1); veliki vinji vrh (železna doba, n = 4); Bela cerkev (železna doba, n = 1); ribnica na dolenjskem/ Romula (rimska doba, n = 32); vipava: telovadnica (rimska doba, n = 2); Gorenje Skopice (rimska doba, n = 2); ljubljana/ Emona (rimska doba, n = 5); Školarice (rimska doba, n = 2); hrušica/ Ad Pirum (rimska doba, n = 3); Pristava (zgodnji srednji vek, n = 2). metrične podatke za najdišče Pristava podajata Toškan in dirjec (2008, 150), preostanek pa predstavljajo lastni neobjavljeni podatki. vse mere so v mm. Fig. 8.18: Graphic representation of the relation between the greatest breadth (Bd) and the greatest depth (dd) of tibial distal epiphyses of cattle from a number of different sites in the territory of present day Slovenia. The marked field denotes the range of values for both dimensions observed in cattle from the roman period site of nickelsdorf (riedel 2004, Tab. 42). The list and size (n) of samples: Tonovcov grad (n = 12); maharski prekop (copper age, n = 4); Gornja radgona (Bronze age, n = 2); cvinger (iron age, n = 1); vače (iron age, n = 1); veliki vinji vrh (iron age, n = 4); Bela cerkev (iron age, n = 1); ribnica na dolenjskem/ Romula (roman period, n = 32); vipava: gym (roman period, n = 2); Gorenje Skopice (roman period, n = 2); ljubljana/ Emona (roman period, n = 5); Školarice (roman period, n = 2); hrušica/ Ad Pirum (roman period, n = 3); Pristava (early middle ages, n = 2). The metric data for the site of Pristava was provided by Toškan and dirjec (2008, 150), while the rest is represented by personal unpublished data. all measurements are in mm. “rimskih” goved prišlo vendarle prej kot na območju cattle tibia measurements from the roman period site jugovzhodnih alp. of nickelsdorf in eastern austria, where the remains of Prisotnost naprednih “rimskih” goved v vzorcu only the large “roman” cattle were found (riedel 2004, s Tonovcovega gradu dokazuje tudi slika 8.18, kjer je 465 ff).55 it should thus not be considered speculative prikazano razmerje med širino in globino distalnega to conclude that the largest specimens from figure 8.18 dela golenice za posamezna prazgodovinska in rim- (including at least one from Tonovcov grad)56 are to be skodobna ter eno zgodnjesrednjeveško najdišče na reliably related to the advanced “roman” form/breed, Slovenskem. med največjimi primerki, ki jih skoraj despite the heterogeneous composition of the assem- izključno predstavljajo rimskodobne golenice, je na- blage in terms of sex. mreč tudi ena s Tonovcovega gradu.52 Glede na to, da The analysis of the size of cattle from Tonovcov na sliki 8.18 nisva razlikovala med golenicami samcev grad will be concluded with the comparison between in samic, je seveda pomemben del izkazane variabil- the materials from both late antiquity settlement phases nosti utemeljeno pripisati prav spolnemu dimorfizmu 55 The estimate of the sex profile for the material from nick- in ne prisotnosti dveh (več?) različnih oblik goveda. elsdorf shows an equal share of both sexes (n = 36). in the case vendar pa lahko prekrivanje metričnih podatkov o of Tonovcov grad we have sexed 15 sufficiently preserved pelvis 52 najdba (morda ne po naključju) izvira iz starejše, tj. fragments, ascribing 13 specimens to cows and two to oxen. 56 prve faze poznoantične poselitve najdišča. See also table 8.3. 340 08_favna.indd 340 23.1.2012 12:38:16 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Sl. 8.19: Porazdelitev standardiziranih dimenzij dolgih kosti (nadlahtnica, koželjnica, dlančnica, golenica, stopalnica) ter petnic in skočnic domačega goveda s Tonovcovega gradu po posameznih fazah. vsak skeletni element je zastopan le s po eno dimenzijo. Postopek standardiziranja dimenzij je podan v pogl. 8.1. legenda: rP – rimskodobno povprečje, izračunano na osnovi govejih ostankov iz rimskega mesta Tác/ Gorsium (madžarska; Bökönyi 1984). Fig. 8.19: distribution of standardised metric data of cattle long bones (humerus, radius, metacarpus, tibia, metatarsus) as well as calcanei and astragali from Tonovcov grad, by settlement phases. every skeletal element is represented by a single measure. The procedure for standardising the metric data is given in chapter 8.1. legend: rP – roman Period average, calculated on the basis of cattle remains from the roman town of Tác/ Gorsium (hungary; Bökönyi 1984). lokalnem in “rimskem” govedu pričakujemo predvsem ( Fig. 8.19). The results showed no substantial differences, na osrednjem delu “oblaka”, kjer se umeščajo tako thus contradicting the possibility of the existence of any samci in kastrati prvih kot tudi samice drugih. To je noticeable change in the (average) size of these animals lepo razvidno iz razpona vrednosti obeh merjenih between the end of the 4th century all the way to the dimenzij za domače govedo z rimskodobnega najdišča beginning of the 7th century. The same holds true also if nickelsdorf v vzhodni avstriji, kjer so sicer naleteli iz- the smal early medieval assemblage is also considered.57 ključno na ostanke velikega “rimskega” goveda (riedel Such a conclusion is in line with what has been described 2004, 465 ss).53 iz navedenega izhaja, da je največje above ( Figs. 8.15-8.18) and was thus to be expected. it primerke s slike 8.18 (vključno z vsaj enim s Tonovco- indicates that in the broader area of Tonovcov grad the process of substituting the advanced “roman” breed of 53 ocenjena spolna struktura za gradivo iz nickelsdorfa cattle with the small local form had most likely ended kaže primerljiv delež obeh spolov (n = 36). v primeru To- before the first late antiquity settlement phase of the site novcovega gradu sva spol ugotavljala pri 15 ustrezno ohra- njenih fragmentih medenice, od katerih sva jih 13 pripisala kravam, preostala dva pa volom. 57 kruskal-Wal is anova: h (2, n = 58) = 2.81; p = 0.245. 341 08_favna.indd 341 23.1.2012 12:38:16 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna vega gradu)54 navkljub spolno heterogenemu vzorcu studied here even begun . Given the modest assemblage vendarle utemeljeno pripisati napredni “rimski” obliki. size dated to the early medieval phase any further de- analizo velikosti domačega goveda s Tonovcovega cline in the average size of cattle in the 8th and possibly gradu končujeva s primerjavo med gradivom iz obeh 9th century, although expected ( cf. Toškan, dirjec 2008, faz poznoantične poselitve ( sl. 8.19). omembe vrednih Tab. 6a), would be rather hard to detect. razlik nisva ugotovila, tako da o opaznejšem trendu spreminjanja velikosti živali v obdobju od konca 4. pa tja do začetka 7. stoletja na podlagi razpoložljivih 8.5.2 SheeP podatkov ne moreva govoriti. kot so pokazali rezultati statističnega testiranja, takšnih trendov ni zaznati niti as was the case with cattle, the beginning of the ob hkratnem upoštevanju gradiva zgodnjesrednjeveške roman period in central europe also saw an increase in starosti (tj. zgodnjesrednjeveške faze),55 ki sicer izstopa the average size of sheep, which was presumably a result po razmeroma skromnem številu najdb. ugotovitev of the imports of the advanced “roman” form/breed je po svoje pričakovana, saj se je na obravnavanem (Bökönyi 1974, fig. 49). during the turbulent migra- območju proces prenosa težišča govedoreje z napredne tion period the presence of the latter breed gradual y “rimske” oblike na majhno lokalno govedo v pretežnem declined, which is reflected in the arheozoological record delu domnevno končal še pred prvo fazo poznoantične in the drop of the average size of individual skeletal poselitve Tonovcovega gradu ( sl. 8.15–8.19). morebitni elements. Similar to cattle the number of advanced “ro- nadaljnji upad povprečne velikosti goved v 8. in morda man” sheep first dwindled in the more remote provinces, 9. stoletju ( cf. Toškan, dirjec 2008, Tab. 6a) pa bi bilo while those in the north italian lowlands and Pre-alpine spričo skromnosti razpoložljivega vzorca iz zgodnjesre- hil s remained rather numerous until the early medieval dnjeveške faze tako ali tako zelo težko zaznati. period (riedel 1994b, 54). With the above in mind the results of the comparison between the standardized measurements of sheep bones 8.5.2 ovca from Tonovcov grad with those from several contempo- rary sites in north italy, austria and west hungary are Podobno kot pri domačem govedu se je z za- al but surprising ( Fig. 8.20). Sheep from settlements of četkom rimskega obdobja povečala tudi povprečna invil ino, udine and verona (complex vr-1) in italy were velikost ovac, k čemur je prispeval predvsem uvoz na- on average statistical y significantly larger than those from prednih “rimskih” oblik (Bökönyi 1974, sl. 49). njihovo Tonovcov grad58 or austrian sites from the same period. število se je v nemirnem obdobju preseljevanja ljudstev on the other hand, comparing Tonovcov grad with sites nato postopoma manjšalo, kar se v arheozoološkem in the east did not show any substantial difference.59 zapisu kaže predvsem kot upad povprečne velikosti Figure 8.20 shows that late antique sheep from the posameznih skeletnih elementov. Podobno kot pri territory of present-day Slovenia formed a metrical y govedu je tudi do usihanja števila naprednih “rim- rather homogeneous population. in contrast to this the skih” ovac najprej prišlo v bolj oddaljenih provincah, comparison between the standardized measurements of medtem ko so se te v nižinskem in predalpskem delu late antique sheep long bones and the material dated severne italije obdržale vse tja do zgodnjega srednjega to the period between the 1st and 4th centuries ad veka (riedel 1994b, 54). demonstrates considerable metric heterogeneity. on Glede na zgoraj navedeno je primerjava standardi- average the sheep from Tonovcov grad were statistical y ziranih metričnih podatkov ovčjih kosti s Tonovcovega significantly smal er than those from the e.g. roman gradu in pa tistih z več sočasnih najdišč severne italije, period site of ribnica/ Romula.60 This was allegedly due avstrije in zahodne madžarske dala pričakovane rezultate to the higher numbers of advanced “roman” sheep in ( sl. 8.20). ovce z italijanskih naselbin invil ino, videm/ the latter assemblage. udine in verona (skupek vr-1) so bile namreč v pov- 58 prečju statistično značilno večje od ovac s Tonovcovega mann-Whitney u test: u = 337.5; Z = -2.34; p = 0.019. 59 gradu56 oz. sočasnih avstrijskih najdišč. Po drugi strani The comparison between the sheep from Tonovcov grad and those from the contemporary sites in austria and hun- primerjava Tonovcovega gradu z najdišči proti vzhodu gary: mann-Whitney u test: u = 179.0; Z = -0.73; p = 0.468. ni izpostavila omembe vrednih razlik.57 The comparison between the material from Tonovcov grad and ajdovski Gradec above vranje: mann-Whitney u test: 54 Glej tudi tabelo 8.3. u = 378.0; Z = 0.02; p = 0.980. The remains from Tonovcov 55 kruskal-Wal isova anova: h (2, n = 58) = 2,81; grad and ajdovski Gradec did not show any statistical y sig- p = 0,245. nificant differences amongst goat remains (man-Whitney u 56 mann-Whitneyjev u-test: u = 337,5; Z = -2,34; p = 0,019. test: u = 17.0; Z = -1.27; p = 0.203). 57 Primerjava med ovcami s Tonovcovega gradu in tisti- 60 mann-Whitney u test: u = 47.0; Z = -3.11; p = 0.002. mi s sočasnih najdišč v avstriji oz. na madžarskem: mann- Standardized measurements for long bones were used as a Whitneyjev u-test: u = 179,0; Z = -0,73; p = 0,468. Primer- size indicator. 342 08_favna.indd 342 23.1.2012 12:38:17 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Sl. 8.20: Porazdelitev standardiziranih dimenzij dolgih kosti (nadlahtnica, dlančnica, stopalnica) ovce s Tonovcovega gradu ter z več sočasnih najdišč severne italije, avstrije in zahodne madžarske. vsak skeletni element je zastopan le s po eno dimenzijo. Postopek standardiziranja dimenzij je podan v pogl. 8.1. legenda: rP – rimskodobno povprečje, izračunano na osnovi ovčjih ostankov iz rimskega mesta Tác/ Gorsium (madžarska; Bökönyi 1984). Seznam najdišč S italije: invillino (Stork, von den driesch 1987); videm/udine, grad (riedel 1993b); verona: skupek vr-i (riedel 1994a). Seznam najdišč avstrije: kappele (Pucher 1993); Sveta hema/hemmaberg (forstenpointner et al. 2002); drösing (riedel 2007). najdišče z zahodne madžarske: Sopron/ Scarbantia (Bökönyi 1986). Fig. 8.20: distribution of standardised metric data of sheep long bones (humerus, metacarpus, metatarsus) as well as calcanei and astragali from Tonovcov grad and from a number of contemporary sites in northern italy, austria and Western hungary. each skeletal element is represented by a single measure. The procedure for standardising the metric data is given in chapter 8.1. legend : rP – roman Period average, calculated on the basis of sheep remains from the roman town of Tác/ Gorsium (hungary; Bökönyi 1984). The list of sites in n italy: invillino (Stork, von den driesch 1987); udine, castle (riedel 1993b); verona: complex vr-i (riedel 1994a). list of sites in austria: kappele (Pucher 1993); hemmaberg (forstenpointner et al. 2002); drösing (riedel 2007). Site in Western hungary: Sopron/ Scarbantia (Bökönyi 1986). Sodeč po sliki 8.20 so torej ovce na Slovenskem v contrary to the above, the comparison between pozni antiki tvorile metrično razmeroma homogeno the withers heights of prehistoric, roman and late populacijo. v nasprotju s tem kaže primerjava standardi- antique sheep has not shown any significant differ- ences (kruskal-Wallis test: p > 0.05; Fig. 8.21). is the java med gradivom s Tonovcovega gradu in z ajdovskega observed discrepancy between the outcomes of the two Gradca nad vranjem: mann-Whitneyjev u-test: u = 378,0; Z comparisions (i.e. Fig. 8.20 vs. Fig. 8.21) explainable with = 0,02; p = 0,980. med ostanki s Tonovcovega gradu in tistimi the latter assemblages being much smaller than was the z ajdovskega Gradca statistično značilnih razlik nisva ugo- tovila niti v primeru koz (man-Whitneyjev u-test: u = 17,0; case with the comparison between the standardized Z = -1,27; p = 0,203). measurements of long bones ( Fig. 8.20)? at least in 343 08_favna.indd 343 23.1.2012 12:38:17 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Sl. 8.21: višina ob vihru za ovce s prazgodovinskih (vzorec 1), rimskodobnih (vzorec 2) in poznoantičnih (vzorec 3) najdišč ter iz vile rustike v avstrijskem nickelsdorfu (vzorec 4; riedel 2004). višina ob vihru je bila ocenjena na osnovi največje dolžine lateralnega dela skočnice (Gll sensu von den drie- sch 1976) z aplikacijo Teichertovih koeficientov ( cf. riedel 1986, 125). Seznam in velikost (n) vzorcev: Pupićina peć, istra (mlajša kamena doba; n = 5; miracle, Pugsley 2006); maharski prekop, Slovenija (bakrena doba; n = 1); Brixlegg, avstrija (zgodnja bronasta doba; n = 23; riedel 2003); cvinger, Slovenija (starejša železna doba; n = 1); Jama i na Prevali, Slovenija (starejša železna doba; n = 1; riedel 1977); vrhnika/ Nauportus, Slovenija (rimska doba; n = 1); ljubljana/ Emona, Slovenija (rimska doba; n = 2); Školarice, Slovenija (rimska doba; n = 2); ribnica na dolenjskem/ Romula, Slovenija (rim- ska doba; n = 5); hrušica/ Ad Pirum, Slovenija (rimska doba; n = 1); Tonovcov grad (pozna antika; n = 12); videm/udine: ziranih metričnih podatkov ovčjih dolgih kosti poznoan- grad, italija (pozna antika; n = 3; riedel 1993b). tične starosti z gradivom iz obdobja med 1. in 4. stoletjem Fig. 8.21: The withers height of sheep from prehistoric (sam- precejšnjo metrično heterogenost. ovce s Tonovcovega ple 1), roman period (sample 2) and late antique (sample 3) gradu so bile tako npr. v povprečju celo visoko statistično sites as well as from the vil a rustica at nickelsdorf (sample 4, značilno manjše od tistih z rimskodobnega najdišča rib- austria; riedel 2004). The withers height was estimated on the nica na dolenjskem,58 domnevno zaradi večje številčnosti basis of the greatest length of the lateral part of astragali (Gll naprednih “rimskih” ovac v starejšem od obeh vzorcev. sensu von den driesch 1976) and the application of Teichert’s velja pa v zvezi z zgoraj navedenim opozoriti, da primer- coefficient ( cf. riedel 1986, 125). list and size (n) of samples: java plečne višine ovac prazgodovinske, rimskodobne Pupićina peć, istria-croatia (early Stone age; n = 5; miracle, Pugsley 2006); maharski prekop, Slovenia (copper age; in poznoantične starosti ni izpostavila podobno očitnih n = 1); Brixlegg, austria (early Bronze age; n = 23; riedel razlik med obdobji (test kruskal-Wal is: p > 0,05; sl. 8.21). 2003); cvinger, Slovenia (late iron age; n = 1); Jama i na res je sicer, da so bili vzorci v slednjem primeru manjši Prevali, Slovenia (late iron age; n = 1; riedel 1977); vrhnika/ kot ob primerjavi standardiziranih metričnih podatkov Nauportus, Slovenia (roman period; n = 1); ljubljana/ Emona, dolgih kosti ( sl. 8.20), kar gotovo zmanjšuje njihovo re- Slovenia (roman period; n = 2); Školarice, Slovenia (roman prezentativnost. Po drugi strani pa je tudi res, da vključuje period; n = 2); ribnica na dolenjskem/ Romula, Slovenia poznoantično gradivo s slike 8.21 najdbe iz petih rimsko- (roman period; n = 5); hrušica/ Ad Pirum, Slovenia (roman dobnih najdišč, medtem ko sva standardizirane metrične period; n = 1); Tonovcov grad (late antiquity; n = 12); udine: podatke primerjala le med vzorcema s Tonovcovega gradu castle, italy (late antiquity; n = 3; riedel 1993b). in ribnice na dolenjskem. vprašanje številčnosti velikih “rimskih” ovac na Slovenskem v rimskem obdobju ostaja torej za zdaj brez dokončnega odgovora. Je pa tako na part the answer could be positive, as small assemblages podlagi razlik v standardiziranih metričnih podatkih are often far from being representative. on the other med gradivom s Tonovcovega gradu in z rimskodobne- hand, it is also true that the late antique material from ga mesta Tác/ Gorsium ( sl. 8.20) kot tudi iz razlike med figure 8.21 includes finds from five roman period sites, višino ob vihru ovac s tukaj obravnavanega najdišča in while for the standardized measurements comparison iz rimskodobne vile rustike v avstrijskem nickelsdorfu59 only the assemblages from Tonovcov grad and ribnica/ ( sl. 8.21) nedvoumno razvidno, da je bilo na Tonovcovem Romula were used. despite al , the discrepancies in the gradu velikih “rimskih” ovac razmeroma malo, tako da je standardized measurements between the material from ovčereja temeljila predvsem na primitivni lokalni obliki Tonovcov grad and the roman town of Tác/ Gorsium pasme te vrste. ( Fig. 8.20), as well as the difference between the withers Primerjava standardiziranih metričnih podatkov height of sheep from Tonovcov grad and those from the ovčjih ostankov iz obeh faz poznoantične poselitve To- roman vil a rustica in nickelsdorf, austria,61 ( Fig. 8.21) novcovega gradu ne kaže na obstoj statistično značilnih clearly show that there were relatively few large “roman” trendov spreminjanja velikosti v času (mann-Whitne- sheep at Tonovcov grad. it may thus be concluded that yjev u-test: u = 28,5; Z = -1,35; p = 0,177; sl. 8.22). sheep exploitation appears to have been mainly based Skladni s tem so rezultati medfazne primerjave višine ob on the local primitive form(s). The comparison between the standardized meas- 58 mann-Whitneyjev u-test: u = 47,0; Z = -3,11; p = 0,002. urements of sheep remains from the two late antiquity kot kazalnik velikosti sva uporabila standardizirane metrične settlement phases at Tonovcov grad is not indicative podatke dolgih kosti. 59 v okviru vile rustike v nickelsdorfu so bili najdeni le 61 only remains of the large “roman” sheep were discov- ostanki velikih “rimskih” ovac (riedel 2004, 478 s). ered in the vil a rustica in nickelsdorf (riedel 2004, 478 f). 344 08_favna.indd 344 23.1.2012 12:38:17 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Sl. 8.22: Porazdelitev standardiziranih dimenzij dolgih kosti (nadlahtnica, dlančnica, stopalnica) ovce s Tonovcovega gradu po posameznih fazah. vsak skeletni element je zastopan le s po eno dimenzijo. Postopek standardiziranja dimenzij je podan v pogl. 8.1. legenda: rP – rimskodobno povprečje, izračunano na osnovi ovčjih ostankov iz rimskega mesta Tác/ Gorsium (madžarska; Bökönyi 1984). Fig. 8.22: distribution of standardised metric data of sheep long bones (humerus, metacarpus, metatarsus) from Tonovcov grad, by individual settlement phase. each skeletal element is represented by a single measure. The procedure for standardising the metric data is given in chapter 8.1. legend: rP – roman Period average, calculated on the basis of sheep remains from the roman town of Tác/ Gorsium (hungary; Bökönyi 1984). vihru, ocenjene na podlagi dimenzij skočnic in petnic; of any statistical y significant diachronic variation in tudi v tem primeru namreč razlika med obema pozno- sheep body-size (mann-Whitney u test: u = 28.5; antičnima fazama ne dosega meje statistične značilnosti Z = -1.35; p = 0.177; Fig. 8.22). This is further cor- (mann-Whitneyjev u-test: u = 15,5; Z = 0,38; p = 0,700; roborated by the results of the inter-phase comparison n = 13). Podatkov za zgodnjesrednjeveško fazo je sicer in withers heights, estimated from the dimensions of malo, a tudi ti ne odstopajo od razpona vrednosti za ovce astragali and calcanei. even in this case the difference poznoantične starosti (kruskal-Wallisov anova-test: between late antiquity phases 1 and 2 are not statis- h [2, n = 27] = 2,06; p = 0,356). tically significant (mann-Whitney u test: u = 15.5; Z = 0.38; p = 0.700; n = 13). There are only a few data available for the early medieval phase, but the existing 8.5.3 domaČi PraŠiČ material fal s within the range seen in late antique sheep from the same site (kruskal-Wal is anova test: Časovna nihanja v velikosti domačega prašiča so h [2, n = 27] = 2.06; p = 0.356). bila bistveno bolj omejena kot pri domačem govedu in 345 08_favna.indd 345 23.1.2012 12:38:17 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna drobnici (riedel 1994, sl. 6d). romanizacija jugovzho- 8.5.3 PiG dnoalpskega prostora je sicer prispevala k izboljšanim pogojem reje tudi v primeru prašičev, kar je rezultiralo diachronic variation in pig body-size was not as v dvigu povprečne višine ob vihru nasproti stanju v great as observed in cattle and caprines (riedel 1994, železni dobi. drugače kot pri govedu in drobnici pa fig. 6d). The improved conditions for pig husbandry domači prašiči z rimskodobnih, poznoantičnih in zgo- brought to the region by the romans did result in the dnjesrednjeveških najdišč Srednje evrope po velikosti rise of the average withers height when compared to the niso nujno presegali prazgodovinskih, predvsem ne iron age. nevertheless, the pigs from roman period, late tistih bronastodobnih (Bökönyi 1974, 212 ss). antique and early medieval sites in central europe were ne glede na manj izrazita velikostna nihanja do- not necessarily superior in size to the prehistoric ones, mačih prašičev v času pa primerjava standardiziranih especial y not to those from the Bronze age (Bökönyi dimenzij dolgih kosti omenjene vrste s Tonovcovega 1974, 212 ff). gradu, sočasnih najdišč iz severne italije ter z avstrijskega regardless of the less pronounced diachronic varia- kaže razlike, ki presegajo mejo statistične značilnosti (test tions in pig body-size, the comparison between the stand- kruskal-Wal is: h [2, n = 81] = 20,79; p = 0,000; sl. 8.23). ardized measurements of suine long bones from Tonovcov izstopajo predvsem očitno manjši primerki s Tonovcove- grad and several contemporary sites in northern italy and ga gradu, medtem ko med gradivom iz severne italije in z austria show statistical y significant differences (kruskal- avstrijskega statistično značilnih razlik nisva ugotovila.60 Wal is test: h [2, n = 81] = 20.79; p = 0.000; Fig. 8.23). v zvezi s slednjima dvema vzorcema velja pri tem dodati The markedly smal er specimens from Tonovcov grad tudi to, da večjih odstopanj ne kažeta niti v primerjavi clearly stand out, while the material from northern italy z rimskodobnimi primerki ( sl. 8.23), kar potrjuje naše and austria show no statistical y significant differences.62 vedenje o relativno majhnih časovnih nihanjih v velikosti in relation to the latter two assemblages we should add omenjene vrste. drugače je pri prašičih s Tonovcovega that they do not show any major discrepancies relative to gradu, ki so statistično značilno manjši od rimskodobnih roman period specimens ( Fig. 8.23), thus confirming the primerkov iste vrste tako z madžarskega ( sl. 8.23) kot tudi thesis of relatively limited fluctuations in the size of the s Slovenskega (mann-Whitneyjev u-test: u = 333,5; Z = studied species through time. The pigs from Tonovcov -3,36; p = 0,001). višina ob vihru za domačega prašiča grad show a different picture, for they are significantly s Tonovcovega gradu, ocenjena na podlagi dimenzij smal er than those originating from roman period sites skočnic, niha med 60,8 in 74,2 cm (me = 69,8; razpon: (Tác/ Gorsium: Fig. 8.23; ribnica/ Romula: mann-Whitney 60,8–74,2; n = 7; cf. Teichert 1969) oz. med 60,8 in 64,8 cm u test: u = 333.5; Z = -3.36; p = 0.001). The withers height (me = 63,5; razpon: 60,8–64,8; n = 7; cf. may et al. 1996). of pigs from Tonovcov grad, estimated on the basis of the Sodeč po sliki 8.23 torej domači prašiči na jugo- size of astragali, varies between either 60.8 and 74.2 cm vzhodnoalpskem območju v pozni antiki niso tvorili (me = 69.8, range: 60.8-74.2; n = 7; cf. Teichert 1969) or metrično homogene populacije. Skladen s tem je podatek, between 60.8 and 64.8 cm (me = 63.5, range: 60.8-64.8; da primerjava prašičjih ostankov s Tonovcovega gradu n = 7; cf. may et al. 1996), depending of the methodol- in s sočasnega najdišča ajdovski Gradec nad vranjem ogy used. (Bartosiewicz, choyke 1985) ni pokazala omembe vre- What fol ows from figure 8.23 is that pigs in the dnih razlik v njihovih dimenzijah, so pa zato eni in drugi area of Southeastern alps did not form a metrical y statistično značilno manjši od ostankov iste vrste s prav homogeneous population during late antiquity. This tako poznoantične naselbine Tinje nad loko pri Žusmu is consistent with the fact that the comparison be- (Turk 2000).61 v ugotovljeni heterogenosti se najver- tween pig remains from Tonovcov grad and from the jetneje kaže različno razmerje med večjimi “rimskimi” contemporary settlement of ajdovski Gradec above in manjšimi lokalnimi prašiči v okviru razpoložljivih vranje (Bartosiewicz, choyke 1985) did not show any vzorcev ( cf. Bökönyi 1974, 216), morda pa tudi različne noteworthy differences in their sizes, however both 60 are statistical y significantly smal er than the remains Primerjava med prašiči s Tonovcovega gradu in s soča- from another late antique site in the broader region snih najdišč v S italiji: mann-Whitneyjev u-test: u = 163,0; – Tinje above loka pri Žusmu (Turk 2000).63 The ob- Z = -3,23; p = 0,001. Primerjava med gradivom s Tonovcove- ga gradu in s sočasnih najdišč iz avstrije: mann-Whitneyjev 62 u-test: u = 171,0; Z = -3,97; p = 0,000. med ostanki poznoan- The comparison between the pigs from Tonovcov tične starosti iz S italije in z avstrijskega statistično značilnih grad and from sites in northern italy: mann-Whitney u test: razlik nisva ugotovila (man-Whitneyjev u-test: u = 136,0; u = 163.0; Z = -3.23; p = 0.001. The comparison between the Z = -0,76; p = 0,445). pigs from Tonovcov grad and from sites in austria: mann- 61 Primerjava med gradivom s Tonovcovega gradu in z Whitney u test: u = 171.0; Z = -3.97; p = 0.000. We have not ajdovskega Gradca nad vranjem: mann-Whitneyjev u-test: found statistical y significant differences between the late u = 136,0; Z = 1,09; p = 0,274. Primerjava med gradivom s antique assemblages from northern italy and austria (man- Tonovcovega gradu in s Tinja nad loko pri Žusmu: mann- Whitney u test: u = 136.0; Z = -0.76; p = 0.445). 63 Whitneyjev u-test: u = 102,5; Z = -2,67; p = 0,007. The comparison between the material from Tonovcov 346 08_favna.indd 346 23.1.2012 12:38:18 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Sl. 8.23: Porazdelitev standardiziranih dimenzij dolgih kosti (nadlahtnica, koželjnica, golenica) ter skočnic domačega prašiča s Tonovcovega gradu ter z več sočasnih najdišč severne italije in avstrije. vsak skeletni element je zastopan le s po eno dimenzijo. Postopek standardiziranja dimenzij je podan v pogl. 8.1. legenda: rP – rimskodobno povprečje, izračunano na osnovi prašičjih ostankov iz rimskega mesta Tác/ Gorsium (madžarska; Bökönyi 1984). Seznam najdišč S italije: invillino (Stork, von den driesch 1987); monte Barro (Baker 1991); videm/udine: grad (riedel 1993b); verona: skupek vr-i (riedel 1994a). Seznam najdišč avstrije: kappele (Pucher 1993); Teriola (Pucher 2003); Sveta hema/hemmaberg (forstenpointner et al. 2002); drösing (riedel 2007). Fig. 8.23: distribution of standardised metric data of pig long bones (humerus, radius, tibia) as wel as astragali from Tonovcov grad and from a number of contemporary sites in northern italy and austria. each skeletal element is represented by a single measure. The procedure for standardising the metric data is given in chapter 8.1. legend : rP – roman Period average, calculated on the basis of pig remains from the roman town of Tác/ Gorsium (hungary; Bökönyi 1984). The list of sites in n italy: invillino (Stork, von den driesch 1987); monte Barro (Baker 1991); udine, castle (riedel 1993b); verona: complex vr-i (riedel 1994a). list of sites in austria: kappele (Pucher 1993); Teriola (Pucher 2003); hemmaberg (forstenpointner et al. 2002); drösing (riedel 2007). ekološke danosti posameznih okolij. ker so razpoložljivi served heterogeneity most likely reflects differential vzorci pogosto majhni (npr. ajdovski gradec: n = 9; Ti- contributions by larger “roman” and smaller local nje: n = 12), je ugotovljene razlike težko interpretirati. v pigs to individual assemblages ( cf. Bökönyi 1974, 216) primeru gradiva s Tonovcovega gradu pa se kljub vsemu and possibly also differing ecological characteristics zdi, da skromno število ostankov večjih “rimskih” prašičev of individual habitats. as these assemblages are often ( sl. 8.24) kaže na vsesplošno poslabšanje življenjskih raz- smal (e.g. ajdovski gradec: n = 9; Tinje: n = 12), the mer v obdobju pozne antike. Po drugi strani pa je tudi res, grad and ajdovski Gradec above vranje: mann-Whitney u test: da so se na območjih zunaj apeninskega polotoka celo v u = 136.0; Z = 1.09; p = 0.274. The comparison between the mirnejših časih od 1. do 4. stoletja večji prašiči množično material from Tonovcov grad and Tinje above loka pri Žusmu pojavljali le v okviru gospodarskih posestev rimske poli- (mann-Whitney u test: u = 102.5; Z = -2.67; p = 0.007). 347 08_favna.indd 347 23.1.2012 12:38:18 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Sl. 8.24: Grafični prikaz razmerja med največjo širino (Bd) in največjo globino (dd) distalne epifize golenice domačega prašiča iz več različnih najdišč z območja današnje Slovenije. Seznam in velikost (n) vzorcev: Tonovcov grad (n = 13); Gor- nja radgona (bronasta doba, n = 3); veliki vinji vrh (železna doba, n = 2); cvinger (železna doba, n = 1); Grgar (železna doba, n = 1); ig (železna doba, n = 1); Stična (železna doba, n = 10); ribnica (rimska doba, n = 5); Školarice (rimska doba, n = 1); Pristava (zgodnji srednji vek, n = 1). metrične podatke za najdišče Stična podaja Bökönyi (1994, 212), za Pristavo Toškan in dirjec (2008, 150), preostanek pa predstavljajo lastni neobjavljeni podatki. vse mere so v mm. Fig. 8.24: Graphic representation of the relationship between the greatest breadth (Bd) and the greatest depth (dd) of the tibial distal end in pigs from a number of sites in present-day Slovenia. list and size (n) of the samples: Tonovcov grad (n = 13); Gornja radgona (Bronze age, n = 3); veliki vinji vrh (iron age, n = 2); cvinger (iron age, n = 1); Grgar (iron age, n = 1); ig (iron age, n = 1); Stična (iron age, n = 10); ribnica differences are not easy to interpret. nevertheless, the (roman period, n = 5); Školarice (roman period, n = 1); modest numbers of the larger “roman” pig remains in Pristava (early middle ages, n = 1). The metric data for the the much richer material from Tonovcov grad (n = 45) site of Stična was provided by Bökönyi (1994, 212), for Pristava can be seen as being indicative of an overal deteriora- by Toškan and dirjec (2008, 150), while the rest is represented tion in the living conditions in the late antique period by personal unpublished data. all measurements are in mm. ( Fig. 8.24). on the other hand, it is also true that in the areas outside of the apennine Peninsula – even in calmer times between the 1st and 4th century – larger tične izbrane družbe (vila rustika), večjih mest in morda pigs occurred in greater numbers only on larger estates vojaških taborov (Bökönyi 1974, 216 s). Pri tem relativno owned by the roman political elite (i.e. vil ae rusticae), velike dimenzije prazgodovinskih prašičev s slike 8.24 main cities and possibly military camps (Bökönyi ne gre interpretirati kot dokaz za nadpovprečno dobre 1974, 216 f). at this the relatively large dimensions pogoje reje v navedenem obdobju, temveč kot rezultat of the prehistoric pigs from figure 8.24 should not be bolj ali manj sistematičnega križanja z divjim prašičem. interpreted as a reflection of above average husbandry Ta praksa naj bi bila v času železne dobe v Srednji evropi conditions, but as a result of a more or less systematic postopoma opuščena (Bökönyi 1974, 211 ss). crossbreeding with the wild boar. This practice was analizo velikosti domačega prašiča s Tonovcovega supposedly abandoned in central europe only during gradu končujeva s primerjavo med gradivom iz obeh the iron age (Bökönyi 1974, 211 ff). faz poznoantične poselitve ( sl. 8.25). omembe vrednih We conclude the study of the variations in pig razlik nisva ugotovila, tako da o opaznejšem trendu spre- body-size at Tonovcov grad with a comparison between minjanja velikosti živali v obdobju od konca 4. pa tja do the material from both late antiquity phases ( Fig. 8.25). začetka 7. stoletja na podlagi razpoložljivih podatkov ne no substantial differences were discovered, thus the moreva govoriti. kot so pokazali rezultati statističnega available data does not indicate any trend of changes testiranja, ni takšnih trendov zaznati niti ob hkratnem in the animal size between the end of the 4th and the upoštevanju gradiva zgodnjesrednjeveške starosti (kru- beginning of the 7th century. as shown by the results of skal-Wal isova anova: h [2, n = 42] = 5,25; p = 0,072), the statistical testing no trends could be detected even za katero je značilno razmeroma skromno število najdb. when the early medieval material (with a relatively mod- est assemblage) was taken into account (kruskal-Wallis anova: h [2, n = 42] = 5.25; p = 0.072). 8.5.4 konJ v primeru konja je razpoložljivih metričnih po- 8.5.4 horSe datkov malo, zato poglobljene analize niso smiselne. višino ob vihru je bilo mogoče oceniti le v primeru dveh in view of the limited number of measurements on metapodijev, ki pa sta verjetno pripadala isti živali. obe horses at our disposal, no in-depth analysis was possible. kosti sta bili namreč najdeni neposredno druga poleg Withers heights could be estimated only in the case of druge (kv./mkv. 719/d1; druga poznoantična faza), two metapodials, which most likely belonged to the same navrgli pa sta tudi zelo podobni oceni višine ob vihru, animal. namely, the two bones were found next to each tj. med 133 in 139 cm ( tab. 8.17). navedeni konj62 torej other (sq. 719; msq. d1, late antiquity phase 2), and they 62 da ne gre za mulo, je razvidno tako iz morfologije also yielded very similar estimates of withers height (i.e. 348 08_favna.indd 348 23.1.2012 12:38:18 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Sl. 8.25: Porazdelitev standardiziranih dimenzij dolgih kosti (nadlahtnica, koželjnica, golenica) ter skočnic domačega prašiča s Tonovcovega gradu po posameznih fazah. vsak skeletni element je zastopan le s po eno dimenzijo. Postopek standardiziranja dimenzij je podan v pogl. 8.1. legenda: rP – rimskodobno povprečje, izračunano na osnovi prašičjih ostankov iz rimskega mesta Tác/ Gorsium (madžarska; Bökönyi 1984). Fig. 8.25: distribution of standardised metric data of pig long bones (humerus, radius, tibia) as well as astragali from Tonovcov grad, by individual settlement phase. each skeletal element is represented by a single measure. The procedure for standardising the metric data is given in chapter 8.1. legend: rP – roman Period average, calculated on the basis of pig remains from the roman town of Tác/ Gorsium (hungary; Bökönyi 1984). ni dosegal velikosti naprednih “rimskih” živali, katerih between 133 and 139 cm; Tab. 8.17). This horse64 therefore višina ob vihru se je gibala med 145 in 155 cm in ki so did not reach the size of the improved “roman” form/ bile pogoste predvsem v vojaških utrdbah in na farmah breed whose withers heights varied between 145 and tipa vila rustika (Bökönyi 1974, 263). 155 cm, and whose bones were more commonly found Zgornje rezultate potrjuje tudi neposredna pri- within military forts and estates of the vil a rustica type merjava dimenzij posameznih konjskih kosti med tukaj (Bökönyi 1974, 263). obravnavanim najdiščem in rimskodobnim mestom These results were also confirmed by the direct Tác/ Gorsium ( sl. 8.26). Čeprav so bili veliki “rimski” comparison between the dimensions of individual horse konji morda prisotni tudi na Tonovcovem gradu,63 je bones from Tononcov grad and those from the ro- moralo biti namreč njihovo število vseskozi zanemarlji- 64 The morphology ( cf. Peters 1998, 411) and the slender- obeh kosti ( cf. Peters 1998, 411) kot tudi iz vrednosti indeksa ness index ( cf. Bökönyi 1984, 63 f) of the two bones clearly vitkosti ( cf. Bökönyi 1984, 63 s); slednji v primeru dlančnice indicate that we are not dealing with a mule; the slender- znaša 14,9, v primeru stopalnice pa 11,8. ness indices for the metacarpus/metatarsus were found to be 63 Glej npr. večjo od obeh skočnic na sliki 8.26. 14.9/11.8. 349 08_favna.indd 349 23.1.2012 12:38:19 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Tab. 8.17: višina ob vihru za konja s Tonovcovega gradu, ocenjena na osnovi velikosti dlančnice (mc) oz. stopalnice (mt) iz kvadranta 719 (mkv. d1; druga poznoantična faza). višina ob vihru je bila izpeljana iz največje dolžine lateralne strani (Gll sensu von den driesch 1976) s pomočjo kiese- walterjevih koeficientov (ocena 1; cf. riedel 1986, 137) ter iz največje dolžine (Gl sensu von den driesch 1976) dlančnice/ stopalnice s pomočjo vittovih koeficientov (ocena 2; cf. vitt 1952). vse mere so v mm. Tab. 8.17: The estimate of the withers height for horse from Tonovcov grad, calculated on the basis of the greatest length of the lateral side (Gll sensu von den driesch 1976) of the metacarpus (mc)/metatarsus (mt) from square 719 (msq. d1; late antiquity phase 2), using the kiesewalter’s coefficients (estimate 1; cf. riedel 1986, 137) and the greatest length (Gl sensu von den driesch 1976) of the metacarpus /metatarsus using vitt’s coefficients (estimate 2; cf. vitt 1952). al measure- Sl. 8.26: vrednosti nekaterih dimenzij ostankov konja s Tonov- ments are in mm. covega gradu(vzorec 3). Za primerjavo so podani razponi vre- dnosti posamezne dimenzije pri železnodobnih konjih z naj- dišča le Brustolade (vzorec 1; riedel 1984) in rimskodobnih Dimenzija / Dimension Mc Mt primerkov z najdišča Tác/ Gorsium (vzorec 2; Bökönyi 1984). Gll 217,0 253,0 legenda ( cf. von den driesch 1976): Bp – širina proksimalnega ocena 1 / estimation 1 1391 1348 konca; Bd – širina distalnega konca, Gh – največja višina. Fig. 8.26: The value of certain dimensions of horse remains Gl 218,0 257,0 from Tonovcov grad (sample 3). for the sake of comparison ocena 2 / estimation 2 1330 1346 we provided also the individual dimensions from iron age horses from the site of le Brustolade (sample 1; riedel 1984) and the roman period specimens from the site of Tác/ Gorsium (sample 2; Bökönyi 1984). legend ( cf. von den driesch 1976): vo. To je razvidno iz dejstva, da se večina razpoložljivih Bp – breadth of the proximal end; Bd – breadth of the distal ostankov umešča znotraj variacijske širine ustreznih end, Gh – greatest height. dimenzij za velike (t. i. vzhodnoevropske sensu Bökönyi 1974, 250 ss) železnodobne konje z območja Srednje evrope, katerih višina ob vihru je nihala med 120 in 150 man site of Tác/ Gorsium ( Fig. 8.26). even though large cm (povprečna vrednost ≈137 cm; Bökönyi 1974, 252). “roman” horses might have been present at Tonovcov grad,65 their numbers had to be negligible throughout the studied period. This can clearly be seen from the fact that most remains can be placed within the range for 8.6 PaleoekonomiJa large (i.e. eastern group sensu Bökönyi 1974, 250 ff) iron age central european horses, whose withers heights analiza deležev zastopanosti kosti iz bolj ali manj varied between 120 and 150 cm (average value ≈137 cm; kvalitetnih kosov goveda, drobnice in prašiča je pokazala Bökönyi 1974, 252). na določene razlike med posameznimi deli najdišča ( sl. 8.11 in 8.14), ki jih je mogoče interpretirati kot dokaz socialne razslojenosti prebivalstva. dodaten vpogled v 8.6 Paleoeconomy to tematiko ter v paleoekonomsko sliko Tonovcovega gradu nasploh ponujajo podatki o frekvenci pojavljanja The analysis of the abundance of bones from higher posameznih skeletnih elementov treh najbolje zastopa- and lower quality carcass parts of cattle, sheep/goat and nih taksonov po fazah ( tab. 8.18). pig indicated certain differences between the individual Že bežen pogled na podatke iz tabele 8.18 po- locations within the studied site ( Figs. 8.11 and 8.14). kaže razmeroma skromno število drobnih kosti (npr. These differences may be seen as a reflection of the social prstnice, zapestne in nartne kosti) nasproti večjim, diversity of the population. an additional insight into kar lahko v veliki meri pripišemo pomanjkljivostim this issue and into the paleoeconomy of Tonovcov grad izbranega načina vzorčenja najdb ( cf. Toškan, dirjec is offered by the frequencies of skeletal elements of the 2004, 158 ss). dejstvo namreč je, da je bil skozi sita three best represented taxa per phase ( Tab. 8.18). presejan le manjši del izkopanega sedimenta, tako da a brief glance at the data from table 8.18 shows a je bila večina obravnavanih ostankov pobrana ročno relatively low number of smal bones (e.g. phalanges, car- med samim izkopavanjem. Tezo o vzročno-posledični pals, tarsals) compared to larger ones. To a certain extent povezavi med načinom vzorčenja in primanjkljajem 65 See for instance the larger of the two astragali in Fig. 8.26. 350 08_favna.indd 350 23.1.2012 12:38:19 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna drobnih kosti podkrepljuje ugotovitev, da v gradivu s this can be explained with the shortcomings of the chosen Tonovcovega gradu število prvih prstnic drobnice očitno sampling method ( cf. Toškan, dirjec 2004, 157 ff); as only presega število drugih ( tab. 8.19). ker ni verjetno, da a minor part of the excavated sediment was sieved most of bi bila oba skeletna elementa med raztelešenjem živali the analyzed remains were picked up manual y during the ločena, spričo razmeroma podobne strukturne gostote excavation. consequently, isolated teeth and smal bones ( cf. lyman 1999, Tab. 7.6) pa tudi ne gre pričakovati as wel as smal er bone fragments were often overlooked razlik v njuni obstojnosti, se zdi primanjkljaj drugih and thus not col ected. This is in a way corroborated by prstnic utemeljeno razložiti z razliko v njuni velikosti the greater number of first than second caprine phalanges (druga prstnica je manjša). v zvezi s tem je povedno, in the material from Tonovcov grad ( Tab. 8.19). as it is da podobne razlike v številu nekajkrat večjih prvih in unlikely that these two skeletal elements were separated drugih prstnic pri govedu ni opaziti ( tab. 8.19). when the animal was butchered, and as – taking into ac- navkljub ugotovljenemu primanjkljaju prstnic, count the relatively similar structural density ( cf. lyman zapestnih in nartnih ter drugih razmeroma majhnih 1999, Tab. 7.6) – both are expected to preserve in the kosti (npr. pogačic), kar je še posebej očitno v primeru sediment equal y wel , the lack of second phalanges can be telesno relativno majhne drobnice ( tab. 8.18–8.19), pa v explained by their much smal er size. unsurprisingly, no gradivu s Tonovcovega gradu podobnega primanjkljaja substantial differences in the numbers of much larger first še celo nekoliko manjših zob ni zaznati ( tab. 8.18). celo and second cattle phalanges were observed ( Tab. 8.19). več. v okviru ostankov iz prve poznoantične poselitvene contrary to the paucity of phalanges, carpals, tarsals faze predstavljajo (pretežno izolirani) zobje ovac in koz and other relatively smal bones (e.g. kneecaps), which is Tab. 8.18: Zastopanost posameznih skeletnih elementov domačega goveda, drobnice in prašiča s Tonovcovega gradu po fazah. legenda: Pa – poznoantična faza; ZSv – zgodnjesrednjeveška faza. Tab. 8.18: representation of individual skeletal elements of cattle, sheep/goats and pigs from Tonovcov grad per phase. legend: la – late antiquity phase; ema – early medieval phase. Skelet. PA 1 / LA 1 PA 2 / LA 2 ZSV / EMA element Bos Capr. Sus Bos Capr. Sus Bos Capr. Sus Proc. corn. 12 15 – 14 21 – – 16 – cranium 7 3 3 6 8 27 – 2 1 maxil a 2 1 14 3 4 24 – 1 5 mandibula 48 35 39 19 88 65 3 11 6 dentes 106 293 50 83 428 84 22 54 17 vertebrae 60 21 4 57 39 33 9 10 7 Scapula 19 17 14 15 40 56 1 12 7 humerus 28 27 23 22 70 36 6 22 3 radius 37 53 12 31 116 18 2 22 3 ulna 27 8 20 16 21 29 1 5 4 carpalia 17 1 – 9 4 – 3 2 – metacarp. 18 25 4 22 35 14 2 12 1 Phalanx 1 28 7 3 21 19 8 4 9 – Phalanx 2 25 1 2 17 7 7 2 2 1 Phalanx 3 16 1 1 7 5 1 – 5 2 Pelvis 35 26 15 27 28 29 10 12 2 Sacrum 3 – 1 – 1 3 – 2 – femur 36 15 7 24 38 7 3 8 4 Patel a 8 – 2 1 1 1 1 – – Tibia 31 47 25 25 80 26 5 16 3 fibula – – – – – 2 – – – Tarsalia 49 19 5 25 29 17 1 5 2 metatars. 30 23 3 22 41 9 7 2 2 Σ 642 638 251 468 1124 496 80 230 70 351 08_favna.indd 351 23.1.2012 12:38:19 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Tab. 8.19: Število prvih in drugih prstnic drobnice in domačega especial y evident in the case of the physical y relatively goveda s Tonovcovega gradu po fazah. legenda: Pa – pozno- smal caprines ( Tabs. 8.18-8.19), no such shortage has antična faza; ZSv – zgodnjesrednjeveška faza. been seen in the case of teeth ( Tab. 8.18). moreover, in Tab. 8.19: number of first and second phalanges of sheep/goats the material from the late antiquity phase the (mostly and cattle from Tonovcov grad per phase. legend: la – late antiquity phase; ema – early medieval phase. isolated) sheep and goat teeth represent almost half (i.e. 45.9 %) of al finds ascribed to these two species vs. a Takson Skelet. PA 1 PA 2 ZSV mere16.5 % in cattle and 19.9 % in pigs. in the material Taxon element LA 1 LA 2 EMA from late antiquity phases 2 and the early medieval Phalanx 1 7 19 9 phase the contribution of teeth to al caprine remains is caprinae somewhat smal er (i.e. 38.1 % and 23.5 %, respectively), Phalanx 2 1 7 2 however it stil stays at least at the level of cattle (17.7 % Phalanx 1 28 21 4 and 27.3 %, respectively) or pig finds (17.9 % and 24.3 %, Bos Phalanx 2 25 17 2 respectively). if we take into account the fact that during the hand picking of the finds it was highly likely that many relatively smal isolated sheep and goat teeth were slabo polovico (tj. 45,9 %) vseh najdb omenjenih dveh overlooked, this observation is even more intriguing. vrst.64 med gradivom, datiranim v drugo poznoantično This undoubtedly indicates that the detected discrepan- oz. zgodnjesrednjeveško fazo, je delež zob med ostanki cies in the frequencies of individual skeletal elements drobnice sicer nekoliko manjši (tj. 38,1 % oz. 23,5 %), in the material from Tonovcov grad cannot be ascribed vendar pa ta še vedno (bistveneje) ne zaostaja za deležem merely to the actual differences in the numbers of these zob med ostanki goveda (17,7 % oz. 27,3 %) oz. prašiča skeletal elements within the ungulate skeleton or the (17,9 % oz. 24,3 %). Če ob tem upoštevamo, da je bilo errors that occurred due to the size-selective sampling med ročnim pobiranjem najdb najverjetneje spregleda- methodology. The entire spectrum of biotic and abiotic nih več razmeroma majhnih izoliranih zob ovac in koz post-depositional factors also played their role. nasproti bistveno večjim primerkom goveda in prašiča, The almost 50 % share of teeth (and thus indirectly je zgornja ugotovitev še toliko bolj zanimiva. navedeni of both jawbones)66 among al caprine remains from late podatki nedvoumno kažejo na to, da ugotovljene razlike antiquity phase 1 is observable only when abundance v zastopanosti posameznih skeletnih elementov med is expressed in terms of the number of identifiable gradivom s Tonovcovega gradu ni utemeljeno pripisati specimens (niSP; Fig. 8.27). if we use the minimum zgolj dejanskim razlikam v številu posameznih skeletnih number of individuals (mni) instead, thus taking into elementov v okviru okostij posameznih kopitarjev ali account the obvious difference in the number of teeth pa napakam zavoljo izbranega načina vzorčenja najdb. in the sheep/goat skeleton compared to the numbers ustrezno pozornost si namreč zasluži tudi cel spekter of most of the other elements, then the contribution of biotskih in abiotskih poodložitvenih dejavnikov. mandibles and maxillae no longer stands out ( Fig. 8.28). Z vidika vpogleda v ekonomijo skupnosti je se- on the contrary! Taking into account the data from veda zanimiv predvsem podatek, v kolikšni meri so v figure 8.28 it seems that in the caprine material from the frekvenci zastopanosti posameznih skeletnih elementov late antiquity phase 1 of Tonovcov grad cranial skel- kopitarjev izražene aktivnosti človeka. v zvezi s tem je etal elements are not as common as e.g. radii or tibiae. tako treba poudariti, da je zgoraj izpostavljen podatek although the difference is not statistical y significant o skoraj polovičnem deležu zastopanosti zob (in torej (χ2 = 0.95; p = 0.327). posredno obeh65 čeljustnic) med vsemi ostanki drobnice it can be concluded that individual sheep/goat iz prve poznoantične faze razviden le v primeru, da skeletal elements from Tonovcov grad reflect human abundanco izrazimo kot število določenih primerkov activities (see for instance chapter 8.3.1), for otherwise (niSP; sl. 8.27). Če namreč kot kazalnik številčnosti the larger structural density of teeth would have to skeletnih elementov drobnice uporabimo podatek o result in their numbers being greater relative to most najmanjšem številu osebkov (mni) in s tem do neke bones irrespective of the indicator chosen (i.e. either mere upoštevamo očitno razliko v številu zob v okviru niSP or mni). a similar conclusion can be derived skeleta ovac/koz nasproti številu drugih elementov, from the differences observed in the number of fused potem delež zastopanosti čeljustnic ni več izstopajoč epiphyses of sheep/goat bones linked by similar struc- ( sl. 8.28). nasprotno. upoštevaje podatke s slike 8.28 se tural density (≈ similar preservability in the sediments; Tab. 8.20). final y, the data from table 8.20 indicate 64 med najdbami domačega goveda iz prve poznoantične another interesting detail: the ratio between the number faze je zob le 16,5 odstotka, med prašičjimi pa 19,9 odstotka. 65 Število zgornjih zob ne odstopa bistveno od števila 66 The number of upper teeth does not differ greatly from spodnjih v nobeni od treh tukaj obravnavanih faz (pozno- the number of lower teeth in any of the three phases (late antična faza 1: 97 nasproti 104; poznoantična faza 2: 180 na- antiquity phase 1: 97 vs. 104; late antiquity phase 2: 180 vs. sproti 208; zgodnjesrednjeveška faza: 14 nasproti 16). 208; early medieval phase 3: 14 vs. 16). 352 08_favna.indd 352 23.1.2012 12:38:20 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Sl. 8.27: Zastopanost ostankov posameznih (delov) skeletnih Sl. 8.28: Zastopanost ostankov posameznih skeletnih elemen- elementov drobnice med gradivom iz prve in druge poznoan- tov drobnice med gradivom iz prve in druge poznoantične tične poselitvene faze (= Pa) Tonovcovega gradu. abundanca poselitvene faze (= Pa) Tonovcovega gradu. abundanca najdb je izražena kot število določenih primerkov (niSP). najdb je izražena kot najmanjše število osebkov (mni). legenda: p – proksimalni del; d – distalni del. med ostanke legenda: p – proksimalni del; d – distalni del. med ostanke spodnje čeljustnice so prišteti tudi vsi izolirani spodnji sekalci, spodnje čeljustnice so prišteti tudi vsi izolirani spodnji se- ličniki in kočniki. kalci, ličniki in kočniki. Fig. 8.27: representation of individual sheep and goat skeletal Fig. 8.28: representation of individual sheep and goat skeletal elements within the material from the late antiquity phases remains within the material from the late antiquity phases (= la) 1 and 2 at Tonovcov grad. The abundance of finds is (= la) 1 and 2 at Tonovcov grad. The abundance of finds is expressed as the number of identifiable specimens (niSP). leg- expressed as the minimum number of individuals (mni). leg- end: p – proximal part; d – distal part. isolated lower incisors end: p – proximal part; d – distal part. isolated lower incisors and (pre)molars are included among the remains of mandibles. and (pre)molars are included among the remains of mandibles. celo zdi, da so kosti glave ovac in koz v gradivu iz prve of caprine long bone epiphyses from front67 and hind faze poznoantične poselitve Tonovcovega gradu slabše limbs found in the material from late antiquity phase 1 zastopane od npr. koželjnic ali golenic, čeprav razlika is significantly different from the one dated to the late sicer ni statistično značilna (test χ2: χ2 = 0,95; p = 0,327). antiquity phase 2 (χ2 = 10.12; p < 0.01). This is indicative iz zgornjega izhaja, da se v zastopanosti posame- of the differential processing of individual body parts. a znih skeletnih elementov (drobnice) s Tonovcovega similar disproportion also exists amongst the numbers gradu do neke mere zagotovo odražajo tudi človekove of bones from the most (i.e. humerus, femur) and least aktivnosti (glej npr. pogl. 8.3.1), saj bi morali biti zobje (i.e. metacarpus, metatarsus) meaty parts of both pairs spričo njihove večje strukturne gostote sicer številčnejše of extremities within the finds dated to late antiquity zastopani od kosti tudi, če bi bila abundanca najdb izra- phase 2 (χ2 test: χ2 = 28.44; p < 0.001). žena kot mni. enak sklep je mogoče izpeljati iz razlik v if figure 8.28 is indeed indicative of the influence of frekvenci zastopanosti epifiz posameznih ovčjih/kozjih human activities on the representation of individual skel- kosti s podobno strukturno gostoto, katerih obstojnost v etal elements, then differences between the abundance of sedimentu je torej načeloma primerljiva ( tab. 8.20). ne teeth and the abundance of jawbone fragments indicates nazadnje pa podatki iz tabele 8.20 kažejo na še eno prav a no less important role of various post-depositional fac- tako zelo povedno zanimivost: razmerje med številom tors. regardless of the abundance indicator (i.e. niSP or epifiz dolgih kosti prednjih66 in zadnjih nog v gradivu mni) the number of sheep/goat teeth by far surpasses iz prve poznoantične faze namreč statistično značilno the abundance of jawbones within the material from odstopa od dejanskega razmerja med abundanco obeh both late antiquity phases ( Tab. 8.18). in view of the skupin kosti v okviru skeleta drobnice (test χ2: χ2 = 10,12; very similar horizontal distribution of skeletal elements p < 0,01), kar nakazuje razlike v človekovem procesiranju the discrepancy observed in the quantity of teeth relative posameznih delov trupa. Podobno nesorazmerje obstaja to maxil ae/mandibles might be explained by the poorer tudi med številom kosti iz najbolj (tj. nadlahtnice, ste- resistence of the latter to dog (pig?) ravaging and/or dis- gnenice) in najmanj (tj. dlančnice, stopalnice) mesnatih integration in the sediment. as it can be seen in table 8.21, several local concentrations of teeth have been observed. 66 abundanca epifiz koželjnice je izražena kot povprečje 67 The abundance of radius epiphyses is expressed as the med številom ostankov proksimalne in distalne epifize ome- average between the number of remains of the proximal and njenega skeletnega elementa. distal epiphyses. 353 08_favna.indd 353 23.1.2012 12:38:20 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Tab. 8.20: Število ostankov epifiz posameznih skeletnih elemen- PA 2 ZSV tov drobnice s Tonovcovega gradu, ki izkazujejo primerljivo Skelet. element PA 1 LA 1 LA 2 EMA (tj. med 0,500 in 0,700 g/cm3) strukturno gostoto. abundanca najdb je izražena kot število določenih primerkov (niSP). Po- humerus (dist.) 7 21 10 datke o strukturni gostoti podajajo lam et al. (1998, Tab. 1). le- radius (prox.) 11 22 5 genda: Pa – poznoantična faza; ZSv – zgodnjesrednjeveška faza. Tab. 8.20: number of sheep/goat epiphysis remains from radius (dist.) 11 9 3 individual skeletal elements, which show a comparable metacarpus (dist.) 7 1 2 (i.e. between 0.500 and 0.700 g/cm3) structural density. The femur (prox.) 1 13 2 abundance of finds is expressed as the number of identifiable specimens (niSP). The data on structural density is provided Tibia (dist.) 5 14 7 by lam et al. (1998, Tab. 1). legend: la – late antiquity phase; metatarsus (dist.) 1 1 1 ema – early medieval phase. delov obeh parov okončin za najdbe drobnice iz druge for instance, in the case of late antiquity phase 1 the poznoantične faze (test χ2: χ2 = 28,44; p < 0,001). over one fifth of the sheep/goat teeth were col ected from Če je mogoče razliko med abundanco zob in ne- four microsquares measuring a mere 4 m2 in total, and katerih dolgih kosti na sliki 8.28 razumeti kot argument with late antiquity phase 2 this share was only slightly v prid tezi o pomembnem vplivu človekovih aktivnosti lower. at this point it is important that in the same areas na ugotovljeno zastopanost posameznih skeletnih delov a relatively similar concentration of the remains of lower drobnice s Tonovcovega gradu, pa razlika med abun- and upper jawbones has been observed; as much as one danco zob in abundanco fragmentov čeljustnic priča third of al mandibles and maxil as were discovered in the o prav tako pomembni vlogi različnih poodložitvenih area of the squares with a numerical y strong presence of dejavnikov. ne glede na izbrani način izražanja številč- teeth and in their immediate surroundings68 ( Tab. 8.21). nosti najdb (tj. niSP ali mni) namreč abundanca zob The smal er absolute abundances of jawbone finds (com- drobnice močno presega abundanco čeljustnic tako v pared to tooth finds) thus most likely reflect their greater okviru gradiva iz prve kot tudi iz druge faze poznoan- taphonomic loss (see also chapter 8.3.1). tične poselitve obravnavanega najdišča ( tab. 8.18). da regardless of the difficulty in distinguishing between gre navedeno razliko domnevno res pripisati slabšemu the consequences of human activity and the results of kljubovanju čeljustnic destruktivni aktivnosti psov various other post-depositional factors upon the observed (prašičev?) in/ali razpadanju v sedimentu, je pokazala frequencies of individual ungulate skeletal elements we podobnost med vzorcema porazdelitve najdb obeh have – within the framework of the economy of the late obravnavanih skeletnih elementov v prostoru. kot je antiquity community at Tononcov grad – also analysed razvidno iz tabele 8.21, izkazujejo zobje nekaj očitnih the frequency of carcass parts of different qualities for koncentracij najdb. Tako je bila v primeru gradiva iz cattle ( Fig. 8.29) and sheep/goat ( Fig. 8.30) within the prve poznoantične faze kar dobra petina zob pobrana individual squares in the broader area of building 1. in iz le štirih mikrokvadrantov skupne površine zgolj 4 m2, the event that the results showed groupings of individual v gradivu iz druge poznoantične faze pa je bil ta delež le squares based on settlement phases this could be under- malenkost nižji. Pri tem je povedno, da je na istih mestih stood as a reflection of the existence of actual differences tudi podobna relativna koncentracija ostankov spodnjih between the phases in the shares of the skeletal elements in zgornjih čeljustnic; na območju kvadrantov z izrazito from individual qualitative carcass categories. With the številčno prisotnostjo zob ter v njihovi neposredni oko- intent of reducing the disruptive influence of the small lici67 je bila namreč pobrana kar tretjina vseh najdb če- samples upon reliability, only squares including at least ljustnic ( tab. 8.21). v manjši absolutni abundanci najdb 40 taxonomical y identified mammalian bones and teeth čeljustnic nasproti zobem je tako najverjetneje izražena per any of the three phases were included in the analysis. prav njihova večja tafonomska izguba v poodložitvenem as far as the results for cattle, the heterogeneity in obdobju (glej tudi pogl 8.3.1). the group of samples69 with relatively small numbers of ne glede na težavno razlikovanje med posledicami finds is significantly larger than the one found in richer človekove aktivnosti in rezultati delovanja posameznih samples ( Fig. 8.29). consequently, the conclusions based poodložitvenih dejavnikov na ugotovljene frekvence on small samples is at least in this case unreliable. how- zastopanosti posameznih skeletnih elementov kopitarjev ever, it is interesting that a certain gap between the mate- sva v okviru študije ekonomije poznoantične skupnosti rial from late antiquity phases 1 and 2 is shown even s Tonovcovega gradu analizirala tudi delež zastopano- sti ostankov različnih kvalitetnih delov trupa goveda 68 The immediate surroundings of an individual micros- quare are represented by the eight microsquares that border it. 67 neposredno okolico posameznega mikrokvadranta 69 a sample is defined as the remains from an individual predstavlja osem nanj meječih mikrokvadrantov. settlement phase originating from an individual square. 354 08_favna.indd 354 23.1.2012 12:38:20 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Tab. 8.21: abundanca zob drobnice v okviru štirih z omenjenimi najdbami najbolj bogatih mikrokvadrantov za vsako od obeh poznoantičnih poselitvenih faz (= Pa) Tonovcovega gradu. Podana je tudi abundanca ostankov spodnjih in zgornjih čeljustnic v istih mikrokvadrantih ter v njihovi neposredni okolici; neposredno okolico posameznega mikrokvadranta predstavlja osem nanj meječih mikrokvadrantov. Tab. 8.21: The abundance of sheep/goat teeth within the frame of the four richest micro-quadrants for each of the two late antiquity phases (= la) at Tononcov grad. Given is also the abundance of the remains of the upper and lower jawbones in the same micro-squares and in their vicinity; the vicinity of an individual micro-square is represented by the eight bordering micro-squares. Faza Kv. (Mkv.) Št. zob v mkv. Št. čeljustnic v mkv. in njegovi okolici Phase Sq. (Msq.) N of teeth in msq. N of maxillas & mandibles in msq. and its surroundings 666 (a2) 14 3 Pa 1 769 (a2) 18 7 817 (d3) 16 3 la 1 818 (a3) 15 – Σ 63 (=21,5 % Tot.) 13 (=36,2 % Tot.) 666 (a2) 14 6 Pa 2 669 (c3) 26 8 716 (a3) 12 6 la 2 769 (a1) 24 11 Σ 79 (=17,8 % Tot.) 31 (=33,6 % Tot.) ( sl. 8.29) in drobnice ( sl. 8.30) po posameznih kvadrantih when only the richest samples are taken into account na območju stavbe 1. v kolikor bi rezultati izpostavili (i.e. those with n > 30). although the overlap between grupacije posameznih kvadrantov na osnovi poselitvenih the two groups is large, the assemblages from the late faz, bi to lahko razumeli kot potrditev teze o obstoju de- antiquity phase 2 show a slightly higher contribution janskih medfaznih razlik v deležu zastopanosti skeletnih of remains from the meatiest parts.70 elementov posamezne kvalitetne kategorije trupa. Z a similar picture is offered by the results for namenom zmanjšati moteč vpliv (pre)majhnih vzorcev caprines ( Fig. 8.30), as the finds from the late antiquity na zanesljivost rezultatov sva v analizo vključila le tiste phase 2 show a slightly higher share of scapula, humerus, kvadrante, v katerih je bilo med gradivom katere od treh vertebrae, pelvis and femur remains relative to the ma- faz pobranih najmanj 40 določljivih sesalskih kosti in zob. terial from the late antiquity phase 1. as opposed to v zvezi z rezultati za domače govedo velja v prvi cattle, in the case of sheep and goats the results do not vrsti izpostaviti, da je heterogenost v skupini vzorcev change significantly even when smal er samples (less z razmeroma majhnim številom najdb bistveno večja than 25 remains) are taken into account. od stanja v bogatejših vzorcih ( sl. 8.29). iz tega izhaja, in order to expand upon these results we compared da je ocena deležev zastopanosti skeletnih elementov the 13 richest faunal assemblages (niSP > 90) using the različnih kvalitetnih kategorij trupa, utemeljena na multidimensional Scaling (StatSoft, inc. 2001). The input majhnih vzorcih, vsaj v tem primeru pač nezanesljiva. Je matrix used in the estimation of assemblage-assemblage pa zato toliko bolj zanimiva ugotovitev, da se določena similarities included data on the number of al taxo- razlika med gradivom iz obeh poznoantičnih faz kaže nomical y identified mammalian remains, the number tudi ob upoštevanju le najbogatejših vzorcev (tj. tistih of cattle, caprine, pig, horse and game remains, as well z niSP > 30). Prekrivanje med obema skupinama je as the abundance of bones from the three meat quality sicer veliko, a vzorci z gradivom iz druge poselitvene categories of the cattle and caprine carcass. a satisfac- faze vendarle kažejo na v povprečju nekoliko večji delež toriliy high proportion of variance of the initial data set ostankov najbolj kvalitetnih delov goveda.68 was accounted for by the first three multidimensional v tem smislu podobno sliko ponujajo tudi rezultati scaling dimensions (stress = 0.07). nevertheless, statisti- za drobnico ( sl. 8.30). Tudi ob pogledu na sliko 8.30 cal y significant inter-phase differences were observed namreč lega vzorcev z najdbami iz druge poznoantične only in dimension 1 (mann-Whitney u test: u = 0.00; faze nakazuje v povprečju nekoliko večji delež zasto- Z = 2.88; p = 0.004). namely, the assemblages from the panosti ostankov lopatic, nadlahtnic, vretenc, mede- late antiquity phase 2 are placed in the left side of the nic in stegnenic v omenjenem gradivu, kot je bilo to diagram, while assemblages from the late antiquity 68 Podatki za zgodnjesrednjeveško fazo v tej primerjavi 70 in this comparison data for the early medieval phase niso bili upoštevani, saj je razpoložljivo število vzorcev pre- was not taken into account, for the number of sufficiently skromno. large samples was too smal . 355 08_favna.indd 355 23.1.2012 12:38:21 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Sl. 8.29: delež zastopanosti ostankov iz posamezne od treh Sl. 8.30: delež zastopanosti ostankov iz posamezne od treh kvalitetnih kategorij (tj. kategorija a, B in c) trupa domačega kvalitetnih kategorij (tj. kategorija a, B in c) trupa drobnice goveda po kvadrantih na Tonovcovem gradu: območje stavbe 1. po kvadrantih na Tonovcovem gradu: območje stavbe 1. upo- upoštevani so le kvadranti, v okviru katerih je bilo med gradi- števani so le kvadranti, v okviru katerih je bilo med gradivom vom katere od poselitvenih faz najdenih najmanj 40 določljivih katere od poselitvenih faz najdenih najmanj 40 določljivih sesalskih kosti in zob. vzorec porazdelitve skeletnih elementov sesalskih kosti in zob. vzorec porazdelitve skeletnih elementov v omenjene kvalitetne kategorije je podan v pogl. 8.1. legenda: v omenjene kvalitetne kategorije je podan v pogl. 8.1. legenda: Pa – poznoantična faza; ZSv – zgodnjesrednjeveška faza. Pa – poznoantična faza; ZSv – zgodnjesrednjeveška faza. Fig. 8.29: The share of the remains of each of the three qualita- Fig. 8.30: The share of the remains of each of the three quali- tive categories (i.e. category a, B and c) of the carcass of cattle, tative categories (i.e. category a, B and c) of the carcass of by squeres in the area of building 1. only squares providing sheep/goats, by squares in the area of building 1. only squares at least 40 taxonomical y determined mammalian bones and providing at least 40 taxonomical y determined mammalian teeth per any of the three settlement phases were taken into bones and teeth per any of the three settlement phases were account. The division of skeletal elements into qualitative cat- taken into account. The division of skeletal elements into egories a, B and c is shown in chapter 8.1. legend: la – late qualitative categories a, B and c is shown in chapter 8.1. leg- antiquity phase; ema – early medieval phase. end: la – late antiquity phase; ema – early medieval phase. ugotovljeno za vzorce z najdbami iz prve poznoantične phase 1 can be found on the right ( Fig. 8.31). Such a poselitvene faze. Za razliko od domačega goveda pa se distribution might reflect the difference in the share v primeru drobnice rezultati bistveno ne spremenijo of bones from the parts of the carcass richest in meat, niti ob upoštevanju manjših vzorcev s skupnim številom as it indicates a gradual decline in the value along the determiniranih ostankov pod 25. abscise axis (= dimension 1) both in the case of cattle Zgornje rezultate sva nadgradila z uporabo metode and caprines. The sheep and goat remains show a simi- večdimenzionalnega skaliranja ( Multidimensional Sca- lar trend also along the ordinate axis (= dimension 2), ling). Pri tem sva vzporejala 13 s favnističnimi najdbami but here the differences between late antiquity phases najbogatejših vzorcev (niSP > 90), in sicer s hkratnim 1 and 2 are not as noticeable (mann-Whitney u test: upoštevanjem podatkov o številu vseh določenih se- u = 16.00; Z = 0.32; p = 0.749; see also figure 8.30). salskih ostankov, številom ostankov domačega goveda, The data from figures 8. 29-8.31 are not easy to inter- drobnice, prašiča, konja in vseh lovnih vrst ter številom pret, for the differences between the phases are limited, kosti iz treh kvalitetnih kategorij trupa goveda in drob- and the studied remains originate from a relatively small nice. matriko različnosti, sestavljeno na podlagi nave- part of the settlement. at this point we should indicate the denih podatkov, sva razložila s pomočjo treh dimenzij possibility that the above results could reflect a somewhat (stres = 0,07), pri čemer so medfazne razlike v vredno- higher status of the inhabitants from building 1 during the stih posameznih dimenzij mejo statistične značilnosti late antiquity phase 2 compared to those who inhabited presegale le v primeru dimenzije 1 (mann-Whitneyjev a different structure that stood on roughly the same area u-test: u = 0,00; Z = 2,88; p = 0,004). kot je razvidno s in late antiquity phase 1 (see Tonovcov grad. Settlement slike 8.31, se namreč vzorci z gradivom iz druge pozno- remains and interpretation, chapter 2.3). antične poselitvene faze Tonovcovega gradu umeščajo v The results from figure 8.31 show that the first three levo polovico diagrama, tisti z ostanki iz prve pa v desno. multidimensional scaling dimensions mostly summarise Takšno porazdelitev je mogoče razložiti prav z razliko the degree to which samples resemble each other in the v deležu zastopanosti kosti iz najbolj kvalitetnih delov frequencies of more or less meat rich body parts, at the 356 08_favna.indd 356 23.1.2012 12:38:21 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Sl. 8.31: končna razporeditev matrike, pridobljene z večdi- Sl. 8.32: končna razporeditev matrike, pridobljene z večdi- menzionalnim skaliranjem evklidskih razdalj med 13 vzorci menzionalnim skaliranjem evklidskih razdalj med 24 vzorci (niSP > 90) sesalskih ostankov s Tonovcovega gradu: območje (niSP > 40) sesalskih ostankov s Tonovcovega gradu: območje stavbe 1. matrika različnosti je bila pridobljena na osnovi po- stavbe 1. matrika različnosti je bila pridobljena na osnovi datkov o številu vseh določenih sesalskih ostankov, številom podatkov o številu ostankov domačega goveda, drobnice, ostankov domačega goveda, drobnice, prašiča, konja in vseh prašiča, konja in vseh lovnih vrst ter številu vseh določenih lovnih vrst ter številom kosti iz treh kvalitetnih kategorij trupa sesalskih ostankov. označbe vzorcev na diagramu ponazarjajo goveda in drobnice. označbe vzorcev na diagramu ponazarjajo kvadrante izkopnega polja, iz katerih ostanki posameznih kvadrante izkopnega polja, iz katerih ostanki posameznih vzorcev izvirajo. legenda: Pa – poznoantična faza; ZSv – vzorcev izvirajo. legenda: Pa – poznoantična faza; ZSv – zgodnjesrednjeveška faza. zgodnjesrednjeveška faza. Fig. 8.32: The final distribution of the matrix derived from Fig. 8.31: The final distribution of the matrix derived from multidimensional scaling of the euclidic distances among 24 multidimensional scaling of the euclidic distances among 13 samples (niSP > 40) of mammalian remains at Tonovcov grad: samples (niSP > 90) of mammalian remains at Tonovcov grad: area of building 1. The matrix contains data on the number of area of building 1. The matrix contains data on the number of all taxonomical y determined mammalian remains, number al taxonomical y determined mammalian remains, number of of remains of cattle, sheep/goats, pigs, horses and game. The remains of cattle, sheep/goats, pigs, horses and game as wel as marks on the diagram depict the quadrants in the excavation the number of remains of each of the three qualitative catego- field in which the remains of the individual samples were ries of the carcass of cattle and sheep/goats. The marks on the discovered. legend: la – late antiquity phase; ema – early diagram depict the quadrants in the excavation field in which medieval phase. the remains of the individual samples were discovered. legend: la – late antiquity phase; ema – early medieval phase. trupa, saj ta kaže trend postopnega upadanja vrednosti same time accounting for only a smal part (dimension 3?) vzdolž abscisne osi (= dimenzija 1) tako v primeru gove- of the variance connected to the abundance of finds of da kot tudi ovce/koze. ostanki drobnice sicer izkazujejo an individual taxon or the total number of all mam- podoben trend tudi vzdolž ordinatne osi (= dimenzija 2), malian finds. for this purpose we rearranged the input vendar pa tukaj razlike med obema poznoantičnima matrix to include only data on the abundance of cattle, fazama niso tako izrazite (mann-Whitneyjev u-test: u = sheep, goat, pig, horse, game as wel as al mammalian 16,00; Z = 0,32; p = 0,749; glej tudi sliko 8.30). remains within an individual assemblage ( Fig. 8.32).71 interpretacija podatkov s slik 8.29–8.31 je težavna, The multidimensional scaling was rerun (stress = 0.002) saj so razlike med fazami majhne, obdelani ostanki pa and three dimensions were created. of these, statistical y izvirajo iz razmeroma skromnega dela celotne površine siginificant inter-phase differences were observed only obravnavane naselbine. na tem mestu bi tako le pre- in the case of the dimension 2 (kruskal-Wal is test: h vidno nakazala možnost, da bi lahko zgornji rezultati [2, n = 24] = 7.09; p = 0.030). The analysis has shown a kazali na nekoliko višji status stanovalcev stavbe 1 v decrease in the relative frequency of cattle remains along obdobju druge poznoantične poselitvene faze Tonovco- the ordinate axis (= dimension 2), while the contributions vega gradu nasproti tistim, ki so naseljevali neko drugo, of caprines and pigs show an inversely proportional trend. na približno istem mestu stoječo stavbo (glej Tonovcov at this the assemblages from the late antiquity phase 2 grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija, pogl. 2.3) v are grouped in the upper half of figure 8.32, and those prvi poznoantični fazi. from the late antiquity phase 1 in the lower half. Such a rezultati s slike 8.31 med drugim kažejo, da iz- 71 The analysis included samples with at least 40 taxo- brane tri dimenzije večdimenzionalnega skaliranja v nomical y identifiable mammalian remains (i.e. niSP ≥ 40). 357 08_favna.indd 357 23.1.2012 12:38:21 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna tem primeru povzemajo predvsem varianco, povezano pattern of distribution is in accordance to the data on the z deležem zastopanosti ostankov posameznih kvalite- shares of cattle, caprines and pigs within the entire faunal tnih kategorij plena, le v manjši meri (dimenzija 3?) assemblage col ected at Tonovcov grad, which also shows pa tudi tisto, ki je povezana s številom vseh sesalskih a decline in the relative abundance of cattle due to an najdb oz. najdb posameznega taksona. v ta namen increase in the share of caprines at the transition between sva večdimenzionalno skaliranje aplicirala tudi na late antiquity phases 1 and 2 ( Tabs. 8.4-8.5). moreover, matriko različnosti, sestavljeno na podlagi podatkov o it is interesting to note the significantly greater heteroge- abundanci ostankov goveda, drobnice, prašiča, konja, neity in the contributions of individual taxa amongst the vseh lovnih vrst ter vseh sesalcev znotraj posamezne- assemblages from the late antiquity phase 1 ( Fig. 8.32). ga vzorca ( sl. 8.32).69 Tudi tokrat sva specificirala tri While nine out of the total of ten assemblages with late dimenzije (stres = 0,002), pri čemer sva statistično antiquity phase 2 material lie on the same side of the značilne medfazne razlike ugotovila le v primeru vre- “central line”,72 the same line divided the eleven assem- dnosti dimenzije 2 (test kruskal-Wal is: h [2, n = 24] blages dated to the late antiquity phase 1 practical y into = 7,09; p = 0,030). analiza podatkov je pokazala pa- two halves (i.e. five of them lie above the division and six danje relativne frekvence pojavljanja ostankov goveda below it). in the attempt of interpreting the results it had vzdolž ordinatne osi (= dimenzija 2), medtem ko kažeta to be remembered that they were obtained through an deleža drobnice in prašiča obratno sorazmeren trend. analysis of the material from only a part of the excavated Pri tem se vzorci iz druge poznoantične poselitvene area and thus might not be representative for the settle- faze grupirajo v zgornji polovici slike 8.32, tisti iz prve ment as a whole. however, the greater heterogeneity of pa v spodnji. Takšen vzorec porazdelitve je skladen s the material from the late antiquity phase 1 should not podatki o zastopanosti domačega goveda, drobnice be neglected as it could argue in favour of the thesis that in prašiča v gradivu vsake od treh poselitvenih faz v inter-phase differences in the economic importance of celotnem vzorcu favnističnih najdb s Tonovcovega gra- cattle and caprines at Tonovcov grad were smal er than du, ki prav tako kaže na upad deleža goveda na račun indicated by the number of the remains from the two late drobnice na prehodu iz prve v drugo poznoantično fazo antiquity phases ( Tabs. 8.4-8.5). ( tab. 8.4–8.5). Je pa v zvezi s tem pomembno opozoriti na bistveno bolj izraženo heterogenost v deležih zasto- panosti posameznih taksonov med vzorci z najdbami 8.6.1 The role of The main iz prve poselitvene faze ( sl. 8.32). medtem ko leži kar domeSTicaTeS in The economy devet od skupno desetih vzorcev z gradivom iz druge of Tonovcov Grad poznoantične faze na isti strani “sredinske črte”,70 je ta namreč enajst vzorcev z ostanki iz prve poznoantične in europe the importance of cattle, caprines and pigs faze praktično razdelila na dve polovici: pet jih leži in the economy of individual communities changed quite nad omenjeno ločnico, šest pa pod njo. Pri poskusu a bit in time and space between the mid 1st mil ennium interpretacije navedenih rezultatov se je treba zaveda- Bc to around 600 ad (king 1984; forstenpointner et al. ti, da so bili ti pridobljeni z analizo gradiva iz le dela 2002, 58 f; mackinnon 2004, 61 ff). notable differences izkopnega polja in tako morda niso reprezentativni za were observed between settlements from the same period naselbino v celoti. kljub temu pa večje heterogenosti and area, but which differed in their size and function obdelanega gradiva iz prve faze poznoantične poseli- (king 1984; Bartosiewicz 1990-1991; mackinnon 2004, tve Tonovcovega gradu v smislu deležev zastopanosti 61 ff). data in table 8.1 indicate that the central role in the goveda in drobnice ne gre zanemariti. lahko bi jo economy of the late antique/early medieval Tonovcov namreč razumeli tudi kot argument v prid tezi, da je grad was played by cattle, even though caprines were rep- bila razlika v pomenu obeh navedenih taksonov znotraj resented by a larger number of finds. Taking into account ekonomije prve in druge poznoantične poselitvene faze the much greater body mass of cattle and its importance dejansko manjša od tiste, ki jo nakazuje zgolj število as a working animal, its role certainly surpassed what is njunih ostankov v celotnem gradivu vsake od obeh suggested by the number of remains. obravnavanih faz ( tab. 8.4–8.5). The data on the share of unfused bones indicate that the preferred culling age of cattle during each of 69 v analizo so bili vključeni le vzorci z najmanj 40 the three settlement phases was of three years and older določljivimi sesalskimi ostanki. 70 “Sredinska črta” je opredeljena kot ločnica med vzorci, 72 The “central line” is defined as the line dividing sam- pri katerih je bil ugotovljen nadpovprečno visok delež gove- ples at which an above average share of cattle and a below da ob nadpovprečno nizki vrednosti drobnice, ter vzorci, ki average percentage of caprine remains have been found from kažejo obratno sliko. Pri tem je bil povprečen delež zastopa- those showing a reverse image. at this the average represen- nosti navedenih taksonov izračunan na podlagi podatkov o tation share of the stated taxa was calculated from the data njuni relativni frekvenci pojavljanja med sesalskimi ostanki on their abundances amongst the mammalian remains from iz obeh poznoantičnih faz. late antiquity phases 1 and 2. 358 08_favna.indd 358 23.1.2012 12:38:22 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna 8.6.1 vloGa oSrednJih vrST at Tonovcov grad ( Tab. 8.8). at least as regards the late domeSTikaTov v ekonomiJi antiquity phase 173 this picture is also confirmed by TonovcoveGa Gradu the tooth wear data (see chapter 8.3), with the find of a mandible of a ten to twelve weeks old calf possibly v evropskem prostoru je bil pomen domačega indicating that cattle was reared local y ( cf. mackinnon goveda, drobnice in prašiča v ekonomiji posameznih 2004, Tab. 19). in principle, the preferential culling of skupnosti iz obdobja od sredine 1. tisočletja pr. n. št. do adults could be a reflection of a relatively intensive milk okoli leta 600 n. št. v času in prostoru precej spremenljiv production. namely, with a more meat-oriented cattle (king 1984; forstenpointner et al. 2002, 58 s; mackin- exploitation a higher contribution of calf remains would non 2004, 61 ss). opazne razlike so bile ugotovljene tudi be expected. according to mackinnon (2004, 205 f) v primerjavi favnistične slike naselij iz istega obdobja in cow’s milk did not play an important role in the roman območja, ki pa so se razlikovale v velikosti in funkciji empire in (late) antiquity, however this does of course (king 1984; Bartosiewicz 1990–1991; mackinnon 2004, not exclude local variation. namely, in a political y un- 61 ss). Sodeč po podatkih iz tabele 8.1 je osrednje mesto stable period as the late antiquity certainly was, cow’s v ekonomiji poznoantičnega/zgodnjesrednjeveškega milk may have represented a welcome enrichment of the Tonovcovega gradu zasedalo domače govedo, čeprav everyday menu to inhabitants of economical y autarctic po številu najdb sicer prednjači drobnica. Spričo očitno settlements such as Tonovcov grad. on the other hand večje mase goveda in pa njegovega pomena kot delov- the age profile indicated by the data in table 8.8 can also ne živine je njegova vloga namreč zagotovo presegala be linked to the importance of cattle as working animals. tisto, na katero bi lahko sklepali zgolj iz ugotovljenega Taking into account the demands of cattle husbandry, razmerja v številu ostankov. also emphasized by several roman authors ( cf. mackin- Podatki o deležu zastopanosti kosti s še ne po- non 2004, 89; but see also mackinnon 2004, 94), the polnoma zraščenima epi- in diafizo kažejo na to, da so mass culling of young cattle would not be economical y na Tonovcovem gradu v vseh treh tukaj obravnavanih sound in the unstable late antique period. The depend- poselitvenih fazah preferenčno klali nad tri leta stara ence of communities on the products obtained from goveda ( tab. 8.8). vsaj kar zadeva prvo poznoantično their own farming and stock rearing called for maxim- fazo,71 takšno sliko potrjujejo tudi podatki o stopnji ising the use of the relatively demanding cattle to rear obrabe žvekalne površine kočnikov (glej pogl. 8.3), pri as beasts of burden. consequently, mainly the meat of čemer najdba spodnje čeljustnice domnevno deset do animals unfit to work (i.e. old, injured specimens) found dvanajst tednov starega teleta morda kaže na lokalno its way onto plates. other late antique sites in the region rejo goveda ( cf. mackinnon 2004, Tab. 19). v večinskem show a similar age profile of the cattle at death (riedel zakolu odraslih živali bi se lahko odražala razmeroma 1985, Tab. 2; Stork, von den driesch 1987, Tab. 6; riedel, intenzivna prireja mleka; pri govedoreji usmerjeni v Scarpa 1988, Tab. 1; Wilkens 1990, 308 ff; riedel 1993b, proizvodnjo mesa, bi namreč med izkopanimi ostanki Tab. 9; Turk 2000, 169; Bartosiewicz, choyke 1985). pričakovali večji delež kosti in zob telet. Po mnenju further insights into the role of cattle in the economy mackinnona (2004, 205 s) naj v (pozni) antiki v okviru of Tonovcov grad were obtained by analyzing the sex rimskega cesarstva kravje mleko ne bi igralo pomemb- profile. of the three metapodials and the 14 sufficiently nejše vloge, kar pa seveda ne izključuje lokalnih specifik. preserved pelvis fragments those of cows prevail (n = 14), v politično in varnostno nestabilnem obdobju pozne while only the metatarsal from sample no. 2038 (sq. 668, antike bi namreč v ekonomsko avtarkičnih naselbinah 669; mqu: d3, d4) was assigned to a bul . in this sample tipa Tonovcov grad kravje mleko vsekakor predstavljalo ox was represented by a mere two finds, even though dobrodošlo obogatitev dnevnega jedilnika. Po drugi it – as a rule – represents an ideal choice for work in the strani pa lahko ugotovljeno starostno strukturo uteme- fields. if the estimated ratio between the sexes is at least ljeno povezujemo tudi s pomenom goveda kot delovne roughly representative and if it is not to be ascribed to živine. Spričo zahtevnosti govedoreje, o čemer poročajo the less likely orientation toward a more intensive milk tudi antični viri ( cf. mackinnon 2004, 89; a glej tudi production, the observed sex ratio could be interpreted mackinnon 2004, 94), bi bil v nemirnem obdobju pozne as a reflection of the farmer’s compromise between the antike množičen zakol mladih goved tako vse prej kot need to ensure a sufficient amount of fodder for the cattle ekonomsko upravičen. odvisnost takratnih skupnosti on one hand and field crops for himself and his family on od produktov lastne poljedelske in živinorejske dejav- the other. feeding a single pair of oxen would demand nosti je namreč narekovala maksimiranje izkoriščanja between 10 and 12 ha of pasture, which represented a teh za rejo relativno zahtevnih živali kot delovne živine great chal enge for the mostly smal late antique farm- na poljih oz. v transportu. Zaradi navedenega se je na ing communities. as stated already by roman authors 71 druga poznoantična ter zgodnjesrednjeveška faza v 73 due to the small number of specimens (i.e. n = 1) the tej primerjavi nista bili upoštevani, saj je razpoložljivo število late antiquity phase 2 and the early medieval phase were vzorcev preskromno (tj. n = 1). not taken into account for this comparison. 359 08_favna.indd 359 23.1.2012 12:38:22 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna krožnikih večinoma znašlo le meso za delo odsluženih a solution to this was the reduction of the numbers of (tj. starih, poškodovanih ipd.) primerkov. Skladni s oxen relative to cows (mackinnon 2004, 95 f), for they tem so podatki o starostni strukturi goved ob zakolu/ are much less demanding as regards maintenance and yet poginu tudi v okviru drugih poznoantičnih najdišč v they can be used as working animals in the field. regiji (riedel 1985, Tab. 2; Stork, von den driesch 1987, appraising the role of meat vs. individual second- Tab. 6; riedel, Scarpa 1988, Tab. 1; Wilkens 1990, 308 ss; ary products was slightly more complicated in the case riedel 1993b, Tab. 9; Turk 2000, 169; Bartosiewicz, of caprines, for only 15.5 percent of the finds could be choyke 1985). identified to the level of species. The traditional approach v kontekstu ugotavljanja osrednjih produktov to the issue is based on the estimates of the age profile of govedoreje je povedna tudi spolna struktura populacije sheep/goat, but without taking into account the differ- omenjene vrste s Tonovcovega gradu. med sicer le tremi ences in the preservation of juvenile and adult animal metapodiji in 14 zadovoljivo ohranjenimi fragmenti remains on and in the sediment. conclusions drawn medenice namreč močno prednjačijo ostanki krav from such estimations were thus often unfounded from (n = 14), medtem ko sva biku pripisala le stopalnico iz the aspect of sheep or goat breeding (cribb 1984), thus vzorca št. 2038 (kv. 668, 669; mkv: d3, d4).vol je bil v munson (2000) offered an alternative approach: the navedenem vzorcu zastopan z zgolj dvema najdbama, frequencies of caprine teeth from individual age classes čeprav je načeloma zagotovo predstavljal idealno izbiro within an archaeological assemblage should be corrected za delo na polju. Če je ocenjeno razmerje med spoloma in order to (at least partial y) take into consideration vsaj v grobem reprezentativno in v kolikor ga ne gre differential taphonomic loss. Such corrected frequencies pripisati sicer manj verjetni želji po intenzivnejši prireji are then to be compared to the rich col ection of archaeo- mleka, bi dobljeno sliko lahko interpretirali kot odraz logical and ethno-archaeological mortality statistics for kmetovega kompromisa med potrebo po zagotavljanju these two species ( cf. munson 2000, 401 ff). zadostnih količin krme za živino na eni strani ter polj- The corrected mortality profile for caprines from the ščin zase in družino na drugi. reja le enega para volov late antiquity phase 174 of Tonovcov grad indicates a 50 % naj bi namreč zahtevala kar 10 do 12 ha veliko pašniško share of teeth indicating animals up to one year of age. at površino, kar je nedvomno pomenilo velik pritisk na po this the relative frequency of sheep/goats that were cul ed večini domnevno majhne poznoantične kmetijske sku- or have died in their second year of life, does not reach pnosti. kot so navajali že antični pisci, je v takih primerih even one tenth of al the ageable specimens ( Tab. 8.12). izhod v sili lahko predstavljalo zmanjšanje števila volov The modern-ethnographic-historic mortality profiles v čredah na račun krav (mackinnon 2004, 95 s). Te so for caprines al ows various interpretations for such an namreč z vidika reje bistveno manj zahtevne, še vedno age structure (subgroup 2b sensu munson 2000, 401 f). pa lahko služijo kot delovna živina na poljih. Thus it is for instance possible that the farmers have opted ugotavljanje vloge mesa ter posameznih sekun- to enlarge their herds by retaining a higher proportion darnih produktov reje je bilo v primeru drobnice še of female young. a slightly more likely option seems to nekoliko bolj zapleteno, saj je bilo do vrste mogoče be the possibility that the data from table 8.12 reflects a določiti zgolj 15,5 odstotka najdb. Tradicionalen pristop relatively low fertility rate (which is often associated with k problematiki je temeljil na ocenah starostne strukture extreme wool emphasis). final y, the described mortality drobnice, a brez upoštevanja razlik v obstojnosti med profile could, in principle, also reflect the sale (“export”) of ostanki juvenilnih in že odraslih živali. iz takšnih ocen a large number of lambs and kids for cul ing. nevertheless, izhajajoče ugotovitve so bile zato z vidika ovčereje/ in view of the importance of the late antique settlement kozjereje pogosto neutemeljene (cribb 1984), zato je of Tonovcov grad, which was de facto the local (religious) munson (2000) ponudil alternativen pristop. ugoto- centre, such a rearing policy is not likely. on the contrary: vljene frekvence pojavljanja zob ovac /koz posameznih if a military unit was stationed at this location during late starostnih razredov v arheološkem vzorcu naj bi se tako antiquity phase 1 – as indicated by certain archaeologi- najprej utežile glede na njihovo sposobnost kljubovanja cal finds (see chapter 2.1) – army meat provisioning may poodložitvenim destruktivnim dejavnikom, nato pa have even been imported ( cf. mackinnon 2004, 226), as tako korigirane frekvence primerjale z bogato zbirko is known to have occured with olive oil and possibly wine arheoloških in etnoarheoloških mortalitetnih statistik za (see chapter 4.1). at this it should be mentioned, that the omenjeni dve vrsti ( cf. munson 2000, 401 ss). possible imports of caprines from the countryside, where korigirana starostna struktura za drobnico iz prve the farmers would keep most lambs/kids for themselves,75 faze72 poznoantične poselitve Tonovcovega gradu izka- zuje polovični delež do enega leta starih ovac/koz. ob 74 due to the insufficient number of teeth, the early me- tem relativna frekvenca pojavljanja zob živali, ki so bile dieval phase was not included into this analysis. data for late antiquity phase 2 are provided below. 72 Zgodnjesrednjeveška faza v to analizo ni bila vključe- 75 Such action could be lead by the desire to increase na, saj je razpoložljivo število zob preskromno. Podatki za their herds or a low fertility rate (which could be a conse- drugo poznoantično fazo so podani v nadaljevanju. quence of intensive wool production). 360 08_favna.indd 360 23.1.2012 12:38:22 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna zaklane oz. so poginile v svojem drugem letu življenja, would also result in the dominance of up to one year old ne dosega niti desetine vseh analiziranih primerkov animals (expected range: 40-60 %) and a negligible (i.e. ( tab. 8.12). izhajajoč iz modernih etnografsko-historič- 7-10 %) share of those in the second year of life (subgroup nih mortalitetnih profilov za drobnico dopušča takšna 2b sensu munsel 2000, 403). starostna struktura (podskupina 2b sensu munson 2000, data from table 8.12 shows that in the 6th century 401 s) različne interpretacije. Tako je npr. mogoče, da (i.e. late antiquity phase 2) sheep and goat exploitation so se kmetje odločili za povečanje svojih čred in zato at Tonovcov grad experienced a certain modification. on pri življenju ohranjali razmeroma visok delež samic. Še the basis of the corrected mortality profile it appears that nekoliko verjetnejša se zdi možnost, da podatki iz tabe- caprine husbandry in this period was oriented primarily le 8.12 govorijo o relativno nizki stopnji rodnosti (kar toward the production of meat or meat and milk, while pogosto povezujemo z izrazitim naporom, usmerjenim wool supposedly had slightly less importance (subgroup v pridobivanje volne). ne nazadnje pa bi navedeno sta- 1a sensu munson 2000, 401). Similarly high representa- rostno strukturo lahko razložili tudi kot dokaz prodaje tion (i.e. > 70 %) of remains from up to one year old (“izvoza”) velikega števila jagenj in kozličev za zakol, kar caprines, and a negligible proportion of those in their pa je v primeru lokalnega središča, kot je bil Tonovcov second year of life (< 15 %) are shown in agricultural grad, vendarle manj verjetno. celo nasprotno. Če se je communities that keep sheep/goat (almost) exclusively med prvo fazo poznoantične poselitve obravnavanega for their own needs and that preserve a constant herd najdišča tu res zadrževala vojaška posadka, na kar kažejo size. at this profiles with more that two-thirds of young nekatere arheološke najdbe (glej pogl. 2.1), potem so in the 2-6 months old class might be indicative of milk morda takrat na Tonovcov grad meso (za vojsko) celo emphasis, whereas those with more than two-thirds of “uvažali” ( cf. mackinnon 2004, 226); nenazadnje je tak the young in the 6-12 months old class might reflect uvoz izpričan za oljčno olje in morda vino (glej pogl. meat emphasis (munson 2000, 401). for late antique 4.1). Pri tem velja omeniti, da bi morebiten uvoz drob- Tonovcov grad we could conclude that in goat exploitation nice s podeželja, kjer bi kmetje večino jagenj/kozličev milk production was slightly more important than meat zadržali zase,73 prav tako rezultiral v prevladi do enega (note the prevailence of fourth deciduous premolars of leta starih živali (pričakovan razpon: 40–60 %) in zane- up to six months old animals; Tab. 8.22), while in sheep marljivem deležu (tj. 7–10 %) dvoletnih (podskupina 2b it has been the oposite (note the lack of teeth of up to six sensu munsel 2000, 403). months old animals; Tab. 8.23). The poor data undoubt- Sodeč po podatkih iz tabele 8.12 je reja drobnice edly greatly reduce the weight of these conclusions, but na območju Tonovcovega gradu v 6. stoletju (tj. drugi two points should be mentioned. according to antique poznoantični fazi) doživela določene modifikacije. na sources goat’s milk was the most popular milk in italy podlagi korigirane starostne strukture se namreč zdi, da during the roman period ( cf. mackinnon 2004, 205). je bila reja ovac/koz v tem obdobju usmerjena predvsem The second derives from the study of the ratios between v prirejo mesa oz. mesa in mleka, medtem ko naj bi ime- the size of the animal stocks and the cul ing frequency la volna nekoliko manjši pomen (podskupina 1a sensu in 27 african and Southeast asian countries in which munson 2000, 401). Podobno visoke (tj. > 70 %) deleže animal husbandry is sufficiently wel developed to suffice zastopanosti do enega leta starih živali med zaklanimi/ for the needs of the local population (Bartosiewicz 1985, poginulimi ovcami/kozami, ob sočasni zanemarljivi 177 ff). These results have shown that (independent of zastopanosti dvoletnih (< 15 %), izkazujejo agrarne sku- the actual natural and cultural factors) sheep and pig pnosti, ki drobnico vzrejajo (skoraj) izključno za lastne may complement each other in meat production. The potrebe in ki vzdržujejo konstantno velikost čred. Pri tem relatively modest number of pig remains compared to the naj bi razlikovanje med rejo, ki je usmerjena predvsem v numerous finds of young caprine individuals (supposedly izkoriščanje mesa, in tisto, ki daje prednost prireji mleka, mainly sheep) might indicate that the inhabitants of the izkazovalo razmerje v številu do šest mesecev starih ovac/ late antique Tonovcov grad substituted for the lack in the koz nasproti številu med šest in dvanajst mesecev starih pig production with a greater emphasis on sheep meat. živali (munson 2000, 401). Za poznoantični Tonovcov Pig was not as important as cattle and caprines grad bi tako lahko sklepali, da je bilo pri kozjereji nekoliko at Tonovcov grad ( Tabs. 8.1, 8.4-8.5). This seems to bolj v ospredju pridobivanje mleka (prevladujejo mlečni contradict the assumption that pork was more appre- četrti predmeljaki do šest mesecev starih živali; tab. 8.22), ciated than beef/veal, sheep and goat meat in roman pri ovčereji pa mesa (zobje do šest mesecev starih pri- period italy (mackinnon 2004, 217). however, sites merkov manjkajo; tab. 8.23). Pičlo število podatkov sicer with higher contributions of pig remains can be found specifično težo navedenih ugotovitev nedvomno precej predominantly in the south and central part of the apennine Peninsula, while in the north (especial y in 73 k takšnemu postopanju bi jih lahko vodila želja po po- towns) cattle was always in the forefront (mackinnon večanju lastnih čred ali nizka stopnja rodnosti (ki pa bi bila, kot že navedeno, lahko posledica intenzivnega izkoriščanja 2004, 68 ff). antique sources include Galia cisalpina volne). amongst the regions with more intensive pig breeding 361 08_favna.indd 361 23.1.2012 12:38:22 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Tab. 8.22: Starost (v mesecih) koz s Tonovcovega gradu, kot Tab. 8.23: Starost (v mesecih) ovc s Tonovcovega gradu, kot izhaja iz obrabe žvekalne površine četrtih mlečnih predmelja- izhaja iz obrabe žvekalne površine četrtih mlečnih predmelja- kov ( cf. Payne 1985, 142). legenda: Pa – poznoantična faza; kov ( cf. Payne 1985, 142). legenda: Pa – poznoantična faza; ZSv – zgodnjesrednjeveška faza. ZSv – zgodnjesrednjeveška faza. Tab. 8.22: age (in months) at death of goats from Tonovcov Tab. 8.23: age (in months) at death of sheep from Tonovcov grad, based on data on the wear of forth deciduous premolars grad, based on data on the wear of forth deciduous premolars ( cf. Payne 1985, 142). legend: la – late antiquity phase; ( cf. Payne 1985, 142). legend: la – late antiquity phase; ema – early medieval phase. ema – early medieval phase. Stopnja obrabe Starost PA 1 PA 2 ZSV Stopnja obrabe Starost PA 1 PA 2 ZSV Wear stage Age LA 1 LA 2 EMA Wear stage Age LA 1 LA 2 EMA 1 0–2 1 2 - 1 0–2 - - - 2–3 2–6 1 - - 2–3 2–6 - - - 4–5 2–12 - - 1 4–5 2–12 2 11 - 6 6–12 - - - 6 6–12 - 5 - 7 6–24 - 1 - 7 6–24 1 3 2 8–10 12–24 - - - 8–10 12–24 2 1 - zmanjšuje, vseeno pa velja omeniti dve, z njim povezani and pork production, especial y the area surrounding zanimivosti. Prva se nanaša na dejstvo, da je bilo v rim- today’s milan (mackinnon 2004, 152 f). at monte Barro skodobni italiji najbolj priljubljeno mleko prav kozje, o pig remains indeed represent almost 60 percent of all čemer poročajo tudi antični viri ( cf. mackinnon 2004, taxonomical y identified faunal finds (Baker 1991, 156), 205). druga pa izhaja iz študije razmerij med velikostjo with little less than 40 percent observed in the area of živali in klavno frekvenco v 27 afriških in jugovzhodno- altino near venice as wel (riedel 1985, 134). neverthe- azijskih deželah z dovolj razvito živinorejo, da ta zadošča less, at most sites in Galia cisalpina pig did not exceed a potrebam tam živečega prebivalstva (Bartosiewicz 1985, one third contribution (riedel 1983, 4; Stork, von den 177 ss). njeni rezultati so namreč pokazali, da se lahko v driesch 1987, Tab 1; Boschin, Weissteiner 2007, Tab. smislu prireje mesa (neodvisno od dejanskih naravnih in 3), which also holds true for Tonovcov grad ( Tab. 8.1). kulturnih danosti) prašič uspešno dopolnjuje prav z ovco. archaeological data undoubtedly indicate that razmeroma skromno število prašičjih ostankov nasproti the popularity of domestic pig varied between roman številnim najdbam ostankov mladih živali drobnice communities in various parts of the empire ( cf. king (domnevno predvsem ovce) tako morda nakazuje, da 1984; forstenpointner et al. 2002, 58 f; mackinnon so prebivalci poznoantičnega Tonovcovega gradu “pri- 2004, 61 ff). it seems that in the modest contribution manjkljaj” v prireji prašičjega mesa dejansko nadomestili of this species to the material from Tonovcov grad fac- z večjim zakolom mladih ovac. tors beyond human preference are also reflected. To our domači prašič je bil v okviru poznoantičnega knowledge the relatively small number of pig remains (na podlagi razpoložljivih najdb pa domnevno tudi is also shown in all other archeozoological y analysed zgodnjesrednjeveškega) Tonovcovega gradu manj sites in the Soča valley, regardless of the period: iron pomemben od goveda in drobnice ( tab. 8.1; 8. 4–8.5). age and roman period assemblages from most na Soči ugotovitev je v navideznem nasprotju z dejstvom, da je (Bartosiewicz 1985, Tab. 1; 1986, Tab. 1), roman period bila svinjina v rimskodobni italiji sicer bolj cenjena od remains from Gradič near kobarid (niSP = 7479; own govejega/telečjega, ovčjega in kozjega mesa (mackinnon unpublished data), material from the iron age site of 2004, 217). vendar pa najdišča z izstopajočimi deleži Grgar-Grašišče (niSP = 130; own unpublished data) as zastopanosti prašiča najdemo predvsem na južnem in well as the small assemblage from the prehistoric burial osrednjem delu apeninskega polotoka, medtem ko je site in Tolmin (Bartosiewicz 2002; di martino 2002). bilo na severu (sploh v mestih) ves čas v ospredju govedo it is known that keeping pigs in covered shelters is (mackinnon 2004, 68 ss). antični viri sicer med regije a relatively new trend that dates back to the beginning of z intenzivno prašičerejo in predelavo svinjine prišteva- the 19th century (kryštufek 1991, 238). Prior to this pigs jo tudi Predalpsko Galijo ( Galia cisalpina), predvsem wandered around foraging freely ( cf. Baker, clark 1993, območje okrog današnjega milana (mackinnon 2004, 52), thus their numbers were significantly influenced 152 s). resnici na ljubo predstavljajo prašičji ostanki v by the forest grazing at their disposal (krže 1982, 24). okviru najdišča monte Barro skoraj 60 odstotkov vseh The map depicting the potential natural vegetation in določenih favnističnih najdb (Baker 1991, 156). nižja, Slovenia (Zupančič, Wraber 1989, 119) shows that the a še vedno razmeroma visoka relativna številčnost forests in the area of the upper and central Soča valley 362 08_favna.indd 362 23.1.2012 12:38:23 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna ostankov omenjene vrste (tj. 38 %) je bila ugotovljena consists of mainly Anemono-Fagetum s. lat., Ostryo- tudi na območju altina pri Benetkah (riedel 1985, 134). Fagetum s. lat. and Seslerio-Fagetum. Such a vegetation v okviru večine najdišč iz Predalpske Galije pa prašič undoubtedly suits the pigs’ eating habits ( cf. krže 1982, vendarle ne presega tretjinski delež zastopanosti (riedel 47 ff), for apart from beech they also include other im- 1983, 4; Stork, von den driesch 1987, Tab 1; Boschin, portant nutritional plants ( cf. dakskobler 1996; 2004). Weissteiner 2007, Tab. 3), kar velja tudi za Tonovcov The relatively low incidence of pig bones in the faunal grad ( tab. 8.1). material from Tonovcov grad is therefore not to be arheološki podatki nedvoumno kažejo, da je bila linked with the inadequate type of vegetation. it cannot priljubljenost domačega prašiča med rimskodobnimi be explained by deforestation either, eventhough it is skupnostmi iz različnih delov cesarstva različna ( cf. king wel known that man created pastures and fields around 1984; forstenpointner et al. 2002, 58 s; mackinnon 2004, permanent settlements from the middle Stone age on- 61 ss). navkljub temu se zdi, da se v skromnem deležu wards ( cf. culiberg 1995, 205; andrič, Wil is 2003, 817). zastopanosti omenjene vrste med gradivom s Tonovco- after al , evidence of vast deforestation was also found vega gradu najverjetneje kažejo tudi nekateri drugi, od in the surroundings of the iron age settlements in the človekovih siceršnjih preferenc neodvisni dejavniki. Po river valleys of eastern Slovenia ( cf . culiberg, Šercelj najini najboljši vednosti namreč relativno pičlo število 1995, 199 f), however the contribution of pig remains prašičjih ostankov izkazuje tudi sesalska makrofavna z to the faunal assemblages from that region is stil at least vseh ostalih arheozoološko obdelanih najdišč v Posočju, comparable to the percentage of caprine bones (Bar- in to ne glede na obdobje: železnodobni in rimskodobni tosiewicz 1996, 33). it thus follows that the low relative vzorec z mosta na Soči (Bartosiewicz 1985, Tab. 1; 1986, abundance of pigs within the sites in the Soča valley Tab. 1), rimskodobni ostanki z Gradiča pri kobaridu area (including Tonovcov grad) should most likely be (niSP = 7479; lastni neobjavljeni podatki), gradivo iz attributed to the topography of the area. on local steep železnodobnega najdišča Grgar - Grašišče (niSP = 130; slopes the otherwise undemanding pigs ( cf. kryštufek lastni neobjavljeni podatki) ter tudi sicer skromen vzorec 1991, 237; mackinnon 2004, 153) had to give way to the iz prazgodovinskega grobišča v Tolminu (Bartosiewicz better adapted sheep and goats, while the dry terrain in 2002; di martino 2002). the relatively narrow Soča valley would also have been Znano je, da je hlevska reja prašičev mlada in sega an unfavourable pig habitat. v začetek 19. stoletja (kryštufek 1991, 238). v obdobjih at Tonovcov grad pigs were the only domesticated pred tem so se tako prašiči večinoma prosto pasli ( cf. Ba- animals that were reared exclusively for meat and fat. ker, clark 1993, 52), zato je na njihovo številčnost močno This can clearly be seen from the mortality profile ( Tabs. vplivala količina gozdne paše (krže 1982, 24). iz karte po- 8.10-8.11), which indicates a preferential culling of tencialne naravne vegetacije Slovenije (Zupančič, Wraber young and subadult animals. at this the individual finds 1989, 119) izhaja, da predstavljajo na območju Zgornjega of specimens that were over three years old are most in Srednjega Posočja klimaksni gozd predvsem združbe probably to be understood as a reflection of their use Anemono-Fagetum s. lat., Ostryo-Fagetum s. lat. ter Se- for reproduction purposes ( cf. mackinnon 2004, 152). slerio-Fagetum. njihova floristična sestava nedvomno ustreza prehranskim navadam prašičev ( cf. krže 1982, 47 ss), saj poleg plodonosne bukve vključujejo tudi druge 8.6.2 Tonovcov Grad zanje prehransko pomembne rastline ( cf. dakskobler aS a miliTary PoST 1996; 2004). razmeroma nizek delež prašiča v favnistič- nem gradivu s Tonovcovega gradu torej domnevno ne certain archaeological data indicate that during gre povezovati z neustrezno vegetacijsko sliko. Prav tako the late antiquity phase 1 the settlement of Tonovcov tudi ne s prizadetostjo naravne gozdne vegetacije zaradi grad might have housed a military unit (see chapter 2.1). oblikovanja pašnikov in polj, do česar je okrog dalj časa meat played an universal y important part in the mili- trajajočih naselbin sicer prihajalo vse od mlajše kamene tary menu (king 1984, 188; riedel 1993a; mackinnon dobe dalje ( cf. culiberg 1995, 205; andrič, Wil is 2003, 2004, 210); however, both the consumption pattern 817). obsežno trebljenje gozdov je bilo tako npr. dokaza- and the preference for meat types varied greatly in no tudi za okolico železnodobnih naselij v rečnih dolinah space and time (king 1984, 197 ff; Bartosiewicz 1990- vzhodne Slovenije ( cf. culiberg, Šercelj 1995, 199 s), pa je 1991). interregional deviations are most noticeable in tam delež domačega prašiča v okviru favnističnih vzorcev the role of pork versus mutton/goat meat, at which the kljub temu vsaj primerljiv z deležem drobnice (Bartosi- former meat type were preferred in Germany and the ewicz 1996, 33). iz navedenega tako izhaja, da je treba latter in Britain. otherwise, in both areas – as well as in skromen delež prašiča med sesalskimi ostanki z najdišč northern france, Benelux, Switzerland, austria (king v Posočju (vključno s Tonovcovim gradom) najverjetneje 1984, 197 ff), Bulgaria (Johnstone 2007) and hungary pripisati reliefu območja. Zaradi tipa habitata so se morali (Bartosiewicz 1990-1991, Tab. 2) – cattle was by far best sicer razmeroma neizbirčni prašiči ( cf. kryštufek 1991, represented in military camps. 363 08_favna.indd 363 23.1.2012 12:38:23 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna 237; mackinnon 2004, 153) na tamkajšnjih strmih po- due to the lack of reliable data it is not easy to bočjih povečini umakniti drobnici, neugodne prehranske define the diet of the roman army in the Southeastern razmere pa so bile zanje tudi na suhih tleh razmeroma alps ( cf. mackinnon 2004, 226). To our best knowledge ozke Soške doline. for the broader area of Tonovcov grad such data are Sicer pa je bil na Tonovcovem gradu prašič edina known only in the case of ajdovščina/ Castra.76 it the domača žival, katere reja je bila usmerjena izključno v 4th century this was an important military post that pridobivanje mesa in maščob. To dokazuje tudi starostna protected one of the main gates into italy from the east. struktura ( tab. 8.10–8.11), ki izkazuje preferenčen zakol even though the assemblage is small (niSP = 414) it is mladih in subadultnih živali. Pri tem gre posamezne stil meaningful as cattle remains also prevail ( Tab. 8.24). najdbe več kot tri leta starih primerkov najverjetneje This observation was to be expected and is in accordance razumeti kot dokaz njihove uporabe za reprodukcijo with trends shown elsewhere in europe ( cf. king 1984, ( cf. mackinnon 2004, 152). 189 ff, 198). as cattle was the main domesticate in the southeastern alpine area already prior to the arrival of the romans ( Fig. 8.33), the romanisation itself appar- 8.6.2 Tonovcov Grad ently did not bring any greater changes to the diet of koT voJaŠka PoSToJanka the indigenous people, thus there was no need to adjust the military menus to the local customs or vice versa nekateri arheološki podatki kažejo, da je bila med ( cf. king 1984, 198). prvo poznoantično poselitveno fazo Tonovcovega gradu With the above in mind one could argue, that the v naselbini morda nastanjena vojaška posadka (glej pogl. relatively higher share of cattle in the material from the 2.1). Znano je, da je bilo meso pomembna komponen- late antiquity phase 1 of Tonovcov grad may reflect the ta vojaškega jedilnika (king 1984, 188; riedel 1993a; import of meat into the settlement in order to supply mackinnon 2004, 210), pri čemer izbor vrste mesa the soldiers. even though it is known that the military izkazuje precejšnjo variabilnost v prostoru in času (king often reared their own cattle (mackinnon 2004, 210), 1984, 197 ss; Bartosiewicz 1990–1991). odstopanja so the roman state established an organised military food opazna predvsem, kar zadeva vlogo drobnice in praši- provisioning system, including the delivery of meat to ča, pri čemer prva večje deleže zastopanosti izkazuje its army (mackinnon 2004, 226). The unstable condi- na območju Britanije, prašič pa v nemčiji. na obeh tions in late antiquity disturbed the efficient operation območjih, tako kot tudi v severni franciji, Beneluksu, of this system that forced the military to search alterna- Švici, avstriji (king 1984, 197 ss), Bolgariji (Johnstone tive sources of meat and fat (hunting, fishing; Bartosie- 2007) in na madžarskem (Bartosiewicz 1990–1991, Tab. wicz 1990-1991). however, in the case of Tonovcov 2) pa po številu ostankov v vojaških taborih praviloma grad no greater inter-phase differences were noticed in prednjači govedo. the species richness ( Tabs. 8.4-8.5; Fig. 8.13), as finds o prehrani rimske vojske na območju jugovzho- of game and fish remained negligible throughout. We dnih alp je težko govoriti, saj močno primanjkuje should also mention a practical y identical contribu- verodostojnih podatkov ( cf. mackinnon 2004, 226). Po tion of cattle cranial remains in relation to postcranial najini najboljši vednosti lahko tako na vlogo posameznih bone found in the material from late antiquity phases vrst domestikatov v vojaški prehrani na širšem območju 1 and 2 (i.e. 27.2 % and 26.7 %), which also opposes Tonovcovega gradu sodiva le na primeru ajdovščine/ the thesis on the import of greater numbers of cattle Castra.74 Ta je bila namreč v četrtem stoletju pomembna for the needs of the army.77 as indicated by the analysis vojaška postojanka, ki je varovala enega osrednjih do- of cattle finds from urban centres from roman Period stopov v italijo z vzhoda. Čeprav je razpoložljivi vzorec italy, the heads were usual y removed at the place of skromen (niSP = 414), je vseeno poveden: tudi tu so na- slaughter (as a part of the primary butchering of the mreč prevladujoči ostanki domačega goveda ( tab. 8.24). animal) and thus did not reach the market together ugotovitev je po svoje pričakovana in skladna s trendi, with the rest of the carcass. The consequences of such ki so bili ugotovljeni drugje po evropi ( cf. king 1984, actions can of course also be seen in the faunal mate- 189 ss, 198). ker je bilo govedo v jugovzhodnoalpskem 76 it is possible that in late antiquity a military unit was prostoru osrednja domača žival že pred prihodom stationed in the vicinity of the settlement of Sv. Pavel above rimljanov ( sl. 8.33), romanizacija večjih sprememb na vrtovin (8 km west of ajdovščina), where – among the sev- jedilniku staroselcev ni povzročila, zato tudi ni prihajalo eral dozen mammalian remains – cattle was the most com- monly represented species (Svoljšak 1985, 226 f). notably 74 morda je bila vojaška enota v pozni antiki locirana tudi ( cf. Bartosiewicz 1990-1991, 108) pigs and game were also v naselbini Sv. Pavel nad vrtovinom (8 km zahodno od aj- relatively common. dovščine), kjer med nekaj ducati sesalskih ostankov po številu 77 as the finds mainly originate from the area of struc- najdb prednjači govedo pred prašičem (Svoljšak 1985, 226 s), ture 1, these results should be understood as a reflection of relativno pogosti pa so tudi ostanki lovnih vrst ( cf. Bartosiewi- the preferences of the occupants of this structure (area) and cz 1990–1991, 108). not necessarily the site as a whole. 364 08_favna.indd 364 23.1.2012 12:38:23 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna do prilagajanja jedilnika vojske lokalnim običajem in Tab. 8.24: Število določenih primerkov (niSP) za posamezne obratno ( cf. king 1984, 198). taksone velikih sesalcev iz ajdovščine/ Castra. vir: lastni neobjavljeni podatki. v relativno višjem deležu zastopanosti domačega Tab. 8.24: number of identifiable specimens (niSP) for indi- goveda v gradivu iz prve poznoantične poselitve Tonovco- vidual large mammalian taxa from ajdovščina/ Castra. Source: vega gradu bi se lahko, glede na zgoraj navedeno, odražal personal unpublished data. prav uvoz mesa v naselbino za oskrbo tam nameščenih vojakov. Čeprav je znano, da se je vojska pogosto ukvar- Takson / Taxon NISP % NISP jala z rejo lastnih čred živine (mackinnon 2004, 210), Bos taurus 156 37,7 pa je rimska država v obdobju cesarstva vzpostavila tudi organiziran sistem dobavljanja hrane (vključno z mesom) Sus sp. 102 24,6 svojim vojakom (mackinnon 2004, 226). nestabilne raz- caprinae 84 20,2 mere v pozni antiki so učinkovito delovanje omenjenega Equus cabal us 62 15,0 sistema ovirale, kar je vojsko sililo v iskanje alternativnih Cervus elaphus 7 1,7 virov mesa in maščob (lov, ribolov; Bartosiewicz 1990– Camelus dromedarius 3 0,8 1991). vendar pa v primeru Tonovcovega gradu omembe vrednih medfaznih razlik v vrstnem bogastvu vzorcev ni SkuPaJ / ToTal 414 100,0 opaziti ( tab. 8.4–8.5; sl. 8.13), število najdb lovnih vrst pa ostaja ves čas zanemarljivo. omeniti velja tudi praktično identičen delež zastopanosti kranialnih ostankov goveda rial, especial y in the modest representation of teeth, nasproti elementom postkranialnega skeleta v okviru gra- jawbones and skul s (mackinnon 2004, 219). Such a diva iz obeh poznoantičnih faz (tj. 27,2 % in 26,7 %), kar picture is shown by cattle remains from the military prav tako nasprotuje tezi o uvozu večjih količin govedine post dichin/ Nicopolis in Bulgaria (Johnstone 2007, za potrebe vojske.75 kot so pokazale analize govejih najdb 292), however, as previously stated, this was not the iz urbanih središč rimskodobne italije, so namreč glave case in Tonovcov grad. praviloma odstranili na kraju zakola v okviru osnovnega a few additional words should be said in relation raztelešenja živali in tako večinoma niso prišle na trg to the cattle butchering process. a detailed study of the skupaj s trupom. Posledice takšnega postopanja se seveda frequencies and positions of the cut- and chop-marks on kažejo tudi v favnističnem gradivu, predvsem v slabši individual skeletal elements would be beyond the focus of zastopanosti zob, čeljustnic in lobanj (mackinnon 2004, this study. it is, however, worth noting that the epiphyses 219). Prav takšno sliko kažejo goveji ostanki iz vojaške of cattle long bones are mainly undamaged. This is im- postojanke dichin/ Nicopolis v Bolgariji (Johnstone 2007, portant, since cattle remains excavated at military camps 292), medtem ko v primeru Tonovcovega gradu, kot že tend to show a different picture reflecting a specific, much navedeno, ni bilo tako. more patterned butchering procedure primarily aimed k zgornjemu velja dodati še nekaj besed v zvezi s at producing equal portions ( cf. maltby 1989, 90; riedel postopkom raztelešanja goved. detajlna študija frekvenc 1993b, 226 ff; Stokes 2000, 147). due to the relatively little in pa mest pojavljanja usekov in urezov na posameznih attention paid to the precise location of the chop or cut by skeletnih elementih sicer presega namen pričujočega the overworked military cooking personnel, the butchery prispevka. Se pa zdi na tem mestu vendarle smiselno waste often includes a large proportion of long bones with omeniti, da so epifize dolgih kosti okončin goveda v damaged epiphyses ( cf. riedel 1993b, 227). vzorcu s Tonovcovega gradu večinoma nepoškodovane. The small numbers of bones damaged in such a ugotovitev je pomembna, saj kažejo goveji ostanki, izko- way in the material from the late antiquity phase 1 of pani v vojaških taborih, praviloma precej drugačno sliko. Tonovcov grad does not in itself exclude the possible Postopek raztelešanja goved je bil tam namreč bistveno presence of a military unit within the settlement. Similar bolj “avtomatiziran” in je težil predvsem k produciranju holds true for the above presented data on the stand- enakomerno velikih porcij ( cf. riedel 1993b, 226 ss; ardly low species richness and the lack of diachronic Stokes 2000, 147). Spričo manjše pozornosti, namenjene (i.e. inter-phase) variations in the share of cranial skeletal dejanski mikrolokaciji udarca s sekiro oz. zareza z nožem elements. nevertheless, the data do give us at least an na posameznih kosteh, čemur je do neke mere zagotovo idea as regards the size of the (plausible) military unit, botrovala tudi (pre)zaposlenost vojaških mesarjev, goveji which apparently could not be very large. as such a small ostanki iz vojaških taborov izkazujejo tudi večji delež unit could perfectly satisfy their needs for food already dolgih kosti s poškodovano epifizo ( cf. maltby 1989, 90; with the local products (stock rearing and field crops), riedel 1993b, 227). maloštevilnost tako poškodovanih there would be no real need for a vast import of food, 75 ker najdbe pretežno izvirajo z območja stavbe 1, je nor for routinized mass butchering (of cattle carcasses) tudi dobljene rezultate treba razumeti kot odraz specifičnih or broadening of the diet by augmenting the role of game preferenc stanovalcev omenjene stavbe (območja) in ne naj- and/or fish ( cf. Bartosiewicz 1990-1991). dišča v celoti. 365 08_favna.indd 365 23.1.2012 12:38:23 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna kosti med gradivom iz prve faze poznoantične poselitve 8.6.3 comPariSonS Tonovcovega gradu sicer sama po sebi še ne zanika mo- in SPace and Time rebitne prisotnosti vojaške posadke v naselbini. enako velja tudi za zgoraj predstavljene podatke o zastopanosti The main difference between the faunal assemblages zob in kosti glave ter o vrstnem bogastvu vzorca. Je pa iz from both late antiquity and the early medieval phase navedenega mogoče sklepati vsaj na obseg (morebitne) at Tonovcov grad is represented by the noticable decline vojaške posadke, ki ni mogla biti prav velika. malo- of cattle and the contemporaneous increase of caprines številno moštvo bi namreč svojim potrebam po hrani fol owing the end of late antiquity phase 1 ( Tabs. 8.4-8.5). lahko brez večjih težav zadostilo že s produkti lokalne it is hard to assess what stands behind this process, but reje živine (in poljedelstva), izostala pa bi tudi potreba it is almost certain that it does not reflect a considerable po množičnem, “avtomatiziranem” raztelešanju goved import of veal/beef during the late antiquity phase 1 (zato manj poškodb epifiz dolgih kosti). (see above). in the event that the picture emerging from the analyses of animal remains from the excavated area is applicable to the entire settlement, the larger cattle share 8.6.3 PrimerJave in the late antiquity phase 1 material would have rather v ProSToru in ČaSu to be attributed to the greater role played by cattle in the local economy of the time. it should be emphasised that Bistveno razliko med favnističnimi vzorci iz obeh earlier roman period sites in the region show an even poznoantičnih in zgodnjesrednjeveške poselitvene greater relative abundance of cattle finds than the late faze Tonovcovega gradu predstavlja očiten upad de- antiquity phase 1 at Tonovcov grad ( Fig. 8.33). This could leža domačega goveda na račun drobnice po zatonu lead to the conclusion that during an unstable period of prve poznoantične faze ( tab. 8.4–8.5). kaj tiči v ozadju late antiquity maintaining large herds of uniparous and navedenega procesa, je težko oceniti, skoraj gotovo pa relatively slow growing cattle for meat production was to ne dokazuje obsežnejšega uvoza teletine/govedine obviously not economical y efficient, thus sheep, goats and v naselbino v času prve poznoantične poselitvene faze pigs were gaining in importance. along with increasing (glej zgoraj). v kolikor gre favnistično sliko z izkopanega political instability in late antiquity the declining trend dela najdišča posplošiti na celotno naselbino, bi bilo in cattle exploitation continued also throughout the 6th večji delež goveda med gradivom iz prve poznoantične and 7th century, i.e. during the time of late antiquity faze bolj utemeljeno pripisati večji vlogi govedoreje v phase 2. analogies can be found in practical y al sites lokalni ekonomiji v navedenem obdobju. Pri tem velja from that period in the region ( Fig. 8.33), indicated by poudariti, da izkazujejo starejša rimskodobna najdišča the similar response of individual local communities to v regiji še višjo relativno frekvenco pojavljanja najdb the “barbarian” threat from the east. domačega goveda, kot je bilo to ugotovljeno za prvo The thesis of the decreased contribution of cattle poznoantično fazo s Tonovcovega gradu ( sl. 8.33). iz during the transition between late antiquity phases 1 tega bi lahko sklepali, da je postalo vzdrževanje velikih and 2 at Tonovcov grad being largely a reflection of the čred uniparnih in razmeroma počasi rastočih goved z poorer safety conditions is corroborated by the data on namenom prireje mesa v nemirnem obdobju pozne the abundance of main domesticates at iron age sites in antike očitno ekonomsko premalo učinkovito, zato sta the Southeastern alps. These tend to show an at least a pomen pridobivala drobnica in prašič. Trend upadanja 50 % share of cattle and thus fal within the range seen obsega govedoreje se je spričo naraščajoče politične in at roman period sites in the same area ( Fig. 8.33). This varnostne nestabilnosti v obdobju pozne antike nadalje- is noteworthy since iron age animal exploitation was val tudi še v šestem in deloma sedmem stoletju, tj. za časa based on the relatively archaic herding practices that dif- druge poznoantične poselitvene faze Tonovcovega gra- fered greatly from roman animal breeding ( cf. Bökönyi du. analogije lahko najdemo na praktično vseh sočasnih 1974). at this it is important to state that amongst the najdiščih v regiji ( sl. 8.33), kar izpričuje podoben odziv iron age sites shown on figure 8.33 significant settlements posameznih lokalnih skupnosti jugovzhodnoalpskega (i.e. “centres”) prevail (dular, Tecco hvala 2007, 191 ff). prostora na “barbarsko” pretnjo z vzhoda. These were (together with the accompanying territories) da je upad deleža goveda na prehodu iz prve faze political y and economical y autarctic units, whose ex- poznoantične poselitve Tonovcovega gradu v drugo istence was based on a subsistence economy,78 however verjetno res v precejšnji meri odsev slabših varnostnih the communication network enabled close contacts and razmer, kažejo tudi podatki o frekvenci pojavljanja najdb a dynamic exchange between neighbouring settlements osrednjih domestikatov na železnodobnih najdiščih v as wel as with more distant places (dular, Tecco hvala regiji. Ti namreč praviloma izkazujejo vsaj polovični delež zastopanosti goveda, po čemer se umeščajo znotraj 78 members of the local community (i.e. inhabitants of a variacijske širine za rimskodobna najdišča v jugovzho- centre with the accompanying territory) produced their own dnoalpskem prostoru ( sl. 8.33), in to navkljub sicer še food, reared their own cattle and manufactured tools and vessels. 366 08_favna.indd 366 23.1.2012 12:38:24 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Sl. 8.33: delež zastopanosti domačega goveda, drobnice in Fig. 8.33: The share of cattle, sheep/goats and pigs in three prašiča v treh tukaj obravnavanih poselitvenih fazah Tonovco- settlement phases at Tonovcov grad and 23 other sites in the vega gradu in še 23 drugih najdiščih s prostora jugovzhodnih Southeastern alps. The list of samples, their size (niSP) and alp. Seznam vzorcev, njihova velikost (niSP) in časovna placement in time: opredelitev: 1 – Tonovcov grad (late antiquity phase 1); 2 – Tonovcov grad 1 – Tonovcov grad (prva poznoantična faza); 2 – Tonovcov (late antiquity phase 2); 3 – Tonovcov grad (early medieval grad (druga poznoantična faza); 3 – Tonovcov grad (zgo- phase); 4 – Stična, Slovenia (iron age; niSP = 4487; Bökönyi dnjesrednjeveška faza); 4 – Stična, Slovenija (železna doba; 1994); 5 – kunkel, Slovenia (early iron age; niSP = 282; Bar- niSP = 4487; Bökönyi 1994); 5 – kunkel, Slovenija (starejša tosiewicz 1996); 6 – Bled: below the castle, Slovenia (early iron železna doba; niSP = 282; Bartosiewicz 1996); 6 – Bled: pod age; niSP = 347; Bartosiewicz 1996); 7 – cvinger, Slovenia Gradom, Slovenija (starejša železna doba; niSP = 347; Bar- (early iron age; niSP = 206; Bartosiewicz 1996); 8 – Gradec tosiewicz 1996); 7 – cvinger, Slovenija (starejša železna doba; pri vinkovem vrhu, Slovenia (early iron age; niSP = 511; niSP = 206; Bartosiewicz 1996); 8 – Gradec pri vinkovem vr- Bartosiewicz 1996); 9 – libna, Slovenia (early iron age; hu, Slovenija (starejša železna doba; niSP = 511; Bartosiewicz niSP = 130; Bartosiewicz 1996); 10 – most na Soči, Slovenia 1996); 9 – libna, Slovenija (starejša železna doba; niSP = 130; (early iron age; niSP = 2956; Bartosiewicz 1985); 11 – nivize, Bartosiewicz 1996); 10 – most na Soči, Slovenija (starejša italy (iron age; niSP = 158; riedel 1968); 12 – Jama i on Preval, železna doba; niSP = 2956; Bartosiewicz 1985); 11 – nivize, Slovenia (iron age; niSP = 947; riedel 1977); 13 – Grgar- italija (železna doba; niSP = 158; riedel 1968); 12 – Jama i na Grašišče, Slovenia (early iron age; niSP = 130; unpublished); Prevali, Slovenija (železna doba; niSP = 947; riedel 1977); 13 – 14 – vrhnika/ Nauportus, Slovenia (roman period; niSP = 189; Grgar-Grašišče, Slovenija (starejša železna doba; niSP = 130; unpublished); 15 – ribnica na dolenjskem/ Romula, Slovenia neobjavljeno); 14 – vrhnika/ Nauportus, Slovenija (rimska (roman period; niSP = 5876; unpublished); 16 – Gorenje doba; niSP = 189; neobjavljeno); 15 – ribnica na dolenjskem/ Skopice, Slovenia (roman period; niSP = 251; unpublished); Romula, Slovenija (rimska doba; niSP = 5876; neobjavljeno); 17 – col: gym, Slovenia (roman period; niSP = 434; unpub- 16 – Gorenje Skopice, Slovenija (rimska doba; niSP = 251; lished); 18 – draga, Slovenia (roman period; niSP = 142; un- neobjavljeno); 17 – col: telovadnica, Slovenija (rimska doba; published); 19 – ajdovščina/ Castra, Slovenia (roman period; niSP = 434; neobjavljeno); 18 – draga, Slovenija (rimska doba; niSP = 414; unpublished); 20 – altino, italy (roman period; niSP = 142; neobjavljeno); 19 – ajdovščina/ Castra, Slovenija niSP = 732; riedel 1985); 21 – most na Soči, Slovenia (roman (rimska doba; niSP = 414; neobjavljeno); 20 – altino, italija period; niSP = 484; Bartosiewicz 1986); 22 – invillino, italy (rimska doba; niSP = 732; riedel 1985); 21 – most na Soči, (late antiquity; niSP = 3522; Stork, von den driesch 1987); Slovenija (rimska doba; niSP = 484; Bartosiewicz 1986); 22 – 23 – ajdovski Gradec above vranje, Slovenia (late antiquity; invillino, italija (pozna antika; niSP = 3522; Stork, von den niSP = 2735; Bartosiewicz, choyke 1985); 24 –hammaberg, driesch 1987); 23 – ajdovski Gradec nad vranjem, Slovenija austria (late antiquity; niSP = 704; forstenpointner et al. (pozna antika; niSP = 2735; Bartosiewicz, choyke 1985); 24 – 2002); 25 – Teriola, austria (late antiquity; niSP = 356; Sv. hema/hammaberg, avstrija (pozna antika; niSP = 704; Pucher 2003); 26 – udine: castle, italy (late antiquity; niSP = forstenpointner et al. 2002); 25 – Teriola, avstrija (pozna 1076; riedel 1993b). antika; niSP = 356; Pucher 2003); 26 – videm/udine: grad, italija (pozna antika; niSP = 1076; riedel 1993b). 367 08_favna.indd 367 23.1.2012 12:38:24 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna razmeroma primitivnim vzrejnim prijemom, ki so moč- 2007, 229 ff). due to the predominantly79 stable political no odstopali od napredne rimske prakse ( cf. Bökönyi conditions and security, iron age communities living 1974). Pri tem je pomembno povedati, da med železno- southeast of the alps (in opposition to the late antique dobnimi najdišči s slike 8.33 prevladujejo pomembnejša ones) presumably established a centralised provisioning naselja (dular, Tecco hvala 2007, 191 ss). Ta so bila system of veal/beef, which is among others reflected in (skupaj s pripadajočim teritorijem) politično in eko- the dominance of cattle finds in the faunal assemblages nomsko sicer avtarkične enote, katerih obstoj je temeljil from the area. na subsistenčnem gospodarstvu,76 je pa komunikacijska as far as the rest of the animal products are con- mreža omogočala tesne stike in živahno menjavo med cerned, the question of wether they were produced/con- sosednjimi naselji pa tudi bolj oddaljenimi kraji (dular, sumed local y (as a form of subsistence) remains without Tecco hvala 2007, 229 ss). drugače povedano: spričo a definitive answer. as discussed in chapter 8.6.1, the pretežno77 stabilnih političnih in varnostnih razmer je mortality profile for caprines seems to be indicative of železnodobnim skupnostim na območju jugovzhodnih a local production of meat, milk and (as far as the late alp (v nasprotju s poznoantičnimi) domnevno uspelo antiquity phase 1 is concerned) wool. Similar holds vzpostaviti centralizirano oskrbo s teletino/govedino, true for pigs, which were reared exclusively for meat kar se med drugim kaže tudi v prevladi govejih najdb (and fat). it is thus interesting to note, that no statisti- znotraj tamkajšnjih favnističnih vzorcev. cal y significant differences in skeletal representation of individual carcass parts between late antiquity phase 1 and 2 were observed (mann-Whitney u test: p > 0.05), 8.7 SkleP even though the latter shows a much higher number of skull fragments ( Tab. 8.18). of course, at a different v tem poglavju predstavljeno gradivo s Tonov- location within the same settlement the results might covega gradu sodi med najbogatejše arheozoološke be (even very) different ... vzorce s Slovenskega in ob žal še neobjavljeni študiji živalskih ostankov z ajdovskega gradca nad vranjem (Bartosiewicz, choyke 1985) tudi daleč najobsežnejši 8.7 concluSionS favnistični vzorec poznoantične starosti. kot tak je izvrstna priložnost za poglobljen vpogled v ekonomijo The material from Tonovcov grad is among the in prehranske navade prebivalcev lokalnega centra v richest faunal assemblages revealed by archaeological obdobju med koncem 4. in 8. (morda tudi 9.) stoletjem. excavations in Slovenia and alongside the unfortunately Sodeč po tukaj predstavljenih rezultatih je bil Tonov- stil unpublished study of animal remains from ajdovski cov grad ekonomsko avtarkična enota, katere obstoj je v gradec above vranje (Bartosiewicz, choyke 1985) also veliki meri temeljil na subsistenčnem gospodarstvu. med the most abundant faunal assemblage from the late an- domačimi živalmi je osrednja vloga pripadala domačemu tique period. as such it offers an excellent opportunity govedu, ki pa so ga primarno izkoriščali za delo na poljih for a detailed insight into the local economy and the oz. v transportu. Starostna struktura za omenjeno vrsto diet of the inhabitants of a local centre between the end namreč kaže na preferenčen zakol več kot tri leta starih of the 4th to the 8th (and maybe even the 9th) century. živali. Pomen domačega goveda se je na prehodu iz prve from the results presented in this chapter it seems poznoantične poselitvene faze v drugo nekoliko zmanjšal that Tonovcov grad was an economical y autarctic unit, na račun drobnice (domnevno predvsem ovce), kar razla- whose existence was to a great extent based on subsist- gava z naraščajočo politično in varnostno nestabilnostjo ence economy. amongst domesticates the central role na območju jugovzhodnoalpskega prostora. belonged to cattle, which was primarily used as beast Govedu je kot drugi ekonomsko najpomembnejši of burden. The mortality profile shows that cattle were takson sledila drobnica, sicer prevladujoča po sku- mainly culled once they were over three years old. The pnem številu določenih najdb. Sodeč po razmerju med importance of cattle was slightly reduced due to an specifično določenimi primerki poddružine caprinae increase in the exploitation of caprines (hypothetical y so bile ovce številčnejše od koz. v obdobju druge po- mainly sheep) at the transition from the late antiquity znoantične faze je drobnica predstavljala predvsem vir phases 1 and 2. This can be explained by the increased political and security instability in the southeastern 76 Člani srenje (tj. središča s pripadajočim teritorijem) so alpine area at that time. si sami pridelovali hrano, redili živino ter izdelovali orodje in posodje. 77 domnevno edini res krizni epizodi v obdobju železne 79 The only presumed crises in the territory of present- dobe na Slovenskem so bili roparski vpadi tolp skitskega po- day Slovenia in the iron age is represented by the pil aging of rekla v prvi polovici 6. stoletja pr. n. št. ter prihod keltskih the Skiit tribes in the first half of the 6th century Bc and the Tavriskov ob koncu 4. stoletja pr. n. št. (dular, Tecco hvala arrival of the celtic Tavrisks at the end of the 4th century Bc 2007, 251 s). (dular, Tecco hvala 2007, 251 f). 368 08_favna.indd 368 23.1.2012 12:38:24 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Sl. 8.34: drugi spodnji predmeljak konja iz vzorca št. 547 (kv. 619; mkv. c2) s Tonovcovega gradu. na zobu je vidna zna- čilna obraba grizalne površine zaradi grizenja žvale ( cf . Brown, anthony 1998). Slika: m. Zaplatil. Fig. 8.34: The second lower horse premolar from sample no. 547 (sq. 619; msq. c2) from Tonovcov grad. The tooth surface shows typical ware pattern as a result of chewing the bit ( cf. Brown, anthony 1998). Photo: m. Zaplatil. mesa78 in mleka;79 prireja volne naj bi bila nekoliko bolj The second economical y most important taxa (fol- v ozadju. Slika, ki jo kaže prva poznoantična poselitev lowing cattle) were sheep and goats, which dominated by obravnavanega najdišča, je nekoliko bolj zamegljena. v the total number of indentifiable finds. in late antiquity korigirani starostni strukturi bi se namreč lahko odražal phase 2 caprines were reared predominantly as a source bodisi nekoliko večji poudarek na prireji volne bodisi of meat80 and milk,81 while wool production may not uvoz mesa odraslih ovac/koz za prehrano. have been as important. The situation during the late domači prašič po številu najdb (in pomenu) zaostaja antiquity phase 1 is less clear: the corrected mortality tako za govedom kot tudi drobnico. Temu je verjetno v profile could indicate either a slightly higher emphasis precejšnji meri botroval relief območja, saj so za rejo on wool production or imports of adult sheep/goat prašičev manj primerna tako suha tla na obravnavanem meat for food. delu razmeroma ozke Soške doline kot tudi strma po- according to the number of finds (and thus bočja okoliških vzpetin. Prašičereja je bila sicer v skladu supposed importance) pig lagged behind cattle and s pričakovanji usmerjena izključno v prirejo mesa in caprines. This is to a great extent a reflection of the relief maščob. nasprotno sliko kažejo konj in pes, katerih mesa of the terrain, as pig rearing is less suitable on the dry prebivalci Tonovcovega gradu najverjetneje niso uživali. grounds of the relatively narrow Soča val ey, or the steep Prvi je bil pomemben predvsem kot tovorna žival in za slopes of the surrounding hil s. in accordance to our jezdenje ( sl. 8.34), drugi kot čuvaj čred, ljudi in imetja. expectations pig exploitation was oriented exclusively Prebivalci Tonovcovega gradu so se ukvarjali tudi z lovom, into meat and fat production. an opposite picture is čeprav iz skromnega deleža zastopanosti jelenjadi, srnjadi shown by small number of horse and dog remains, as in drugih lovnih vrst sicer izhaja, da ta ni predstavljal it is highly unlikely that the inhabitants of Tonovcov omembe vrednega segmenta takratne ekonomije. grad (regularly) enjoyed their meat. horse was impor- ob najdbah sesalcev so bili med živalskimi ostanki tant mainly as a beast of burden ( Fig. 8.34), while dog s Tonovcovega gradu zastopane tudi kosti ptic, skoraj was useful in guarding herds, people and property. The izključno domačih kokoši (glej pogl. 9, tab. 9.1). Podatek inhabitants of Tonovcov grad also hunted, even though se lepo sklada s tezo o Tonovcovem gradu kot ekonom- the modest shares of deer and other game indicate that sko avtarkični naselbini, temelječi na subsistenčnem hunting did not represent a quantitatively important gospodarstvu, saj je kokoš (perutnina) v očeh takratnega segment in their economy. prebivalstva nedvomno predstavljala vzrejno nezahteven animal remains at Tonovcov grad also included vir razmeroma kvalitetnega mesa ( cf. mackinnon 2004, bird bones, almost exclusively belonging to domestic 210). Pomenljive so tudi najdbe trnkov (glej pogl. 2.1). hen (see chapter 9, Tab. 9.1). This seems to confirm the v tej luči lahko kot pričakovane razumemo tudi rezul- thesis that Tonovcov grad was an economically autarctic tate analize velikosti osrednjih taksonov domestikatov: settlement, based on a subsistence economy, for hen čeprav obdelano gradivo vključuje tudi posamezne (poultry) undoubtedly represented an undemanding primerke velikih “rimskih” oblik (pasem?), večino najdb source of relatively high quality meat for the inhabitants namreč vendarle predstavljajo kosti in zobje tradicional- ( cf. mackinnon 2004, 210). finds of fish hooks also offer nega lokalnega goveda oz. drobnice. important evidence of angling (see chapter 2.1). nekateri arheološki podatki kažejo, da je bila med certain archaeological data indicate that dur- prvo poznoantično poselitveno fazo Tonovcovega gradu ing the late antiquity phase 1 Tonovcov grad may v naselbini morda nastanjena vojaška posadka (glej pogl. have housed a military unit (see chapters 2.1, 4.1). 78 To naj bi veljalo še posebej za ovce. 80 Supposedly this holds especial y true for sheep. 79 v tem pogledu naj bi bile pomembnejše koze. 81 in this sense goats were more important. 369 08_favna.indd 369 23.1.2012 12:38:25 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna 2.1, 4.1). Žal na podlagi zgoraj predstavljenih rezultatov unfortunately, the analysis of the faunal material does analize favnističnega gradiva navedene teze ni mogoče not lead to a confirmation or rejection of this thesis. niti potrditi niti zanikati. Se pa na podlagi podatkov o nevertheless, on the basis of taxonomic richness in all vrstnem bogastvu vzorcev vsake od treh tukaj obravnava- three settlement phases, and especially the frequencies nih poselitvenih faz, predvsem pa iz deležev zastopanosti of individual skeletal elements and their preservation skeletnih elementov in njihove ohranjenosti dozdeva, da it seems that the military unit (in the event that it re- je vojaška posadka (v kolikor je bila v naselbini dejansko al y was stationed within the settlement) consisted of a nastanjena) obsegala razmeroma skromno število voja- relatively few soldiers. With the beginning of the late kov. Z začetkom druge poznoantične faze je Tonovcov antiquity phase 2 Tonovcov grad gradually started grad postopoma pridobival pomen kot osrednja naselbina gaining on importance as the central settlement in the na območju med nadižo in Sočo ter lokalno cerkveno area between the nadiža and Soča rivers. it was also a središče, kar bi lahko prispevalo k izrazitejšemu social- local religious centre, which may also have contributed nemu razslojevanju prebivalstva. določene razlike med to a more expressed social diversification of its inhabit- jedilnikom stanovalcev osrednjega prostora stavbe 1 in ants. as a matter of fact, certain differences in the diet prehrano tistih iz njegovega prizidka je ne nazadnje izpo- of the inhabitants from Tonovcov grad were indeed stavila tudi favnistična analiza. razpoložljivi podatki sicer observed, which may be a result of social stratification resda kažejo na to, da so prebivalci Tonovcovega gradu ( Figs. 8.10-8.12, 8.14). namely, the diet of the higher v veliki meri uživali meso istih vrst živali, ne da bi posa- standing social strata (see for instance building 1; Fig. mezniki/skupine z višjim statusom pogosteje posegali po 8.14) were more likely to include the meat of the high- okusnejšem in bolj cenjenem ( cf. mackinnon 2004, 205 s) est quality carcass parts, leaving their servants to cope mesu mladih živali. Se je pa zato na krožniku slednjih with the much less meaty lower parts of extremities (glej npr. stavbo 1; sl. 8.14) relativno pogosto znašlo meso and the head. The highest concentration of the remains najkvalitetnejših delov trupa, medtem ko med ostanki from the carcass parts richest in meat was detected in hrane njihovih služabnikov močno prevladujejo kosti iz the area between the central and the south churches. bistveno manj cenjenih spodnjih delov okončin in glave. unfortunately, the archaeological data available do not Še bolj kot v stavbi 1 pa so bili ostanki najbolj mesnatih al ow for an unambiguous interpretation of the purpose delov trupa zastopani v prostoru med cerkvami. Žal raz- of the structure standing at this spot during the late položljivi arheološki podatki namembnosti tega prostora antiquity phase 2, however such a rich assemblage of za časa druge poznoantične poselitvene faze Tonovcovega animal bones offers yet another indication of social gradu ne izkazujejo, “prestižen” nabor najdenih kostnih stratification within the settlement. ostankov pa vendar še dodatno nakazuje obstoj določene socialne razslojenosti v obravnavani naselbini. 8.8 liTeraTura / BiBlioGraPhy Tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpreta- the present state of research. – Archeologia Medievale cija / Tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpre- 20, 45–78. tation = ciglenečki, modrijan, milavec 2011. BarToSieWicZ, l. 1984, reconstruction of prehistoric cattle represented by astragali in a Bronze alBarella, u. 2002, ‘Size matters’: how and why age “sacrificial pit”. – c. 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Wilkens, i resti faunistici di calvatone 195–236. (cr), Archeologia Medievale 17, 307–322. ŠaŠel J. 1975, “rimske ceste v Sloveniji”. – v / in: ZuPanČiČ, m. in / and T. WraBer 1989, S. Gabrovec, S. Jesse, P. Petru, J. Šašel, f. Truhlar (ur. / fitoceno logija. – v / in: m. Javornik (ur. / ed.), Enciklope- eds.), Arheološka najdišča Slovenije, 74–99, ljubljana. dija Slovenije. 3. zvezek: Eg – Hab, 118–120, ljubljana. 374 08_favna.indd 374 23.1.2012 12:38:26 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna 8.9 PriloGi / aPPendiceS PriloGa / aPPendix 8.1 Tab. A: dimenzije izmerjenih ostankov domačega goveda ( Bos taurus) s Tonovcovega gradu, datiranih v prvo poznoantično fazo (zapisano običajno), drugo poznoantično fazo (zapisano s krepkimi črkami) oz. zgodnjesrednjeveško fazo (zapisano poševno). mere so izražene v mm. okrajšave: onB – obseg na bazi; za ostale okrajšave glej von den driesch 1976. Tab. A: dimensions of the measured cattle remains ( Bos taurus) from Tonovcov grad, dated into late antiquity phase 1 (written normal y), late antiquity phase 2 (written in bold letters) and early medieval phase (written in italics). measurements are given in mm. abbreviations: onB – basal circumference; for other abbreviations see von den driesch 1976. B. taurus Dimenzija Meritve Dimension Measures Proc. corn. onB 121,0 134,0 m7 140,5 m8 86,0 m9 55,5 mandibula m15a 68,5 m15b 43,0 m3l 38,0 m3B 14,0 l 34,0 34,5 35,0 37,0 38,0 39,0 35,0 36,0 31,0 36,0 33,0 B 14,0 14,0 13,0 13,5 16,0 16,5 15,0 14,0 15,0 15,0 12,5 l 33,0 36,0 36,5 37,0 34,0 37,0 36,5 38,0 38,5 39,5 35,0 dens (m3) B 14,0 15,0 15,0 14,0 12,0 14,0 12,5 16,0 16,5 15,0 14,0 l 36,0 36,5 38,0 40,0 B 15,0 16,0 13,0 14,0 Bfcr 90,5 91,0 120,0 epistropheus SBv 47,0 - - lG - 60,5 55,0 58,0 47,0 52,0 54,0 55,5 61,0 BG 48,0 54,0 42,0 50,0 41,0 - 48,0 - - Scapula GlP - 71,0 - 71,0 - 62,5 - 66,0 - Slc 50,5 59,0 - - - - - - - Bp - - - 88,0 - Sd - 27,0 - - 36,0 - humerus Bd 77,5 - 74,0 - 84,0 84,0 BT 71,0 - 70,0 - 80,5 - Bp - 70,0 74,0 75,0 76,0 82,0 - - - 72,0 74,0 Bfp - 66,0 68,5 68,0 69,5 72,5 - - - 77,0 67,0 Sd 35,5 - 38,0 - - - 38,0 31,5 - - - Bfd - - - - - - - - 53,0 - - Bd - - - - - - - - - - - radius Bp 78,0 83,5 84,0 - - 79,0 - Bfp 70,0 77,5 76,5 - 67,5 74,0 - Sd - - - 43,0 - - - Bfd - - - - - - 56,0 Bd - - - - - - - BPc 47,0 39,0 ulna dPa 67,0 63,0 Sdo 50,5 - 375 08_favna.indd 375 23.1.2012 12:38:27 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna B. taurus Dimenzija Meritve Dimension Measures Bp 57,0 - - - 36,0 49,0 55,0 - - 53,0 - dp 33,5 - - - - 28,5 32,0 - - 35,5 - Sd 30,0 19,0 29,5 - - 25,0 30,0 21,0 32,0 - 29,0 dd 20,0 - 23,5 - - 18,5 21,0 - - - - Bd - - - 63,5 - - - - - - - dd 30,5 - - 32,0 - - - - - - - Gl - - - - - - - - - - - mc Bp 48,5 49,0 56,5 60,0 - - - 45,0 - dp 28,0 28,5 31,0 37,0 - 40,0 - 42,5 - Sd - - - 36,0 33,5 - 18,0 - 31,0 dd - - - 22,0 21,5 - - - 20,0 Bd - - - 63,5 61,0 - - - 59,5 dd - - - 32,0 - - - - 29,0 Gl - - - 181,5 - - - - - la 63,0 63,0 68,0 Pelvis lar 57,0 57,0 62,0 Bfcr 64,0 Sacrum hfcr 24,0 Bp - - - - 122,0 - - - - - - dc - 39,0 42,5 44,5 44,5 45,5 46,0 46,5 - - 38,0 Sd 31,5 - - - - - - - 35,0 29,0 - femur Bp - - - - - dc 43,5 47,0 39,0 39,0 44,0 Sd - - - - - Patel a GB 49,5 56,0 52,0 Bp - - - - - - - - - - 87,0 Sd 38,5 31,5 - - - - - - - - - Bd - 50,5 54,0 55,0 57,5 58,0 60,0 60,0 65,0 - 56,0 dd - 37,5 39,0 - 44,5 43,0 - 44,0 48,0 42,5 42,0 Tibia Bp - - - - - Sd 39,5 - - - - Bd - 57,0 56,0 55,0 57,0 dd - 41,5 - - 40,0 Bp 50,0 43,5 46,0 46,5 44,0 - - - - 44,0 46,0 dp 45,5 42,5 45,5 - 39,5 - - - - - - Sd 31,0 25,0 27,5 23,5 26,0 27,0 - - 36,0 26,0 - dd 26,0 25,5 24,0 24,5 24,0 - 25,0 21,5 23,0 - - Bd - 49,0 54,5 - 51,0 - 51,5 - 51,5 - - dd - 30,0 31,0 - 28,5 - 31,0 30,0 26,5 - - Gl - - - - 212,5 - - - - - - Bp 47,5 48,0 - - - - 41,5 42,0 45,0 47,0 50,5 dp 46,5 - - - - - 40,5 41,0 - 43,0 48,0 Sd 29,0 29,5 25,0 25,0 25,5 - - - 24,0 - - mt dd - - - - - - - - - - - Bd - - - - - 54,5 - - - - - dd - - - - - 24,0 - - - - - Gl - - - - - 31,0 - - - - - Bp - - - dp - - - Sd 22,0 - - dd - 24,5 - Bd - 51,0 53,0 dd - 31,0 29,5 Gl - - - 376 08_favna.indd 376 23.1.2012 12:38:28 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna B. taurus Dimenzija Meritve Dimension Measures Gl 137,0 131,0 130,0 calcaneus GB 40,5 40,0 42,5 Gll 58,0 60,0 61,0 61,0 62,0 62,5 62,5 - 64,0 64,5 68,0 Glm - 56,0 56,5 56,5 58,0 56,5 58,0 - - - 63,0 dl - 33,0 33,0 35,0 35,0 35,0 35,0 - 36,0 36,0 39,0 dm - 32,0 - - 33,0 36,0 33,0 - - 36,0 36,0 Bd - 39,0 38,0 37,5 39,0 41,0 43,0 36,0 - - 43,0 astragalus Gll 69,5 - - - - 58,0 58,5 62,0 - 68,0 - Glm - 49,0 62,5 57,0 - 54,0 32,0 58,0 - 64,0 47,5 dl - - 37,0 - - 32,5 - 34,5 - 34,0 29,5 dm - - 35,0 - - 32,0 - 33,0 - 35,0 28,0 Bd - 31,0 - 39,0 44,5 37,5 35,5 39,5 42,0 41,0 31,5 centrotarsale GB 51,0 56,0 56,0 58,0 61,0 52,0 57,5 54,5 Bp - - - 24,0 24,5 25,0 25,0 28,0 29,0 30,0 31,0 Sd - - - 20,5 20,5 22,0 22,5 - 25,5 - - dd - - - 17,0 15,0 14,5 16,0 - 18,0 - - Bd 28,0 31,0 31,5 22,0 23,5 23,0 25,5 - 26,0 - - Gl - - - 51,5 47,0 55,0 58,0 - 55,5 - - Bp 31,5 33,0 - - - - 25,0 30,5 31,0 31,5 35,5 Sd 24,5 - 24,5 - - - 22,0 - 28,0 29,0 29,5 dd 18,0 - 18,0 - - - 18,0 - 21,0 21,0 21,0 Bd 29,0 - 27,0 28,0 29,0 35,0 23,0 - 29,0 31,0 31,5 Gl 56,0 - - - - 59,0 56,0 - 55,5 - 59,5 Phalanx 1 Bp - - - 26,5 29,0 29,5 32,0 - - - - Sd 25,0 26,0 - 22,5 24,0 27,5 27,0 - - - 26,0 dd 20,0 21,5 - 16,5 18,5 - 18,5 - - - 18,5 Bd 30,0 31,5 36,0 22,5 26,5 29,0 31,0 - 24,5 23,0 30,0 Gl 56,5 - - 56,0 56,0 53,0 58,0 58,0 - - 58,0 Bp 28,0 32,0 Sd - - dd - - Bd 25,5 29,0 Gl 36,0 38,0 Bp - 24,0 25,0 25,5 26,5 27,0 28,5 28,5 30,5 31,0 31,5 Bd 27,0 20,5 20,0 21,0 - 22,5 24,5 23,0 25,0 23,5 29,5 Gl 44,0 33,0 35,5 36,0 - 37,5 39,0 43,0 40,5 42,0 35,0 Bp - 23,5 25,0 25,5 26,0 26,0 26,5 27,0 28,5 32,5 33,5 Phalanx 2 Bd - - 22,0 19,0 21,0 24,5 - 23,0 25,0 26,5 27,0 Gl 43,0 30,5 32,5 35,0 36,0 40,0 35,0 39,0 36,0 41,0 39,0 Bp 28,5 30,0 30,5 33,0 Bd 24,0 25,0 25,5 28,0 Gl 26,0 37,0 39,0 39,0 ld 41,5 44,0 47,5 52,0 53,0 54,0 - - - - - mBS 15,5 15,5 20,0 25,5 22,5 24,0 17,0 18,0 19,0 22,0 23,0 dlS 52,5 54,0 54,5 - 66,0 - - - - - - Phalanx 3 ld - 32,0 46,0 54,0 55,0 60,5 - 45,5 mBS 23,0 15,0 16,5 24,0 23,5 24,5 23,5 18,5 dlS - - 54,0 74,0 75,0 78,0 67,0 60,5 377 08_favna.indd 377 23.1.2012 12:38:29 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Tab. B: dimenzije izmerjenih specifično nedeterminiranih ostankov drobnice (caprinae) s Tonovcovega gradu, datiranih v prvo poznoantično fazo (običajno zapisane številke), drugo poznoantično fazo (krepko zapisane številke) oz. zgodnjesrednjeveško fazo (poševno zapisane številke). mere so izražene v mm. okrajšave: glej von den driesch 1976. Tab. B: dimensions of the measured specifical y undetermined remains of sheep/goats (caprinae) from Tonovcov grad, dated into late antiquity phase 1 (written normal y), late antiquity phase 2 (written in bold letters) and early medieval phase (written in italics). measurements are given in mm. abbreviations: see von den driesch 1976. Caprinae Dimenzija Meritve Dimension Measures mandibula m8 51,0 l 22,5 21,5 21,5 21,0 21,0 21,0 21,0 21,5 21,5 22,0 22,0 B 8,1 8,0 8,0 7,9 8,0 8,1 8,5 8,2 8,8 8,1 8,6 l 22,0 22,0 22,5 23,0 23,0 23,5 24,0 24,5 23,5 20,0 20,0 B 8,0 8,4 8,1 8,8 9,0 8,5 8,7 8,5 8,4 7,5 7,6 l 21,0 19,0 21,0 21,0 21,0 21,0 21,0 21,0 21,5 21,5 21,5 B 7,8 7,2 8,3 7,0 8,0 8,0 8,2 8,5 7,9 8,9 8,0 dens (m3) l 22,0 22,0 22,0 22,5 23,0 22,5 22,5 22,5 22,5 23,0 23,0 B 8,2 8,3 7,7 7,8 7,7 8,3 8,2 8,4 9,0 8,3 8,4 l 23,0 23,0 23,0 23,5 24,0 20,0 21,0 21,0 21,5 21,5 21,5 B 8,6 8,9 9,8 7,9 8,2 8,5 7,9 8,0 7,9 8,6 8,9 B 21,5 22,0 22,0 22,0 23,0 25,0 23,0 22,5 l 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,4 8,6 9,4 8,1 8,9 Bfcr 44,0 atlas Bfcd 44,0 epistropheus Bfcr 43,0 lG 28,0 24,0 26,0 26,0 24,5 25,0 - 28,0 GlP 35,0 30,0 - 32,0 - 32,0 - 34,0 Scapula BG 26,0 20,5 23,0 - 20,5 18,5 - 20,5 Slc 22,0 16,5 21,5 20,5 - - 23,5 - Bp - - - - - - 46,0 - - Sd 13,0 - - 14,0 - - - - - humerus Bd - 27,0 - - 30,0 31,0 - - - BT - 26,0 32,0 - - 31,0 - 31,0 37,0 16,0 11,5 14,0 14,5 18,5 15,5 16,0 16,5 17,5 17,0 13,5 12,0 12,5 14,0 14,5 15,5 16,0 16,5 16,0 17,0 17,5 18,0 radius Sd 18,5 11,5 17,0 15,5 15,5 16,0 16,0 17,0 18,0 15,5 16,0 16,0 16,5 17,0 18,5 ulna BPc 16,5 Bp 20,0 24,5 - 21,5 22,5 24,0 26,0 - - - metacarpus dp 14,0 17,0 - 16,0 - 17,0 18,0 - - - Sd - 16,0 13,0 - - 15,5 16,0 14,0 12,0 18,5 la 26,0 29,0 27,0 Pelvis lar 23,0 27,0 24,5 dc - - 18,5 19,0 19,5 23,0 24,0 21,0 - - femur Sd 11,5 13,5 - - - - - - 10,5 15,0 378 08_favna.indd 378 23.1.2012 12:38:30 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Caprinae Dimenzija Meritve Dimension Measures Sd 11,0 11,0 12,0 12,0 13,0 13,5 14,5 14,5 14,5 16,0 16,0 Bd - - - - - - - - - - - dd - - - - - - - - - - - Sd 16,0 16,5 9,5 12,0 14,0 12,5 - - - 17,0 - Bd - - - - - 23,0 24,0 27,0 28,0 29,0 28,0 dd - - - - - 17,5 21,0 20,0 14,5 - 20,5 Sd 11,0 11,0 11,0 11,5 12,5 13,0 13,0 14,0 14,0 14,0 14,0 Bd - - - - - - - - - - - dd - - - - - - - - - - - Sd 14,0 12,0 14,5 15,0 15,5 16,0 16,5 16,5 - 13,0 - Tibia Bd - - - - - - - - 26,0 21,5 24,0 dd - - - - - - - - 22,0 17,0 19,5 Sd - - 14,5 - - - - - 10,5 11,5 15,0 Bd 26,0 26,0 26,5 26,5 26,5 28,0 28,0 27,5 - - - dd 20,0 21,0 19,5 20,5 20,5 21,0 21,5 21,5 - - - Sd 15,0 15,5 16,0 16,0 16,0 17,0 14,5 - - - 12,0 Bd - - - - - - 23,5 24,0 25,5 30,0 - dd - - - - - - 18,0 20,0 19,5 21,0 - Sd 15,0 - - 14,5 - Bd - 24,0 25,0 25,0 25,0 dd - 18,5 19,0 19,0 20,5 Bp - - - - - - - - - 20,5 21,5 dp - - - - - - - - - 20,5 - Sd 10,5 10,5 11,0 12,0 13,0 8,5 10,0 11,0 11,0 11,5 13,0 metatarsus Bp 23,0 - - - - - dp - - - - - - Sd 13,5 10,0 11,5 10,5 12,0 12,5 Gll 30,0 28,0 28,0 28,0 35,0 30,0 30,5 31,0 Glm 28,0 25,5 - - 32,5 29,0 28,5 28,5 astragalus dl 16,0 15,0 14,0 14,5 18,0 16,0 17,0 17,5 dm 16,0 14,0 - - 19,5 17,0 16,5 17,0 Bd 19,0 17,5 18,0 - 21,5 17,5 21,0 20,0 Bp 11,5 12,5 13,0 13,5 - - 12,0 12,5 11,5 12,0 Sd 9,5 9,5 31,0 - - 9,5 9,5 10,0 8,5 11,0 Phalanx 1 dd 13,5 8,0 9,0 - - 7,5 8,0 8,0 7,0 8,0 Bd 10,5 11,0 12,5 - 12,5 10,5 11,0 11,5 10,5 11,5 Gl 35,5 35,5 39,0 - - - 34,0 37,5 33,0 38,0 Bp 11,0 13,5 16,0 Phalanx 2 Bd 8,5 11,5 12,5 Gl 22,5 21,0 29,0 ld 26,5 Phalanx 3 dlS 26,0 mBS 11,0 379 08_favna.indd 379 23.1.2012 12:38:31 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Tab. C: dimenzije izmerjenih ostankov ovce ( O. aries) s Tonovcovega gradu, datiranih v prvo poznoantično fazo (običajno zapisane številke), drugo poznoantično fazo (krepko zapisane številke) oz. zgodnjesrednjeveško fazo (poševno zapisane številke). mere so izražene v mm. okrajšave: glej von den driesch 1976. Tab. C: dimensions of the measured sheep remains ( O. aries) from Tonovcov grad, dated into late antiquity phase 1 (written normal y), late antiquity phase 2 (written in bold letters) and early medieval phase (written in italics). measurements are given in mm. abbreviations: see von den driesch 1976. O. aries Dimenzija Meritve Dimension Measures m7 67,0 - - m8 46,5 - - mandibula m9 21,0 22,5 20,0 m15b 18,0 21,0 17,0 m15c 15,0 20,0 13,5 l 24,5 22,0 22,0 dens (m3) B 8,6 8,2 8,3 atlas Bfcd 46,0 Bfcr 38,5 43,0 49,0 epistropheus SBv - 23,5 - lG - - - 26,0 Scapula BG 20,5 23,0 18,0 21,5 Slc - - 17,0 20,0 Sd - 14,5 - - - - - - - - - Bd 28,0 27,0 28,0 29,0 29,5 30,0 31,0 32,0 32,0 33,0 - BT - 26,5 27,5 28,5 28,0 29,0 31,0 30,0 - 31,0 28,0 humerus Sd - - - - - - Bd - 31,0 26,0 31,0 30,5 31,0 BT 30,0 30,0 - 30,5 30,0 30,0 Bp 28,0 30,5 - - - - - - - 29,5 30,0 Bfp 27,0 28,0 - - - - - - 25,0 28,5 28,0 Sd - 18,5 15,0 - - - - - - - - Bd - - - - 25,0 27,5 30,5 - - - - Bfd - - - 24,0 23,0 - 26,5 24,0 - - - Bp 30,0 30,0 30,0 30,5 31,0 31,0 32,5 - 27,0 29,5 30,0 Bfp 26,5 27,5 28,0 28,0 28,0 29,0 29,5 - 25,0 26,0 26,5 radius Sd - - - - - 16,5 16,5 - - - - Bd - - - - - - - 27,0 - - - Bfd - - - - - - - 22,0 - - - Bp 31,0 33,5 - 31,0 31,0 Bfp 28,0 30,5 - 29,0 29,0 Sd - - - - - Bd - - 30,0 - - Bfd - - 27,0 - - BPc - 17,0 18,5 16,5 ulna dPa 27,0 - 26,0 - Sdo 24,0 - 24,5 - Bp 24,0 - - 22,0 19,0 24,0 26,0 - 24,0 - 21,5 dp 18,5 - - 16,0 18,0 18,0 17,5 - 16,5 - 16,0 Sd 14,5 - - - - 14,5 14,5 15,5 - - 13,0 mc dd 13,0 11,0 - - - - - 11,0 - - - Bd - 25,5 30,5 - - - - 26,0 - 24,5 - dd - 15,0 17,0 - - - - 17,5 - 16,0 - Gl 131,5 - - - - - - - - - - Bp - - - - - 47,0 - - femur dc - - - - - 21,5 20,0 - Bd 32,0 33,5 36,0 38,0 37,0 - - 36,5 380 08_favna.indd 380 23.1.2012 12:38:31 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna O. aries Dimenzija Meritve Dimension Measures Bp 42,5 Tibia dp 37,5 Bp 17,0 19,0 19,0 - 19,0 21,0 22,5 18,0 dp 16,5 19,5 19,0 - 19,5 19,0 22,0 18,0 Sd 10,0 12,0 12,0 10,5 - 13,5 - 10,5 mt dd - - - - - - - - Bd - - - - - - - - dd - - - - - - - - Gl - - - - - - - - Gl 54,0 57,0 - 53,5 calcaneus GB 17,5 19,0 17,0 18,5 Gll 29,0 30,5 - 27,0 27,0 27,5 29,5 30,5 27,5 29,0 28,5 Glm 27,5 29,0 25,0 25,5 26,0 24,5 27,5 27,5 25,5 25,5 26,5 astragalus dl 16,0 17,0 15,0 15,0 15,5 - 16,5 10,5 - 16,0 15,0 dm 16,5 18,0 24,0 14,5 16,0 13,0 16,0 16,5 15,5 16,0 16,0 Bd 19,0 19,5 18,0 16,5 18,0 15,5 19,0 18,0 16,0 19,0 18,0 centrotarsale GB 22,0 Bp 11,0 11,0 12,0 12,0 12,0 13,0 13,0 13,5 10,0 11,5 11,5 Sd 9,0 9,0 9,5 10,0 9,5 10,5 11,0 10,5 8,5 10,5 8,5 dd 7,5 7,0 7,5 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,5 8,5 7,0 8,5 7,0 Bd 9,5 10,0 10,0 11,0 - 12,0 12,0 12,5 9,5 10,0 10,0 Gl 34,0 35,5 33,0 31,0 36,5 34,0 36,0 38,0 30,5 33,5 34,0 Phalanx 1 Bp 12,0 13,0 Sd 9,0 11,0 dd 7,5 9,0 Bd 11,0 12,5 Gl 32,5 36,5 Bp 11,0 Phalanx 2 Bd 9,5 Gl 21,0 Phalanx 3 mBS 5,0 381 08_favna.indd 381 23.1.2012 12:38:32 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Tab. D: dimenzije izmerjenih ostankov koze ( C. hircus) s Tonovcovega gradu, datiranih v prvo poznoantično fazo (običajno zapisane številke), drugo poznoantično fazo (krepko zapisane številke) oz. zgodnjesrednjeveško fazo (poševno zapisane številke). mere so izražene v mm. okrajšave: onB – obseg na bazi; za ostale okrajšave glej von den driesch 1976. Tab. D: dimensions of the measured goat remains ( C. hircus) from Tonovcov grad, dated into late antiquity phase 1 (written normal y), late antiquity phase 2 (written in bold letters) and early medieval phase (written in italics). measurements are given in mm. abbreviations: onB – basal circumference; for other abbreviations see von den driesch 1976. C. hircus Dimenzija Meritve Dimension Measures l (anter.) 158,0 - Proc. corn. l (post.) 135,0 - onB 78,0 96,0 m9 25,5 27,5 26,0 - 25,0 25,5 m15a - - - - - 20,0 mandibula m15b 23,5 20,0 - - - - m15c 17,0 13,0 14,5 16,0 16,0 15,5 epistropheus Bfcr 44,0 lG 25,5 27,5 BG 22,5 23,5 Scapula GlP 33,0 33,0 Slc 21,0 - Bd 27,0 32,0 28,5 33,0 - 31,0 humerus BT 26,0 31,0 27,0 32,0 33,0 29,0 Bp 32,0 28,0 31,0 32,0 30,5 31,5 radius Bfp 31,0 27,0 29,0 31,0 29,0 - Bp - 22,0 - 23,0 24,5 - dp - 16,5 - 17,5 18,0 - Sd 14,5 - - 13,5 16,0 - mc dd 9,5 - 10,0 - - 10,0 Bd 24,0 - 27,0 - - 24,5 dd 15,5 - - - - 15,5 femur dc 20,5 21,5 Bp - 23,5 21,0 - 19,5 - 19,5 dp - 23,0 20,0 - - - 18,0 Sd - - - - 12,0 - - mt dd 11,0 - - - - - - Bd 27,0 - - 14,0 - 26,0 - dd 18,0 - - - - 16,0 - Gll 28,0 28,5 32,0 - 29,0 30,0 31,0 27,0 32,0 28,0 Glm 27,0 26,0 30,0 26,5 26,5 28,0 28,5 26,0 30,5 26,5 astragalus dl 16,5 16,0 27,5 - 15,0 15,5 16,0 14,0 16,5 14,5 dm 17,0 16,0 28,0 17,0 15,0 16,0 17,0 15,0 17,0 14,5 Bd 19,0 18,0 20,5 18,5 - 19,0 19,5 16,5 21,0 18,0 centrotars. GB 22,5 23,5 Bp 14,0 12,5 12,0 12,0 12,5 13,0 13,0 14,0 14,0 Sd 11,5 10,0 9,5 10,0 10,5 9,5 11,5 - 12,0 Phalanx 1 dd 9,0 8,0 8,5 7,5 7,1 7,5 9,5 - 9,5 Bd 12,5 - 11,5 10,5 11,5 11,5 14,0 10,0 14,5 Gl 42,5 - 34,0 36,5 39,5 35,0 37,0 26,0 40,0 Bp 11,0 15,5 Phalanx 2 Bd 9,0 12,0 Gl 24,5 28,0 ld 19,0 - Phalanx 3 dlS 25,0 32,5 mBS 4,0 5,5 382 08_favna.indd 382 23.1.2012 12:38:33 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Tab. E: dimenzije izmerjenih ostankov prašiča ( Sus sp.) s Tonovcovega gradu, datiranih v prvo poznoantično fazo (običajno zapisane številke), drugo poznoantično fazo (krepko zapisane številke) oz. zgodnjesrednjeveško fazo (poševno zapisane številke). mere so izražene v mm. okrajšave: glej von den driesch 1976. Tab. E: dimensions of the measured pig/wild boar remains ( Sus sp.) from Tonovcov grad, dated into late antiquity phase 1 (written normal y), late antiquity phase 2 (written in bold letters) and early medieval phase (written in italics). measurements are given in mm. abbreviations: see von den driesch 1976. Sus sp. Dimenzija Meritve Dimension Measures maxil a m28 60,0 54,5 m8 69,0 mandibula m9a 35,5 l - 31,5 31,5 31,0 27,5 27,5 27,5 28,5 25,0 26,0 31,5 B 13,5 18,0 17,5 19,0 15,0 17,0 17,0 18,5 16,5 17,0 18,0 dens (m3) l 32,0 27,0 B 27,5 16,0 l - 34,5 32,0 - 29,0 33,0 - 27,0 - 25,0 - B 15,0 15,5 15,5 14,5 13,0 14,5 14,0 13,0 13,0 16,5 14,5 dens (m3) l - 31,5 32,0 - B 15,0 15,0 15,0 18,5 atlas Bfcr 78,0 epistropheus Bfcr 45,0 46,0 lG - 26,0 - - - 26,0 26,0 - 24,5 25,0 25,5 BG 25,5 22,5 - - - 19,5 - - 18,5 22,5 - GlP - 31,0 - - - 30,5 31,0 33,0 29,0 - - Slc 24,5 20,5 19,5 21,0 23,5 23,5 - - 18,5 - - lG 25,5 26,5 27,0 29,0 30,0 31,5 29,5 27,5 27,0 - 25,5 BG - 23,5 - 23,0 25,0 27,0 - - - 22,0 22,5 Scapula GlP 31,0 - 34,0 32,5 36,0 37,0 36,0 32,0 - - - Slc 21,0 - 21,5 23,0 - 22,5 24,0 21,0 22,0 21,0 - lG 27,0 - - 22,0 30,5 - BG 23,0 - - 17,5 21,5 - GlP 32,0 - - 25,5 - - Slc - 21,5 19,5 16,0 18,5 22,5 Sd 11,5 13,0 16,5 17,5 - - 16,5 14,5 15,5 17,0 12,5 Bd - - - - 35,5 35,5 39,0 - - - 34,0 BT - - - - 30,0 30,0 36,0 - - - 30,0 Sd - - - - - - - 13,0 - - - humerus Bd 35,5 36,0 38,0 33,0 - 35,0 - - 34,0 - 36,0 BT 30,5 32,0 32,0 27,0 28,5 28,5 31,0 - 29,5 31,5 30,5 Sd 11,5 Bd - BT - BPc 14,0 16,0 20,0 17,0 17,0 20,0 20,0 20,5 21,0 17,5 17,0 ulna dPa - - 33,0 - - - 32,0 - - Bp - 26,0 27,5 29,0 - 28,0 - 25,5 26,0 27,0 28,0 Bfp 26,0 - - - - - - - - - - Sd - 17,0 - - 14,5 - 17,0 - - - - Bd 28,5 - - - - - - - - - - radius Bp 24,0 28,0 - 22,5 25,5 Bfp - - - - - Sd - - 13,0 - - Bd mc 3 Bp 14,5 16,0 15,0 mc 4 Bp 12,5 14,5 383 08_favna.indd 383 23.1.2012 12:38:34 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Sus sp. Dimenzija Meritve Dimension Measures Bd 10,0 10,0 mc 5 Gl 61,0 53,0 la 30,5 28,0 - 33,0 Pelvis lar 28,5 25,5 29,0 30,5 Bp - - 57,0 - - - - femur dc - - 24,0 - - - - Sd 18,5 18,5 - 18,0 15,5 17,0 19,0 Patel a GB 18,0 17,5 Sd 16,5 - - - - - 18,0 18,5 - - - Bd - 27,0 25,0 27,0 27,5 32,0 - - 26,5 27,0 28,0 dd - 22,0 23,5 24,0 21,5 27,5 - - 24,5 24,0 24,0 Tibia Sd - - 14,0 - - - - 18,0 Bd 29,0 31,5 - 31,0 27,0 28,0 26,5 - dd 25,5 23,5 - 18,0 22,5 23,0 24,0 - Gl - - calcaneus GB 18,0 20,5 Gll 36,0 34,0 38,5 41,5 31,5 37,0 39,0 41,0 39,0 Glm 34,5 32,0 - 37,0 27,5 - 35,5 38,0 36,5 astragalus dl 19,0 - - 22,5 16,0 - 19,5 21,0 20,0 Bd 22,0 18,5 - 25,0 18,0 - 22,0 24,0 21,0 Bp 13,5 4,0 mt 2 Gl - 57,0 mt 3 Bp 12,0 14,0 15,0 mt 4 Bp 15,0 13,5 mt 5 Bp 4,5 5,0 Bp 13,0 17,5 13,5 14,5 15,5 15,5 14,5 15,0, Sd 11,5 13,5 11,0 12,5 12,0 12,5 12,5 11,5 Phalanx 1 dd 8,0 9,5 8,5 8,0 9,0 9,5 9,0 9,0 Bd 12,5 16,0 12,0 14,0 14,0 15,0 14,5 14,5 Gl 31,0 39,0 34,0 34,0 33,5 31,5 33,0 33,0 Bp 14,0 14,0 13,0 13,5 14,0 14,5 16,5 16,0 14,0 Phalanx 2 Bd 12,0 12,0 11,5 11,5 13,0 12,0 14,0 13,0 13,0 Gl 23,0 26,5 18,0 21,0 22,0 21,5 21,5 21,5 19,5 ld 21,5 25,5 27,5 Phalanx 3 dlS 21,0 25,5 27,5 mBS 9,5 10,0 11,0 384 08_favna.indd 384 23.1.2012 12:38:35 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Tab. F: dimenzije izmerjenih ostankov konja ( E. cabal us) s Tonovcovega gradu, datiranih v prvo poznoantično fazo (običajno zapisane številke), drugo poznoantično fazo (krepko zapisane številke) oz. zgodnjesrednjeveško fazo (poševno zapisane številke). mere so izražene v mm. okrajšave: glej von den driesch 1976. Tab. F: dimensions of the measured horse remains ( E. cabal us) from Tonovcov grad, dated into late antiquity phase 1 (written normal y), late antiquity phase 2 (written in bold letters) and early medieval phase (written in italics). measurements are given in mm. abbreviations: see von den driesch 1976. E. caballus Dimenzija Meritve Meritve Dimension Measures E. caballus Dimenzija Dimension Measures Bd 78,0 - Bp - 52,0 52,5 humerus BT 75,0 73,0 Bfp - 48,5 47,5 Bp - - 78,0 78,5 dp - 33,5 36,5 Bfp - - 73,0 72,5 Sd 32,5 34,5 33,5 Phalanx 1 radius Sd - 37,0 - - dd 20,0 - - Bd 68,0 71,0 - - Bd 43,5 41,0 - Bfd 58,5 59,0 - - Bfd 40,0 41,0 - Bp 50,0 Gl 84,5 81,5 - dp 32,0 Bp 45,0 51,5 52,0 Sd 32,5 dp - 29,5 - mc dd 22,5 Bfp - 44,5 - Gll 217,0 Phalanx 2 Sd - 44,5 - ll 209,0 dd - 22,5 - Gl 218,5 Bd 43,5 48,0 47,0 dc 45,5 Gl 47,0 - 43,5 femur Sd 40,0 ld 49,0 Bd 67,5 71,5 hP 37,0 Tibia dd 45,0 43,0 lf 24,0 Phalanx 3 calcaneus GB 51,0 Bf 47,5 Gh 60,0 - 56,5 GB 69,0 GB - - 63,5 Gl 68,0 astragalus Bfd - - 53,5 lmT 59,0 51,5 57,0 Bp 45,5 dp 36,5 Sd 30,5 dd 23,5 mt Bd 46,5 dd 34,5 Gll 253,0 ll 252,0 Gl 257,0 385 08_favna.indd 385 23.1.2012 12:38:35 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Tab. G: dimenzije izmerjenih ostankov kozoroga ( C. ibex) Tab. H: dimenzije izmerjenih ostankov pragoveda ( B. primi- s Tonovcovega gradu, datiranih v prvo poznoantično fazo genius) s Tonovcovega gradu, datiranih v prvo poznoantično (običajno zapisane številke) oz. drugo poznoantično fazo fazo (običajno zapisane številke) oz. drugo poznoantično fazo (krepko zapisane številke). Podatki za najdbe, ki so bile vrsti (krepko zapisane številke). Podatki za najdbe, ki so bile vrsti B. C. ibex pripisane pogojno, so osenčeni. mere so izražene v primigenius pripisane pogojno, so osenčeni. mere so izražene mm. okrajšave: glej von den driesch 1976. v mm. okrajšave: glej von den driesch 1976. Tab. G: dimensions of the measured ibex remains ( C. ibex) Tab. H: dimensions of the measured aurochs remains ( Bos from Tonovcov grad, dated into late antiquity phase 1 (written primigenius) from Tonovcov grad, dated into late antiquity normal y), late antiquity phase 2 (written in bold letters) and phase 1 (written normal y), late antiquity phase 2 (written early medieval phase (written in italics). The data for finds that in bold letters) and early medieval phase (written in italics). were conditional y ascribed to the species C. ibex are shaded. The data from finds that were conditional y ascribed to the measurements are given in mm. abbreviations see von den species B. primigenius are shaded. measurements are given in driesch 1976. mm. abbreviations see von den driesch 1976. C. ibex Dimenzija Meritve B. primige- Dimenzija Meritve Dimension Measures nius Dimension Measures Sd - 19,0 humerus Scapula lG 64,0 Bd 38,0 - Bp 40,5 - - femur Bp 136,5 dc 54,0 radius Bfp 39,0 - - Bp >90,0 - - Sd - 25,0 20,5 Tibia dp 83,0 - - dPa 37,5 - ulna Sd 46,5 43,5 45,0 BPc - 23,0 Bp 27,0 ld 61,0 mc Sd 18,5 Phalanx 3 mBS 28,0 Bd 19,0 dlS 83,0 Gl 72,5 calcaneus GB 25,5 Sd 14,0 Tab. I: dimenzije izmerjenih ostankov psa ( C. familiaris), srne dd 10,5 ( C. capreolus) in jelena ( C. elaphus) s Tonovcovega gradu. vsi Phalanx 1 Bd 16,5 podatki se nanašajo na najdbe iz druge poznoantične faze. Gl 44,5 mere so izražene v mm. okrajšave: onB – obseg na bazi; za ostale okrajšave glej von den driesch 1976. Tab. I : dimensions of the measured dog ( C. familiaris), roe deer ( C. capreolus) and red deer ( C. elaphus) remains from Tonovcov grad. al data is for finds from late antiquity phase 2. measure- ments are given in mm. abbreviations: onB – basal circumfer- ence; for other abbreviations see von den driesch 1976. Takson Skelet. Dimenzija Meritev Taxon element Dimension Measure C. familiaris epistropheus Bfcr 40,5 onr 56,0 C. capreolus Proc. corn. or 110,0 mandibula m15a 24,0 Proc. corn. onr 188,0 C. elaphus lG 44,0 Scapula BG 41,5 mt Bp 40,0 386 08_favna.indd 386 23.1.2012 12:38:36 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna PriloGa / aPPendix 8.2 Tab. A: Število določenih primerkov (niSP) za posamezne taksone velikih sesalcev na območju stavbe 1 na Tonovcovem gradu. Skupina ‘ostalo’ vključuje: Bos taurus s. Equus cabal us (n = 1) in caprinae s. Capreolus capreolus (n = 1) za gradivo iz prve poznoantične faze, Bos taurus s. Equus cabal us (n = 1) in caprinae s. Capreolus capreolus (n = 1) za ostanke iz druge poznoantične faze ter Bos taurus s. Equus cabal us (n = 1) in Bos taurus s. Cervus elaphus (n = 1) za gradivo iz premešanega sedimenta. Pri cervidih je v oklepaju podano število ostankov rogovja. legenda: Pa – poznoantična faza; ZSv – zgodnjesrednjeveška faza. Tab. A: number of identified specimens (niSP) for individual taxa of large mammals in the area of building 1 at Tonovcov grad. The group “other” includes: Bos taurus s. Equus cabal us (n = 1) and caprinae s. Capreolus capreolus (n = 1) for the material from late antiquity phase 1, Bos taurus s. Equus cabal us (n = 1) and caprinae s. Capreolus capreolus (n = 1) for the remains from late antiquity phase 2 and Bos taurus s. Equus cabal us (n = 1) and Bos taurus s. Cervus elaphus (n = 1) for the material from the mixed sediment. for cervids the number of antler remains is given in the brackets. legend: la – late antiquity phase; ema – early medieval phase. Takson PA 1 / LA 1 PA 2 / LA 2 ZSV / EMA Mešano / Mixed Taxon NISP % NISP % NISP % NISP % Bos taurus 620 40,6 376 19,5 81 20,9 282 22,4 caprinae 619 40,5 1030 53,5 228 58,8 681 54,0 Sus sp. 247 16,2 467 24,3 69 17,8 260 20,6 Canis familiaris – 0,0 2 0,1 1 0,3 1 0,1 Capreolus capreolus – 0,0 4 0,2 1 0,3 1 (1) 0,1 Equus cabal us 25 1,6 15 0,8 5 1,3 22 1,7 Cervus elaphus 4 0,3 18 (15) 0,9 1 (1) 0,3 6 (3) 0,5 Capra ibex 4 0,3 7 0,4 – 0,0 3 0,2 Bos cf. primigenius 5 0,3 2 0,1 – 0,0 2 0,2 Ursus arctos 1 0,1 1 0,1 2 0,5 – 0,0 ostalo / other 2 0,1 2 0,1 – 0,0 2 0,2 Σ det. fragm. 1527 100,0 1924 100,0 388 100,0 1260 100,0 Σ indet. fragm. 3122 (= 67,1 %n) 4767 (= 71,2 %n) 1033 (= 72,5 %n) 3260 (= 72,1 %n) SkuPaJ / ToTal 4649 6691 1421 4521 Tab. B: Število določenih primerkov (niSP) za posamezne Tab. C: Število določenih primerkov (niSP) za posamezne taksone velikih sesalcev na območju stavbe 2 na Tonovcovem taksone velikih sesalcev na območju stavbe 3 na Tonovcovem gradu. Skupina ‘ostalo’ vključuje: caprinae s. Capreolus capre- gradu. legenda: Pa – poznoantična faza. olus (n = 3). legenda: Pa – poznoantična faza. Tab. C: number of identified specimens (niSP) for individual Tab. B: number of identified specimens (niSP) for individual taxa of large mammals in the area of building 3 at Tonovcov taxa of large mammals in the area of building 2 at Tonovcov grad. legend: la – late antiquity phase. grad. The group “other” includes: caprinae s. Capreolus capreolus (n = 3). legend: la – late antiquity phase. Takson PA 1 PA 2 LA 1 LA 2 Takson PA 2 / LA 2 Taxon NISP NISP Taxon NISP % NISP Bos taurus 26 2 Bos taurus 33 35,9 caprinae 19 8 Caprinae 44 47,8 Sus sp. 4 1 Sus sp. 11 12,0 Σ det. fragment. 49 11 Capreolus capreolus 1 1,1 Σ indet. fragment. 67 20 ostalo / other 3 3,3 SkuPaJ / ToTal 116 31 Σ det. fragment. 92 100,0 Σ indet. fragment. 125 (= 57,6 %n) SkuPaJ / ToTal 217 387 08_favna.indd 387 23.1.2012 12:38:36 8. SeSalSka makrofavna 8. mammalian macrofauna Tab. D: Število določenih primerkov (niSP) za posamezne taksone velikih sesalcev na prostoru med srednjo in južno cerkvijo na Tonovcovem gradu. Skupina ‘ostalo’ vključuje: Bos taurus s. Equus cabal us (n = 3) in caprinae s. Capreolus capreolus (n = 6) za gradivo iz druge poznoantične faze, Bos taurus s. Cervus elaphus (n = 1) za ostanke iz zgodnjesrednjeveške faze ter caprinae s. Capreolus capreolus (n = 2) za gradivo iz premešanega sedimenta. legenda: Pa – poznoantična faza; ZSv – zgodnjesrednjeveška faza. Tab. D: number of identified specimens (niSP) for individual taxa of large mammals in the courtyard area between the two churches at Tonovcov grad. The group “other” includes: Bos taurus s. Equus cabal us (n = 3) and caprinae s. Capreolus capreolus (n = 6) for the material from late antiquity phase 2, Bos taurus s. Cervus elaphus (n = 1) for the remains from early medieval phase and caprinae s. Capreolus capreolus (n = 2) for the material from the mixed sediment. legend: la – late antiquity phase; ema – early medieval phase. Takson PA 2 / LA 2 ZSV / EMA Mešano / Mixed Taxon NISP % NISP NISP % NISP NISP % NISP Bos taurus 56 46,3 1 – 42 30,2 caprinae 38 31,4 2 – 75 54,0 Sus sp. 17 14,0 1 – 18 12,9 Canis familiaris 1 0,8 – – – 0,0 Capreolus capreolus – 0,0 – – 2 1,4 ostalo / other 9 7,5 1 – 2 1,4 Σ det. fragment. 121 100,0 5 – 139 100,0 Σ indet. fragment. 227 (= 65,2 %n) 6 275 (= 66,4 %n) SkuPaJ / ToTal 348 11 414 388 08_favna.indd 388 23.1.2012 12:38:36 9. Short conSiderationS on the bird remainS 9. KratKe ugotovitve o ptičjih oStanKih Francesco boSchin about 189 bird remains were collected during the pri arheoloških izkopavanjih na tonovcovem gradu excavations on tonovcov grad. many of them (169, see je bilo najdenih 189 ostankov ptic. velika večina (n = Tab. 9.1) are identified as domestic hen ( Gal us gal us 169; tab. 9.1) jih pripada domači kokoši ( Gal us gal us f. domestica) whilst other rare fragments remain unf. domestica); ostalih spričo slabe ohranjenosti kostne identified. two of them belong probably to other species substance ni bilo mogoče ožje taksonomsko opredeliti. but due to the bad preservation it is impossible to tell Kljub temu se zdi verjetno, da sta med slednjimi najmanj which ones. The strong fragmentation also characterizes dva primerka pripadala neki drugi vrsti ptic. izrazita the hen bones and only a part of them is measurable, folfragmentiranost sicer označuje tudi ostanke kokoši, lowing the method proposed by von den driesch (1976). zato je število merljivih kosti razmeroma skromno. pri the bones were represented in all phases. the zajemanju metričnih podatkov sem sledil smernicam majority of them was found in the vicinity of building 1 von den driescheve (1976). or, infrequently, inside it. The largest concentration is ptičji ostanki so zastopani v gradivu iz vseh treh located in the quadrants to the northwest and northeast poselitvenih faz, v prostorskem smislu pa večinoma of building 1. The abundance of sediment there enabled izvirajo iz okolice stavbe 1 oziroma – v precej manjši sieving the soil (see tonovcov grad. Settlement remains meri – iz njene notranjosti. večina najdb je ležala v kvaand interpretation, chapter 2.1). only three fragments drantih severozahodno in severovzhodno od omenjene originate from excavation areas of other structures. stavbe. na tem območju je bila namreč plast sedimenta najdebelejša, kar je omogočilo izvedbo sejanja kulturne in all the phases hen bones are scarce in compariplasti (tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpreson with mammal remains. considering the frangibiltacija, pogl. 2.1). na drugih delih izkopnega polja so bili ity and thinness of hen bones this is not surprising. najdeni zgolj trije ptičji ostanki. The most abundant elements are in fact the humerus, the coracoid, the femur and the tibiotarsus that show Število kokošjih ostankov v gradivu iz vseh treh stronger corpus and epiphyses. hen bones are always afposelitvenih faz očitno zaostaja za številom ostankov fected by post­depositional attrition, and less frequently sesalcev. ugotovitev ni presenetljiva, saj so ptičje kosti by human behaviour such as differential transport, heavy votle in relativno krhke. najbolje zastopani skeletni butchering or cooking. probably the body part profiles elementi so tako prav humerus, korakoid, femur in tibiotarzus, ki jih označujejo robustnejši dia­ in epifizi. Phase / Faza 1 1/2 2 3 praktično vse kokošje kosti so ogluljene, kar pripisujem sternum 2 drgnjenju v samem sedimentu, medtem ko je pogostnost coracoideum 5 2 13 3 sledi človekove aktivnosti (npr. razkosavanje, kuhanje) scapula 4 1 skromna. v vzorcu zastopanosti posameznih skeletnih humerus 2 5 20 3 elementov tako najbrž odsevajo predvsem razlike v ulna 2 14 2 strukturni gostoti kostne substance med njimi, čeprav bi radium 2 4 2 prevlado distalnih delov tibiotarzusa nad proksimalnimi carpometacarpus 2 3 lahko povezali tudi s kuhanjem ( cf. gál 2005). coxale 1 1 1 sinsacrum 1 1 femur 2 5 10 8 tibiotarsus 7 5 21 7 tarsometatarsuso 1 1 4 2 Tab. 9.1: tonovcov grad. hen bones per phase. total / Skupaj 24 19 97 29 Tab. 9.1: tonovcov grad. Kokošje kosti po fazah. 389 09_ptici.indd 389 23.1.2012 10:45:31 9. Short conSiderationS on the bird remainS 9. KratKe ugotovitve o ptičjih oStanKih Fig. 9.1: Locations of the cut marks identified on the hen bones from tonovcov grad. Sl. 9.1: mesta sledov vrezov na kokošjih kosteh s tonovcovega gradu. is mostly influenced by bone density and its mechanical na delu kokošjih kosti iz vsake od treh poselitveresistance, but the relative high abundance of the distal nih faz so bile opažene posamezne sledi, ki so nastale extremity of the tibiotarsus in comparison with the med razkosavanjem živali. gre za ureze, ki so večinoma proximal one, can be explained by cooking activities as prisotni na dolgih kosteh okončin. prevladujejo tisti na suggested for instance by gál (2005). distalnem delu tibiotarzusa, ki so nastali med odstranjebutchering marks are present on 21 bones from all vanjem kulinarično nezanimivih spodnjih delov nog ( sl. phases. They consist of knife cuts located usual y on long 9.1). nekaj kosti je ožganih. bones extremities, to disarticulate the carcasses. Several marks are located on the distal articular surface of the metrični podatki kokošjih ostankov s tonovcovega tibiotarsus in order to separate the meatless extremities gradu so podani v tabeli 9.2. Zaradi fragmentiranosti ( Fig. 9.1). only 2 bones are burnt. najdb največje dolžine praviloma ni bilo mogoče izmeriti. to je močno otežilo oceno velikost obravnavanih The measurements are given in Tab. 9.2. due to kokoši, zaradi nezmožnosti verodostojne rekosntrukcije the fragmentation of the specimens, the length of the spolne strukture pa tudi primerjavo pridobljenih ocen s bones is usual y indeterminate, therefore the animal podatki z drugih najdišč. dodatno težavo v tem smislu 390 09_ptici.indd 390 23.1.2012 10:45:33 9. Short conSiderationS on the bird remainS 9. KratKe ugotovitve o ptičjih oStanKih Tab. 9.2: hen measurements from tonovcov grad. Kratice: gL –največja dolžina; Lm – dolžina na medialni strani; bb – (največja) širina bazalnega dela; bF – širina facies articularis basalis; dic – (največja) širina kranialnega dela, merjena diagonalno; bp – širina proksimalnega konca; bd –širina distalnega konca; Sc –najmanjša širina korpusa; dip – (največja) širina proksimalnega konca, merjena diagonalno; did – (največja) širina distalnega konca, merjena diagonalno; dd –globina distalnega konca. Tab. 9.2: meritve kokoši s tonovcovega gradu. abbreviations:: gL – greatest; Lm – medial; bb – (greatest) basal breadth; bF – breadth of the basal articular surface; dic – (greatest) cranial diagonal; bp – breadth of the proximal end; bd – breadth of the distal end; Sc – smallest breadth of the corpus; dip – (greatest) diagonal of the proximal end; did – (greatest) diagonal of the distal end; dd – depth of the distal end. Phase Element Measurements / Meritve 1 coracoideum gL 55,8 Lm 53,3 bb 15,5 bF 13 1/2 coracoideum bb 11,7 bF 10,3 2 coracoideum gL 50,7 Lm 49,1 bb 15,3 bF 13 2 coracoideum gL 46,7 Lm 45,3 bb 12 bF 9,7 2 coracoideum gL 49,5 Lm 47,2 bF 10 2 coracoideum gL 56,6 Lm 53,3 bF 12,6 2 coracoideum gL 54,6 3 coracoideum gL 51 Lm 49,1 bF 10,5 3 coracoideum gL 48,4 Lm 47,3 bF 8 2 scapula dic 11,3 2 scapula dic 10,5 2 scapula dic 12 1 humerus Sc 6,4 1/2 humerus gL 61,3 bp 16,9 Sc 5,9 bd 12,7* 1/2 humerus Sc 6 bd 13,3 2 humerus gL 60,5 bp 17 Sc 6 bd 13 2 humerus bp 19,6 Sc 6,3 2 humerus Sc 6,4 bd 14,9 2 humerus Sc 5,8 bd 13,3* 2 humerus Sc 6 2 humerus bd 14,2 2 humerus bd 13,5 2 humerus bd 15,8 3 humerus Sc 5,5 bd 12,5 1 radius bd 5,5 2 radius gL 66 bd 6,5 2 radius gL 58 bd 6 2 radius bd 6 2 radius bd 5,8 1 ulna Sc 4,3 did 9,5 2 ulna bp 9,4 2 ulna bp 9 2 ulna Sc 3,4 did 8,8 2 ulna Sc 3,8 did 9 2 ulna Sc 3,5 did 8,2 2 ulna did 8,7 2 ulna did 10 1 carpometacarpus bp 10,7 did 6,4 1 carpometacarpus did 7 2 carpometacarpus did 6,9 2 carpometacarpus did 6 1 femur bd 13 dd 10,5 1 femur bd 13,2 dd 8,7 1/2 femur gL 67,6 Lm 67 bp 12,7 dp 9 Sc 6 bd 12,3 dd 9,5 1/2 femur bd 14,6 dd 12,2 2 femur gL 82 Lm 77 bp 17 dp 11 Sc 7 bd 16,2 dd 13,4 391 09_ptici.indd 391 23.1.2012 10:45:33 9. Short conSiderationS on the bird remainS 9. KratKe ugotovitve o ptičjih oStanKih Phase Element Measurements / Meritve 2 femur Lm 73,5 Sc 7 2 femur bp 14 dp 9,5 Sc 5,6 2 femur bd 13,5 3 femur bp 15,5 dp 11 3 femur bd 12,5 dd 10,6 3 femur bd 15 dd 12,3 1 tibiotarsus dip 20,3 1 tibiotarsus bd 11,3 dd 11,3 1/2 tibiotarsus dip 17 1/2 tibiotarsus bd 9,5 dd 10 1/2 tibiotarsus bd 9,6 dd 10,1 1/2 tibiotarsus bd 10,5 dd 10 2 tibiotarsus gL 112 La 109 dip 20,5 Sc 6,2 bd 11,4 dd 12 2 tibiotarsus dip 21,4 2 tibiotarsus dip 21,4 2 tibiotarsus Sc 5,5 bd 9,5 dd 11* 2 tibiotarsus Sc 5,4 bd 10 dd 10,5 2 tibiotarsus Sc 5,4 bd 9,8 dd 10,7 2 tibiotarsus Sc 5 bd 9,5 dd 10,3 2 tibiotarsus Sc 5,2 bd 9,5 2 tibiotarsus Sc 6,7 2 tibiotarsus Sc 5,5 2 tibiotarsus Sc 6,8 2 tibiotarsus bd 11,5 dd 13,6 2 tibiotarsus bd 9 dd 10 2 tibiotarsus bd 11 dd 11 2 tibiotarsus bd 11,4 dd 13,1 3 tibiotarsus bd 9,6 dd 10,5 1 tarsometatarsus ♀ gL 66,3 bp 11,7 Sc 5,6 bd 11,7 1/2 tarsometatarsus bp 11,1 2 tarsometatarsus bp 12,6 3 tarsometatarsus ♀ gL 63,4 bp 10,6 Sc 5,3 bd 10,7 * uncertain measurement / negotova meritev size is difficult to estimate. it is possible to compare the predstavlja pičlost merljivih kosti s tonovcovega gradu, population from tonovcov grad with others, but some kakor tudi pomanjakanje primerjalnih podatkov za problems should be considered. First, a comparison območje Slovenije oziroma njihova maloštevilnost na between unsexed bones is difficult, because the sex ratio najdiščih v sosednjih pokrajinah. can strongly influence the average size values and their perutnina je bila v evropo privedena z bližnjega numerical dispersion, and second, the fragility of the vzhoda v starejši železni dobi, v stopnji ha c in ha d1 bones in many cases does not permit the survivorship (benecke 1993). Šlo je za živali, ki so bile razmeroma of a representative sample. afterwards, but less impormajhne. rimskodobne kokoši so bile v popvrečju nekotant, there is a lack of data from Slovenia and data from liko večje, takratne populacije pa sicer izkazujejo tudi neighbouring regions are also scarce. nekoliko večjo stopnjo variabilnosti. navedeni trend je The first poultry populations in europe, coming bil opažen tako v italiji kot tudi v srednji evropi (glej from the near east (the first domestication is attested npr. Thesing 1977; riedel 1993; petrucci, vitri 1995; de in china during the 6th millennium bc as reported for grossi mazzorin 2005). od tega obdobja dalje lahko instance by chow ben­Shun, 1984) are attested durgovorimo o obstoju več različnih pasem, ki so se med ing the ha c and ha d phases (benecke 1993). Those seboj razlikovale tako v velikosti kot tudi v robustnosti. individuals were characterised by a small size. during roman period, hen populations show a bigger variability 1 and usual y the body dimensions increase. This trend do prve udomačitve kokoši naj bi sicer prišlo na Kitajskem v šestem tisočletju pr. n. št. (chow ben­Shun 1984). 392 09_ptici.indd 392 23.1.2012 10:45:34 9. Short conSiderationS on the bird remainS 9. KratKe ugotovitve o ptičjih oStanKih is attested in different regions, such as for instance italy po koncu rimskega obdobja se pojavijo očitne and central europe (see Thesing 1977; riedel 1993, medregionalne razlike v razvojni stopnji kokošereje. v petrucci and vitri 1995; de grossi mazzorin 2005). in rimu se je tako trend povečevanja kokoši nadaljeval še this period, and later, the presence of more breeds that tudi v pozni antiki, tako da do obrata pride šele z nashow different size and robustness is also attested. stopom zgodnjega srednjega veka (de grossi mazzorin after the roman period the chronological evolu2005). Šele takrat je bilo zmanjšanje velikosti kokoši ugotion of the body size differs from region to region. tovljeno tudi v veroni (riedel, rizzi 2000), medtem ko se For instance in rome the size increases during the je to severno od alp ter drugod v srednji evropi zgodilo Late antiquity (de grossi mazzorin 2005) and then že v pozni antiki. nastop zgodnjega srednjega veka v ta decreases in the early medieval period. prostor ni prinesel dodatnih spremeb (Thesing 1977). in verona in the po plain (riedel, rizzi 2000) the body size is large and remains similar from the Late Žal je bilo mogoče v gradivu s tonovcovega gradu antiquity til early medieval period, whilst north of spol z zanesljivostjo določiti zgolj v primeru dveh tarzothe alps in central europe it decreases during the Late metatarzusov, ki pa se oba umeščata znotraj variacijske antiquity and remains similar (with local oscil ations) širine za sočasne primerke v regiji in njeni soseščini. in the early middle ages (Thesing 1977). diahronih sprememb v velikosti in morfologiji nisem although among the material from tonovcov grad zasledil, so pa razpoložljivi primerki na pogled manjši only two tarsometatarsal are sexed, the size of the indiod popvrečnih vrednosti za kokoši iz rima (de grossi viduals herded in the site is included in the variability mazzorin 2005) in verone (riedel, rizzi 2000). Skleof the period. no diachronical changes are observed in pamo torej lahko na podobnost s stanjem, ki ga za morphology and size. however the individuals seem območje srednje evrope podajajo Thesing (1977) in smaller than the average values observed for instance drugi avtorji (glej npr. avarsko grobišče vösendorfboth in rome (de grossi mazzorin 2005) and in ve­ Laxenburgerstraβe v okrožju mödling pri dunaju; rona (riedel, rizzi 2000). The data suggests a possible pucher et al. 2007). similarity with the situation observed in central europe by Thesing (1977) or by other authors (see for instance Za območje Slovenije je nekaj neobjavljenih podatthe avar cemetery of vösendorf­Laxenburgerstraβe in kov o velikosti kokoši razpoložljivih zgolj za železnodobthe mödling district near Wien, pucher et al. 2007). no naselbino Kučar ter rimskodobni najdišči Školarice in Slovenia only a few measurements are available in emona (Sng opera). ti v ničemer ne odstopajo od from the iron age site of Kučar (unpublished data) zgoraj opisanih splošnih trendov za posamezno obdobje and from the roman sites of Školarice and emona oziroma območje, bi pa bilo za izpeljavo celovitejših in­ (Ljubljana­opera house, unpublished data), and all of terpretacij seveda potrebno število danes razpoložljivih them seem to be in line with the trends of their relative metričnih podatkov bistveno obogatiti. periods, but obviously more data is needed to describe the chronological evolution of the poultry in the region pomen gradiva s tonovcovega gradu tiči prav v and its significance in a wider geographical vision. tem, da navkljub skromnemu vzorcu predstavlja prvi The importance of the material from tonovcov grad prispevek k tovrstnim raziskavam na Slovenskem. is that, in spite of the smal sample, it represents one of the first contributions to this kind of research in Slovenia. bibLiography / Literatura tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpretacigLenečKi, S., Z. modrijan in / and t. cija / tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpremiLavec 2011, Tonovcov grad. Naselbinski ostanki in tation = ciglenečki, modrijan, milavec 2011. interpretacija / Tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and interpretation. – opera instituti archaeologici 23. benecKe, n. 1993, on the utilization of the dode groSSi maZZorin, j. 2005, introduzione e mestic fowl in central europe from the iron age up to diffusione del pol ame in italia ed evoluzione delle sue the middle ages. – Archaeofauna 2, 21–31. forme di al evamento fino al medioevo. – in / v: i. Fiore, ben-Shun, c. 1984, animal domestication in g. malerba., S. chilardi (eds. / ur.), atti del 3° convegno neolithic china. – in / v: j. clutton­brock, c. grigson nazionale di archeozoologia (Siracusa, 2000). Studi di (eds. / ur.) Animals and Archaeology 3: Early Herders Paletnologia II, Collana del Bullettino di Paletnologia and their Flocks. bar. international Series 202, 363–369. Italiana, 351–361. 393 09_ptici.indd 393 23.1.2012 10:45:34 9. Short conSiderationS on the bird remainS 9. KratKe ugotovitve o ptičjih oStanKih drieSch, a. von den 1976, a guide to the riedeL, a. 1993, die tierknochenfunde des römeasurement of animal bones from archaeological merzeitlichen Lagervicus von treismauer/augustiana Sites. – Peabody Museum Bul ettin 1. in niederösterreich. – Annalen des Naturhistorischen gáL, e. 2005, new evidence of fowling and poultry Museums in Wien 95 serie a, 179–294. keeping in pannonia, dacia and moesia during the periedeL, a. and / in riZZi j. 2000, Studio preliriod of the roman empire. – in / v: g. grupe, j. peters minare su resti ossei di avifauna di verona medievale (eds. / ur.), Feathers, Grit and Symbolism, Birds and hu- (scavi di piazza mercato vecchio e del tribunale). – in / mans in the ancient old and new worlds, proceedings of v: i. Fiore, g. malerba., S. chilardi (eds. / ur.), Atti del the 5th meeting of the icaZ bird Working group in mu­ 2° Convegno Nazionale di Archeozoologia (Asti, 1997), nich (26.7 ­ 28.7.2004), documenta archaeobiologiae 3. 341–348, Forlì. petrucci, g. and / in S. vitri 1995, resti di fautheSing, r. 1977, Die Größenentwicklung des na da strutture in fossa del a romanizzazione da monte­ Haushuhns in vor- und frühgeschichtlicher Zeit. – inaureale valcel ina (pn). – Padusa Quaderni 1, 235–254. gural­dissertation zur erlagerung der tiermedizinischen pucher, e., t. brucKner, a. baar, g. di- doktorwürde der tierärztlichen Fakultät der Ludwig­ SteLberger, b. ÖhLinger and / in v. Zheden maximilians­universitäts münchen. 2007, tierskelette und tierknochen aus dem awarischen gräberfeld von vösendorf ­Laxenburgerstraße. – Fund- berichte aus Österreich 45, 481–520. 394 09_ptici.indd 394 23.1.2012 10:45:34 10. Results of MicRoscopic coMpositional analysis on coaRse-waRe ceRaMics 10. Rezultati MikRoskopske analize gRobe keRaMike k. patrick fazioli 10.1 intRoduction 10.1 uvod The ceramic assemblage at the site of tonovcov keramična zbirka na najdišču tonovcov grad pri grad near kobarid presents an excellent opportunity to kobaridu nudi izredno priložnost za raziskovanje teh- investigate technological aspects of coarse-ware pottery noloških vidikov proizvodnje grobe keramike v pozni production in the late antique and early Medieval peri- antiki in zgodnjem srednjem veku v zahodni sloveniji. ods of western slovenia. towards this end, twenty-three zato je bilo pod mikroskopom s polarizacijsko lučjo samples of coarse-ware pottery were thin-sectioned and analiziranih triindvajset zbruskov grobe keramike. v subject to compositional analyses under a polarizing prispevku razlagamo metodologijo in rezultate teh light microscope. This short report details the method- analiz in ponujamo previdne zaključke o prehodu pozne ology and results of this analysis and offers some tenta- antike v zgodnji srednji vek na najdišču, kot so razvidne tive conclusions concerning the transition from late iz tehnologije keramike. antiquity to the early Middle ages at this settlement in terms of ceramic technology. 10.2 stRategija vzoRčenja 10.2 saMpling stRategy petrografske analize so bile usmerjene na grobo keramiko, za katero domnevamo, da je bila izdelana The petrographic analysis was intentionally re- lokalno. analiza je bila omejena predvsem na kera- stricted to coarse-ware pottery at the site, which is be- miko iz stavbe 1, ki je vsebovala plasti iz vseh treh lieved to have been local y manufactured. The analysis glavnih poselitvenih faz: prve poznoantične faze (pa 1, was conducted on ceramics primarily from building 1, pribl. 350–450), druge poznoantične faze (pa 2, pribl. which contained stratigraphic layers dating to each of 475–625) in zgodnjega srednjega veka (zsv, pribl. druga the three primary occupation phases: late antique 1 (la polovica 7. st.–800; glej tudi tonovcov grad. naselbinski 1, c. 350-450), late antique 2 (la 2, c. 475-625), and ostanki in interpretacija, pogl. 2.2). vzorci za analizo early Medieval (eMp, c. second half of the 7th century so bili izbrani na osnovi makroskopskih skupin, ki jih -800; see also tonovcov grad, settlement remains and je določila z. Modrijan,1 da bi na njihovi podlagi do- interpretation, chapter 2.2). samples were chosen for bili presek čez najširši keramični sklop na najdišču. pri petrographic analysis based upon macroscopic fabric makroskopskih analizah keramike je bilo ugotovljenih categories identified by z. Modrijan1, in order to ensure 15 fakturnih skupin, nobena od njih pa ni bila omejena a representative sample of the wider coarse-ware ceramic na eno samo poselitveno fazo na najdišču, celo naspro- assemblage at the site. The macroscopic analysis distin- tno – vsaka od fakturnih skupin je obsegala keramiko guished fifteen fabric types, none of which was resticted iz vsaj dveh, pogosto pa tudi iz vseh treh poselitvenih to a single occupational phase at the site; rather, each faz, čeprav v opazno različnih razmerjih (glej sl. 4.9). of the macroscopic fabric groups contained ceramics ker je bil primarni cilj petrografske analize prehod from to least two, and sometimes all three, of the phases, iz pozne antike v zgodnji srednji vek, smo po najmanj although often in markedly different proportions (see dva vzorca izbrali iz tistih makroskopskih skupin, ki so Fig. 4.9). since the transition from late antiquity to prevladovale v plasteh faze pa 2 in v zgodnjesrednjeveških the early Middle ages was the primary focus of this plasteh. Med njimi so tehnološke skupine 5 in 10, ki vse- petrographic analysis, a minimum of two ceramic sherds bujejo največje število odlomkov iz zgodnjesrednjeveških 1 Modrijan 2008, 81-94. 1 Modrijan 2008, 81–94. 395 10_Fazioli.indd 395 23.1.2012 10:44:54 10. Results of MicRoscopic coMpositional analysis 10. Rezultati MikRoskopske analize . . were chosen from those macroscopic fabric groups most prevalent during the la 2 and eMa phases at the site. This included fabric groups 5 and 10, which had the greatest proportion of early Medieval ceramics, as well as fabric groups 2, 8, 9, and 13, which were predomi- nantly from the late antique 2 phase. fabric groups 3 and 6, comprising of ceramics primarily from the late antique 1 phase, were also included in the analysis as a point of comparison. 10.3 Methodology While a comprehensive explanation of ceramic petrography is beyond the scope of this chapter2, a brief synopsis is provided below for those unfamiliar with this methodology. The analysis requires the creation of a ce- ramic ‘thin section’, whereby a smal sample (c. 2 x 3 cm) of a ceramic vessel is ground to approximately 0.03 mm in thickness and mounted on a glass slide. since most of the coarse-ware pottery in this analysis was relatively low-fired and quite friable, a resin epoxy was impregnated into each sample to hold the fabric together during the Fig. 10.1: Basic steps of optical Microscopy for archaeological grinding process. some samples were also stained with ceramics. source: Mason 2004, 22. alizarin red-s, which al ows one to distinguish different Sl. 10.1: osnovni postopki optične mikroskopije za arheološko types of carbonates in the pottery fabric. keramiko (po Mason 2004, 22). The thin section can be observed under a polar- izing light (or petrographic) microscope (see Fig. 10.1). Three major components of the ceramic fabric can be plasti, pa tudi 2, 8, 9 in 13, kjer prevladuje keramika iz assessed microscopical y: the matrix (or groundmass), faze pa 2. skupini 3 in 6, v katerih prevladuje keramika non-plastic inclusions, and voids. the term matrix iz faze pa 1, sta bili v analizo vključeni kot primerjava. describes the very fine-grained materials (<30 m m fraction) in which coarser particles are embedded. it is characterized by fracture, color, and birefringence 10.3 Metodologija (i.e. anisotropic or optically active). The term non- plastic inclusion encompasses all coarser rock, mineral izčrpna razlaga petrografskih analiz keramike and organic materials present in the matrix, including presega namen tega prispevka,2 kljub temu pa bomo those both natural y present and artificial y added (i.e. podali kratek povzetek za bralce, ki jim ta metodologija temper). Most mineral inclusions can be identified ni pobližje poznana. based upon a range of optical properties (shape, color, prvi pogoj za analizo je izdelava keramičnih zbru- relief, cleavage, pleochroism, birefringence, extinction, skov, pri kateri se majhen fragment keramične posode opacity) under plane and cross-polarized light3. after (pribl. 2 x 3 cm) zbrusi do debeline pribl. 0.03 mm in identification, the non-plastic inclusions are then de- pritrdi na stekleno ploščico. ker je bila večina grobe ke- scribed in terms of their abundance, roundedness, size, ramike, uporabljene pri tej analizi, slabo žgana in precej orientation, sortedness, or other meaningful properties4. drobljiva, je bil vsak vzorec prepojen z epoksi smolo, ki lastly, the term void refers to pores in the matrix that je preprečevala, da bi vzorec med brušenjem razpadel. once held non-plastic inclusions prior to firing; these can nekaj vzorcev je bilo premazanih tudi z alizarin s-rde- also be described in terms of their abundance and shape. čim barvilom, kar je omogočilo razlikovanje različnih tipov karbonatov. 2 Refer to Whitbread 1995 or Mason 2004 for excellent zbruske lahko opazujemo pod polarizacijskim summaries of this method. mikroskopom ( sl. 10.1), kjer je mogoče oceniti tri 3 kerr 1977 provides a detailed description of identifying glavne komponente keramične zmesi: matriko (osnov- minerals in thin section no zmes), neplastične vključke in praznine. termin 4 for example, carbonates can be distinguished between matrika označuje zelo fino zrnat material (frakcija those with large (sparry) or smal (micritic) crystal size, as well as the degree of disintegration into lime mud. Quartz can also 2 odličen povzetek te metode pri Whitebread 1995 ali be distinguished by cloudiness and type of extinction. Mason 2004. 396 10_Fazioli.indd 396 23.1.2012 12:15:52 10. Results of MicRoscopic coMpositional analysis 10. Rezultati MikRoskopske analize . . although the basic principles of ceramic petrographic <30 m m), ki vsebuje tudi bolj grobe delce. določena je s analysis are universal y accepted, it should be noted that prelomom, barvo in dvolomom, ki je lahko anizotropen a number of different techniques can be employed for ali optično aktiven. izraz n eplastični vključki obsega recording and presenting this data, depending on the vse bolj grobe (kamnine, rudnine in organske ostanke) preference of the analyst5. delce v zmesi, tako naravne kot umet no dodane. večino mineralnih vključkov je mogoče identificirati po vrsti vidnih lastnosti (oblika, barva, relief, mnogobarvitost 10.4 Results ali pleohroizem, dvolom, propad, svetlobna nepro- pustnost) pod navadno in polarizacijsko svetlobo.3 The results of petrographic analysis on the twenty- po določitvi se neplastični vključki opišejo glede na three samples reveal that most of the coarse-ware ceram- njihovo pogostost, zaobljenost, usmerjenost, uvrščanje ics contained the same basic mineralogical components: ali druge pomembne lastnosti.4 zadnji termin, prazni- quartz, calcium carbonates, micas, and (very occasional) na, se nanaša na pore, ki so pred žganjem vsebovale feldspars. This is unsurprising given the regional geology neplastične vključke. tudi ta izraz je lahko opisan glede and presumed local manufacture of this pottery. four na pogostost in obliko. čeprav so osnovna načela pe- distinct mineralogical groups (a-d) were identified trografske analize keramike splošno sprejeta, je treba based on the presence/absence, proportion, and char- poudariti, da je število različnih tehnik, ki jih lahko acter of these different minerals. Table 10.1 summarizes uporabimo za zapisovanje in predstavitev teh podatkov, these groups, and a full description of each petrographic odvisno od posameznega raziskovalca.5 group is provided in the appendix. Tab. 10.1 Fabric Group # Samples Quartz % Carbonate % Mica % Fakturna skupina Št. vzorcev Kremen % Karbonat % Sljuda % tg – a 3 0 – <1 % 20 – 25 % 0 – 1 % tg – b 4 2 – 5 % 0 – 5 % 0 – 2 % tg – c 2 8 % 20 % <1 – 1 % tg – d 14 2 – 6 % 15 – 30 % 1 – 3 % it should be observed that creating a ceramic 10.4 Rezultati compositional typology always includes a degree of sub- jectivity, since a range of variation always exists within Rezultati petrografske analize triindvajsetih vzor- each of the petrographic groups. The goal is to identify cev kažejo, da večina grobe keramike vsebuje iste osnov- those differences among groups that are thought to be ne mineraloške komponente: kremen, kalcijev karbonat, archaeological y meaningful; that is, they could reflect sljudo in (zelo redko) zdrobljeno keramiko, kar kaže na different technological choices made in the manufactur- lokalni izvor surovine in predpostavlja lokalni izvor ke- ing process. for this reason, mineralogical group tg-d ramike. na podlagi prisotnosti oz. odsotnosti, velikosti was further divided into three subgroups based upon in vrste mineralov so bile identificirane štiri mineraloške the color of the paste, which has important implications skupine (a–d). Tabela 10.1 kaže pregled teh skupin, for the firing temperature and atmosphere ( tab. 10.2). popoln opis pa je podan v dodatku. The petrographic analysis confirms the basic con- izdelava keramične tipologije vedno vsebuje določe- clusion of the macroscopic analysis: there existed a high no stopnjo subjektivnosti, saj znotraj posameznih petro- degree of continuity in ceramic technological traditions grafskih skupin vedno obstaja stopnja variacije. potrebno throughout the phases under consideration. petrographic je torej identificirati tiste razlike med skupinami, za katere groups tg-d and tg-b, which constituted 78 % of the domnevamo, da bi lahko bile arheološko izpovedne, to analyzed samples, included a roughly equal number of 3 kerr 1977 prinaša natančen opis določanja mineralov ceramics from different chronological phases, strongly v zbrusku. suggesting continuity in ceramic technology from late 4 pri karbonatih lahko na primer ločimo tiste z veliko ali antiquity to the early Middle ages. some degree of dis- manjšo velikostjo kristalov, pa tudi stopnjo razpada v apnen- čev mulj. kremen se lahko razlikuje po motnosti in načinu 5 The methodology adopted here most closely follows propadanja. that of Mason 2004. for example, abundance is qualitatively 5 Metodologija, uporabljena pri pričujoči analizi, sledi determined through the use of comparison charts (follow- metodi, uporabljeni v Mason 2004, kjer je npr. pogostost kvali- ing terry and chillingar 1955) rather than point-counting tativno določena z uporabo primerjalnih tabel (po terry, chil- methods (cf. stoltman 1989). The division between ‘coarse’ lingar 1955), ne pa z metodo štetja (stoltman 1989). Razlika and ‘fine’ quartz fal s around 0.5 mm. med “grobim” in “finim” kremenom je pri pribl. 0,5 mm. 397 10_Fazioli.indd 397 23.1.2012 10:44:55 10. Results of MicRoscopic coMpositional analysis 10. Rezultati MikRoskopske analize . . continuity is perhaps indicated by group tg-a, which je, da bi lahko odražale tehnološke spremembe v procesu only contained ceramics from late antiquity, and tg-c, izdelave. zato je bila mineraloška skupina tg–d na osno- which only contained ceramics from the early Middle vi barve zmesi, ki je posledica temperature in atmosfere ages, although the relatively smal sample size should be žganja ( tab. 10.2), nadalje razdeljena na tri podskupine. noted. Table 10.2 divides the samples by mineralogical group and chronology; the Roman numerals indicate the petrografske analize so potrdile osnovne zaključke macroscopic fabric group of each sample. makroskopske analize: med obravnavanimi fazami ob- Tab. 10.2 Mineralogical Group Late Antique 1 Late Antique 1/2 Late Antique 2 Early Medieval Mineraloška skupina Pozna antika 1 pozna antika 1/2 Pozna antika 2 Zgodnji srednji vek tg – a tg – 14 (Xiii) tg – 18 (Xiii) tg – 15 (Xiii) tg – b tg – 21 (vi) tg – 11 (iX) tg – 16 (iX) tg – 17 (X) tg – c tg – 12 (X) tg – 13 (X) tg – d1 tg – 23 (ii) tg – 1 (ii) tg – 2 (ii) tg – d2 tg – 7 (vi) tg – 9 (viii) tg – 20 (v) tg – 19 (viii) tg – 8 (viii) tg – 10 (iX) tg – d3 tg – 22 (iii) tg – 6 (vi) tg – 5 (v) tg – 3 (iii) tg – 4 (iii) Table 10.2 also indicates similarities and differences staja visoka stopnja kontinuitete pri izdelavi keramike. when comparing the macroscopic and microscopic petrografski skupini tg–d in tg–b, ki predstavljata groupings. in some cases (e.g. groups ii and Xiii), the 78 % vzorca, vsebujeta približno enako število keramike macroscopic categories also proved to be mineralogical y iz različnih faz, kar kaže na kontinuiteto iz pozne antike distinct groups; in others, groups that were distinguished v zgodnji srednji vek. določena stopnja diskontinuitete macroscopical y (e.g. groups v and viii) proved to be je morda opazna pri skupini tg–a, ki vsebuje samo mineralogical y indistinguishable. Moreover, in several keramiko iz pozne antike, in tg–c, ki vsebuje zgodnje- cases (e.g. group iii and X) ceramics that were grouped srednjeveško keramiko, čeprav je pri tem treba opozoriti together macroscopical y proved to be of different min- na majhen vzorec. v tabeli 10.2 so vzorci razdeljeni po eralogical composition. This should not been regarded mineraloških skupinah in kronološko. pri tem se rimske as a criticism of either methodology, but highlights številke nanašajo na makroskopsko določeno skupino the importance of using an integrated approach to vsakega vzorca. exploring mineralogical composition of pottery. while Tabela 10.2 prikazuje tudi podobnosti in razlike macroscopic analysis is the most cost-efficient and med makroskopskim in mikroskopskim razvrščanjem. v inexpensive way to examine the composition of a large nekaterih primerih (npr. skupini ii in Xiii) makroskopsko volume of ceramic samples, petrographic analyses are določene skupine ustrezajo mikroskopskim; nekatere also necessary for identifying mineralogical differences skupine, ki so bile določene makroskopsko (npr. v in not apparent in hand sample. viii), se mikroskopsko ne razlikujejo med seboj. Še več, v nekaterih primerih (skupini iii in X) ima keramika, ki je bila makroskopsko uvrščena v isto skupino, različno 10.5 technological choices mineraloško strukturo. to ni kritika metode, ampak opo- zorilo na potrebo po integriranem pristopu k raziskavam in addition to creating ceramic typologies based mineraloških značilnosti keramike. Medtem ko makro- on mineralogical composition, petrographic analysis skopske analize predstavljajo cenovno najbolj ugoden can also potentially reveal different technological način za analizo velike količine keramičnih vzorcev, so choices made during the production sequence ( chaîne petrografske analize prav tako potrebne za identifikacijo opératoire) of the pottery6. for example, the matrix can mineraloških značilnosti, ki drugače niso vidne. indicate the basic character of the different clay sources used. The abundance and character of non-plastic in- clusions can potential y provide evidence of formation 10.5 tehnoloŠke izbiRe method, tempering, and firing temperature. voids can also provide information about forming method and fir- petrografske analize lahko v povezavi s tipologijo 6 Rye 1981, herold 2009 keramike na osnovi mineraloške sestave potencialno 398 10_Fazioli.indd 398 23.1.2012 10:44:55 10. Results of MicRoscopic coMpositional analysis 10. Rezultati MikRoskopske analize . . ing temperature. however, since the ceramic production razkrijejo različne tehnološke izbire, narejene v procesu sequence has a palimpsesting effect on the final compo- proizvodnje ( chaîne opératoire).6 Matrika, na primer, sitional character of the ceramic fabric, it is not always lahko pokaže osnovne značilnosti različnih virov upora- possible to identify each particular technological choice. bljene gline. pogostost in lastnost neplastičnih dodatkov yet even tentative results are important, as they provide lahko potencialno priskrbi dokaze o načinu sestave in information that cannot be otherwise determined by the temperaturi žganja. podatke o sestavi in temperaturi žga- decorative or formal aspects of the pottery. nja lahko dajo tudi pore. ker pa ima zaporedje keramič- group tg-d seems to represent the most com- ne proizvodnje palimpsestni vpliv na končne značilnosti mon ceramic technological tradition at the site through fakture keramike, ni vedno mogoče rekonstruirati vsake each phase. These samples contained both quartz and posamezne tehnološke izbire. vseeno pa so pomembni carbonates. although at this point it is not possible to že poskusni rezultati, saj priskrbijo podatke, ki jih ni conclusively assess whether these non-plastic inclu- mogoče pridobiti npr. z analizo oblike ali okrasa. sions were natural y present in the clay or later added as skupina tg–d očitno predstavlja najpogostejšo temper7, some tentative observations can be made. Most tehnološko tradicijo v proizvodnji keramike na najdišču of the samples contained roughly the same proportion skozi vse faze. vzorci te skupine vsebujejo kremen in of carbonates (20-30 %), typical y a mixture of angular karbonate. čeprav na tej točki ni mogoče z gotovostjo and rounded inclusions; there is no direct evidence to trditi, ali so ti neplastični vključki naravno prisotni v suggest that these were added as temper, although this glini ali dodani kasneje,7 je že mogoče podati nekaj possibility cannot be ruled out. The one exception might poskusnih zaključkov. večina vzorcev vsebuje približno be tg-c, which had a distinctly higher proportion of enak odstotek karbonatov (20–30 %), značilna je meša- coarse quartz, perhaps indicating the addition of sand nica oglatih in zaobljenih vključkov; o tem, ali pomenijo as a tempering agent. dodatek glini, zaenkrat ni dokaza, čeprav te možnosti ne overal , the void shape and orientation in the vast moremo izključiti. edina izjema bi lahko bila skupina majority of samples appear to be the result of drying tg–c, ki vsebuje opazno višji odstotek grobega kre- cracks, which indicates that the ceramics were turned mena, kar verjetno kaže na dodajanje peska kot pustila. on a wheel. The mineralogy also provides a few hints oblika in usmeritev por v veliki večini vzorcev je about firing temperature. it has been experimental y verjetno rezultat razpok pri sušenju, kar kaže, da je bila demonstrated that carbonates begin to disintegrate keramika izdelana na lončarskem vretenu. Mineralogija around 800 º c, depending on the duration and intensity je dala tudi nekaj podatkov o temperaturi žganja. s po- of the firing conditions8. The shape of the voids in group skusi je bilo dokazano, da karbonati začnejo razpadati tg-c, along with a conspicuous absence of carbonates, pri pribl. 800 oc, odvisno od dolžine in intenzivnosti suggest that carbonates were burned out during the fir- žgalnih pogojev.8 oblika por v skupini tg–c kaže, ing process, indicating a higher firing temperature than skupaj z opazno odsotnostjo karbonatov, da so karbonati the other groups. a variety of the different paste colors zgoreli med procesom žganja, kar nakazuje višjo žgalno also provide some indication of the firing environment temperaturo kot pri ostalih skupinah. nekaj indicov za in each of the different groups, summarized in the fol- pogoje žganja v vsaki od skupin daje tudi raznolikost lowing table 10.3 9. barv ( tab. 10.3).9 Tab. 10.3 Firing Environment Paste Color Group Žganje Barva zmesi Skupina 1 atmosphere oxidizing, organic material absent cross-section of uniform color of fired clay tg – d1 oksidacijska atmosfera, brez organskih sestavin presek: enotna barva žgane gline 2 atmosphere oxidizing, organic material present gray or black core, distinct from color of surface tg – d3 oksidacijska atmosfera, z organskimi sestavinami sivo ali črno jedro, drugačno od barve površine 3 atmosphere reducing or neutral, organic material gray or black throughout, diffuse or absent core tg – b, absent / Redukcijska ali nevtralna atmosfera, brez siva ali črna; jedro razpršeno ali ga ni tg – c organskih sestavin 4 atmosphere reducing or neutral, organic material grey or black throughout tg – a, present / Redukcijska ali nevtralna atmosfera, z siva ali črna tg – d2 organskimi sestavinami 7 future analyses wil include some samples from the lo- 6 Rye 1981, herold 2009. cal geology to better determine the nature of these non-plastic 7 za boljšo določitev teh neplastičnih vključkov bodo bodo- inclusions. če analize vključile nekaj primerov lokalnih geoloških vzorcev. 8 del ’Mour 2001, 191. 8 del ’Mour 2001, 191. 9 based on Rye 1981. 9 nas podlagi Rye 1981. 399 10_Fazioli.indd 399 23.1.2012 10:44:55 10. Results of MicRoscopic coMpositional analysis 10. Rezultati MikRoskopske analize . . 10.6 conclusions 10.6 sklepi The petrographic analyses of the coarse-ware ce- petrografska analiza grobe keramike s tonovco- ramics at tonovcov grad have provided some indication vega gradu je dala nekaj podatkov o stopnji tehnološke of the degree of technological continuity between the kontinuitete med poznoantično in zgodnjesrednjeve- late antique and early Medieval occupations of the site, ško poselitvijo naselbine, pa tudi vpogled v tehnološke as well as given insight into technological choices made odločitve v procesu proizvodnje keramike. Rezultati so during the production of pottery at the site. The results preliminarni, prihodnje raziskave na večjih vzorcih in z of this analysis are admittedly preliminary, and future večjo raznolikostjo analiz bodo, upajmo, dale dodatne research with larger sample sizes and a greater variety of informacije o naselbini tudi s tega vidika. analyses will hopeful y provide additional information on this particular aspect of the settlement. petRogRaphic fabRic descRiptions opis faktuR gRoup tg-a skupina tg–a Samples: (Tab. 10.4) Vzorci: (tab. 10.4) Tab. 10.4 Sherd # Phase Macroscopic Fabric Group Provenance Št. odlomka Faza Makroskopska fakturna skupina Izvor 21168 la / pa 1 13 building 1, su 68 21137 la / pa 1/2 13 building 1, su 21 20533 la / pa 2 13 building 1, su 29 Macroscopic description: porous fired-clay body Makroskopski opis: porozna glina s številnimi be- with numerous white inclusions (various sizes); Munsel : limi vključki (različne velikosti); Munsell: črno jedro, black core, black surface. črna površina Petrographic description: fired-clay matrix, with Petrografski opis: Matrika z malo ali brez kremeno- trace to no quartz inclusions, mostly coarse10, well vih vključkov, večinoma grobih,10 pravilno razporejenih, sorted, and rounded; 20-25 % carbonate11 inclusions of zaokroženih; 20–25 % karbonatnih11 vključkov, tako both sparry and micritic character, partial y disintegrat- sparitnega kot mikritnega značaja, delno razkrojenih ing into lime mud, well sorted, rounded to sub-angular, v apnenčev mulj, pravilno razporejenih, okroglih do which run up to c. 2.0 mm in length; 0-1 % smal fibrous nepopolno oglatih, dolgih do 0,2 mm; 0–1 % drobne muscovite mica; 3-5 % black opaques; and 5-10 % thin, vlaknaste muskovitne sljude; 3–5 % črnih neprozornih elongated voids that run e-w (drying cracks). delcev; 5–10 % tankih podolgovatih delcev usmerjenih Distinction: This fabric is most easily identifiable by v–z (razpoke pri sušenju). the very low (or completely absent) quartz component, Razlikovanje: Z elo nizka vrednost ali popolna which distinguishes it from all other fabric groups at odsotnost kremena razlikuje skupino od vseh ostalih tonovcov grad. skupin na tonovcovem gradu. Micrograph12: ( Fig. 10.2) Mikrografija:12 ( sl 10.2) gRoup tg-b skupina tg - b Samples: (Tab. 10.5) Vzorci: (tab. 10.5) Makroskopski opis: porozno žgana glina, nekateri vzorci z zmerno količino belih vključkov; Munsel : rjavo, 10 Quartz inclusions have been simply divided between ‘fine’ and ‘coarse’, with the former being smaller than 0.25 10 kremenovi vključki se preprosto delijo med “fine” in mm and the latter being larger. “grobe” tako, da so prvi manjši od 0.25 mm in drugi večji. 11 some of the samples were stained in order to distin- 11 barvanje vzorcev z namenom razlikovanja različnih guish different carbonates, and all appear to be calcite. karbonatov je pokazalo, da so bili vsi kalciti. 12 a note about scale: the approximate diameter of the 12 opomba o merilu: povprečni premer polja na mikro- field of view in the microphotographs is 4.25 mm fotografijah je 4,25 mm. 400 10_Fazioli.indd 400 23.1.2012 10:44:55 10. Results of MicRoscopic coMpositional analysis 10. Rezultati MikRoskopske analize . . Fig. 10.2: example of group tg–a in Thin section (sample tg–14); plane polarized light on left, cross-polarized light on Right Sl. 10.2: primeri zbruskov skupine tg–a (vzorec tg 14); polarizirana svetloba na levi, z vključenim analizatorjem na desni. Tab. 10.5 Sherd # Phase Macroscopic Fabric Group Provenance Št. odlomka Faza Makroskopska fakturna skupina Izvor 20970 la / pa 1/2 6 building 1, su 24 21262 la / pa 1/2 9 building 1, su 63 20184 eM /zsv 9 building 1, su 10 20063 eM /zsv 10 building 1, su 9 Macroscopic description: porous fired-clay body, rdečkasto rjavo ali svetlo rjavo jedro; rjava, rdečkasto some with moderate white inclusions. Munsell: brown, rjava, zelo temno sivo rjava in črna površina. reddish brown, or pale brown core; brown, reddish Petrografski opis: Matrika iz žgane gline, z 2–5 % brown, very dark grey brown, and black surface. kremenovih vključkov (mešanica grobih in finih); pra- Petrographic description: fired-clay matrix, with vilno razporejeni, dobro zaokroženi do nepopolno zao- 2-5 % quartz inclusions, mixture coarse and fine, well kroženi; 0–5 % okroglih karbonatnih vključkov, dolgih sorted and wel -rounded to sub-rounded; 0-5 % rounded do 2,0 mm; 0–2 % drobne vlaknaste muskovitne sljude; carbonate inclusions, which run up to 2.0 mm in length; 10–20 % velikih, krožno in nepravilno oblikovanih por. 0-2 % small fibrous muscovite mica; 10-20 % large and Razlikovanje: od ostalih fakturnih skupin se circular and irregularly shaped voids. razlikuje po popolni ali delni izgorelosti karbonatnih Distinction: This fabric is distinguished from the vključkov v procesu žganja, kar dokazuje oblika por. other groups by the complete or partial burning out Mikrografija: (sl. 10.3) of carbonate inclusions during the firing process (as evidenced by the shape of the voids). Micrograph: (Fig. 10.3) Fig. 10.3: example of group tg–b in Thin section (sample tg–16); plane polarized light on left, cross polarized light on Right Sl. 10.3: primeri zbruskov skupine tg–b (vzorec tg 16); polarizirana svetloba na levi, z vključenim analizatorjem na desni. 10_Fazioli.indd 401 23.1.2012 10:44:58 10. Results of MicRoscopic coMpositional analysis 10. Rezultati MikRoskopske analize . . gRoup tg-c skupina tg–c Samples: (Tab. 10.6) Vzorci: (tab. 10.6) Tab. 10.6 Sherd # Phase Fabric Group Provenance Št. odlomka Faza Fakturna skupina Izvor 05/3/2 eM / zsv 10 building 5 (water cistern), su 44 20020 eM / zsv 10 building 1, su 9 Macroscopic Description: porous fired-clay body Makroskopski opis: porozno žgana glina s številnimi with numerous white inclusions; Munsell: brown core, belimi vključki; Munsel : rjavo jedro, rumenkasto rdeča yellowish red surface. površina. Petrographic description: fired-clay matrix, with Petrografski opis: Matrika iz žgane gline, 8 % kreme- 8 % quartz inclusions, mostly coarse, moderately sorted novih vključkov, večinoma grobih, zmerno razporejenih, and well rounded to sub-rounded; 20 % rounded car- dobro do nepopolno zaokroženih; 20 % karbonatov, bonates, micritic, and partial y disintegrating into lime mikritnih in delno razkrojenih v apnenčev mulj, slabo mud, poorly to moderately sorted, and rounded to sub- do zmerno razporejenih, zaokroženih do delno oglatih, angular, up to c. 1.5 mm in length; trace to 2 % fine and dolgih do pribl. 1.5 mm; drobna vlaknasta muskovitna fibrous muscovite mica; 2 % hematite inclusions; 10 % sljuda v sledovih do 2 %; 2 % hematitnih vključkov; 10 large and irregularly shaped voids. % velikih in nepravilno oblikovanih por. Distinction: This fabric is distinguished from oth- Razlikovanje: od ostalih se razlikuje po relativno ers at tonovcov grad by a relatively high level of quartz veliki količini kremenovih vključkov. inclusions. Mikrografija: (sl. 10.4) Micrograph: (fig. 10.4) Fig. 10.4: example of group tg–c in Thin section (sample tg–12); plane polarized light on left, cross polarized light on Right Sl. 10.4: primeri zbruskov skupine tg–c (vzorec tg 12); polarizirana svetloba na levi, z vključenim analizatorjem na desni gRoup tg-d1 skupina tg–d1 Samples: (Tab. 10.7) Vzorci: (tab. 10.7) Tab. 10.7 Sherd # Phase Fabric Group Provenance Št. odlomka Faza Fakturna skupina Izvor 20947 la / pa 1 2 building 1, su 30 20906 la / pa 1/2 2 building 1, su 24 20409 la / pa 2 2 building 1, su 29 402 10_Fazioli.indd 402 23.1.2012 10:44:59 10. Results of MicRoscopic coMpositional analysis 10. Rezultati MikRoskopske analize . . Macroscopic description: slightly porous fired-clay Makroskopski opis: Rahlo porozno žgana glina s body with numerous white inclusions (varied sizes); številnimi belimi vključki (različne velikosti); Munsell: Munsell: pink to light brown core, pink to light brown rožnato do svetlo rjavo jedro, rožnata do svetlo rjava surface. površina. Petrographic description: fired-clay matrix, with Petrografski opis: Matrika iz žgane gline, s 3–5 % 3-5 % quartz inclusions, mostly fine, very well to mod- kremenovih vključkov, večinoma drobnih, zelo dobro do erately sorted and wel rounded to sub-rounded; 15- zmerno razporejenih, zaokroženih do nepopolno zaokro- 20 % carbonates, well to poorly sorted, mostly micritic ženih; 15–20 % karbonatov, dobro do slabo razporejenih, (showing mosaic extinction), rounded to well rounded, večinoma drobnozrnatih (kažejo mozaično potemnitev), partial y disintegrating into lime mud, and up to c. 2.0 zaokroženih do dobro zaokroženih, delno razpadlih v mm in length; trace to 1 % fine and fibrous muscovite apnenčev mulj, dolgih do pribl. 2,0 mm; drobna vlaknasta mica; 5-10 % voids, shaped like drying cracks. muskovitna sljuda v sledovih do 1 % ; 5–10 % por v obliki Distinction: group tg-d is the most common razpok pri sušenju. fabric type at in the sample with moderate levels of Razlikovanje: skupina tg–d je najbolj pogost fak- quartz and carbonate, and low mica. d1 is distinguished turni tip z zmerno ravnjo kremena in karbonatov ter nizko from the other d groups primarily by the fabric color ravnjo sljude. d1 se od ostale skupine d razlikuje pred- (light red to pink), which indicates firing in an oxidizing vsem po barvi fakture (svetlo rdeča do rožnata), ki kaže atmosphere without organic material. na žganje v oksidacijski atmosferi brez organskih snovi. Micrograph: (Fig. 10.5) Mikrografija: (sl. 10.5) Fig. 10.5: example of group tg–d1 in Thin section (sample tg–1); plane polarized light on left, cross polarized light on Right Sl. 10.5: primeri zbruskov skupine tg–d1 (vzorec tg 1); polarizirana svetloba na levi, z vključenim analizatorjem na desni gRoup tg-d2 skupina tg–d2 Samples: (Tab. 10.8) Vzorci: (tab. 10.8) Tab. 10.8 Sherd # Phase Fabric Group Provenance Št. odlomka Faza Fakturna skupina Izvor 21415 la / pa 1 8 building 1, su 30 21705 la / pa 1 6 building 1, su 29a 20540 la / pa 2 8 building 1, su 23 21994 la / pa 2 8 building 11 20365 eM / zsv 5 building 1, su 10 05/3 eM / zsv 9 building 5 (water cistern), su 44 Macroscopic description: slightly porous fired-clay Makroskopski opis: Rahlo porozno žgana glina z body with white inclusions (varied sizes); Munsell: very belimi vključki (različne velikosti); Munsel : zelo temno dark grey brown to dark grey to brown core, similar sivo rjavo do temno sivo do rjavo jedro, podobna barva color on surfaces. na površini. 403 10_Fazioli.indd 403 23.1.2012 10:45:00 10. Results of MicRoscopic coMpositional analysis 10. Rezultati MikRoskopske analize . . Petrographic description: fired-clay matrix, with Petrografski opis: Matrika iz žgane gline, z 2–6 % 2-6 % quartz inclusions, mixture coarse and fine, mod- kremenovih vključkov, mešanica grobih in finih, zmerno erate to well sorted, and well rounded to sub-rounded; do dobro razporejenih, okroglih do nepopolno okroglih; 20-25 % carbonates, poorly sorted, wel rounded to 20–25 % karbonatov, okroglih do delno oglatih, večinoma sub-angular, mostly of micritic or mixed character, most drobnozrnatih ali mešanih, večinoma delno ali popol- partial y or ful y disintegrating into lime mud, up to 2.0 noma razpadlih v apnenčev mulj, dolgih do 2,0 mm; mm in length; trace to 2 % fine and fibrous muscovite drobne vlaknaste muskovitne sljude v sledovih do 2 %; v mica; trace plagioclase feldspar in some; 2 % black or nekaterih sledovi plagioklaznih glinencev; v nekaterih 2 % reddish opaques (hematite) in some; 5-15 % voids, črnih ali rdečkastih neprosojnih delcev (hematit); 5–15 % mostly oriented e/w like drying cracks. por, večinoma orientiranih v–z kot razpoke pri sušenju. Distinction: same as other tg-d groups, but Razlikovanjen: podobno kot ostala skupina tg–d, uniform dark grey to brown fabric color, suggesting vendar enotna temno siva do rjava barva, kar nakazuje a reducing or neutral firing atmosphere with organic redukcijsko ali nevtralno atmosfero s prisotnostjo or- material present. ganskega materjala. Micrograph: (Fig. 10.6) Micrografija: (sl. 10.6) Fig. 10.6: example of group tg–d2 in Thin section (sample tg–10); plane polarized light on left, cross polarized light on Right Sl. 10.6: primeri zbruskov skupine tg–d2 (vzorec tg 10); polarizirana svetloba na levi, z vključenim analizatorjem na desni. gRoup tg-d3 skupina tg–d3 Samples: (Tab. 10.9) Vzorci: (tab. 10.9) Tab. 10.9 Sherd # Phase Fabric Group Provenance Št. odlomka Faza Fakturna skupina Izvor 21344 la /pa 2 6 building 1, su 23 20312 la / pa 1/2 3 building 1, su 21 20438 la / pa 2 3 building 1, su 11 20195 eM / zsv 5 building 1, su 10 20438 la / pa 2 3 building 1, su 11 Macroscopic description: slightly porous fired-clay Makroskopski opis: Rahlo porozno žgana glina s body with numerous white inclusions (varied sizes); številnimi belimi vključki (različne velikosti); Munsell: Munsel : dark grey to brown core, various color surfaces temno sivo do rjavo jedro, različne barve površine (moč- (strong brown, yellowish red, dark grey, light red). no rjava, rumenkasto rdeča, temno siva, svetlo rdeča). Petrographic description: fired-clay matrix, with Petrografski opis: Matrika iz žgane gline, s 4–6 % 4-6 % quartz inclusions, mixture coarse and fine, well kremenovih vključkov, mešanica grobih in finih, dobro 404 10_Fazioli.indd 404 23.1.2012 10:45:01 10. Results of MicRoscopic coMpositional analysis 10. Rezultati MikRoskopske analize . . sorted, well rounded to sub-rounded; 20-30 % carbon- razporejenih, okroglih do nepopolno okroglih; 20–30 % ates, poorly to well sorted, well rounded to sub-angular, karbonatov, slabo do dobro razporejenih, okroglih do mostly micritic and disintegrating into lime mud; 1-2 % delno oglatih, večinoma mikritnih in razpadlih v apne- fine muscovite mica; trace plagioclase feldspar in some; no blato; 1–2 % drobne vlaknaste muskovitne sljude; v 10-15 % voids, mostly oriented e/w like drying cracks. nekaterih sledovi plagioklaznih glinencev ; 10–15 % por, Distinction: same mineralogical content as tg- večinoma orientiranih v–z kot razpoke pri sušenju. d1 and tg-d2, but different colors between core and Razlikovanje: enaka mineraloška vsebina kot surface reveal a different kind of firing atmosphere tg–d1 and tg–d2, vendar različne barve med jedrom (oxidizing atmosphere with organic material present). in površino kažejo na drugačen tip žgalne atmosfere Micrograph: (Fig. 10.7) (oksidacijska s prisotnostjo organskega materjala). Micrografija: (sl. 10.7) Fig. 10.7: example of group tg–d3 in Thin section (sample tg–4); plane polarized light on left, cross polarized light on Right Sl. 10.7: primeri zbruskov skupine tg–d3 (vzorec tg 4); polarizirana svetloba na levi, z vključenim analizatorjem na desni. 10.7 bibliogRaphy / liteRatuRa tonovcov grad. settlement remains and interpre- Mason, R. 2004, Shine like the sun: lustre-painted tation / tonovcov grad. naselbinski ostanki in interpre- and associated pottery from the medieval Middle East. – tacija = ciglenečki, Modrijan, Milavec 2011. costa Mesa, california. ModRijan, z. 2008, Poznoantična groba kuhinj- ciglenečki, s., z. ModRijan and / in t. ska keramika ter uvoženo posodje z območja Slovenije in Milavec 2011, Tonovcov grad. Naselbinski ostanki in Furlanije. ( unpublished doctoral thesis / neobjavljena interpretacija / Tonovcov grad. Settlement remains and doktorska disertacija) – ljubljana. interpretation. – opera instituti archaeologici 23. Rye, o. 1981, Pottery technology: principles and dell’MouR, R. 2001, Mikroskopische un- reconstruction. – washington, d.c. tersuchungen an frühmittelalterlichen keramik von stoltMan, j. 1989, a Quantitative approach to thunau am kamp, nÖ. lokaleware-importe-Roh- the petrographic analysis of ceramic Thin sections. – stoffherkunft. – Anzeiger der philosophische-historischen American Antiquity 54, 147–60. Klasse 136, 69–109. teRRy, R. and / in chilingaR, g. 1955, sum- heRold, h. Materielle kultur – technologische mary of “concerning some additional aids in studying traditionen – identität: untersuchungen zur archäolo- sedimentary formations,” by M. s. shvetsov. – Journal gie des frühmittelalters in niederösterreich. – Zeitschrift of Sedimentary Research 25, 229–34. für Archäologie des Mittelalters 37, 111–34. whitbRead, i. 1995, Greek transport amphorae: keRR, p. 1977, Optical mineralogy (4th edition). – A petrological and archaeological study. – oakville, ct. new york. 405 10_Fazioli.indd 405 23.1.2012 10:45:03 10_Fazioli.indd 406 23.1.2012 10:45:03 11. katalog 11. catalogue Zvezdana MoDRIJaN, tina MIlaVec V katalogu so zbrane kovinske, rogovinaste, stekle- In the catalogue metal, antler, glass and pottery ne in keramične najdbe. finds are assembled. opisi kovinskih predmetov: Metal finds: Vrsta najdbe; material; mere. Stavba, kvadrant/ Find type; material; measurements. Structure, mikrokvadrant, stratigrafska enota (Se). Inventarna quadrant/microquadrant, stratigraphic unit (Su). Inven- številka. objave. tory number. Previous publications. opisi steklenih predmetov: glass finds: Vrsta najdbe; material; barva. Stavba, kvadrant/ Find type; material; colour. Structure, quadrant/ mikrokvadrant, stratigrafska enota (Se). Inventarna microquadrant, stratigraphic unit (Su). Inventory številka. objave. number. Previous publications. opisi keramičnih vretenc: Pottery spindle whorls: Vrsta najdbe; material; barva; primesi. Stavba, Find type; material; colour; inclusions. Structure, kvadrant/mikrokvadrant, stratigrafska enota (Se). In- quadrant/microquadrant, stratigraphic unit (Su). In- ventarna številka. ventory number. opisi keramičnih posod (glej tudi pogl. 4.2.1): Pottery vessels (see also chapter 4.2.1): Vrsta najdbe; material; ohranjenost; barva; primesi Find type; material; state of preservation; colour; (vrsta, pogostost); površina; tehnološka skupina (tS); inclusions (type, frequency); surface; technological okras. Stavba, kvadrant/mikrokvadrant, stratigrafska group (tg); decoration. Structure, quadrant/micro- enota (Se). Inventarna številka. objave. quadrant, stratigraphic unit (Su). Inventory number. Previous publications. Nekatere najdbe so že bile objavljene, literatura za navedene citate se nahaja v pripadajočih poglavjih Some finds have already been published. The pub- obravnave gradiva. lications references can be found in the chapters where Za preglednici stratigrafskih enot po fazah glej these finds are discussed. poglavje 1, tab. 1.1 in 1.2. For the tables of stratigraphic units see chapter 1, Tab. 1.1 and 1.2. k posameznim skupinam najdb v stavbi 1 so doda- ne tudi nekatere detektorske najdbe, za katere natančni to categories of finds in building 1 certain metal najdiščni podatki niso znani. detector finds, for which the exact find spot is unknown, were added. okrajšave: abbreviations: d. – dolžina ; š. - širina; v. - višina; db. - debelina; pr. – premer; m. – masa d. – length ; š. – width; v. – height; db. – thickness; pr. – diameter; m. – weight Najdbe hrani tolminski muzej. The finds are kept by the tolminski muzej in tolmin. 407 11_katalog.indd 407 23.1.2012 10:44:30 11. katalog / catalogue Tabla 1 6. Fibula; bron; d. 3,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/D2, Se 03. Inv. št. 22869. 1. Fibula; bron; d. 5,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 616/a4, Se 34. – Milavec, Modrijan 2007, sl. 5: 4. Inv. št. 22478. 7. Fibula; bron; d. 3,5 cm. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba. – ciglenečki 1994b, t. 1: 6. Inv. št. 23102. 2. Fibula; bron; d. 5,3 cm. Stavba 1, sečišče kv. 468, 469, – ciglenečki 1994a, t. 6: 4; 1994b, t. 1: 9; 2008, sl. 18: 5. 509, 510. Inv. št. 22877. 8. Čebulast gumb fibule; bron; pr. 1,1cm. Stavba 1, kv. 818/ – Milavec, Modrijan 2007, sl. 5: 2. a2, Se 06. Inv. št. 22777. 3. Fibula; bron; d. 5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c1, Se 30. Inv. 9. Noga fibule; bron; d. 2,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/a3, Se št. 22209. 24. Inv. št. 23765. – cunja, Mlinar 2010, 119, kat. 154. 10. Fibula; bron; d. 5,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/D2, Se 31. 4. Fibula; bron; d. 4 cm. Stavba 1. Inv. št. 23098. Inv. št. 22431. – ciglenečki 1994a, t. 6: 1; 1994b, t. 1: 3. – ciglenečki 2008, sl. 18: 1. 5. Fibula; bron; d. 2,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/B2, Se 34. 11. Fibula; bron; d. 4,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/D3, Se 03. Inv. št. 22482. Inv. št. 22210. 6. Fibula; bron; d. 5,9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 592/B4, Se 06. – ciglenečki 1997a, 30; 1997b, 20; 2008, sl. 18: 2; Milavec, Inv. št. 22872. Modrijan 2007, sl. 5: 6; cunja, Mlinar 2010, 126, kat. 193. 7. Fibula; bron; d. 3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B4, Se 23. Inv. 12. Fibula; bron; d. 5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a2,a3,B2,B3, št. 22477. Se 34, 29. Inv. št. 22880. 8. Fibula; bron; d. 5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 717/B2. Inv. št. 22881. 13. Fibula; bron; d. 4,7 cm. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba. 9. Fibula; bron; d. 3,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/a1, Se 01. Inv. št. 23101. Inv. št. 22874. – ciglenečki 1994a, t. 6: 6; 1994b, t. 1: 11; 1994c, t. 1: 3; 10. Fibula; bron; d. pribl. 6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 719/D2, Se 1997b, 20; 2008, sl. 18: 3. 26. Inv. št. 22476. 14. Fibula; bron. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba.Založena. 11. Fibula; bron; d. 4,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 719/c1, Se 26. – ciglenečki 1994a, t. 6: 5; 1994b, t. 1: 10; 1994c, t. 1: 2; Inv. št. 22873. 2008, sl. 18: 4. 12. Fibula; bron; d. 7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a1, Se 29. Inv. 15. Fibula; železo; d. 8,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/B2, Se 24. št. 22457. Inv. št. 22204. 13. Fibula; bron. Stavba 1, kv. 664/D4, Se 26. Inv. št. 24139. – ciglenečki 2008, sl. 22: 6; Milavec 2009, t. 1: 2. 14. Fibula; bron; d. 2,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 816/D1, Se 34. 16. Fibula; železo; d. 7,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c1, Se 29. Inv. št. 22435. Inv. št. 22213. 15. Fibula; bron; d. 2,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B4, Se 01. – ciglenečki 2008, sl. 22: 3; Milavec 2009, t. 1: 3; cunja, Inv. št. 22879. Mlinar 2010, 129, kat. 209. 16. Fibula; bron. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba.Založena. 17. Fibula; železo; d. 5,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c1, Se 28. – ciglenečki 1994a, t. 6: 2; 1994b, t. 1: 5. Inv. št. 22203. 17. Fibula; bron. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba.Založena. – ciglenečki 1997b, 21; 2005, sl. 8: 1; 2008, sl. 22: 4; Milavec – ciglenečki 1994b, t. 1: 4. 2009, t. 1: 10; cunja, Mlinar 2010, 129, kat. 211. 18. Fibula; bron; d. 4,5 cm. Stavba 1. Inv. št. 23099. – ciglenečki 1994b, t. 1: 7; 1994c, t. 1: 1; 1997a, 30. 19. Fibula; bron; d. 4,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/B3. Inv. št. Tabla 3 23124. 20. Fibula; bron; d. 3,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/B3. Inv. št. 1. Fibula; železo; d. 6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B2, Se 23. Inv. 22455. št. 22207. – ciglenečki 2008, sl. 22: 7; Milavec 2009, t. 1: 9. 2. Fibula; železo; d. 6,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 718/c2, Se 01. Tabla 2 Inv. št. 22211. – Milavec, Modrijan 2007, sl. 11. 3; Milavec 2009, t. 1: 4; 1. Fibula; bron; pr. 2,9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/B1, Se 26. Modrijan 2011, sl. 2: 1. Inv. št. 22200. 3. Fibula; železo; d. 6,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B4, Se 06. – ciglenečki 1997b, 20; 2008, sl. 18: 6. Inv. št. 22206. 2. Fibula; železo; pr. 3,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B3, Se 24. – ciglenečki 2008, sl. 22: 5; Milavec 2009, t. 1: 5; Modrijan Inv. št. 22324. 2011, sl. 2: 2. – ciglenečki 2008, sl. 18: 7. 4. Fibula; železo; d. 3,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/a3, Se 34. 3. Fibula; železo; pr.3,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 768/c3, del D3, Inv. št. 22669. Se 03. Inv. št. 23269. – Milavec 2009, t. 2: 2; Modrijan 2011, sl. 2: 3.. 4. Fibula; železo; pr. 3,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 718/c2, Se 10. 5. Fibula; železo; d. 5,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B3, Se 50. Inv. št. 22827. Inv. št. 22957. 5. Fibula; bron; d. 3,9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/D3, Se 03. – Milavec 2009, t. 2: 1; Modrijan 2011, sl. 2: 4. Inv. št. 23100. 6. Fibula; železo; d. 3,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/c2, Se 34. – ciglenečki 1994a, t. 6: 3; 1994b, t. 1: 8; 1997a, 30; cunja, Inv. št. 22208. Mlinar 2010, 122, kat. 174. – Milavec 2009, t. 2: 3; Modrijan 2011, sl. 2: 4. 408 11_katalog.indd 408 23.1.2012 10:44:30 11. katalog / catalogue 7. Fibula; bron; d. 6 cm. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba. 11. Jagoda, cevasta; steklena pasta; d. 1,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. Inv. št. 23103. 767, Se 10. Inv. št. 22305, sl. 2.3: 6. – ciglenečki 1994a, t. 6: 8; 1994b, t. 1: 13; 1994c, t. 1: 4; 12. obesek; steklo; v. 2,3 cm. Stavba 1. Slučajna najdba. 1997b, 21; 1999c, 340; 2005, sl. 8: 2; 2008, sl. 22: 2; Milavec 2009, Inv. št. 23512, sl. 2.3: 8. t. 2: 5; cunja, Mlinar 2010, 129, kat. 212; Modrijan 2011, sl. 2: 6. 13. obesek; bron; d. 1,9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 618/c2, Se 06. 8. Fibula; bron; d. 3,2 cm. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba. Inv. št. 22334. Inv. št. 23104. 14. obesek; železo; v. 2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/c4. Inv. št. – ciglenečki 1994a, t. 6: 7; 1994b, t. 1: 12; 1997a, 30; 2008, 22472. sl. 22: 9; Milavec 2009, t. 2: 6. 15. Prstan; železo; pr. 2,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/D2, Se 30. 9. Fibula; bron; d. 4,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a1, Se 29. Inv. št. 22313. Inv. št. 22205. – ciglenečki 2008, sl. 22: 21. – ciglenečki 2008, sl. 22: 8; Milavec 2009, t. 2: 7. 16. Prstan; železo; pr. 2,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B1, Se 06. 10. Fibula; bron; d. pribl. 3,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/B1, Se Inv. št. 22826. 21. Inv. št. 22458. 17. Prstan; bron; pr. 2,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 918/c4, Se 34. – Milavec 2009, t. 2: 8. Inv. št. 22429. 11. Fibula; železo; d. 2,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 815/D1, Se 06. 18. Prstan; železo; pr. 2,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c2, Se 34. Inv. št. 22290. Inv. št. 22314. – Milavec 2009, t. 2: 9. 19. Prstan; železo; pr. 1,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 618/c2, Se 34. 12. Peresovina fibule; železo; d. 5,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/ Inv. št. 22316. c1, Se 06. Inv. št. 22870. 20. Prstan; železo; pr. 2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c2, Se 28. 13. Igla fibule; železo; d. 3,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a3, Se Inv. št. 22312. 29. Inv. št. 22436. – ciglenečki 2008, sl. 22: 20. 14. Fibula; železo; d. 7,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/a2, Se 23. 21. Prstan; železo; pr. 2,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 617/c3, c4, Se Inv. št. 23762. 06. Inv. št. 22319. – Milavec 2009, t. 2: 4. 22. Prstan; železo; d. 1,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/B4, Se 34. 15. Fibula; bron; d. 3,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669, Se 03. Inv. Inv. št. 22318. št. 23093. 23. Prstan; železo; d. 2,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 918/vsi, Se 34. – ciglenečki 1997a, 17, 31; 1997b, 21; 1999a, 330; 2005, sl. Inv. št. 22724. 8: 5; 2008, sl. 22: 10; Modrijan 2011, sl. 2: 9. 24. Prstan; bron; pr. 2,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/a2, Se 03. 16. Fibula; bron; d. 5,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/med a1 in Inv. št. 22828. B1, Se 06. Inv. št. 23096. 25. Prstan; bron; pr. 2,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 717/B3, Se 22. – ciglenečki 1994c, t. 1: 5; 1997a, 31; 1997b, 21; 1999c, 340; Inv. št. 22315. 2005, sl. 8: 3; 2008, sl. 22: 1; cunja, Mlinar 2010, 130, kat. 217; 26. Prstan; bron; d. 2,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a2,a3,B2,B3, Modrijan 2011, sl. 2: 8. Se 34. Inv. št. 22317. 27. Prstan; bron in steklo/kamen; v. 2,8 cm. Stavba 1. Inv. št. 22452. Tabla 4 – ciglenečki 1994b, t. 1: 28; 1997a, 30. 28. okrasni kamen; steklo, kamen?; d. 1, š. 0,9 cm. Stavba 1. Fibula; srebro, železo; d. 2,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 818/B1, 1, kv. 719/c4, Se 26. Inv. št. 23125, sl. 2.3: 9. Se 05. Inv. št. 23091. 29. uhan; srebro; pr. 1,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 816/B4, Se 01. – ciglenečki 1997a, 30; Modrijan 2011, sl. 2: 10. Inv. št. 22825. 2. Fibula; srebro, železo, kamen ali steklo; pr. 1,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c2, Se 29. Inv. št. 23094. – ciglenečki 1997a, 17, 30; 1997b, 21; 1999d, 350; 2005, Tabla 5 sl. 8: 4; 2008, sl. 22: 11; Modrijan 2011, sl. 2: 11. 3. Sponka verižice; bron; d. 4,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a4. 1. obroček; bron. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba. Založen. Inv. št. 22366. – ciglenečki 1994b, t. 1: 23. 4. Jagoda, dvodelna; steklena pasta; d. 0,6 cm. Stavba 1, 2. uhan; bron; d. 2,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/B2, Se 30. Inv. kv. 666/a2, Se 56. Inv. št. 22303, sl. 2.3: 3. št. 22363. 5. Jagoda, obročasta; steklena pasta; db. 0,8 cm. Stavba 1, 3. uhan; bron; pr. 1,7cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/B2, Se 24. Inv. kv. 717/D4. Inv. št. 22310, sl. 2.3: 4. št. 22795. 6. Jagoda, obročasta; steklena pasta; db. 1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 4. uhan; bron; pr. 2,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c1, Se 28. 719/c2, Se 01. Inv. št. 22309, sl. 2.3: 2. Inv. št. 22362. 7. Jagoda, melonasta; steklena pasta; d. 1,7 cm. Stavba 1, – ciglenečki 1997b, 21; 2005, sl. 8: 10; 2008, sl. 22: 19. kv. 716/B1, Se 06. Inv. št. 22307, sl. 2.3: 5. 5. uhan; bron; d. 3 cm. Stavba 1. Inv. št. 23112. 8. Jagoda, sodasta; kalcedon; d. 3,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 818/ – ciglenečki 1994a, t. 6: 17; 1994b, t. 1: 24; 1994c, t. 1: 16; a1, Se 05. Inv. št. 22306. 2008, sl. 22: 18. 9. Jagoda, valjasta; steklena pasta; d. 1,7 cm. Stavba 1, 716/ 6. uhan; bron; pr. 3,5 cm. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba. D4, Se 23. Inv. št. 22308, sl. 2.3: 1. Inv. št. 23111. 10. Jagoda, večdelna; steklena pasta; d. 1,9 cm. Stavba 1, – ciglenečki 1994a, t. 6: 18; 1994b, t. 1: 25; 1994c, t. 1: kv. 767/a4, Se 10. Inv. št. 22304, sl. 2.3: 7. 15; 1997a, 31; 1999b, 334; 2008, sl. 22: 17; Milavec, Modrijan 2007, sl. 11: 7. 409 11_katalog.indd 409 2.3.2012 9:29:48 11. katalog / catalogue 7. Zapestnica; železo; d. 7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 816/c1, Se 11. Igla; železo; d. 7,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/D1, Se 01. 09. Inv. št. 22330. Inv. št. 22523. 8. Zapestnica; bron; pr. 4,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 816/D3, Se 12. Igla; železo; d. 5,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 816/D2, Se 09. 10. Inv. št. 22331. Inv. št. 22513. – ciglenečki 1997b, 21; 2005, sl. 8: 11; 2008, sl. 22: 22. 13. Igla; železo; d. 3,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/c1, Se 04. 9. Zapestnica; bron; d. 2,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 720/B3, Se Inv. št. 23715. 01. Inv. št. 22323. 14. Igla; železo; d. 2,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/D1, Se 23. 10. Zapestnica; železo; pr. 6,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 717/B2, Inv. št. 23262. Se 08. Inv. št. 22799. 15. Igla; železo; d. 4,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/a3, Se 01. – Modrijan 2011, sl. 4: 5. Inv. št. 22417. 11. Zapestnica; bron; d. 9,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B1, Se 06. Inv. št. 22577. 12. Zapestnica; bron; d. 6,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 667/D4. Inv. Tabla 7 št. 23392. 13. Zapestnica; bron; d. 3,2 cm. Detektorska najdba. Inv. 1. okov pasne spone; bron; d. 3,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/ št. 22775. a3, Se 53. Inv. št. 22216. 14. Zapestnica; bron; d. 1,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B1, Se – Milavec, Modrijan 2007, sl. 5: 1. 34. Inv. št. 23217. 2. obroč pasne spone; bron; d. 3,5 cm. Stavba 1. Detek- 15. Zapestnica; bron; d. 2,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/a1, Se torska najdba. Inv. št. 22494. 06. Inv. št. 22829. – ciglenečki 1994a, t. 6: 9; 1994b, t. 1: 14; 1994c, t. 1: 9; 16. kraguljček; bron in kamen; v. 3,1 cm, pr. 2 cm. Stavba 1. 1997a, 31; Milavec, Modrijan 2007, sl. 5: 3. Detektorska najdba. Inv. št. 23107. 3. obroč pasne spone; bron; d. 6,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/ – ciglenečki 1994b, t. 1: 27; 1994c, t. 1: 20. c4, Se 10. Inv. št. 22596. 17. Igla; srebro; d. 10 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/a2, Se 34. – ciglenečki 1997a, 31; 1997b, 20; 2008, sl. 18: 9. Inv. št. 23090. 4. obroč pasne spone; bron; d. 4,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/ – ciglenečki 1997a, 16; 1997b, 21; 1999d, 350; 2005, sl. 8: a2, Se 23. Inv. št. 22603. 9; 2008, sl. 22: 27; Modrijan 2011, sl. 2: 12. – ciglenečki 1994c, t. 1: 7; 1997b, 20; 2008, sl. 18: 8; ci- 18. Igla; bron; d. 10,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 768/a3, Se 01. glenečki, Milavec 2009, t. 1: 2. Inv. št. 22294. 5. obroč pasne spone; bron; d. 3,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/ 19. Igla; bron; d. 2,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 569/B4, Se 34. Inv. c1, Se 29. Inv. št. 22277. št. 23232. – Milavec, Modrijan 2007, sl. 5: 5; ciglenečki 2008, sl. 18: 10. 20. Ploščica; srebro; d. 1,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/a4, Se 6. Pasna spona; bron; d. 3,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 717/a1, Se 14. Inv. št. 22368. 24. Inv. št. 22604. – ciglenečki 1997a, 30; 1997b, 20; 2008, sl. 18: 12; cigle- nečki, Milavec 2009, t. 1: 1. Tabla 6 7. trn pasne spone; bron; d. 4,9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 56, Se 24. Inv. št. 22283. 1. Igla; bron; d. 8,9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B1, Se 34. Inv. – ciglenečki 1994c, t. 1: 13. št. 22445. 8. trn pasne spone; železo; d. 3,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/ – ciglenečki 2008, sl. 22: 25. B1, Se 24. Inv. št. 22897. 2. Igla; bron; d. 8,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c4, Se 06. Inv. 9. trn pasne spone; železo; d. 1,9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/ št. 22295. c3. Inv. št. 22947. – ciglenečki 2008, sl. 22: 28. 10. trn pasne spone; železo; d. 2,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/ 3. Igla; bron; d. 11 cm. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba. Inv. a1, Se 34. Inv. št. 22656. št. 23113. 11. Pasna spona; bron. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba. – ciglenečki 1994a, t. 6: 16; 1994b, t. 1: 22; 1994c, t. 1: 18. Založena. 4. Igla; bron; d. 11 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 816/D2, Se 09. Inv. – ciglenečki 1994b, t. 1: 20. št. 22292. 12. Pasna spona; bron. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba. – ciglenečki 2008, sl. 22: 24. Založena. 5. Igla; železo; d. 10,2cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/B2, Se 06. Inv. – ciglenečki 1994b, t. 1: 21. št. 22794. 13. obroč pasne spone; železo; v. 4,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 717/ 6. Igla; železo; d. 9,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 767/B2, Se 10. Inv. c2, Se 08. Inv. št. 22284. št. 22902. 14. Pasna spona; železo; v. 5,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/c2, 7. Igla; železo; d. 12,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B1, Se 06. Se 23. Inv. št. 23783. Inv. št. 22716. 15. obroč pasne spone; železo; v. 4,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 618/ 8. Igla; železo; d. 10,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/a4, Se 23. a2, Se 34. Inv. št. 22279. Inv. št. 22801. 16. obroč pasne spone; železo; d. 3,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 9. Igla; železo; d. 8,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/c4, Se 03. Inv. 717/c1. Inv. št. 22891. št. 23307. 17. obroč pasne spone; železo; d. 3,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/ 10. Igla; železo; d. 6,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a2, a3, B2, D4, Se 29a. Inv. št. 22276. B3, Se 34, 29. Inv. št. 22302. 18. obroč pasne spone; železo; d. 3,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/ a2, Se 24. Inv. št. 22423. 410 11_katalog.indd 410 2.3.2012 9:29:48 11. katalog / catalogue 19. obroč pasne spone; železo; d. 4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/ 13. okov; bron; d. 2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 719/D4. Inv. št. 22381. a4, Se 14. Inv. št. 22286. – ciglenečki 2008, sl. 18: 13. 20. obroč pasne spone; železo; d. 4,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 719/ 14. gumb; bron; pr. 1,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 719/a1, Se 24. c4, Se 01. Inv. št. 22273. Detektorska najdba. Inv. št. 22620. 21. Pasna spona; železo; v. 3,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/a2, – ciglenečki, Milavec 2009, t. 1: 5. Se 24. Inv. št. 23729. 15. Pasni okov; bron; d. 6,7 cm. Stavba 1. Detektorska 22. obroč pasne spone; železo; v. 2,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/ najdba. Inv. št. 23106. c3/c4, Se 24. Inv. št. 22291. – ciglenečki 1994a, t. 6: 12; 1994b, t. 1: 17; 1994c, t. 1: 23. obroč pasne spone; železo; pr. 3,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 8; 1997a, 31; 1997b, 20; 2008, sl. 18: 18; ciglenečki, Milavec 716/c1, Se 06. Inv. št. 22798. 2009, t. 1: 3. 24. Pasna spona; železo; pr. 3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/c3, Se 16. Pasni okov; bron; v. 4,3 cm. Stavba 1. Detektorska 24. Inv. št. 22281. najdba. Inv. št. 22597. 25. obroč pasne spone; železo; v. 2,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/ – ciglenečki 1994a, t. 6: 10; 1994b, t. 1: 15; 1994c, t. 1: a3, Se 56. Inv. št. 22280. 6; 1997a, 31; 1997b, 20; 2008, sl. 18: 11; ciglenečki, Milavec 26. obroč pasne spone; železo; d. 1,9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/ 2009, t. 1: 4. D1, Se 14. Inv. št. 22285. 17. Jermenski zaključek, dve zakovici; bron; v. 4,8 cm. 27. obroč pasne spone; železo; d. 2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/ Stavba 1, kv. 818/B1, Se 03. Inv. št. 22605. a2, a3, B2, B3, Se 34. Inv. št. 23189. – ciglenečki 1997a, 9; 1997b, 20; 1999d, 352; 2008, sl. 18: 15; ciglenečki, Milavec 2009, t. 1: 6. 18. okov; bron; d. 2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/c2, Se 23. Inv. Tabla 8 št. 22215. – Milavec, Modrijan 2007, sl. 11: 1. 1. okov pasne spone; bron; d. 2, š. 2,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 19. okov; bron; d. 4,7, š. 1,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/D2. 769/c1, Se 05. Inv. št. 23382. Inv. št. 22217. – ciglenečki 1997a, 31; 1997b, 21; 2005, sl. 8: 8; 2008, sl. 20. Jermenski zaključek; srebro; d. 1,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 22: 12. 766/B3, Se 24. Inv. št. 22274. 2. obroč pasne spone; bron; d. 1,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/ 21. okov zorbice; železo; d. 9,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 719/c1, D3, Se 26. Inv. št. 22278. Se 01. Inv. št. 22225. – ciglenečki 2008, sl. 22: 14. 22. Pasni jeziček; bron, železo, pozlata; d. 2,5 cm. Stavba 3. Pasna spona; bron; pribl. 1,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669, Se 1, kv. 875. Inv. št. 22492. 06. Inv. št. 22453. – ciglenečki 1994a, t. 6: 15; 1994b, t. 1: 26; 1994c, t. 1: – ciglenečki 1997a, 31; 1997b, 21; 2005, sl. 8: 7; Milavec, 14; 1997a, 26, 30; 1997b, 21; 2005, sl. 10: 2; knific 2007, sl. 2: Modrijan 2007, sl. 11: 2. 16; Milavec, Modrijan 2007, sl. 11: 6; Modrijan 2011, sl. 4: 4. 4. Pasna spona; bron. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba. 23. okov; bron; d. 2,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 715/a1, Se 11. Založena. Inv. št. 23097. – ciglenečki 1997b, 21; 2005, sl. 8: 7; 2008, sl. 22: 13. – ciglenečki 1997a, 25, 30; 1997b, 21; 2005, sl. 10: 1. 5. obroč pasne spone; bron; d. 1,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/ c4, Se 24. Inv. št. 23095. – ciglenečki 1994c, t. 1: 12. Tabla 9 6. trn pasne spone; bron; d. 2,6 cm. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba. Inv. št. 22493. 1. Člen oklepa; bron, železo; pr. 0,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/ – ciglenečki 1994a, t. 6: 14; 1994b, t. 1: 19; 1994c, t. 1: 11; a2, Se 26. Inv. št. 23129. 2008, sl. 22: 16. 2. okov; bron; pr. 1,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 717/B2, Se 01. 7. obroč pasne spone; bron; d. 3,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 719/ Inv. št. 23395. D1, Se 01. Inv. št. 22275. 3. ostroga; železo; d. 5,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 918/c2, Se 34. – ciglenečki 1997a, 30. Inv. št. 22977. 8. Pasna spona; srebro; d. 3,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 670. Inv. 4. Del plumbate; svinec; d. 2,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/c2, št. 23092. Se 01. Inv. št. 22845. – ciglenečki 1994a, t. 6: 13; 1994b, t. 1: 18; 1994c, t. 1: 10; 5. ost kopja; železo; d. 10 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 864, Se 34. 1997b, 21; 2005, sl. 8: 6; 2008, sl. 22: 15. Inv. št. 23146. 9. Pasni okov; bron; v. 4,6 cm. Stavba 1. Detektorska 6. Puščična ost; železo; d. 1,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 770/B1, Se najdba. Inv. št. 22598. 34. Inv. št. 23231. – ciglenečki 1994a, t. 6: 11; 1994b, t. 1: 16; 1997a, 31; 7. Puščična ost; železo; d. 6,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/a3, Se 1997b, 20; 2008, sl. 18: 17. 01. Inv. št. 22227. 10. Pasni okov; bron; v. 4,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 717/D4, Se 8. Puščična ost; železo; d. 5,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a4/B4, 21. Inv. št. 22599. Se 06. Inv. št. 22229. – ciglenečki 1997a, 31; 1997b, 20; 2008, sl. 18: 16. 9. Puščična ost; železo; d. 6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c2, Se 11. okov; bron; pr. 1,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 719/D4. Inv. št. 50. Inv. št. 22232. 22220. – ciglenečki 2005, sl. 9: 3; 2008, sl. 23: 3. – ciglenečki 1997b, 20; 2008, sl. 18: 14. 10. Puščična ost; železo; d. 5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 968/D1, Se 12. okov; bron; d. 1,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/D3, Se 03. 34. Inv. št. 22235. Inv. št. 22372. – ciglenečki 2005, sl. 9: 5; 2008, sl. 23: 5. 411 11_katalog.indd 411 2.3.2012 9:29:48 11. katalog / catalogue 11. Puščična ost; železo; d. 6,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a2, 11. Puščična ost; železo; d. 7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c4, Se a3, B2, B3, Se 34, 29. Inv. št. 22234. 52. Inv. št. 23164. – ciglenečki 2005, sl. 9: 2; 2008, sl. 23: 2. 12. Puščična ost; železo; d. 5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/D4, Se 12. Puščična ost; železo. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba. 34. Inv. št. 22615. Založena. – ciglenečki 2005, sl. 9: 12; 2008, sl. 23: 12. – ciglenečki 1994c, t. 1: 21; 1997b, 21; 2005, sl. 9: 4; 2008, 13. Puščična ost; železo; d. 6,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 717/c3, sl. 23: 4. Se 10. Inv. št. 22238. 13. Puščična ost; železo; d. 5,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 667/c4, – Milavec, Modrijan 2007, sl. 11: 4. Se 24. Inv. št. 22228. 14. Puščična ost; železo; d. 10,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817, Se 14. Puščična ost; železo; v. 5,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 667/a1, 05. Inv. št. 22237. Se 06. Inv. št. 22610. 15. Puščična ost; železo; d. 9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 912/B3, Se – ciglenečki 2005, sl. 9: 6; 2008, sl. 23: 6. 34. Inv. št. 22239. 15. Puščična ost; železo; d. 5,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 769/D1, 16. Puščična ost; železo; d. 5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 717/c3, Se Se 03. Inv. št. 22233. 23. Inv. št. 22612. 16. Puščična ost; železo; d. 6,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/c4, – ciglenečki 1997b, 21; 2005, sl. 9: 9; 2008, sl. 23: 9. Se 34. Inv. št. 22609. 17. Puščična ost; železo; d. 9,2 cm, š. 1,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. – ciglenečki 2005, sl. 9: 7; 2008, sl. 23: 7. 847, Se 06. Inv. št. 22893. 17. Puščična ost; železo; d. 6,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 968/B2, Se 34. Inv. št. 22611. – ciglenečki 2005, sl. 9: 8; 2008, sl. 23: 8. Tabla 11 18. Puščična ost; železo; d. 4,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/a3, Se 24. Inv. št. 23737. 1. Puščična ost; železo; d. 7,9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c2, Se 19. Puščična ost; železo; d. 6,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/B3, 34. Inv. št. 22613. Se 34. Inv. št. 22236. – ciglenečki 1997b, 21. – ciglenečki 2005, sl. 9: 1; 2008, sl. 23: 1. 2. Puščična ost; železo; d. 6,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 718/a2, Se 20. Puščična ost; železo; d. 4,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/B3, 10. Inv. št. 22240. Se 06. Inv. št. 22231. – Milavec, Modrijan 2007, sl. 11: 5. 21. Puščična ost; železo; d. 6,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 719/c3, 3. lamela oklepa; železo; d. 3,7 cm. Stavba 1, sečišče kv. Se 05. Inv. št. 22230. 468, 469, 509, 510, Se 34. Inv. št. 22878. – ciglenečki 2005, sl. 9: 10; 2008, sl. 23: 10. 4. lamela oklepa; železo; d. 3,3 cm, š. 1,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 22. Puščična ost; železo; d. 3,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/D1, 719/a1/a2, Se 06. Inv. št. 22529. Se 05. Inv. št. 22887. 5. lamela oklepa; železo; d. 3,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 719/a2, 23. Puščična ost; železo; d. 4,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B1, Se 07. Inv. št. 23300. Se 06. Inv. št. 22614. 6. lamela oklepa; železo; d. 4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B1, Se – ciglenečki 1997b, 21; 2005, sl. 9: 11; 2008, sl. 23: 11. 34. Inv. št. 23216. 24. tul puščične osti; železo; d. 3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 720/ 7. katapultni izstrelek; železo; d. 15 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 870/ a4, Se 07. Inv. št. 22454. c1, Se 34, 69. Inv. št. 23173. 8. okov; bron; d. 5,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 717/D3. Inv. št. 23393. Tabla 10 9. Ščitnik ročaja meča; bron; d. 7,1 cm. Stavba 1. Detek- torska najdba. Inv. št. 22822. 1. Puščična ost; železo; d. 8,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B1, Se – ciglenečki 1994a, t. 6: 22; 1994b, t. 2: 11. 29. Inv. št. 22342. 10. Dvorezen meč; železo; d. 60 cm. Širše območje stavbe 1. 2. Puščična ost; železo; d. 6,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/B3, Se Detektorska najdba. Inv. št. 22606. 64. Inv. št. 22616. – ciglenečki 1994a, t. 6: 23; 1994b, t. 4: 9; 1994c, t. 1: 22; 3. Puščična ost; železo; d. 6,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/B1, Se 2005, sl. 9: 16; 2008, sl. 23: 17. 24. Inv. št. 22886. 4. Puščična ost; železo; d. 6,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/a2. Inv. št. 22797. Tabla 12 5. Puščična ost; železo; d. 6,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 618/D1, D2, Se 34. Inv. št. 23327. 1. Ščitnik ročaja noža; bron; d. 4,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 618/ 6. Puščična ost; železo; d. 8,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c3, Se D2, Se 34. Inv. št. 22371. 23. Inv. št. 23803. – ciglenečki 1997a, 31. 7. Puščična ost; železo; d. 8,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 816/D1, 2. kosa; železo; d. 10,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/D1, Se 06. Se 68. Inv. št. 23809. Inv. št. 22346. 8. Puščična ost; železo; d. 7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/D3, Se 3. kosa; železo; d. 5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 667/a4, Se 06. 06. Inv. št. 22241. Inv. št. 22354. 9. Puščična ost; železo. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba. 4. kosir; železo; d. 7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a2, Se 29. Založena. Inv. št. 23221. – ciglenečki 1997b, 21. 5. kosir; železo; pr. 4,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 667/c 3, Se 01. 10. Puščična ost; železo; d. 4,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/D2, Inv. št. 22563. Se 34. Inv. št. 23303. 412 11_katalog.indd 412 2.3.2012 9:29:48 11. katalog / catalogue 6. kosir; železo; pr. 4,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 717/D4, Se 21. Tabla 15 Inv. št. 22526. 7. kosir; železo; pr. 3,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/a2, Se 68. 1. Sveder; železo; d. 5,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 968/c1, Se 34. Inv. št. 23779. Inv. št. 23348. 8. kosir; železo; pr. 2,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 618/D1, D2, Se 2. Sveder; železo; d. 10 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/a3, Se 67. 34. Inv. št. 23328. Inv. št. 22735. 9. kosir; železo; pr. 3,6cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/B/B3, Se 01. 3. Sveder; železo. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba.Založen. Inv. št. 22687. – ciglenečki 1994b, t. 2: 24. 10. kosir; železo; pr. 3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 867, Se 05. Inv. 4. Sveder; železo; d. 9,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 767/B2, Se 10. št. 22444. Inv. št. 23314. 11. kosir; železo. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba.Založen. 5. Sveder; železo; d. 22 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/a ali B3. – ciglenečki 1994b, t. 3: 2. Inv. št. 23183. 12. okov; železo; d. 8,3 cm, š. 4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/a1, 6. Sveder; železo; d. 20,8 cm. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba. Se 07. Inv. št. 22530. Inv. št. 23117. 13. okov; železo; d. 8,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/c3, Se 03. – ciglenečki 1994b, t. 4: 7. Inv. št. 22572. 7. Sveder; železo; d. 4,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/B1, Se 26. Inv. št. 23811. 8. Sveder; železo; d. 4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 569/c2, Se 34. Tabla 13 Inv. št. 23196. 9. 9 zob železnega glavnika; železo; d. 7,1 do 8,2 cm. Stav- 1. okov; železo; d. 11,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/c3. Inv. št. ba 1, kv. 767/B2, Se 10. Inv. št. 22884. 22571. 2. okov; železo; d. 9,5 cm. Stavba 1. Inv. št. 23108. – ciglenečki 1994b, t. 4: 8. Tabla 16 3. okov; železo; d. 9,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 816/D1, Se 24. Inv. št. 23808. 1. trnek; železo; v. 2,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/B2,B3, Se 13. 4. okov; železo; d. 8,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 719/c4, Se 06. Inv. št. 22339. Inv. št. 22505. 2. trnek; železo; v. 3,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c1, Se 34. 5. Rezilo; železo; v. 8,5 cm. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba. Inv. št. 22345. Inv. št. 22584. 3. trnek; železo; v. 2,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 718/B1, Se 08. – ciglenečki 1994b, t. 2: 18. Inv. št. 23714. 6. Rezilo; železo; v. 9,4 cm. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba. 4. trnek; železo; v. 2,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/B3, Se 24. Inv. št. 22583. Inv. št. 23690. – ciglenečki 1994b, t. 2: 19. 5. trnek; železo; v. 3,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 718/c1, Se 10. 7. Srp; železo; d. 20 cm. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba. Inv. št. 22674. Inv. št. 23105. 6. trnek; železo; v. 3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/B3, Se 29a. – ciglenečki 1994b, t. 3: 1. Inv. št. 22344. 7. trnek; železo; v. 3,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/a2. Inv. št. 22364. 8. trnek; železo; v. 3,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/D2, Se 34. Tabla 14 Inv. št. 23361. 9. Vretence; svinec; pr. 2,9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 667/a4. Inv. 1. lemež rala; železo; d. 28,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/c2, Se št. 22420. 08. Inv. št. 23891. 10. Vretence; svinec; pr. 2,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/a2, Se 2. Črtalo rala; železo; d. 59 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/c2, Se 08. Inv. št. 22373. 08. Inv. št. 23892. 11. Vretence; svinec. Detektorska najdba.Založeno. 3. Veriga iz treh členov; železo; d. člena do 8,9 cm. Stavba 1, 12. Vretence; svinec; pr. 2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 667/D1. Inv. kv. 668/c2, Se 26. Inv. št. 22496. št. 22422. 4. Čelo sekire; železo; d. 9,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 667/c3, Se 13. Vretence; kost; pr. 1,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 717/c2, Se 10. 01. Inv. št. 22564. Inv. št. 23374. 5. Čelo sekire; železo; d. 9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 870/B1, Se 14. Vretence; svinec. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba.Za- 34. Inv. št. 22769. loženo. 6. Rezilo sekire; železo; d. 5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/D4, Se – ciglenečki 1994b, t. 2: 13. 23. Inv. št. 23769. 15. Vretence; svinec; pr. 1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/B2, Se 7. Rezilo sekire; železo; d. 5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/c2, Se 07. Inv. št. 22831. 23. Inv. št. 23748. 16. obroček; bron. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba.Založen. 8. Rezilo sekire; železo; d. 5,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 769/a1, – ciglenečki 1994b, t. 2: 8; 1994c, t. 1: 17. Se 01. Inv. št. 22536. 17. glavnik; železo; d. 8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c2, Se 30. Inv. št. 23807. 18. Vretence; keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: oranžna; dodatki: zdrobljena keramika; površina: mehka. Stavba 1, kv. 719/c2, Se 26. Inv. št. 20601. 413 11_katalog.indd 413 2.3.2012 9:29:48 11. katalog / catalogue 19. Vretence; keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 17. Šivanka; železo; d. 4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c2, Se 56. rjava; dodatki: apnenec; površina: mehka. Stavba 1, kv. 718/ Inv. št. 22300. B4, Se 36. Inv. št. 20485. 18. Šivanka; železo; d. 3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/D1, Se 03. 20. Vretence; keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: Inv. št. 22299. oranžna; dodatki: apnenec; površina: mehka. Stavba 1, kv.666/ 19. Šivanka; železo; d. 4,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/a1, Se B1, Se 34. Inv. št. 22198. 34. Inv. št. 22652. 21. Vretence; keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 20. Šivanka; železo; d. 3,9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B2, Se 06. oranžna; brez vidnih primesi; površina: mehka. Stavba 1, kv. Inv. št. 22779. 717/D1, Se 04. Inv. št. 20574. 21. Šivanka; železo; d. 3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c1, Se 07. 22. Vretence; keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: Inv. št. 22433. oranžna; brez vidnih primesi; površina: mehka. Stavba 1, kv. 22. Šivanka; železo; d. 5,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/a1, Se 619/a2, Se 34, Inv. št. 20586. 01. Inv. št. 22461. 23. Vretence; keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 23. Šivanka; železo; d. 8,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B 2, Se oranžna; brez vidnih primesi; površina: mehka. Stavba 1, kv. 06. Inv. št. 22521. 768/c3, Se 01. Inv. št. 21861. 24. Šivanka; železo; d. 5,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c4, Se 24. Vretence; keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 06. Inv. št. 22741. oranžna; brez vidnih primesi; površina: mehka. Stavba 1, kv. 25. Šivanka; železo; d. 5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 667/D2, Se 24. 716/c3, Se 23. Inv. št. 22061. Inv. št. 23316. 25. Vretence; keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 26. Šivanka; železo; d. 6,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/ oranžna; brez vidnih primesi; površina: mehka. Stavba 1, kv. a3,a4,B3,B4, Se 29a. Inv. št. 22970. 817/D1, Inv. št. 20147. 27. Šivanka; železo; d. 7,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/D3, Se 23. Inv. št. 23133. 28. Šivanka; železo; d. 6,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/B3, Se 29. Tabla 17 Inv. št. 23317. 29. Šivanka; železo; d. 5,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/a1, Se 1. Vretence; keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 23. Inv. št. 23318. temno siva; brez vidnih primesi; površina: trda. Stavba 1, kv. 30. Šivanka; železo; d. 7,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a2, Se 717/B3, Se 77. Inv. št. 20892. 56. Inv. št. 23206. 2. Vretence; keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 31. Šivanka; železo; d. 4,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/a2, Se oranžna; brez vidnih primesi; površina: mehka. Stavba 1, kv. 23. Inv. št. 23767. 669/a1, Se 34. Inv. št. 24001. 32. Šivanka; železo; d. 7,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/D3, Se 3. Vretence; keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 29. Inv. št. 23761. temno siva; brez vidnih primesi; površina: trda. Naključna najdba izven izkopnega polja. Inv. št. 24012. 4. Vretence; keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: Tabla 18 temno siva; brez vidnih primesi; površina: trda. Naključna najdba izven izkopnega polja. Inv. št. 24052. 1. trakasti obroč; železo; pr. 18 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/c3, 5. Vretence; keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: Se 25. Inv. št. 23380. oranžna; dodatki: apnenec, zdrobljena keramika; površina: 2. trakasti obroč; železo; pr. 17 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/c3, trda. Naključna najdba izven izkopnega polja. Inv. št. 24069. Se 25. Inv. št. 23381. 6. Svitek; svinec. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba.Založen. 3. Pestni obroč; železo; pr. 11,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/c3, – ciglenečki 1994b, t. 2: 12. Se 25. Inv. št. 23378. 7. Svitek; svinec; d. 1,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 667/a4, Se 06. 4. Pestni obroč; železo; pr. 12,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/c3, Inv. št. 22421. Se 25. Inv. št. 23379. 8. Svitek; svinec; d. 3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B4, Se 23. Inv. 5. Stilus; železo; d. 11,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B1, Se 06. št. 22466. Inv. št. 22337. 9. Svitek; svinec; pr. 1,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/B3, Se 24. 6. Stilus; železo; d. 16 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c3, Se 06. Inv. št. 23741. Inv. št. 22293. 10. Svitek; svinec; d. 3,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 717/a4, Se 36. – ciglenečki 2008, sl. 22: 26. Inv. št. 23751. 7. Stilus; železo; d. 15,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 719/c2, Se 01. 11. Svinčen predmet; svinec; d. 2,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/ Inv. št. 22297. B1, Se 26. Inv. št. 23810. – ciglenečki 2008, sl. 22: 30. 12. Svinčen predmet; svinec; pr. 2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 718/ 8. Stilus; železo; d. 14,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B1, Se 06. c1. Inv. št. 22833. Inv. št. 22717. 13. Šivanka; železo; d. 5,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 769/c3, Se 9. Stilus; železo; d. 9,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 719/B4, Se 05. 34. Inv. št. 22347. Inv. št. 22792. 14. Šivanka; železo; d. 4,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a3, Se 10. Stilus; železo; d. 15 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/B3, Se 67. 45. Inv. št. 22258. Inv. št. 22601. 15. Šivanka; železo; d. 7,9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/a4, Se 23. Inv. št. 22298. 16. Šivanka; železo; d. 5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 618/D2, Se 34. Inv. št. 22301. 414 11_katalog.indd 414 2.3.2012 9:29:49 11. katalog / catalogue Tabla 19 Tabla 21 1. Šilo; železo; d. 22 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 720/B2, Se 07. Inv. 1. ataša; železo; d. 7,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/a1, Se 01. št. 22375. Inv. št. 23293. 2. Šilo; železo; d. 22,1 cm. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba. 2. ataša; železo; d. 7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 816/c4, Se 10. Inv. Inv. št. 23116. št. 22527. – ciglenečki 1994b, t. 2: 25. 3. ataša; železo; d. 5,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c3, Se 10. 3. lopatka za vosek; železo; d. 11,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/ Inv. št. 23299. D1, Se 23. Inv. št. 22885. 4. ataša; železo; d. 3,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 720/B2, Se 01. 4. kladivce; železo; d. 3,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 867/a4, B3, B4, Inv. št. 23296. c2-c4, D1-D4, Se 34. Inv. št. 22388. 5. kavelj; železo; d. 10,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c4, Se 01. 5. lopatka; železo; v. 4,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 815/c2, Se 06. Inv. št. 22911. Inv. št. 22424. 6. ataša; železo; d. 10 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c4, Se 30. 6. lopatka; železo; d. 4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c1, Se 07. Inv. št. 23122. Inv. št. 22432. 7. trak; železo; d. 5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/a3, Se 01. Inv. 7. Škarje; železo; d. 8,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 717/B3, Se 36. št. 22214. Inv. št. 22267. 8. trak; železo; d. 5,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c4, Se 24. 8. Škarje; železo; d. 19,5 cm, š. 2,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/ Inv. št. 22786. c3, Se 23. Inv. št. 22498. 9. trak; železo; d. 12,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 667/c4, Se 24. 9. Šilo; železo; d. 14,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 767/a4, Se 08. Inv. št. 22566. Inv. št. 22506. 10. trak; železo; d. 2,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c3, Se 06. 10. Šilo; železo; d. 13,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c1, Se 29. Inv. št. 23313. Inv. št. 22338. 11. trak; železo; d. 2,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c4, Se 01. – ciglenečki 2008, sl. 22: 29. Inv. št. 22541. 11. Šilo; železo; d. 6,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 870/c3, Se 34. 12. trak; železo; d. 6,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/c4, Se 23. Inv. št. 22414. Inv. št. 23771. 12. Šilo; železo; d. 7,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B1, Se 06. 13. trak; železo; d. 6,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/c4, Se 23. Inv. št. 23259. Inv. št. 23771. 13. Šilo; železo; d. 8,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/c 1, Se 06. 14. trak; železo; d. 2,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 718/a2, Se 11. Inv. št. 22520. Inv. št. 22226. 14. Železen predmet; železo; d. 8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 816/B1, 15. orodje; železo; d. 7,6 cm. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba. Se 09. Inv. št. 22688. Inv. št. 23780. 15. orodje; železo; d. 7,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 618/B3, Se 34. Inv. št. 23357. 16. orodje; železo; d. 7,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a1, Se 34. Tabla 22 Inv. št. 22336. 1. kavelj; železo; d. 9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 870/c1, Se 34, 69. Inv. št. 23179. Tabla 20 2. Novčna utež; bron; d. in š. 1,5 cm, m. 3,93 g. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba. Inv. št. 22837. 1. Ročaj; železo; d. 12 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/B1, Se 32. 3. Pečat; svinec; pr. 1,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 719/B1, Se 32. Inv. št. 23132. Inv. št. 24138. 2. Ročaj; železo; d. 17 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B1, Se 29. 4. Del tehtnice; železo; d. 23 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 718/a 4, Se Inv. št. 23184. 21. Inv. št. 22511. 3. ataša; železo; d. 5,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a2, Se 34. 5. kavelj; železo; d. 7,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B3, Se 24. Inv. št. 22223. Inv. št. 23727. 4. ataša; železo; d. 2,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B4, Se 23. 6. kavelj; železo; d. 10 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c1, Se 06. Inv. št. 22750. Inv. št. 22434. 5. ataša; železo; d. 4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/a3,a4,B3,B4, 7. kavelj; železo; d. 7,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 719/B4, Se 06. Se 23. Inv. št. 22965. Inv. št. 22802. 6. ataša; železo; d. 13 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 958/957, Se 06. 8. kavelj; železo; d. 10 cm. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba. Inv. št. 23182. Inv. št. 22582. 7. ataša; železo; v. 3,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 719/a1. Inv. št. 23712. – ciglenečki 1994b, t. 2: 20. 8. ataša; železo; š. 5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a2, Se 56. 9. kavelj; železo; d. 4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 717/B2, Se 01. Inv. Inv. št. 22443. št. 23305. 9. ataša; železo; d. 4,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 717/a1, Se 23. 10. Zanka; železo; d. 4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 718/a4, Se 21. Inv. št. 23281. Inv. št. 22503. 10. ataša; železo; d. 3,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/D3, Se 07. 11. Železen predmet; železo; d. 4,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/ Inv. št. 22556. B1, Se 24. Inv. št. 23758. 12. Zanka; železo; d. 6,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/a3, Se 30. Inv. št. 23708. 415 11_katalog.indd 415 2.3.2012 9:29:49 11. katalog / catalogue 13. utež; svinec in železo; d. 4,1 cm, m. 78,50 g. Stavba 1, – ciglenečki 2008, sl. 23: 13. kv. 716/D1, Se 21. Inv. št. 22450. 10. Nož; železo; d. 4 in 5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/c4, Se 03. Inv. št. 23306. 11. Nož; železo; d. 6,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a1, Se 29. Tabla 23 Inv. št. 23224. 12. Nož; železo; d. 5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 719/D1, Se 01. Inv. 1. Dleto; železo; d. 5,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 769/D1, Se 03. št. 23310. Inv. št. 23226. 13. Nož; železo; d. 7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 769/c1, Se 05. Inv. 2. Dleto; železo; d. 5,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c2, Se 34. št. 23309. Inv. št. 22341. 14. Nož; železo; d. 14 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/B2, Se 24. 3. Dleto; železo; d. 11,5 cm. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba. Inv. št. 23334. Inv. št. 23335. 15. Nož; železo; d. 13 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/c1, Se 23. 4. Dleto; železo; d. 12 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/c1, Se 06. Inv. št. 23134. Inv. št. 22546. 16. Nož; železo; d. 8,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 870/c4, Se 34. 5. Dleto; železo; 7,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/B3, Se 07. Inv. Inv. št. 23342. št. 22524. 6. Nož; železo; d. 11 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/D2. Inv. št. 22888. 7. Nož; železo; d. 12,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 870/B2, Se 01. Tabla 25 Inv. št. 22867. 8. Nož; železo; d. 12,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 717/B2, Se 01. 1. Nož; železo; d. 5,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/a2, Se 01. Inv. Inv. št. 22690. št. 22271. 9. Nož; železo; d. 11,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 719/B1, Se 24. 2. Nož; železo; d. 7,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B3, Se 29. Inv. Inv. št. 22589. št. 22266. 10. Nož; železo; d. 10,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 718/a1, Se 11. 3. Nož; železo; d. 6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 719/D1, Se 01. Inv. Inv. št. 22561. št. 23312. 11. Nož; železo; d. 14,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a4, Se 06. 4. Nož; železo; d. 8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B3, Se 24. Inv. Inv. št. 22537. št. 22442. 12. Nož; železo; d. 10,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 667/a2, Se 34. 5. Nož; železo; d. 10 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 870/c2, Se 69. Inv. Inv. št. 22451. št. 23162. 13. Nož; železo; d. 5,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B2, Se 29. 6. Nož; železo; d. 10,7 cm. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba. Inv. št. 22889. Inv. št. 22592. 14. Nož; železo; d. 5,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a2,a3,B2,B3, – ciglenečki 1994b, t. 4: 2. Se 29. Inv. št. 22855. 7. Nož; železo; d. 12,3 cm. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba. 15. Nož; železo; d. 5,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 920, Se 34. Inv. Inv. št. 22593. št. 22646. – ciglenečki 1994b, t. 4: 3, 2005, sl. 9: 14; 2008, sl. 23: 15. 16. Nož; železo; d. 5,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/c4, Se 24. 8. Nož; bron; d. 17 cm. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba. Inv. Inv. št. 23749. št. 22595. 17. Nož; železo; d. 4,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/D2, Se 03. – ciglenečki 1994b, t. 4: 5. Inv. št. 23302. 9. Nož?; železo; d. 7,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 917/B4, Se 34. Inv. št. 22269. 10. Nož; železo; d. 7,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B4, Se 50. Tabla 24 Inv. št. 22268. 11. Nož; železo; d. 7,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/a1, Se 29. 1. Nož; železo; d. 11,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/D3, Se 01. Inv. št. 23695. Inv. št. 22446. 12. Nož; železo; d. 6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/B1, Se 64. Inv. – ciglenečki 2005, sl. 8: 13; 2008, sl. 23: 14. št. 22590. 2. Nož; železo; d. 12,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666, Se 29. Inv. 13. Nož; železo; d. 7,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/a2, Se 34. št. 22270. Inv. št. 23343. 3. Nož; železo; d. 10 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 667/a3, Se 06. Inv. 14. Nož; železo; d. 8,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 663/c3. Inv. št. št. 22418. 22788. 4. Nož; železo; d. 7,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B3, Se 06. Inv. št. 22272. 5. Nož; železo; d. 8,7 cm, š. 1,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 718/a4, Tabla 26 Se 21. Inv. št. 22502. 6. Nož; železo; d. 7,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/c2, Se 34. Inv. 1. Nož; železo; d. 18 cm. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba. št. 22892. Inv. št. 22594. 7. Nož; železo; d. 9,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 816/a2, Se 01. Inv. – ciglenečki 1994b, t. 4: 4, 2005, sl. 9: 15; 2008, sl. 23: 16; št. 22714. Modrijan 2011, sl. 4: 6. 8. Nož; železo; d. 9,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B3, Se 24. Inv. 2. Nož; železo; d. 7,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 767/D3, Se 10. Inv. št. 23750. št. 22499. 9. Nož; železo; d. 10,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669, Se 06. Inv. 3. Nož; železo; d. 3,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 717/D4, Se 10. Inv. št. 22474. št. 23320. 416 11_katalog.indd 416 2.3.2012 9:29:49 11. katalog / catalogue 4. Nož; železo; d. 6,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 816/D2, Se 09. Inv. Tabla 29 št. 22515. 5. Nož; železo; d. 11,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 816/c1, Se 09. 1. kladivo; železo; d. 16,3 cm. Stavba 1. Detektorska Inv. št. 22500. najdba. Inv. št. 23118. 6. okov nožnice; železo; d. 7,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 718/a2, – ciglenečki 1994b, t. 3: 3. Se 10. Inv. št. 22650. 2. kladivo; železo; d. 14 cm. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba. – Modrijan 2011, sl. 4: 3. Inv. št. 22579. 7. Del nožnice; železo; d. 3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/aBcD 4, – ciglenečki 1994b, t. 4: 1. Bc 3, Se 10. Inv. št. 23256. 3. kopača; železo; d. 15,2 cm. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba. – Modrijan 2011, sl. 4: 1. Inv. št. 22581. 8. Del nožnice; železo; d. 2,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/aBcD – ciglenečki 1994b, t. 3: 4. 4, Bc 3, Se 10. Inv. št. 23257. 4. Naprstnik; bron. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba.Založen. – Modrijan 2011, sl. 4: 2. – ciglenečki 1994b, t. 2: 10. 9. orodje; železo; d. 7,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c3, Se 30. 5. gumb; bron. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba.Založen. Inv. št. 23784. – ciglenečki 1994b, t. 2: 9. 10. orodje; železo; d. 17 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 816/D3, Se 10. Inv. št. 22774. Tabla 30 Tabla 27 1. Zapah; železo; d. 6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/a3, Se 64. Inv. št. 22924. 1. Nož; železo. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba.Založen. 2. Zapah; železo; d. 6,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 870/B1, Se 34. – ciglenečki 1994b, t. 3. Inv. št. 22770. 2. Nož; železo. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba.Založen. 3. Zapah; železo; d. 4,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 618/a3, Se 34. – ciglenečki 1994b, t. 4: 6. Inv. št. 22623. 4. Zapah; železo; d. 5,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 870/c1, Se 34, 69. Inv. št. 23177. Tabla 28 5. Zapah; železo; d. 8,6 cm. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba. Inv. št. 23283. 1. obroč; železo; pr. 6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a2,a3,B2,B3, 6. Zapah; železo; d. 3,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/c1, Se 06. Se 34, 29. Inv. št. 22854. Inv. št. 22533. 2. obroček; železo; pr. 5,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 717/D4, Se 7. Zapah; železo; d. 6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a2,a3,B2,B3, 21. Inv. št. 22568. Se 34, 29. Inv. št. 22857. 3. obroček; železo; pr. 3,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 870/B2. Inv. 8. Zapah; železo; d. 6,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/a1, Se 23. št. 22865. Inv. št. 23722. 4. obroček; železo; pr. 3,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 718/c3, Se 9. Zapah; železo; d. 4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/a3, Se 24. 10. Inv. št. 22326. Inv. št. 23736. 5. obroček; železo; pr. 2,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 719/c1, Se 10. Zapah; železo; d. 6,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 569/D4, Se 34. 01. Inv. št. 22551. Inv. št. 23214. 6. okov nožnice; železo; d. 8,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c1, 11. Zapah; bron, železo. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba. Se 06. Inv. št. 22815. Založen. 7. Železen predmet; železo; pr. 4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c2, – ciglenečki 1994b, t. 2: 3. Se 34. Inv. št. 22486. 12. ključ; železo; d. 6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/B2,B3, Se 13. 8. Železen predmet; železo; d. pribl. 17,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. Inv. št. 22834. 619/B1, Se 34. Inv. št. 22491. 13. ključ; železo; š. 2,9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 618/D2, Se 34. 9. Ploščica; svinec; pr. 1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/D1. Inv. Inv. št. 22357. št. 22449. 14. Zapah; železo; d. 4,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B1, Se 24. 10. Ploščica; svinec; pr. 1,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 720/a3, Se Inv. št. 23815. 06. Inv. št. 22830. 15. Zapah; železo; d. 7,4 cm. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba. 11. utež; svinec; d. 0,7, š. 0,5 cm, m. 1,25 g. Stavba 1, kv. Inv. št. 23781. 666/B1, Se 34. Inv. št. 22430. 16. ključ; železo; d. 13,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B4, Se 01. 12. Železen predmet; železo; d. 7,7cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/ Inv. št. 22808. c3, Se 06. Inv. št. 22470. 17. ključ v obliki prstana; železo; pr. 2,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 13. kresilo; železo; d. 3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 718/c4/B4, Se 669/c4, Se 26. Inv. št. 22320. 11. Inv. št. 22355. 18. ključ v obliki prstana; železo; pr. 2,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 14. orodje; železo; d. 12,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 870/B2. De- 720, Se 07. Inv. št. 22327. tektorska najdba. Inv. št. 22866. 19. ključ; železo; d. 11,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/c1, Se 01. Inv. št. 22360. 20. ključ; železo; d. 8,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 667/D3, Se 24. Inv. št. 22359. 21. ključ; železo; d. 7,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 717/B4, Se 21. Inv. št. 22540. 417 11_katalog.indd 417 2.3.2012 9:29:49 11. katalog / catalogue Tabla 31 16. tečaj; železo; d. 4,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/B1, Se 26. Inv. št. 22917. 1. ključ; železo; d. 7,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 667/a2, Se 01. 17. tečaj; železo; d. 2,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 719/D3, Se 04. Inv. št. 22361. Inv. št. 23742. 2. ključ; železo; d. 16 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/c4. Inv. št. 18. tečaj; železo; d. 7,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/B1, Se 26. 22358. Inv. št. 22917. 3. ključ; bron; d. 7,9 cm. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba. 19. tečaj; železo; d. 3,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 618/c3, Se 34. Inv. št. 23109. Inv. št. 22990. – ciglenečki 1994a, t. 6: 19; 1994b, t. 2: 1; 1994c, t. 1: 19. 20. tečaj; železo; d. 3,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/D4, Se 23. 4. ključ; železo; d. 8,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 719/D3, Se 26. Inv. št. 23770. Inv. št. 23782. 21. tečaj; železo; d. 6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 719/D4. Inv. št. 5. ključ; bron; d. 8,4 cm. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba. 23734. Inv. št. 23110. 22. tečaj; železo; d. 3,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 618/B4, Se 06. – ciglenečki 1994b, t. 2: 2. Inv. št. 23130. 6. ključ; bron; d. 4,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/B2. Inv. št. 23139. 7. ključ; bron; v. 3,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/a1, Se 24. Inv. št. 22800. Tabla 33 8. ključ; železo; d. 19 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 769. Inv. št. 22547. 9. ključ; železo; d. 5,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 870/c1, Se 56. 1. tečaj; železo; d. enega dela 7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 717/D4, Inv. št. 23172. Se 21. Inv. št. 22525. 10. ključ; železo; d. 4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a2,a3,B2,B3, 2. ataša; železo; d. 9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 818/a1, Se 07. Inv. Se 34. Inv. št. 23188. št. 22695. 11. ključ; železo; d. 7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 870/c1, Se 34. 3. tečaj; železo; d. 11,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 717/D4, Se 17. Inv. št. 23174. Inv. št. 22565. 12. ključ; železo; d. 3,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 618/a2, Se 34. 4. Skoba; železo; d. 3,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 719/c3, Se 01. Inv. št. 22625. Inv. št. 22559. 13. Del ročaja ključa; železo; d. 2,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/ 5. Spona; železo; d. 5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B3, Se 06. Inv. a2,a3,B2,B3, Se 34. Inv. št. 22848. št. 22698. 6. Spona; železo; d. 4,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/a4, Se 01. Inv. št. 23284. Tabla 32 7. Spona; železo; d. 5,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c1, Se 06. Inv. št. 22404. 1. tečaj; železo; d. 3,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 618/a3, Se 34. 8. Spona; železo; d. 2,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 968/D2, Se 34. Inv. št. 22890. Inv. št. 22971. 2. okov; bron; d. 5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 968/a1, Se 34. Inv. 9. Spona; železo; d. 3,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/a2, Se 26. št. 22651. Inv. št. 23244. 3. tečaj; železo; d. 4,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B1, Se 24. 10. Del ključavnice; železo; d. 11,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/ Inv. št. 23814. B1, Se 24. Inv. št. 23757. 4. okov; železo; d. 5,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B1, Se 24. 11. Del ključavnice; železo; d. 14 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 717/D4, Inv. št. 23813. Se 21. Inv. št. 22567. 5. tečaj; železo; d. 3,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 765/B4, Se 06. 12. tečaj; železo; d. 13 cm. Stavba 1. Slučajna najdba. Inv. Inv. št. 22437. št. 22617. 6. tečaj; železo; d. 4,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 867/D1-D4, Se 34. Inv. št. 22387. 7. tečaj; železo; d. 2,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 867/D2, Se 34. Tabla 34 Inv. št. 22390. 8. tečaj; železo; d. 1,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/B2, Se 34. 1. Žebelj; železo; d. 12,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/c3, Se 34. Inv. št. 22401. Inv. št. 23325. 9. tečaj; železo; d. 13,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B3, Se 56. 2. Žebelj; železo; d. 12 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 870/c1, Se 34, Inv. št. 22976. 69. Inv. št. 23176. 10. tečaj; železo; d. 4,6 cm. Stavba 1. Detektorska najdba. 3. Žebelj; železo; d. 8,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 818/a2, Se 03. Inv. št. 22920. Inv. št. 22532. 11. tečaj; železo; d. 5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/B1, Se 26. Inv. 4. Žebelj; železo; d. 8,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 717/B3, Se 10. št. 22919. Inv. št. 22508. 12. tečaj; železo; d. 6,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/D1. Inv. št. 22910. 5. Žebelj; železo; d. 9,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 870/c1, Se 34, 13. Del tečaja; železo; d. 6,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/c2, Se 69. Inv. št. 23180. 26. Inv. št. 23706. 6. Žebelj; železo; d. 8,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/D2, Se 06. 14. tečaj; železo; d. 9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/a2, Se 34. Inv. št. 23272. Inv. št. 22909. 7. Žebelj; železo; d. 9,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 870/c1, Se 34, 15. tečaj; železo; d. 4,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/c3, Se 26. 69. Inv. št. 23175. Inv. št. 22942. 8. Žebelj; železo; d. 15,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/B3, Se 67. Inv. št. 22600. 418 11_katalog.indd 418 2.3.2012 9:29:49 11. katalog / catalogue 9. Žebelj; železo; d. 10,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/c3, Se 34. 19. Žebelj; železo; d. 5,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/D 2. Inv. Inv. št. 23324. št. 22534. 10. Žebelj; železo; d. 11 cm. Stavba 1. Slučajna najdba. 20. Žebelj; železo; d. 4,9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 618/c3, Se 34. Inv. št. 22903. Inv. št. 22987. 11. Žebelj; železo. Stavba 1, kv. 717/a2/a3, Se 08. Inv. 21. Žebelj; železo; d. 4,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/D2. Inv. št. 22587. št. 22907. 12. Žebelj; železo; d. 2,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/D1, Se 29. 22. Žebelj; železo; d. 5,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a2,a3,B2,B3, Inv. št. 22945. Se 34. Inv. št. 23186. 13. Žebelj; železo; d. 6,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/c1, Se 06. 23. Žebelj; železo; d. 5,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/D2, Se 03. Inv. št. 22708. Inv. št. 23274. 14. Žebelj; železo; d. 7,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c4, Se 06. 24. Žebelj; železo; d. 4,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B2, c2. Inv. Inv. št. 22743. št. 22863. 15. Žebelj; železo; d. 5,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 870/D1, Se 69. Inv. št. 22253. 16. Žebelj; železo; d. 2,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a3, Se 56. Tabla 36 Inv. št. 22255. 17. Žebelj; železo; d. 4,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 968/c2, Se 34. 1. Žebelj; železo; d. 2,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 819, Se 34. Inv. Inv. št. 23346. št. 23211. 18. Žebelj; železo; d. 4,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/D1, Se 07. 2. Žebelj; železo; d. 2,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 819, Se 34. Inv. Inv. št. 23260. št. 23212. 19. Žebelj; železo; 7,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/B1, Se 34. 3. Žebelj; železo; d. 3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a1, a2, Se 34. Inv. št. 23354. Inv. št. 23194. 4. Žebelj; železo; d. 2,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 569/c2, Se 34. Inv. št. 23195. Tabla 35 5. Žebelj; železo; d. 3,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 767/c1, Se 10. Inv. št. 23292. 1. Žebelj; železo; d. 8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/D2, Se 24. 6. Žebelj; železo; d. 2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 917/c3,c4,D3,D4, Inv. št. 23785. Se 34. Inv. št. 23352. 2. Žebelj; železo; d. 6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 917/D2, Se 34. 7. Žebelj; železo; d. 2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 718/B1, Se 10. Inv. Inv. št. 22580. št. 23236. 3. Žebelj; železo; d. 10 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/D3, Se 29. 8. Žebelj; železo; d. 3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 618/B4. Inv. št. Inv. št. 23760. 23238. 4. Žebelj; železo; d. 9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 719/c4. Inv. št. 9. Žebelj; železo; d. 2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/a1, Se 06. Inv. 23725. št. 23240. 5. Žebelj; železo; d. 6,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c2, Se 24. 10. Žebelj; železo; d. 4,9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B1, Se 06. Inv. št. 23774. Inv. št. 23241. 6. Žebelj; železo; d. 6,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a4, Se 24. 11. Žebelj; železo; d. 3,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c2, Se 50. Inv. št. 23790. Inv. št. 22960. 7. Žebelj; železo; d. 5,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/c1, Se 26. 12. Žebelj; železo; d. 2,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/ Inv. št. 23702. D1,c1,c2,B2,B3,a3, Se 34. Inv. št. 22973. 8. Žebelj; železo; d. 6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a2,a3,B2,B3, 13. Žebelj; železo; d. 3,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 618/a2, a3, Se Se 34. Inv. št. 23185. 34. Inv. št. 23339. 9. Žebelj; železo; d. 6,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a1, Se 29. 14. Žebelj; železo; d. 2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/D1, Se 34. Inv. št. 23223. Inv. št. 23338. 10. Žebelj; železo; d. 6,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 667/B2, Se 23. 15. Žebelj; železo; d. 3,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/D2, Se 34. Inv. št. 22664. Inv. št. 23360. 11. Žebelj; železo; d. 2,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/a3,a4,B3,B4, 16. Žebelj; železo; d. 3,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/a1/a2, Se Se 24. Inv. št. 22985. 26. Inv. št. 23266. 12. Žebelj; železo; d. 4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 870/c1, Se 34, 17. Žebelj; železo; d. 2,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 717/B4, Se 08. 69. Inv. št. 23170. Inv. št. 23270. 13. Žebelj; železo; d. 5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/B1, Se 29. 18. Žebelj; železo; d. 3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a3, Se 29. Inv. št. 23795. Inv. št. 23198. 14. Žebelj; železo; d. 5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/c2, Se 03. 19. Žebelj; železo; d. 2,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a3, Se 29. Inv. št. 23794. Inv. št. 23199. 15. Žebelj; železo; d. 5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a1. Inv. št. 20. Žebelj; železo; d. 2,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 818/B3, Se 07. 23193. Inv. št. 23253. 16. Žebelj; železo; d. 4,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a2,a3,B2,B3, 21. Žebelj; železo; d. 3,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 968/c1, Se 34. Se 24, 29. Inv. št. 22856. Inv. št. 23349. 17. Žebelj; železo; d. 3,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/a2, Se 34. 22. Žebelj; železo; d. 3,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669, Se 29a. Inv. št. 22259. Inv. št. 23806. 18. Žebelj; železo; d. 5,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/c3, Se 26. 23. Žebelj; železo; d. 2,9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 816/a1, Se 24. Inv. št. 22940. Inv. št. 23754. 419 11_katalog.indd 419 2.3.2012 9:29:50 11. katalog / catalogue 24. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 819/a4, B1–B4, 12. Žebelj; železo; d. 6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 870/c1, Se 34, D1, c1, Se 34. Inv. št. 22263. 69. Inv. št. 23181. 25. Žebelj; železo; d. 3,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 767/a2, Se 10. 13. Žebelj; železo; d. 2,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B2, Se 68. Inv. št. 22696. Inv. št. 23709. 26. Žebelj; železo; d. 2,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 618/D1, D2, Se 14. Žebelj; železo; d. 3,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/B1, Se 26. 34. Inv. št. 23331. Inv. št. 23818. 27. Žebelj; železo; d. 2,9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 618/D1, D2, Se 15. Žebelj; železo; d. 3,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/a1, Se 23. 34. Inv. št. 23332. Inv. št. 23732. 28. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B2, Se 23. 16. Žebelj; železo; d. 2,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/a3, Se 24. Inv. št. 23753. Inv. št. 23713. 29. Žebelj; železo; d. 2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 618/a3, Se 34. 17. Žebelj; železo; d. 3,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/c1, Se 04. Inv. št. 22681. Inv. št. 23716. 30. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c3. Inv. 18. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/c1, Se 04. št. 22946. Inv. št. 23717. 31. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 569/D4, Se 34. 19. Žebelj; železo; d. 4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B3, Se 24. Inv. št. 23215. Inv. št. 23728. 32. Žebelj; železo; d. 3,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/c3, Se 26. 20. Žebelj; železo; d. 3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/D2, Se 28. Inv. št. 22943. Inv. št. 23730. 33. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a2,a3,B2,B3, 21. Žebelj; železo; d. 2,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 719/B4, Se 05. Se 34. Inv. št. 23187. Inv. št. 23740. 34. Žebelj; železo; pr. 2,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 719/c3. Inv. 22. Žebelj; železo; d. 2,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/D3, Se 30. št. 23261. Inv. št. 23692. 35. Žebelj; železo; d. 2,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c2, Se 24. 23. Žebelj; železo; d. 2,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/D3, Se 30. Inv. št. 23777. Inv. št. 23693. 36. Žebelj; železo; d. 1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 618/D1, D2, Se 24. Žebelj; železo; d. 4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/a1, Se 29. 34. Inv. št. 23330. Inv. št. 23696. 37. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 769/a1, Se 07. 25. Žebelj; železo; d. 3,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/a1, Se 29. Inv. št. 23264. Inv. št. 23697. 38. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 592/c2. Inv. 26. Žebelj; železo; d. 2,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/D3, Se 24. št. 22951. Inv. št. 23703. 39. Žebelj; železo; pr. 1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c1, Se 07. 27. Žebelj; železo; d. 4,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 937, Se 06. Inv. Inv. št. 22243. št. 23271. 40. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B1, Se 29. 28. Žebelj; železo; d. 3,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 719/a1. Inv. Inv. št. 22765. št. 23711. 41. Žebelj; železo; v. 0,9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 867/c2. Inv. št. 29. okov in žebelj; železo; d. 4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/c1, 22733. Se 26. Inv. št. 23699. 30. Žebelj; železo; d. 2,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c2, Se 24. Inv. št. 23776. Tabla 37 31. Žebelj; železo; d. 2,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/a1, Se 29. Inv. št. 23698. 1. Žebelj; železo; d. 4,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/D1, Se 26. 32. Žebelj; železo; d. 2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/c1, Se 26. Inv. št. 23759. Inv. št. 23700. 2. Žebelj; železo; d. cm 4. Stavba 1, kv. 668/B1, Se 26. Inv. 33. Žebelj; železo; d. 3,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/c1, Se 26. št. 23812. Inv. št. 23701. 3. Žebelj; železo; d. 4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/B3, Se 10. Inv. št. 23787. 4. Žebelj; železo; d. 5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/a2, Se 29. Inv. Tabla 38 št. 23684. 5. Žebelj; železo; d. 6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c2, Se 24. Inv. 1. Žebelj; železo; d. 3,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/a1, Se 01. št. 23773. Inv. št. 23294. 6. Žebelj; železo; d. 5,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a3, Se 29. 2. Žebelj; železo; d. 3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 870/D2, Se 69. Inv. št. 23200. Inv. št. 22254. 7. Žebelj; železo; d. 4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a1, Se 29. Inv. 3. Žebelj; železo; d. 3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 867/c4, Se 60. Inv. št. 23222. št. 22908. 8. Žebelj; železo; d. 3,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c2, Se 24. 4. Žebelj; železo; pr. 2,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 769/B2, Se 06. Inv. št. 23775. Inv. št. 22507. 9. Žebelj; železo; d. 3,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/B2, Se 24. 5. Žebelj; železo; d. 4,9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B1, Se 06. Inv. št. 23687. Inv. št. 22718. 10. Žebelj; železo; d. 7,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 968/c2, Se 34. 6. Žebelj; železo; d. 4,9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 919/D2,D3. Inv. Inv. št. 23347. št. 22607. 11. Žebelj; železo; d. 4,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/a3,a4,B3,B4, 7. Žebelj; železo; d. 4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 768/B1. Inv. št. 22549. Se 29a. Inv. št. 22969. 420 11_katalog.indd 420 2.3.2012 9:29:50 11. katalog / catalogue 8. Žebelj; železo; d. 3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 815/D3, Se 14. 2. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,3cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817, Se 03. Inv. Inv. št. 23248. št. 22641. 9. Žebelj; železo; d. 5,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 870/B1, Se 34. 3. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/a2, Se 23. Inv. št. 22772. Inv. št. 22706. 10. Žebelj; železo; d. 2,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c2, Se 24. 4. Žebelj; železo; d. 0,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 968/a1-4, Se 34. Inv. št. 23777. Inv. št. 23341. 11. Žebelj; železo; d. 3,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 767/B4, Se 16. 5. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 868/a3. Inv. št. 22676. Inv. št. 22558. 6. Žebelj; železo; d. 0,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/a1. Inv. 12. Žebelj; železo; d. 2,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 767/B1, Se 10. št. 22660. Inv. št. 22780. 7. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/B1, Se 29. 13. Žebelj; železo; d. 4,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/D3, Se 06. Inv. št. 23796. Inv. št. 22244. 8. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/c3, D3, Se 14. Žebelj; železo; d. 3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c2, Se 06. 03. Inv. št. 22518. Inv. št. 22287. 9. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 667/D4, Se 01. 15. Žebelj; železo; d. 3,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 815/D3, Se 14. Inv. št. 22247. Inv. št. 23249. 10. Žebelj; železo; d. 1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/a4, Se 01. 16. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,4 cm. Stavba 1. Slučajna najdba. Inv. št. 22249. Inv. št. 22757. 11. Žebelj; železo; v. 1,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/D2, Se 29. 17. Žebelj; železo; d. 4,9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 816/D2, Se 09. Inv. št. 23739. Inv. št. 22516. 12. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a1/B1, Se 18. Žebelj; železo; d. 5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B3, Se 50. 06. Inv. št. 23246. Inv. št. 22251. 13. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/D1, Se 01. 19. Žebelj; železo; d. 3,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 867/c2. Inv. Inv. št. 23252. št. 22731. 14. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 767/c1, Se 10. 20. Žebelj; železo; d. 3,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a2, Se 56. Inv. št. 23291. Inv. št. 22414. 15. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a1/B1, Se 21. Žebelj; železo; d. 3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 767/c2, Se 10. 06. Inv. št. 23245. Inv. št. 23267. 16. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/a1, Se 24. 22. Žebelj; železo; d. 4,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 816/D2, Se 12. Inv. št. 23801. Inv. št. 22588. 17. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 719/B1, Se 07. 23. Žebelj; železo; d. 5,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 667/B1, Se 06. Inv. št. 23804. Inv. št. 22246. 18. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 819/B1- 24. Žebelj; železo; d. 4,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 919/a1, Se 34. B4,a4,D1,c1, Se 34. Inv. št. 22262. Inv. št. 22898. 19. Žebelj; železo; d. 1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c2, Se 56. 25. Žebelj; železo; d. 2,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c4, Se 34. Inv. št. 22953. Inv. št. 22255. 20. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 867/a1, Se 06. 26. Žebelj; železo; d. 3,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 720, Se 07. Inv. št. 22712. Inv. št. 22328. 21. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817. Inv. št. 22654. 27. Žebelj; železo; d. 2,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 868/D2. Inv. 22. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/a1, Se 34. št. 22720. Inv. št. 22657. 28. Žebelj; železo; d. 2,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c3. Inv. 23. Žebelj; železo; d. 0,9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/B3, Se 13. št. 22789. Inv. št. 22649. 29. Žebelj; železo; d. 5,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817. Inv. št. 24. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/D1, Se 24. 23356. Inv. št. 23743. 30. Žebelj; železo; d. 3,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 867, Se 05. 25. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/a2, Se 68. Inv. št. 22248. Inv. št. 23744. 31. Žebelj; železo; d. 3,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 624, Se 06. 26. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/a3,a4,B3,B4. Inv. št. 22709. Inv. št. 22981. 32. Žebelj; železo; d. 4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 618/c2, Se 34. 27. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a2,a3,B2,B3, Inv. št. 22665. Se 34, 29. Inv. št. 22847. 33. Žebelj; železo; d. 3,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a3, Se 56. 28. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817. Inv. št. 22655. Inv. št. 22257. 29. Žebelj; železo; v. 4,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/c3, Se 34. 34. Žebelj; železo; d. 5,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/a2, Se 01. Inv. št. 22224. Inv. št. 23239. 30. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B1, Se 29. 35. Žebelj; železo; pr. 2,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 816/c1, Se 09. Inv. št. 22766. Inv. št. 22501. 31. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 768/c3,D3, Se 03. Inv. št. 22635. 32. Žebelj; železo; d. 1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/B3, Se 13. Tabla 39 Inv. št. 22634. 33. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/B3, Se 13. 1. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 868/vsi, Se 34. Inv. št. 22619. Inv. št. 22967. 421 11_katalog.indd 421 2.3.2012 9:29:50 11. katalog / catalogue 34. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/B3, Se 13. 65. Žebelj; železo; d. 2,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 768. Inv. št. 23242. Inv. št. 22618. 66. Žebelj; železo; d. 1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 819, Se 34. Inv. 35. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/B2/3, Se št. 23213. 03. Inv. št. 22519. 67. Žebelj; železo; d. 1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 769/a2, Se 03. 36. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/c2, Se 74. Inv. št. 23276. Inv. št. 22906. 68. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 667/c2, Se 01. 37. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 867/c2. Inv. Inv. št. 23277. št. 22732. 69. Žebelj; železo; d. 1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/a3, Se 03. 38. Žebelj; železo; d. 1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c2, Se 56. Inv. št. 23278. Inv. št. 22954. 70. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 867/c1, Se 03. 39. Žebelj; železo; d. 0,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/D3, Se 30. Inv. št. 23273. Inv. št. 23694. 71. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/D4, Se 03. 40. Žebelj; železo; d. 1 cm. Stavba 1. Slučajna najdba. Inv. Inv. št. 23275. št. 22904. 72. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 769/D1, Se 03. 41. Žebelj; železo; d. 1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/a3. Inv. št. Inv. št. 23225. 22785. 73. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 769/c3, Se 06. 42. Žebelj; železo; d. 0,9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B1, Se 29. Inv. št. 22242. Inv. št. 22767. 74. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a2,a3,B2,B3, 43. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,1cm. Stavba 1, kv. 768/c3,D3, Se Se 34, 29. Inv. št. 23039. 03. Inv. št. 22636. 75. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/a1/a2. Inv. 44. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c4, Se 34. št. 23265. Inv. št. 22252. 76. Žebelj; železo; pr. 3,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 870/c1, Se 34, 45. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B2,c2. Inv. 69. Inv. št. 23169. št. 22860. 77. Žebelj; železo; pr. 3,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 768/B3. Inv. 46. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 568/B4, Se 34. št. 22673. Inv. št. 22931. 47. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B3, Se 56. Inv. št. 23793. Tabla 40 48. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/c3, Se 68. Inv. št. 23191. 1. Žebelj; železo; d. 0,9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 868/B1. Inv. št. 22939. 49. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/c2. Inv. 2. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 968/D1, Se 34. št. 23788. Inv. št. 22608. 50. Žebelj; železo; d. 1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/a2, Se 29. 3. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B2, Se 56. Inv. št. 23686. Inv. št. 23220. 51. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/B3, Se 13. 4. Žebelj; železo; d. 1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/a1, Se 24. Inv. Inv. št. 22648. št. 23800. 52. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/B3, Se 13. 5. Spojka; železo; d. 2,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c4, Se 06. Inv. št. 22647. Inv. št. 22742. 53. Žebelj; železo; d. 1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817, Se 03. Inv. 6. Pinceta; bron; d. 5,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B1, Se 23. št. 22642. Inv. št. 22479. 54. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 768/D3. Inv. 7. Pinceta; bron; d. 5,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/a4, Se 23. št. 22637. Inv. št. 22631. 55. Žebelj; železo; d. 2,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c4, Se 24. 8. Pinceta; železo; d. 6,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 917/B1, Se 34. Inv. št. 23789. Inv. št. 22922. 56. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 718/c1, Se 02. 9. Pinceta; železo; d. 6,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c2, Se 34. Inv. št. 23279. Inv. št. 22365. 57. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 870/c2, Se 73. 10. ogledalo?; bron; d. 2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 868/c1. Inv. Inv. št. 23208. št. 23148. 58. Žebelj; železo; d. 1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 569/c1, Se 34. 11. glavnik; rogovina, železo; d. 9,9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 717/ Inv. št. 23234. B3, Se 36. Inv. št. 22384. 59. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 569/D3, Se 34. 12. glavnik; rogovina; d. 8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 718/B4, Se Inv. št. 23207. 36. Inv. št. 23365. 60. Žebelj; železo; d. 1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B2, Se 56. 13. glavnik; rogovina, železo; d. 4,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 719/ Inv. št. 23227. c2, Se 26. Inv. št. 22428. 61. Žebelj; železo; d. 1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B1, Se 03. 14. glavnik; rogovina, železo; d. 3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/ Inv. št. 23203. D2, Se 03. Inv. št. 22483. 62. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/B3,c3, Se 15. glavnik; rogovina; d. 2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 768/B1, Se 68. Inv. št. 23233. 21. Inv. št. 23366. 63. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a2, Se 56. 16. glavnik; rogovina, železo; d. 1,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 816/ Inv. št. 23204. D1, Se 03. Inv. št. 23756. 64. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 717/a1, Se 01. 17. glavnik; rogovina, bron; d. 3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c3, Inv. št. 23268. Se 50. Inv. št. 23373. 422 11_katalog.indd 422 2.3.2012 9:29:50 11. katalog / catalogue 18. glavnik; rogovina; d. 3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 767/a1, Se Tabla 42 36. Inv. št. 23376. 19. glavnik; rogovina; d. 3,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 768/B1. 1. Pločevina; bron; d. 2,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/a3,B3,a4,B4, Inv. št. 23375. Se 24. Inv. št. 23160. 20. glavnik; rogovina; d. 1,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 717/D3, Se 2. Pločevina; bron; d. 1,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/a3. Inv. 29a. Inv. št. 23377. št. 23138. 21. glavnik; rogovina; d. 0,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/B3, Se 3. Pločevina; bron; d. 2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B2, c2. Inv. 29 a. Inv. št. 23084. št. 23156. 22. glavnik; rogovina; d. 4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B2,c2, 4. Pločevina; bron; d. 2,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 513/B1. Inv. Se 34. Inv. št. 23370. št. 22883. 23. glavnik; rogovina; d. 6,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B3, Se 5. Zakovica; bron; d. 1,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/a4, Se 01. 29. Inv. št. 23367. Inv. št. 23387. 24. glavnik; rogovina; d. 4,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B2,c2, 6. Pločevina; bron; d. 2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/a1, Se 34. Se 34. Inv. št. 23371. Inv. št. 23157. 25. glavnik; rogovina; d. 2,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B1, Se 7. Pločevina; železo; d. 2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/a3,B3,a4,B4, 29. Inv. št. 23369. Se 24. Inv. št. 23161. 26. glavnik; rogovina; d. 1,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B3, Se 8. Pločevina; bron; d. 3,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/c3, Se 34. 29. Inv. št. 23368. Inv. št. 23151. 27. glavnik; rogovina; d. 2,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B2,c2, 9. Pločevina; bron; d. 1,9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/B3, Se 64. Se 34. Inv. št. 23372. Inv. št. 23152. 10. Pločevina; bron; d. 2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 867/D1-D4, c2-c4, B3-B4, a4, Se 34. Inv. št. 23153. Tabla 41 11. Pločevina; bron; d. 1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/B2, Se 64. Inv. št. 23154. 1. Ročaj; bron; d. 16 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c1, Se 50. Inv. 12. Pločevina; bron; d. 2,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 667/B4, Se št. 22340. 10. Inv. št. 22807. 2. ataša; bron; d. 5,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 921, Se 34. Inv. št. 22495. 13. Pločevina; bron; d. 2,9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 618, 668, Se 3. ataša; bron; d. 4,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 668/a2, Se 01. Inv. 06. Inv. št. 22398. št. 22796. 14. Pločevina; bron; d. 4,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 815/c2. Inv. 4. Bronast predmet; bron; d 2,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 816/D4, št. 22793. Se 01. Inv. št. 22397. 15. Pločevina; bron; d. 2,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B1, Se 5. Noga posode; bron; d. 2,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 918/c3, Se 29. Inv. št. 22763. 34. Inv. št. 22333. 16. Pločevina; bron; d. 2,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/D1, Se 6. Dno posode; bron; pr. 4,4cm. Stavba 1. Detektorska 50. Inv. št. 22643. najdba. Inv. št. 22817. 17. Pločevina; bron; d. 1,9 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/ 7. Pločevina; bron; d. 3,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 569/D1, Se 34. a3,a4,B3,B4, Se 24. Inv. št. 22803. Inv. št. 23159. 18. Pločevina; bron; d. 2,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 667/B2, Se 8. Ročaj; bron; d. 3,2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 766/a2, Se 06. Inv. 23. Inv. št. 22663. št. 22811. 19. Pločevina; bron; d. 1,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/B4, Se 9. Pločevina; bron; d. 7,5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B4, Se 23. 24. Inv. št. 22591. Inv. št. 22218. 20. Pločevina; bron; d. 2 cm, š. 2,5cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/ 10. Pločevina; bron; d. 7,3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 716/D1, Se B4, Se 24. Inv. št. 22463. 03. Inv. št. 22838. 21. Pločevina; bron; pr. 2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B3, Se 29. 11. Pločevina; bron; d. 3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/D2, Se 23. Inv. št. 23155. Inv. št. 23136. 22. Pločevina; bron; d. 2,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 619/D3, Se 12. Pločevina; bron; d. 5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 769/B3. Inv. 64. Inv. št. 22627. št. 23126. 23. Pločevina; bron; d. 3 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 667/B3, B4, Se 13. Pločevina; bron; d. 5 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 719/c2, Se 26. 08. Inv. št. 22554. Inv. št. 23119. 24. Pločevina; bron; d. 2 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B3, Se 56. 14. Pločevina; bron; d. 8,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/D2, Se Inv. št. 22632. 63. Inv. št. 23385. 25. Pločevina; bron; d. 3,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 718/B1, Se 15. Pločevina; bron; d. 1,8 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 817/a1,a2. 10. Inv. št. 22821. Inv. št. 22812. 26. Pločevina; bron; pr. 1,4 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B1, Se 16. Pločevina; bron; d. 2,1 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c4, Se 29. Inv. št. 22764. 01. Inv. št. 22810. 17. Pločevina; bron; d. 4,6 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 719/B1, Se 26. Inv. št. 23340. Tabla 43 18. Pločevina; bron; pr. 1,8cm. Stavba 1, kv. 719/D3, Se 05. Inv. št. 22818. 1. Sekira; železo; d. 14,5 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1178/B2, Se 19. Pločevina; bron; d. 2,7 cm. Stavba 1, kv. 667/668, Se 106. Inv. št. 23513. 06. Inv. št. 22840. 2. Zapestnica; bron; pr. 4,4 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1178/B3, Se 106. Inv. št. 23527. 423 11_katalog.indd 423 2.3.2012 9:29:50 11. katalog / catalogue 3. Členek verižice; bron; d. 1,8 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1178, Se 14. trak; svinec; d. 3,4 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1178/B4, Se 112. 121. Inv. št. 23721. Inv. št. 23535. 4. Bronast predmet; bron; d. 2,1 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1178/ 15. trak; svinec; d. 3,4 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1178/B1, Se 106. a4, Se 106. Inv. št. 23526. Inv. št. 23534. 5. okov; bron; d. 4,6cm. Stavba 2, Se 165. Inv. št. 23564. 16. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,1 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1178/a1, Se 6. orodje; železo; d. 5,7 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1129/D4, Se 106. Inv. št. 23520. 113. Inv. št. 23549. 17. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,6 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1178/a3, Se 7. okov; železo; d. 4,7 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1128/D3, Se 121. 106. Inv. št. 23521. Inv. št. 23555. 18. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,3 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1178/D2, Se 8. okov; železo; d. 5,3 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1128/D3, Se 106. 106. Inv. št. 23516. Inv. št. 23554. 19. Žebelj; železo; d. 6,8 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1178/c2, Se 9. okov; železo; d. 11,5 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1278/D1, Se 101. 106. Inv. št. 23514. Inv. št. 23547. 20. Žebelj; železo; d. 4 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1128/D3, Se 106. 10. konica; bron; d. 6,8 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1178/c4, Se 106. Inv. št. 23515. Inv. št. 23529. 21. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,6 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1178/B1, Se 11. orodje; železo; d. 7,2 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1178/a2, Se 106. Inv. št. 23519. 106. Inv. št. 23551. 22. Nož; železo; d. 14,5 cm. grob 18, kv. 1279/B3. Inv. 12. tečaj; železo; d. 3,7 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1178/c3, Se 112. št. 23562. Inv. št. 23541. – Modrijan 2011, sl. 7: 1. 13. trak; svinec; d. 2,7 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1179/a2, Se 106. 23. Jagoda, svitkasta; steklo; d. 1,3 cm. grob 18, kv. 1279/ Inv. št. 23538. B3. Inv. št. 23890, sl. 2.10: 2. 14. Nož; železo; d. 12,6 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1229/c3, Se 109. – Modrijan 2011, sl. 7:2. Inv. št. 23560. 24. Pasni jeziček; železo; d. 2,5 cm. grob 18, kv. 1279/B3. 15. Nož; železo; d. 10 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1178/B1. Inv. št. Inv. št. 23563. 23559. – Modrijan 2011, sl. 7: 3. 16. Nož; železo; d. 8,6 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1229/c4, Se 109. Inv. št. 23556. 17. Nož; železo; d. 15,3 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1179/B2, Se 106. Tabla 45 Inv. št. 23561. 18. Nož; železo; d. 6,6 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1229/a4. Inv. št. 1. Fibula; bron; d. 5,6 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1078/c4, Se 177. 23558. Inv. št. 23835. 19. Nož; železo; d. 6,6cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1128. Inv. št. 23557. 2. Fibula; bron; d. 6,8 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1078/c4, Se 162. Inv. št. 23836. – cunja, Mlinar 2010, 131, kat. 221; Modrijan 2011, sl. 2: 7. Tabla 44 3. Sponka za ogrlico; bron; d. 5,2 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1128/ D4, Se 106. Inv. št. 23530. 1. Plošča; železo; pr. 8 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1179/a2, Se 106. 4. Jagoda, valjasta; steklo; d. 1,4 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1077/B1, Inv. št. 23548. Se 169. Inv. št. 23575, sl. 2.10: 1. 2. kosir; železo; pr. 4 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1179/a3, Se 106. 5. Prstan; bron; pr. 2,2 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1128/c3, Se 150. Inv. št. 23550. Inv. št. 23861. 3. okov; železo; d. 5 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1178/c3, Se 112. 6. Del prstana; srebro; d. 1,3 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1077/c1, Inv. št. 23543. Se 137. Inv. št. 23858. 4. Žebelj; železo; d. 2,5 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1178, Se 106. 7. uhan; bron; d. 1,6 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1128/c2, Se 144. Inv. št. 23522. Inv. št. 23854. 5. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,2 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1128/D2, Se 106. 8. Zakovica; bron; d.1,2 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1127/a1, Se Inv. št. 23518. 144. Inv. št. 23863. 6. Zakovica; bron; d. 1,4 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1177/D1, Se 9. Igla; železo; d. 7,2 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 928/B4, Se 170. 106. Inv. št. 23524. Inv. št. 23866. 7. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,4 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1128/D2, Se 106. 10. Igla; železo; d. 6 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1078/B3, Se 137. Inv. št. 23517. Inv. št. 23856. 8. trak; svinec; d. 2 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1178/B1, Se 106. 11. Pločevina; bron; d. 2,7 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1078/c4, Se Inv. št. 23533. 144. Inv. št. 23584. 9. trak; svinec; d. 3 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1178/a3, Se 106. 12. Pločevina; bron; d. 2,6 cm. Stavba 3, Se 144. Inv. št. Inv. št. 23532. 23855. 10. Žica; bron; d.6,2 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1177/D1, Se 106. 13. Bronast predmet; bron; d. 4,7 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1128/ Inv. št. 23523. D2, Se 144. Inv. št. 23852. 11. trak; svinec; pr. 2,8 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1178/c3, Se 106. 14. Pasna spona; železo; v. 3,7 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1077/B1, Inv. št. 23823. Se 06. Inv. št. 23838. 12. trak; svinec; d. 3,3 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1179/B3, Se 106. 15. Pasni okov; bron; d. 3,3 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1078/D3, Se Inv. št. 23537. 137. Inv. št. 23837. 13. trak; svinec; d. 3,3 cm. Stavba 2, kv. 1179/a3, Se 106. 16. Pločevina; bron; d. 1,9 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1077/a1, Se Inv. št. 23536. 137. Inv. št. 23864. 424 11_katalog.indd 424 2.3.2012 9:29:50 11. katalog / catalogue 17. trak; bron; d. 4,8 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1077/B1, Se 137. Tabla 47 Inv. št. 23860. 18. Puščična ost; železo; d. 8,4 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1078/c2, 1. Prstan; bron; pr. 1,5 cm. Severna cerkev, kv. 1225/c1, Se 135. Inv. št. 23868. Se 02. Inv. št. 23886. 19. Šivanka; železo; d. 6,4 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1288/a3, Se 2. Rezilo; železo; d. 2,5 cm. Severna cerkev, kv. 1225/D1, 137. Inv. št. 23857. Se 02. Inv. št. 23485. 20. Šivanka; železo; d. 2 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1078/c4, Se 3. Žica; bron; d. 7,5 cm. Severna cerkev, kv. 1124/c1, Se 135. Inv. št. 23859. 56. Inv. št. 23883. 21. Šivanka; železo; d. 10,2 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1077/c4, Se 4. Puščična ost; železo; d. 7,7, cm. Severna cerkev, kv. 1175/ 138. Inv. št. 23867. B4, Se 02. Inv. št. 23479. 22. glavnik; rogovina, železo. Stavba 3, kv. 1078/c2, Se 5. obroček; železo; pr. 3,8 cm. Severna cerkev, kv. 1126/ 161. Inv. št. 23585. B3, Se 02. Inv. št. 23463. 23. Železen predmet; železo; d. 6 cm. kv. 1288/B4, Stavba 6. Nož; železo; d. 12 cm. Severna cerkev, Se 60. Inv. št. 3, Se 144. Inv. št. 23865. 23487. 24. orodje; železo; d. 9,5 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1078/a4, Se 7. Žebelj; železo; d. 7,7 cm. Severna cerkev, kv. 1225/B2, 137. Inv. št. 23850. Se 02. Inv. št. 23457. 25. Železen predmet; železo; d. 8,8 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1077/ 8. konica; železo; d. 11 cm. Severna cerkev, Se 60. Inv. B1, Se 137. Inv. št. 23851. št. 23488. 26. Brus; kamen; pr. 9,4 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1077/B2, Se 144. 9. Žebelj; železo; d. 15,5 cm. Severna cerkev, kv. 1224/a1, Inv. št. 23574. Se 02. Inv. št. 23414. 10. Ploščica; keramika; pr. 3,8 cm. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1326/a1,B1, Se 02, 11. Inv. št. 23435. Tabla 46 11. Ploščica; svinec; pr. 2,8 cm. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1326/ a1,B1, Se 02, 11. Inv. št. 23435. 1. Nož; železo; d. 11,5 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1288/c4, Se 135. 12. trak; svinec; d. 6 cm. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1326/a1,B1, Inv. št. 23872. Se 02, 11. Inv. št. 23436. 2. Nož; železo; d. 13,4 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1127/a1, Se 135. 13. Žica; železo; d. 7 cm. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1224/a3, Inv. št. 23871. Se 01. Inv. št. 23482. 3. Rezilo; železo; d. 4,6 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1077/c1, Se 162. 14. Žebelj; železo; d. 2,3 cm. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1283/ Inv. št. 23844. B2, Se 02. Inv. št. 23453. 4. Železen predmet; železo; d. 6 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 927/D2, 15. Šilo; železo; d. 3,9 cm. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1224/B4, Se 137. Inv. št. 23849. Se 02. Inv. št. 23484. 5. Nož; železo; d. 7,5 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1127/a1, Se 138. 16. Žica (7 odlomkov); železo; d. do 6,3 cm. osrednja Inv. št. 23869. cerkev, kv. 1173, Se 01. Inv. št. 23480. 6. Nož; železo; d. 5,4 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1078/c4, Se 138. 17. Plošča; železo; pr. 8 cm. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1325/B3, Inv. št. 23870. Se 02. Inv. št. 23486. 7. Rezilo; železo; d. 5,8 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1078/c2, Se 161. Inv. št. 23846. 8. Železen predmet; železo; d. 29 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1078/ Tabla 48 B3, Se 150. Inv. št. 23840. 9. Ročaj ščita; železo; d. pribl. 36 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1078/ 1. Žebelj; železo; d. 12 cm. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1224/a3, D3, Se 150. Inv. št. 23834. Se 02. Inv. št. 23477. 10. Skoba; železo; d. 5,1 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1128/a2, Se 2. Nož; železo; d. 17,6 cm. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1173/a3, 135. Inv. št. 23862. Se 01. Inv. št. 23478. 11. Železen predmet; železo; d. 4,8 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1078/ 3. Žebelj; železo; d. 14 cm. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1223/B2, D4, Se 150. Inv. št. 23842. Se 01. Inv. št. 23476. 12. Žebelj; železo; d. 3,3 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1077/D4, Se 4. Žebelj; železo; d. 13 cm. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1325, Se 137. Inv. št. 23848. 02. Inv. št. 23474. 13. Žebelj; železo; d. 3 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1077/B1, Se 177. 5. Žebelj; železo; d. 14 cm. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1224/a3, Inv. št. 23841. Se 01. Inv. št. 23475. 14. Železen predmet; železo; d. 12,4 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1078/ 6. Žebelj; železo; d. 15 cm. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1275/D4, a3, Se 160. Inv. št. 23843. Se 01. Inv. št. 23419. 15. Žebelj; železo; d. 4,7 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1288/B2, Se 7. Žebelj; železo; d. 14 cm. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1275, Se 135. Inv. št. 23845. 01. Inv. št. 23421. 16. Železen predmet; železo; d. 9,5 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1078/ 8. Žebelj; železo; d. 14 cm. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1275, Se c2, Se 161. Inv. št. 23847. 01. Inv. št. 23473. 17. Del ščita; železo; d. 7 cm. Stavba 3, kv. 1077/D1, Se 9. Žebelj; železo; d. 14,5 cm. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1275, 144. Inv. št. 23839. Se 01. Inv. št. 23420. 10. Žebelj; železo; d. 13 cm. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1275, Se 01. Inv. št. 23422. 11. Žebelj; železo; d. 6,8 cm. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1224/ c3, Se 02. Inv. št. 23451. 425 11_katalog.indd 425 2.3.2012 9:29:51 11. katalog / catalogue 12. Žebelj; železo; d. 4,6 cm. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1224/ 7. ogrlica iz 17 jagod; steklo. grob 3, kv. 1271/a4. Inv. št. D2, Se 02. Inv. št. 23483. 23568, sl. 2.13. a – cevasta s poliedričnim presekom, temno zelena, d. 1,1 cm b – cevasta s poliedričnim presekom, temno zelena, d. 0,9 cm Tabla 49 c – cevasta, svetlo zelena, d. 0,6 cm d – cevasta, modra, d. 0,6 cm 1. Žebelj; železo; d. 15 cm. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1274/c2, e – cevasta z izrastki, poliedrični presek, zelena, d. 0,6 cm Se 02. Inv. št. 23415. f – obročasta, temno modra, pr. 0,5 cm 2. Žebelj; železo; d. 14 cm. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1325/B3, g – obročasta, temno modra, pr. 0,4 cm Se 02. Inv. št. 23417. h – obročasta, temno modra, pr. 0,5 cm 3. Žebelj; železo; d. 14 cm. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1224, Se i – obročasta, turkizna, pr. 0,4 cm 02. Inv. št. 23416. j – obročasta, temno modra, pr. 0,4 cm 4. Žebelj; železo; d. 15,5 cm. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1325/ k – obročasta, temno modra, pr. 0,4 cm B3, Se 02. Inv. št. 23418. l – obročasta, modra, pr. 0,4 cm 5. Železen predmet; železo; d. 11 cm. osrednja cerkev. m – obročasta, svetlo modra, pr. 0,4 cm Inv. št. 23651. n – obročasta, svetlo modra, dva dela, pr. 0,4 cm 6. ključ; železo; d. 4,7 cm. Zunaj cerkva, kv. 1373/B1, c1, o – neprepoznavne oblike, zelena, dva dela Se 21, zasutje groba 2. Inv. št. 23464. p – cevasta, polomljena, prozorna, d. 0,4 cm 7. Pločevina; bron; d. 2,2 cm. Zunaj cerkva, kv. 1120/D2, r – poliedrična, modra z belo-rdeče-belo črto, d. 0,4 cm Se 01. Inv. št. 23450. – ciglenečki 1997a, 22; Modrijan 2011, sl. 3: 4. 8. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,3 cm. Zunaj cerkva, kv. 1174, Se 01. Inv. št. 23458. 9. Puščična ost; železo; d. 7,9 cm. Južna cerkev, kv. 1372/ Tabla 52 D4, Se 01. Inv. št. 23452. 10. Puščična ost; železo; d. 8,3 cm. Južna cerkev, kv. 1422/ 1. Fibula; železo; pr. 4,5 cm. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1222/B2, D2, Se 02. Inv. št. 23449. Se 01. Inv. št. 23469. 11. Žebelj; železo; d. 2,3 cm. Južna cerkev, kv. 1423, Se 2. Jagoda, štiridelna; steklo; d. 3,8 cm. Vmesni prostor, kv. 01. Inv. št. 23459. 1324/B3, Se 80. Inv. št. 23654, sl. 2.12: 2. 12. konica; železo; d. 5,4 cm. Južna cerkev, kv. 1373, Se 3. Jagoda, cevasta; steklo; d. 0,6 cm. Vmesni prostor, kv. 02. Inv. št. 23466. 1324/a3Se 71. Inv. št. 23653, sl. 2.12: 1. 13. Žebelj; železo; d. 3,7 cm. Južna cerkev, kv. 1373/c3, 4. Prstan; bron, steklo ali kamen; pr. 2,4 cm. Vmesni pro- Se 02. Inv. št. 23462. stor, kv. 1272, Se 96. Inv. št. 23633. 14. Žebelj; železo; d. 6,3 cm. Južna cerkev, kv. 1373/B3, 5. trak; bron; d. 1,7 cm. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1272, Se 92. Se 02. Inv. št. 23461. Inv. št. 23635. 15. Žebelj; železo; d. 11 cm. Južna cerkev, kv. 1373/c2, Se 6. trak; bron; d. 4,8 cm. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1272, Se 92. 02. Inv. št. 23471. Inv. št. 23638. 16. Pločevina; bron; d. 2,3 cm. Južna cerkev, kv. 1472, Se 7. Fibula; bron; d. 2,2 cm. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1272, Se 02. Inv. št. 23885. 92. Inv. št. 23639. 17. obroček; bron; pr. 1,7 cm. Južna cerkev, kv. 1321/B2, 8. trak; bron; d. 2,1 cm. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1272, Se 95. Se 02. Inv. št. 23888. Inv. št. 23640. 9. Prstan; bron; d. 1,8 cm. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1222/c2, Se 107. Inv. št. 23877. Tabla 50 10. Nož; železo; d. 4,3 cm. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1272, Se 96. Inv. št. 23637. 1. kotel; bron. Južna cerkev. Inv. št. 23567. 11. Žebelj; železo; d. 0,7 cm. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1272, Se 96. Inv. št. 23636. 12. trak; bron; d. 1,3 cm. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1272, Se Tabla 51 97. Inv. št. 23641. 13. trak; svinec; d. 2,5 cm. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1272, Se 1. Žebelj; železo; d. 13,5 cm. Memorija, kv. 1324/D1, Se 94. Inv. št. 23644. 02. Inv. št. 23470. 14. Železen predmet; železo; d. 2,6 cm. Vmesni prostor, 2. obroček; bron; pr. 2,5 cm. Memorija, kv. 1325/a4, Se kv. 1272, Se 97. Inv. št. 23642. 02. Inv. št. 23887. 15. Železen predmet; železo; d. 5,6 cm. Vmesni prostor, 3. Žebelj; železo; d. 3 cm. Memorija, kv. 1375, Se 01. Inv. kv. 1252, Se 99. Inv. št. 23645. št. 23455. 16. Žebelj; železo; d. 13 cm. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1273/D2, 4. uhan; bron; pr. 2 cm. grob 3, kv. 1271/a4. Inv. št. 23570. Se 02. Inv. št. 23655. – ciglenečki 1997a, 22; Modrijan 2011, sl. 3: 1. 17. Nož; železo; d. 11,5 cm. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1272, Se 5. uhan; bron; pr. 2,2 cm. grob 3, kv. 1271/a4. Inv. št. 23571. 96. Inv. št. 23643. – ciglenečki 1997a, 22; Modrijan 2011, sl. 3: 2. 18. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,6 cm. Vmesni prostor, Se 02a. Inv. 6. Prstan; srebro, steklo ali kamen; pr. 2,3 cm. grob 3, kv. št. 23658. 1271/a4. Inv. št. 23569. 19. konica; železo; d. 4,7 cm. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1273/ – ciglenečki 1997a, 22; Modrijan 2011, sl. 3: 3. B4, Se 02. Inv. št. 23657. 426 11_katalog.indd 426 2.3.2012 9:29:51 11. katalog / catalogue 20. kamen; kamen; pr. 4,4 cm. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1272, 8. ustje; steklo; svetlo zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 666/D4, Se 71. Inv. št. 23632. Se 24. Inv. št. 22999. 9. ustje; steklo; rumenozeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 669/B2, Se 24. Inv. št. 22997. Tabla 53 10. ustje; steklo; rumenozeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a4, Se 29. Inv. št. 22996. 1. Svinčen predmet; svinec; d. 7 cm. Vmesni prostor, Se 11. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B 1, Se 108. Inv. št. 23874. 34. Inv. št. 22993. 2. Svinčen predmet; svinec; d. 3,7 cm, m. 66,80 g. Vmesni 12. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 619/B 3. Inv. prostor, kv. 1222/c4, Se 107. Inv. št. 23879. št. 22995. 3. Svinčen predmet; svinec; d.3,8 cm. Vmesni prostor, Se 13. ustje; steklo; svetlo rumenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 632/a1, 107. Inv. št. 23876. Se 10. Inv. št. 23000. 4. Svinčen predmet; svinec; d. 4,7 cm. Vmesni prostor, Se 14. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 754/D2, Se 56. 108. Inv. št. 23875. Inv. št. 23006. 5. Nož; železo; d. 4,4 cm. Vmesni prostor. Inv. št. 23873. 15. ustje; steklo; rumenozeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B3, Se 6. Žebelj; železo; d. 1,8 cm. Vmesni prostor, Se 108. Inv. 50. Inv. št. 23002. št. 23878. – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 2. 7. Žebelj; železo; d. 3,4 cm. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1222/D3. 16. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 769/a1, Se 03. Inv. št. 23881. Inv. št. 23012. 8. Žebelj; železo; d. 6 cm. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1222/D3. – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 3. Inv. št. 23880. 17. ustje; steklo; rumenozeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 716/a1, Se 9. Žebelj; železo; d. 4,5 cm. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1222/D3, 06. Inv. št. 23021. Se 107. Inv. št. 23882. 18. ustje; steklo; belo. Stavba 1, kv. 668/B2, Se 26. Inv. 10. Fibula; bron; d. 6,8 cm. grob 21, kv. 1272, Se 94. Inv. št. 23003. št. 23820. 19. ustje; steklo; zeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a1, Se 50. Inv. – cunja, Mlinar 2010, 127, kat. 198; Modrijan 2011, sl. 6: 3. št. 23008. 11. Prstan; bron; pr. 2,2 cm. grob 21, kv. 1272, Se 94. Inv. 20. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 673/a3, Se 23. št. 23821. Inv. št. 23004. – Modrijan 2011, sl. 6: 2. 21. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 716/a2, Se 12. Nož; železo; d. 9,7 cm. grob 21, kv. 1272, Se 94. Inv. 23. Inv. št. 23005. št. 23822. 22. ustje; steklo; zeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 716/c2. Inv. št. 23019. – Modrijan 2011, sl. 6: 1. 22. ustje; steklo; zeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 716/c2. Inv. št. 23019. uhan; bron, prozorno steklo (jagoda). grob 21, kv. 1272, 23. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B2, Se 06. Se 94. uničen. Inv. št. 23009. uhan; bron, prozorno steklo (jagoda). grob 21, kv. 1272, 23. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B2, Se 06. Se 94. uničen. Inv. št. 23009. 13. Srp; železo; d. 18 cm. cisterna, kv. 984/c1, Se 201. 24. ustje; steklo; svetlo rumenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 669/ Inv. št. 23572. a3,a4,B3,B4, Se 23. Inv. št. 23001. 14. Brus; kamen; d. 7,8 cm. cisterna, kv. 885/D4, Se 201. 25. ustje; steklo; svetlo rumeno. Stavba 1, kv. 719/B3. Inv. Inv. št. 23681. št. 23020. 15. Puščična ost; železo; d. 7,5 cm. cisterna, kv. 834/B2, 26. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto-zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 713/ Se 201. Inv. št. 23573. B2, Se 23. Inv. št. 23023. Tabla 54 Tabla 55 1. ustje; steklo; modro. Stavba 1, kv. 717/D4. Inv. št. 23007, 1. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 716/a2, Se 03. sl. 3.1: 1. Inv. št. 23028. 2. ostenje; steklo; vijoličasto-belo marmorirano. Stavba 1, 2. ustje; steklo; zeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 755/B4, Se 03. Inv. kv. 816/a2, Se 09. Inv. št. 23058, sl. 3.1: 2. št. 23024. 3. Ročaj; steklo; svetlo modro. Stavba 1, kv. 968/D2, Se 3. ustje; steklo; rumenozeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B4, Se 06. Inv. št. 23018. 06. Inv. št. 23031. 4. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 868, Se 34. Inv. – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 9. št. 22994. 4. ustje; steklo; zelenksto. Stavba 1, kv. 755/a2,B2,B3, Se 5. ostenje; steklo; rumenkasto, modro. Stavba 1, kv. 719/ 08. Inv. št. 23027. D4. Inv. št. 24140. 5. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto-zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 755/ 6. ustje; steklo; zeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 669/a3,a4,B3,B4, Se a3, Se 03. Inv. št. 23022. 24. Inv. št. 22992. 6. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 918/B1, Se 62. – ciglenečki, Milavec 2009, t. 1: 8. Inv. št. 23034. 7. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 716/a4, Se 23. – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 8. Inv. št. 22998. 7. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. Stavba 1. Slučajna najdba. Inv. št. 23048. 427 11_katalog.indd 427 2.3.2012 9:29:51 11. katalog / catalogue 8. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a2,a3,B2,B3, 7. ustje; steklo; svetlo zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 634/a3, Se Se 03. Inv. št. 23087. 24. Inv. št. 23041. 9. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a2,a3,B2,B3, 8. ustje; steklo; zeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a4. Inv. št. 23046. Se 34. Inv. št. 23088. 9. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c3, Se 24. 10. ustje; steklo; prosojno. Stavba 1, Se 01. Inv. št. 23049. Inv. št. 23065. 11. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 618/a1, Se – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 27. 34. Inv. št. 23052. 10. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto-zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 716/ 12. ustje; steklo; prosojno. Stavba 1, kv. 619/B1, Se 64. a1, Se 03. Inv. št. 23079. Inv. št. 23050. – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 32. 13. ustje; steklo; svetlo rumenkasto. Stavba 1. Inv. št. 23051. 11. Noga; steklo; rumenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 766/B2, Se 14. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto-zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 675/ 24. Inv. št. 23398. D3, Se 05. Inv. št. 23040. 12. Noga; steklo; rumenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 669/D2, Se – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 6. 23. Inv. št. 23405. 15. ustje; steklo; zeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 569/c4, Se 34. Inv. 13. Noga; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c2, Se 23. št. 23042. Inv. št. 23404. 16. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 675/B4, Se 05. 14. Noga; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 818/a2, Se 03. Inv. št. 23026. Inv. št. 23403. 17. ustje; steklo; svetlo rumenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a2, 15. Noga; steklo; zeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 676/a2, Se 01. Inv. Se 29. Inv. št. 23043. št. 23059. 18. ustje; steklo; prosojno. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c1, Se 50. – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 22. Inv. št. 23053. 16. Noga; steklo; zeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 675/B1, Se 26. Inv. 19. ustje; steklo; zeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c2, Se 50. Inv. št. 23060. št. 23045. – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 23. 20. ustje; steklo; svetlozeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 619/a3, Se 17. Noga; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 870/c4, Se 70. 34. Inv. št. 23044. Inv. št. 23061. 21. ustje; steklo; rumeno-zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B2, – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 24. Se 29. Inv. št. 23047. 18. Noga; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 716. Inv. št. 22. Űstje; steklo; zeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 675/B1, Se 26. Inv. 23062. št. 23060. – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 25. – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 23. 19. Noga; steklo; rumenozeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 795/B1,B2, 23. ustje; steklo; rumenozeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B4, Se Se 34. Inv. št. 23064. 23. Inv. št. 23406. – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 26. 24. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 766/c1, Se 24. 20. Noga; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c3, Se 24. Inv. št. 23410. Inv. št. 23065. 25. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 713/B1, Se 23. – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 27. Inv. št. 23025. 21. Noga; steklo; zelenkasto-rumenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 717/ – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 4. c3,c4, Se 10. Inv. št. 23066. 26. ustje; steklo; rumenozeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 667/B3,B4, – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 28. Se 08. Inv. št. 23411. 22. Noga; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a2, Se 29. 27. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 674/D2, Se 08. Inv. št. 23067. Inv. št. 23085. – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 29. – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 5. 23. Noga; steklo; rumeno. Stavba 1, kv. 870/D3, Se 69, 70. Inv. št. 23070. – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 30. Tabla 56 24. Noga; steklo; rumenozeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 672/a2. Inv. št. 23080. 1. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 619/c3, Se 64. – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 31. Inv. št. 23032. 25. Noga; steklo; rumenkasto-zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 716/ – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 7. a1, Se 03. Inv. št. 23079. 2. ustje; steklo; rumenozeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 719/c4. Inv. – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 32. št. 23409. 26. Noga; steklo; rumenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c3, Se 3. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 716/c2, Se 24. 23. Inv. št. 23076. Inv. št. 23412. – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 33. 4. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 816/B1, Se 01. 27. Noga; steklo; rumeno. Stavba 1, kv. 756/a2, Se 03. Inv. št. 23407. Inv. št. 23081. 5. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 668/c2, Se 01. – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 34. Inv. št. 23413. 28. Noga; steklo; modro. Stavba 1, kv. 669/B4, Se 23. Inv. 6. ustje; steklo; zeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 719/c4, Se 05. Inv. št. 23071. št. 23408. – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 35. 6. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 719/c4, Se 05. 29. kozarec; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 720/a3, Se Inv. št. 23408. 01. Inv. št. 22468. – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 36. 428 11_katalog.indd 428 2.3.2012 9:29:51 11. katalog / catalogue 30. kozarec; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 717/D4, Se 16. ostenje; steklo; zeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 669/B3, Se 29a. 10. Inv. št. 22469. Inv. št. 23057. 31. Noga; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1. Slučajna najdba. 17. ostenje; steklo; zeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 720/a4, Se 01. Inv. št. 22469. Inv. št. 23011. 32. Noga; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 716/a2, Se 23. 18. ostenje; steklo; rumenkasto-zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. Inv. št. 23401. 667/D3,D4, Se 06. Inv. št. 23013. 33. Noga; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1. Inv. št. 23402. 19. Ročaj svetilke; steklo; rumeno. Stavba 1, kv. 672/c1, 34. Noga; steklo; rumeno. Stavba 1. Inv. št. 23082. Se 06. Inv. št. 23015. 35. Noga; steklo; rumenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 766/c2, Se – Milavec 2009, t. 2: 9. 23. Inv. št. 23747. 20. Ročaj svetilke; steklo; zeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 672/D3, Se 36. kozarec; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 717/B3, Se 06. Inv. št. 23016. 08. Inv. št. 22467. – Milavec 2009, t. 2: 10. 21. Ročaj in ustje svetilke; steklo; rumenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 675/D3, Se 26. Inv. št. 23014. Tabla 57 – Milavec 2009, t. 2: 7. 22. Ročaj; steklo; zeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 816/D2,D1. Inv. 1. Dno; steklo; rjavozeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 619/c2, Se 68. št. 23017. Inv. št. 23063. – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 11. 2. Dno; steklo; zeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 634/a4, Se 29a. Inv. Tabla 58 št. 23068. – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 12. 1. Dno balzamarija; steklo; rumenkasto-zelenkasto. Stav- 3. Dno; steklo; svetlo zeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a3, Se 29. ba 1, kv. 817/D2, Se 03. Inv. št. 23069. Inv. št. 23056. – Milavec 2009, t. 2: 8. – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 13. 2. Noga; steklo; zeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 769/a1, Se 03. Inv. 4. Dno; steklo; zeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 634/B3, Se 29a. Inv. št. 23078. št. 23074. – Milavec 2009, t. 2: 12. – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 14. 3. Noga; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 867/D2. Inv. št. 23072. 5. Dno; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c3, Se 29. 4. Noga; steklo; zlenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 669/B2, Se 24. Inv. št. 23077. Inv. št. 23083. – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 15. – Milavec 2009, t. 2: 2. 6. Dno; steklo; rumenozeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 669/B1, Se 5. Noga; steklo; rumenozeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 817/B4, Se 29. Inv. št. 23397. 05. Inv. št. 23400. – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 16. – Milavec 2009, t. 2: 1. 7. Dno; steklo; rumenozeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 716/a1, Se 6. Noga; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 619/c3, Se 74. 23. Inv. št. 23399. Inv. št. 23010. – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 17. 7. ustje; steklo; brezbarvno. Stavba 1, kv. 669, Se 29. Inv. 8. Dno; steklo; zeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 754/B1, Se 10. Inv. št. 23030. št. 23075. – Milavec 2009, t. 2: 11. – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 19. 8. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c4, Se 07. 9. Dno; steklo; olivno zeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 569/D3. Inv. Inv. št. 23029. št. 23054. 9. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 2, kv. 1279/a1. Inv. – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 18. št. 23829. 10. Dno; steklo; rumenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 719/D1. Inv. 10. ustje; steklo; rjavkasto. Stavba 2, kv. 1229, Se 106. št. 23719. Inv. št. 23830. – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 20. 11. Noga; steklo; zeleno. Stavba 2, kv. 1179/B2, Se 106. 11. Dno; steklo; rumenozeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B1, Se Inv. št. 23828. 24. Inv. št. 23816. 12. Noga; steklo; zeleno. Stavba 2, kv. 1178/B2, Se 112. – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 21. Inv. št. 23827. 12. Dno; steklo; zeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 754/D2, Se 12. Inv. 13. Noga; steklo; rumenkasto. Stavba 2, kv. 1178/B3, Se št. 23073. 106. Inv. št. 23826. – Milavec 2009, t. 1: 10. 14. Noga; steklo; rumenkasto. Stavba 2, kv. 1178/B2, Se 13. ustje; steklo; zeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 817/c3,D3, Se 03. 112. Inv. št. 23825. Inv. št. 23033. 15. Dno; steklo; zeleno. Stavba 2, kv. 1229/D4, Se 106. – Milavec 2009, t. 2: 3. Inv. št. 23833. 14. Vrat; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 1, kv. 719/B2, Se 01. 16. Dno; steklo; rjavkasto. Stavba 2, kv. 1229/D4, Se 106. Inv. št. 23055. Inv. št. 23832. – Milavec 2009, t. 2: 4. 17. Dno; steklo; rjavkasto. Stavba 2, kv. 1229/D4, Se 106. 15. ostenje; steklo; zeleno. Stavba 1, kv. 669/B3, Se 29a. Inv. št. 23831. Inv. št. 23089. 18. Ročaj svetilke; steklo; rjavkasto. Stavba 2, kv. 1178/a1, – Milavec 2009, t. 2: 5. Se 112. Inv. št. 23824. 429 11_katalog.indd 429 2.3.2012 9:29:51 11. katalog / catalogue 19. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. Stavba 3, Se 137. Inv. št. 4. Dno; steklo; rumeno-zeleno. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1324/ 23579. D1, Se 02. Inv. št. 23507. 20. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. Stavba 3, kv. 928/D3, Se 5. Dno; steklo; zelenkasto. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1326/ 158. Inv. št. 23578. a1,B1, Se 02, 11. Inv. št. 23434. 21. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. Stavba 3, Se 162. Inv. št. 23577. 6. Dno; steklo; zelenkasto. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1326/ a1,B1, Se 02,11. Inv. št. 23433. 7. Svetilka; steklo; zelenkasto. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1325/ Tabla 59 a2, Se 11. Inv. št. 23448. – Milavec 2009, t. 2: 6. 1. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 3, kv. 1077/D1, Se 150. 8. Svetilka; steklo; svetlo zeleno. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1326/ Inv. št. 23594. a1,B1, Se 02,11. Inv. št. 23426. 2. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. Stavba 3, kv. 1078/D4, Se 160. 9. Svetilka; steklo; rumenkasto. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1325/ Inv. št. 23586. a2, Se 11. Inv. št. 23446. 3. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 3, Se 161. Inv. št. 23589. 10. Svetilka; steklo; temno zelenkasto. osrednja cerkev, kv. 4. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 3, kv. 1077/D1, Se 144. 1326/a1,B1, Se 02,11. Inv. št. 23427. Inv. št. 23590. 11. Svetilka; steklo; zelenkasto. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1326/ 5. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 3, kv. 1128/D2, Se 144. D2, Se 02. Inv. št. 23447. Inv. št. 23853. 12. Svetilka; steklo; zelenkasto. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1325/ 6. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. Stavba 3, kv. 1128/B3, Se 135. D1, Se 02. Inv. št. 23440. Inv. št. 23576. 13. Ročaj svetilke; steklo; svetlo zeleno. osrednja cerkev, 7. Noga; steklo; zelenkasto. Stavba 3, kv. 1078/D1, Se 144. kv. 1326/a1,B1, Se 02,11. Inv. št. 23428. Inv. št. 23592. 14. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1324/ 8. Noga; steklo; zeleno. Stavba 3, kv. 1078/B2, Se 137. D1, Se 02. Inv. št. 23508. Inv. št. 23593. 15. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. osrednja cerkev, Se 02. Inv. 9. Dno; steklo; zeleno. Stavba 3, kv. 1078/B3, Se 160. Inv. št. 23502. št. 23591. 16. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Memorija, kv. 1375/a2, Se 10. ustje; steklo; rumeno. Severna cerkev, kv. 1226/D1, 04. Inv. št. 23492. Se 02. Inv. št. 23504. 17. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Memorija, kv. 1375/a2, Se 11. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. Severna cerkev, kv. 1124, 04. Inv. št. 23491. Se 54. Inv. št. 23423. 18. Noga; steklo; zelenkasto. Memorija, kv. 1324/c4, Se 12. ustje; steklo; zeleno. Severna cerkev, kv. 1124, Se 56. 02. Inv. št. 23498. Inv. št. 23424. 13. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. Severna cerkev, kv. 1277/ a1, Se 01. Inv. št. 23442. Tabla 61 14. Noga; steklo; rumenkasto. Severna cerkev, kv. 1124/ c1, Se 56. Inv. št. 23425. 1. Dno; steklo; rumeno. Memorija, kv. 1374/B2. Inv. št. 23500. 15. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1326/ 2. Dno; steklo; svetlo modro. Memorija, kv. 1324/c4, Se a1,B1, Se 02,11. Inv. št. 23429. 02. Inv. št. 23497. 16. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1326/ 3. Dno; steklo; zelenkasto. Memorija, kv. 1375/a2, Se 04. a1,B1, Se 02,11. Inv. št. 23430. Inv. št. 23495. 17. ustje; steklo; rumeno-zeleno. osrednja cerkev, kv. 4. Dno; steklo; rumenkasto. Memorija, kv. 1325/a4, Se 1324/D1, Se 02. Inv. št. 23509. 02. Inv. št. 23444. 18. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1326/ 5. Vrat steklenice; steklo; rumeno-zeleno. Memorija, kv. a1,B1, Se 02,11. Inv. št. 23431. 1375/a2, Se 04. Inv. št. 23510. 19. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1325, Se 6. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Memorija, kv. 1375/a2, Se 02. Inv. št. 23438. 04. Inv. št. 23493. 20. ustje; steklo; rumeno. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1326/B2, 7. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Memorija, kv. 1375/a2, Se Se 02. Inv. št. 23499. 04. Inv. št. 23494. 21. ustje; steklo; rumeno. osrednja cerkev, Se 02. Inv. 8. Dno balzamarija; steklo; rumenkasto. Memorija, kv. št. 23501. 1325/a4, Se 02. Inv. št. 23445. 22. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1325/ 9. Dno balzamarija; steklo; rumeno. Memorija, kv. 1375/ a2, Se 11. Inv. št. 23503. a2, Se 04. Inv. št. 23511. 10. Dno steklenice; steklo; zelenkasto. Južna cerkev, kv. 1322/D4, Se 02. Inv. št. 23496. Tabla 60 11. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Zasutje groba 1, kv. 1423/D4, Se Zasutje groba 1. Inv. št. 23441. 1. Dno; steklo; rumeno-zeleno. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1324/ 12. Ročaj svetilke; steklo; rumenkasto. Zasutje groba 1, kv. D1, Se 02. Inv. št. 23506. 1422, Se 06. Inv. št. 23443. 2. Dno; steklo; rjavkasto. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1326/a1,B1, 13. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Zasutje groba 7, kv. 1326, Se Se 02,11. Inv. št. 23432. Zasutje groba 7. Inv. št. 23437. 3. Dno; steklo; rumeno. osrednja cerkev, kv. 1324/D1, Se 14. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. Zasutje groba 21, kv. 1272, 02. Inv. št. 23505. Se 94. Inv. št. 23601. 430 11_katalog.indd 430 2.3.2012 9:29:52 11. katalog / catalogue 15. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Zasutje groba 21, Se 94. Inv. 22. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1222/c2, št. 23602. Se 100. Inv. št. 23626. 16. Dno; steklo; zeleno. Zasutje groba 21, Se 94. Inv. št. 23. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1222/c2, 23603. Se 100. Inv. št. 23625. 17. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1273/ 24. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1222/c2, c2, Se 02. Inv. št. 23661. Se 100. Inv. št. 23624. 18. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1273/ 25. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1272, D3, Se 02. Inv. št. 23664. Se 96. Inv. št. 23611. 19. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1324/ a1, Se 84. Inv. št. 23666. 20. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1323/D1, Tabla 63 Se 02. Inv. št. 23674. 21. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. Vmesni prostor, Se 02a. 1. ustje in stena; steklo; rumenkasto. Vmesni prostor, kv. Inv. št. 23667. 64?, Se 84. Inv. št. 23663. 22. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1323/D1, 2. Noga; steklo; zelenkasto. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1272, Se Se 02. Inv. št. 23673. 89. Inv. št. 23606. 23. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1272, 3. Noga; steklo; rumeno. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1272, Se 96. Se 74. Inv. št. 23649. Inv. št. 23618. 4. Noga; steklo; rumenkasto. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1273/D3, Se 62 (sonda 93). Inv. št. 23676. Tabla 62 5. Noga; steklo; rumenkasto. Vmesni prostor, Se 71. Inv. št. 23659. 1. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1272, Se 6. Dno; steklo; rjavkasto. Vmesni prostor, Se 02a. Inv. št. 102. Inv. št. 23612. 23668. 2. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1272, Se 7. Dno; steklo; zeleno. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1273/D3, Se 62 74. Inv. št. 23609. (sonda 93). Inv. št. 23671. 3. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. Vmesni prostor. Inv. št. 23614. 8. Dno; steklo; zelenkasto. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1323/D1, 4. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1272, Se Se 02. Inv. št. 23675. 89. Inv. št. 23605. 9. Dno; steklo; rumenkasto. Vmesni prostor, Se 111. Inv. 5. ustje; steklo; rjavkasto. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1272, Se št. 23650. 102. Inv. št. 23613. 10. Dno; steklo; zeleno. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1272, Se 98. 6. ustje; steklo; rumeno. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1272, Se 93. Inv. št. 23646. Inv. št. 23615. 11. Dno; steklo; zelenkasto. Vmesni prostor, Se 100. Inv. 7. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Vmesni prostor. Inv. št. 23647. št. 23627. 8. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1272, Se 12. Dno; steklo; zelenkasto. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1272. Inv. 103. Inv. št. 23648. št. 23617. 9. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1272, Se 13. Dno; steklo; zelenkasto. Vmesni prostor, Se 107. Inv. 97. Inv. št. 23600. št. 23616. 10. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1222/c2, 14. Dno; steklo; rumenkasto. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1252, Se 100. Inv. št. 23623. Se 97. Inv. št. 23599. 11. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. Vmesni prostor, Se 78. Inv. 15. Dno; steklo; prozorno. Vmesni prostor, Se 89. Inv. št. 23608. št. 23597. 12. ustje; steklo; turkizno. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1272, Se 16. Dno; steklo; zelenkasto. Vmesni prostor, Se 100. Inv. 89. Inv. št. 23604. št. 23628. 13. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1252, Se 17. Dno; steklo; zeleno. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1272, Se 92. 92. Inv. št. 23622. Inv. št. 23620. 14. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1272/ 18. Dno; steklo; zeleno. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1272, Se 92. c1, Se 01. Inv. št. 23439. Inv. št. 23621. 15. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. Vmesni prostor, kv. 64?, Se 19. ustje z ročajem; steklo; rumenkasto. Vmesni prostor, 84. Inv. št. 23663. kv. 1273/D3, Se 62 (sonda 93). Inv. št. 23672. 16. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1272, 20. Ročaj svetilke; steklo; zeleno. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1273/ Se 96. Inv. št. 23619. c2, Se 02. Inv. št. 23660. 17. ustje; steklo; zeleno. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1272, Se 76. 21. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1272/ Inv. št. 23610. c4, Se 02. Inv. št. 23665. 18. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. Vmesni prostor, Se 89. Inv. 22. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. Vmesni prostor, Se 86. Inv. št. 23598. št. 23670. 19. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1272, Se 23. Ročaj; steklo; rumenkasto. Vmesni prostor, Se 86. 96. Inv. št. 23631. Inv. št. 23670. 20. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1272, Se 24. Svetilka; steklo; rumenkasto. Vmesni prostor, Se 100. 96. Inv. št. 23630. Inv. št. 23634. 21. ustje; steklo; zelenkasto. Vmesni prostor, kv. 1272, Se 25. Ročaj svetilke; steklo; rumeno. Vmesni prostor, kv. 96. Inv. št. 23629. 1272, Se 94. Inv. št. 23595. 431 11_katalog.indd 431 2.3.2012 9:29:52 11. katalog / catalogue 26. Noga; steklo; prozorno. Vmesni prostor, Se 111. Inv. 2. krožnik ali skleda; del dna in ostenja; afriška; barva št. 23607. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 2,5YR 5/8. Stavba 1, kv. 720/a4, 27. ustje; steklo; turkizno. Vmesni prostor, Se 89. Inv. Se 01. Inv. št. 21688. št. 23596. 3. oljenka; del diska; afriška; barva zunaj, znotraj in v – ciglenečki, Milavec 2009, t. 1: 7. prelomu: 2,5YR 6/8; reliefni okras menjajočih se koncentričnih 28. Noga; steklo; zelenkasto. cisterna, kv. 934/ a3, Se krogov in rombov. Stavba 1, kv. 618/B3, Se 67. Inv. št. 21791. 218. Inv. št. 23678. – Milavec, Modrijan 2007, sl. 7: 3. 29. Dno; steklo; zeleno. cisterna, kv. 934/ c2, Se 101. 4. oljenka; držaj in del diska; afriška; barva zunaj, znotraj Inv. št. 23679. in v prelomu: 2,5YR 6/6; reliefni okras menjajočih se trikot- 30. ustje; steklo; rumenkasto. cisterna, kv. 934/ D2, Se nikov in palmet. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a3, Se 29. Inv. št. 21900. 229. Inv. št. 23677. – Milavec, Modrijan 2007, sl. 7: 4. 5. oljenka; držaj in del diska; afriška; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 2,5YR 6/8; reliefni okras. Stavba 1, kv. 716/D4, Tabla 64 Se 23. Inv. št. 21393. – ciglenečki 1994b, sl. 4. 1; Milavec, Modrijan 2007, sl. 9.3. 1. Skleda; 2 dela ustja z ostenjem; afriška sigilata; barva 6. oljenka; imitacija afriške; barva zunaj, znotraj in v zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 2,5YR 4/8. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c1, prelomu: 10YR 8/4; reliefni okras. Stavba 1, 666/a1 Se 34. Se 06. Inv. št. 20871, 21559. Inv. št. 21812. – Milavec, Modrijan 2007, sl. 7: 1; Modrijan 2010, sl. 2: 1. – Milavec, Modrijan 2007, sl. 9.4. 2. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; afriška sigilata; barva zunaj, 7. Skleda; 3 deli ustja z ostenjem; afriška namizna; barva znotraj in v prelomu: 2,5YR 4/8; 3. Stavba 1, kv. 769/B2, Se zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 10R 4/6; Stavba 1, kv. 766/B3, Se 04. Inv. št. 21943. 01. Inv. št. 21659. 3. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; afriška sigilata; barva zunaj, 8. lonček; deli ustja, ostenja in dna; glazirana; barva zunaj: znotraj in v prelomu: 10R 5/8; Stavba 1, kv. 718/B2, Se 10. 5YR 6/8, lošč 2,5Y 4/3; barva znotraj: 5YR 6/8, lošč 2,5Y 6/3; Inv. št. 20464. barva v prelomu: 5YR 6/8; okras enojne valovnice; stavba 1, 4. krožnik ali skleda; 3 deli ustja z ostenjem; afriška sigilata; kv. 766/a4, Se 24. Inv. št. 21674, 21772, 21892. barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 2,5YR 5/8. Stavba 1, kv. 669/ – Modrijan 2009, sl 1.2: b, sl. 4.1. c1, Se 30. Inv. št. 20625. 9. lonček; del ustja z ostenjem; barva zunaj: 5YR 6/6, – Milavec, Modrijan 2007, sl. 7: 2; Modrijan 2010, sl. 2: 2. lošč 2,5Y 6/4; barva znotraj: 5YR 6/6, lošč 2,5Y 6/4; barva v 5. krožnik ali skleda; del ustja in 2 dela ostenja; afriška prelomu: 5YR 6/6. Stavba 1, kv. 716/c3, Se 23. Inv. št. 21249. sigilata; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 2,5YR 5/8. Stavba – Modrijan 2009, sl. 1.2.c. 1, kv. 769/a1, Se 04. Inv. št. 20529. 10. lonec; del dna z ostenjem; glazirana keramika; barva – Modrijan 2010, sl. 2: 3. zunaj: 2,5YR 6/6, lošč 10YR 4/2; barva znotraj: 2,5YR 6/6, lošč 6. krožnik ali skleda; del ustja z ostenjem in del ostenja; 10YR 4/2; barva v prelomu: 2,5YR 6/6. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B3, afriška sigilata; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 2,5YR 5/8. Se 24. Inv. št. 20075. Stavba 1, kv. 718/D4, Se 36. Inv. št. 20325, 20326. – Modrijan 2009, sl. 1.2.d. 7. krožnik ali skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; afriška sigilata; 11. Vrč; del ustja z ročajem; namizna keramika; barva barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 2,5YR 5/8. Stavba 1, kv. 720/ zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 7,5YR 7/6: Stavba 1, kv. 666/B1, a3, Se 01. Inv. št. 21684. Se 29. Inv. št. 21702. 8. krožnik ali skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; afriška sigilata; 12. Vrč; del ustja z ročajem; namizna keramika; barva barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 2,5YR 6/6, premaz 2,5YR zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 7,5YR 7/6. Stavba 1, Se 669/D2, 5/8. Stavba 1, kv. 619/B2, Se 64. Inv. št. 20602. Se 30. Inv. št. 21043, 21095. 9. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; afriška sigilata; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 2,5YR 5/8. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c4, Se 07. Inv. št. 20999. Tabla 66 – Milavec, Modrijan 2007, sl. 9: 1; Modrijan 2010, sl. 3: 13. 10. krožnik ali skleda; 2 dela dna; afriška sigilata; barva 1. Vrč; namizna keramika; deli ustja, ročaja, ostenja in zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 2,5YR 5/8; okras: vrbovi listi. dna; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 7,5YR 7/4. Stavba 1, Stavba 1, kv. 669/a3, Se 23. Inv. št. 20472. kv. 666/a1, Se 29. Inv. št. 22185a-c. 11. krožnik ali skleda; del ustja in ostenja; afriška sigilata; 2. Vrč; namizna keramika; del ostenja z ročajem in dva dela barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 2,5YR 6/8. Stavba 1, kv. 720/ ostenja; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu 7,5YR 7/6. Stavba a4, Se 01. Inv. št. 21687. 1, kv. 669/B2, Se24. Inv. št. 20904. – Milavec, Modrijan 2007, sl. 9: 2. 3. Vrč; namizna keramika; del ustja in ostenja z ročajem; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu 7,5YR 7/6. Stavba 1, Se 716/ c4, Se 23. Inv. št. 21271. Tabla 65 4. Vrč; namizna keramika; del ustja z ostenjem; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rumena. Stavba 1, kv 619/B3, c3, 1. krožnik ali skleda; del dna in ostenja; afriška; barva Se 67. Inv. št. 21696. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 2,5YR 5/8. Stavba 1, kv. 719/B3, 5. Vrč; namizna keramika; del ustja z ostenjem; barva Se 07. Inv. št. 21492. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 5YR 6/6. Stavba 1, kv. 817/D2, Se 03. Inv. št. 22093. 432 11_katalog.indd 432 2.3.2012 9:29:52 11. katalog / catalogue 6. lonček; namizna keramika; del ustja z ostenjem; barva 6. amfora; ustje in del ostenja; afriška; barva zunaj in zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 7,5YR 7/6. Stavba 1, kv. 716/D4, znotraj: 10YR 8/21; barva v prelomu: 7,5YR 8/4. Stavba 1, kv. Se 23. Inv. št. 21356. 716/c1, Se 06. Inv. št. 21561. 7. lonček; namizna keramika; del ustja z ostenjem; barva – Modrijan 2010, sl. 2: 6. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 5YR 3/1. Stavba 1, kv. 766/a3, Se 7. amfora; konica; afriška; barva zunaj: 2,5YR 6/6; barva 23. Inv. št. 20659. znotraj in v prelomu: 2,5YR 5/6. Stavba 1, kv. 766/c4, Se12. 8. lonček; namizna keramika; del ustja z ostenjem; barva Inv. št. 20002. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 7,5YR 7/6. Stavba 1, kv. 667/a1 – ciglenečki 1994b, sl. 4: 4. a2, Se 06. Inv. št. 20748. 8. amfora; konica; afriška; barva zunaj 2,5YR 6/8 (premaz 9. lonček; namizna keramika; del ustja z ostenjem; barva 7,5YR 7/3; barva znotraj in v prelomu: 2,5YR 6/8. Stavba 1, kv. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 7,5YR 6/6. Stavba 1, kv. 815/D1, 768/c3, Se 03. Inv. št. 21865. Se 14. Inv. št. 22006. 9. amfora; del konice z ostenjem; afriška; barva zunaj, 10. lonček; namizna keramika; del ustja z ostenjem; barva znotraj in v prelomu: 2,5YR 5/6. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a4, Se57. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 5YR 5/8. Stavba 1, kv. 667/a4. Inv. št. 22127. Inv. št. 21641. 10. amfora; del konice z ostenjem; afriška; barva zunaj: 11. Posoda; namizna keramika; del ostenja; barva zunaj in 2,5YR 6/2; barva znotraj in v prelomu: 2,5YR 5/6. Stavba 1, znotraj: oranžna; v prelomu: siv; okras: rahli široki vzporedni kv. 669/c4, Se 01. Inv. št. 20985. žlebovi. Stavba 1, kv. 719/D1, Se 26. Inv. št. 21636. – ciglenečki 1994, sl. 4: 6. 12. Vrč; namizna keramika; del ročaja; barva zunaj, znotraj – Milavec, Modrijan 2007, sl. 7: 6. in v prelomu: 10YR 8/3; Stavba 1, kv. 719/c2, Se 26. Inv. št. 21557. 13. Vrč; namizna keramika; del ročaja; barva zunaj, znotraj Tabla 68 in v prelomu: 7,5YR 8/4. Stavba 1, kv. 619/B2, Se 34. Inv. št. 21697. 1. amfora; del ustja z ostenjem; afriška; barva zunaj, 14. Vrč; namizna keramika; del spiralno narebrenega znotraj in v prelomu: 7,5YR 7/3. Stavba 1, kv. 669/B3, Se29a. ročaja; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 7,5YR 7/4. Stavba Inv. št. 20930. 1, 720/a3, Se 07. Inv. št. 21689. 2. amfora; del ustja z ostenjem; afriška; barva zunaj: 7,5YR 15. Vrč; namizna keramika; del ročaja; barva zunaj, znotraj 4/3; barva znotraj: 7,5YR 7/6; barva v prelomu: 2,5YR 5/8. in v prelomu: 7,5YR 8/4. Stavba 1, kv. 666/D4, Se 06. Inv. št. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c3, Se 01. Inv. št. 21030. 20849. – Milavec, Modrijan 2007, sl. 10. 6; Modrijan 2010, sl. 3: 11. 16. Posoda; namizna keramika; del dna in ostenja; barva 3. amfora; konica in del ostenja; afriška; barva zunaj, zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 5YR 6/8. Stavba 1, kv. 668/D3, znotraj in v prelomu: 7,5YR 7/4. Stavba 1, kv. 568/B1, Se 34. Se 29. Inv. št. 22066. Inv. št. 21514. 17. Posoda; namizna keramika; del dna; barva zunaj, 4. amfora; del ostenja z ročajem; afriška; barva zunaj: znotraj in v prelomu: 5YR 6/8. Stavba 1, kv. 669/B2, Se 24. 2,5YR 5/8; barva znotraj in v prelomu: 7,5YR 7/7. Stavba 1, Inv. št. 20907, 22090. kv. 718/a3, Se 11. Inv. št. 20380. 18. Posoda; namizna keramika; del dna in ostenja; barva 5. amfora; del ostenja z ročajem; afriška; barva zunaj in zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 5YR 6/6. Stavba 1, kv. 817/D3, znotraj: 7,5YR 8/2; barva v prelomu: 7,5YR 7/4. Stavba 1, kv. Se 03. Inv. št. 22103. 718/c1, Se 10. Inv. št. 20493. 6. amfora; del vratu in ostenja; afriška; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 2.5YR 6/8. Izven izkopnega polja. Tabla 67 – ciglenečki 1994a, t. 1: 1. 1. amfora; ustje in del ostenja; afriška; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 2,5YR 5/6. Stavba 1, kv. 719/c1, Se 29a. Inv. Tabla 69 št. 21526. – Modrijan 2010, sl. 2: 4. 1. amfora; del ročaja; afriška; barva zunaj in znotraj: 2. amfora; ustje in del ostenja; afriška; barva zunaj in 2,5YR 6/8; barva v prelomu: 2,5YR 6/1. Stavba 1, kv. 619/D1, znotraj: 5YR 6/2; barva v prelomu: 10YR 5/6. Stavba 1, kv. Se 67. Inv. št. 21908. 717/c3, Se 10. Inv. št. 21942. 2. amfora; del ročaja; afriška; barva zunaj in znotraj: 5YR 3. amfora; ustje in del ostenja; afriška; barva zunaj in 6/2; barva v prelomu: 2,5YR 5/8. Stavba 1, kv. 816/a1, Se 68. znotraj: 2,5YR 6/8; barva v prelomu: 2,5YR 6/8-2,5YR 6/2- Inv. št. 22026. 2,5YR6/8. Stavba 1, kv. 668/D2, Se 29. Inv. št. 21918. 3. amfora; del ostenja z nastavkom ročaja; afriška; barva 4. amfora; ustje in del ostenja; afriška; barva zunaj in zunaj: 7,5YR 8/2; barva znotraj in v prelomu: 2,5YR 5/6. Stavba znotraj: 5YR 6/2; barva v prelomu: 2,5YR 6/8. Stavba 1, kv. 1, kv. 669/a2, Se 29. Inv. št. 21959. 666/a2, Se 56. Inv. št. 21725. 4. amfora; 3 deli ustja z ostenjem in dvema ročajema; – Modrijan 2010, sl. 2: 5. vzhodnomediteranska; barva zunaj: 10YR 8/3; barva znotraj 5. amfora; ustje in del ostenja; afriška; barva zunaj: 10YR in v prelomu: 7,5YR 7/6. Stavba 1, kv. 669/ a3, Se 26. Inv. št. 8/2; barva znotraj: 7,5YR 8/4; barva v prelomu: 7,5YR 7/3. 20883, 21122, 21469. Stavba 1, kv. 668/B1, Se 06. Inv. št. 22183. – ciglenečki 1994b, sl. 4: 3; Milavec, Modrijan 2007, sl. – Milavec, Modrijan 2007, sl. 7: 5. 10.1; Modrijan 2010, sl. 3: 1. 433 11_katalog.indd 433 2.3.2012 9:29:52 11. katalog / catalogue 5. amfora; 30 delov ustja in ostenja; vzhodnomediteran- 2. amfora; vzhodnomediteranska; del ostenja z ročajem, ska; barva zunaj: 5YR 6/8; barva znotraj: 5YR 5/8; barva v vzhodnomediteranska; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: prelomu: 5YR 7/3; gosti vzporedni žlebovi. Stavba 1, kv. 669/ 7,5YR 7/4. Stavba 1, kv. 720/a2, Se 01. Inv. št. 21680. c3, c4, Se 01. Inv. št. 21033-21037, 20949. 3. amfora; del ostenja z ročajem; vzhodnomediteranska; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 2,5YR 6/4; široki vzporedni žlebovi. Stavba 1, kv. 668/D4, Se 08. Inv. št. 20839-20841. Tabla 70 4. amfora; del ostenja z ročajem; vzhodnomediteranska; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 2,5YR 5/8; gosti vzporedni 1. amfora; del ustja z ostenjem; vzhodnomediteranska; žlebovi. Stavba 1, kv. 666/D1, Se 34. Inv. št. 22043. barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 5YR 6/6. Stavba 1, kv. 719/ 5. amfora; del ostenja; vzhodnomediteranska; barva zunaj: D3, Se26. Inv. št. 21660. 10YR 7/4; barva znotraj in v prelomu: 7,5YR 7/4; gosti vzpore- – Modrijan 2010, sl. 3: 3. dni žlebovi. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c1, Se 07. Inv. št. 20895, 21058. 2. amfora; del ustja z ostenjem; vzhodnomediteranska; 6. amfora; del ostenja; vzhodnomediteranska; barva barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 10YR 8/3. Stavba 1, kv. 666/ zunaj: 10YR 7/8; barva znotraj: 5YR 7/6; barva v prelomu: c3, Se 07. Inv. št. 20626. 10YR 7/8; gosti vzporedni žlebovi. Stavba 1, kv. 718/B2, Se – ciglenečki 1994b, sl. 4.2; Modrijan 2010, sl. 3: 4. 10. Inv. št. 20465. 3. amfora; gumbast zaključek; vzhodnomediteranska; 7. amfora; 6 delov ostenja; vzhodnomediteranska; barva barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 5YR 6/6. Stavba 1, kv. 669/ zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 10YR 7/3; gosti vzporedni žlebovi. c1, Se 07. Inv. št. 21057. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B1, Se 23. Inv. št. 21141, 21190, 21199. – Milavec, Modrijan 2007, sl. 10. 3. 8. amfora; del ostenja; vzhodnomediteranska; barva zunaj: 4. amfora; gumbast zaključek; vzhodnomediteranska; 10YR 7/4; barva znotraj: 2,5YR 6/8; barva v prelomu: 10YR barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu; 5YR 5/8. Stavba 1, kv. 669/ 7/4-2,5YR6/8; gosti vzporedni žlebovi. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B3, c4, Se 01. Inv. št. 21017. Se 06. Inv. št. 20604. – Milavec, Modrijan 2007, sl. 10.2; Modrijan 2010, sl. 3: 6. – Modrijan 2010, sl. 3: 8. 5. amfora; deli ustja, ostenja in ročaja; vzhodnomedite- 9. amfora; 2 dela ostenja; vzhodnomediteranska; barva zunaj: ranska; barva zunaj: 7,5YR 7/6; barva znotraj: 5YR 6/6; barva v 7,5YR 8/4; barva znotraj in v prelomu: 7,5YR 7/6; gosti vzpo- prelomu: 7,5YR 7/6 do 5YR 6/6; gosti vzporedni žlebovi. Stavba redni žlebovi. Stavba 1, kv. 666/D2, Se 23. Inv. št. 20667, 20692. 1, kv. 669/c4, Se 07. Inv. št. 21002, 21112, 21116. – Modrijan 2010, sl. 3: 7. – Milavec, Modrijan 2007, sl. 10.4. Tabla 73 Tabla 71 1. amfora; del ostenja; vzhodnomediteranska; barva zu- 1. amfora; konica in del ostenja; vzhodnomediteranska; naj: 7,5YR 8/4; barva znotraj in v prelomu: 7,5YR 7/6; gosti barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 5YR 7/4. Stavba 1, kv. 716/ vzporedni žlebovi. Stavba 1, kv. 815/D3, Se 14. Inv. št. 22011. B3, Se 23. Inv. št. 21205. 2. amfora; 2 dela ostenja; vzhodnomediteranska; barva – ciglenečki 1994b, sl. 4: 5; Milavec, Modrijan 2007, sl. zunaj; 7,5YR 8/4; barva znotraj in v prelomu: 7,5YR 7/6; 10.5; Modrijan 2010, sl. 3: 12. gosti vzporedni žlebovi. Stavba 1, kv. 669/D3,D4, Se 07. Inv. 2. amfora; del ostenja z ročajem; vzhodnomediteranska; št. 21109, 21110. barva zunaj: 7,5YR 7/3; barva znotraj in v prelomu: 5YR 6/8; 3. amfora; del ostenja; vzhodnomediteranska; barva zunaj: široki plitvi vzporedni žlebovi. Stavba 1, kv. 769/a1, Se 03. 10YR 7/8; barva znotraj in v prelomu: 5YR 7/6; gosti vzporedni Inv. št. 21899. žlebovi. Stavba 1, kv. 766/a1, Se 23. Inv. št. 21715. 3. amfora; 5 delov ostenja; vzhodnomediteranska; barva 4. amfora; del ostenja; vzhodnomediteranska; barva zunaj zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 2,5YR 6/6; široki vzporedni žlebovi. in v prelomu: 10YR 7/8; barva znotraj: 5YR 7/6; gosti vzporedni Stavba 1, kv. 719/B4, Se 05. Inv. št. 21520, 21521, 21525. žlebovi. Stavba 1, kv. 669, Se 06. Inv. št. 20801. 4. amfora; dva dela ostenja; vzhodnomediteranska; barva 5. amfora; del ostenja; vzhodnomediteranska; barva zu- zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 7,5YR 7/6; široki vzporedni žle- naj; 7,5YR 8/4; barva znotraj in v prelomu; 7,5YR 7/6; široki bovi. Stavba 1, kv. 716/c3, Se 23. Inv. št. 21254. vzporedni žlebovi. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B3. Inv. št. 21198, 21211. 5. amfora; del ostenja z ročajem; vzhodnomediteranska; 6. amfora; del ostenja; vzhodnomediteranska; barva zunaj, barva zunaj: 10YR 7/8; barva znotraj in v prelomu: 5YR 7/6; ši- znotraj in v prelomu: 5YR 6/6; široki vzporedni žlebovi. Stavba roki vzporedni žlebovi; Stavba 1, kv. 717/c1, Se 24. Inv. št. 21396. 1, kv. 716/a3, Se 23. Inv. št. 21172. – Modrijan 2010, sl. 3: 5. 7. amfora; del ostenja; vzhodnomediteranska; barva zunaj, 6. amfora; del ostenja; vzhodnomediteranska; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 5YR 6/6; široki vzporedni žlebovi. Stavba znotraj in v prelomu: 2,5YR 6/6; gosti vzporedni žlebovi. Stavba 1, kv. 719/a1, Se 23. Inv. št. 20685. 1, kv. 666/D1. Inv. št. 20647. 8. amfora; del ostenja; vzhodnomediteranska; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 5YR 6/6; široki vzporedni žlebovi. Stavba 1, kv. 716/a2, Se 06. Inv. št. 20473. Tabla 72 9. amfora; del ostenja; vzhodnomediteranska; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 7,5YR 6/6; široki vzporedni žlebovi. 1. amfora; ročaj; vzhodnomediteranska; barva zunaj: Stavba 1, kv. 666/D2, Se 23. Inv. št. 20668. 7,5YR 7/6; barva znotraj: 5YR 6/6; barva v prelomu: 7,5YR 7/6 - 5YR 6/6. Stavba 1, kv. 668/a3, Se 26. Inv. št. 21460. 434 11_katalog.indd 434 2.3.2012 9:29:52 11. katalog / catalogue 10. amfora; del ostenja; vzhodnomediteranska; barva zu- 10. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zu- naj, znotraj in v prelomu: 7,5YR 7/3; široki vzporedni žlebovi. naj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmer- Stavba 1, kv. 716/a3 Se 23. Inv. št. 21169. na); površina: trda. Stavba 1, kv. 668/D3, Se 24. Inv. št. 21409. 11. amfora; del ostenja; vzhodnomediteranska; barva zu- naj, znotraj in v prelomu: 2,5YR 7/6; široki vzporedni žlebovi. Stavba 1, kv. 716/c3, Se 23. Inv. št. 21255. Tabla 75 12. amfora; del ostenja; vzhodnomediteranska; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 5YR 5/6; široki vzporedni žlebovi. 1. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva Stavba 1, kv. 666/c2, Se 23. Inv. št. 21214. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, 13. amfora; del ostenja; vzhodnomediteranska; barva zu- zmerna); površina: mehka, rahlo porozna. Stavba 1, kv. 667, naj, znotraj in v prelomu: 2,5YR 6/6; široki vzporedni žlebovi. 717. Se 01. Inv. št. 20856. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B4, Se 06. Inv. št. 20611. 2. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika barva 14. amfora; del ostenja; vzhodnomediteranska; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 5YR 6/7; široki vzporedni žlebovi. zmerna); površina: mehka, porozna. Stavba 1, kv. 667/a4, Se Stavba 1, kv. 768/c3 c4, Se 01. Inv. št. 21862. 23. Inv. št. 20711. 15. amfora; del ostenja; vzhodnomediteranska; barva zu- 3. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva naj, znotraj in v prelomu: 2,5YR 5/6; široki vzporedni žlebovi. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (fina, Stavba 1, kv. 668/D4, Se 08. Inv. št. 20842. zmerna); površina: trda; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 6 67/c4, Se 16. amfora ali vrč; del ostenja; vzhodnomediteranska; 01. Inv. št. 20733. barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 2,5YR 6/6; široki vzporedni 4. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva žlebovi. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B3, Se 06. Inv. št. 20603. zunaj in znotraj: svetlo rjava; barva v prelomu: svetlo rjavo- črno-svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, redka); površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; enolinijska valovnica. Stavba 1, kv. 716/ Tabla 74 D2, Se23. Inv. št. 21310. 5. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 1. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, redka); površina: trda; dve enolinijski valovnici, vrez. Stavba zmerna); površina: trda; žlebljenje, enolinijska valovnica. 1, kv. 668/D3, Se 08. Inv. št. 20832. Stavba 1, kv. 718/a3, a4, Se 21. Inv. št. 20304. 6. Skleda; 2 dela ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 2. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zu- zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, naj, znotraj in v prelomu: rumena; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna), sljuda (zelo fina, zmerna); površina: trda. Stavba 1, zmerna); površina: trda; metličenje, enolinijska valovnica. kv. 719/D1, Se 33. Inv. št. 21643, 20822. Stavba 1, kv. 718/a2, Se 10. Inv. št. 20351. 7. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 3. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec redka); površina: mehka, rahlo porozna. Stavba 1, kv. 766/a2, (drobna, redka); površina: trda; žlebljenje. Stavba 1, kv. 769/ Se23. Inv. št. 21739. B1, Se 01. Inv. št. 21935. – Modrijan 2010, sl. 5: 1. 4. Skleda; del ustja in ostenje; groba keramika; barva zunaj, 8. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, redka); zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (fina, površina: trda; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 717/B3. Inv. št. 20578. zmerna); površina: trda; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 817, Se 03. 5. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva Inv. št. 22162. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava in črna lisasta; dodatki: 9. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva apnenec (fina, zmerna); površina: mehka. Stavba 1, kv. 767/ zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, D4. Inv. št. 20233. zmerna); površina: trda. Stavba 1, kv. 717/a4, Se 36. Inv. št. 6. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 20255. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec 10. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva (fina, redka); površina: trda; žlebljenje, enolinijska valovnica. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava, dodatki: apnenec (fina, Stavba 1, kv. 718/B1, Se 08. Inv. št. 20808. redka), sljuda (zelo fina, redka); površina: trda; vrezi. Stavba 7. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 1, kv. 717/B3, Se 78. Inv. št. 20564. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec – Modrijan 2010, sl. 4: 11. (drobna, zmerna); površina: mehka; žlebljenje. Stavba 1, kv. 769/B1, Se 01. Inv. št. 21936. 8. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, Tabla 76 znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); površina: mehka; metličenje, enolinijska valovnica. Stavba 1, kv. 1. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 765/D1, Se 06. Inv. št. 21706. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec 9. Skleda; del ustja iz ostenjem; groba keramika; barva (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, 666/B3, Se 50. Inv. št. 21619. zmerna); površina: trda; enolinijska valovnica; vrez. Stavba 1, 2. Skleda; 3 deli ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva kv. 716/c4, Se 23. Inv. št. 21272. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, – Modrijan 2010, sl. 4: 10. zmerna); površina: mehka, močno porozna; vrez, enolinijska valovnica. Stavba 1, kv. 816/B2, Se 09. Inv. št. 20057. 435 11_katalog.indd 435 2.3.2012 9:29:53 11. katalog / catalogue 3. Skleda; 5 delov ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva Tabla 77 zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, redka); površina: trda; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 718/a2, Se10. 1. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva Inv. št. 20512. zunaj in znotraj: svetlo rjava; barva v prelomu: črna; dodatki: – Modrijan 2010, sl. 6: 5. apnenec (fina, obilna), sljuda (zelo fina, obilna); površina: 4. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva trda; tS 1; enolinijska valovnica, vrez. Stavba 1, kv. 766/c4, zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (groba, Se 12. Inv. št. 20090. zmerna); površina: mehka, porozna; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 2. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, 717/B4, Se 10. Inv. št. 20282. znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, 5. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zmerna); površina: trda; tS 2; enolinijska valovnica, vrez. Stavba zunaj: rjava; barva znoraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec 1, kv. 717/D1, Se 21. Inv. št. 21322. (drobna, redka); površina: mehka, porozna; vrezi. Stavba 1, kv. – Modrijan 2010, sl. 5: 3. 666/D1, Se 23. Inv. št. 20649. 3. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 6. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj in znotraj: temno rjava; barva v prelomu: črna; dodatki: zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, apnenec (zelo fina, redka); površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; redka); površina: trda; vrezi. Stavba 1. 20348. tS 11; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 767/D2, Se 21. Inv. št. 21320. 7. Skleda; deli ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 4. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, znotraj in v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); zmerna); površina: mehka, porozna; vrezi. Stavba 1, kv. 717/ površina: trda; tS 11; metličenje, dvolinijska valovnica. Stavba D4, Se 21. Inv. št. 20279, 20280, 20281. 1, kv. 669/D1, Se 30. Inv. št. 21074. 8. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zu- – Modrijan 2010, sl. 2: 10. naj, znotraj in v prelomu: oranžna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, 5. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva obilna); površina: mehka, porozna; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. zunaj in znotraj: svetlo rjava; barva v prelomu: siva; dodatki: 719/B2, Se 32. Inv. št. 21534. apnenec (fina, zmerna); površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 9. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj 2. Stavba 1, kv. 669/B1, Se 29. Inv. št. 22080. in znotraj: oranžna; barva v prelomu: oranžno-sivo-oranžna; 6. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva dodatki: apnenec (drobna, redka); površina: trda; vrezi. Stavba zunaj in znotraj: temno rjava; barva v prelomu: črna; dodatki: 1, kv. 717/c2, Se 10. Inv. št. 20286. apnenec (fina, zmerna); površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 9; 10. Skleda; 2 dela ustja in 9 delov ostenja; groba ke- enolinijska valovnica. Stavba 1, kv. 815/D2, Se 14. Inv. št. 22009. ramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: – ciglenečki 1994b, sl. 3: 5. apnenec (drobna, zmerna); površina: mehka, porozna; 7. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva enolinijska valovnica, vrezi. Stavba 1, kv. 816/a2, Se 09. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, Inv. št. 20020. zmerna), sljuda (zelo fina, zmerna); površina: trda. Stavba 1, 11. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva kv. 666/B2, Se 26. Inv. št. 20793, 20785. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: oranžna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, – ciglenečki 1994b, sl. 3: 3. zmerna); površina: mehka; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 768/ D2, 8. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva Se 05. Inv. št. 21985. zunaj in znotraj: rjava lisasta; barva v prelomu: črna; dodatki: 12. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva apnenec (fina, zmerna); površina: mehka, močno porozna; tS zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec 10; metličenje. Stavba 1. Inv. št. 22154. (drobna, zmerna); površina: mehka, porozna; metličenje. 9. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva Stavba 1, kv. 718/ 1, Se 10. Inv. št. 20462. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, 13. Skleda; del ustja in ostenja; groba keramika; barva zu- zmerna); površina: mehka, močno porozna; tS 9; enolinijska naj, znotraj in v prelomu: oranžna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, valovnica, žlebovi. Stavba 1, kv. 666/D1, Se 34. Inv. št. 21276. zmerna); površina: trda; Stavba 1, kv. 719/B4. Inv. št. 21500. 11. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 14. Skleda; 3 deli ustja z ostenjem in del ostenja; groba zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: zmerna), nedefinirani svetlo rjavi delci (fina, redka); površina: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; mehka, močno porozna; tS 9. Stavba 1, kv. 716/a2, Se 23. metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 768/c1, Se 10. Inv. št. 20214. Inv. št. 21165. 15. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 12. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); površina: mehka; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 717/B4, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 8; enolinijska valovnica, vrez. Se 10. Inv. št. 20283. Stavba 1, kv. 719/c3, Se 01. Inv. št. 21585. 16. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zu- 13. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva naj, znotraj in v prelomu: rumena; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec redka); površina: trda; enolinijska valovnica. Stavba 1, kv. 766/ (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 2; metličenje. Stavba 1, B2, Se 23. Inv. št. 21798. kv. 769/c2, Se 05. Inv. št. 21945. 17. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 14. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: oranžna; dodatki: apnenec (drob- zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, na, zmerna); površina: mehka, porozna; enolinijska valovnica. zmerna); površina: mehka, močno porozna; tS 9. Stavba 1, Stavba 1, kv. 815/D2, Se 14. Inv. št. 22008. kv. 716/c3, Se 23. Inv. št. 21251. 436 11_katalog.indd 436 2.3.2012 9:29:53 11. katalog / catalogue 15. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva obilna); površina: mehka; tS 9; vrezi. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c3. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); Inv. št. 21026. površina: trda; tS 8. Stavba 1, kv. 716/D4, Se 23. Inv. št. 21390. 15. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: temno siva; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, fina, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 8; metličenje. Stavba Tabla 78 1, kv. 768/B3. Inv. št. 21965. 16. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 1. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: temno siva; dodatki: apnenec zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, (drobna, obilna); površina: trda; tS 8; valovnica, metličenje. zmerna); površina: trda; tS 8; vbodi. Stavba 1, kv. 666/D1, Se Stavba 1, kv. 717/a2, Se 23a. Inv. št. 20540. 23. Inv. št. 20652. 2. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, Tabla 79 zmerna); površina: trda; tS 8. Stavba 1, kv. 666/D3, Se 23. Inv. št. 20629. 1. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 3. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu rjava; dodatek: apnenec (drobna zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, do fina, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 9; metličenje. Stavba 1, obilna); površina: mehka, drobno porozna; tS 9; enolinijska kv. 717/D2, Se 11. Inv. št. 20439. valovnica. Stavba 1, kv. 766/a2, Se 23. Inv. št. 21754. 2. Skleda; 2 dela ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 4. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj in znotraj: rjava; barva v prelomu: oranžna; dodatek: zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, apnenec (fina, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 6; vrezi, žlebljenje, zmerna); površina: trda; tS: neopr.; dve enolinijski valovnici. enolinijska valovnica. Stavba 1, kv. 719/B2, Se 24. Inv. št. Stavba 1, kv. 769/B2, Se 04. Inv. št. 20572. 21325, 21489. 5. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zu- 3. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj naj, znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec (fina, in znotraj: črna in rjava; barva v prelomu: siva; apnenec (fina, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 2; vbodi, glavničenje. Stavba 1, kv. redka), sljuda (fina, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 15; metličenje. 619/D3, Se 74. Inv. št. 21438. Stavba 1, kv. 668/2, Se 28. Inv. št. 20818. 6. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj 4. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva in znotraj: oranžna; barva v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatek: apnenec (fina, (drobna do groba, zmerna); površina: mehka, drobno porozna; zmerna); površina: trda; tS 8; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 818/ tS 11; vbodi. Stavba 1, kv. 817/D2, Se 03. Inv. št. 22081. B2, Se 03. Inv. št. 22118. 7. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 5. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: temno siva; dodatek: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda, rahlo porozna; tS 2; dvojna (drobna, obilna); površina: trda; tS 8; metličenje. Stavba 1, valovnica. Stavba 1, kv. 669/D3, Se 30. Inv. št. 21111. kv. 717/a2, Se 23a. Inv. št. 20535. 8. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 6. Skleda; 3 deli ustja; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatek: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 2; metličenje. Stavba 1, površina: trda; tS 2; vrezi, enolinijski valovnici. Stavba 1, kv. kv. 719/B2, Se 24. Inv. št. 21488. 719/c2, Se 01. Inv. št. 21540, 21651, 21661. 9. Skleda; del ustja in ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj: 7. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, črna; barva znotraj in v prelomu: oranžna; dodatki: apnenec znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatek: apnenec (fina, zmerna); (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 14; dve večlinijski valov- površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 9; enolinijska valovnica, nici, metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 619/D3. Inv. št. 21375. vrez. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a3, Se 23. Inv. št. 20698. 10. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 8. Skleda; del ustja z ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec in znotraj: svetlo rjava; barva v prelomu: siva; dodatek: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); površina: mehka; tS 2; metličenje. Stavba (fina,redka); površina: trda; tS 1; žleb. Stavba 1, kv. 769/a1, 1, kv. 669/B2, Se 30. Inv. št. 20939. Se 05. Inv. št. 21885. 11. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 9. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatek: apnenec zmerna); površina: trda; tS 6: metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 668/ (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 2; vbodi. Stavba 1, kv. D2, Se 28. Inv. št. 20816. 666/B2,c2. Stavba 1. Inv. št. 21354. 12. Skleda; del ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj, 10. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva znotraj in v prelomu: rumena; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatek: apnenec (fina, zmerna); površina: mehka; tS 2; valovnica, vrez. Stavba 1, obilna); barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; površina: trda; kv. D. Inv. št. 21495. tS 8; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 719/a1, Se 26. Inv. št. 21403. 13. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjam; groba keramika; barva 11. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: temno siva; dodatki: apnenec zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatek: apnenec (fina, (drobna, obilna); površina: trda; tS 8; enolinijska valovnica. zmerna), sljuda (zelo fina, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 11. Stavba 1, kv. 766/a4, Se 14. Inv. št. 21785. Stavba 1, kv. 719/a4. Inv. št. 21427. 14. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 12. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: temno siva; dodatek: apnenec 437 11_katalog.indd 437 2.3.2012 9:29:53 11. katalog / catalogue (drobna do groba, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 14. Stavba 1, 10. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva kv. 666/a1, Se 29. Inv. št. 22178. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, 13. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zmerna); površina: mehka; tS 5; večlinijska valovnica. Stavba zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatek: apnenec (fina 1, kv. 669/a2, Se 29. Inv. št. 21470. do drobna, zmerna); površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 9; 11. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B3. Inv. št. 21571. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: oranžna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna 14. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva do groba, zmerna); površina: trda, rahlo porozna; tS 2; dve zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatek: apnenec (drobna, enolinijski valovnici. Stavba 1, kv. 719/B1, Se 24. Inv. št. 22023. obilna); površina: trda; tS 8; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 817/1, 12. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva Se 08. Inv. št. 20245. zunaj in znotraj: oranžna; barva v prelomu: siva; dodatki: 15. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zu- apnenec (drobna, zmerna); površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; naj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatek: apnenec (fina, obilna); tS 1; vbodi, metličenje, enolinijska valovnica. Stavba 1, kv. površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 9; enolinijska valovnica. 817. Inv. št. 22042. Stavba 1, kv. 666/D3, Se 23. Inv. št. 20630. 13. Skleda; 3 deli ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 16. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatek: apnenec zmerna); površina: trda; tS 8; vrezi, valovnica. Stavba 1, kv. (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 2; enoliniska valovnica, 668/D3, Se 24. Inv. št. 20761, 20707, 21662. vrezi. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a1, Se 29. Inv. št. 22181. 14. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (zelo fina, redka); površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 9; enolinijska Tabla 80 valovnica. Stavba 1, kv. 669/a1, Se 29. Inv. št. 20538. 15. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 1. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: temno siva; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 2; metličenje. Stavba 1, (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 8; metličenje, vrezi, kv. 767/a1, Se 36. Inv. št. 20154. večlinijska valovnica. Stavba 1, kv. 666/D4, Se 24. Inv. št. 22059. 16. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 2. Skleda; 2 dela ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 8; enolinijska valovnica. Stavba 1, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 6. Stavba 1, kv. 718/B4, Se 36a. kv. 669/B3, Se 24. Inv. št. 20954. Inv. št. 20474, 20484. 3. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: temno siva; dodatki: apnenec Tabla 81 (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 8; vbodi, enolinijska valovnica. Stavba 1, kv. 817/D2, Se 03. Inv. št. 22071. 1. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj – ciglenečki 1994b, sl. 3.6. in znotraj: črna; barva v prelomu: oranžna; dodatki: apnenec 4. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva (drobna, redka); površina: trda; tS 14; vbodi, metličenje, eno- zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, linijska valovnica. Stavba 1, kv. 769/B1, Se 04. Inv. št. 20568. obilna); površina: trda; tS 8. Stavba 1, kv. 669/a2, Se 29. Inv. 2. Skleda; ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, št. 21448. znotraj in v prelomu: temno siva; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, 5. Skleda; 2 dela ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva obilna); površina: trda; tS 8; vbodi. Stavba 1, kv. 817/D3, Se zunaj: temno rjava; barva znotraj: temno siva; barva v pre- 03. Inv. št. 22102. lomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); površina: 3. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjam; groba keramika; barva zunaj mehka, močno porozna; tS 9. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c4, Se 24. in znotraj: črna; barva v prelomu: oranžna; dodatki: apnenec Inv. št. 21073. (drobna, redka); površina: trda; tS 14; enolinijska valovnica. 6. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva Stavba 1, kv. 766/a4, Se 24. Inv. št. 21773. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, 4. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zmerna); površina: mehka, močno porozna; tS 14; vbodi, zunaj: svetlo rjava; barva znotraj: svetlo rjava in siva; barva v žlebljenje, enolinijska valovnica. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c2, Se 24. prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); površina: Inv. št. 20969. mehka, rahlo porozna; tS neopr.Stavba 1, kv. 768/c4 D, Se 7. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 03. Inv. št. 21882. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: temno siva; dodatki: apnenec 5. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva (drobna do groba, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 8. Stavba 1, kv. zunaj: siva in rjava; barva znotraj in v prelomu: siva; dodatki: 669/a1, Se 29. Inv. št. 21334. apnenec (fina, zmerna), sljuda (zelo fina, zmerna); površina: 8. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva trda; tS 15. Stavba 1, kv. 769/a2, Se 03. Inv. št. 21920. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: temno siva; dodatki: apnenec 6. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj: (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 14; metličenje, enolinijska črna; barva znotraj: rjava; barva v prelomu: oranžna; dodatki: valovnica. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c2, Se 24. Inv. št. 20618. apnenec (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 14. Stavba 1, kv. 9. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 719/B4, Se 04. Inv. št. 21507. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: temno siva; dodatki: apnenec 7. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem in dnom; groba keramika; (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 8; večlinijska valovnica, barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (gro- metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 719/B4, Se 04. Inv. št. 21505. ba, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 14; vrezi, enolinijska valovnica. Stavba 1, kv. 669/a2, Se 29. Inv. št. 21663, 22049. 438 11_katalog.indd 438 2.3.2012 9:29:53 11. katalog / catalogue 8. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva apnenec (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 6; žlebljenje. zunaj: rjava; barva znotraj: oranžna; barva v prelomu: rjava; Stavba 1, kv. 669/a2, Se 30. Inv. št. 20971. dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 6; 8. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva vbodi. Stavba 1, kv. 669/a3, Se 24. Inv. št. 20878. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec 9. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 2; navzkrižno metličenje; in znotraj: rjava; barva v prelomu: oranžna; dodatki: apnenec Stavba 1, kv. 666/c1, Se 50. Inv. št. 20890. (drobna do groba, redka); površina: mehka; tS 3; vbodi. Stavba – Modrijan 2010, sl. 5: 5. 1, kv. 669/c2, Se 30. Inv. št. 20988. 9. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, – Modrijan 2010, sl. 2: 11. znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); 10. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva površina: trda; tS 6; navzkrižno metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 717/ zunaj in v prelomu: rjava; barva znotraj: oranžna; dodatki: a2, Se 24. Inv. št. 21383. apnenec (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 6; vrezi. Stavba – Modrijan 2010, sl. 5: 6. 1, kv. 666/B4, Se 50. Inv. št. 20546. 11. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (fina do Tabla 83 groba, redka); površina: trda; tS 6; vbodi. Stavba 1, kv. 669/ c3, Se 29. Inv. št. 21006. 1. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem in del ostenja; groba ke- 12. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva ramika; barva zunaj in znotraj: siva; barva v prelomu: črna; zunaj in znotraj: črna; barva v prelomu: črna in oranžna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna), sljuda (zelo fina, zmerna); dodatki: apnenec (drobna do groba, zmerna); površina: trda; površina: trda; tS 4; večlinijska valovnica, žlebljenje. Stavba tS 14; vbodi, enolinijska valovnica. Stavba 1, kv. 719/c3, Se 1, kv. 669/a4. Inv. št. 20897. 04. Inv. št. 20776. 2. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 13. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: oranžna; dodatki: apnenec (fina zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna do do groba, obilna); površina: trda; tS 2; metličenje. Stavba 1, groba, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 8; vbodi, valovnica. Stavba kv. 669/c3. Inv. št. 21027. 1, kv. 668/a2. Inv. št. 20743. 3. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj 14. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva in znotraj: oranžna; barva v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 1; metličenje. Stavba 1, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 8; vbodi, enolinijska valovnica. kv. 769/c1, Se 04. Inv. št. 21978. Stavba 1, kv. 619/B3, Se 67. Inv. št. 21174. 4. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 6; žlebljenje. Stavba 1, kv. 717/a4, Tabla 82 Se 77. Inv. št. 20812. 5. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 1. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zunaj: siva; barva znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec redka); površina: mehka, močno porozna; tS 5; žlebljenje. (drobna, zmerna), sljuda (zelo fina, zmerna); površina: trda; Stavba 1, kv. 816/D1, Se 09. Inv. št. 20077. tS 4; dvolinijska valovnica, vrezi. Stavba 1, kv. 669/B4, Se 24. 6. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva Inv. št. 21010. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec 2. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramik; barva zunaj: (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 2. Stavba 1, kv. 719/a4. rjava; barva znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drob- Inv. št. 21426. na, zmerna); površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 9; metličenje, 7. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva enolinijska valovnica. Stavba 1, kv. 815/D1, Se 14. Inv. št. 21995. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, 3. Skleda; 2 dela ustja z ostenjem in dnom; groba keramika; obilna); površina: trda; tS 14; vbodi. Stavba 1, kv. 669/D1, Se barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: temno siva; dodatki: apne- 30. Inv. št. 21075. nec (drobna do groba, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 14; vbodi, 8. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva žlebljenje. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c3, Se 29. Inv. št. 21005, 22167. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, 4. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zmerna); površina: trda; tS 6; vbodi. Stavba 1, kv. 768/c3 c4, zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (drobna Se 05. Inv. št. 21863. do groba, zmerna), sljuda (zelo fina, zmerna); površina: trda, 9. Skleda; deli ustja in ostenja; groba keramika; barva zu- porozna; tS 7; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 668/c1. Inv. št. 20777. naj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna do 5. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva groba, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 6; navzkrižno metličenje. zunaj: svetlo rjava; barva znotraj: rjava; barva v prelomu: siva; Stavba 1, kv. 669/B3, Se 29a. Inv. št. 21705. dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); površina: mehka, rahlo 10. Skleda; 2 dela ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva porozna; tS 1. Stavba 1, kv. 816/D1, Se 09. Inv. št. 20094. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, 6. Skleda; 6 delov ustja in 6 ostenja; groba keramika; barva zmerna); površina: trda; tS 6; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 766/ zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna a4, Se 24. Inv. št. 20284. do groba, obilna); površina: trda; tS 6; glavničenje. Stavba 1, 11. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva kv. 666/a1, Se 50. Inv. št. 22190. zunaj in znotraj: rjava; barva v prelomu: oranžna; dodatki: – Modrijan 2010, sl. 5: 4. apnenec (drobna, redka); površina: trda; tS 6; metličenje. 7. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem in del dna z ostenjem; groba Stavba 1, kv. 719. Inv. št. 20820. keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: 439 11_katalog.indd 439 2.3.2012 9:29:53 11. katalog / catalogue Tabla 84 zmerna); površina: trda; tS 8. Stavba 1, kv. 716/c2, Se 23. Inv. št. 21235. 1. Skleda; del ustja in ostenja; groba keramika; barva 2. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, in znotraj: siva in rjava; barva v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec zmerna); površina: trda; tS 6; navzkrižno metličenje. Stavba (drobna, zmerna), sljuda (zelo fina, zmerna); površina: trda; 1, kv. 766/a4, Se 24. Inv. št. 20828. tS 15. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B4, Se 23. Inv. št. 21218. 2. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 3. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, in v prelomu; svetlo rjava; barva znotraj: oranžna; dodatki: redka); oksidacijsko; površina: trda; tS 6; navzkrižno metli- apnenec (fina, redka); površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 1; čenje. Stavba 1, kv. 719/B1, Se 24. Inv. št. 22024. enolinijska in dvolinijska valovnica, metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 3. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 669/B2, Se 30. Inv. št. 20938. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (fina, – Modrijan 2010, sl. 2: 9. zmerna); površina: trda; tS6; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 669/ 4. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj: c3, Se 29. Inv. št. 21007. svetlo rjava; barva znotraj: rjava; barva v prelomu: črna; dodat- 4. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zu- ki: apnenec (fina, obilna); površina: trda; tS 1; dve enolinijski naj, znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec (fina, valovnici. Stavba 1, kv. 816/D1. Inv. št. 20102. zmerna); površina: trda; tS 2; navzkrižno metličenje. Stavba 5. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem in dno; barva zunaj, znotraj 1, kv. 669/a2, Se 29. Inv. št. 21447. in v prelomu: rjava in oranžna; dodatki: kremen (fina, zmerna), 5. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva sljuda (zelo fina, zmerna); površina: zelo trda; tS neopr.; vrezi. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (fina do Stavba 1, kv. 666/B2, Se 29. Inv. št. 21701. drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 6; navzkrižno metličenje. 6. krožnik; del ustja z ostenjem in dnom; groba keramika; Stavba 1, kv. 669/a3, Se 24. Inv. št. 20877. barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec 6. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zu- (fina, obilna); površina: mehka, močno porozna; tS 9; dve naj in znotraj: rjava; barva v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec enolinijski valovnici, žlebljenje. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c3, Se 07. (fina, zmerna); površina: mehka; tS neopr. Stavba 1, kv. 717/ Inv. št. 20627, 20637, 21711. D1, Se 06. Inv. št. 20569. – ciglenečki 1994b, sl. 3.7; Modrijan 2010, sl. 5: 7. 7. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj in v prelomu črna; barva znotraj: oranžna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 14; večlinijska valovnica, Tabla 86 metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 719/B4, Se 04. Inv. št. 21506. 8. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 1. Pokrov; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, zmerna); površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 8. Stavba 1, kv. obilna); površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 9. Stavba 1, kv. 716/c1, Se 06. Inv. št. 21242. 816/B1, Se 09. Inv. št. 20045. 9. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 2. Pokrov; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 8; enolinijska valovnica, žlebljenje. zmerna); površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 9. Stavba 1, kv. Stavba 1, kv. 716/a4, Se 23. Inv. št. 21176. 767/a2, Se 10. Inv. št. 20164. 10. Skleda; 2 dela ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 3. Pokrov; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, znotraj in v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (fina, zmerna), zmerna); površina: trda; tS 14; vtisi, večlinijska valovnica, sljuda (zelo fina, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 4; enolinijska enojna valovnica. Stavba 1, kv. 817/D2, Se 03. Inv. št. 20247. valovnica. Stavba 1, kv. 719/a1, Se 08. Inv. št. 21413. – ciglenečki 1994, sl. 3: 1. 4. Pokrov; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 11. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina do zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, drobna, obilna); površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 8. Stavba zmerna); površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 2. Stavba 1, 716/ 1, kv. 766/a4, Se 01. Inv. št. 21781. D1, Se 06. Inv. št. 20253 5. Pokrov; del ustja z ostenjem in ročajem; groba kerami- 12. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva ka; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec zunaj: rjava lisasta; barva znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: drobna, zmerna), sljuda (fina, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 8; apnenec (drobna, obilna); površina: trda, rahlo porozna; tS vrezi. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B2,c2. Inv. št. 21011. 14; dvojna valovnica, večlinijska valovnica. Stavba 1, kv. 669/ 6. Pokrov; del ustja z ostenjem in ročajem; groba keramika; c1, Se 30. Inv. št. 21065. barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (drob- 13. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva na, zmerna), sljuda (fina, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 8; vrezi. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: siv; dodatki apnenec (groba, Stavba 1, kv. 666/a3, Se 50. Inv. št. 21013. zmerna), sljuda (zelo fina, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 7. Stavba 7. Pokrov; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 1, kv. 718/a3, Se 21. Inv. št. 20303. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (fina, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 6; metličenje, enolinijska valov- nica, vrezi. Stavba 1, kv. 666/D3, Se 23. Inv. št. 20628. Tabla 85 8. Pokrov; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, 1. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zmerna); površina: trda; tS 5; enolinijska valovnica, vrezi. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, Stavba 1, kv. 666/a2, Se 34. Inv. št. 20543. 440 11_katalog.indd 440 2.3.2012 9:29:54 11. katalog / catalogue 9. Pokrov; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 5. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, znotraj in v prelomu: temno rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna do zmerna); površina: trda; tS 6; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 766. fina, zmerna); površina: trda, rahlo porozna; metličenje. Stavba Inv. št. 20571. 1, kv. 717/a4, Se 10. Inv. št. 20330, 20375. 10. Pokrov; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 6. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, in znotraj: rjava in siva; barva v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec zmerna); površina: trda; tS 5. Stavba 1, kv. 669/B3, Se 23. Inv. (drobna, zmerna), sljuda (zelo fina, zmerna); površina: trda; št. 20931, 22025. tS 15; enolinijska valovnica, metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 719/B2, 11. Pokrov; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva Se 32. Inv. št. 21487. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (fina do – Modrijan 2010, sl. 2: 8. drobna, obilna); površina: trda, rahlo porozna; tS 6; metli- 7. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, čenje, enolinijska valovnica. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B3, Se 23. Inv. znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, zmerna), št. 20605. sljuda (zelo fina, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 13; dve enolinijski 12. Pokrov; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva valovnici. Stavba 1, kv. 769/a1, Se 03. Inv. št. 21891. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec 8. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, (drobna, redka); površina: trda; tS 2; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, zmerna), 766/a2, Se 23. Inv. št. 21752. sljuda (zelo fina, redka); površina: trda, rahlo porozna; dve 13. Pokrov; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva prepleteni enolinijski valovnici, vrezi. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B1, zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, Se 06. Inv. št. 21149. redka); površina: trda; tS 6; enolinijska valovnica. Stavba 1, 9. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, kv. 666/a1, a2, Se 34. Inv. št. 20891. znotraj in v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, obilna); 14. Pokrov; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva površina: trda; tS 8. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B4, Se 50. Inv. št. 22159. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, 10. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zmerna), sljuda (zelo fina, zmerna); površina: zelo trda; tS 4. zunaj: črna; barva znotraj: oranžna in črna; barva v prelomu: Stavba 1, kv. 668/D3, Se 24. Inv. št. 20324. oranžna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, redka); površina: mehka, 15. Pokrov; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva rahlo porozna; tS 10. Stavba 1, kv. 666/D3, Se 23. Inv. št. 20673. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: temno siva; dodatki: apnenec (fina, 11. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zmerna); površina: trda; tS 8; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 719/ zunaj: svetlo rjava in črna; barva znotraj: črna; barva v pre- a2, Se 10. Inv. št. 20521. lomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna), sljuda (zelo 16. Pokrov; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva fina, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 15. Stavba 1, kv. 669/D1, Se zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, 30. Inv. št. 21076. redka); površina: trda; tS 6; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 766/a2, Se 23. Inv. št. 21740. 17. Pokrov; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva Tabla 88 zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 2. Stavba 1, kv. 668/D3, 1. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva Se 24. Inv. št. 21443. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, 18. Pokrov; del ustja in ostenja; groba keramika; barva zmerna), sljuda (fina, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 13; dve zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec enolinijski valovnici, vrez. Stavba 1, kv. 766/a4, Se 24. Inv. št. (drobna do groba, obilna); površina: trda; tS 3. Stavba 1, kv. 21774, 21775, 21776. 666/B3, Se 56. Inv. št. 21355. 2. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj in znotraj: oranžna; barva v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna do groba, zmerna); površina: mehka; tS 1. Tabla 87 Stavba 1, kv. 769/719, Se 03. Inv. št. 21991. 3. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, 1. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, zmerna); zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, površina: trda; tS 8; metličenje, dve enolinijski valovnici. zmerna), sljuda (zelo fina, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 11; Stavba 1, kv. 719/B1, Se 01. Inv. št. 21446. metličenje, dvolinijska valovnica. Stavba 1, kv. 817/c3, Se 03. 4. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, Inv. št. 22054. znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, redka), 2. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, sljuda (zelo fina, redka); površina: trda; tS 13; enolinijska znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, redka); valovnica. Stavba 1, kv. 668/D2, Se 28. Inv. št. 20815. površina: trda; tS 8. Stavba 1, kv. 817/a2, Se 10. Inv. št. 20033. 5. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, 3. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); znotraj in v prelomu: temno siva; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, površina: trda; tS 8. Stavba 1, kv. 766/B2, Se 23. Inv. št. 21793. zmerna), sljuda (zelo fina, redka); površina: trda, rahlo poro- 6. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zna; tS 13; vrezi. Stavba 1, kv. 767/D4, Se 22. Inv. št. 20220. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna in rjava; dodatki: apnenec – Modrijan 2010, sl. 2: 7. (fina, redka); površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 10. Stavba 4. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 1, kv. 666/B2, Se 23. Inv. št. 20624. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (groba 7. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, do zelo groba, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 12. Stavba 1, kv. znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina do groba, 817. Inv. št. 22041. 441 11_katalog.indd 441 2.3.2012 9:29:54 11. katalog / catalogue zmerna); površina: trda, rahlo porozna; tS 12. Stavba 1, kv. 8. lonec; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelo- 766/a1, Se 23. Inv. št. 21716. mu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 8. lonec; del ustja in ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj, 8. Stavba 1, kv. 717/B1, Se 01. Inv. št. 20557. znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, zmerna); 9. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 9. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a2, Se 34. Inv. znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); št. 21294. površina: trda; tS 8. Stavba 1, kv. 669/a3, Se 29a. Inv. št. 22158. 9. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, 10. lonec; dva dela ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu siva; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, redka); znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (zelo fina, redka); površina: trda; tS 8; poševno metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 669/ površina: trda, rahlo porozna; tS 13. Stavba 1, kv. 918/B1, Se B4, Se 26. Inv. št. 21038. 62. Inv. št. 21140. 10. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 11. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu siva; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zunaj in znotraj: rjava; barva v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec redka); površina: trda; tS 8; poševno metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. (drobna, obilna), sljuda (zelo fina, zmerna); površina: mehka, 768, Se 03. Inv. št. 21877. porozna; tS 5. Stavba 1, kv. 718/a2, Se 10. Inv. št. 20365. 11. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 12. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj: rjava in oranžna; barva znotraj: oranžna; barva v prelo- zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: temno rjava; dodatki: apnenec mu: oranžno-sivo-oranžna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, redka); (zelo fina, zmerna); površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 9. površina: trda; tS 8. Stavba 1, kv. 717/a2, Se 23a. Inv. št. 20539. Stavba 1, kv. 767/B1, Se 10. Inv. št. 20184. 12. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 13. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (groba, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 8. Stavba 1, kv. 816/D1. Inv. št. zmerna); površina: trda; tS 8; enolinijska valovnica, vrezi. 20588. Stavba 1, kv. 669/B1, Se 24. Inv. št. 22046. 13. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 14. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj: črna; barva znotraj: rjava lisasta; barva v prelomu: rja- zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (fina, va; dodatki: apnenec (fina, redka); površina: mehka, močno zmerna), sljuda (zelo fina, redka); površina: trda; tS. Stavba porozna; tS 10. Stavba 1, kv. 818/a3, Se 03. Inv. št. 22115. 1, kv. 669/D2, Se 30. Inv. št. 21089. 14. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 15. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zu- zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, naj, znotraj in v prelomu: oranžna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 8; vrezi. Stavba 1, kv. 767, Se 39. zmerna), sljuda (zelo fina, redka); površina: trda; tS 2. Stavba Inv. št. 20239. 1, kv. 769/a3, Se 04. Inv. št. 21924. Tabla 89 Tabla 90 1. lonec; 2 dela ustja z ostenjem in del ostenja; groba kera- 1. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva mika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, (fina, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 8; metličenje, večlinijska zmerna); površina: trda; tS 5; dvolinijska valovnica, metliče- valovnica. Stavba 1, kv. 717/a1, Se 68. Inv. št. 21379,21380. nje. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B4, Se 50. Inv. št. 21069. 2. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva – Modrijan 2010, sl. 4: 1. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, 2. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 8; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 669/ znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, B1, Se 29. Inv. št. 22063. zmerna); površina: trda; tS 1; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 669/ 3. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, c2, Se 30. Inv. št. 20987. znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (zelo fina, redka); 3. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 9; vrezi. Stavba 1, kv. 669/ znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, obilna); B2, Se 24. Inv. št. 20967. površina: trda; tS 8; večlinijska valovnica. Stavba 1, kv. 769/ 4. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva B1, Se 04. Inv. št. 21929. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna 4. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj: do groba, zmerna); površina: trda; tS neopred. Stavba 1, kv. rjava; barva znotraj in v prelomu: oranžna; dodatki: apnenec 768, Se 03. Inv. št. 21874. (drobna do groba, obilna); površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; 5. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva tS 3. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c1, Se 30. Inv. št. 21062, 21063. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna 5. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, do groba, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 8; žlebljenje. Stavba 1, znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, kv. 666/B2,c2. Inv. št. 20983. zmerna); površina: trda; tS 2; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 716/ 6. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, c1, Se 24. Inv. št. 21224. znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina do drobna, 6. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, obilna); površina: trda; tS 8; večlinijska valovnica, metličenje. znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, Stavba 1, kv. 669/B3, Se 24. Inv. št. 20965. zmerna); površina: trda, rahlo porozna; tS 1. Stavba 1, kv. 669/ 7. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj: D2, Se 30. Inv. št. 21088. rjava; barva znotraj: črna in oranžna; barva v prelomu: oran- 7. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, žna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna do groba, zmerna); površina: znotraj in v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); trda; tS 3. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a2, Se 34. Inv. št. 21691. 442 11_katalog.indd 442 2.3.2012 9:29:54 11. katalog / catalogue površina: trda, rahlo porozna; tS 6. Stavba 1, Se 666/a3, Se do groba, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 12. Stavba 1, kv. 666/ 50. Inv. št. 22176 c2, Se 24. Inv. št. 20621. 8. lonec; del ustja in ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj 14. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva in znotraj: oranžna; barva v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec zunaj: svetlo rjava; barva znotraj: temno rjava; barva v prelomu: (drobna, zmerna), sljuda (fina s posameznimi grobimi delci, siva; dodatki: apnenec (drobna do groba, zmerna); površina: obilna); površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 1. Stavba 1, kv. trda; tS 3. Stavba 1, kv. 669/a4, Se 24. Inv. št. 20592. 669/D2, Se 30. Inv. št. 21093. 15. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj: svetlo siva; barva znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna do groba, redka); površina: trda; tS 8; metličenje, vrezi. Tabla 91 Stavba 1, kv. 817/c3, Se 03. Inv. št. 22053. 16. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 1. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, zunaj: rjava; barva znotraj: oranžna; barva v prelomu: črna; znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; tS neopr. zmerna), sljuda (fina, zmerna); površina: trda, rahlo porozna; Stavba 1, kv. 819/D2. Inv. št. 20117 tS 2. Stavba 1, kv. 669/B2, Se 30. Inv. št. 20941. 17. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 2. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: temno siva; dodatki: apnenec zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec (fina, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 8; žlebljenje. Stavba 1, kv. (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 2. Stavba 1, kv. 669/D2, 666/a2, Se 29. Inv. št. 20978. Se 30. Inv. št. 21091. 18. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 3. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (drobna znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, do groba, zmerna), sljuda (zelo fina, zmerna); površina: zelo redka); površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 2. Stavba 1, kv. trda; tS 7; vrezi. Stavba 1, kv. 766/a2, Se 24. Inv. št. 21730. 716/a3. Inv. št. 20884. 4. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec Tabla 92 (drobna, zmerna); površina: mehka; tS 2. Stavba 1, kv. 669/ a3, Se 29a. Inv. št. 21028. 1. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj: 5. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj črna; barva znotraj: svetlo in temno rjava; barva v prelomu: in znotraj: črna in oranžna; barva v prelomu: črna; dodatki: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna), sljuda (zelo fina, apnenec (drobna, redka): površina: trda; tS neopr. Stavba 1, zmerna); površina: mehka, porozna; tS 5. Stavba 1, kv. 815/ kv. 717/a2, Se 24. Inv. št. 21384. D3, Se 14. Inv. št. 22012. 6. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, 2. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva znotraj in v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (drobna do groba, zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, redka); površina: trda; tS 8. Stavba 1, kv. 668/c1. Inv. št. 20779. zmerna); površina: trda; tS 6. Stavba 1, kv. 669/B4, Se 24. 7. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva Inv. št. 21049. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec 3. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 2. Stavba 1, kv. 716/c3, zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, Se 24. Inv. št. 20833. zmerna); površina: trda; tS 8. Stavba 1, kv. 666/D2, Se 23. Inv. 8. lonec; 2 dela ustja z ostenjem, groba keramika; zunaj, št. 20660, 20662, 20674. znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna do 4. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, groba, obilna); površina: trda; tS 8. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a1, Se znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); 50. Inv. št. 22189. sljuda (zelo fina, zmerna); površina: trda, močno porozna; tS – Modrijan 2010, sl. 4: 9. 13. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c1, Se 29. Inv. št. 20534. 9. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, 5. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zu- znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, zmerna), naj: siva; barva znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec zdrobljena keramika (fina, redka); površina: mehka, močno (drobna, zmerna), sljuda (zelo fina, zmerna); površina: mehka; porozna; tS 9. Stavba 1, kv. 867/D2. Inv. št. 21429. tS neopr. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a2, Se 34. Inv. št. 20549. 10. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 6. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec in znotraj: črna; barva v prelomu: oranžna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); površina: mehka; tS 2. Stavba 1, kv. 666/ (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; tS neopr. Stavba 1, kv. 766/ c1. Inv. št. 20762. D1, Se 22, 08. Inv. št. 20151. 11. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 7. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj zunaj in znotraj: rjava; barva v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec v prelomu: črna; barva znotraj: oranžna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, redka); površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 10. Stavba (fina do drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; tS neopr. Stavba 1, 1, kv. 719/D1, Se 01. Inv. št. 21633. kv. 719/D2, Se 26. Inv. št. 21645. 12. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 8. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: temno siva; dodatki: apnenec (fina, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, obilna); zmerna), sljuda (zelo fina, zmerna); površina: zelo trda; tS 4. površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 8. Stavba 1, kv. 666/D1, Stavba 1, kv. 666/a3, B3, Se 50. Inv. št. 20982. Se 29. Inv. št. 21133. 13. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 9. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna znotraj in v prelomu: temno rjava; dodatki: apnenec (fina do 443 11_katalog.indd 443 2.3.2012 9:29:54 11. katalog / catalogue groba, redka); površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 12. Stavba zmerna), sljuda: (zelo fina, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 4. 1, kv. 667/B2, Se 06. Inv. št. 20727. Stavba 1, Se 10. Inv. št. 21009. 10. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva – Modrijan 2010, sl. 4: 7. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava in črna; dodatki: apnenec 11. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva (fina, zmerna); površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 10. Stavba zunaj; temno siva; barva znotraj: rjava; barva v prelomu: siva; 1, kv. 816/D3, Se 09. Inv. št. 20124. dodatki: apnenec (fina, zmerna), sljuda (zelo fina, zmerna); 11. lonec; 2 dela ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva površina: trda; tS neopr. Stavba 1, kv. 716/D2. Inv. št. 21157. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (fina, obilna); površina: trda; tS 8. Stavba 1, kv. 719/B1, Se 07. Inv. št. 21430. 12. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva Tabla 94 zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; apnenec; drobna, zmerna; površina: trda; tS 2; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 716/ 1. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem in del ostenja; groba ke- D3, Se 24. Inv. št. 21326. ramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: 13. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zu- apnenec (fina, zmerna); površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; tS naj, znotraj in v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (fina, zmerna), 8; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 768, Se 03. Inv. št. 21875, 21876. sljuda (zelo fina, redka); površina: trda; tS 13. Stavba 1, kv. 2. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, 666/B3, Se 23. Inv. št. 20606. znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; apnenec; drobna, zmerna; 14. lonec; del ustja in ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj površina: trda; tS 2. Stavba 1, kv. 716/D3, Se 24. Inv. št. 21327. znotraj: rjava; barva v prelomu; siva; dodatki: apnenec (drobna 3. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva do groba, zmerna), sljuda (zelo fina, zmerna); površina: trda; zunaj: svetlo rjava in črna; barva znotraj in v prelomu: črna; tS 15; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 716, Se 23. Inv. št. 21815. dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna), sljuda (zelo fina, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 4. Stavba 1, kv. 769/a1, Se 03. Inv. št. 21884. 4. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, Tabla 93 znotraj in v prelomu: temno siva; dodatki: apnenec (drobna do fina, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 8. Stavba 1, kv. 768, Se 1. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, 03. Inv. št. 21873. znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, 5. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, zmerna), sljuda (fina, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 2; enolinijska znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, redka); valovnica. Stavba 1, kv. 766/c1, Se 23. Inv. št. 21816. površina: trda; tS 8. Stavba 1, kv. 668/c1, Se 26. Inv. št. 21922. 2. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, 6. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; apnenec; drobna, zmerna; zunaj in znotraj: svetlo rjava; barva v prelomu: črna; dodatki: površina: trda; tS 2. Stavba 1, kv. 717/D3, Se 08. Inv. št. 20426. apnenec (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 1. Stavba 1, kv. 3. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zu- 668/B1, Se 26. Inv. št. 20750. naj: svetlo in temno rjava; barva znotraj: temno rjava; barva 7. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, zmerna); površina: zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: temno siva; dodatki: apnenec mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 10. Stavba 1, kv. 718/a3, Se 11. (fina, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 8; žlebljenje. Stavba 1, kv. Inv. št. 20378. 719/B1. Inv. št. 21462. 4. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 8. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; apnenec; drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 2. Stavba 1, Se 08. Inv. št. 20831. zmerna; površina: trda; tS 2; žlebljenje. Stavba 1, kv. 719/D2, 5. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva Se 27. Inv. št. 20560. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava in črna; dodatki: apnenec 9. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, (drobna, redka); površina: trda; tS 10. Stavba 1, kv. 668/D2, znotraj in v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (fina, zmerna); Se 28. Inv. št. 21083. površina: trda; tS 8. Stavba 1, kv. 667/a2, Se 23. Inv. št. 20693. 6. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva – Modrijan 2010, sl. 4: 4. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna 10. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva do groba, zmerna); površina: trda, rahlo porozna; tS 8. Stavba zunaj in znotraj: svetlo rjava; barva v prelomu: črna; dodatki: 1, kv. 719/c3, Se 04. Inv. št. 20331. apnenec (fina, zmerna): površina: trda; tS 1. Stavba 1, kv. 716/ 7. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, a4, Se 23. Inv. št. 21173. znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, obilna); 11. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva površina: trda; tS 8; tri enolinijske valovnice, vrez. Stavba 1, zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, kv. 669/B1, Se 24. Inv. št. 20974. zmerna); površina: trda; tS 6; žlebljenje. Stavba 1, kv. 717/B3, 8. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zu- c2. Inv. št. 22163. naj in znotraj: rjava; barva v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec – Modrijan 2010, sl. 4: 6 (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda, rahlo porozna; tS 2. Stavba 12. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zu- 1, kv. 669/a1, Se 23. Inv. št. 20870. naj in znotraj: svetlo rjava; barva v prelomu: oranžna; dodatki: – Modrijan 2010, sl. 4: 5. apnenec (fina, zmerna); površina: trda, rahlo porozna; tS 2. 9. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva Stavba 1, kv. 716/a4, Se 24. Inv. št. 21649. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, 13. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zmerna); površina: trda; tS 2. Stavba 1, Se 08. Inv. št. 22038. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, 10. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zmerna); površina: trda; tS 6. Stavba 1, kv. 669/B3, Se 29a. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, Inv. št. 21029. 444 11_katalog.indd 444 2.3.2012 9:29:55 11. katalog / catalogue 14. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, Tabla 96 znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 8. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a2, Se 56. Inv. št. 21360. 1. lonec; del ustja in ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj, 15. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva znotraj in v prelomu:črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, zmerna); zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec površina: trda; tS 8. Stavba 1, kv. 717/B2, Se 08. Inv. št. 20563. (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 2. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B2, 2. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj c2. Inv. št. 21353. in znotraj: rjava; barva v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, 16. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zu- zmerna), zdrobljena keramika (fina, redka), sljuda (zelo fina, naj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, redka); zmerna); površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 5. Stavba 1, kv. površina: trda; tS 8. Stavba 1, kv. 716/c3, Se 24. Inv. št. 21328. 717/c3, Se 10. Inv. št. 20287. 3. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (fina, zmerna); Tabla 95 površina: mehka, močno porozna; tS 10. Stavba 1, kv. 816/ B1, Se 01. Inv. št. 20039. 1. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 4. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj zunaj in znotraj: svetlo rjava; barva v prelomu: črna; dodatki: in znotraj: rjava; barva v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (drob- apnenec (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 1; metličenje. na do groba, zmerna); površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 3. Stavba 1, kv. 669/a3, a4. Inv. št. 21467. Stavba 1, kv. 717/D2, Se 11. Inv. št. 20438. 2. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zu- 5. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, naj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (zelo fina do znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); groba, zmerna); površina: trda, rahlo porozna; tS 12. Stavba površina: trda; tS 8. Stavba 1, kv. 816/B1, Se 09. Inv. št. 20044. 1, kv. 767, Se 30. Inv. št. 20230, 20241. 6. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 3. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (zelo fina zunaj in znotraj: svetlo rjava; barva v prelomu: črna; dodatki: do fina, redka); površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 9. Stavba apnenec (drobna, obilna); površina: trda; tS neopr. Stavba 1, 1, kv. 667/a4, Se 23. Inv. št. 20702. kv. 669/B2, Se 30. Inv. št. 20940. 7. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, 4. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna), znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, zmerna); sljuda (zelo fina, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 8; metličenje. površina: trda; tS 8. Stavba 1, kv. 669/c2, Se 30. Inv. št. 20989. Stavba 1, kv. 817. Inv. št. 22040. 5. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj 8. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva in znotraj: svetlo rjava; barva v prelomu: temno siva; dodatki: zunaj in znotraj: svetlo rjava; barva v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (fina do drobna, zmerna), sljuda (zelo fina, redka); apnenec (drobna, zmerna), sljuda (zelo fina, redka); površina: površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 5. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c1, mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 3. Stavba 1, kv. 716/D1, D2, Se 10. Se 50. Inv. št. 20545. Inv. št. 20185, 20197. 6. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj: – Modrijan 2010, sl. 6: 4, Modrijan 2011, sl. 5: 4. rjava; barva znotraj in v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (fina, 9. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zu- zmerna); površina: trda; tS 10; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 669/ naj in znotraj: rjava; barva v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec a3, Se 64. Inv. št.21372. (drobna, zmerna); površina: mehka, močno porozna; tS 10. 7. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva Stavba 1, kv. 767/a2, Se 10. Inv. št. 20166. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, 10. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zmerna); površina: trda; tS 2. Stavba 1, kv. 669/a3, Se 29a. zunaj in znotraj: rjava; barva v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec Inv. št. 20583 (drobna, zmerna); površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 10. 8. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj Stavba 1, kv. 767/a2, Se 10. Inv. št. 20165. in znotraj: svetlo rjava; barva v prelomu: temno siva; dodatki: 11. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva apnenec (fina do drobna, zmerna), sljuda (zelo fina, redka); zunaj in znotraj: rjava; barva v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apne- površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 5; vrezi. Stavba 1, kv. 767/ nec (drobna, zmerna), sljuda (zelo fina, redka); površina: a3, Se 10. Inv. št. 20173, 20181. mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 5. Stavba 1, kv. 767/a4, Se 10. – Modrijan 2010, sl. 6: 3; 2011, sl. 5: 3. Inv. št. 20180. 9. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj 12. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva in znotraj: svetlo rjava; barva v prelomu: temno siva; dodatki: zunaj: svetlo in temno rjava; barva znotraj: rjava; barva v apnenec (fina, zmerna), sljuda (zelo fina, zmerna); površina: prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (fina do drobna, obilna); mehka; tS 5. Stavba 1, kv. 767/a1, Se 10. Inv. št. 20195. površina: mehka, porozna; tS 10. Stavba 1, kv. 716/D3, Se 10. lonec; 3 deli ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 23. Inv. št. 21313. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna 13. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva do groba, zmerna), sljuda (zelo fina, redka); površina: trda; zunaj in znotraj: svetlo rjava; barva v prelomu: siva; dodatki: tS 5. Stavba 1, kv. 767/B3, Se 10. Inv. št. 20194, 20196, 20208. apnenec (drobna do groba, redka); površina: mehka, porozna: 11. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva tS 3. Stavba 1, kv. 767/a2, Se 10. Inv. št. 20167. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, 14. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zmerna); površina: trda; tS 8; žlebljenje. Stavba 1, kv. 716/D1, zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, Se 23. Inv. št. 21305. zmerna); površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 9. Stavba 1, kv. 767/B2, Se 10. Inv. št. 20193. 445 11_katalog.indd 445 2.3.2012 9:29:55 11. katalog / catalogue 15. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 14. Vrč; del ročaja; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in zunaj in znotraj: siva; barva v prelomu: oranžna; dodatki: v prelomu: oranžna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, zmerna); površina: apnenec (fina, zmerna); površina: mehka; tS neopr. Stavba trda; tS neopr. Stavba 1, kv. 717, Se 23. Inv. št. 21397. 1, kv. 668/D3, Se 08. Inv. št. 21618. 15. Vrč; del ročaja; groba keramika; barva zunaj in znotraj oranžna; barva v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); površina: mehka; tS 4. Stavba 1, 669/D4, Se 24. Inv. Tabla 97 št. 20888. 16. Vrč; del ročaja; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in 1. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj: v prelomu: oranžna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, zmerna); površina: svetlo rjava; barva znotraj: oranžna; barva v prelomu: rjava; mehka; tS neopr. Stavba 1, kv. 616/B3, Se 67. Inv. št. 20869. dodatki: apnenec (drobna do groba, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 3. Stavba 1, kv. 666/B3, Se 24. Inv. št. 20763. – Modrijan 2010, sl. 4: 3. Tabla 98 2. lonec; del ustja in ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj in znotraj: svetlo rjava; barva v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec 1. lonec; del ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj (drobna do groba, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 3. Stavba 1, kv. in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (fina, zmerna); površina: 666/B4, Se 23. Inv. št. 20615. trda; tS 6; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 719/B2, Se 01. Inv. št. 21482. 3. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj: 2. lonec; del dna z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, črna; barva znotraj in v prelomu: oranžna; dodatki: apnenec znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna do groba, (drobna do groba, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 3. Stavba 1, kv. redka); površina: trda; tS 6; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 716/D4, 666/B2, Se 29. Inv. št. 20826. Se 23. Inv. št. 21344. 4. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj: 3. Posoda; del ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj siva; barva znotraj: rjava; barva v prelomu: oranžna; dodatki: in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna do fina, zmerna); apnenec (groba, redka); površina: trda; tS 3. Stavba 1, kv. 666/ površina: mehka; tS 9; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 717/D3, Se a2, Se 29. Inv. št. 20881. 11. Inv. št. 20454. 5. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj 4. Posoda; del ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in znotraj: svetlo rjava; barva v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna do groba, (drobna do groba, redka); površina: trda, rahlo porozna; tS obilna); površina: trda; tS 3; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 718/c1, 3. Stavba 1, kv. 818/a2, Se 03. Inv. št. 22109. Se 10. Inv. št. 20495. 6. lonec; del ustja in ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj 5. Posoda; del ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj, zno- in znotraj: svetlo rjava; barva v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec traj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna do groba, (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 1. Stavba 1, kv. 666/c3, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 6; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 716/ Se 23. Inv. št. 20636. D4. Inv. št. 20872. – Modrijan 2010, sl. 4: 2. 6. lonec; del ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj, zno- 7. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, traj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, obilna), sljuda površina: trda; tS 6; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 669/a3, Se 29a. (zelo fina, redka); površina: trda; rahlo porozna; tS 13; vrez. Inv. št. 20976. Stavba 1, kv. 716/a3, Se 68. Inv. št. 21168. 7. lonec; del ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj: rjava; 8. Vrč; 2 dela ostenja in ročaj; groba keramika; barva zunaj, barva znotraj: svetlo tn temno rjava; barva v prelomu: črna; znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, obilna), dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); površina: mehka, porozna; sljuda (zelo fina, zmerna); površina: trda, močno porozna; tS tS 9; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 818/B2, Se 03. Inv. št. 22121. 13; enolinijska valovnica, vrezi. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a2,a3,B2,B3, 8. lonec; del ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj in Se 34,29. Inv. št. 20533. znotraj: rjava lisasta; barva v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec 9. Vrč; del ostenja z delom ročaja; groba keramika; barva (fina, redka); površina: trda, porozna; tS 10; več enolinijskih zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, valovnic, metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 820/c2, Se 34. Inv. št. 22020. zmerna), sljuda (zelo fina, redka); površina: trda; tS 13. Stavba 9. lonec; del ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj 1, kv. 817, Se 03. Inv. št. 22164. in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, redka); površina: 10. Vrč; del ročaja; groba keramika; barva zunaj in znotraj: trda; tS 8; enolinijska valovnica, metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 718/ svetlo rjava; barva v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (fina, a1, Se 10. Inv. št. 22020. redka); površina: trda; tS 1. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a2, Se 56. Inv. 10. lonec; del ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj, zno- št. 20536. traj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, redka); 11. Posoda; del ročaja; groba keramika; barva zunaj, zno- površina: trda; tS 6; metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 669/B2, Se24. traj in v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); Inv. št. 20909. sljuda (zelo fina, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 4. Stavba 1, kv. 11. lonec; del ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj, zno- 768, Se 03. Inv. št. 21878. traj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, redka); 12. Posoda; del ročaja; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj površina: trda; tS 6; metličenje, večlinijska valovnica. Stavba in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); sljuda 1, kv. 616/D3, Se 24. Inv. št. 21330. (zelo fina, redka); površina: trda, rahlo porozna; tS 13. Stavba 12. lonec; del ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj in v 1, kv. 816/D1 D2, Se 12. Inv. št. 20121. prelomu: oranžna; barva znotraj: siva; dodatki: apnenec (drob- 13. Vrč; del ročaja; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in na, redka); površina: trda; tS neopr.; metličenje, večlinijska v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (fina, zmerna); površina: trda; valovnica. Stavba 1, kv. 716/D4, Se 24. Inv. št. 21374. tS 1. Stavba 1, kv. 817, Se 03. Inv. št. 22161. 446 11_katalog.indd 446 2.3.2012 9:29:55 11. katalog / catalogue 13. lonec; del ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj in 15. Posoda; del dna z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva znotraj: oranžna; barva v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec zunaj in v prelomu: oranžna; barva znotraj: rjava; dodatki: (fina, redka); površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; tS neopr.; apnenec (drobna do groba, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 3; večlinijska valovnica, metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 719/c1, Se 24. kratki vrezi, ki oblikujejo krog. Stavba 1, kv. 717/a4, Se 77. Inv. št. 20558. Inv. št. 20813. 16. Posoda; del dna; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, obilna); povr- Tabla 99 šina: trda; tS 8; dva niza kratkih vrezov, ki oblikujejo krog, med njima žleb. Stavba 1, kv. 669/B1, Se 29. Inv. št. 22171. 1. lonec; del ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj 17. Posoda; del dna z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zu- in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec (fina, zmerna); naj: svetlo rjava; barva znotraj: oranžna; barva v prelomu: siva; površina: trda; tS 2; metličenje, enolinijska valovnica. Stavba dodatki: apnenec (drobna, obilna); površina: trda; tS 1; križ iz 1, kv. 669/B3, Se 29a. Inv. št. 21445. dveh dvojnih reber. Stavba 1, kv. 716/D4, Se 23. Inv. št. 21339. 2. lonec; del ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj in v pre- – Modrijan 2010, sl. 5: 11 lomu: črna; barva znotraj: oranžna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna 18. Posoda; del dna z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zu- do groba, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 14; enolinijski valovnici, naj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, obilna); vrez, metličenje. Stavba 1, kv. 766/B3, Se 23. Inv. št. 21805. površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 9; križ iz dveh dvojnih 3. lonec; del ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj reber. Stavba 1, kv. 666/a3, Se 23. Inv. št. 20700. in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec; (drobna, zmerna), sljuda – Modrijan 2010, sl. 5: 9. (fina, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 4; enolinijski valovnici, vrez. 19. Posoda; 2 dela dna z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva Stavba 1, kv. 666/B1, Se 29. Inv. št. 21012. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, 4. lonec; del ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj, zno- zmerna); površina: trda; tS 8; križ iz dveh dvojnih reber. Stavba traj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); 1, kv. 766/B1, Se 23. Inv. št. 21844. površina: trda; tS 8; enolinijska valovnica. Stavba 1, kv. 769/ 20. Posoda; del dna z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva D4. Inv. št. 21923. zunaj in znotraj; svetlo rjava; barva v prelomu: črna; dodatki: 5. lonec; del ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj apnenec (fina, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 1; rebro. Stavba 1, in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, obilna); površi- kv. 718/a2, Se 10. Inv. št. 20354. na: mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 8; enolinijska valovnica. Stavba – Modrijan 2010, sl. 5: 11. 1, kv. 815/D1. Inv. št. 21994. 21. Posoda; del dna z ostenejm; groba keramika; barva zunaj 6. Posoda; del ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj in in znotraj; rjava; barva v prelomu: temno siva; dodatki: apnenec znotraj: rjava lisasta; barva v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apne- (drobna, zmerna); rebro; površina: mehka, močno porozna; tS nec (drobna, zmerna); površina: mehka, porozna; tS 10; 10. Stavba 1, kv. 815/D1, Se 14. Inv. št. 21998. metličenje, enolinijska valovnica. Stavba 1, kv. 716/B1, Se 06. Inv. št. 21151. 7. lonec; del ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj Tabla 100 in v prelomu: dodatki: apnenec (fina, redka); površina: trda; tS 8; metličenje, vbodi. Stavba 1, kv. 669/a3, Se 29a. Inv. št. 20585. 1. krožnik; del ustja in ostenja; vzhodna sigilata; barva zunaj, 8. Posoda; del ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj znotraj in v prelomu: 2,5YR 6/6; Stavba 3, Se 137, inv. št. 24021. in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, zmerna); površina: – Modrijan 2010, sl. 3: 11. mehka, močno porozna; tS 9; razčlenjeno rebro, metličenje. 2. Ploščica; afriška sigilata; barva zunaj, znotraj in v pre- Stavba 1, kv. 668/D2, Se 28. Inv. št. 20824. lomu: 5YR 5/8; stavba 2, Se 101. Inv. št. 24002. 9. lonec; del ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj 3. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; glazirana keramika; barva in v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (fina, redka); površina: zunaj: 5YR 7/8, lošč 2,5Y 5/6; barva znotraj in v prelomu: 6 trda; tS 8; razčlenjeno rebro. Stavba 1, kv. 769/a2, Se 03. Inv. YR 6/8. Stavba 3, Se 135. št. 21917. – Modrijan 2009, sl. 1.2c. 11. lonec; del ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj 4. Vrč; del ročaja; namizna keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, obilna); in v prelomu: 7,7YR 8/3. Stavba 2, Se 101. površina: trda, rahlo porozna; tS 2; razčlenjeno rebro. Stav- 5. Vrč; del ostenja; namizna keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj ba 1, kv. 666/B2,c2. Inv. št. 21602. in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; Stavba 3, Se 135. 12. lonec; del ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj 6. amfora; del ustja z ostenjem; vzhodnomediteranska; in v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (fina, redka); površina: barva zunaj in znotraj: 10YR 8/6; barva v prelomu 7,5YR 8/6. trda; tS 8; razčlenjeno rebro. Stavba 1, kv. 769/B1, Se 03. Inv. Stavba 2, Se 110. Inv. št. 24004. št. 21941. 7. amfora; deli ostenja; vzhodnomediteranska; barva 13. Posoda; del ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj, zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: 5YR 6/8; gosti vzporedni žlebovi. znotraj in v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (fina, zmerna); Stavba 2, Se 101. Inv. št. 24006. površina: trda; tS neopr.; razčlenjeno rebro, metličenje. Stavba – Modrijan 2010, sl. 3: 2. 1, kv. 717/D4. Inv. št. 20838. 8. amfora; del ostenja; vzhodnojadranska; barva zunaj: 14. Posoda; del ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj, 7,5YR 8/4; barva znotraj in v prelomu: 7,5YR 5/6. Stavba 2, znotraj in v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); Se 115. površina: trda; tS neopr.; nerazčlenjeno rebro. Stavba 1, kv. 9. amfora; del ostenja; vzhodnomediteranska; barva zunaj: 719/B2, Se 01. Inv. št. 21483. 7,5YR 8/4; barva znotraj in v prelomu: 2,5YR 6/8. Stavba 3, Se 135. 447 11_katalog.indd 447 2.3.2012 9:29:55 11. katalog / catalogue 10. amfora; del ostenja; vzhodnomediteranska; barva 9. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, zunaj: 5YR 6/6; barva znotraj in v prelomu: 5YR 6/2. Stavba znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, 3, Se 162. redka); površina: mehka, rahlo porozna; tS10. Stavba 3, Se 137. Inv. št. 24022. 10. lonec; del ustja; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj Tabla 101 in v prelomu: svetlo tjava; dodatki: dodatki: apnenec (groba, redka); površina: trda; tS 02. Stavba 3, Se 137. Inv. št. 24028. 1. amfora; del ostenja; vzhodnomediteranska; barva zunaj: 11. lonec; del ustja in ostenja; groba keramika; barva 7,5YR 7/8; barva znotraj in v prelomu: 7,5YR 6/8. Stava 3, Se 135. zunaj in znotraj: svetlo rjava; barva v prelomu: siva; dodatki: 2. amfora; del ostenja; vzhodnomediteranska; barva zunaj: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 02. Stavba 2, 7,5YR 7/6; barva znotraj in v prelomu: 5YR 6/8: Stavba 3, Se 137. Se 106. Inv. št. 24026. 3. krožnik ali skleda; del dna; afriška sigilata; barva zunaj, 12. lonec; del ustja in ostenja; groba keramika; barva zu- znotraj in v prelomu: 2.5YR 5/8. Severna cerkev – ladja, Se naj, znotraj in v prelomu: oranžna; dodatki: apnenec (groba, 58. Inv. št. 24056. redka); površina: mehka, močno porozna; tS 10. Stavba 2, Se 4. lonec; deli ustja, ostenja in dna; glazirana keramika; 106. Inv. št. 24005. barva zunaj: 5YR 6/8, lošč 2,5Y 4/3; barva znotraj: 5YR 6/8; 13. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva barva v prelomu: 5YR6/8; vbodi. Prostor med osrednjo in zunaj: črna; barva znotraj: oranžna; barva v prelomu: črno- južno cerkvijo, Se 103. Inv. št, 24129. oranžna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, zmerna); površina: trda, rahlo – Modrijan 2009, sl. 1.2b. porozna; tS neopr. Stavba 2, Se 106. Inv. št. 24031. 5. Vrč; deli ostenja; namizna keramika; barva zunaj in 14. lonec; del ustja in ostenja; groba keramika; barva znotraj: 7,7 YR 8/3, premaz 2,5, YR 6/6; barva v prelomu: 7,7 zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, YR 8/3. Prostor med osrednjo in južno cerkvijo, Se 108. Inv. zmerna); površina: trda, rahlo porozna; tS 08; Stavba 2, Se št. 24123. 92. Inv. št. 24009. 6. amfora; del ostenja; vzhodnomediteranska; barva zno- 15. lonec; del ustja; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj traj in v prelomu: 2,5YR6/8; gosti vzporedni žlebovi. Prostor in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, redka); površina: med osrednjo in južno cerkvijo, Se 93. Inv. št. 24121. trda; tS 04. Stavba 3, Se 175. Inv. št. 24041. – Modrijan 2010, sl. 3: 9. 16. lonec; del ustja in ostenja; groba keramika; barva 7. amfora; cela; afriška; barva zunaj in v prelomu: 10YR zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, 8/6; barva znotraj: 5YR 7/6. osrednja cerkev – prezbiterij, Se redka); površina: trda, rahlo porozna; tS 09. Stavba 2, Se 121. 26. Inv. št. 24137. Inv. št. 24008. – Modrijan 2010, sl. 3: 10. Tabla 103 Tabla 102 1. lonec; del ustja in ostenja; groba keramika; barva 1. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec zmerna); površina: trda, rahlo porozna; tS 13. Stavba 3, Se (drobna, zmerna); površina: mehka, močno porozna; tS 10. 161. Inv. št. 24038. Stavba 2, Se 101. Inv. št. 24017. 2. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 2. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna do groba, redka); površina: mehka, močno porozna; (fina, zmerna), sljuda (zelo fina, redka); površina: trda, rahlo enolinijska valovnica, vrez; tS10. Severna cerkev – ladja, Se porozna; tS 02. Stavba 3, Se 165. Inv. št. 24037. 15. Inv. št. 24045. 3. Skleda; del ustja; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj – Modrijan 2010, sl. 6: 6; 2011, sl. 5: 5. in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, zmerna); mehka, 3. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva rahlo porozna; tS 9. Stavba 2, Se 106. Inv. št. 24027. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec 4. Posoda; del ustja in ostenja; groba keramika; barva (drobna do groba, redka); površina: mehka; tS 3. osrednja zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna cerkev – ladja, Se 14. Inv. št. 24053. do fina, redka); površina: trda, rahlo porozna; tS 08. Stavba 4. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 2, Se 106. Inv. št. 24025. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (zelo fina 5. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, redka); površina: mehka, močno porozna; tS 10. osrednja znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); cerkev – ladja, Se 02. Inv. št. 24050. površina: mehka; tS 8. Stavba 3, Se 170. Inv. št. 24033. 5. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 6. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: svetlo rjava; dodatki: apnenec znotraj in v prelomu: rjava: dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmer- (groba, obilna); površina: mehka, močno porozna. osrednja na); površina: mehka; tS neopr. Stavba 3, Se 175. Inv. št. 24136. cerkev – ladja, Se 02. Inv. št. 24047. 7. lonec; del ustja; groba keramika; barva zunaj, znotraj in 6. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, redka); površina: zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (fina, mehka, rahlo porozna; tS 3. Stavba 3, Se 175. Inv. št. 24040. redka); površina: trda; enolinijska valovnica; tS 4. osrednja 8. lonec; del ustja in ostenja; groba keramika; barva zunaj, cerkev – ladja, Se 02. Inv. št. 24062. znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (fina, zmerna); 7. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva površina: trda; tS 9. Stavba 2, Se 122. Inv. št. 24014. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna 448 11_katalog.indd 448 2.3.2012 9:29:55 11. katalog / catalogue do groba, redka); površina: trda; tS 3. Severna cerkev – ladja, 2. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; barva zunaj, znotraj in v Se 02. Inv. št. 24065. prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); površina: 8. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, trda; tS 8. Prostor med osrednjo in južno cerkvijo, Se 89. znotraj in v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (fina, redka); po- Inv. št. 24082. vršina: trda; tS 13. Severna cerkev – ladja, Se 22. Inv. št. 24049. 3. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; barva zunaj, znotraj in v 9. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, obilna), sljuda (zelo zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, fina, obilna); površina: trda; tS 8; enolinijska valovnica, vrezi, redka); površina: trda; tS 8. Severna cerkev – ladja, Se 02. metličenje. Prostor med osrednjo in južno cerkvijo, Se 99. Inv. št. 24061. Inv. št. 24076. 10. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zu- 4. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; barva zunaj, znotraj in v naj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, obilna); prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna do fina, obilna); površina: trda; tS 8. Severna cerkev – narteks. Inv. št. 24060. površina: trda; tS 8. Prostor med osrednjo in južno cerkvijo, Se 92. Inv. št. 24096. 5. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; barva zunaj, znotraj in v Tabla 104 prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, redka); površina: trda; tS 4; večlinijska valovnica, žlebovi, metličenje. Prostor 1. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva med osrednjo in južno cerkvijo, Se 100. Inv. št. 24104. zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, – Modrijan 2010, sl. 2: 12. zmerna); površina: trda; tS 08. Severna cerkev. Inv. št. 24051. 6. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; barva zunaj, znotraj in v – Modrijan 2010, sl. 6: 1; 2011, sl. 5: 1. prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); površina: 2. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, trda; tS 8. Prostor med osrednjo in južno cerkvijo, Se 95. Inv. znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (fina, obilna); št. 24074. površina: trda, močno porozna; tS 10. osrednja cerkev – ladja, 7. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; barva zunaj, znotraj in v Se 32. Inv. št. 24067. prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); površina: 3. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, trda; tS 2; metličenje. Prostor med osrednjo in južno cerkvijo, znotraj in v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, pogo- Se 92. Inv. št. 24100. sta), sljuda (zelo fina, zmerna); površina; trda; tS 8. osrednja 8. krožnik; del ustja z ostenjem; barva zunaj, znotraj in cerkev – ladja, Se 15. Inv. št. 24054. v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna), sljuda 4. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva (zelo fina, zmerna); površina: trda; tS neopr.; dve enolinijski zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, valovnici, žlebljenje, metličenje. Prostor med osrednjo in južno redka); površina; trda; tS 5. osrednja cerkev – narteks, Se cerkvijo, Se 84. Inv. št. 24090. 02. Inv. št. 24044. – Modrijan 2010, sl. 5: 8. 5. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva 9. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; barva zunaj, znotraj in v pre- zunaj: črna in rjava; barva znotraj: črna; barva v prelomu: lomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, redka); površina: trda; rjava; dodatki: apnenec (fina do groba, zmerna); površina: tS 8. Prostor med osrednjo in južno cerkvijo. Inv. št. 24091. trda. osrednja cerkev. Inv. št. 24046. 10. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; barva zunaj, znotraj in v 6. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; groba keramika; barva zunaj, prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, redka); površina: trda; tS znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, redka); 8. Prostor med osrednjo in južno cerkvijo, Se 82. Inv. št. 24097. površina: trda, rahlo porozna. osrednja cerkev – prezbiterij, 11. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; barva zunaj, znotraj in v Se 02. Inv. št. 24068. prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, obilna); površina: 7. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; barva zunaj: črna in rjava; trda; tS 8. Prostor med osrednjo in južno cerkvijo, Se 111. barva znotraj: črna; barva v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec Inv. št. 24118. (fina do groba, zmerna); površina, mehka, močno porozna; tS 05. osrednja cerkev – ladja. Inv. št. 24048. 8. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; barva zunaj, znotraj in v Tabla 106 prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (fina, obilna); površina: trda; tS 8. osrednja cerkev – ladja, Se 02. Inv. št. 24043. 1. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; barva zunaj, znotraj in v 9. Pokrov; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: siva; dodatki: prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, redka); površina: apnenec (fina, zmerna); površina: trda, rahlo porozna; tS 04. trda; tS 8. Prostor med osrednjo in južno cerkvijo, Se 89. Severna cerkev. Inv. št. 24058. Inv. št. 24080. 10. Skleda; barva zunaj: črna in rjava; barva znotraj: rjava; 2. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; barva zunaj, znotraj in v barva v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (groba, redka); tS 14. prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, redka); površina: Prostor med osrednjo in južno cerkvijo, Se 92. Inv. št. 24071. trda; tS 8. Prostor med osrednjo in južno cerkvijo, Se 96. Inv. št. 24103. 3. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; barva zunaj, znotraj in v Tabla 105 prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (groba, redka), zdrobljena keramika (zelo groba, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 12. Prostor 1. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; barva zunaj, znotraj in v med osrednjo in južno cerkvijo, Se 96. Inv. št. 24102. prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna), zdroblje- 4. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; barva zunaj, znotraj in v na keramika (groba, redka); površina: trda; tS 8; enolinijska prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna do fina, redka); valovnica, vrez. Prostor med osrednjo in južno cerkvijo, Se površina: trda; tS 9. Prostor med osrednjo in južno cerkvijo, 100. Inv. št. 24107. Se 02. Inv. št. 24088. 449 11_katalog.indd 449 2.3.2012 9:29:56 5. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, redka), zdrobljena keramika (zelo groba, zmerna); površina: trda; tS 9. Prostor med osrednjo in južno cerkvijo, Se 02. Inv. št. 24086. 6. lonec: del ostenja; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, obilna), sljuda (fina, obilna); površina: trda; tS 8; enolinijska valovnica, vrezi. Prostor med osrednjo in južno cerkvijo. Inv. št. 24092. 7. lonec; del dna; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: siva; dodatki: apnenec (groba, redka); površina: trda; tS 4; vrez. Prostor med osrednjo in južno cerkvijo, Se 100. Inv. št. 24105. 8. lonec; del dna; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, redka); površina: trda; tS 8; eno- linijska valovnica, metličenje. Prostor med osrednjo in južno cerkvijo. Inv. št. 24113. 9. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; barva zunaj; temno rjava; barva znotraj in v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina, obilna); površina: trda, rahlo porozna; tS 13. cisterna. Inv. št. 24133. 10. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; barva zunaj, znotraj in v prelomu: rjava; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); površina: mehka; tS 2. cisterna. Inv. št. 24133. 11. Skleda; del ustja z ostenjem; barva zunaj in znotraj temno rjava; barva prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (drobna, zmerna); površina: trda, rahlo porozna; tS 13. cisterna, Se 241. Inv. št. 24133. – Modrijan 2010, sl. 6: 7; 2011, sl. 5: 2. 12. lonec; del ustja z ostenjem; barva zunaj in znotraj: temno rjava; barva v prelomu: črna; dodatki: apnenec (fina do groba, obilna); površina: trda, rahlo porozna; tS 13. cisterna, Se 241. Inv. št. 24130. – Modrijan 2010, sl. 6: 2; 2011, sl. 5: 6. 450 11_katalog.indd 450 23.1.2012 10:44:39 12. TAble / PlATeS T. 1: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Vse bron. M. = 1:2. Pl. 1: Tonovcov grad, building 1. All bronze. Scale = 1:2. 451 12_table_ostalo.indd 451 23.1.2012 10:46:09 TAble / PlATeS T. 2: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. 1,5–14 bron; 2–4,15–17 železo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 2: Tonovcov grad, building 1. 1,5-14 bronze; 2-4,15-17 iron. Scale = 1:2. 452 12_table_ostalo.indd 452 23.1.2012 10:46:13 TAble / PlATeS T. 3: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. 1–6,11–14 železo; 7–10,15–16 bron. M. = 1:2. Pl. 3: Tonovcov grad, building 1. 1-6,11-14 iron; 7-10,15-16 bronze. Scale = 1:2. 453 12_table_ostalo.indd 453 23.1.2012 10:46:16 TAble / PlATeS T. 4: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. 1–2 srebro, železo; 3,13,24–26 bron; 4–7,9–12 steklo; 8 kalcedon; 14–23 železo; 27 bron, steklo ali kamen; 28 steklo ali kamen; 29 srebro. M. 1, 3–29 = 1:2, 2 = 1:1. Pl. 4: Tonovcov grad, building 1. 1-2 silver, iron; 3,13, 24-26 bronze; 4-7,9-12 glass; 8 chalcedony; 14-23 iron; 27 bronze, glass or stone; 28 glass or stone; 29 silver. Scale 1, 3-29 = 1:2, 2 = 1:1. 454 12_table_ostalo.indd 454 23.1.2012 10:46:23 TAble / PlATeS 17b T. 5: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. 1–9,11–15,18–19 bron; 10 železo; 16 bron, kamen; 17,20 srebro. M. = 1:2, 17b = 1:1. Pl. 5: Tonovcov grad, building 1. 1-9,11-15,18-19 bronze; 10 iron; 16 bronze, stone; 17,20 silver. Scale = 1:2, 17b = 1:1. 455 12_table_ostalo.indd 455 23.1.2012 10:46:26 TAble / PlATeS T. 6: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. 1–4 bron; 5–15 železo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 6: Tonovcov grad, building 1. 1-4 bronze; 5-15 iron. Scale = 1:2. 456 12_table_ostalo.indd 456 23.1.2012 10:46:29 TAble / PlATeS T. 7: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. 1–7,11–12 bron; 8–10; 13–27 železo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 7: Tonovcov grad, building 1. 1-7,11-12 bronze; 8-10; 13-27 iron. Scale = 1:2. 457 12_table_ostalo.indd 457 23.1.2012 10:46:33 TAble / PlATeS T. 8: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. 1–6,8–19, 23 bron; 7 bron, železo; 20 srebro; 21 bron, železo, pozlata. M. = 1:2. Pl. 8: Tonovcov grad, building 1. 1-6,8-19, 23 bronze; 7 bronze, iron; 20 silver; 21 bronze, iron, gilding. Scale = 1:2. 458 12_table_ostalo.indd 458 23.1.2012 10:46:36 TAble / PlATeS T. 9: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. 1 bron, železo; 2 bron; 3,5–24 železo; 4 svinec. M. = 1:2. Pl. 9: Tonovcov grad, building 1. 1 bronze, iron; 2 bronze; 3,5-24 iron; 4 lead. Scale = 1:2. 459 12_table_ostalo.indd 459 23.1.2012 10:46:39 TAble / PlATeS T. 10: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Vse železo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 10: Tonovcov grad, building 1. All iron. Scale = 1:2. 460 12_table_ostalo.indd 460 23.1.2012 10:46:43 TAble / PlATeS T. 11: Tonovcov grad, 1–9 stavba 1, 10 širše območje stavbe 1. 1–7, 10 železo; 8–9 bron. M. 1–9 = 1:2; 10 = 1:3. Pl. 11: Tonovcov grad, 1-9 building 1, 10 wider area of building 1. 1-7, 10 iron; 8-9 bronze. Scale 1-9 = 1:2; 10 = 1:3. 461 12_table_ostalo.indd 461 23.1.2012 10:46:46 TAble / PlATeS T. 12: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. 1 bron; 2–13 železo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 12: Tonovcov grad, building 1. 1 bronze; 2-13 iron. Scale = 1:2. 462 12_table_ostalo.indd 462 23.1.2012 10:46:49 TAble / PlATeS T. 13: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Vse železo. M. 1–6 = 1:2; 7 = 1:3. Pl. 13: Tonovcov grad, building 1. All iron. Scale 1-6 = 1:2; 7 = 1:3. 463 12_table_ostalo.indd 463 23.1.2012 10:46:53 TAble / PlATeS T. 14: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Vse železo. M. 1–2 = 1:5; 3–8 = 1:2. Pl. 14: Tonovcov grad, building 1. All iron. Scale 1-2 = 1:5; 3-8 = 1:2. 464 12_table_ostalo.indd 464 23.1.2012 10:46:56 TAble / PlATeS T. 15: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Vse železo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 15: Tonovcov grad, building 1. All iron. Scale = 1:2. 465 12_table_ostalo.indd 465 23.1.2012 10:46:59 TAble / PlATeS T. 16: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. 1–8,17 železo; 9–15 svinec; 16 bron; 18–25 keramika. M. = 1:2. Pl. 16: Tonovcov grad, building 1. 1-8,17 iron; 9-15 lead; 16 bronze; 18-25 pottery. Scale = 1:2. 466 12_table_ostalo.indd 466 23.1.2012 10:47:03 TAble / PlATeS T. 17: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. 1–5 keramika; 6–12 svinec; 13–32 železo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 17: Tonovcov grad, building 1. 1-5 pottery; 6-12 lead; 13-32 iron. Scale = 1:2. 467 12_table_ostalo.indd 467 23.1.2012 10:47:07 TAble / PlATeS T. 18: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Vse železo. M. 1–4 = 1:4; 5–10 = 1:2. Pl. 18: Tonovcov grad, building 1. All iron. Scale 1-4 = 1:4; 5-10 = 1:2. 468 12_table_ostalo.indd 468 23.1.2012 10:47:11 TAble / PlATeS T. 19: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Vse železo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 19: Tonovcov grad, building 1. All iron. Scale = 1:2. 469 12_table_ostalo.indd 469 23.1.2012 10:47:14 TAble / PlATeS T. 20: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Vse železo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 20: Tonovcov grad, building 1. All iron. Scale = 1:2. 470 12_table_ostalo.indd 470 23.1.2012 10:47:17 TAble / PlATeS T. 21: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Vse železo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 21: Tonovcov grad, building 1. All iron. Scale = 1:2. 471 12_table_ostalo.indd 471 23.1.2012 10:47:21 TAble / PlATeS 2 T. 22: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. 1,4–12 železo; 2 bron; 3 svinec; 13 svinec, železo. M. 1,4–13= 1:2, 2–3 = 2:1. Pl. 22: Tonovcov grad, building 1. 1,4-12 iron; 2 bronze; 3 lead; 13 lead, iron. Scale 1,4-13= 1:2, 2-3 = 2:1. 472 12_table_ostalo.indd 472 23.1.2012 10:47:24 TAble / PlATeS T. 23: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Vse železo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 23: Tonovcov grad, building 1. All iron. Scale = 1:2. 473 12_table_ostalo.indd 473 23.1.2012 10:47:28 TAble / PlATeS T. 24: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Vse železo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 24: Tonovcov grad, building 1. All iron. Scale = 1:2. 474 12_table_ostalo.indd 474 23.1.2012 10:47:31 Table / PlaTes T. 25: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Vse železo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 25: Tonovcov grad, building 1. all iron. scale = 1:2. 475 12_table_ostalo.indd 475 23.1.2012 12:23:50 TAble / PlATeS T. 26: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Vse železo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 26: Tonovcov grad, building 1. All iron. Scale = 1:2. 476 12_table_ostalo.indd 476 23.1.2012 10:47:38 TAble / PlATeS T. 27: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Vse železo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 27: Tonovcov grad, building 1. All iron. Scale = 1:2. 477 12_table_ostalo.indd 477 23.1.2012 10:47:41 TAble / PlATeS T. 28: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. 1–8,12–14 železo; 9–11 svinec. M. = 1:2. Pl. 28: Tonovcov grad, building 1. 1-8,12-14 iron; 9-11 lead. Scale = 1:2. 478 12_table_ostalo.indd 478 23.1.2012 10:47:45 TAble / PlATeS T. 29: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. 1–3 železo; 4–5 bron. M. = 1:2. Pl. 29: Tonovcov grad, building 1. 1-3 iron; 4-5 bronze. Scale = 1:2. 479 12_table_ostalo.indd 479 23.1.2012 10:47:48 TAble / PlATeS T. 30: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. 1–10,12–21 železo; 11 bron, železo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 30: Tonovcov grad, building 1. 1-10,12-21 iron; 11 bronze, iron. Scale = 1:2. 480 12_table_ostalo.indd 480 23.1.2012 10:47:51 TAble / PlATeS T. 31: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. 1–2, 4,8–13 železo; 3,5–7 bron. M. = 1:2. Pl. 31: Tonovcov grad, building 1. 1-2, 4,8-13 iron; 3,5-7 bronze. Scale = 1:2. 481 12_table_ostalo.indd 481 23.1.2012 10:47:55 TAble / PlATeS T. 32: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. 1,3–22 železo; 2 bron. M. = 1:2. Pl. 32: Tonovcov grad, building 1. 1,3-22 iron; 2 bronze. Scale = 1:2. 482 12_table_ostalo.indd 482 23.1.2012 10:47:58 TAble / PlATeS T. 33: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Vse železo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 33: Tonovcov grad, building 1. All iron. Scale = 1:2. 483 12_table_ostalo.indd 483 23.1.2012 10:48:02 TAble / PlATeS T. 34: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Vse železo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 34: Tonovcov grad, building 1. All iron. Scale = 1:2. 484 12_table_ostalo.indd 484 23.1.2012 10:48:06 TAble / PlATeS T. 35: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Vse železo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 35: Tonovcov grad, building 1. All iron. Scale = 1:2. 485 12_table_ostalo.indd 485 23.1.2012 10:48:09 TAble / PlATeS T. 36: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Vse železo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 36: Tonovcov grad, building 1. All iron. Scale = 1:2. 486 12_table_ostalo.indd 486 23.1.2012 10:48:12 TAble / PlATeS T. 37: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Vse železo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 37: Tonovcov grad, building 1. All iron. Scale = 1:2. 487 12_table_ostalo.indd 487 23.1.2012 10:48:16 TAble / PlATeS T. 38: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Vse železo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 38: Tonovcov grad, building 1. All iron. Scale = 1:2. 488 12_table_ostalo.indd 488 23.1.2012 10:48:23 TAble / PlATeS T. 39: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Vse železo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 39: Tonovcov grad, building 1. All iron. Scale = 1:2. 489 12_table_ostalo.indd 489 23.1.2012 10:48:27 TAble / PlATeS T. 40: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. 1–5,8–9 železo; 6–7,10 bron; 11–16,18–20 rogovina, železo; 17 rogovina, bron; 21–27 rogovina. M. = 1:2. Pl. 40: Tonovcov grad, building 1. 1-5,8-9 iron; 6-7,10 bronze; 11-16,18-20 antler, iron; 17 antler, bronze; 21-27 antler. Scale = 1:2. 490 12_table_ostalo.indd 490 23.1.2012 10:48:29 TAble / PlATeS T. 41: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Vse bron. M. = 1:2. Pl. 41: Tonovcov grad, building 1. All bronze. Scale = 1:2. 491 12_table_ostalo.indd 491 23.1.2012 10:48:32 TAble / PlATeS T. 42: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Vse bron. M. = 1:2. Pl. 42: Tonovcov grad, building 1. All bronze. Scale = 1:2. 492 12_table_ostalo.indd 492 23.1.2012 10:48:35 TAble / PlATeS T. 43: Tonovcov grad, stavba 2. 1,6–9,11–12,14–19 železo; 2–4,10 bron; 5 bron, železo; 13 svinec. M. = 1:2. Pl. 43: Tonovcov grad, building 2. 1,6-9,11-12,14-19 iron; 2-4,10 bronze; 5 bronze, iron; 13 lead. Scale = 1:2. 493 12_table_ostalo.indd 493 23.1.2012 10:48:38 TAble / PlATeS T. 44: Tonovcov grad, 1–21 stavba 2; 22–24 grob 18. 1–5,7,16–22,24 železo; 6,10 bron; 8–9,11–15 svinec; 23 steklo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 44: Tonovcov grad, 1-21 building 2; 22-24 grave 18. 1-5,7,16-22,24 iron; 6,10 bronze; 8-9,11-15 lead; 23 glass. Scale = 1:2. 494 12_table_ostalo.indd 494 23.1.2012 10:48:43 TAble / PlATeS T. 45: Tonovcov grad, stavba 3. 1–3,5,7–8,11–13,15–17 bron; 4 steklo; 6 srebro; 9–10,14,18–21,23–25 železo; 22 rogovina, železo; 26 kamen. M. = 1:2. Pl. 45: Tonovcov grad, building 3. 1-3,5,7-8,11-13,15-17 bronze; 4 glass; 6 silver; 9-10,14,18-21,23-25 iron; 22 antler, iron; 26 stone. Scale = 1:2. 495 12_table_ostalo.indd 495 23.1.2012 10:48:49 TAble / PlATeS T. 46: Tonovcov grad, stavba 3. Vse železo. M. 1–8,10–17 = 1:2; 9 = 1:3. Pl. 46: Tonovcov grad, building 3. All iron. Scale 1-8,10-17 = 1:2; 9 = 1:3. 496 12_table_ostalo.indd 496 23.1.2012 10:48:53 TAble / PlATeS T. 47: Tonovcov grad, sklop cerkva. 1,3 bron; 2,4–9,13–17 železo; 10 keramika; 11–12 svinec. M. = 1:2. Pl. 47: Tonovcov grad, ecclesiastical complex. 1,3 bronze; 2,4-9,13-17 iron; 10 pottery; 11-12 lead. Scale = 1:2. 497 12_table_ostalo.indd 497 23.1.2012 10:48:56 TAble / PlATeS T. 48: Tonovcov grad, sklop cerkva. Vse železo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 48: Tonovcov grad, ecclesiastical complex. All iron. Scale = 1:2. 498 12_table_ostalo.indd 498 23.1.2012 10:48:59 TAble / PlATeS T. 49: Tonovcov grad, sklop cerkva. 1–6,8–15 železo; 7,16–17 bron. M. = 1:2. Pl. 49: Tonovcov grad, ecclesiastical complex. 1-6,8-15 iron; 7,16-17 bronze. Scale = 1:2. 499 12_table_ostalo.indd 499 23.1.2012 10:49:02 TAble / PlATeS T. 50: Tonovcov grad, sklop cerkva. Vse bron. M. 2:5. Pl. 50: Tonovcov grad, ecclesiastical complex. All bronze. Scale 2:5. 500 12_table_ostalo.indd 500 23.1.2012 10:49:06 TAble / PlATeS 7 T. 51: Tonovcov grad, 1–3 sklop cerkva; 4–7 grob 3. 1–2 železo; 3–5 bron; 6 srebro in steklo ali kamen; 7 steklo. M. 1–6 = 1:2; 7 = 1:1. Pl. 51: Tonovcov grad, 1–3 ecclesiastical complex; 4-7 grave 3. 1-2 iron; 3-5 bronze; 6 silver and glass or stone; 7 glass. Scale 1-6 = 1:2; 7 = 1:1. 501 12_table_ostalo.indd 501 23.1.2012 10:49:12 TAble / PlATeS T. 52: Tonovcov grad, prostor med osrednjo in južno cerkvijo. 1,10–11,14–19 železo; 2–3 steklo; 4 bron in steklo ali kamen; 5–9,12 bron; 13 svinec; 20 kamen. M. = 1:2. Pl. 52: Tonovcov grad, the area between the north and main church. 1,10-11,14-19 iron; 2-3 glass; 4 bronze and glass or stone; 5-9,12 bronze; 13 lead; 20 stone. Scale = 1:2. 502 12_table_ostalo.indd 502 23.1.2012 10:49:17 TAble / PlATeS T. 53: Tonovcov grad, 1–9 prostor med osrednjo in južno cerkvijo; 10–12 grob 21; 13–15 cisterna. 1–4 svinec; 5–9,12–13,15 železo; 10–11 bron; 14 kamen. M. = 1:2. Pl. 53: Tonovcov grad, 1–9 the area between the north and main church; 10-12 grave 21; 13-15 cistern. 1-4 lead; 5-9,12-13,15 iron; 10-11 bronze; 14 stone. Scale = 1:2. 503 12_table_ostalo.indd 503 23.1.2012 10:49:23 TAble / PlATeS T. 54: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Vse steklo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 54: Tonovcov grad, building 1. All glass. Scale = 1:2. 504 12_table_ostalo.indd 504 23.1.2012 10:49:28 TAble / PlATeS T. 55: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Vse steklo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 55: Tonovcov grad, building 1. All glass. Scale = 1:2. 505 12_table_ostalo.indd 505 23.1.2012 10:49:31 TAble / PlATeS T. 56: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Vse steklo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 56: Tonovcov grad, building 1. All glass. Scale = 1:2. 506 12_table_ostalo.indd 506 23.1.2012 10:49:34 TAble / PlATeS T. 57: Tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Vse steklo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 57: Tonovcov grad, building 1. All glass. Scale = 1:2. 507 12_table_ostalo.indd 507 23.1.2012 10:49:37 TAble / PlATeS T. 58: Tonovcov grad, 1–8 stavba 1; 9–18 stavba 2; 19–21 stavba 3. Vse steklo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 58: Tonovcov grad, 1-8 building 1; 9-18 building 2; 19-21 building 3. All glass. Scale = 1:2. 508 12_table_ostalo.indd 508 23.1.2012 10:49:41 TAble / PlATeS T. 59: Tonovcov grad, 1–9 stavba 3; 10–22 sklop cerkva. Vse steklo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 59: Tonovcov grad, 1–9 building 3; 10-22 ecclesiastical complex. All glass. Scale = 1:2. 509 12_table_ostalo.indd 509 23.1.2012 10:49:44 TAble / PlATeS T. 60: Tonovcov grad, sklop cerkva. Vse steklo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 60: Tonovcov grad, ecclesiastical complex. All glass. Scale = 1:2. 510 12_table_ostalo.indd 510 23.1.2012 10:49:47 TAble / PlATeS T. 61: Tonovcov grad, 1–16 sklop cerkva; 17–23 prostor med severno in osrednjo cerkvijo. Vse steklo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 61: Tonovcov grad, 1-16 ecclesiastical complex; 17-23 the area between the north and the main church. All glass. Scale = 1:2. 511 12_table_ostalo.indd 511 23.1.2012 10:49:50 TAble / PlATeS T. 62: Tonovcov grad, prostor med severno in osrednjo cerkvijo. Vse steklo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 62: Tonovcov grad, the area between the north and the main church. All glass. Scale = 1:2. 512 12_table_ostalo.indd 512 23.1.2012 10:49:53 Table / PlaTes T. 63: Tonovcov grad, 1–27 prostor med severno in osrednjo cerkvijo; 28–30 cisterna. Vse steklo. M. = 1:2. Pl. 63: Tonovcov grad, 1-27 the area between the north and the main church; 28-30 cistern. all glass. scale = 1:2. 513 12_table_ostalo.indd 513 23.1.2012 12:28:20 table / plates T. 64: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Uvožena keramika. M. = 1:3. Pl. 64: tonovcov grad, building 1. Imported pottery. scale = 1:3. 514 12_table_keramika.indd 514 23.1.2012 10:52:03 table / plates T. 65: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Uvožena keramika. M. 1,2,7–12 = 1:3; 3–6 = 1:2. Pl. 65: tonovcov grad, building 1. Imported pottery. scale 1,2,7-12 = 1:3; 3-6 = 1:2. 515 12_table_keramika.indd 515 23.1.2012 10:52:06 table / plates T. 66: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Uvožena keramika. M. = 1:3. Pl. 66: tonovcov grad, building 1. Imported pottery. scale = 1:3. 516 12_table_keramika.indd 516 23.1.2012 10:52:08 table / plates T. 67: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Uvožena keramika. M. = 1:3. Pl. 67: tonovcov grad, building 1. Imported pottery. scale = 1:3. 517 12_table_keramika.indd 517 23.1.2012 10:52:09 table / plates T. 68: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Uvožena keramika. M. = 1:3. Pl. 68: tonovcov grad, building 1. Imported pottery. scale = 1:3. 518 12_table_keramika.indd 518 23.1.2012 10:52:13 table / plates T. 69: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Uvožena keramika. M. = 1:3. Pl. 69: tonovcov grad, building 1. Imported pottery. scale = 1:3. 519 12_table_keramika.indd 519 23.1.2012 10:52:15 table / plates T. 70: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Uvožena keramika. M. = 1:3. Pl. 70: tonovcov grad, building 1. Imported pottery. scale = 1:3. 520 12_table_keramika.indd 520 23.1.2012 10:52:16 table / plates T. 71: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Uvožena keramika. M. = 1:3. Pl. 71: tonovcov grad, building 1. Imported pottery. scale = 1:3. 521 12_table_keramika.indd 521 23.1.2012 10:52:17 table / plates T. 72: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Uvožena keramika. M. = 1:3. Pl. 72: tonovcov grad, building 1. Imported pottery. scale = 1:3. 522 12_table_keramika.indd 522 23.1.2012 10:52:22 table / plates T. 73: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Uvožena keramika. M. = 1:3. Pl. 73: tonovcov grad, building 1. Imported pottery. scale = 1:3. 523 12_table_keramika.indd 523 23.1.2012 10:52:23 table / plates T. 74: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Groba keramika – sklede, tip 1. M. = 1:3. Pl. 74: tonovcov grad, building 1. Coarse ware – bowls, type 1. scale = 1:3. 524 12_table_keramika.indd 524 23.1.2012 10:52:24 table / plates T. 75: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Groba keramika – sklede, tip 1. M. = 1:3. Pl. 75: tonovcov grad, building 1. Coarse ware – bowls, type 1. scale = 1:3. 525 12_table_keramika.indd 525 23.1.2012 10:52:26 table / plates T. 76: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Groba keramika – sklede, tip 1. M. = 1:3. Pl. 76: tonovcov grad, building 1. Coarse ware – bowls, type 1. scale = 1:3. 526 12_table_keramika.indd 526 23.1.2012 10:52:27 table / plates T. 77: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Groba keramika – sklede, tip 2. M. = 1:3. Pl. 77: tonovcov grad, building 1. Coarse ware – bowls, type 2. scale = 1:3. 527 12_table_keramika.indd 527 23.1.2012 10:52:28 table / plates T. 78: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Groba keramika – sklede, tip 2. M. = 1:3. Pl. 78: tonovcov grad, building 1. Coarse ware – bowls, type 2. scale = 1:3. 528 12_table_keramika.indd 528 23.1.2012 10:52:30 table / plates T. 79: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Groba keramika – sklede. 1–8 tip 2; 9–16: tip 3. M. = 1:3. Pl. 79: tonovcov grad, building 1. Coarse ware – bowls. 1-8 type 2; 9-16 type 3. scale = 1:3. 529 12_table_keramika.indd 529 23.1.2012 10:52:31 table / plates T. 80: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Groba keramika – sklede, tip 3. M. = 1:3. Pl. 80: tonovcov grad, building 1. Coarse ware – bowls, type 3. scale = 1:3. 530 12_table_keramika.indd 530 23.1.2012 10:52:32 table / plates T. 81: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Groba keramika – sklede, tip 3. M. = 1:3. Pl. 81: tonovcov grad, building 1. Coarse ware – bowls, type 3. scale = 1:3. 531 12_table_keramika.indd 531 23.1.2012 10:52:34 table / plates T. 82: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Groba keramika – sklede. 1–4 tip 4; 5–9 tip 5. M. = 1:3. Pl. 82: tonovcov grad, building 1. Coarse ware – bowls. 1-4 type 3; 5-9 type 4. scale = 1:3. 532 12_table_keramika.indd 532 23.1.2012 10:52:35 table / plates T. 83: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Groba keramika – sklede, tip 5. M. = 1:3. Pl. 83: tonovcov grad, building 1. Coarse ware – bowls, type 5. scale = 1:3. 533 12_table_keramika.indd 533 23.1.2012 10:52:39 table / plates T. 84: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Groba keramika – sklede. 1–5 tip 5; 6–13 tip 6. M. = 1:3. Pl. 84: tonovcov grad, building 1. Coarse ware – bowls. 1-5 type 5; 6-13 type 6. scale = 1:3. 534 12_table_keramika.indd 534 23.1.2012 10:52:41 table / plates T. 85: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Groba keramika – sklede. 1–3 tip 7; 4 tip 8; 5 tip 9. 6 krožnik. M. = 1:3. Pl. 85: tonovcov grad, building 1. Coarse ware – bowls. 1-3 type 7; 4 tipe 8; 5 type 9. 6 plate. scale = 1:3. 535 12_table_keramika.indd 535 23.1.2012 10:52:42 table / plates T. 86: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Groba keramika – pokrovi. M. = 1:3. Pl. 86: tonovcov grad, building 1. Coarse ware – lids. scale = 1:3. 536 12_table_keramika.indd 536 23.1.2012 10:52:43 table / plates T. 87: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Groba keramika – lonci, tip 1. M. = 1:3. Pl. 87: tonovcov grad, building 1. Coarse ware – pots, type 1. scale = 1:3. 537 12_table_keramika.indd 537 23.1.2012 10:52:45 table / plates T. 88: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Groba keramika – lonci, tip 1. M. = 1:3. Pl. 88: tonovcov grad, building 1. Coarse ware – pots, type 1. scale = 1:3. 538 12_table_keramika.indd 538 23.1.2012 10:52:46 table / plates T. 89: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Groba keramika – lonci. 1–14 tip 1; 15 tip 2. M. = 1:3. Pl. 89: tonovcov grad, building 1. Coarse ware – pots. 1-14 type 1; 15 type 2. scale = 1:3. 539 12_table_keramika.indd 539 23.1.2012 10:52:47 table / plates T. 90: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Groba keramika – lonci. 1–7 tip 2; 8 tip 3. M. = 1:3. Pl. 90: tonovcov grad, building 1. Coarse ware – pots. 1-7 type 2; 8 type 3. scale = 1:3. 540 12_table_keramika.indd 540 23.1.2012 10:52:49 table / plates T. 91: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Groba keramika – lonci. 1–5 tip 3; 6–18 tip 4. M. = 1:3. Pl. 91: tonovcov grad, building 1. Coarse ware – pots. 1-5 type 3; 6-18 type 4. scale = 1:3. 541 12_table_keramika.indd 541 23.1.2012 12:32:11 table / plates T. 92: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Groba keramika – lonci, tip 4. M. = 1:3. Pl. 92: tonovcov grad, building 1. Coarse ware – pots, type 4. scale = 1:3. 542 12_table_keramika.indd 542 23.1.2012 10:52:51 table / plates T. 93: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Groba keramika – lonci. 1–7 tip 4; 8–11 tip 5. M. = 1:3. Pl. 93: tonovcov grad, building 1. Coarse ware – pots. 1-7 type 4; 8-11 type 5. scale = 1:3. 543 12_table_keramika.indd 543 23.1.2012 10:52:53 table / plates T. 94: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Groba keramika – lonci, tip 5. M. = 1:3. Pl. 94: tonovcov grad, building 1. Coarse ware – pots, type 5. scale = 1:3. 544 12_table_keramika.indd 544 23.1.2012 10:52:54 table / plates T. 95: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Groba keramika – lonci. 1–7 tip 5; 8–11 tip 6. M. = 1:3. Pl. 95: tonovcov grad, building 1. Coarse ware – pots. 1-7 type 5; 8-11 type 6. scale = 1:3. 545 12_table_keramika.indd 545 23.1.2012 10:52:55 table / plates T. 96: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Groba keramika – lonci, tip 6. M. = 1:3. Pl. 96: tonovcov grad, building 1. Coarse ware – pots, type 6. scale = 1:3. 546 12_table_keramika.indd 546 23.1.2012 10:52:57 table / plates T. 97: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Groba keramika – lonci. 1–6 tip 7; 7 tip 8. 8–16 vrči. M. = 1:3. Pl. 97: tonovcov grad, building 1. Coarse ware – pots. 1-6 type 7; 7 type 8. 8-16 jugs. scale = 1:3. 547 12_table_keramika.indd 547 23.1.2012 10:53:01 table / plates T. 98: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Groba keramika – okras. M. = 1:3. Pl. 98: tonovcov grad, building 1. Coarse ware – ornament. scale = 1:3. 548 12_table_keramika.indd 548 23.1.2012 10:53:06 table / plates T. 99: tonovcov grad, stavba 1. Groba keramika – okras. M. = 1:3. Pl. 99: tonovcov grad, building 1. Coarse ware – ornament. scale = 1:3. 549 12_table_keramika.indd 549 23.1.2012 10:53:08 table / plates T. 100: tonovcov grad, stavbi 2 in 3. Uvožena keramika. M. = 1:3. Pl. 100: tonovcov grad, buildings 2 and 3. Imported pottery. scale = 1:3. 550 12_table_keramika.indd 550 23.1.2012 10:53:09 table / plates T. 101: tonovcov grad. 1–2 stavbi 2 in 3; 3–7 sklop cerkva. Uvožena keramika. M. = 1:3. Pl. 101: tonovcov grad. 1-2 buildings 2 and 3; 3-7 ecclesiastical complex. Imported pottery. scale = 1:3. 551 12_table_keramika.indd 551 23.1.2012 10:53:10 table / plates T. 102: tonovcov grad, stavbi 2 in 3. Groba keramika. M. = 1:3. Pl. 102: tonovcov grad, buildings 2 and 3. Coarse ware. scale = 1:3. 552 12_table_keramika.indd 552 23.1.2012 10:53:12 table / plates T. 103: tonovcov grad. 1 stavba 3; 2–10 sklop cerkva. Groba keramika. M. = 1:3. Pl. 103: tonovcov grad. 1 building 3; 2-10 ecclesiastical complex. Coarse ware. scale = 1:3. 553 12_table_keramika.indd 553 23.1.2012 10:53:13 table / plates T. 104: tonovcov grad. 1–9 sklop cerkva; 10 prostor med osrednjo in južno cerkvijo. Groba keramika. M. = 1:3. Pl. 104: tonovcov grad. 1-9 ecclesiastical complex; 10 the area betweeen the main and south church. Coarse ware. scale = 1:3. 554 12_table_keramika.indd 554 23.1.2012 10:53:14 table / plates T. 105: tonovcov grad, prostor med osrednjo in južno cerkvijo. Groba keramika. M. = 1:3. Pl. 105: tonovcov grad, the area betweeen the main and south church. Coarse ware. scale = 1:3. 555 12_table_keramika.indd 555 23.1.2012 10:53:16 table / plates T. 106: tonovcov grad. 1–8 prostor med osrednjo in južno cerkvijo; 9–12 cisterna. Groba keramika. M. = 1:3. Pl. 106: tonovcov grad. 1-8 the area betweeen the main and south church; 9-12 cistern. Coarse ware. scale = 1:3. 556 12_table_keramika.indd 556 23.1.2012 10:53:17 SEZNAM AVTORJEV LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Francesco Boschin Petra Leben Seljak U.R. di Ecologia Preistorica Dobračevska ulica 44 Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali “G. Sarfatti” SI-4226 Žiri Università degli Studi di Siena petra.leben@gmail.com Via T. Pendola 62 I-53100 Siena fboschin@hotmail.com Tina Milavec Oddelek za arheologijo Filozofska fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani Dragan Božič Zavetiška 5 Inštitut za arheologijo SI-1000 Ljubljana Znanstvenoraziskovalnega centra SAZU tina.milavec@ff.uni-lj.si Novi trg 2 SI-1000 Ljubljana dragan.bozic@zrc-sazu.si Zvezdana Modrijan Inštitut za arheologijo Znanstvenoraziskovalnega centra SAZU Janez Dirjec Novi trg 2 Inštitut za arheologijo SI-1000 Ljubljana Znanstvenoraziskovalnega centra SAZU zvezdana.modrijan@zrc-sazu.si Novi trg 2 SI-1000 Ljubljana iza@zrc-sazu.si Borut Toškan Inštitut za arheologijo Znanstvenoraziskovalnega centra SAZU K. Patrick Fazioli Novi trg 2 Department of Anthropology SI-1000 Ljubljana University at Buffalo borut.toskan@zrc-sazu.si 380 MFAC, North Campus Amherst, NY 14261 (USA) Matija Turk Lunačkova 4 Peter Kos SI-1000 Ljubljana Narodni muzej Slovenije matijaturkow@gmail.com Prešernova 20 1000 Ljubljana peter.kos@nms.si 557 13_avtorji.indd 557 23.1.2012 10:56:05 Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 1. Janez Dular, Slavko Ciglenečki, Anja Dular, Kučar. Železnodobno naselje in zgodnjekrščanski stavbni kompleks na Kučarju pri Podzemlju / Eisenzeitliche Siedlung und frühchristlicher Gebäudekomplex auf dem Kučar bei Podzemelj, 1995. (EUR 14.60) 2. Ivan Turk (ed.), Moustérienska »koščena piščal« in druge najdbe iz Divjih bab I v Sloveniji / Mousterian »bone flute« and other finds from Divje Babe I cave site in Slovenia, 1996. (EUR 14.60) 3. Jana Horvat (with contributions by Vesna Svetličič, Meta Bole, Metka Culiberg, Draško Josipović, Marko Stokin, Nina Zupančič), Sermin. Prazgodovinska in zgodnjerimska naselbina v severozahodni Istri / A Prehistoric and Early Roman Settlement in Northwestern Istria, 1997. (EUR 14.60) 4. Slavko Ciglenečki (with contributions by Zvezdana Modrijan, Andreja Dolenc Vičič, Ivan Turk), Tinje nad Loko pri Žusmu. Poznoantična in zgodnjesrednjeveška naselbina / Tinje oberhalb von Loka pri Žusmu. Spätantike und frühmittelalterliche Siedlung, 2000. (EUR 14.60) 5. Janez Dular, Irena Šavel, Sneža Tecco Hvala, Bronastodobno naselje Oloris pri Dolnjem Lakošu / Bronzezeitliche Siedlung Oloris bei Dolnji Lakoš, 2002. (EUR 14.60) 6. Janez Dular, Halštatske nekropole Dolenjske / Die hal stattzeitlichen Nekropolen in Dolenjsko, 2003. (EUR 20.70) 7. Irena Lazar, Rimsko steklo Slovenije / The Roman glass of Slovenia, 2003. (EUR 27.40) 8. Anton Velušček (ed.), Hočevarica. Eneolitsko kolišče na Ljubljanskem barju / An eneolithic pile dwel ing in the Ljubljansko barje, 2004. (EUR 52.40) 9. Ivan Turk (ed.), Viktorjev spodmol in / and Mala Triglavca. Prispevki k poznavanju mezolitskega obdobja v Slo- veniji / Contributions to understanding the Mesolithic period in Slovenia, 2004. (EUR 42.40) 10. Anton Velušček (ed.), Resnikov prekop. Najstarejša koliščarska naselbina na ljubljanskem barju / The oldest pile-dwel ing settlement in the Ljubljansko barje, 2005. (EUR 40.00) 11. Andrej Gaspari (ed.), Zalog pri Verdu. Tabor kamenodobnih lovcev na zahodnem robu Ljubljanskega barja / Zalog near Verd. Stone Age hunters’ camp at the western edge of the Ljubljansko barje, 2006. (EUR 43.00) 12. Janez Dular, Sneža Tecco Hvala, South-Eastern Slovenia in the Early Iron Age. Settlement – Economy – Society / Jugovzhodna Slovenija v starejši železni dobi. Poselitev – gospodarstvo – družba, 2007. (EUR 58.00) 13. Ivan Turk (ed.), Divje babe I. Paleolitsko najdišče mlajšega pleistocena v Sloveniji. I. del: Geologija in paleontologija / Divje babe I. Upper Pleistocene Palaeolithic site in Slovenia. Part I: Geology and Palaeontology, 2007. (EUR 82.00) 14. Andrej Pleterski (with Timotej Knific, Borut Toškan, Janez Dirjec, Benjamin Štular and Mateja Belak), Zgodnjesrednje- veška naselbina na blejski Pristavi. Najdbe / Frühmit elalterliche Siedlung Pristava in Bled. Funde, 2008. (EUR 51.00) 15. Benjamin Štular, Mali grad. Visokosrednjeveški grad v Kamniku / Mali grad. High Medieval Castle in Kamnik, 2008. (EUR 51.00) 16. Anton Velušček (ed.), Koliščarska naselbina Stare gmajne in njen čas. Ljubljansko barje v 2. polovici 4. tisočletja pr. Kr. / Stare gmajne pile-dwel ing set lement and its era. The Ljubljansko barje in the 2nd half of the 4th mil ennium BC, 2009. (EUR 56.00) 17. Jana Horvat, Alma Bavdek, Okra. Vrata med Sredozemljem in Srednjo Evropo / Ocra. The gateway between the Mediterranean and Central Europe, 2009. (EUR 51.00) 18. Janez Dular, Marjana Tomanič Jevremov, Ormož. Utrjeno naselje iz pozne bronaste in starejše železne dobe / Ormož. Befestigte Siedlung aus der späten Bronze- und der älteren Eisenzeit, 2010. (EUR 57.00) 13_avtorji.indd 558 23.1.2012 10:56:05 19. Andrej Pleterski (with contributions by Igorj Bahor, Vid Pleterski, Marko Žagar and Veronika Pflaum), Zgodnjesrednje- veška naselbina na blejski Pristavi. Tafonomija, predmeti in čas. / Frühmittelalterliche Siedlung Pristava in Bled. Taphonomie, Fundgegenstände und zeitliche Einordnung, 2010. (EUR 39.00) 20. Jana Horvat and Andreja Dolenc Vičič (with the contribution of Marjana Tomanič Jevremov and Marija Lubšina Tušek), Arheološka najdišča Ptuja. Rabelčja vas / Archaeological Sites of Ptuj. Rabelčja vas, 2010. (EUR 45.00) 21. Borut Toškan (ed.), Drobci ledenodobnega okolja. Zbornik ob življenjskem jubileju Ivana Turka / Fragments of Ice Age environments. Proceedings in Honour of Ivan Turk's Jubilee, 2011. (EUR 45.00) 22. Anton Velušček (ed.), Spaha, 2011. (EUR 47.00) 23. Slavko Ciglenečki, Zvezdana Modrijan, Tina Milavec (with contributions of Benjamin Štular, Saša Čaval and Ivan Šprajc), Poznoantična utrjena naselbina Tonovcov grad pri Kobaridu. Naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija / Late Antique fortified settlement Tonovcov grad near Kobarid. Settlement remains and interpretation, 2011. (EUR 55.00) Borut Toškan (ed.) Drobci ledenodobnega okolja Zbornik ob življenjskem jubileju Ivana Turka Fragments of Ice Age environments Proceedings in Honour of Ivan Turk's Jubilee The monograph presents a compilation of seventeen chapters in which experts from differ- ent scientific fields discuss specific topics related to the Ice Age in Europe. Ten of them are devoted to the presentation, analysis and interpretation of palaeontological data concerning various large mammal species ranging from mastodon and mammoth to the cave hyena, ibex, cave lion and bears, with the emphasis being placed on the cave bear. Several chapters address the topic of Last Glacial climatic conditions in the Southeastern Alps by studying fossil micromammal and palaeobotanical remains as wel as geoarchaeologiocal data. A special article is devoted to a comprehensive review of previous analysis of the bone flute from Divje babe I, but includes also new musicological research findings on the extraordinary technical capabilities of this oldest musical instrument. The concluding chapter presents a study of old manuscripts and printed sources, providing some interesting insights into the discovery of one of the most significant palaeontological sites in Slovenia - the cave of Mokriška jama. The monograph »Fragments of Ice Age environments« is dedicated to the anniversary of the prominent researcher of the Slovenian Palaeolithic - Ivan Turk. His work, main achievements and selected bibliography are briefly presented in the introductory chapter. 2011, (Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae, 21), 280 pages, 44 b-w photographs, 10 drawings, 52 tables, 71 graphs and 9 maps, 20 × 29 cm, hardcover, ISBN 978-961-254-257-3. Price: EUR 45.00 13_avtorji.indd 559 23.1.2012 10:56:06 Anton Velušček (ed.) Spaha In the col ected papers the results of the research on hil top settlement Spaha above Bre- zovica pri Predgradu are introduced. The site was excavated by Greta Hirschbäck-Merhar during the years 1979 and 1984. Spaha was settled in the period of Sava group, Lasinja culture, horizon of pottery with furrowed incisions, and probably also in the period of Urnfield culture. In the 16th century on the top of Spaha a watchtower was erected, from which the local community was be- ing informed about the arrivals of plundering hordes of Turks. The reasons for the settling the top of the hil are searched in the appearance of first copper ore prospectors in this part of Europe and in the vicinity of deposits of raw material used for querns which were most probably used by agriculture communities of nearby Bela krajina. In the monograph are presented the relative and absolute chronologies of the Neolithic and earlier Eneolithic period of continental Slovenia. 2011, (Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae, 22), 296 pages, 88 b-w and colour photos, drawings and charts, 31 tables, 27 graphs and 42 plates, 21 x 29 cm, hardcover, ISBN 978-961-254-290-0. Price: EUR 47.00 Slavko Ciglenečki, Zvezdana Modrijan, Tina Milavec (with contributions of Benjamin Štular, Saša Čaval, Ivan Šprajc) Poznoantična utrjena naselbina Tonovcov grad pri Kobaridu Naselbinski ostanki in interpretacija Late Antique fortified settlement Tonovcov grad near Kobarid Settlement remains and interpretation This monograph presents the results of archaeological investigations of the Late Antique fortified hil top settlement Tonovcov grad near Kobarid. This settlement is one of the best preserved Late Antique settlements in Slovenia and the southeastern Alpine area. In the first chapters, the geographical position and the research history are presented. Fol owing are the overview of archaeological sites in the Soča River val ey and the road network in Late Antiquity. Investigations, performed between1993 and 2005, revealed the remains of three early Christian churches, some dwel ing houses and a water cistern. The book presents the stratigraphic situation and the settlement phases in all excavation areas (building 1, buildings 2 and 3, ecclesiastical complex, water cistern) as wel as their dating. The first Late Antique settlement phase started in the middle of the 4th century and lasted to the first decades of the 5th century. Due to the strong building activities at the beginning of the 6th century, the buildings of the first phase were poorly preserved, however many smal finds were found. The life in the settlement reached its peak in the 6th century. Buildings 1 and 2 and an ecclesiastical complex of three connected churches were built. The quality of the preserva- tion of the churches enabled a broader study of early Christian architecture in the eastern Alpine and Adriatic area. The settlement is placed in the broader framework of the western Slovenia and Friuli in the Late Antiquity. In the second half of the 4th century it represented an important part of the Late Roman defence system of Italy and in the 6th century this was a religious and administrative centre of the autochthonous inhabitants in the Soča River val ey. 2011, (Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae, 23), 304 pages, 211 b-w and colour photos, drawings and charts, 5 inserts, 20 x 29 cm, hardcover, ISBN 978-961-254-331-0. Price: EUR 55.00 13_avtorji.indd 560 23.1.2012 10:56:06