Acrocephalus 29 (136): 1-3, 2008
How many birds migrate over the Adriatic Sea?
Koliko ptic se seli preko Jadranskega morja?
Bird migration between Europe and Africa follows three main fyways or corridors: two around and one over the central part of the Mediterranean Sea. As early as 1987, the bottleneck sites for the migratory birds in the Mediterranean Region were described by Bijlsma (1987). In his ICBP report 18 sites or countries were listed as bottleneck sites. Most of them are impressive points, where the daylight migration of raptors, pelicans and storks takes place in impressive numbers e.g. Gibraltar, Bosporus or Eilat. In the Central European Flyway special focus is given to Malta and the Straits of Messina, where birds concentrate on the island or at the tip of the Italian Peninsula. Interestingly, no bottleneck site on the Balkan Peninsula is mentioned in this publication, only Greece as a country. No large concentrations of migrating birds are described along the Eastern Adriatic Coast or in Greece. On many maps, the corridor of the Central European Flyway follows the Italian Peninsula [www.lipu-uk.org/Flyway.jpg], although the main direction of the bird migration is from northeast to southwest. It could be true that some species follow the mainland of Italy, but isn’t it more likely that most birds coming from northeast and Central Europe just cross over the Adriatic Sea and jump over Apulia, South Italy, Malta and Sicily to North and Central Africa?
Wetlands International has identifed three important fyways for water birds, in addition to the West Asian-East African [www.wingsoverwetlands.org]: the East Atlantic, the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, Only the Black Sea and Mediterranean Flyway crosses the Mediterranean Sea in a NW–SE direction, while the other two corridors follow the coastal zones of West and East Africa. While the water birds fying along the Eastern and Western African Flyways use mainly the coastal wetlands and follow the coast line, the European water birds cross the Mediterranean Sea after their fight over the European continent and winter in North Africa, e.g. Tunisia and the Niger Basin. Their resting sites throughout the journey are limited. Typical bird species are the Crane Grus grus (compare the great poster on [www.UNEP-AEWA.com]) and the Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia. Until recently hardly any resting sites of these species between the Pannonian Plain and North Africa were known. Only a few waterfowl species, such as the White Stork Ciconia ciconia, do not use the Central European Flyway to Africa.
For bird protection in Central Europe, Scandinavia and large areas of East Europe, it is essential to understand the direction of migration through the central part of the Mediterranean Sea and to North and Central Africa. Where are the key bottleneck sites here? Or why is so little known about the migration along the Eastern Adriatic Coast and in the Western Balkans?
In my opinion there are four reasons:
(1) Since the Adriatic coastline is nearly at right angles to the general migration direction of the Central European or Black Sea and Mediterranean Flyways over the Mediterranean Sea, and is a 900 km long barrier between the Balkan Peninsula and the Italian Peninsula, birds heading for Africa have to
Uvodnik / Editorial
decide if they want to follow the main direction or leave it, fying towards the SE in the direction of Greece. Although there are observations that some birds, especially during bad weather and cold spells, follow the coastline, the majority appear just to fy over the Adriatic Sea, as the distance of 80–200 km is not too diffcult to cross (Schneider-Jacoby 2001). As the coast is long and there are several potential sites for crossing the Adriatic, the concentration of birds is not as large as in the other bottleneck sites at both sides of the Mediterranean. During autumn migrations, birds leave the Eastern Adriatic Coast from different sites, such as the southern tip of Istria and the islands Cres and Lo{inj, the archipelago between Split and Apulia, with Lastovo and Paragru`a islands far out to sea, or further south from the Bojana-Buna Delta. Along the whole coast, there is not a single site that has been used for monitoring of day migration. It would be good to know how many birds migrate over the island of Lastovo or similar places each autumn or in spring. For example, the Karaburun Peninsula near Vlora appears to be an ideal point for bird watching.
(2) In autumn the high mountains along the whole Eastern Adriatic Coast offer ideal conditions for soaring. The birds get height at the coasts and can cross the sea easily. In many places the day migration can be much too high to see the birds.
(3) Thirdly, reports are lacking on concentrations of resting birds along most of the coast, which would indicate that large focks of birds migrate over the Adriatic Sea. Only two sites, the Vransko Jezero Nature Park and the Lake Skadar National Park, are known to hold larger focks of waterbirds during recent years. At Lake Skadar the number went up again after a hunting ban in the National Park (Vesovi} Dubak 2007). Hunting is forbidden in Vransko Jezero Nature Park. Very few data have been published on resting sites, particularly for ducks, waders, herons, spoonbills and birds of prey. Potential habitats are shrinking due to tourism and infrastructure development, but land reclamation for fruit production and drainage is also a problem. The key problem of all sites, except the two mentioned along the whole coast, is disturbance, as there are no strictly protected core areas, and hunting – legal and illegal – has a huge impact. For example, only in spring 2006 did the value of the Bojana-Buna Delta become evident – because the hunters were afraid of bird fu! More than 40,000 birds rested and suddenly large focks of Garganey Anas querquedula, Black-tailed Godwits Limosa limosa and Shelduck Tadorna tadorna were seen on their way to Northeast and Central Europe (B. [tumberger pers. comm.). Where do these birds rest in other years?
(4) A fourth reason why so little is known about the bird migration over the Adriatic Sea could be that the fyway is depleted. This is the case, at least for one species. The Slender-billed Curlew Numenius tenuirostris migrates after the breeding season to the Southwest, through the Central Mediterranean, to its wintering areas in West Africa (Gretton 1996). Historical data indicate that the species was quite numerous at the Eastern Adriatic Coast. As it depends on a few wetlands as resting sites, all of which are now heavily impacted by hunting, like the Neretva Delta and the Bojana-Buna Delta, the dramatic decrease can be explained as a result of hunting activities. For example in 2007 and 2008, Italian hunters used Curlew and wader calls and decoys to attract the arriving migrants in March at Velika Pla`a near
Acrocephalus 29 (13e): I-3, 2008
Ulcinj in the Bojana-Buna Delta (Schneider-Jacoby 2007, own data). Other species, such as the White Stork populations in the Western Balkans and Italy, are also depleted.
In a few documents, however, the great importance of the Eastern Adriatic Coast for bird migration becomes evident. For example Croatia and Serbia & Montenegro (today two countries) host the largest number (eight species) of globally threatened and near threatened african-eurasian migratory raptors, of all countries in Europe, the Middle-East and Africa (Tucker & Goriup 2005). In the Bojana-Buna Delta, the EuroNatur team observed 25 species of raptors and six species of owls (Schneider-Jacoby et al. 2006). Satellite tracking shows that even individual birds of the same species of birds of prey use different strategies during the migration at the Eastern Adriatic Coast [www.sakerlife.mme.hu].
To improve the protection of the key sites and to stop the decrease of the many birds species that need the Central European Flyway, more information and cooperation is needed. Flagship species are Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga, Spoonbill, Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca, Garganey, Black-tailed Godwit, Slender-billed Curlew, Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferrugenea and Crane. But the protection will be only improved if, for tourism and regional development, the value of the resting sites is understood by the responsible authorities in the governments. The Adriatic Flyway Conference 14–17 Apr 2009 is a platform to exchange information and promote solutions. It is supported by the MAVA Foundations and will hopefully lead to better protection of the resting sites at the Eastern Adriatic Coast [www.adriaticfyway.com].
Martin Schneider-Jacoby
References
Bijlsma R.G. (1987): Bottleneck areas for migratory birds in the Mediterranean Region.
ICBP, Study Report No. 18, Cambridge. Gretton, A. (1996): International action plan for the Slender-billed Curlew (Numenius
tenuirostris).   -  BirdLife   International,   U.K.   [http://ec.europa.eu/environment/
nature/conservation/wildbirds/action_plans/docs/numenius_tenuirostris.pdf]. Schneider-Jacoby, M. (2001): Lastovo – a new bottleneck site for the migratory Honey
Buzzards (Pernis apivorus). - Acrocephalus 22 (108): 163–165. Schneider-Jacoby, M., Schwarz, U., Sackl, P. , Dhora, D., Saveljic, D. &
Stumberger, B. (2006): Rapid assessment of the Ecological Value of the Bojana-Buna Delta (Albania / Montenegro). – Euronatur, Radolfzell. Schneider-Jacoby, M (2007): Field Visit in the Natural Monument Velika Plaza,
protected also as Coastal Estate of Montenegro (Morsko Dobro) March 2007.
- Adriatic Flyway Project: Bird Hunting in Montenegro, EuroNatur Report,
Radolfzell. Tucker, G & P. Goriup (2005): Assessment of the merits of a cms instrument covering
migratory raptors. Status report on raptors and owls in the African–Eurasian region,
Defra Publications, London. [http://www.cms.int/bodies/meetings/regional/raptors/
pdf_docs/Inf_08_Status_Report_Raptors_AERegion.pdf]. Vesovi} Dubak, N. (2007): Zimsko brojanje vodenih ptica u NP Skadarsko jezero
IWC. – Gorske Staze (Feb. 2007), 18–19.
Acrocephalus 29 (13e): J-II, 2008
Raz{irjenost plotnega Emberiza cirlus in rumenega strnada E. citrinella v vzhodnih Halozah (SV Slovenija) ter raba tal na obmo~ju njunega pojavljanja
The distribution of Cirl Bunting Emberiza cirlus and Yellowhammer E. citrinella in the east of Haloze (NE Slovenia) and agricultural use in the area of their occurrence
Ur{a Koce1, Tilen Basle2, Matja` Premzl3, Rok Rozman4 & Barbara Zak{ek5
1 Nacionalni in{titut za biologijo, Ve~na pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija, e-mail: ukoce@nib.si
2 Koro{ka cesta 178a, SI-2351 Kamnica, Slovenija
3 Zrkovci 52, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenija
4 Poljska pot 7, SI-4240 Radovljica, Slovenija
5 Zgornja Voli~ina 128, SI-2232 Voli~ina, Slovenija
V vzhodnih Halozah so avtorji popisali pojo~e samce plotnega Emberiza cirlus in rumenega strnada E. citrinella. S pomo~jo analize GIS so ugotavljali tudi rabo tal v okolici njunih pevskih mest. Za popis so naklju~no izbrali 36 to~k v kulturni krajini. Pojo~e samce plotnega strnada, vsakokrat po enega, so zabele`ili na 5 (14%) popisnih to~kah, pojo~e samce rumenega strnada pa na 19 (53%). Povpre~no {tevilo pojo~ih samcev rumenega strnada na popisni to~ki je bilo 2,5 ± 0,2 (n=14). Oba strnada hkrati so zabele`ili na dveh to~kah. Analiza rabe tal je pokazala, da se oba strnada izogibata ploskvam z ve~jimi dele`i gozda. Na ploskvah s plotnim strnadom so bili ve~ji dele`i ekstenzivnih sadovnjakov, kmetijska raba pa je bila bolj heterogena kot na ploskvah z rumenim strnadom.
Klju~ne besede: plotni strnad, Emberiza cirlus, rumeni strnad, Emberiza citrinella, Haloze, raba tal
Key words: Cirl Bunting, Emberiza cirlus, Yellowhammer, Emberiza citrinella, Haloze, Slovenia, land use
1. Uvod
Plotni Emberiza cirlus in rumeni strnad E. citrinella sta vrsti z najve~jimi regionalnimi gostotami v jugozahodni (plotni s.) oz. severovzhodni (rumeni s.) Evropi (Hagemeijer & Blair 1997). Domnevno gre za ozko sorodni vrsti, ki sta se iz zahodnega oz. vzhodnega ledenodobnega zato~i{~a po koncu zadnje ledene dobe raz{irili proti severovzhodu oz. jugozahodu (Newton 2003). Njuna areala se prekrivata v nekaj sto kilometrov {irokem pasu, ki se razprostira prek severne [panije, Francije, Apeninskega in Balkanskega polotoka ter zahodne Male Azije. Na mejah obmo~ja prekrivanja se zaradi lokalizirane naselitve ene ali druge
vrste pojavljajo posamezna manj{a izolirana obmo~ja (otoki) simpatrije. (Perrins & Ogilvie 1998) Nekaj tak{nih naselitvenih otokov plotnega strnada znotraj sklenjenega areala rumenega strnada je tudi v vzhodni Sloveniji (Geister 1995, Jan~ar & Trebu{ak 2000).
Severovzhodna meja areala plotnega strnada, ki pre~ka tudi severovzhodno Slovenijo, poteka od jugozahodne Anglije (Devon) do delte Donave v Romuniji in pribli`no sledi izotermi srednje julijske temperature 20°C. Vrsta je na ve~ini obmo~ja poselitve stalnica, osebki, gnezde~i v celinskem obmo~ju, pa se ob hladnej{ih zimah pogosto odselijo v toplej{e predele areala, navadno v smeri proti jugu in jugozahodu. (Perrins & Ogilvie 1998) V Sloveniji
U. Koce, T. Basle, M. Premzl, R. Rozman & B. Zak{ek: Raz{irjenost plotnega Emberiza cirlus in rumenega strnada E. citrinella v vzhodnih Halozah (SV Slovenija) ter raba tal na obmo~ju njunega pojavljanja
njegova populacija {teje 1000–1500 gnezde~ih parov. V sosedah na severu in severovzhodu, v Avstriji in na Mad`arskem, gnezdi po najve~ 10 parov (BirdLife International 2004).
Ve~ina slovenskih plotnih strnadov gnezdi v zahodni Sloveniji s submediteranskim podnebjem in pripada mediteranski evropski populaciji (Geister 1995). V vzhodni Sloveniji je edina {tevil~no opaznej{a populacija na Bizeljskem, kjer po ocenah, pridobljenih v letu 1999 s kvantitativno transektno metodo {tetja, na obmo~ju, velikem pribli`no 3000 ha, gnezdi 50–150 parov (Jan~ar & Trebu{ak 2000). Vrsta je v vzhodni Sloveniji sicer redka in naseljuje zgolj posamezna manj{a obmo~ja (Geister 1995). V severovzhodni Sloveniji v manj{em {tevilu potrjeno gnezdi na dveh obmo~jih: v Kamnici pri Mariboru in v Halozah (Bo`i~ 1995). Halo{ka populacija je najbolj vzhodna slovenska populacija (Geister 1995).
Rumeni strnad gnezdi tako reko~ po celotni Sloveniji in spada med zelo pogoste gnezdilce (30000–50000 gnezde~ih parov). Redkej{i je na obmo~ju strnjene poselitve plotnega strnada v zahodni Sloveniji (Geister 1995). Podobno velja za Bizeljsko, kjer prav tako sobiva s plotnim strnadom (Jan~ar & Trebu{ak 2000).
Oba strnada sta gnezdilca kulturne krajine z grmovjem, mejicami in s posameznimi visokimi drevesi ali drugimi izpostavljenimi strukturami. Plotni strnad je toploljubna vrsta. Njegova raz{irjenost je v nasprotju z raz{irjenostjo rumenega strnada omejena z nizkimi zimskimi temperaturami (<0°C). Ustrezajo mu majhna, razdrobljena zemlji{~a in se v primeri z rumenim strnadom izogiba obse`nim odprtim obmo~jem. Pogosto gnezdi ob kamnitih strukturah, kot so razvaline in zidovi. Tla v njegovem habitatu so tu in tam nemalokrat erodirana in redko porasla. Na obrobju ~love{kih naselij pogosto gnezdi v sadovnjakih in ve~jih vrtovih. O~itna je povezanost z vinogradnimi obmo~ji, kjer gnezdi ob in v vinogradih, ne izogiba pa se niti drugih toploljubnih kultur (Perrins & Ogilvie 1998). V vzhodni [paniji denimo gnezdi v planta`ah pomaran~, ki jih sestavlja mozaik pomaran~evcev razli~nih starosti (Ponz et al. 1996).
Rumeni strnad naseljuje prehodne biotope med popolnoma odprtimi in popolnoma gozdnatimi, pomemben je predvsem obstoj zaplat z bogato nizko lesno vegetacijo. Domnevno je bil prvotno vrsta gozdnega roba, ki se je v kulturno krajino raz{irila ob mejicah ter drugih drevesnih in grmovnih nasadih. (Perrins & Ogilvie 1998)
V okviru Mladinskega ornitolo{kega tabora »Ptuj 2004« smo popisali pojo~e samce plotnega in rumenega strnada v vzhodnih Halozah. Analizirali smo rabo tal v okolici njihovih pevskih mest in sku{ali ugotoviti,
ali je posamezni vrsti v njenem habitatu ljub{i kateri izmed na~inov rabe tal.
2. Obmo~je popisa in metode
Gri~evnata halo{ka krajina je geografsko odprta proti na vzhodu in ima zna~ilno subpanonsko podnebje. V vzhodnih Halozah prevladujejo nadmorske vi{ine med 200 in 400 m ter nakloni med 6 in 20°. Srednja letna temperatura je 9.6°C, srednja julijska 19.5°C in srednja januarska -1.4°C. Tod letno pade okoli 1000 mm padavin (Cirkulane: 1036 mm). Najve~ padavin je zabele`enih poleti (700 mm v vegetacijski dobi), najmanj pozimi. Sne`na odeja, v povpre~ju visoka 30 cm, tla prekrije v obdobju od sredine decembra do sredine februarja in se obdr`i do 50 dni (Perko & Oro`en Adami~ 1998).
Na obmo~ju raziskave fragmentirani gozd pokriva 37% povr{ine, ekstenzivni travniki 32%, vinogradi 11%, njive in vrtovi 8%, pozidana zemlji{~a 6%. Drugi tipi rabe tal so ekstenzivni in intenzivni sadovnjaki ter intenzivni travniki, ki vsi pokrivajo 1% povr{ine ali manj (MKGP 2002).
Popis pojo~ih samcev plotnega in rumenega strnada v vzhodnih Halozah smo opravili med 30.6. in 4.7.2004. Obmo~je popisa je bilo vzhodno in ju`no od Vidma pri Ptuju, vse do meje s Hrva{ko. Pojo~e samce smo popisovali na naklju~no izbranih to~kah v negozdni kulturni krajini, ki so bile vse v neposredni bli`ini lokalnih (neprometnih) cest, saj je zaradi velikih naklonov ve~ina terena te`ko dostopna. Dejanske lokacije registriranih pojo~ih strnadov so bile od popisne to~ke oddaljene do 50 m.
Kmetijsko rabo tal v okolici vsake popisne to~ke na kro`ni ploskvi s polmerom 100 m (v nadaljevanju: popisna ploskev) smo analizirali s pomo~jo GIS vektorskega sloja dejanske rabe kmetijskih zemlji{~ (MKGP 2002).
Na popisnih ploskvah smo dolo~ili dele`e posameznih tipov kmetijske rabe ter izra~unali Shannon-Weaverjev diverzitetni indeks H (Fowler et al. 1998), s katerim smo opisali heterogenost habitata (diverziteta rabe tal) na ploskvah. Za ugotavljanje razlik med dele`i posameznih tipov rabe tal ter razlik med heterogenostjo habitata na razli~nih skupinah ploskev glede na pojavljanje plotnega oz. rumenega strnada smo uporabili Mann-Whitneyev statisti~ni test (Townend 2002). Primerjali smo rabo tal med ploskvami s pojo~imi samci obeh strnadov in ploskvami brez strnadov, med ploskvami s pojo~imi plotnimi strnadi in drugimi ploskvami, med ploskvami s pojo~imi rumenimi strnadi in drugimi ploskvami ter med ploskvami s pojo~imi plotnimi strnadi in pojo~imi rumenimi strnadi.
Acrocephalus 29 (13e): J-II, 2008
Slika 1: Popisne to~ke ter pojavljanje plotnega Emberiza cirlus in rumenega strnada E. citrinella v vzhodnih Halozah v gnezditvenem obdobju leta 2004 (30.6.-4.7.). Sivi krogi – lokalitete brez strnadov; ~rni krogi – samo plotni strnad; ~rni kvadratki – samo rumeni strnad; sivi kvadratki – plotni in rumeni strnad; ~rne zvezde – naselja. Bele povr{ine – negozdna obmo~ja; svetlo sive povr{ine – gozd; temno sive povr{ine – pozidana zemlji{~a in ceste. ^rna ~rta – meja obmo~ja popisa; siva ~rta – dr`avna meja med Slovenijo in Hrva{ko.
Figure 1: Survey points and presence of Cirl Bunting Emberiza cirlus and Yellowhammer E. citrinella in the eastern part of Haloze during the 2004 breeding period (30 Jun – 4 Jul). Grey dots – localities with no Cirl Buntings and Yellowhammers; black dots – Cirl Buntings only; black squares – Yellowhammers only; grey squares – Cirl Buntings and Yellowhammers; black asterisks – villages. White surfaces – unwooded areas; light grey surfaces – forests; dark grey surfaces – urban areas and roads. Black line – boundary of the survey area; grey line – state border between Slovenia and Croatia.
3. Rezultati
3.1. [tevilo pojo~ih samcev plotnega in rumenega strnada
Pojo~i samci plotnega strnada so bili zabele`eni na 5 od 36 (14%) popisnih to~kah, po eden na vsaki. Vse lokalitete plotnega strnada le`ijo v severnem delu popisnega obmo~ja: dve jugovzhodno od Vidma pri Ptuju, dve jugozahodno od Hrastovca in ena severno od naselja Pestike. Pogostej{i je bil rumeni strnad, saj
smo pojo~e samce zasledili na 19 od 36 (53%) popisnih to~kah. Povpre~no {tevilo pojo~ih samcev rumenega strnada na popisni to~ki je bilo 2.5 ± 0.2 (n=14). Na dveh popisnih to~kah (31, 32) sta bili zabele`eni obe vrsti (slika 1).
3.2. Analiza rabe tal v habitatu plotnega in rumenega strnada
Na skupno 36 popisnih ploskvah smo ugotovili devet tipov rabe tal: njive in vrtovi, vinogradi, intenzivni
U. Koce, T. Basle, M. Premzl, R. Rozman & B. Zak{ek: Raz{irjenost plotnega Emberiza cirlus in rumenega strnada E. citrinella v vzhodnih Halozah (SV Slovenija) ter raba tal na obmo~ju njunega pojavljanja
Tabela 1: Dele`i rabe tal na popisnih ploskvah s pojo~imi samci plotnih strnadov Emberiza cirlus v vzhodnih Halozah Table 1: Land use proportions on survey plots with singing Cirl Bunting Emberiza cirlus males in the east of Haloze
Popisna ploskev/ Survey area  1100 (%)     1211 (%)      1221 (%)     1222 (%)     1322 (%)     1410 (%)     1500 (%)     2000 (%)   3000 (%)
7	o.o	23.7	12.5	4.5	28.3	2.3	0.0	3.0	25.6
9	o.o	9.4	7.3	8.1	25.0	4.6	0.0	27.3	18.2
29	7.0	26.8	0.0	7.2	30.1	0.0	0.0	16.7	12.1
3°	0.0	27.7	0.0	0.0	43.2	1.4	4.1	9.7	13.8
3i	10.0	26.3	0.0	14.3	6.5	0.0	9.6	21.9	11.4
Legenda / Legend:
1100 – njive in vrtovi, 1211 – vinogradi, 1221 – intenzivni sadovnjaki, 1222 – ekstenzivni sadovnjaki, 1322 – ekstenzivni travniki, 1410
– zemlji{~a v zara{~anju, 1500 – me{ana raba zemlji{~ (kmetijska zemlji{~a in gozd), 2000 – gozd in druge pora{~ene povr{ine, 3000 – pozidana in sorodna zemlji{~a; podlaga: Digitalni sloj dejanske rabe kmetijskih zemlji{~ (MKGP 2002) / 1100 – felds and gardens, 1211 – vineyards, 1221 – intensively farmed orchards, 1222 – extensively farmed orchards, 1322 – extensively farmed meadows, 1410 – gradually overgrown plots, 1500 – mixed use of land (felds and forests), 2000 – forests and other overgrown areas, 3000 – urban and similar areas; as per Digital layer of the actual farmland use (MKGP 2002).
sadovnjaki,     ekstenzivni     sadovnjaki,     ekstenzivni    4. Diskusija
travniki, zemlji{~a v zara{~anju, me{ana raba zemlji{~
(kmetijska zemlji{~a in gozd), gozd in druge pora{~ene    Plotni strnad je v vzhodnih Halozah redka gnezdilka
povr{ine, pozidana in sorodna zemlji{~a.                       (slika 1). Najverjetneje lahko to pripi{emo predvsem
Na posameznih ploskvah s plotnim strnadom se je    dejstvu, da se tod sre~uje z vzhodno mejo svojega areala,
pojavljalo najmanj pet in najve~ sedem tipov rabe tal.    kjer zanj vladajo suboptimalne klimatske razmere. V
Na treh ploskvah (7, 29, 30) je bila dominantna raba    Angliji, kjer `ivi najbolj severna populacija plotnih
»ekstenzivni travniki«, na eni ploskvi »vinogradi« (31)    strnadov, so ugotovili, da se ptica izogiba obmo~jem
in na eni »gozd in druge pora{~ene povr{ine« (9) (tabela    s hladnimi zimami (Sitters 1985). Srednja januarska
1). Ploskve s plotnim strnadom se po nobenem od teh    temperatura v Halozah je -1.4°C (Perko & Oro`en
tipov rabe tal niso zna~ilno razlikovale od ploskev, kjer    Adami~ 1998). Za primerjavo naj navedemo, da so
strnada ni bilo (tabela 3, A). Tak{en tip rabe tal pa so    v {panskem Saguntu, kjer `ivi del mo~ne osrednje
bili sadovnjaki, ki so imeli na vseh ploskvah s plotnim    populacije, srednje temperature v zimskih mesecih
strnadom zelo majhen dele` (tabela 2 & 3). Ploskve s    nad 0°C (Ponz et al. 1996). Tod se je {tevilo plotnih
strnadoma (plotnim in/ali rumenim) so imele manj{e    strnadov v zadnjih dveh desetletjih pove~alo na ra~un
dele`e gozda in ve~je dele`e pozidanih povr{in kakor    izdatnej{ih zimskih padavin, najverjetneje v povezavi z
ploskve, na katerih ni bilo nobenega pojo~ega samca    ve~jo mo`nostjo pre`ivetja prek zime zaradi obilnej{ega
strnadov (tabela 3, D). Plotni strnad je izbiral ploskve    obroda semen. Zimske prehranjevalne mo`nosti za
z  ve~jo  heterogenostjo  rabe  tal  ter  ve~jimi  dele`i    plotne strnade v Halozah niso znane. Znano je le
ekstenzivnih in intenzivnih sadovnjakov (tabela 3, A).     to, da posamezni osebki tod zgolj ob~asno prezimijo
Rumeni strnad je izbiral ploskve z manj{imi dele`i    (Sovinc 1994) in da selitvi z obmo~ij v celinskem
gozda in ve~jimi dele`i rabe »me{ana kmetijska zemlji{~a    podnebju,  kakr{no  je  denimo  Halozam  podobna
in gozd (1500)« (tabela 3, B). To so opu{~ena ali redko    avstrijska [tajerska, botrujejo ostre zime (Brandner
uporabljana kmetijska zemlji{~a, ve~inoma pa{niki,    1991). Plotni strnad je bil na kaki od popisnih to~k
na katerih je pokrovnost z drevjem 20–75% (MKGP    morda   tudi  prezrt,  saj  je  intenzivnost  njegovega
2002). Tako kot sadovnjaki v habitatu plotnega strnada    petja manj{a na obmo~jih z nizkimi populacijskimi
je bila tudi kmetijska raba »1500« v habitatu rumenega    gostotami (Perrins & Ogilvie 1998).
strnada v majhnih dele`ih (tabela 2). Zna~ilne razlike        Rumeni strnad je na obmo~ju vzhodnih Haloz
so bile tudi med ploskvami s plotnim in rumenim    pogostej{i kakor plotni (slika 1). Halo{ka populacija
strnadom, pri ~emer smo  na  ploskvah s plotnim    rumenega strnada v nasprotju s populacijo plotnega
strnadom zabele`ili ve~jo heterogenost rabe tal in ve~ji    strnada ni na robu areala in ni izolirana. Rumeni
dele` ekstenzivnih sadovnjakov (tabela 3, C).                 strnad ni ob~utljiv za hladne celinske zime (Perrins
Acrocephalus 29 (13e): J-II, 2008
Tabela 2: Srednje in mejne vrednosti dele`ev posameznih tipov rabe tal na popisnih ploskvah s pojo~imi samci rumenih Emberiza citrinella in plotnih strnadov E. cirlus v vzhodnih Halozah; SD – standardna deviacija, mean – povpre~je
Table 2: Statistic parameters of land-use percentages in survey areas with males of Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella and Cirl Bunting E. cirlus singing males in E Haloze (Slovenia); SD – standard deviation
		IIOO (%)	1211 (%)	1221 (%)	1222 (%)	1322 (%)	1410 (%)	1500 (%)	2000 (%)	3000 (%)
	Mean	2.5	24.3	0.4	0.9	43.1	0.9	2.8	12.7	12.4
Emberiza	SD	0.9	5.8	0.3	0.8	6.4	0.6	1.1	2.8	1.2
citrinella	Median	0.0	21.2	0.0	0.0	48.7	0.0	0.0	9.7	12.5
N = 19	Min.	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.4	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
	Max.	10.0	76.6	6.0	14.3	82.8	11.5	15.1	41.5	21.5
	Mean	3.4	22.8	4.0	6.8	26.6	1.7	2.7	15.7	16.2
Emberiza cirlus	SD Median	2.1 0.0	3.4 26.3	2.6 0.0	2.3 7.2	5.9 28.3	0.9 1.4	1.9 0.0	4.3 16.7	2.6 13.8
N = 5	Min.	0.0	9.4	0.0	0.0	6.5	0.0	0.0	3.0	11.4
	Max.	10.0	27.7	12.5	14.3	43.2	4.6	9.6	27.3	25.6
Vse popisne to~ke/ All	Mean	4.7	24.1	0.9	1.4	36.1	1.2	1.6	18.1	11.8
	SD	1.6	3.9	0.4	0.5	4.2	0.5	0.6	2.6	1.1
survey points	Median	0.0	22.6	0.0	0.0	31.0	0.0	0.0	15.5	12.2
	Min.	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
N = 36	Max.	48.6	76.6	12.5	14.3	82.8	11.5	15.1	57.2	31.2
Legenda / Legend:
1100 – njive in vrtovi, 1211 – vinogradi, 1221 – intenzivni sadovnjaki, 1222 – ekstenzivni sadovnjaki, 1322 – ekstenzivni travniki, 1410 – zemlji{~a v zara{~anju, 1500 – me{ana raba zemlji{~ (kmetijska zemlji{~a in gozd), 2000 – gozd in ostale pora{~ene povr{ine, 3000 – pozidana in sorodna zemlji{~a; podlaga: Digitalni sloj dejanske rabe kmetijskih zemlji{~ (MKGP 2002) / 1100 – felds and gardens, 1211 – vineyards, 1221 – intensively farmed orchards, 1222 – extensively farmed orchards, 1322 – extensively farmed meadows, 1410 – gradually overgrown plots, 1500 – mixed use of land (felds and forests), 2000 – forests and other overgrown areas, 3000 – urban and similar areas; as per Digital layer of the actual farmland use (MKGP 2002).
& Ogilvie 1998) in v Halozah tudi prezimuje (Sovinc 1994).
Ponekod v Sloveniji obmo~ja z ve~jimi gostotami ene vrste poseljuje druga v relativno ni`jih gostotah. Doslej je bil ta vzorec znan iz zahodne Slovenije, kjer je plotni strnad zelo pogost, rumeni pa redek (Geister 1995), in iz Kozjanskega regijskega parka, kjer so gnezditvene gostote rumenega strnada v bizeljski krajini z relativno pogostimi gnezde~imi plotnimi strnadi, v primerjavi s kozjansko in hribovsko krajino, kjer plotnega strnada ni, ni`je (Jan~ar & Trebu{ak 2000). Podobno razmerje smo ugotovili tudi v Halozah, tokrat v prid rumenemu strnadu. Natan~nej{e poznavanje odnosov med plotnim in rumenim strnadom bi pripomoglo k razumevanju njunih poselitvenih vzorcev in razlik v njunih populacijskih gostotah na obmo~jih sobivanja. Kulturna krajina in podnebje sta si v Halozah in na Bizeljskem   izjemno  podobna  (Perko   &  Orožen
Adami~ 1998), razmerji gostot rumenega in plotnega strnada v teh dveh pokrajinah pa sta obrnjeni. Kaže, da kmetijska raba tal in podnebne razmere nista edina dejavnika, ki vplivata na lokalne gostote plotnega strnada na robu njegovega areala v vzhodni Sloveniji. Na to bi lahko vplivala tudi tekmovalnost z rumenim strnadom. Kljub delni specializaciji si ozko sorodne vrste {e vedno delijo skupne vire in ~e so v okolju ti omejujo~i, medsebojno vplivajo na {tevil~nost populacij, kar je eden od kratkoro~nih u~inkov medvrstne tekmovalnosti (Newton & Brockie 1998).
Dolgoro~no spremljanje gnezditvenih gostot plotnega strnada v vzhodni Sloveniji je zaradi sedanje robne poselitve lahko zanimivo tudi v lu~i napovedanih podnebnih sprememb. Simulacija potencialne raz{irjenosti vrste konec 21. stoletja glede na pri~akovane podnebne spremembe namre~
Tabela 3: Razlike med popisnimi ploskvami v heterogenosti (Shannon H) in deležih posameznih tipov rabe tal. Popisne ploskve so združene v šest različnih skupin [1] - [6] glede na pojavljanje pojočih samcev plotnega Emberiza cirlus in rumenega strnada E. citrinella. Statistično pomembne razlike so označene s krepkim tiskom; RPR - razmerje povprečnih rangov.
Table 3: Differences between survey areas in heterogeneity (Shannon H) and proportions of different land-use types. Survey areas are integrated into six groups [1] - [6], depending on the presence of Ciri Bunting Emberiza cirlus and Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella. Statistically significant differences are in bold print; RPR - ratio of average ranks.
5 C
Primerjava/ Comparison
A   [1]:[3]
B   [2]: [4]
C  [1] : [2]
D  [5] : [6]
Mann
- Whitney
RPR
U
P
Shannon H     iioo (%)        1211 (%)         1221 (%)        1222 (%)        1322 (%)        1410 (%)        1500 (%)       2000 (%)      3000 (%)
33.0 : 16.2 5.0
O.OOI
18.7 : 18.5 76.5 0.958
21.0 : 18.1 65.0 0.566
23.8 : 17.6
51.0
0.044
29.9 : 16.7
20.5
O.OOI
14.9 : 19.1
59-5 0.410
23.6 : 17.7 52.0 0.140
21.5 : 18.0 62.5 0.385
18.8 : 18.5 76.0 0.945
RPR
U
P
RPR
U
P
RPR
U
20.4 : 10.4       13.4 : 12.3
8.0                  43.0
0.005              °-7°3
18.3 : 18.9        17.1 : 20.8
149.0                122.5
0.871               0.245
14.8 : 11.9 36.0 0.413
18.4: 18.6 152.0 0.948
15.7 : 11.7
31-5 0.08
19.3 : 17.2 136.0 0.331
19.1 : 10.8
14.5
0.003
18.6: 18.3 151.o 0.902
9.2:13.4 31.0 0.241
20.5 : 15.4 110.5 0.158
15.9 : 11.6 30.5 0.15
19.0 : 17.8
143-5 0.666
12.7 : 12.5 46.5 0.937
20.1 : 15.9 118.0 0.139
14.8 : 11.9 36.0 0.413
Legenda / Legend:
[1] vse popisne ploskve z / aH survey areas wirh E. cirlus (n = 5)
[2] vse popisne ploskve z / aH survey areas wirh E. citrinella (n = 19)
[3] popisne ploskve brez / survey areas without E. cirlus (n = 31)
[4] popisne ploskve brez / survey areas without E. citrinella (n = 17)
[5] vse popisne ploskve s strnadoma / all survey areas with either (n = 22)
[6] vse popisne ploskve brez strnadov / all survey areas without any (n = 14)
25.6 : 17.4 42.0 0.104
15.9 : 21.4       17.1 : 20.0       18.2 : 18.8       17.8 : 19.3       16.3 : 21.0       21.2 : 15.4       18.0 : 19.1        21.2 : 15.5       14.9 : 22.5       21.0 : 15.7 112.o                 135.5                156.0                148.0               120.0                109.5                152.0                110.5                 93.0                 114.5
o.117               0.348               0.861               0.477              0.096              0.099               0-7°3               0.041              0.030               0.136
15.4 : 11.7 33.0 0.302
15.4 : 23.4       22.0 : 13.1
86.0                 78.5
0.027              0.014
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1100 — njive in vrtovi, 1211 —vinogradi, 1221 — intenzivni sadovnjaki, 1222 — ekstenzivni sadovnjaki, 1322 — ekstenzivni travniki, 1410 — zemljišča v zaraščanju, 1500 — mešana raba zemljišč (kmetijska zemljišča in gozd), 2000 — gozd in ostale poraščene površine, 3000 —pozidana in sorodna zemljišča; podlaga: Digitalni sloj dejanske rabe kmetijskih zemljišč, MKGP (2002). /1100 — fields and gardens, 1211 —vineyards, 1221 — intensively farmed orchards, 1222 — extensively farmed orchards, 1322 — extensively farmed meadows, 1410 — gradually overgrown plots, 1500 — mixed use of land (fields and forests), 2000 — forests and other overgrown areas, 3000 — urban and similar areas; as per: Digital layer of the actual farmland use (MKGP 2002).
Acrocephalus 29 (13e): J-II, 2008
napoveduje, da se bo njen areal raz{iril znatno proti severo vzhodu (Huntley et al. 2007), ob ~emer lahko pri~akujemo tudi pove~ane gnezditvene gostote na obmo~ju vzhodne Slovenije.
V vzhodnih Halozah se oba strnada izogibata ploskvam z ve~jimi dele`i gozda (tabela 3, D). Ker nobena od izbranih ploskev ni bila popolnoma gozdnata, gre verjetno ne zgolj za pri~akovano izogibanje samemu gozdu, pa~ pa tudi njegovi bli`ini. Strnada sta izbirala ploskve z ve~jimi dele`i pozidanih povr{in, vendar ti rezultati verjetno ne izpri~ujejo njune sinantropnosti. V vzhodnih Halozah so naselja namre~ razpr{ena po kulturni krajini, zato je statisti~na zna~ilnost tega parametra v pozitivni povezavi z dele`i kulturne krajine na popisnih ploskvah (Pearsonova korelacija med dele`i kulturne krajine in pozidanih povr{in: 0.372, p<0.05, N = 38). Rezultat posredno izpri~uje pri~akovano, namre~ da strnada izbirata ploskve z manj{imi dele`i gozda in ve~jimi dele`i kulturne krajine.
Habitat strnadov v vzhodnih Halozah se je razlikoval v heterogenosti rabe tal in dele`u ekstenzivnih sadovnjakov (tabela 3, C). Kot ka`e, plotni strnad tod poseljuje izrazito mozai~en habitat z ekstenzivnimi visokodebelnimi sadovnjaki, medtem ko rumeni strnad te preference nima. Ta je bolj naklonjen manj hetereogenemu habitatu ter tipu »me{ana raba zemlji{~ – kmetijska zemlji{~a in gozd« (tabela 3, B), najverjetneje zaradi posameznih visokih dreves, ki jih v svojem habitatu uporablja kot pevska mesta.
Zahvala: Hvala Matja`u, Roku, Tilnu in Barbari, ker so bili tako zelo prijetni udele`enci tabora in vedno pripravljeni na delo. Hvala Damijanu Denacu za povabilo na tabor, za organizacijo in vso podporo pri mentorskem delu. Hvala tudi drugim mentorjem (Luku Bo`i~u, Matja`u Ker~ku in Dominiku Bombeku) za prijazni sprejem v mentorske vode. Za pregled ~lanka pred oddajo in koristne napotke se zahvaljujem Davorinu Tometu in Damijanu Denacu.
5. Summary
Singing Cirl Bunting Emberiza cirlus and Yellowhammer E. citrinella males were surveyed in the eastern part of Haloze (E Slovenia). With the aid of GIS analysis, land-use in the vicinity of their singing posts was determined as well. For the survey purposes, 36 random points were chosen in the area’s cultural landscape. Singing Cirl Bunting males – a single specimen each time – were recorded at 5 (14%) survey points, whereas singing Yellowhammer males were heard at 19 (53%) points. Average number of singing Yellowhammer males was 2.5 ± 0.2 (n=14) per
survey point. Both species were concurrently recorded at two points. Land-use analysis showed that the two species avoid areas with greater proportions of woods. In the survey areas inhabited by Cirl Bunting, the proportions of extensively farmed orchards were higher and agricultural use more heterogeneous than within the survey areas occupied by Yellowhammer.
6. Literatura
BirdLife    International   (2004):    Birds    in    Europe:
Population Estimates, Trends and Conservation Status.
- BirdLife International, Cambridge. Bo`i~, L. (1995): Pojavljanje plotnega strnada Emberiza
cirlus  v  severovzhodni  Sloveniji.  -  Acrocephalus  16
(68-70): 68-71. Brandner, J. (1991): Neuere Nachweise und Brutvorkommen
der Zaunammer (Emberiza cirlus) in Österreich. - Egretta
34: 73-85. Fowler, J. & Cohen, L. (1998): Practical statistics for feld
biology. [2.]. - John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester. Geister, I. (1995): Ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. - DZS,
Ljubljana. Hagemeijer, E. J. M. & Blair, M. J. [ur.] (1997): The EBCC
Atlas of European Breeding Birds: Their Distribution
and Abundance. - T & A D Poyser, London. Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis,
S.G. (2007): A Climatic Atlas of European Breeding
Birds.  -  Durham  University,  The  RSPB  and  Lynx
Edicions, Barcelona. Jan~ar, T. & Trebu{ak, M. (2000): Ptice Kozjanskega
regijskega parka. – Acrocephalus 21 (100): 107–134. MKGP (2002): Kataster dejanske rabe kmetijskih zemlji{~
– digitalni sloj. – Ministrstvo Republike Slovenije za
kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano, Ljubljana. Newton, I. & Brockie, K. (1998): Population limitation in
birds. – Academic press, San Diego. Newton, I. (2003): The Speciation and Biogeography of
Birds. – Academic press. An imprint of Elsevier Science,
Amsterdam. Perko, D. & Oro`en Adami~, M. (ed.) (1998): Slovenija.
Pokrajine in ljudje. – Mladinska knjiga, Ljubljana. Perrins, C.M. & Ogilvie, M.A.: (1998): The Complete
Birds of the Western Palearctic CD-ROM Version 1.0.
– Oxford University Press & Optimedia, Oxford. Ponz,   A.,   Barba,   E.   &   Gil-Delgado,   J.A.   (1996):
Population changes and breeding ecology of the Cirl
Bunting Emberiza cirlus in eastern Spain. – Bird Study
43: 38–46. Sitters, H.P. (1985): Cirl buntings in Britain in 1982. – Bird
Study 32 (1): 1–10. Sovinc, A. (1994): Zimski ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. –
Tehni{ka zalo`ba Slovenije, Ljubljana. Townend, J. (2002): Practical statistics for environmental
and biological scientists. – John Wiley & Sons Ltd,
Chichester.
Arrived / Prispelo: 20.11.2007 Accepted / Sprejeto: 5.12.2008
Acrocephalus 29 (13e): 13-22, 2008
Upadanje populacije in mo`ni vzroki za ogro`enost divjega petelina Tetrao urogallus v [kofjelo{kem, Cerkljanskem in Polhograjskem hribovju
Decline and threat analysis of the Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus in the [kofja Loka, Cerkno and Polhov Gradec Mountains (central Slovenia)
Danilo Bevk1 & Peter Trontelj2
1 Nacionalni in{titut za biologijo, Ve~na pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija, e-mail: danilo.bevk@gmail.com
2 Oddelek za biologijo, Biotehni{ka fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani, p.p. 2995, SI–1001 Ljubljana, Slovenija, e-mail: peter.trontelj@bf.uni-lj.si
^lanek obravnava upadanje {tevila aktivnih rasti{~ in vzroke ogro`enosti divjega petelina Tetrao urogallus v [kofjelo{kem, Cerkljanskem in Polhograjskem hribovju. Od osemdesetih let 20. stol. je {tevilo upadlo za tri ~etrtine. Izgube so najve~je v Polhograjskem hribovju, kjer je divji petelin izumrl, in v Cerkljanskem, kjer se je obdr`alo le eno rasti{~e. Zmanj{anje je nekoliko manj{e v [kofjelo{kem, kjer je {tevilo aktivnih rasti{~ upadlo z 18 na 10. @elela sva ugotoviti, kateri so glavni parametri, povezani z zapu{~anjem 40 rasti{~ ali obstankom na njih (v letih 1999 in v 2005–2007), ter predlagati varstvene ukrepe. Parametri so bili izmerjeni v polmeru 1000 m okoli sredi{~ rasti{~. V modelu, postavljenem z logisti~no regresijo, so bili za obstoj velikega petelina v letu 1999 pomembni parametri (1) stopnja nemira, (2) razmerje med dol`ino gozdnega roba in povr{ino gozda ter (3) razmerje med povr{ino iglastega in drugega gozda, v letih 2005–2007 pa tudi (4) nadmorska vi{ina in (5) skupna povr{ina gozda. V splo{nem so se ohranila rasti{~a bli`je Alp, na vi{jih nadmorskih vi{inah, na obmo~jih, ki niso povsem porasla z gozdom, a vendarle imajo kratek gozdni rob, in z ve~jim dele`em iglastega gozda ter ni`jo stopnjo nemira. V ~asu razmno`evanja povzro~ajo nemir predvsem gozdarske dejavnosti in razli~ne oblike rekreacije, na obmo~jih z borovnico pa intenzivno nabiralni{tvo. Najbolj o~iten negativen poseg v `ivljenjski prostor divjega petelina je bil na ^rnem vrhu, kjer so v osemdesetih letih 20. stol. za~eli graditi Smu~arski center Cerkno. Nekdaj najmo~nej{e rasti{~e obravnavanega obmo~ja je nato postopoma propadlo.
Klju~ne besede: divji petelin, Tetrao urogallus, rasti{~e, nemir, fragmentacija gozda, varstvo, logisti~na regresija, [kofjelo{ko hribovje, Cerkljansko hribovje, Polhograjsko hribovje
Key words: Capercaillie, Tetrao urogallus, lek, human disturbance, forest fragmentation, conservation, logistic regression, [kofja Loka, Cerkno, Polhov Gradec, Slovenia
1. Uvod
Divji petelin Tetrao urogallus, najve~ja koconoga kura, je prebivalec klimaksnih in sekundarnih iglastih in me{anih gozdov. Gostim mlaj{im sukcesijskim stopnjam gozda, v katerih te`ko leta, se izogiba (Adami~ 1987, ^as 1996, Storch 2002, Sachot et al. 2003, Saniga 2003). Je indikator zdravega starega gozdnega ekosistema in visoke biodiverzitete (Storch
2000). Pozimi je vezan predvsem na iglaste gozdove in ve~ino ~asa pre`ivi na drevju, kjer se hrani (Storch 2002). Pomladi in poleti se najpogosteje zadr`uje v gozdovih z zmernim sklepom kro{enj, dobro razvito podrastjo in s {tevilnimi do tal ovejenimi drevesi (Bollmann et al. 2005).
V osrednjem obmo~ju naravne raz{irjenosti – v borealnih gozdovih Evrazije – `ivi na ni`jih nadmorskih vi{inah. Na ju`nem robu areala zaseda
D. Bevk & P. Trontelj: Upadanje populacije in mo`ni vzroki za ogro`enost divjega petelina Tetrao urogallus v [kofjelo{kem, Cerkljanskem in Polhograjskem hribovju
predvsem vi{e le`e~e odrasle iglaste in me{ane gozdove (Adami~ 1987, ^as 2006). Tu se na ni`jih nadmorskih vi{inah zadr`uje le redko, ~etudi navidez ustrezajo njegovemu habitatu (Storch 2002). Pri nas Adami~ (1987) ugotavlja visoko stopnjo priljubljenosti gozdov nad 1000 m nadmorske vi{ine, ^as (2006) pa najvi{jo gostoto med 1200–1600 m v alpskem in med 800-1200 m v dinarskem arealu. Doma~i okoli{ divjega petelina obsega nekaj 100 ha, osebki enega rasti{~a pa se prek leta gibljejo na obmo~ju, velikem 30 do 50 km2 (Storch 1993 & 1995).
Parjenje divjega petelina poteka na tako imenovanih rasti{~ih, ki so stalna. Vi{ek parjenja je od sredine aprila do sredine maja, odvisno od nadmorske vi{ine in vremena (Saniga 1996). Ve~ina rasti{~ je na pobo~jih, grebenih in vrhovih (Adami~ 1987). V Skandinaviji so v sklenjenem gozdu v povpre~ju med sabo oddaljena 2.1 km (Picozzi et al. 1992), pri nas 700 do 1500 m, odvisno od primernosti habitata (^as 1996). V Sloveniji danes prevladujejo rasti{~a z enim samcem (43%). Povpre~no je na rasti{~ih 1.7 pojo~ega samca (^as 1999a). Po parjenju samica na tleh naredi gnezdo in sama poskrbi za zarod. Mladi~i so begavci sledilci (Vrezec 2003).
Zlasti v zahodni in srednji Evropi opa`ajo ob~uten upad populacij divjega petelina in njegovo lokalno izumiranje (Storch 2000). Pogosto je vzrok kr~enje habitata, ki ga najve~krat povezujejo z zmanj{evanjem dele`a starega gozda (Adami~ 1987, ^as 1999B & 2006, Purnat 2002, Saniga 2003, Miettinen et al. 2005). Saniga (2003) in Rolstad & Wegge (1987) ugotavljajo, da je od dele`a starega gozda odvisno {tevilo samcev na rasti{~u. Posledica kr~enja habitata so majhne izolirane populacije, ki so na negativne vplive {e bolj ob~utljive (Grimm & Storch 2000, Rutkowski et al. 2005). Pomemben dejavnik ogro`anja je nemir, ki ga povzro~ajo predvsem se~nja, razli~ne oblike turizma in rekreacije ter nabiralni{tvo (Adami~ 1987, ^as 1996 & 1999b, Menoni & Magnani 1998, Mollet 1998, Suchant & Roth 1998, Zeitler & Glanzer 1998, Storch 2000, Saniga 2003, Thiel 2003, Jacquin et al. 2005). Raziskave ka`ejo tudi negativen vpliv plenilcev, za katerega ugotavljajo, da je v neprimernem habitatu bistveno ve~ji (Storaas et al. 1999) in nara{~a od notranjosti gozda proti gozdnemu robu (Woitke 2002, Storch et al. 2005). Storch (2000) poudarja tudi problem potepu{kih doma~ih ma~k in psov. Divjega petelina ogro`ajo tudi `i~nate ograje in `i~nice smu~i{~, v katere tr~ijo in se lahko smrtno po{kodujejo (Menoni & Magnani 1998, Saniga 2003), pa{a v gozdu (Saniga 2003) in podnebne spremembe (^as 2006).
O populacijskih gibanjih divjega petelina v Sloveniji v preteklosti lahko sklepamo na podlagi lovskih statistik. Okrog leta 1880 se je začelo obdobje povečevanja številčnosti, ki je trajalo približno do 1911 oziroma 1913. V tem obdobju se je divji petelin prostorsko zelo razširil. Številčnost populacije je po 1933 začela močno upadati, domnevno zaradi krčenja habitata (Adamič 1987, Čas 2006). Krčenje habitata, intenziviranje gozdarstva in graditev gozdnih cest so se nadaljevali tudi po drugi svetovni vojni. Divji petelin se je umikal predvsem iz vznemirjanih in močneje izkoriščanih gozdov (Adamič 1987) ter zaradi propadanja iglastih gozdov in vračanja avtohtonih listavcev, zlasti v nižjih legah (Čas 2006). Na zmanjševanje številčnosti je vplivala tudi visoka gostota plenilcev (Čas 2006). V letih 1979—2000 je bilo v Sloveniji evidentiranih 681 lokacij rastišč. Število aktivnih rastišč se je v tem obdobju zmanjšalo za polovico. Habitatne razmere za divjega petelina so stabilne le še v višinskem pasu 1200 do 1600 m nm.v. Jedro alpske populacije je danes v gozdnih krajinah v visokogorju Koroške, Zgornje Savinjske regije ter Gorenjske (Čas 2006).
Tudi na obravnavanem območju je bil divji petelin nekdaj razmeroma pogost. Stanje te priljubljene lovne ptice so desetletja spremljali predvsem lovci. Prvi sistematični popis rastišč je bil opravljen v letih od 1980 do 1985, ko so popisali 40 aktivnih rastišč (Adamič 1987). V popisu leta 1999 je bil divji petelin opažen le še na 20 rastiščih (Čas et al. 2000).
Namen pričujočega dela je ugotoviti, kako se območja aktivnih rastišč razlikujejo od tistih, kjer divjega petelina ni več, oziroma ugotoviti, kateri so glavni dejavniki, ki vplivajo na opuščanje rastišč. Raziskava je potekala v okviru diplomskega dela študija biologije na Biotehniški fakulteti Univerze v Ljubljani.
2. Metode
Raziskava je potekala v Škofjeloškem, Cerkljanskem in Polhograjskem hribovju (slika 1). Podlaga za določitev leg rastišč so bili podatki preteklih raziskav (Adamič 1986, Čas et al. 2000), podatki lovcev in lastna opazovanja. Ločila sva dve vrsti rastišč:
(a)  tista,   na  katerih  je  bil  divji  petelin  v  času raziskave navzoč;
(b)  tista, na katerih divjega petelina v času raziskave ni bilo več.
Prva so vsa rastišča, na katerih je bil kadarkoli v letih 2005—2007 v času parjenja opažen divji petelin oziroma njegovi sledovi (iztrebki, stopinje). Kategorija
Tabela 1: Povprečja, standardne napake povprečij, minimumi in maksimumi parametrov znotraj polmera 1 km okoli središč rastišč divjega petelina Tetrao urogallus. Podatki o navzočnosti divjega petelina za leto 1999 so iz dela Čas et al. (2000).
Table 1: Means, standard errors of the means, minimums and maximums of parameters within 1000 m from the Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus lek centres. Data on the Capercaillie presence in 1999 are from Čas et al. (2000).
*r
Obdobje / Period Parameter
Navzočnost / Presence
Povprečna nadmorska višina (m n.m.)/ Average altitude (m a.s.l.)
Povprečen naklon (°)/ Average slope (°)
Skupna površina gozda (ha)/ Total forest area (ha)
Razmerje med površino iglastega gozda in
drugega gozda/
Area of coniferous forest against other forest area
Razmerje med dolžino gozdnega roba in
površino gozda (m/ha)/
Forest edge length against forest area (m/ha)
Poletne prehranske razmere (2-dobre, 1-srednje, 0-slabe)/ Summer feeding conditions (2-good, 1-moderate, 0-poor)
Razdalja do najbližjega sosednjega rastišča (m)/ Distance to neighbouring lek (m)
Dolžina cest (m/ha)/ Road length (m/ha)
Stopnja nemira (15-visoka,..., 0-nizka)/ Degree of disturbance (15-high,..., 0-low)
1999
2005-2007
Povprečje ± S.E./ Mean ± S.E.
Yes
No
Min.                     Max.
Yes       No          Yes           No
Povprečje ± S.E./ Mean ± S.E.
Yes
No
Min.                    Max.
Yes       No       Yes        No
81.6 ± 55.1      890.3 ± 45.2    474.8   369.9    1296.22   1172.4     1083.9 ± 5°4
: 41.5    790.2   369.9   1296.2   1245.
24.5 ± 0.9            23.9 ±1.4       19.2     14.6          32.6       33.2              25.0 + 1.2           23.8 + 1.0       19.9     14.6       31.2       33.2
274.3 + 5.7        258.1 + 7.4     225.2   189.4        3:34    304.6            265.9 + 5.9       266.9 + 8.2     225.1   189.4    298.2     313.4
0.58 ± 0.13       0.34 ± 0.08
1.7       1.26           0.86 ± 0.18       0.31 ± 0.07       o.n           o          1.7       1.26
43.7 ± 6.4
63 + 8.5            o      13.7          94.9          13
1.65 ± o.n          1.65 ± o.n              1
50.6 ± 8.7           54.5 ± 6.9       13.7           o      94.9          13
1.64 ± 0.15       1.66 ± 0.09             1            1
1266 ± 191           1504 ± 181       500     600        3463      3463             1081 ± 253           1500 ± 151       500      508      3463      3463
41.1 ± 2.6            35.8 + 3.1       13.4      15.2          54.8       72.5            44.8 + 2.6          36.1+  2.5       29.5      13.4       54.8       72.5
6.9 + 0.8            8.6+0.7             2            5               :5           H                5.8 + 0.7             8.5 + 0.6             2           4           10            15
D. Bevk & P. Trontelj: Upadanje populacije in mo`ni vzroki za ogro`enost divjega petelina Tetrao urogallus v [kofjelo{kem, Cerkljanskem in Polhograjskem hribovju
rasti{~ je bila dolo~ena na podlagi jutranjih in dnevnih opazovanj ob sodelovanju lovcev. Rasti{~a so bila vnesena v geografski informacijski sistem s pomo~jo ra~unalni{kega programa ArcMap 9.2 proizvajalca Environmental Systems Research Institute.
Na podlagi navedb iz literature sva izbrala parametre, ki bi lahko vplivali na pojavljanje divjega petelina na rasti{~ih na tem obmo~ju (tabela 1). Izmerjeni so bili znotraj polmera 1000 m (314 ha) okoli domnevnih sredi{~ rasti{~. Pri podobnih raziskavah pri nas so sicer izbrali polmer 500 m (^as 1996, Purnat 2002) oziroma 300 m (^as 2006). Ker so telemetrijske raziskave pokazale, da se divji petelin giblje na povr{inah, velikih nekaj 100 ha (Storch 1993 & 1995), meniva, da polmer 300 oziroma 500 m zajema predvsem rasti{~e, ne pa celotnega obmo~ja, pomembnega za divjega petelina. Zato sva uporabila ve~ji polmer, ki je bolj reprezentativen za doma~i okoli{ divjega petelina. Primernost izbranega polmera ugotavljajo tudi Graf et al. (2005), Graf (2005), Miettinen et al. (2005) in Saniga (2003).
Ocena poletnih prehranskih razmer (pokritost z borovnico Vaccinium myrtillus oziroma malino Rubus idaeus; Saniga 1998) temelji na terenskih ogledih. Lo~ila sva tri stopnje prehranskih razmer: dobre (borovnica in/ali malina dobro razviti, pokrivata nekaj 10 ha povr{in), srednje (borovnica in/ali malina pokrivata nekaj ha povr{in) in slabe (borovnica in malina slabo razviti).
Stopnja nemira (turizem, nabiralni{tvo, gozdarstvo) je ocenjena na podlagi lastnih opa`anj in opa`anj lovcev. Vsaki kategoriji sva dodelila 0 do 5 to~k. Skupaj je bilo mo`nih 15 to~k. Ve~je {tevilo to~k pomeni ve~jo stopnjo nemira. Pri ocenjevanju je bilo pomembno kdaj, kje, kako, v kak{nem obsegu in kako pogosto poteka dolo~ena dejavnost.
Drugi parametri so bili izmerjeni v programu ArcMap 9.2 na podlagi digitalnih ortofoto posnetkov (DOF5), ki so bili narejeni v letih 1998–2001. Dol`ina cest v gozdu je bila izmerjena iz digitalnih Topografskih podatkov merila 25.
Pomemben parameter, ki ga navaja literatura, je povr{ina starega gozda. Ker je to parameter s kompleksnim ozadjem, ki je zelo povezan z intenziteto gospodarjenja in ga je na velikih povr{inah te`ko zadovoljivo oceniti, ga v raziskavo nisva vklju~ila.
Parametre okolice rasti{~, ki korelirajo z navzo~nostjo divjega petelina, sva ugotavljala s pomo~jo multivariatne statisti~ne analize logisti~ne regresije. To je metoda statisti~nega modeliranja, ki omogo~a napovedovanje diskretnega dihotomnega izida iz niza prediktorskih parametrov (Field 2000). S pomo~jo te metode ugotavljamo, kateri parametri
značilno vplivajo na izid in ali je njihov vpliv pozitiven ali negativen. Logistično regresijo sva izvedla s pomočjo računalniškega programa SPSS 14.0 (SPSS Inc.). Uporabila sva metodo Backward. Odvisna spremenljivka (izid) je bil podatek o navzočnosti divjega petelina na rastišču, neodvisne spremenljivke oziroma prediktorski parametri pa parametri okolice rastišč. Analizirala sva tudi oba tipa rastišč iz popisa leta 1999 (^as et al. 2000). Predpostavila sva, da se vrednosti parametrov med obema popisoma niso bistveno spremenile.
3. Rezultati
Raziskava obravnava 40 rastišč, od teh 18 v Škofjeloškem, 10 v Cerkljanskem in 12 v Polhograjskem hribovju (slika 1). Število rastišč, na katerih se divji petelin še pojavlja, se je od prejšnjega popisa (^as et al. 2000) zmanjšalo za polovico. Proces opuščanja je bil zlasti izrazit v Polhograjskem hribovju (slika 2).
3.1. Stanje leta 1999
Leta 1999 je bil divji petelin navzoč na 20 rastiščih, kar je 50% vseh znanih rastišč. V Škofjeloškem hribovju je bilo zasedenih 13, v Cerkljanskim tri in v Polhograjskem štiri rastišča. Opisujejo jih parametri v tabeli 1. Za postavitev modela, ki napoveduje verjetnost navzočnosti divjega petelina na rastišču, je bilo potrebnih sedem korakov po metodi Backward. Parametri, ki so vključeni v končni model in so torej značilno povezani z obstojem divjega petelina na rastišču, so bili trije: (1) stopnja nemira, (2) razmerje med dolžino gozdnega roba in površino gozda in (3) razmerje med površino iglastega gozda in drugega gozda (tabela 2). Končni model za leto 1999 je na podlagi vrednosti značilnih prediktorskih parametrov pravilno napovedal navzočnost divjega petelina na 73% rastišč. Napoved na opuščenih rastiščih je bila pravilna v 75%, napoved na zasedenih rastiščih pa v 70% primerov.
3.2. Stanje v letih 2005–2007
V obdobju 2005—2007 je bil divji petelin v času parjenja opažen na 11 rastiščih, torej na 27% vseh znanih rastišč. V Škofjeloškem hribovju je bilo aktivnih 10 od 18 znanih rastišč, v Cerkljanskem le še eno od 10. V Polhograjskem hribovju divjega petelina nismo opazili na nobenem znanem rastišču. Rastišča opisujejo parametri v tabeli 1. Statistični program je model logistične regresije postavil v petih korakih. Parametrov, ki so vključeni v končni model
Acrocephalus 29 (13e): 13-22, 2008
Tabela 2: Prediktorski parametri končnega modela za napovedovanje navzočnosti divjega petelina Tetrao urogallus na rastiščih leta 1999, postavljenega z metodo logistične regresije Backward LR. Podatki o navzočnosti divjega petelina so iz dela Čas et al. (2000).
Table 2: Parameters of the logistic regression model (Backward LR) predicting the presence of Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus at leks in 1999. Data on Capercaillie presence are from Čas et al. (2000).
Parameter
Nemir / Disturbance
Razmerje med dol`ino gozdnega roba in povr{ino gozda/
Forest edge length against forest area
Razmerje med povr{ino iglastega gozda in drugega gozda/ Area of coniferous forest against other forest area Konstanta / Constant
B	S.E. 0.120	S ig (A —2LL) 0.097	Exp (B)
-0.190			0.827
-0.020	0.012	0.067	0.980
i.610	0.844	0.034	5.002
1.819	1.051	/	6.167
Legenda / Legend:
B – ocena koefcienta regresije / regression coeffcient estimate
S.E. – standardna napaka B / standard error of B
Sig (? –2LL) – zna~ilnost B / signifcance of B
Exp (B) – ocena korelacije prediktorskega parametra in navzo~nosti divjega petelina / correlation estimate for the Capercaillie presence and
predictor
in so zna~ilno povezani z obstojem divjega petelina na rasti{~u, je bilo pet: (1) nadmorska vi{ina, (2) stopnja nemira, (3) razmerje med dol`ino gozdnega roba in povr{ino gozda, (4) razmerje med povr{ino iglastega gozda in drugega gozda in (5) skupna povr{ina gozda (tabela 3). Kon~ni model je pravilno napovedal navzo~nost divjega petelina na 88% rasti{~. Napoved na opu{~enih rasti{~ih je bila pravilna v 93%, napoved na zasedenih rasti{~ih pa v 73% primerov.
4. Diskusija
4.1. Upad populacije
V zadnjih treh desetletjih je populacija divjega petelina v osrednjem predelu slovenskega alpskega predgorja v stalnem upadanju. [tevilo aktivnih rasti{~, ki ga uporabljava kot kazalec {tevil~nosti populacije, se je v tem obdobju skr~ilo na ~etrtino. Hitrost upadanja je bila v obeh medpopisnih obdobjih (1980–85 do 1999 in od 1999 do 2005–2007) pribli`no enaka, a se je razlikovala med obmo~ji (slika 2). Izumiranje je bilo najizrazitej{e v Polhograjskem hribovju, kjer aktivnih rasti{~ ni ve~, in najni`je v [kofjelo{kem, kjer se je {tevilo vsaki~ zmanj{alo za slabo polovico. V grobem je videti, da intenzivnost opu{~anja rasti{~ nara{~a z oddaljenostjo od Alp. ^e se bo tako populacijsko gibanje nadaljevalo, bo v naslednjih nekaj letih ostala aktivna le pe{~ica rasti{~ v [kofjelo{kem hribovju.
V obdobju 2005–2007 sta bila za obstoj divjega petelina izmed obravnavanih parametrov poleg nemira, dele`a iglastega gozda in gozdnega roba pomembna tudi nadmorska vi{ina in skupna povr{ina gozda. Ohranil se je le v optimalnih in centralnih delih
areala, kar je lahko pomemben kazalec populacijskega upada oziroma regionalnega izumiranja.
4.2. Pregled pomembnej{ih parametrov
4.2.1. Nemir
Na velik negativen vpliv nemira opozarjajo {tevilni raziskovalci divjega petelina (Adami~ 1987, ^as 1996 & 1999B, Menoni & Magnani 1998, Mollet 1998, Suchant & Roth 1998, Zeitler & Glanzer 1998, Saniga 2003, Thiel 2003, Jacquin et al. 2005). Potrjuje ga tudi ta raziskava, parameter pa je vklju~en v oba modela.
Razlag za negativni vpliv nemira je ve~. Nemir prekine paritvene aktivnosti. Ko je divji petelin prepoden, ga la`e opazijo plenilci (Storch 2000). To je {e zlasti kriti~no pri vode~i samici ali samici z mladi~i, ki so jim {e posebej izpostavljeni (Adami~ 1987). Andreev & Linden (1994) ugotavljata, da divji petelin pozimi `ivi na meji svojih fziolo{kih (energetskih) zmo`nosti. Vzrok temu so dolge no~i, nizke temperature in te`ko prebavljiva hrana. Z energijo var~uje predvsem tako, da se zadr`uje na prehranjevalnih drevesih in se ~immanj giblje (Storch 1993). ^e je pogosto preganjan, mu energije lahko zmanjka in pogine {e pred pomladjo (Storch 2000).
Na obravnavanem obmo~ju nemir povzro~ajo predvsem gozdarstvo (se~nja in graditev gozdnih cest), razli~ne oblike rekreacije in nabiranje gozdnih sade`ev. V ~asu razmno`evanja sta glavna vira nemira se~nja in planinarjenje. Posebej kriti~na sta mno`i~na pohoda na Porezen (konec marca) in na Blego{ (za~etek maja). Slednji poteka na vi{ku rastitve, prek ve~ rasti{~,
D. Bevk & P. Trontelj: Upadanje populacije in mo`ni vzroki za ogro`enost divjega petelina Tetrao urogallus v [kofjelo{kem, Cerkljanskem in Polhograjskem hribovju
Slika 1: Razporeditev rasti{~ divjega petelina Tetrao urogallus v [kofjelo{kem, Cerkljanskem in Polhograjskem hribovju. V letih 2005–2007 aktivna rasti{~a so ozna~ena z belo piko.
Figure 1: Distribution of the Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus leks in the [kofja Loka, Cerkno and Polhov Gradec Mountains. Leks active in 2005–2007 are marked with white dots.
udele`i se ga nekaj tiso~ ljudi. Zaradi odpiranja {tevilnih novih »tematskih poti« in promoviranja rekreacije v naravi bo ta pritisk v prihodnje verjetno {e nara{~al. Zlasti na Cerkljanskem v ~asu vodenja mladi~ev poteka mno`i~no nabiranje borovnice, ki sicer tudi slab{a prehranske razmere. Ta dejavnost poteka v optimalnem poletnem habitatu. V primerjavi s planinarjenjem, ko je linijska motnja omejena na planinske poti, nabiralni{tvo prizadene {ir{e obmo~je in je zato verjetno {e bolj mote~e. Nemir zaradi se~nje in planinarjenja je problem tudi pozimi, predvsem na ni`e le`e~ih obmo~jih, {e zlasti, ~e je sne`na odeja nizka.
Poseben, a v slovenskem in evropskem merilu nikakor ne osamljen primer je Smu~arski center Cerkno. Kjer je zdaj smu~i{~e, je bilo {e v za~etku 1980. let rasti{~e z do desetimi pojo~imi samci (Adami~ 1986), najmo~nej{e na obravnavanem obmo~ju. Graditev 70-hektarskega smu~i{~a ni le uni~ila rasti{~a, marve~ to zaradi nemira in uni~enega habitata pomeni tudi veliko zarezo med Cerkljanskim in [kofjelo{kim hribovjem. Divji petelin se sicer na obmo~ju ob~asno {e zadr`uje, vendar je to zanj lahko smrtno nevarno. Pozimi 2005 so delavci na{li mrtvo samico, ki se je ubila ob trku v
`i~nico. Tovrstni negativni vpliv bi bil manj{i, ~e bi bila `i~nica bolj vidna in bi se ji divji petelin lahko ognil. Zadnja leta na smu~i{~u razvijajo tudi poletni turizem, zato se je negativni vpliv {e pove~al.
4.2.2. Povr{ina in tip gozda
Pomemben dejavnik za obstoj divjega petelina je dele` iglastega gozda, ki je v tej raziskavi izra`en kot razmerje med povr{ino iglastega proti preostalemu gozdu. To velja za obe obdobji, {e posebej za zadnje. Pozitivna korelacija je pri~akovana, saj je divji petelin borealna vrsta, torej ptica gozdov z velikim dele`em iglavcev (Mikuleti~ 1984, Adami~ 1987, ^as 1996, Quevedo et al. 2005, Storch 2002, Sachot et al. 2003, Saniga 2003). Poganjki oziroma iglice iglavcev, predvsem rde~ega bora Pinus sylvestris, jelke Abies alba in smreke Picea abies, so pozimi glavni vir hrane (Saniga 1998). Rde~i bor je tudi najbolj priljubljeno pevsko drevo samcev (Adami~ 1987).
Za divjega petelina je pomembna tudi dol`ina gozdnega roba. Obravnavana je kot razmerje med dol`ino gozdnega roba in povr{ino gozda, kar je v dolo~eni meri kazalec fragmentiranosti  gozda. Vklju~ena je v  oba
Acrocephalus 29 (13e): 13-22, 2008
Tabela 3: Prediktorski parametri kon~nega modela za napovedovanje navzo~nosti divjega petelina Tetrao urogallus na rasti{~ih postavljenega z metodo logisti~ne regresije Backward LR za obdobje 2005–2007.
Table 3: Parameters of the logistic regression model (Backward LR) predicting the presence of Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus at leks in 2005–2007.
Parameter
B	S.E.	sig (A —2LL) O.OII	Exp (B)
O.OII	0.006		1.on
-0.855	0.394	0.000	0.425
-0.141	0.106	0.077	0.868
3.895	1.712	0.002	49.149
-0.176	0.122	0.066	0.838
47.047	34.845	/	2.7E+020
Povpre~na nadmorska vi{ina / Average altitude Nemir / Disturbance
Razmerje med dol`ino gozdnega roba in povr{ino gozda/ Forest edge length against forest area (m/ha)
Razmerje med povr{ino iglastega gozda in drugega gozda / Area of coniferous forest against other forest area
Skupna povr{ina gozda / Total forest area Konstanta / Constant
Legenda / Legend:
B – ocena koefcienta regresije / regression coeffcient estimate
S.E. – standardna napaka B / standard error of B
sig (? –2LL) – zna~ilnost B / signifcance of B
Exp (B) – ocena korelacije prediktorskega parametra in prisotnosti divjega petelina / correlation estimate for presence of Capercaillie and
predictor
modela in je v negativni korelaciji z navzočnostjo divjega petelina. Storch et al. (2005), Woitke (2002) in mnogi drugi ugotavljajo, da je v fragmentiranem gozdu večja gostota plenilcev in s tem višja stopnja plenjenja gnezd in manjši razmnoževalni uspeh.
Površina gozda v okolici obeh tipov rastišč je približno enaka. Model, narejen na podlagi podatkov za obdobje 2005—2007, jo kljub temu vključuje. Večanje pokritosti je z navzočnostjo divjega petelina v negativni korelaciji. To lahko pojasnjujemo kot posledico slabšanja prehranskih razmer z zaraščanjem zadnjih jas. Pomen določene površine jas v gospodarskem gozdu poudarja tudi Čas (1999b & 2006). Na ali ob njih lahko uspevajo borovnica in malinjak in se razvijejo mravljišča. Prevelika gozdnatost ima negativen vpliv verjetno samo v krajini, kjer je tudi širša okolica zelo porasla z gozdom.
4.2.3. Nadmorska višina
Rastišča so bolje ohranjena na višjih nadmorskih višinah. To je izrazito predvsem v analizi upada v zadnjem obdobju (2005—2007), pri kateri je parameter vključen v model. Podobno ugotavljajo tudi druge raziskave v Sloveniji (Adamič 1987, Čas 1996 & 2006, Purnat 2002). Više ležeči gozdovi imajo več borealnih značilnosti, zato so verjetno habitatno ustreznejši in igrajo vlogo refugija. Gozdovi na nižjih nadmorskih višinah so praviloma bolj obljudeni, v njih se intenzivneje gozdari, zato so za divjega petelina manj primerni. Storch (2002) meni, da je vzrok za izogibanje nižjim nadmorskim višinam tudi večja gostota   plenilcev.   Gozdovi   na   nižjih   nadmorskih
višinah imajo prevelik delež listavcev, premajhen površinski delež odraslih in starih gozdov s kisloljubno podrastjo ter premajhno gostoto mravljišč (Čas 2006).
4.2.4. Poletne prehranske razmere
Številne raziskave poudarjajo velik pomen visoke pokritosti tal z borovnico, ki je pomemben poletni prehranski vir in omogoča kritje pred plenilci (Adamič 1987, Storch 1993 & 2002, Čas 1996 & 2006, Sanica 1998, B00llmann et al. 2005). Divji petelin se hrani tako z brsti, cvetovi, plodovi kakor tudi z listi. Čas (2006) ugotavlja, da je optimalna okoli 23% pokrovnost z borovnico (alpski areal), nujni minimalni površinski delež za preživetje subpopulacij pa je vsaj 1%, kljub zadostnemu površinskemu deležu (20%) drugega jagodi čja (malina, jagoda), npr. v dinarskem arealu. Rezultati raziskave so pokazali, da se na obravnavanem območju oba tipa rastišč v tem pogledu ne razlikujeta. Parameter ni vključen v nobenega izmed modelov. Iz tega lahko sklepamo, da spremembe v pokritosti tal z borovnico v glavnem niso bile odločilne za upad populacije.
4.2.5.  Razdalja do najbližjega sosednjega rastišča
Razdalja do najbližjega sosednjega rastišča (aktivnega ali opuščenega) je rabila kot mera izoliranosti rastišča. Tista, ki so bolj oddaljena od drugih, so bolj izolirana. Večja oddaljenost hkrati lahko pomeni, da je za divjega petelina primeren habitat bolj fragmentiran in da je gostota nižja. V skladu s tem imajo aktivna rastišča
D. Bevk & P. Trontelj: Upadanje populacije in mo`ni vzroki za ogro`enost divjega petelina Tetrao urogallus v [kofjelo{kem, Cerkljanskem in Polhograjskem hribovju
Slika 2: Upadanje {tevila aktivnih rasti{~ divjega petelina Tetrao urogallus v slovenskem alpskem predgorju. Letnice pomenijo ~as, ko so bila rati{~a popisana. Podatki za obdobje 1980-85 so iz dela Adamič (1986), za leto 1999 pa iz dela Čas et al. (2000).
Figure 2: Decline of the number of active Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus leks in Slovenian pre-Alpine mountains. Data on the Capercaillie presence in 1980-1985 are from Adamič (1986) and in 1999 from Čas et al. (2000).
sosednje rastišče v povprečju bliže kakor opuščena. Vendar razlika ni statistično značilna in ni vključena v modela. Domnevava, da je to posledica razmeroma visoke fragmentacije in visoke stopnje opuščanja (okrog 2/3 rastišč med dvema popisoma) na večjem delu obravnavanega območja.
4.2.6. Dolžina cest
V nasprotju s pričakovanji je bila povprečna dolžina cest v okolici rastišč z divjim petelinom večja kakor na opuščenih rastiščih. Vendar razlika ni statistično značilna in parameter ni vključen v model. Do podobnega rezultata sta prišla tudi Purnat (2002) in Čas (2006). Dve post hoc hipotezi bi utegnili razložiti te ugotovitve. Prvič je možno, da gostota cest še nikjer ni dosegla kritične vrednosti, pri kateri divji petelini zapustijo območje. Drugič, in bolj verjetno, je v kombinaciji z drugimi dejavniki ogrožanja že nekoliko manjša gostota cest kritično moteča.
Za objektivnejšo oceno vpliva cest bi bilo treba poleg gostote upoštevati tudi intenzivnost in vrsto njihove uporabe. Adamič (1987) sicer poudarja, da z graditvijo cest osiromašimo varovalno vlogo gozda, odpiramo koridorje za plenilce, poslabšamo gnezdilne razmere in pospešujemo pogostejše pojavljanje plenilcev gnezd, ki se gibljejo po cestah (lisica, jazbec). Graditvi ceste sledita intenzivna sečnja in pomlajevanje
20
starega gozda. Zelo moteča je že sama graditev. Pogosto povzroči tudi razmah izletništva in razširitev njegovega vpliva na večje območje. Vplivi cest pa niso vedno le negativni. Čas (2006) meni, da se habitat ob primerni rabi (mir) in bolj sonaravnem gospodarjenju z gozdom v današnjih sklenjenih gozdnih krajinah ob pomanjkanju optimalnega, okoli pet odstotnega deleža jas, lahko izboljša.
4.3.  Drugi možni dejavniki, ki lahko vplivajo na opuščanje rastišč
Na opuščanje rastišč so lahko vplivali tudi dejavniki, ki v raziskavo niso bili vključeni. Mnogi avtorji poudarjajo pomen zadostnega deleža starega gozda (Adamič 1987, Čas 1999b & 2006, Purnat 2002, Saniga 2003, Miettinen et al. 2005). Ta parameter v pričujočo raziskavo ni bil vključen neposredno, zato o njegovem pomenu lahko le ugibamo. Lahko pa predpostavljamo, da je graditev gozdnih cest usmerjena predvsem na doslej težje dostopna območja z večjo lesno zalogo, zato domnevava, da se površina od človeka odmaknjenega starega gozda zmanjšuje. S tem se zmanjšuje tudi površina ustreznega habitata divjega petelina.
Drugi dejavnik, ki bi lahko vplival na divjega petelina, so plenilci. Divjega petelina in/ali njegova gnezda plenijo predvsem lisica Vulpes vulpes, kuna zlatica Martes martes, kuna belica Martes foina, jazbec Meles meles, divji prašič Sus scrofa, rjavi medved Ursus arctos, kragulj Accipiter gentilis, planinski orel Aquila chrisaetos in vrani (Corvidae) (Saniga 2003, Storch et al. 2005). Storch (2000) poudarja tudi problem potepuških domačih mačk in psov. V raziskavo ta parameter ni bil vključen, saj bi vpliv plenilcev za vsako posamezno rastišče zelo težko izmerili. Verjetno pa tudi na obravnavanem območju veljajo ugotovitve analize Časa (2006), ki potrjuje občasno negativen cikličen vpliv lisice in obeh vrst kun in po letu 1963 negativno korelacijo s pojavljanjem divjega prašiča.
4.4.  Predlogi za varstvo divjega petelina
Divjega petelina ogrožajo številni dejavniki hkrati, zato je njihov negativni učinek še toliko večji. Zdi se, da je zaradi hitrega opuščanja rastišč obstoj divjega petelina na obravnavanem območju negotov. Podobno za Slovenijo na osnovi fuktuacij številčnosti in spreminjanja strukture gozdov ugotavlja tudi Čas (2006). Napoveduje skrčitev areala na območja v pasu med 1200 in 1700 m nm.v. in izginjanje vrste, če ne bomo uresničevali posebnih gozdnogospodarskih ukrepov.
Acrocephalus 29 (13e): 13-22, 2008
Rezultati najine raziskave ka`ejo, da je eden pomembnej{ih dejavnikov ogro`anja nemir. Divji petelin je nanj najbolj ob~utljiv v ~asu prezimovanja, rastitve, valjenja in vodenja mladi~ev (Storch 2000), torej vsaj od januarja do julija. V tem ~asu bi zato morali na {ir{em obmo~ju rasti{~ vzpostaviti mirne cone. Izogibati bi se morali gozdarskim, turisti~nim in rekreativnim dejavnostim ter nabiralni{tvu, kolikor le mogo~e. Za uresni~evanje tega ukrepa bi bila nujna u~inkovita zapora gozdnih cest.
Druge raziskave poudarjajo tudi velik pomen ohranjanja dovolj velikih povr{in oziroma dele`a starega me{anega ali iglastega gozda (nad 60% gozdnih povr{in z dovolj visokim, najbolje z nad 60–95% dele`em iglavcev; Čas 2006) in omejitev se~nje na dalj{e intervale, npr. 10 let in ve~ (Adamič 1987, Čas 1996 & 2006). Meniva, da se pri tem premalo upo{teva, da je doma~i okoli{ divjega petelina velik nekaj 100 ha (Storch 1995), zato varovanje samo o`jega obmo~ja rasti{~ ne zadostuje, ampak mora zajeti celotno gozdno obmo~je rasti{~ skupaj s povr{ino znotraj polmera vsaj 1000 m okoli rasti{~a. Sanica (2003) ugotavlja, da je za obstoj rasti{~a potrebnih vsaj 300 do 400 ha ustreznega habitata. Storch (1995) predlaga varovanje habitata znotraj polmera 3 do 4 km okoli rasti{~.
Divji petelin je v veliki meri ogro`en zaradi ~lovekovih aktivnosti. Za uresni~evanje varovanja je zato zelo pomembno informiranje vseh, ki kakorkoli posegajo v njegov `ivljenjski prostor. To so predvsem lastniki gozdov, gozdarji, planinci in lovci.
Zahvala: Za sodelovanje pri raziskavi se zahvaljujeva lovcem lovskih dru`in Sovodenj, @iri, Gorenja vas, Poljane, [kofja Loka, Polhov Gradec, Dobrova, Medvode, @elezniki, Sorica, Cerkno, Otavnik in Podbrdo in gozdarjem kraj evnih enot Zavoda za gozdove Slovenije Poljane, Cerkno in Ljubljana. Posebna zahvala za pomo~ in naklonjenost tovrstnim raziskavam gre lovcu Ladu Dolencu. Za pomo~ pri obdelavi podatkov v GIS se zahvaljujeva Toma`u Skrbin{ku. Recenzentoma se zahvaljujeva za koristne pripombe.
5. Summary
In the Škofja Loka mountains about one half of the Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus leks known in the 1980s still remained active in 2005–2007. However, in the Slovenian pre-Alpine mountains of Cerkno and Polhov Gradec, the number of active leks had declined by 90 and 100%, respectively. We searched for parameters associated with the abandonment and retention of sites at 40 leks (surveyed in 1999 and 2005–2007).
The parameters were measured within 1000 m from the centres of the leks. Logistic regression was used to model the infuence of parameters on the presence at and abandonment of leks. Parameters with signifcant infuence in 1999 were (1) human disturbance, (2) forest edge length, and (3) the proportion of coniferous forest. In addition, (4) altitude and (5) forest cover were shown to be important in 2005–2007. Generally, the Capercaillie persisted closer to the Alps, at higher altitudes, at sites not completely covered by forest, but at the same time having a shorter forest edge than the abandoned sites, at sites with a higher proportion of coniferous forest and low degree of disturbance. The main sources of disturbance during the breeding season are timber-cutting and various forms of recreation, in some areas also blueberry picking. The greatest single impact on the Capercaillie habitat was the construction of the Cerkno Ski Centre at ^rni vrh in the 1980s, which led to the abandonment of the once strongest lek in the region.
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Arrived / Prispelo: 26.12.2007 Accepted / Sprejeto: 5.12.2008
Acrocephalus 29 (13e): 23-3I, 2008
Ekolo{ke zahteve ~rno~elega srakoperja Lanius minor v gnezditvenem habitatu na Šentjernejskem polju (JV Slovenija)
Ecological demands of the Lesser Grey Shrike Lanius minor in its breeding habitat at [entjernejsko polje (SE Slovenia)
Andrej Hudoklin
Zavod RS za varstvo narave, OE Novo mesto, Adami~eva 2, SI-8000 Novo mesto, e-mail: andrej.hudoklin@zrsvn.si
V gnezdilni sezoni 2005 je avtor za na~rtovanje varstvenih ukrepov ugotavljal ekolo{ke zahteve gnezdilne kolonije 4 parov ~rno~elih srakoperjev Lanius minor v Ostrogu na obrobju SPA Krakovski gozd-[entjernejsko polje. Na obmo~ju je zabele`ena edina vitalna populacija 6 do 15 parov v Sloveniji. Ptice so 90% hrane v ~asu intenzivnega hranjenja mladi~ev nalovile v bli`nji okolici gnezd, na povr{ini 2.3 do 3.7 ha. Za gnezdenje so bili klju~ni travni{ki sadovnjaki (1.2%), za prehrano pa zelenjavni vrtovi in njive z raznovrstnimi posevki (80.2%) ter ko{eni travniki (13.0%) na obrobju vasi. V prehrani so prevladovale velike travni{ke `u`elke. Najve~ lovnih dogodkov je bilo zabele`enih v zraku (49.0%), na vrti~kih in njivah (33.3%) ter travnikih (17.6%). Najpogosteje uporabljene pre`e so bili elektri~ni vodniki (35.5%), drevesa (33.6%) in podporni elementi v kmetijstvu (25.9%).
Klju~ne besede: ~rno~eli srakoper, Lanius minor, ekologija, gnezditvena biologija, [entjernejsko polje, varstvo
Key words: Lesser Grey Shrike, Lanius minor, ecology, breeding biology, [entjernejsko polje, SE Slovenia, conservation
1. Uvod
^rno~eli srakoper Lanius minor je poletni obiskovalec ve~jega dela ju`ne in vzhodne Evrope. Njegova populacija je ocenjena na najmanj 620000 parov, od katerih jih ve~ kot polovica gnezdi v Romuniji (BirdLife International 2004).
Selitev iz prezimovali{~ v Afriki na gnezdi{~a poteka v za~etku maja, jesenska selitev pa se za~ne `e konec julija. ^rno~eli srakoper naseljuje obmo~ja tople klime, s prevladujo~imi su{nimi in son~nimi poletji. Za gnezdenje mu najbolj ustreza mozai~na kulturna krajina z ekstenzivnimi kmetijskimi povr{inami. Hrani se predvsem z ve~jimi `u`elkami, ki jih lovi z izpostavljenih pre`. ^rno~eli srakoperji pogosto oblikujejo manj{e skupine do 10 parov, ki se skupaj selijo in gnezdijo (Cramp & Perrins 1993).
V zadnjih desetletjih je bil v ve~ini evropskih dr`av zabele`en mo~an upad {tevil~nosti in areala vrste (Lefranc 1995, BirdLife International 2004), kar
opa`amo tudi pri nas. ^rno~eli srakoper je trenutno ena najbolj ogro`enih ptic kmetijske krajine v Sloveniji. Rde~i seznam pti~ev gnezdilcev Slovenije (Uradni list RS 2002) ga uvr{~a med kriti~no ogro`ene vrste (kategorija E1). Slovenska populacija je ocenjena na 10-20 parov (BirdLife International 2004). Edina ve~ja lokalna populacija, ki {teje 6-15 parov (Bo`i~ 2003), je bila zabele`ena na [entjernejskem polju oziroma v {ir{i okolici Krakovskega gozda. Posamezne gnezde~e pare v bli`ini te populacije najdemo {e ob reki Sotli (Denac 2000, lastni podatki) in reki Kolpi v Beli krajini (Kmecl 2001, Vukeli~ 2001 L. Bo`i~ osebno, lastni podatki).
Zavod RS za varstvo narave, Obmo~na enota Novo mesto, je v sodelovanju z DOPPS in Prirodoslovnim muzejem Slovenije opravil monitoring gnezdenja ~rno~elih srakoperjev v vasi Ostrog na [entjernejskem polju. Cilj opazovanja je bilo spoznavanje ekolo{kih zahtev vrste v gnezditvenem in prehranjevalnem habitatu,   in   sicer   zaradi   na~rtovanja   varstvenih
A. Hudoklin: Ekolo{ke zahteve ~rno~elega srakoperja Lanius minor v gnezditvenem habitatu na Šentjernejskem polju (JV Slovenija)
Slika 1: Lokacije in prehranjevalni okoli{i gnezd 1, 2 in 4 Figure 1: Locations and feeding ranges of nests 1, 2 and 4
ukrepov za ohranitev vrste. Obenem smo si prizadevali, da varstveno problematiko ~rno~elega srakoperja pribli`amo lokalnemu prebivalstvu.
2. Opis obravnavanega obmo~ja in metode
2.1. Opis obravnavanega obmo~ja
Ostrog je zna~ilna ravninska vas na [entjernejskem polju, ki je del panonske Kr{ke ravni v JV Sloveniji. Obrobje vasi zaznamujejo {tevilni visokodebelni sadovnjaki, vrti~ki in njive z razli~nimi posevki ter travniki. Raz~lenjeno va{ko obrobje prehaja proti osrednjemu delu polja v intenzivno kmetijsko obmo~je, ki je bilo med letoma 1980 in 1990 hidromeliorirano. Ti posegi so mo~no razvrednotili krajinsko in ekolo{ko podobo [entjernejskega polja. Ve~ja stopnja ekstenzivnosti in krajinske pestrosti je prepoznavna v poplavnem pasu ob Krki ter v okolici vasi (Hudoklin 1999, Hudoklin 2000). Kljub prevladujo~emu intenzivnemu kmetijstvu presene~a
pojavljanje nekaterih ogro`enih vrst gnezdilcev, zna~ilnih za ekstenzivno kmetijsko krajino: bela {torklja Ciconia ciconia, jerebica Perdix perdix, prepelica Coturnix coturnix, smrdokavra Upupa epops, vijeglavka Jinx torquilla, pisana penica Sylvia nisoria in veliki strnad Miliaria calandra. Na posameznih lokacijah [entjernejskega polja so bili zabele`eni tudi redki gnezdilci, kot so kosec Crex crex, pegasta sova Tyto alba, veliki skovik Otus scops in ~uk Athene noctua (Hudoklin 2000), na selitvi pa so bile opazovane tudi ju`ne postovke Falco naumanni ([ere 2000, [tumberger 2002).
Ve~ji del [entjernejskega polja je bil opredeljen kot mednarodno pomembno obmo~je za ptice – IBA (Polak 2000), po naravovarstveni zakonodaji kot ekolo{ko pomembno obmo~je, njegov severni del pa tudi kot del obmo~ja Natura 2000, posebno obmo~je varstva (SPA) Krakovski gozd–[entjernejsko polje (Bo`i~ 2003). Strokovni predlog obmo~ja SPA je bil ob sprejemanju Uredbe (Uradni list RS 2004) zaradi nasprotovanja Ob~ine [entjernej na [entjernejskem
Acrocephalus 29 (13e): 23-3I, 2008
Tabela 1: Zna~ilnosti gnezdi{~ ~rno~elega srakoperja Lanius minor na Šentjernejskem polju Table 1: Characteristics of the Lesser Grey Shrike Lanius minor nest-sites at Šentjernejsko polje
Gnezdo {t./ Nest no.
Vrsta drevesa/ Tree species
Vi{ina od tal (m)/ Height from ground (m)
Položaj na drevesu/ Position in tree
I	dob Quercus robur	8	stranska veja / side branch
2	oreh Juglans regia	4	stranska veja / side branch
3	jablana Malus domestica	6	vrh kro{nje / tree top
4	jablana Malus domestica	5	razvejitev debla / trunk fork
polju po obsegu mo~no skr~en. Iz predlaganega obmo~ja SPA je bil izlo~en bistveni del habitata ~rno~elega srakoperja, vklju~no z vasjo Ostrog.
2.2. Metode
Monitoring gnezdenja ~rno~elih srakoperjev smo opravili v vasi Ostrog na [entjernejskem polju, kjer smo v za~etku maja 2005 po prihodu ptic opazili, da kolonijsko gnezdijo {tirje pari. Ptice smo opazovali od za~etka maja do konca julija 2005. Skupaj smo opravili 13 opazovalnih dni, v povpre~ju enega na teden. Terensko delo je obsegalo bele`enje dogajanja na gnezdih, ugotavljanje velikosti prehranjevalnega okoli{a s spremljanjem lokacij lovnih mest ter rabe razpolo`ljivih pre`. V ~asu obiskov smo vsaj 30 minut bele`ili aktivnosti na gnezdu in v prehranjevalnem habitatu, 23.6.2005, v ~asu intenzivnega hranjenja mladi~ev, pa od 12.00 do 18.00 h na treh gnezdih (1, 2, 4). S teleskopom smo sku{ali prepoznavati vrstno oziroma {ir{o taksonomsko pripadnost plena srakoperjev.
Po opravljenem terenskem delu smo izrisali velikost prehranjevalnih teritorijev kot minimalni konveksni poligon (Kenward 1987) na podlagi zabele`enih lovilnih mest s programsko opremo ArcView 3.1 (ESRI), na digitalnem ortofoto sloju (DOF050) ter analizirali rabo kmetijskih zemlji{~ v prehranjevalnih okoli{ih ~rno~elega srakoperja s pomo~jo zajema rabe kmetijskih zemlji{~ (MKGP 2006).
3. Rezultati
3.1. Zna~ilnosti kolonije in fenologija gnezdenja
Na severnem obrobju vasi Ostrog smo v visokodebelnem sadovnjaku zabele`ili kolonijsko gnezdenje 4 parov ~rno~elih srakoperjev. Tr i gnezda (1, 2, 3) so si bila razmeroma blizu, med sabo oddaljena dobrih 50 metrov, ~etrto pa je bilo od jedra kolonije oddaljeno 200 metrov (slika 1). Najbli`ji sosednji gnezdi sta bili registrirani
v [entjakobu (1 km) in Dolenji Stari vasi (3 km). Na celotnem obmo~ju je bilo v gnezdilni sezoni zabele`enih 12 do 13 gnezd (monitoring DOPPS; Rubini~ 2005). Zna~ilnosti gnezdilnih lokacij prikazuje tabela 1.
Podrobneje smo si ogledali zgradbo gnezda 2. Narejeno je bilo v obliki skodelice s premerom 15 cm in vi{ine 8 cm, gnezdilna jamica pa je bila {iroka 11 cm in globoka 4 cm. Notranje stene so bile spletene iz tankih stebel trav, ki so povezovale manj{a pti~ja peresa ter drobne nitke plasti~nih vrvic. Zunanja struktura gnezda je bila bolj robata, spletena iz debelej{ih trav, dolgih 15 do 25 cm. Plast gnezditvenega materiala v dnu gnezda je bila prepojena z blatom, ki je rabilo kot vezivo za pritrditev na veje dreves.
^rno~eli srakoperji so gnezdilne teritorije zasedli sredi maja. Prve osebke smo opazili 13. maja. V drugi polovici maja so se srakoperji posve~ali formiranju gnezdilnih teritorijev in graditvi gnezd. Prva polovica junija je bila namenjena valjenju, druga polovica meseca pa intenzivnemu hranjenju mladi~ev. Konec junija so bili mladi~i v ve~ini gnezd `e operjeni, postopno so zapu{~ali gnezda in se {e zadr`evali v njihovi okolici. V za~etku julija so zapustili gnezdilni teritorij in se zadr`evali na travnikih severno od Ostroga.
V treh gnezdih ({t. 2, 3 in 4) je bilo skupaj speljanih najmanj 7 mladi~ev. Na dobu (gnezdo {t. 1) nismo registrirali mladi~ev, pod njim smo na{li le lupine jajc, po ~emer pa {e ne moremo z gotovostjo sklepati, da so bili tudi tu uspe{no izvaljeni.
Med spremljanjem gnezdenja ~rno~elih srakoperjev v ~asu hranjenja mladi~ev smo zabele`ili, da so se samci in samice izmenjavali pri varovanju gnezd. Opazili smo, da so se samice ve~ji del ~asa zadr`evale v bli`ini gnezd, samci pa so jim med tem prina{ali hrano. Pari so svoja gnezda agresivno branili pred potencialnimi plenilci. Ve~krat smo bili pri~a, kako so preganjali {oje Garrulus glandarius ali srake Pica pica , ki so se pojavljale v bli`ini gnezd. Nobeno od gnezd v ~asu opazovanja ni bilo plen predatorja. Doma~ini so povedali, da se je med plezanjem k enemu izmed gnezd par za~el najprej vznemirjeno ogla{ati, nato pa zaletavati v vsiljivca.
A. Hudoklin: Ekolo{ke zahteve ~rno~elega srakoperja Lanius minor v gnezditvenem habitatu na Šentjernejskem polju (JV Slovenija)
Tabela 2: Pregled opazovanj gnezditvene kolonije ~rno~elih srakoperjev Lanius minor v vasi Ostrog na [entjernejskem polju leta 2005
Table 2: An overview of the observations of the Lesser Grey Shrike Lanius minor breeding colony in the village of Ostrog at [entjernejsko polje in 2005
Datum / Date      Opazovanje / Observation
2.5.2005        Preverili smo lokacije gnezd iz preteklih let, ptic nismo opazili.
13.5.2005        V Ostrogu smo opazovali dva samca in eno samico. Pobirali so travne bilke in jih nosili na dob. Samca sta se nekajkrat spopadla.
19.5.2005        Opazovali smo dva para, ki sta se hranila na poko{enem travniku. Samca sta se teritorialno vedla.
20.5.2005        Opazovali smo dva para na poko{enem travniku in vrti~ku. Opa`en je bil poskus parjenja. Na vzhodnem delu vasi smo zabele`ili {e en par.
26.5.2005        Na{li smo gnezda opazovanih parov: gnezdo na dobu (1), na orehu (2) in na jablani (4). Pari so bili opa`eni v bli`nji okolici gnezd.
2.6.2005        Samice so v vseh gnezdih valile, samci pa so v bli`nji okolici lovili hrano in jo prina{ali tudi samicam.
10.6.2005        Valjenje je potekalo v podobnem ritmu kot on zadnjem obisku.
20.6.2005        V gnezdu 4 so bili mladi~i izvaljeni, na gnezdu 1 in 2 so samice {e valile.
23.6.2005        Na gnezdih 4 in 2 sta para izmenoma hranila mladi~e, na gnezdu 1 {e niso bili izvaljeni. Na{li smo gnezdo 3, v njem je bil izvaljen vsaj en mladi~.
30.6.2005        Po neurju s to~o smo preverili stanje. Gnezdo 1: prazno, pod njim so bile jaj~ne lupine. Gnezdo 2:
mladi~i so bili v gnezdu. Gnezdo 4: odnesel ga je veter, najmanj dva mladi~a sta bila v kro{nji. Gnezdo 3: prazno, mladi~i so bili na drevesu.
4.7.2005        Ob gnezdu 3 in 4 so se zadr`evali mladi~i, ki so jih star{i hranili. Na gnezdih 1 in 2 in ptic nismo
opazili. Opa`eni na travnikih severno od vasi. 17.7.2005        Ptic v okolic gnezd nismo opazili. 25.7.2005        Ptic na obmo~ju [entjernejskega polja nismo opazili.
Na splo{no pa se ~rno~eli srakoperji niso kaj dosti zmenili za doma~ine, ki so obdelovali vrtove ali njive v neposredni bli`ini njihovih pre` (tabela 2).
3.2. Velikost prehranjevalnega okoli{a
Opazovanja so pokazala, da imajo ptice v ~asu intenzivnega hranjenja mladi~ev pre`e in lovne dogodke skoncentrirane v bli`nji okolici gnezd, v razdalji do 200 metrov (slika 2). Najbolj pogosto obiskane pre`e so bile od gnezda oddaljene 50 do 60 metrov, le redko so poleteli dlje na odprto polje. Velikosti prehranjevalnih okoli{ev v primeru opazovanih gnezd so zna{ale: 3.7 ha - gnezdo 1; 3.2 ha - gnezdo 2; in 2.3 ha - gnezdo 4 (slika 2).
Prehranjevalni okoli{i ~rno~elih srakoperjev so se v primeru gnezd 1, 2 in 3 delno prekrivali. Pri tem v ~asu hranjenja mladi~ev ni bilo videti teritorialnih spopadov med osebki, zato pa je bilo ve~ spopadov opa`enih med samci v ~asu zasedanja teritorijev in graditve gnezd. Lokacije prehranjevalnih okoli{ev se niso bistveno spremenile tudi potem, ko so bili mladi~i `e speljani, saj so se ti praviloma zadr`evali v kro{njah sosednjih dreves, pa~ pa so se pove~ale njihove velikosti, saj so star{i zaradi ve~jega obsega poko{enih
travnikov letali tudi dlje. V za~etku julija so se dru`ine z mladi~i pomaknile v osrednji del [entjernejskega polja, na katerem je v tem ~asu prevladoval preplet poko{enih travnikov, kot pre`e pa so uporabljali vodnike elektri~ne napeljave, elektri~ne drogove, posami~na drevesa in `ive meje v odprti krajini.
3.3. Struktura rabe kmetijskih zemlji{~ prehranjevalnega okoli{a
Vpogled v strukturo rabe kmetijskih zemlji{~ je pokazal, da klju~ni del prehranjevalnega okoli{a sestavljajo njive in vrtovi (80.2%), ki jih je na obrobju vasi zaznamoval preplet razli~nih posevkov, kot denimo krompir, pesa, korenje ter ve~ zelenjavnih vrti~kov, ob katerih so imele ptice najve~ pre`. Veliko manj{i dele` so sestavljali travniki (12.9%). Ti so bili za ptice privla~ni takoj po ko{nji, ko so nanje prileteli tudi sosednji pari. Ekstenzivni travni{ki sadovnjaki na obrobju vasi ter posamezna drevesa z lokacijami gnezd so bili zastopani z minimalnim dele`em (1.2%). Dele` pozidanih zemlji{~ (5.2%) so v ve~ji meri sestavljali gospodarski objekti, kot so kozolci, podi in hlevi na obrobju vasi (tabela 3).
Acrocephalus 29 (13e): 23-3I, 2008
Tabela 3: Kmetijska raba gnezditvenih okoli{ev ~rno~elega srakoperja Lanius minor na [entjernejskem polju (V Slovenija) Table 3: Land use in the Lesser Grey Shrike Lanius minor breeding ranges at [entjernejsko polje (E Slovenia)
Gnezdo / Nest		i		2	m2	4	Skupaj m2	/ Total
Raba – Povr{ina/ Land use – Surface area	m2	%	m2	%		%		%
njive in vrtovi/ fields and gardens	35838	95.5	25561	80.1	12914	55.5	74313	80.2
ekstenzivni sadovnjaki/ extensively farmed orchards					1104	4.7	1104	1.2
travniki in pa{niki/ meadows and pastures	1231	3.2	4036	12.6	6773	29.1	12046	12.9
drevesa in grmi/ trees and bushes	417	i.i					417	O.4
pozidana zemlji{~a/ urban areas	28	0.07	2303	7.2	2491	10.7	4822	5.2
Skupaj / Total	37514	100.0	31900	100,0	23281	IOO.O	92702	100,0
Tabela 4: Primerjava kmetijske rabe gnezditvenih okoli{ev ~rno~elega srakoperja Lanius minor s celotnim va{kim okoli{em vasi Ostrog na [entjernejskem polju
Table 4: Comparison of land use in the Lesser Grey Shrike Lanius minor breeding ranges with land use in the entire area of the village of Ostrog at [entjernejsko polje (E Slovenia)
Gnezdilni okoli{i/ Breeding ranges
Raba – Povr{ina/ Land use – Surface area
m2
njive in vrtovi/ fields and gardens
travniki in pa{niki/ meadows and pastures
ekstenzivni sadovnjaki/ extensively farmed orchards
74313
1104
12046
Skupaj / Total
87471
%
85
14
Okolica vasi - pas 200 m/
Village surroundings
– 200 m belt
m2
272230
84167
5570
361967
%
76
23
Struktura rabe v prehranjevalnih okoli{ih opazovanih gnezd v primerjavi s strukturo rabe celotnega va{kega okoli{a v oddaljenosti do cca. 200 metrov od vasi, ki ponazarja potencialni prehranjevalni habitat ptic, se razlikuje od prevladujo~ega vzorca, pri katerem je dele` njiv in vrtov na ra~un travnikov nekoliko manj{i (tabela 4).
3.4. Raba pre` in prehrana
Pri lovu so ~rno~eli srakoperji uporabljali razli~ne pre`e, kot so: f`olovke, koli~ki za paradi`nike, elektri~ni drogovi in vodniki elektri~ne napeljave, podporni stebri in ograje vrtov ter pa{nikov, izpostavljene veje dreves
in grmov ter senene kopice. Raba pre` 23.6.2005 med 12.00 in 18.00 h je predstavljena v tabeli 5.
Najpogosteje uporabljene pre`e so bili elektri~ni vodniki (35.5%), ki potekajo po obrobju vasi. Primerljivo vlogo so imela tudi drevesa, kar {e zlasti velja za gnezdi 1 in 4, v primeru katerih sta bila najpogosteje obiskani izpostavljeni sadni drevesi, oddaljeni okoli 50 metrov od gnezda. Podporni elementi v kmetijstvu so bili najpogosteje obiskani na gnezdu 1, kar 44%, ob~utno manj pa v primeru preostalih dveh gnezd.
Med opazovanjem 23.6.2005 smo zabele`ili 51 lovnih dogodkov (tabela 6), ki jih lahko v ve~ji meri  pripi{emo samcem. Pribli`no  polovica  ulova
1
1
100
100
A. Hudoklin: Ekolo{ke zahteve ~rno~elega srakoperja Lanius minor v gnezditvenem habitatu na Šentjernejskem polju (JV Slovenija)
Tabela 5: Raba pre` posameznih parov ~rno~elega srakoperja Lanius minor (23.6.2005) Table 5: Use of perches by individual Lesser Grey Shrike Lanius minor pairs (23 Jun 2005)
[t. gnezda / Nest No.		I		2		4	Skupaj / Total
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n                %
drevesa in grmi / trees and bushes	6	22.2	20	35.7	9	42.8	35             33-6
elektri~ni vodniki/ power lines	9	33-3	i8	32.1	10	47.6	37             35.5
podporni elementi v							
kmetijstvu / supporting	12	44-4	13	23.2	2	9.5	27             25.9
agricult. structures							
stavbe / buildings			5	8.9			5              4.0
Skupaj / Total	27	IOO	56	IOO	21	IOO	104               IOO
so ~rno~eli srakoperji opravili v zraku (49%). Druga polovica ulova je bila zabele`ena na tleh, pri tem je bilo ve~ plena ujetega na vrti~kih in njivah (33%), ki   tudi   povr{insko   prevladujejo   v   strukturi   rabe
Slika 2: Primer dolo~itve prehranjevalnega okoli{a gnezda (para) 2 z vrisanimi preleti med gnezdom in pre`ami
Figure 2: An example of the nest (pair) 2 feeding range determination with depicted fights between nest and perches
kmetijskih zemlji{~. Manj{e `u`elke so pojedli takoj, z ve~jimi so se vra~ali na isto ali sosednjo pre`o, kjer so jih pojedli ali pa odnesli na gnezdo. [tevilo pre` v gnezditvenem habitatu na obrobju vasi je zadovoljivo, v odprti krajini pa zaradi opravljenih kmetijskih operacij primanjkujejo.
S pomo~jo teleskopa smo lahko zabele`ili, da so v prehrani prevladovale velike travni{ke `u`elke. Med njimi smo prepoznali najve~ kobilic (rod Tettigonia), hro{~ev (rod Melolontha), in poljskih murnov Gryllus campestris, posami~ pa tudi bramorje Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, razli~ne metulje Lepidoptera in nedolo~ljive li~inke `u`elk. Pri paru iz gnezda {t. 4 smo opazili tudi za~asno shranjevanja plena na odvr`enih vejah robinije Robinia pseudacacia, kjer je bil dvakrat na trn naboden poljski muren.
4. Diskusija
Z opazovanji smo potrdili nekatere znane ekolo{ke zahteve, zna~ilnosti prehranjevalnega okoli{a in dejstva iz gnezditvene biologije ~rno~elega srakoperja (Cramp & Perrins 1993, Kri{tín 1995, Lefranc 1997). Poleg tega smo zbrali podatke, ki so omogo~ili ocene velikosti prehranjevalnih okoli{ev gnezde~ih parov, ki jih v literaturi sicer redko zasledimo.
Povpre~na velikost prehranjevalnega okoli{a 3.09 ha (2.32-3.75 ha) se zelo pribli`a rezultatom, ki so jih v podobni raziskavi (Kri{tín 1995) zabele`ili na Slova{kem: 3.3 ha (1.9-5.2 ha). Ve~je razlike ka`e druga slova{ka {tudija (Wirtitsch et al. 2001), kjer so bili teritoriji povpre~no veliki 6.1 ha (2.9-14.6 ha). Zanimivo je, da so bili teritoriji kolonijskih gnezd na Slova{kem pomembno manj{i (3.91 ha) od osamljenih gnezd (9.27 ha), k ~emur se pribli`uje tudi velikosti razred na{ih opa`anj.
Acrocephalus 29 (136): 23-31, 2008
Tabela 6: Tip lova posameznih parov ~rno~elega srakoperja Lanius minor (23.6.2005) Table 6: Type of hunting by individual Lesser Grey Shrike Lanius minor pairs (23 Jun 2005)
[t. gnezda/ Nest No.                        1                               2                               4                      Skupaj / Total
n              %n           %                n              %              n              %
v zraku / in the air                    8            42.1              6           46.1             11            57.8            25            49.1
na tleh–njiva / on
10            52.6              6           46.1              1              5.2            17            33.3
ground–field
na tleh–travnik / on
1              5.2               1            7.0              7            36.8              9            17.6
ground–meadow
Skupaj / Total                         19             100             13           100            19             100             51             100
Prehranjevalni okoli{ gnezde~ih ~rno~elih srako-perjev je v Ostrogu sestavljal preplet njivskih povr{in, vrtov in travnikov ter v manj{i meri visokodebelnih sadovnjakov v neposredni okolici vasi. Analiza je pokazala, da so najpomembnej{a komponenta prehranjevalnega habitata njive in vrtovi, ki obsegajo kar 80.2% povr{in, enako pa velja za frekvenco lovnih dogodkov (tabela 6), vendar pa je ta manj{a, kot bi pri~akovali glede na povr{insko zastopanost. To najverjetneje kaže na velik pomen travnikov za prehrano ~rno~elih srakoperjev. Problemati~na je predvsem interpretacija prevladujo~ega ulova plena v zraku (49%), ki bi ga glede na pestro izmenjavo kultur (njive / travniki) lahko v ve~ji meri pripisali travni{kemu izvoru.
Dosedanja opa`anja drugih gnezd na [entjernejskem polju ka`ejo, da je njihova struktura podobna, saj so gnezda praviloma locirana v travni{kih sadovnjakih, drevoredih ali posameznih drevesih v bli`ini naselij in obdana z mozai~no kmetijsko krajino. Struktura habitata v Ostrogu, v kateri prevladujejo njive in vrtovi (80%) pred travniki (7.5%), se bistveno razlikuje od habitata stabilne populacije ~rno~elih srakoperjev v osrednjem delu Slova{ke (Wirtitsch et al. 2001). Zanjo je zna~ilen prevladujo~ dele` travnikov (63%) pred njivskimi povr{inami (20%). Podobno razmerje v korist travnikov poudarja tudi druga slova{ka {tudija (Kri{tín 1995), kjer je travnikov 58.6%, njiv pa le 7.5%. V obeh slova{kih primerih je tudi bistveno vi{ji dele` sadovnjakov. Morda je ravno to razlaga, zakaj je na{a populacija tako majhna in zakaj so primeri kolonijskega gnezdenja tako redki. Kolonijsko gnezdenje je sicer ugodno, vendar ni mogo~e, ~e hrane ni dovolj.
Kolonijsko gnezdenje ~rno~elih srakoperjev na [entjernejskem polju doslej {e ni bilo zabele`eno. Pred tem smo sicer nekajkrat na{li dve gnezdi, med seboj oddaljeni od 100 do 250 metrov (lastni podatki, L. Bo`i~ osebno). Kolonijsko gnezdenje je morda
prilagoditev na relativno {tevilne potencialne plenilce. Na Slova{kem se je ob spremljanju gnezdenja pokazalo, da so najpogostej{i plenilci gnezd ~rno~elega srakoperja srake (Kri{tín et al. 2000). Sraka je pogosta gnezdilka tudi na [entjernejskem polju. V radiju 500 metrov od gnezde~e kolonije smo zabele`ili pet aktivnih gnezd. V ~asu na{ih opazovanj so srake ve~krat neuspe{no ogro`ale gnezda. Kolonijsko gnezdenje lahko zmanj{a plenjenje, saj skupinska varnost omogo~a bolj{e zaznavanje potencialnih plenilcev, u~inkovitej{o obrambo in njihovo odvra~anje (Kri{tín et al. 2000).
V letih pred 2005 smo v Ostrogu le enkrat zabele`ili gnezdo ~rno~elega srakoperja, vendar na povsem drugem koncu vasi. Sistemati~na spremljanja ~rno~elih srakoperjev na [entjernejskem polju ka`ejo, da populacija v zaporednih sezonah za gnezdenje praviloma izbira razli~ne lokacije, bodisi v okviru iste vasi bodisi v sosednjih vaseh. Izjeme so redke – npr. Groblje in Hrva{ki Brod, kjer so bila gnezda ve~krat na istem drevesu (L. Bo`i~ osebno, lastni podatki). To je v nasprotju z opazovanji v osrednjem delu Slova{ke (Kri{tín et al. 2007), kjer je bila z obro~kanjem potrjena visoka stopnja zvestobe o`jim gnezditvenim obmo~jem, saj je velik del ptic ve~ let zapored gnezdil na istem ali sosednjem drevesu.
Upad populacije ~rno~elega srakoperja na [entjernejskem polju je najverjetneje posledica degradacije oziroma intenziviranja kmetijske krajine, s ~imer se posledi~no slab{ajo habitatske razmere za ptice. Podobne ugotovitve prina{a tudi monitoring reliktne avstrijske populacije zlatovrank Coracias garrulus (Sackl et al. 2004), ki ima primerljiv prehranski spekter `u`elk kot ~rno~eli srakoper, njena populacija pa je v Sloveniji na robu izumrtja. [tevilne zahodnoevropske raziskave dokazujejo, da je z izgubo in degradacijo ekstenzivne kulturne krajine nelo~ljivo povezan tudi upad `u`elk, kot so metulji, hro{~i Coleoptera in kobilice Saltatoria, te pa so klju~ne v prehrani ptic (Kri{tín 1995, Robinson &
A. Hudoklin: Ekolo{ke zahteve ~rno~elega srakoperja Lanius minor v gnezditvenem habitatu na Šentjernejskem polju (JV Slovenija)
Sutherland 2002). Pri tem so {e posebej ob~utljive majhne in izolirane robne populacije, o kakr{ni govorimo na [entjernejskem polju, na katere imajo poleg degradacije habitata lahko pomemben vpliv tudi klimatske spremembe in naklju~ni dejavniki (Giralt & Valera 2006, Kry{tufek 1999).
Dolgoro~na ohranitev populacije ~rno~elih srakoperjev na [entjernejskem polju je glede na ekolo{ke zahteve vrste povezana s prilagajanjem kmetovanja tem zahtevam. To v praksi pomeni ohranjanje ali pove~evanje dele`a visokodebelnih sadovnjakov, predvsem pa ekstenzivnih kmetijskih povr{in, zlasti travnikov ter zmanj{anje uporabe biocidov. Glede na ekolo{ke zahteve vrste bi morali navedene ukrepe zagotavljati v neposredni okolici vasi, kjer ptice {e gnezdijo, pa tudi v drugih potencialnih habitatih, kjer je struktura gnezditvenega habitata vrste {e zadovoljivo ohranjena.
Edino orodje za zagotavljanje ugodnega stanja vrste, ki nam je ta trenutek na voljo, so fnan~ne podpore iz naslova Kmetijska okoljska pla~ila Ministrstva za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano ter vzpodbujanje lastnikov, da se v ~im ve~ji meri odlo~ijo zanje. @al podatki ka`ejo, da je malo lastnikov na obravnavanem obmo~ju vklju~enih v programe, ki neposredno podpirajo varstvene cilje vrste. Klju~nega pomena je primerna fnan~na motivacija lastnikov, za to pa bo treba pridobiti tudi fnan~ne vire na ravni Evropske unije.
Zahvala: Za sodelovanje pri opazovanju se zahvaljujem: Daretu [eretu (Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije), Ur{i Koce in Toma`u Miheli~u (DOPPS), u~encem Osnovne {ole [entjernej pod mentorstvom u~iteljice Marte Plevnik ter Vesni Ja}imovi} in Janezu Bo`i~u (Zavod RS za varstvo narave, OE Novo mesto), ki sta sodelovala tudi pri obdelavi podatkov; za pomo~ pri nastajanju ~lanka pa Luki Bo`i~u.
5. Summary
During the 2005 breeding season, ecological demands by the breeding colony of 4 Lesser Grey Shrike Lanius minor pairs were studied in the village of Ostrog on the very edge of SPA Krakovski gozd-[entjernejsko polje. In the area, the only vital population in Slovenia (6 to 15 pairs) was recorded. The birds acquired 90% of their food within a surface area between 2.3 and 3.7 ha in the immediate vicinity of their nests, while intensively feeding their chicks. Meadow orchards were signifcant for the birds’ breeding (1.19%), while the key part in their diet was provided by vegetable gardens and felds with diverse produce (80.16%) and mown meadows (12.99%) on the edge of the village.
Meadow insects formed the major part of their diet. The highest numbers of hunting events were recorded in the air (49%), in gardens and felds (33.3%), and in meadows (17.6%). The most frequently used perches were power lines (35.5%), trees (33.6%), and supporting agricultural structures (25.9%).
6. Literatura
BirdLife    International   (2004):    Birds    in    Europe:
population estimates, trends and  conservation status
(BirdLife   Conservation   Series   No.12).   -   BirdLife
International, Cambridge. Bo`i~, L. (2003): Mednarodno pomembna obmo~ja za
ptice v Sloveniji 2. Predlogi posebnih za{~itenih obmo~ij
(SPA). - DOPPS, Ljubljana. Cramp, S. & Perrins, M.C. (eds.) (1993): The Birds of the
Western Palearctic. Vol.VII. - Oxford University Press,
Oxford. Denac,   K.   (2000):   ^rno~eli   srakoper   Lanius   minor.
- Acrocephalus 22 (100): 165-168.
Giralt, D. &Valera, F. (2007): Population trends and spatial synchrony in peripheral populations of the endangered Lesser Grey Shrike in response to environmental change.
- Biodiversity and Conservation, in press (doi 10.1007/ s10531-006-9090-1).
Hudoklin, A. (1999): Ptice [entjernejskega polja. pp. 33-44
In: Zbornik `upnije [entjernej. - @upnija [entjernej. Hudoklin, A. (2000): Krakovski gozd. pp. 119-128 In:
Polak, S. (ed.): Mednarodno pomembna obmo~ja za
ptice v Sloveniji. – DOPPS, Ljubljana. Kenward, R. (1987): Wildlife Radio Tagging: Equipment,
Field Techniques and Data Analysis. - Academic Press,
London. Kmecl,   P.  (2001):   ^rno~eli  srakoper   Lanius  minor.   –
Acrocephalus 22 (106/107): 121-132. Kri{tín, A. (1995): Why the Lesser Grey Shrike (Lanius
minor) survives in Slovakia: food and habitat preferences,
breeding biology. - Folia zoologica 44 (4): 325-334. Kri{tín, A., Hoi, H., Valera, F. & Hoi, C. (2000): Breeding
biology and breeding success of the Lesser Grey Shrike
Lanius minor in a stable and dense population. - Ibis
141: 305-311. Kri{tín, A., Valera, F. & Hoi, H. (2007): Philopatry,
dispersal patterns and nest-site reuse in Lesser Grey
Shrikes (Lanius minor). - Biodiversity and Conservation,
in press (doi 10.1007/s10531-006-9019-8). Kry{tufek,   B.   (1999):   Osnove   varstvene   biologije.   -
Tehni{ka zalo`ba Slovenije, Ljubljana. Lefranc, N. (1997): Shrikes. A guide to the shrikes of the
world. - Pica Press, Sussex. MKGP (2006): Vektorska karta dejanske rabe kmetijskih in
gozdnih zemlji{~. - Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo
in prehrano, Ljubljana. Polak, S. (2000): Mednarodno pomembna obmo~ja za
ptice v Sloveniji. - DOPPS, Ljubljana. Robinson, R.A. & Sutherland, W.J. (2002): Post-war
changes in arable farming and biodiversity in Great
Britain. - J. Aplied Ecology 39: 157-176.
o
Acrocephalus 29 (136): 23-31, 2008
Rubini~, B. (2005): Monitoring populacij izbranih vrst ptic,
kon~no poro~ilo, projektna naloga za MOP. - DOPPS,
Ljubljana. Sackl, P. , Tiefenbach, M., Ilzer, W., Pfeiler, J. & Wieser,
B. (2004): Monitoring the Austrian relict population
of European Roller  Coracias garrulus – a review of
preliminary   data   and   conservation   implications.   -
Acrocephalus 25 (121) 51-57. [ere, D. (2000): Spremljanje stanja gnezdenja ju`ne postovke
(Falco naumanni): Krakovski gozd–[entjernejsko polje,
poro~ilo-elaborat.   -   Prirodoslovni   muzej   Slovenije,
Ljubljana. [tumberger   (2002):   Ju`na   postovka   Falco   naumanni.
– Acrocephalus 23 (110/111):51-52. Uradni list RS (2002): Pravilnik o uvrstitvi ogro`enih
rastlinskih in `ivalskih vrst v rde~i seznam (no. 82/02). Uradni list RS (2004): Uredba o posebnih varstvenih
obmo~jih (obmo~jih Natura 2000) (no. 49/04) Vukeli~, E. (2001): ^rno~eli srakoper Lanius minor. –
Acrocephalus 22 (106/107): 121-132. Wirtisch, M., Hof, H., Valera, F. & Kri{tín, A. (2001):
Habitat  composition  and  habitat  use  in  the  Lesser
Grey Shrike (Lanius minor). - Folia zoologica 50 (2):
137-150.
Arrived / Prispelo: 18.1.2006 Accepted / Sprejeto: 5.12.2008
Acrocephalus 29 (136): 33-37, 2008
Survey of Scops Owl Otus scops on the high karst grasslands of Sne`nik plateau (southern Slovenia)
Popis velikega skovika Otus scops na visokokra{kih travnikih Sne`ni{ke planote (ju`na Slovenija)
Miha Krofel
Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ve~na pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija, e-mail: miha.krofel@gmail.com
Eurasian Scops Owl Otus scops was surveyed on Sne`nik plateau in southern Slovenia, using the playback method. Only areas above 800 m a.s.l. were surveyed in order to confrm the presence of this presumed lowland species on high karst grasslands and to estimate their density. 10 calling males were recorded. Their average ecological density was 0.4 ind./km2, and ranged from 0 to 0.8 ind./km2 in four study areas. The highest locality with a recorded calling male was at 1070 m a.s.l. on Velika Milanja on Volovja reber ridge which is, according to available literature, the highest known locality of Scops Owl in Slovenia. In spite of the altitude, the high karst grasslands on Sne`nik plateau evidently present a suitable habitat for this species, as the densities of calling males are comparable to those reported from lowland areas of Slovenia.
Key words: Scops Owl, Otus scops, Sne`nik plateau, Slovenia, high karst grasslands, survey
Klju~ne besede: veliki skovik, Otus scops, Sne`ni{ka planota, Slovenija, visokokra{ki travniki, popis
1. Introduction
Scops Owl Otus scops is distributed mainly in the Mediterranean region (Mikkola 1983). In Europe, it is most common in southern regions, including some parts of Central Europe. It inhabits mainly semi-open cultural areas and normally avoids dense forests and open panoramas (Bavoux et al. 1997). The favoured breeding habitat of Scops Owl is believed to be areas of scattered broad-leaved trees (Mikkola 1983). It also frequents urban areas (Vrezec 2001), rocky hillsides, brushwood, vineyards (Galeotti & Gariboldi 1994) orchards, olive groves, parkland and open woodland (Mikkola 1983). The distribution of its territories appears to be affected also by inter-specifc interactions with other owls (Galeotti & Gariboldi 1994).
In Slovenia, the population size in 1995 was estimated at 500–800 breeding pairs, with the greater part occurring in SW Slovenia (Geister 1995). Later estimate is even higher at 800-1300 for years
1999 and 2000 (BirdLife International 2004). Relatively high breeding densities were later reported from Gori~ko district in the NE part of the country ([tumberger 2000). Several surveys have been carried out in Slovenia, e.g. on Ljubljansko barje (Senega~nik 1998, Denac 2000, Denac 2003), Jovsi (Gobec 2000) and Kras (Kmecl & [etina 2008). However, they were all confned to lowland areas and the species was considered to be a characteristic inhabitant of low country. In a review of the altitudinal distribution of owls in Slovenia, Tome (1996) described Scops Owl as occurring mainly at altitudes between 200 and 500 m a.s.l., with the highest location being recorded at 710 m a.s.l. However, there are reports of some areas outside Slovenia where the species was also recorded at higher localities (Cramp 1985).
During feldwork on Sne`nik plateau on 18 Apr 2007 I heard three calling males and one female Scops Owl at two locations, at 1070 and 840 m a.s.l. Given these interesting records at unusual altitudes I decided
M. Krofel: Survey of Scops Owl Otus scops on the high karst grasslands of Sne`nik plateau (southern Slovenia)
Figure 1: Locations of recorded calling males of Scops Owl Otus scops on the high karst grasslands above 800 m a.s.l. on Sne`nik plateau, southern Slovenia. The study area was divided into four parts as following: 1 – northwestern part (grasslands above Juri{~e and Koritnice), 2 – Volovja reber, 3 – Kozlek, 4 – southeastern part (pastures on Gure and Goljak).
Slika 1: Lokacije zabele`enih klico~ih samcev velikega skovika Otus scops na visokokra{kih travnikih nad 800 m na Sne`ni{ki planoti. Obmo~je raziskave je bilo razdeljeno na {tiri dele in sicer: 1 – severozahodni del (travniki nad Juri{~em in Koritnicami), 2 – Volovja reber, 3 – Kozlek, 4 – jugovzhodni del (pa{niki na Gurah in Goljaku).
to perform a survey of this species on the high karst grasslands of the Sne`nik plateau and determine the male densities in areas above 800 m a.s.l. During a study of breeding birds of Volovja reber in the western part of Sne`nik plateau, the Scops Owl was not recorded in higher areas, but only in a valley below the main ridge (Tome et al. 2003).
2. Study area and methods
2.1. Study area
Sne`nik plateau is a high karst massif located in the northern Dinaric Mountains in southern Slovenia. Together with neighbouring Javorniki and Gorski Kotar, it is one of the largest forest complexes in Central
Europe. Altitude ranges from approximately 600 m to the peak of Mount Sne`nik at 1796 m. Limestone and dolomite prevail in the area, and the relief shows typical karst phenomena, such as dolines, collapse dolines, uvalas, horizontal caves, vertical shafts, steep canyons, poljes, etc. (Perko & Oro`en Adami~ 1998). Surface water is rare as water runoff is largely underground. The climate is a mix of Mediterranean, continental and Atlantic infuences, with annual temperature averaging 5-8°C. During the breeding season of Scops Owls the average temperatures at 1000 m range between 6 and 15°C. The average annual precipitation is between 2000 and 3500 mm and normally reaches a peak in autumn.
Most of the area is covered by fr-beech association (Omphalodo-Fagetum), with four dominant tree species: Common Beech Fagus sylvatica, Silver Fir Abies alba, Norway spruce Picea abies, and Sycamore Maple Acer pseudoplatanus (Kordi{ 1993). The majority of the grasslands are located along the western and southern edges of the plateau. These are mostly dry, sub Mediterranean-Illyrian grasslands with prevailing Carici humilis-Centaureetum rupestris community. Some of them are grazed by sheep. The larger part of the study area, with the exception of Volovja reber, is included in SPA Sne`nik–Pivka and pSCI Javorniki– Sne`nik.
The survey was made on the western and southern parts of the plateau, where all the larger grasslands are located. The study area was divided into 4 parts according to the habitat characteristics and distribution of open and semi-open areas, (Figure 1, Table 1). As I was most interested in the occurrence of Scops Owls at higher areas, I surveyed only parts above 800 m a.s.l., although the distribution of Scops Owls continues into lower regions towards Pivka Valley in the west and Reka valley in the south.
2.2 Methods
I used the playback method according to Samwald & Samwald (1992), as used in previous surveys of Scops Owl in Slovenia ([tumberger 2000, Denac 2003, Kmecl & [etina 2008). Count points were spaced 500 to 1000 m apart and distributed so that most of the open and semi-open areas above 800 m a.s.l. were covered. The total number of count points was 34. At each count point I frst listened for spontaneously calling owls for at least two minutes, then used a playback of a male call for one to two minutes and waited at least three minutes for a response. The direction and estimated distance of each calling male was noted and marked on a 1:25.000 topographic map.
Acrocephalus 29 (13e): 33-37, 2008
il.
I.
6,Š

800-850    850-900    900-950   950-1000
Altitude / Nadmorska višina (m)
1000-1050       1050-1100
Figure 2: Altitudinal distribution of calling males of Scops Owls Otus scops on Sne`nik plateau (n=10). Slika 2: Vi{inska raz{irjenost klico~ih samcev velikega skovika Otus scops na Sne`ni{ki planoti (n=10).
The coordinates of each count point were determined using handheld GPS.
The survey was conducted on three nights in the second half of May 2007: 21-22, 22-23, and 30-31. I always started after 22.00 and fnished before 2.30 h. Dry and calm nights were selected for survey.
Data were analysed using ArcMap 9.2 (ESRI 2004). Densities of calling males were calculated with regard to the area of suitable habitats (ecological density) above the contour line of 800 m a.s.l. Suitable habitats were defned as open and semi-open areas, i.e. grasslands (including those with individual trees and small forest patches), shrubs and forest edge. These areas were determined with the help of aerial photographs of the study area (source: Geodetska uprava RS) and CORINE Land Cover 2000 maps of Europe (CLC 2000). Males recorded at localities below 800 m a.s.l. were not included in the calculation.
3. Results
10 calling males of Scops Owls were counted, three around Kozlek hill, four in the area of Volovja reber and three on the grasslands in the north-western part of the study area (above the villages Juri{~e and Koritnice). None were recorded on the pastures in the south-eastern part of the study area (Gure and Goljak). Five males were recorded calling spontaneously and fve responded to the playback.
The total area surveyed covered 25.58 km2. The average density of calling males for areas above 800 m a.s.l. was 0.4 ind./km2. If we exclude the pastures in
the south-eastern part, where no owls were recorded, the average density would be 0.6 ind./km2. The densities in the four surveyed parts ranged from 0 to 0.8 ind./km2, the highest density being recorded on Volovja reber (Table 1).
The altitudinal distribution of calling males in areas above 800 m a.s.l. is presented in Figure 2. The majority were recorded between 800 and 950 m a.s.l. The highest location of a calling male was at approximately 1070 m a.s.l. near the peak of Velika Milanja on Volovja reber.
Spontaneous callings of other owl species were recorded during the survey: two males and one female Tawny Owl Strix aluco, one male Ural Owl S. uralensis, and one male Tengmalm’s Owl Aegolius funereus.
4. Discussion
Several male Scops Owls were present in areas above 800 m a.s.l. on the Sne`nik plateau. Although calling males were recorded during the breeding period, it cannot at present be asserted that the species is actually breeding there. Recorded localities are higher than the highest reported by Tome (1996) and, according to available literature, the location at Velika Milanja on Volovja reber at 1070 m a.s.l. is the highest known locality of this species in Slovenia to be recorded during the breeding season. The only other available feld record above 800 m in Slovenia was obtained at 820 m a.s.l. on Mt. Nanos (Miheli~ 2004).
The average density of calling male Scops Owls in the study area is comparable to those reported from
M. Krofel: Survey of Scops Owl Otus scops on the high karst grasslands of Sne`nik plateau (southern Slovenia)
Table 1: Data on surface area and habitat characteristics of individual parts of the study area, together with numbers and densities of calling males of Scops Owl Otus scops on Sne`nik plateau
Tabela 1: Podatki o povr{ini in habitatnih zna~ilnostih posameznih delov obmo~ja raziskave ter {tevilu in gostoti klico~ih samcev velikega skovika Otus scops na Sne`ni{ki planoti
Area / Povr{ina (km2)
NW part/ SZ del
Volovja reber
5-20
5.28
Kozlek
SE part / JV del
Total / Skupaj
4.76
8.64
No. of recorded      Ecological density/ males / [t. klico~ih     Ekolo{ka gostota samcev                 (ind./km2)
0.38
0.76
0.63
2.5.59
Habitat characteristics / Zna~ilnosti habitata
smaller, mostly unmown grasslands on western slopes with numerous scattered trees/
manj{i, ve~inoma neko{eni travniki na zahodnih pobo~jih s {tevilnimi posameznimi drevesi
larger, mostly unmown grasslands on south-western slopes with numerous scattered trees/
ve~ji, ve~inoma neko{eni travniki na jugozahodnih pobo~jih s {tevilnimi posameznimi drevesi
smaller, mown grasslands in a valley interrupted with forest/ manj{i, ko{eni travniki v dolini, prekinjeni z gozdom
larger, grazed pastures on southwestern slopes/ ve~ji pa{niki na jugozahodnih pobo~jih
0.39
lowland areas in Slovenia, such as Kras (Kmecl & [etina 2008), Ljubljansko barje (Denac 2003) and Gori~ko ([tumberger 2000). This suggests that, in spite of the high altitude and the fact that Slovenia is located close to the northern border of the species’ distribution range, the high karst grasslands on Sne`nik plateau present a suitable habitat for this species. This is probably due to the thermophilic conditions of the grasslands and absence of intensive agriculture. Although the area receives a relatively large amount of precipitation, most of it occurs in the autumn and winter, outside the breeding season of Scops Owl. Further, due to the karstic relief, water quickly sinks underground, leaving the surface relatively dry.
Although the average density is similar to those in lowland areas, no high local densities were observed, as were reported from Ljubljansko barje (Denac 2003) and, even more profoundly, from Gori~ko, with up to 6 ind./km2 ([tumberger 2000). The reason for this might be the difference in spatial distribution of food resources and nesting sites. For example, since there are no villages or orchards on Sne`nik plateau, the nesting sites are likely to be more homogenously dispersed.
The absence of recorded males in the SE part might be due to the smaller numbers of scattered trees on the grassland and small forest patches. In other parts the habitat is much more mosaic-like, with numerous shrub and forest patches. According to the available data, it appears that the grassland on Volovja reber offers the most suitable habitat for Scops Owls in this area.
Acknowledgements: I am grateful to Toma` Skrbin{ek and dr. Hubert Poto~nik for their help with GIS, dr. Primo` Kmecl for providing some of the unpublished data from Scops Owl survey in Kras, to dr. Al Vrezec and Toma` Miheli~ for the literature and discussions and to two anonymous reviewers for their useful suggestions and corrections.
5. Povzetek
Med terenskim delom na obmo~ju Sne`ni{ke planote leta 2007 je avtor na nadmorski vi{ini okoli 1000 m naletel na klico~e velike skovike Otus scops, ki so sicer ve~inoma vezani na ni`inske predele. Zaradi nenavadne lokacije se je odlo~il, da v ~asu gnezdenja opravi   popis   klico~ih   samcev   na   visokokra{kih
2
4
3
o
o
IO
Acrocephalus 29 (13e): 33-37, 2008
travnikih. Ker ga je zanimala predvsem raz{irjenost in gostote na vi{jih nadmorskih vi{inah, se je pri popisu omejil na obmo~ja nad 800 metri. Uporabil je metodo predvajanja posnetka sam~evega klicanja. Skupaj je zabele`il 10 klico~ih samcev. Najvi{ja lokacija z zabele`enim klico~im samcem velikega skovika je bila na 1070 m na Veliki milanji na vrhu grebena Volovje rebri in je glede na dostopne objavljene podatke najvi{ja znana lokacija pojavljanja v gnezditvenem ~asu za to vrsto v Sloveniji. Povpre~na gostota na celotnem popisnem obmo~ju je zna{ala 0.4 klico~ih samcev / km2 in se je na {tirih vzor~nih ploskvah gibala od 0 do 0.8 klico~ih samcev / km2. Najve~je {tevilo klico~ih skovikov in tudi najve~ja gostota je bila zabele`ena na obmo~ju Volovje rebri. Visokokra{ki travniki na zahodnem delu Sne`ni{ke planote o~itno predstavljajo ugoden gnezditveni `ivljenjski prostor za to vrsto, saj je ugotovljena gostota podobna gostotam iz ni`inskih predelov Slovenije. Pri tem ima verjetno pomembno vlogo termoflen zna~aj obmo~ja in odsotnost intenzivnega kmetijstva.
6. References
Bavoux, B., Burneleau, G. & Nicolau-Guillaumet, P.
(1997): Scops Owl. pp. 400-401 In: Hagemeijer, W.J.M.
& Blair, M.J. (eds.): The EBCC Atlas of European
Breeding Birds: their distribution and abundance. – T &
AD Poyser, London. BirdLife    International    (2004):   Birds    in   Europe:
population estimates, trends and conservation status.
Conservation Series No. 12. – BirdLife International,
Cambridge. Cramp, S. (1985): The birds of the western Palearctic. Vol. 4.
– Oxford University Press, Oxford. CLC (2000): CLC2000–Corine Land Cover 2000. – [http://
terrestrial.eionet.eu.int/CLC2000]. Denac, K. (2000): Rezultati popisa velikega skovika Otus
scops na Ljubljanskem barju v letu 1999. – Acrocephalus
21 (98/99): 35–37. Denac, K. (2003): Population dynamics of Scops Owl
Otus scops at Ljubljansko  barje (central Slovenia). –
Acrocephalus 24 (119): 127–133. ESRI (2004): ArcGIS 9.2. Redlands. ESRI Inc., CA. Galeotti, P. & Gariboldi, A. (1994): Territorial behaviour
and habitat selection by the Scops Owl Otus scops in a
karstic valley (NE Italy). pp. 501–505 In: Meyburg B.U.
& Chancellor, R.D. (eds.): Raptor conservation today.
– WWGBP/The Pica Press. Geister, I. (1995): Ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. – DZS,
Ljubljana. Gobec, M. (2000): Veliki skovik Otus scops. – Acrocephalus
21 (98/99): 86. Kmecl, P. & [etina, T. (2007): Popis velikega skovika Otus
scops na Krasu v letu 2006. Zaklju~no poro~ilo Interreg
IIIA Slovenija-Italija 2000–2006. – DOPPS, Ljubljana.
Kordi{,   F.   (1993):   Dinarski   jelovo   bukovi   gozdovi   v
Sloveniji. – Strokovna in znanstvena dela 112. Oddelek
za gozdarstvo, Biotehni{ka fakulteta, Ljubljana. Miheli~, T. (2004): Zbrani in vrednoteni podatki potrebni
za presojo vpliva VE na ptice za obmo~ji Koko{ in Nanos.
Zaklju~no poro~ilo. – DOPPS, Ljubljana. Mikkola, H. (1983): Owls of Europe. – T & AD Poyser,
London. Perko,  D.  &  Oro`en  Adami~,  M.  (1998):  Slovenija:
pokrajine   in   ljudje.   –   Zalo`ba   Mladinska   knjiga,
Ljubljana. Samwald, F. & Samwald, O. (1992): Brutverbreitung und
Bestandsentwicklung der Zwergohreule (Otus scops) in
der Steiermark. – Egretta 35: 37–48. Senega~nik, K. (1998): Popis velikega skovika Otus scops
na Ljubljanskem  barju. –  Acrocephalus  19  (90/91):
143–146. [tumberger,   B.   (2000):   Veliki   skovik   Otus   scops   na
Gori~kem. – Acrocephalus 21 (98/99): 23–26. Tome,  D.  (1996):  Vi{inska  raz{irjenost  sov v Sloveniji.
– Acrocephalus 17 (74): 2–3. Tome, D., Sovinc, A. & [ere, D. (2003): Ptice gnezdilke
na obmo~ju Volovje rebri–rezultati terenskega dela brez
vrednotenja. – Aquarius, Ljubljana. Vrezec, A. (2001): The breeding density of Eurasian Scops
Owl Otus scops in urban areas of Pelje{ac Peninsula in
southern Dalmatia. – Acrocephalus 22 (108): 149–154.
Arrived / Prispelo: 4.2.2008 Accepted / Sprejeto: 5.12.2008
Acrocephalus 29 (136): 39-49, 2008
Rezultati januarskega {tetja vodnih ptic leta 2008 v Sloveniji
Results of the International Waterbird Census (IWC) in January 2008 in Slovenia
Luka Bo`i~
DOPPS – BirdLife Slovenija, Kamen{kova ulica 18, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenija, e-mail: luka.bozic@dopps-drustvo.si
Januarsko {tetje vodnih ptic (IWC) poteka v Sloveniji od leta 1988, leta 1997 pa je bilo prvi~ zastavljeno kot celosten, koordiniran in standardiziran popis vodnih ptic na ozemlju vse Slovenije ([tumberger 1997). Od takrat naprej {tetje pokriva vse ve~je reke, celotno Obalo in ve~ino pomembnej{ih stoje~ih vodnih teles v dr`avi ([tumberger 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002 & 2005, Bo`i~ 2005, 2006 & 2007). K temu sta pripomogla predvsem dobra organizacija in veliko {tevilo sodelujo~ih prostovoljnih popisovalcev. V ~lanku so predstavljeni rezultati januarskega {tetja vodnih ptic leta 2008.
Januarsko {tetje vodnih ptic je leta 2008 potekalo 12. in 13. januarja. Organizacija, potek in uporabljena metoda {tetja so bili tak{ni kot leta 1997 ([tumberger 1997). Za organizacijo popisovalcev na osmih {tevnih obmo~jih so bili zadol`eni lokalni koordinatorji. Pri obdelavi in predstavitvi rezultatov smo upo{tevali tudi nekatere podatke, zbrane zunaj organiziranega {tetja, vendar najve~ nekaj dni pred ali po koncu tedna, predvidenega za {tetje. Kormorane Phalacrocorax carbo, z izjemo {tevnih obmo~ij Notranjske in Primorske, Obale in reke Kolpe, smo sistemati~no {teli na znanih in domnevnih skupinskih preno~i{~ih. Na skupinskih preno~i{~ih smo pre{teli tudi galebe Laridae na {tevnem obmo~ju Drave, velike bele ~aplje Egretta alba na Dravskem in Ptujskem polju ter Ljubljanici in ve~ino vranjekov P. aristotelis na Obali. Moko`e Rallus aquaticus smo na ptujskih studen~nicah, Ljubljanici, potoku ^rnec in {e nekaterih manj{ih lokalitetah {teli s pomo~jo predvajanja posnetka ogla{anja. Metoda je podrobneje opisana v Bo`i~ (2002). V {tetje so bile tako kot vsako leto vklju~ene vrste iz naslednjih skupin ptic: slapniki Gaviidae, ponirki Podicipedidae, kormorani Phalacrocoracidae, ~aplje Ardeidae, plovci Anatidae, tukalice Rallidae, pobre`niki Charadriiformes ter belorepec Haliaeetus albicilla, vodomec Alcedo atthis in povodni kos Cinclus cinclus.
V  podnebnem pogledu so bile zna~ilnost januarja 2008 ponovno nadpovpre~no visoke temperature, medtem ko je bil decembra 2007 odklon temperatur v mejah obi~ajne spremenljivosti. V ve~jem delu dr`ave je bil december nekoliko hladnej{i od dolgoletnega povpre~ja. Januar 2008 je bil hladen le na za~etku, nato pa je sledilo dolgotrajno obdobje z nadpovpre~nimi temperaturami. Odklon od povpre~ne temperature zraka v januarju je bil v ve~jem delu Slovenije 3-5°C. Padavin je decembra mo~no primanjkovalo, zlasti v zahodni polovici Slovenije. Dolgoletno povpre~je padavin je bilo januarja prese`eno v SZ in zahodni Sloveniji, v ve~jem delu vzhodne Slovenije pa je padlo le do 50% obi~ajnih padavin. V Mariboru je bil januar 2008 drugi najbolj suh, odkar spremljajo vreme. [tevilo dni s sne`no odejo je bilo januarja povsod podpovpre~no in tudi decembra je bilo povpre~je le malokje prese`eno. Srednji mese~ni pretoki rek so bili decembra v celoti za polovico manj{i kot navadno v decembrskih mesecih. Pretoki v vzhodnem delu dr`ave so bili ve~ji kot v drugih predelih. Po treh hidrolo{ko suhih mesecih so se srednji mese~ni pretoki rek januarja pove~ali, a so bili {e vedno za 10% manj{i od povpre~nih. Pretoki so bili najve~ji sredi januarja, torej ravno v ~asu {tetja. Srednji mese~ni pretoki rek so bili najve~ji na Vipavi, Idrijci, So~i, Sori in Muri, kjer so bili ve~ji kot navadno v mesecu januarju. Dne 12. in 13.1. je nad severno, zahodno in srednjo Evropo vladalo obmo~je nizkega zra~nega pritiska. Prevladovalo je obla~no vreme. Padavine v obliki de`ja so se 12.1. raz{irile nad ve~ji del Slovenije, v vzhodnih krajih je bilo {e pove~ini suho. Pihal je ju`ni veter, ob morju jugo. De`evalo je tudi 13.1., najmanj de`ja je padlo v SV Sloveniji. Na Primorskem je pihala {ibka burja. V soboto, ko je bila opravljena ve~ina {tetja, je bilo zelo toplo, v ve~jem delu Slovenije so se najvi{je dnevne temperature gibale med 10 in 15°C (ARSO 2007 & 2008).
V ~asu {tetja so bile vse reke nezaledenele, z ledom pa so bile prekrite le naslednje akumulacije: Trbojsko jezero (1/2), Ledavsko jezero (3/4) in Gaj{evsko jezero (v celoti). Na reki Dravi je bila zaledenela le 1/4 Dravograjskega jezera na zgornjem delu alpske Drave. Akumulaciji Klivnik in Mola sta bili zaledeneli 3/4 oziroma 1/4. Med pomembnej{imi stoje~imi vodami so bila povsem nezaledenela le {tiri jezera: Blejsko, Bohinjsko, @ovne{ko in Ko~evsko (Rudni{ko). Cerkni{ko jezero je bilo zaledenelo 1/4. Jezera v Pesni{ki dolini, razen Perni{kega (1/2 zaledenelost), zadr`evalnik Po`eg, Ra~ki ribniki in [martinsko jezero so bili zaledeneli v celoti. Kar zadeva [ale{ka jezera, je bila zaledenelost [kalskega in [o{tanjskega jezera 3/4, Velenjsko jezero pa ni bilo zaledenelo. Zaledenelost ribnikov in gramoznic na Dravskem in Ptujskem polju
L. Bo`i~: Rezultati januarskega {tetja vodnih ptic leta 2008 v Sloveniji
Slika 1: Popisni odseki januarskega {tetja vodnih ptic leta 2008 v Sloveniji; ~rne ~rte ozna~ujejo pregledane, bele pa nepregledane odseke
Figure 1: Survey sections of the January waterfowl counts in 2008 in Slovenia, with black lines indicating surveyed and white lines unsurveyed sections
je bila 3/4 ali pa popolna. Aktivna gramoznica v Sp. Krapju ob Muri ni bila zaledenela, druge gramoznice v Pomurju pa so bile zaledenele od 1/4 do 3/4 oziroma v celoti, prav tako stoje~e vode na obmo~ju Savske ravni, Ljubljanskega barja, spodnjega Posavja in {ir{em celjskem obmo~ju. Vodna telesa na Obali in Primorskem niso bila zaledenela.
Leta 2008 je v januarskem {tetju vodnih ptic sodelovalo 228 prostovoljnih popisovalcev. Pregledali smo 409 popisnih odsekov na rekah v skupni dol`ini 1365.2 km. Poleg tega smo pregledali tudi 194 lokalitet (145 stoje~ih voda in 49 potokov oziroma manj{ih rek) (tabela 1). S tem je bila dose`ena najve~ja pokritost vodnih teles v doslej opravljenih januarskih {tetjih vodnih ptic na ozemlju Slovenije. Leta 2008 smo {tetje na rekah Sori ter Me`i in Mislinji, ki je bilo prvi~ organizirano leta 2007, raz{irili na nove popisne odseke. [tetje leta 2008 ni bilo opravljeno na Sotli in Mirni, kjer pokritost popisnih odsekov sicer nikoli ni bila velika. Popisne odseke, pregledane med {tetjem leta 2008, prikazuje slika 1, distribucijo pregledanih drugih lokalitet pa slika 2.
Skupaj smo pre{teli 66268 vodnih ptic, ki so pripadale 68 vrstam, zabele`ili pa smo {e dva druga taksona (neidentifcirana gos Anser sp. ter kri`anec med sivko Aythya ferina in kostanjevko A. nyroca). To je najve~je {tevilo vodnih ptic in tudi najve~je {tevilo vrst, kar smo jih kdaj pre{teli med januarskim {tetjem vodnih ptic v Sloveniji. Tako kot vsa leta poprej smo najve~je {tevilo vodnih ptic zabele`ili na {tevnem obmo~ju reke Drave, in sicer 33340. To je 50.3% vseh vodnih ptic, pre{tetih v Sloveniji. Mlakarica Anas platyrhynchos je bila v {tetju leta 2008, tako kot ob vseh prej{njih {tetjih, dale~ naj{tevilnej{a vrsta (37.5% vseh vodnih ptic). Po {tevilu pre{tetih osebkov sledijo liska Fulica atra (17.1% vseh vodnih ptic), re~ni galeb Larus ridibundus (12.2% vseh vodnih ptic), kormoran (4.9% vseh vodnih ptic) in rumenonogi galeb Larus michahellis (4.8% vseh vodnih ptic). Liska je bila leta 2008 edina vrsta, ki je razen mlakarice kdaj presegla {tevilo 10.000 osebkov v januarskih {tetjih vodnih ptic v Sloveniji od leta 1997 naprej. [tevilo 1000 pre{tetih osebkov so presegli {e mali ponirek Tachybaptus rufcollis, siva ~aplja Ardea cinerea, labod grbec Cygnus
o
Acrocephalus 29 (13e): 39-49, 2008
Slika 2: Druge lokalitete, pregledane v januarskem {tetju vodnih ptic leta 2008 v Sloveniji (beli krogi – stoje~e vode; temni krogi – potoki oziroma manj{e reke)
Figure 2: Other localities surveyed during the January waterfowl counts in 2007 in Slovenia (stagnant waters – white circles; streams – dark circles)
olor, kreheljc Anas crecca, sivka Aythya ferina, ~opasta ~rnica Aythya fuligula in zvonec Bucephala clangula. Rezultati januarskega {tetja vodnih ptic leta 2008 po shemi razdelitve na osem {tevnih obmo~ij (Bo`i~ 2007) so predstavljeni v tabeli 2. V tabeli 3 v prilogi so {tevna obmo~ja podrobneje razdeljena na posamezne reke in obmo~ja z ve~jim {tevilom lokalitet, kot so poplavne ravnice, doline, ravnine ipd.
Leta 2008 smo prvi~ v januarskem {tetju vodnih ptic zabele`ili ro`natega pelikana Pelecanus onocrotalus (akumulacija Most na So~i), plamenca Phoenicpterus roseus (Se~oveljske soline) in `erjava Grus grus (Cerkni{ko polje). Opazovanji ro`natega pelikana in plamenca mora za dokon~no potrditev obravnavati {e Nacionalna komisija za redkosti, saj je zanju po trenutno veljavnem seznamu ugotovljenih ptic Slovenije (Bo`i~ 2001) znanih manj kot 10 podatkov. Leta 2008 smo pre{teli najve~je {tevilo pritlikavih kormoranov Phalacrocorax pygmaeus, velikih belih ~apelj, labodov grbcev Cygnus olor, konopnic Anas strepera, tatarskih `vi`gavk Netta rufna, srednjih `agarjev Mergus serrator, lisk, zelenonogih martincev
Tringa nebularia, pikastih martincev Tringa ochropus, re~nih galebov in vodomcev v okviru januarskih {tetij vodnih ptic od leta 1997 naprej. Najni`je {tevilo v dvanajstih letih januarskih {tetij smo zabele`ili pri rde~enogem martincu Tringa totanus in drugo leto zapored pri malem `agarju Mergellus albellus. Ob razmeroma majhnem {tevilu kormoranov je treba dodati, da je bilo precej v zadnjih letih tradicionalno zasedenih preno~i{~ praznih ali pa so imela majhno {tevilo kormoranov. Podobno situacijo smo ugotovili `e v letu 2007.
Leta 2008 smo na dveh {tevnih obmo~jih pre{teli najve~ vodnih ptic v dosedanjih januarskih {tetjih, in sicer na {tevnem obmo~ju Drave in Mure. Na obeh obmo~jih smo najve~je {tevilo vodnih ptic zabele`ili drugo leto zapored. Rekordno {tevilo ptic na {tevnem obmo~ju Drave je povezano predvsem z velikim {tevilom vodnih ptic na Ormo{kem jezeru (>13000) in velikim {tevilom re~nih galebov na preno~i{~ih. Veliko {tevilo vodnih ptic na Ormo{kem jezeru je posledica dejstva, da prvi~ po letu 1997 v ~asu {tetja in tudi obdobju pred tem ni bilo streljanja na hrva{ki strani
L. Bo`i~: Rezultati januarskega {tetja vodnih ptic leta 2008 v Sloveniji
Tabela 1: [tevilo vseh oziroma pregledanih popisnih odsekov in njihova skupna dol`ina (a) ter {tevilo vseh in pregledanih lokalitet (b) na posameznem {tevnem obmo~ju v januarskem {tetju vodnih ptic leta 2008 v Sloveniji
Table 1: Number of all and surveyed sections and their total length (a) and number of all and surveyed localities (b) in separate survey areas during IWC 2008 in Slovenia
Števno obmo~je/Count           Skupno {tevilo        Dolžina/Length (km)          Št. pregledanih
area                                          popisnih odsekov/                                          odsekov / No.of
Total number of                                           sections surveyed sections
Dolžina/Length (km)
Mura	61	220.2	59	203.0
Drava	138	374.4	136	358.2
Savinja	30	94.5	24	58.2
Zgornja Sava	100	309.0	88	264.1
Spodnja Sava	71	272.7	53	185.1
Kolpa	14	118.0	7	53.5
Notranjska in Primorska	39	250.9	30	200.5
Obala	12	42.6	12	42.6
Skupaj/Total	465	1682.3	409	1365.2
				
Števno obmo~je/Count       Št. vseh lokalitet -       Št. vseh lokalitet -     Št. pregledanih lokalitet        Št. pregledanih
area                                     stoje~e vode/               teko~e vode/               - stoje~e vode/        lokalitet - teko~e vode/
Total no. of localities    Total no. of localities   No. surveyed localities   No. surveyed localities (stganant w.)                      (streams)                       (stagnant w.)                   (streams)
Mura	60	7	51	5
Drava	42	21	38	10
Savinja	12	5	8	0
Zgornja Sava	17	13	12	9
Spodnja Sava	9	8	6	2
Kolpa	1	2	1	1
Notranjska in Primorska	18	26	17	22
Obala	13	2	12	0
Skupaj/Total	172	84	145	49
jezera. Rezultati {tetja 2008 ka`ejo na velik potencial te lokalitete za vodne ptice in ponovno opozarjajo na dejstvo, da so lovci najpomembnej{i dejavnik, ki vpliva na {tevilo vodnih ptic. [tetje je ponekod v zahodni Sloveniji oviral mo~an de`, ki je verjetno vplival na nekoliko manj{e {tevilo pre{tetih povodnih kosov kot leta 2007.
Zahvala: Vsem popisovalcem, ki so {teli vodne ptice, gre zasluga, da smo ponovno sistemati~no in hkrati popisali vse pomembnej{e vodne povr{ine v Sloveniji. Brez nesebi~nega truda to ne bi bilo mogo~e. Lokalni koordinatorji so po`rtvovalno organizirali mre`o popisovalcev na {tevnih obmo~jih. Vsem najlep{a hvala.
Leta 2008 so v januarskem {tetju vodnih ptic sodelovali: Branko Bakan, Danica Barovi~, Ernest Bedi~, Johann Brandner, Gregor Domanjko, Vinci Feren~ak, Franc
Ferk, Darko Ip{a, Igor Kolenko, Franc Kosi, Valika Ku{tor, Anton Lejko, Kristjan Mala~i~, Janez Maro{a, Marjan Mauko, Christine Pfeifhofer, Hartwig Pfeifhofer, Monika Podgorelec, Ingrid Puhr, Seppi Ringert, Milan Rus, Gerald Salzer, Willi Stani, Sre~ko Tropenauer, Rozalija Vajdi~, Branko Vajndorfer, [tefan Virag, Seppi Wolf, @eljko [alamun, Bernard Zanjkovi~ (Mura), Smiljan Ba~ani, Tilen Basle, Dominik Bombek, Luka Bo`i~, Katja Bo`i~ko, Franc Bra~ko, Boris ^eba{ek, Angela Fras, Stanko Jamnikar, Ana Jan`ekovi~, Franc Jan`ekovi~, Matej Gamser, Mojca Kerbler, Matja` Ker~ek, Boris Ko~evar, Jure Ko~evar, Aleksander Koren, [pela Koren, Albin Kunst, Danica Ku{ter, Katja Logar, Klemen Mlinari~, Tina Petras, Iris Petrovi~, Alijana Pivko Kne`evi~, Alen Ploj, Matja` Premzl, Darja Remsko, Ur{ka Satler, Andreja Slamer{ek, Darja Slana, Jakob Smole, Igor Stra`i{nik, To m Strojnik, Borut [tumberger, Ale{ Toma`i~, Tadej Trstenjak, Marjan Trup, Martina Trup, Vesna Trup, Vladka Tucovi~, Rok Tu{, Andrej
Acrocephalus 29 (13e): 39-49, 2008
Tabela 2: [tevilo pre{tetih vodnih ptic na posameznem {tevnem obmo~ju in v celotni Sloveniji v januarskem {tetju vodnih ptic leta 2008 (1 – Mura, 2 – Drava, 3 – Savinja, 4 – Zgornja Sava, 5 – Spodnja Sava, 6 – Kolpa, 7 – Notranjska in Primorska, 8 – Obala)
Table 2: Number of counted waterbirds in separate survey areas and in all of Slovenia during IWC 2008 (1 – Mura, 2 – Drava, 3 – Savinja, 4 – Upper Sava, 5 – Lower Sava, 6 – Kolpa, 7 – Notranjska and Primorska, 8 – Coast)
Vrsta / Species	1	2	3	4	5	6	7 1	8	Slovenia Total
Gavia stellata								5	6
slapnik Gavia arctica							1	69	70
Tachybaptus ruficollis	69	443	6	305	211	8	19	75	1136
Podiceps cristatus	18	104	9	18	33	2	7	217	408
Podiceps grisegena		1						5	6
Podiceps nigricollis								9°	9°
Phalacrocorax carbo	245	1691	384	169	247	100	80	308	3224
Phalacrocorax aristotelis								227	227
Phalacrocorax pygmaeus	45	300							345
Pelecanus onocrotalus							1		1
Botaurus stellaris	4				1		1		6
Egretta garzetta			3				1	9°	94
Egretta alba	159	339	1	54	31	6	5°	20	660
Ardea cinerea	145	406	60	197	85	14	190	56	1153
Ciconia ciconia		2							2
Phoenicopterus roseus								15	15
Cygnus olor	410	1139	83	179	376	2	40	1	2230
Anser fabalis		540							54°
Amer albifrons		131					100		231
Amer anser		3	1	2			16	1	23
Amer sp.					4				4
Tadorna tadorna		1						29	30
Cairinia moschata		2	7	4			1		14
Aix galericulata		1		4		1			6
Anas sibilatrix							2		2
Anas penelope	7	186	2	21	2	1	56	217	492
Anas strepera	4	104	4	15	12		22	18	179
Anas crecca	207	742	65	46	149	36	65	251	1561
Anas platyrhynchos	3771	9553	1630	5258	2170	57°	1392	499	24843
Anas acuta	1						2	1	4
Anas clypeata		6		2			3	41	52
Netta rufina		7			1				8
Aythya ferina	3	1090	20	36	155	3	20	13	1340
Aythya nyroca					1				1
Aythya fuligula	10	874	33	141	38	3	1		IIOO
Aythya marita				2	4			5	11
Aythya ferina X Aythya nyroca				1					1
Clangula hyemalis		1							1
Melanitta nigra								1	1
Melanitta fusca		10		1	1			5	17
Bucephala clangula	26	881		45	7		40	10	1009
Mergellus albellus		44					3		47
Mergus serrator				2				130	132
Mergus merganser	22	180	5	153		1	25		386
Haliaeetus albicala	1	2					1		4
Rallus aquaticus	8	26		8	3		11	3	59
Gallinula chloropus	9	18	13	133	19		2	13	207
Fulica atra	243	8088	687	603	844	232	49	596	11342
Grus grus							56		56
Charadrius alexandrinus								11	11
Pluvialis squatarola								6	6
Vanellus vanellus								40	40
Calidris minuta								19	19
Calidris alpina								13	13
Gallinago gallinago	1	3		9	3		4		20
Scolopax rusticola							2		2
Numenius arquata								29	29
Tringa totanus								1	1
Tringa nebularia								26	26
Tringa ochropus	47	18		9					74
Actitis hypoleucos								4	4
Larus melanocephalus							2	6	8
Larus minutus								1	1
Larus ridibundus	18	4896	172	30	121		253	2562	8052
Larus canus	3	658	80	1	2	1	26	11	782
Larus argentatus				1					1
Larus cachinnans	12	759	9	7	40	55	705	1589	3176
Sterna sandvicensis								36	36
Alcedo atthis	19	36	1	18	18	5	10	32	139
Cinclus cinclus	2	55 33340	7 3282	125 7599	19 4597	1040	244 3504	7397	452
Skupaj / Total	5509								66x68
L. Bo`i~: Rezultati januarskega {tetja vodnih ptic leta 2008 v Sloveniji
Valenti, Miroslav Vamberger, Ale{ Verli~, Iztok Vre{, Davorin Vrhovnik, David Vujinovi~, Gregor @nidar (Drava), Ivan ^ede, Matej Gamser, Vasiljka Gamser, Mojmir Kosi, Miha Kronov{ek, Bo{tjan Pokorny, Tamara Podhra{ki, Zdravko Podhra{ki, Meta Zaluber{ek (Savinja), Marjana Aha~i~, Bla` Bla`i~, Toma` Bregant, Henrik Cigli~, Maarten de Groot, Damijan Denac, Katarina Denac, Blanka Dolinar, Andreja Dremelj, Katica Drndeli~, Ivan Esenko, Dare Fekonja, Nata{a Gorjanc, Janez Gra{i~, Jurij Han`el, Alenka Iva~i~, Barbara Kaiser, Andrej Kelbi~, Ale{ Klemen~i~, Primo` Kmecl, Ur{a Koce, Jure Ko~an, Ivan Kogov{ek, Ivica Kogov{ek, Jo`e J. Kozamernik, Boris Kozinc, Alja` Ko`uh, Rado Legat, [pela Lunar, Marjana Mandeljc, Toma` Miheli~, Sava Osole, Jo`ef Osredkar, Alenka Petrinjak, @iga I. Remec, Toma` Rem`gar, Metod Rogelj, Rok Rozman, Mirko Silan, Sergij Stepan~i~, Jo{t Stergar{ek, Nata{a [alaja, Dare [ere, Metka [tok, Anton [tular, Tanja [umrada, Rudolf Tekav~i~, Tone Trebar, Marko Trebu{ak, Zlata Vah~i~, Barbara Vidmar, Jani Vidmar, Eva Vukeli~, Stanko Zima, Miha @nidar{i~ (Zg. Sava) Jadranka Ajkovi~, Janez Bo`i~, Majda Bra~ika, Alenka Brada~, Branko Bre~ko, Franc Bre~ko, Matja` Cizel, Vito Cizel, Angela ^uk, Zdravko ^uk, Ivan Esenko, Jolanda Gobec, Marjan Gobec, Andrej Hudoklin, David Kap{, Marinka Kastelic, Du{an Klenov{ek, Luka Krajnc, Marjan Kumelj, Joaquin Lopez Lopez, Marijan Manfreda, Petra Mohar, Rudi Omahen, Hrvoje Te o Or{ani~, Martina Peterlin Urban~, Zdravko Podhra{ki, Terezija Poto~ar Koro{ec, Katarina Po`un Brinovec, Peter Po`un, Robert Ro`aj, Tone Strni{a, Pavel [et, Branimir Vodopivec, Sa{o @inko (Sp. Sava), Alenka Brada~, Laura Javor{ek, Andrej Kelbi~, Ur{a Koce, Primo` Pahor, Tanja [umrada, [tefan Vesel (Kolpa), Jo`e Berce, Toma` Berce, Dejan Bordjan, Marjeta Cvetko, Igor Dakskobler, Vid Dakskobler, Milan Fakin, Andrej Figelj, Jernej Figelj, Gabrijel Flajs, Martin Gerli~, Marko Gregori~, Peter Gro{elj, Toma` Hain, Drago Je`, Ivan Kljun, Mika Kocjan~i~, Irena Kodele Kra{na, Borut Kokalj, Erika Komidar, Dean Kova~, Albert Kravanja, Zvonko Kravanja, Peter Kre~i~, Borut Kumar, Bogdan Lipov{ek, Sonja Maru{i~, Jurij Mikuleti~, Marko Nabergoj, Gregor Podgornik, Slavko Polak, Miran Pregelj, Alja` Rijavec, Juta Sterle, Erik [inigoj, Viljana [i{kovi~, An`e [koberne, Drago Teli~, Gregor Torkar, Marko Vihteli~, Polonca Voglar (Notranjska & Primorska), Igor Brajnik, Bogdan Lipov{ek, Dario Marke`i~, Borut Mozeti~, Borut Rubini}, Iztok [kornik, Du{an [u{tar{i~, Peter Trontelj, Al Vrezec, Petra Vrh Vrezec, Sa{o Weldt (Obala).
Lokalni koordinatorji leta 2008 so bili: @eljko [alamun (Mura), Matja` Ker~ek, Luka Bo`i~ (Drava), Luka Bo`i~ (Savinja), Katarina Denac, Vojko Havli~ek, Toma` Miheli~ (Zg. Sava), Andrej Hudoklin, Du{an Klenov{ek, Hrvoje Or{ani~ (Sp. Sava), Borut Rubini} (Kolpa), Andrej Figelj, Leon Kebe (Notranjska & Primorska), Borut Rubini} (Obala).
Summary
In 2008, the International Waterbird Census (IWC) was carried out on January 12th and 13th. Aquatic birds were counted on all major rivers and on most of the signifcant stagnant waters in the country. In the census, 228 voluntary observers took part, who surveyed 409 sections of the rivers (in the total length of 1,365.2 km) and 194 other localities (145 stagnant waters and 49 streams). Altogether, 66,268 waterbirds belonging to 68 species were counted, apart from two other taxa (an unidentifed goose Anser sp. and a hybrid). This is the highest number of aquatic birds as well as the highest number of species ever counted during the January census in Slovenia. Most of these birds were registered in the Drava river count area, i.e. 33,340 (50.3% of all waterbirds in Slovenia). The most abundant during the 2008 census was the Mallard Anas platyrhynchos (37.5% of all waterbirds), followed by the Common Coot Fulica atra (17.1% of all waterbirds), Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus (12.2% of all waterbirds), Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo (4.9% of all waterbirds) and Yellow-legged Gull Larus michahellis (4.8% of all waterbirds). The number 1,000 of all counted individuals was also exceeded by the Little Grebe Tachybaptus rufcollis, Grey Heron Ardea cinerea, Mute Swan Cygnus olor, Eurasian Teal Anas crecca, Pochard Aythya ferina, Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula and Goldeneye Bucephala clangula. In 2008, the highest numbers of aquatic birds were counted for the second time in a row (among all January censuses carried out to date) in the count areas of the Drava and Mura rivers.
Literatura
ARSO (2007): Mese~ni bilten 14 (12).
ARSO (2008): Mese~ni bilten 15 (1).
Bo`i~, L. (2001): Seznam ugotovljenih ptic Slovenije s
pregledom redkih vrst. – Acrocephalus 22 (106-107):
115-120. Bo`i~, L. (2002): Zimsko {tetje moko`ev Rallus aquaticus v
Sloveniji. – Acrocephalus 23 (110-111): 27-33. Bo`i~, L. (2005): Rezultati januarskega {tetja vodnih ptic
leta 2004 in 2005 v Sloveniji. – Acrocephalus 26 (126):
123-137. Bo`i~, L. (2006): Rezultati januarskega {tetja vodnih ptic
leta 2006 v Sloveniji. – Acrocephalus 27 (130-131):
159-169. Bo`i~, L. (2007): Rezultati januarskega {tetja vodnih ptic
leta 2007 v Sloveniji. – Acrocephalus 28 (132): 23-31. [tumberger,  B.  (1997):  Rezultati  {tetja  vodnih  ptic  v
januarju 1997 v Sloveniji. – Acrocephalus 18 (80-81):
29-39.
Acrocephalus 29 (13e): 39-49, 2008
[tumberger,  B.  (1998):  Rezultati  {tetja  vodnih  ptic  v
januarju 1998 v Sloveniji. – Acrocephalus 19 (87-88):
36-48. [tumberger,  B.  (1999):  Rezultati  {tetja  vodnih  ptic  v
januarju  1999 v Sloveniji. –  Acrocephalus 20  (92):
6-22. [tumberger, B. (2000): Rezultati {tetja vodnih  ptic v
januarju 2000 v Sloveniji. – Acrocephalus 21 (102-103):
271-274. [tumberger,  B.  (2001):  Rezultati  {tetja  vodnih  ptic  v
januarju 2001 v Sloveniji. – Acrocephalus 22 (108):
171-174. [tumberger, B.  (2002): Rezultati {tetja  vodnih ptic  v
januarju 2002 v Sloveniji. – Acrocephalus 23 (110-111):
43-47. [tumberger,  B.  (2005):  Rezultati  {tetja  vodnih  ptic  v
januarju 2003 v Sloveniji. – Acrocephalus 26 (125):
99-103.
Arrived / Prispelo: 17.10.2008 Accepted / Sprejeto: 5.12.2008
L. Bo`i~: Rezultati januarskega {tetja vodnih ptic leta 2008 v Sloveniji
Acrocephalus 29 (13e): 39-49, 2008
APPENDIX / DODATEK
Tabela 3: [tevilo pre{tetih vodnih ptic v januarskem {tetju leta 2008 v Sloveniji (M – Mura, [^ – [~avnica, LD – Ledava, MR – Mura razno: jezera, ribniki, gramoznice, mrtvice in potoki v Pomurju ter bli`nji okolici, DA – Drava Alpe: meja z Avstrijo pri Libeli~ah – Selnica ob Dravi, MM – Me`a in Mislinja, D – Drava: Selnica ob Dravi – meja s Hrva{ko pri Sredi{~u ob Dravi, DV – Dravinja, P – Pesnica, DPP – Dravsko in Ptujsko polje: ribniki, gramoznice, kanali, potoki in polja na Dravskem in Ptujskem polju ter bli`nji okolici, S – Savinja, [AL – [ale{ka jezera: [kalsko, Velenjsko in [o{tanjsko jezero, SR – Savinja razno: jezera, ribniki, manj{e reke in potoki na Savinjski ravni ter bli`nji okolici, ZGS – zgornja Sava: Sava Bohinjka, Sava Dolinka, Sava do Gornje Save (Kranj), SOR – Sel{ka Sora, Poljanska Sora in Sora, SRS – srednja Sava: Gornja Sava (Kranj) – Breg pri Litiji, KBI – Kamni{ka Bistrica, LB – Ljubljanica, SAR – Savska ravan: jezera, gramoznice, manj{e reke in potoki na Savski ravni, LBA – Ljubljansko barje: jezera, ribniki, kanali in potoki na Ljubljanskem barju, SSO – Sava soteska: Breg pri Litiji – Zidani Most, SS – spodnja Sava: Zidani Most – meja s Hrva{ko, MI – Mirna, K – Krka, ST – Sotla, SSR – spodnja Sava razno: jezera, ribniki, gramoznice in potoki na Kr{ki ravni ter bli`nji okolici, KO – Kolpa, KOR – Kolpa razno: jezera, manj{e reke in potoki na Ko~evskem in v Beli krajini, SO – So~a, I – Idrijca, VI – Vipava, VID – Vipavska dolina: jezera, glinokopi in potoki v Vipavski dolini, NOT – Notranjska: notranjska kra{ka polja in ponikalnice, Cerkni{ko jezero, RE – Reka, O – Obala: slovensko obalno morje, OS – Obala soline: Se~oveljske in Strunjanske soline, OZ – Obala zatok: [kocjanski zatok, OR – Obala razno: reke in stoje~e vode v Koprskih brdih). [tetje ni bilo opravljeno na Mirni in Sotli. [tevila vodnih ptic, ki so bile pre{tete na preno~i{~ih, je ozna~eno s krepkim tiskom.
Table 3: The number od counted waterbirds during IWC 2008 in Slovenia (M – Mura, [^ – [~avnica, LD – Ledava, MR – Mura other: lakes, fsh ponds, gravel pits, backwaters and streams in Pomurje and neighbourhoods, DA – Drava Alpe: from border with Austria at Libeli~e to Selnica ob Dravi, MM – Me`a and Mislinja, D – Drava: from Selnica ob Dravi to border with Croatia at Sredi{~e ob Dravi, DV – Dravinja, P – Pesnica, DPP – Dravsko polje and Ptujsko polje: fsh ponds, gravel pits, channels, streams and felds on Dravsko and Ptujsko polje and neighbourhoods, S – Savinja, [AL – [kalsko, Plevelovo, Velenjsko and Dru`mirsko Lake, SR - Savinja other: lakes, fsh ponds, small rivers, and streams on Savinja plain and neighbourhoods, ZGS – Upper Sava: Sava Bohinjka, Sava Dolinka, Sava to Kranj, SOR - Sel{ka Sora, Poljanska Sora and Sora, SRS – Middle Sava: from Kranj to Breg pri Litiji, KBI - Kamni{ka Bistrica, LB – Ljubljanica, SAR – lakes, gravel pits, small rivers and streams on Sava plain, LBA – lakes, fsh ponds, channels and streams on Ljubljansko, SSO – Sava gorge: from Breg pri Litiji to Zidani Most, SS – Lower Sava: from Zidani Most to border with Croatia, K – Krka, ST – Sotla, SSR – Lower Sava other: lakes, fsh ponds, gravel pits and streams on Kr{ko plain and neighbourhoods, KO – Kolpa, KOR – Kolpa other: lakes, small rivers and streams in Ko~evsko region and Bela krajina, SO – So~a, I – Idrijca, VI – Vipava, VID – Vipavska dolina: lakes, clay pits and streams in Vipava valley, NOT – Notranjska: karst felds of S Slovenia (eg. Cerkni{ko polje), RE – Reka, O – Slovene coastal sea, OS – Coastal saltpans: Se~oveljske and Strunjanske saltpans, OZ – [kocjanski zatok, OR – other localities on coast: rivers and stagnant waters in Koprska brda). The rivers Mirna and Sotla were not counted. The number of waterbirds counted on roosting places is denoted with bold print.
L. Bo`i~: Rezultati januarskega {tetja vodnih ptic leta 2008 v Sloveniji
Tabela 3 / Table 3: IWC 2008; naslov glej str. 47 / title see page 47
Slovenija
Drava
Mura
Zgornja Sava (Sava - upper)
Kolpa
Vrsta / Species
Gavia stellata Gavia arctica Tachybaptus ruficollis Podiceps cristatus Podiceps grisegena Podiceps nigricollis Phalacrocorax carbo P. aristotelis P. pygmaeus Pelecanus onocrotalus Botaurus stellaris Egretta garzetta Egretta alba Ardea cinerea Ciconia ciconia Phoenicopterus roseus Cygnus olor Anser fabalis Anser albifrons Anser anser Anser sp. Tadorna tadorna Cairina moschata Aix galericulata Anas penelope Anas strepera Anas crecca Anas platyrhynchos Anas acuta Anas clypeata Netta rufina Netta peposaca Aythya ferina Aythya nyroca Aythya fuligula Aythya marila A. ferina X nyroca Clangula hyemalis Melanitta nigra Melanitta fusca Bucephala clangula Mergellus albellus Mergus serrator Mergus merganser Haliaeetus albicilla Rallus aquaticus Gallinula chloropus Fulica atra Grus grus C. alexandrinus Pluvialis squatarola Vanellus vanellus Calidris minuta Calidris alpina Gallinago gallinago Scolopax rusticola Numenius arquata Tringa totanus Tringa nebularia Tringa ochropus Actitis hypoleucos Larus melanocephalus Larus minutus Larus ridibundus Larus canus Larus argentatus Larus michahellis Sterna sandvicensis Alcedo atthis Cinclus cinclus Skupaj / Total
Skupaj
vse /
Total
overall
DAMM        DDV     PDPP
Skupaj/ Total
 Skupa/ ZG                                                       Skupaj/
M   Š^ LD  MR                     S SOR SRS KBI     LB SAR LBA               KOKOR
Total
Total
Sk./ Tot.
6																						
70																						
 1136	28		403	11	1		443	43	4	10	12	69	3	1	173	111	1	16	305	8		8
408	2		101			1	104			3	15	18	8		10				18		2	2
6                             1                                       1																						
90																						
3224	324		1367				1691	245				245	25		90	54			169	100		100
227																						
345			300				300	45				45										
1																						
6								1			3	4										
94																						
660			134	14	71	120	339	40	22	57	40	159	1	1	3	1     26		22	54	6		6
1153	12	40	165	33	93	63	406	55	13	38	39	145	62	25	21	4     29	23	33	197	14		14
2						2	2															
15																						
2230	26		1091	8	5	9	1139	341	3	24	42	410	10		145	18	4	2	179	1	1	2
540			536			4	540															
231			130			1	131															
23			3				3								2				2			
4																						
30                             1                                       1																						
14		1	1				2							4					4			
6			1				1								2		2		4		1	1
492			183			3	186	2			5	7	2		19				21	1		1
179			104				104				4	4			13	2			15			
1561	5	5	700	16	6	10	742	30	2	14	161	207			43	3			46	35	1	36
24843	226	478	7057 400 413			979	9553 1081		507 397 1786			3771	739	2121680		53 1975	396	203	5258 459		111	570
4                                                                              11																						
52			6				6						2						2			
8			7				7															
2																						
1340	13		1077				1090			3		3	3		30	3			36	2	1	3
1																						
1107	2		872				874	13			4	17			141				141	3		3
11															2				2			
1                                                                                                                                                      11																						
11                                       1																						
1																						
17			10				10								1				1			
1009			881				881	21		1	4	26	6	1	38				45			
47			44				44															
132															2				2			
379	47		126		7		180	15				15	26	16	108	1	2		153	1		1
4			1			1	2	1				1										
59			26				26	1			7	8				8			8			
207	2		9		2	5	18		1	8		9			7	79	7	40	133			
11342	49		8017	11		11	8088	73		30	140	243	59		434	90	18	2	603	170	62	232
56																						
11																						
6																						
40																						
19																						
13																						
20			1	2			3	1				1			8	1			9			
2																						
29																						
1																						
26																						
74			18				18	43		2	2	47				8		1	9			
4																						
s              8																						
1																						
8052	3	1	4892				4896				18	18	3		5	22			30			
782			658				658	1	1		1	3			1				1		1	1
1                                                                                                                                                    11																						
3176			759				759	12				12			7				7	55		55
36																						
139		1	24	4	2	5	36	9	2	7	1	19	4	1	4	1        5		3	18	5		5
452	5	49	1				55	2				2	65	23	2		35		125			
66268	744	575 29708 499 600 1214					333402076		555	594 2284		5509	1018	284 2993		60 2434	488	322	7599	860	180	1040
Acrocephalus 29 (13e): 39-49, 2008
Nadaljevanje tabele 2 (desna stran) / continuation of Table 2 (right side)
Spodnja Sava (Sava - lower)
Savinja
Notranjska & Primorska
Obala / Coast
SSO      SS       K   SSR
Skupaj/ Total
Skupaj/ S    ŠAL     SR                  SO
Total
Skupaj/                                    Skupaj/
I      VIVID NOT     RE                  O     OS    OZ    OR
Total                                       Total
G. ste.												1	1	5				5
G.arc.												1	1	69				69
T. ruf.	38	171	2	211	3	3	6	2			2	15	19	8	11	56		75
P. cri.	17	10	6	33		9	9	3		1	1	2	7	213		4		217
P. gri.														5				5
P. nig.														90				90
P. car.	162	85		247	320	64	384	25		28	12	15	80	291	6	11		308
P. ari.														227				227
P. pyg.																		
P. ono.                                                                                                                                 11																		
B. stel.                                                     11                                                                                  11																		
E. gar.					3		3			1			1	11	68	11		90
E. alb.	1        3	21	6	31	1		1	12	8	12	4	14	50	3	15	2		20
A. cin.	3       28	53	1	85	50	9	1           60	55	58	35	14	28	190	15	33	8		56
C. cic.																		
P. ros.															15			15
C. olo.		358	18	376	27	53	3          83					40	40		1			1
A. fab.																		
A. alb.												100	100					
A. ans.						1	1				12	4	16		1			1
A. sp.	3		1	4														
T. tad.															28	1		29
C. mos.					4	3	7		1				1					
A.gal.																		
A. pen.		1	1	2		2	2					56	56		204	13		217
A. str.		4	8	12	4		4					22	22		18			18
A. cre.		2	147	149	29	36	65				10	55	65	10	150	91		251
A. pla.	91     562	1357	160	2170	1109	313     208       1630		216	97	159	118	750      52      1392		73	285	139	2	499
A. acu.												2	2			1		1
A. cly.												3	3		22	19		41
N. ruf.                                                    11																		
N. pep.											2		2					
A. fer.	8		147	155	1	19	20	3			3	14	20	4		9		13
A. nyr.                                                     11																		
A. ful.	1		37	38		33	33					1	1					
A.mar.		1	3	4											5			5
A. f.Xn.																		
C. hye.																		
M. nig.                                                                                                                                                                                                               11																		
M. fus.			1	1										5				5
B. cla.			7	7								40	40		10			10
M. alb.												3	3					
M. ser.														122	8			130
M. mer.					5		5	9	14		2		25					
H. alb.                                                                                                                                                                            11																		
R. aqu.	2	1		3				1			1	9	11			3		3
G. chl.		17	2	19		13	13				2		2	2	3	8		13
F. atr.	134	185	525	844	12	675	687	4		2	4	39	49		426	165	5	596
G. gru.												56	56					
C. ale.															11			11
P. squ.															6			6
V. van.															38	2		40
C. min.															19			19
C. alp.															13			13
G. gal.		3		3						1	1	2	4					
S. rus.								2					2					
N. arq.														5	4	20		29
T. tot.                                                                                                                                                                                                                 11																		
T. neb.														23		3		26
T. och.																		
A. hyp.															4			4
L. mel.											2		2	5	1			6
L. min.                                                                                                                                                                                                                         11																		
L. rid.	117	2	2	121	1	170	1         172				240	13	253	1185	731	85	561	2562
L. can.	2			2		80	80				25	1	26	2			9	11
L. arg.																		
L. mic.	16		24	40	6	3	9	96			600	9	705	482	971	20	116	1589
S. san.														35	1			36
A. att.	1         4	9	4	18	4		4	4		3			7	8	19	3	2	32
C. cin.	1	18		19	4		4	109	123	6	3	6	247					
97   1097 2298   1105      4597    1583    1486     213      3282       542     301     249   1058   1302       52      3504 2900  3128     674    695      7397
O
Acrocephalus 29 (136): 51-52, 2008
Nenavadni vedenjski vzorec pino` Fringilla montifringilla med skupinskim prehranjevanjem na gozdnih tleh
Unusual behavioural pattern by Bramblings Fringilla montifringilla during their collective feeding on forest ground
Ivan Esenko
Cesta Andreja Bitenca 216, SI-1000 Ljubljana-Podutik, Slovenija, e-mail: ivan.esenko@siol.net
Na masovne pojave pino` Fringilla montifringilla sem pozoren `e nekaj let. Tako sem v zimi 1980/81, ki je bila bogata s snegom, v Zoolo{kem vrtu mesta Ljubljane, kjer sem bil zaposlen, vsak dan opazoval veliko jato teh ptic, ki je redno obiskovala krmilnico. Nekega dne je jata okoli dvesto pino` za{la v odprto voliero, ki tedaj ni bila v rabi, in se ujeta brezglavo zaganjala v mre`o. V gozdu ob vzno`ju To{kega ~ela, pravzaprav v neposredni bli`ini na{e hi{e, pa sem prvi~ do`ivel masovni obisk pino` decembra 1994, ko se je tiso~glava jata pojavljala skoraj vsak dan kar mesec in pol. V zimi 2004/5 je bila vsa javnost pri~a spektaklu, ki ga je uprizorila milijonska jata pino` na prezimovanju na Mangi pri Planini nad Sevnico Vrezec et al. (2006). Tudi tisto leto sem se lahko spoznaval s pino`ami kar s hi{nega praga, zlasti potem, ko se je zima prevesila v drugo polovico. Mno`ico pino` so ob tem spremljale dnevne ujede, med katerimi so bili najbolj pogosti skobci Accipiter nisus in kanje Buteo buteo, med sesalci, ki so na pino`e ~akali pod drevjem, na katerem so preno~evale, pa so bile verjetno najbolj uspe{ne kune Martes sp.
Dne 4.12.2007 decembra se je scenarij v gozdu okoli hi{e nad Podutikom ponovil skoraj do podrobnosti. @e sredi jeseni sem lahko vsakodnevno poslu{al klice posameznih pino`, kaj kmalu pa sem jih v manj{ih skupinah skupaj z dleski Coccothraustes coccothraustes lahko tudi presenetil, ko so se pasle na gozdnih tleh. Jato sem opazoval vsaj {tirinajst dni. Gozd je me{an, njegov sestoj pa premore nekaj velikih bukovih dreves, ki neredno, a bogato rodijo. Zlasti to zimo sem imel prilo`nost podrobneje opazovati pino`e na `irovi pa{i.
Pti~i vsakikrat bu~no priletijo v jatah nekaj tiso~ ptic, ki se zdru`ene v eno samo veliko jato skupaj spustijo na gozdna tla. Tako kot je hrupen njihov prihod, je glasno tudi njihovo hranjenje na gozdnih
tleh. Barva njihovega perja in vzorec se izka`eta kot zelo u~inkovita, saj opazovalec te`ko razlikuje te ptice od rjavega bukovega listja celo tedaj, ko ga le-te vneto razkopavajo. Verjetno tak{na obarvanost v kombinaciji z barvami listja zmede tudi plenilce. Med pino`ami lahko pogosto opazimo tudi paso~e se {~inkavce Fringilla coelebs in dleske. V pribli`no dvajsetsekundnih intervalih celotna jata, ki pokriva najmanj pol hektarja gozdnih tal, hkrati prhne v zrak in se takoj spusti ter nadaljuje s hranjenjem. Pti~i tako dvignejo listje in s tem nekoliko razgrnejo »polno mizo«, da la`e pridejo do hrane, zastrte z listjem. Ko ~lovek opazuje dogajanje znotraj jate, ga hrup, ki ga delajo ptice, kar prevzame, hkrati pa daje ob~utek kaoti~nosti. ^e ima opazovalec prilo`nost spoznavati jato paso~ih se pino` na njenem za~etku, pa bo hitro spoznal, da je vedenje mno`ice na gozdnih tleh smiselno in prav osupljivo organizirano. Ob vsakem tak{nem dvigu v zrak ~elo jate napreduje za dober meter do dva, pozoren opazovalec pa bo pritrdil, da je glavnina ptic v jati med hranjenjem ves ~as obrnjena v isto smer. Tudi na krmi{~u je zaznati tak{no vedenje pino`, saj se vse hkrati v istih ~asovnih presledkih dvigujejo s tal, potem pa hranijo naprej. Torej gre ve~ kot o~itno za skupinski vedenjski vzorec ptic pri hranjenju, saj jih ni spla{ilo ni~ takega, da bi se morale dvigovati v zrak. ^e jato kaj zmoti, potem pa~ kratko malo odleti s prizori{~a.
Po hranjenju, ki navadno traja okoli petnajst minut, ptice zapustijo gozdna tla in odletijo. Ko so v zraku, takoj oblikujejo prej{nje jate, verjetno v isti sestavi kot takrat, ko so priletele. Razdalja, ki so jo med hranjenjem prepotovale na tleh, je bila kakih sto metrov. Mno`i~no pojavljanje pino` ne uide tudi o~em nepoznavalcev. Tako so mi pripovedovali o njej znanci in naklju~ni opazovalci iz polhograjskega konca in [entvida, v okolici Slavkovega doma in Katarine nad Ljubljano.
V meni dostopni enciklopedi~ni literaturi (Cramp 1998) nisem zasledil omembe tak{nega skupinskega vedenjskega vzorca ptic.
I. Esenko: Nenavadni vedenjski vzorec pino` Fringilla montifringilla med skupinskim prehranjevanjem na gozdnih tleh
Summary
Unusual collective behaviour by Bramblings Fringilla montifringilla was observed on 4 Dec 2007 near Ljubljana, Slovenia, while feeding on forest ground. At times, the feeding fock of a few thousand individuals simultaneously lifted from the ground, but quickly returned and continued their feeding activity at intervals of about 20 seconds. It appears that by doing so they raised the leaves from the ground, thus laying the beech mast bare. During each lift, the head of the fock progressed horizontally by 1-2 metres, with the majority of birds turned in the same direction (direction of progress). They fed for about 15 minutes and covered a distance of approx. 100 m.
Literatura
Cramp, S. (ed.) (1998). The complete birds of the western Palearctic on CD-ROM. – Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Vrezec, A., Tome, D., Denac, D. (2006): Selitev in izjemni selitveni pojavi pri pticah. – Ujma 20: 125–136.
Arrived / Prispelo: 3.2.2008 Accepted / Sprejeto: 5.12.2008
Acrocephalus 29 (13e): 53, 2008
Novi podatki o pojavljanju {~inkavcev (Fringillidae) na {ir{em obmo~ju Volovje rebri (JZ Slovenija)
New data on the occurrence of Finches (Fringillidae) in the wider area of Volovja reber (SW Slovenia)
Jernej Figelj
DOPPS–BirdLife Slovenia, Tr`a{ka 2, SI–1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija, e–mail: jernej.fgelj@dopps.si
Raziskave ptic na obmo~ju Volovje rebri, ki so bile opravljene po naro~ilu investitorja na~rtovane vetrne elektrarne, niso identifcirale omembe vredne selitve ptic prek obmo~ja (E-NET okolje 2005). Prispevek Miheli~a & Brajnika (2006) ka`e, da bi obmo~je vendarle lahko imelo velik pomen vsaj za jesensko selitev ujed. V pri~ujo~em prispevku predstavljam nove podatke, ki nakazujejo mo`nost, da ima obmo~je velik pomen tudi za selitev ptic pevk.
Dne 16.3.2004 sva s Polonco Voglar popisovala ptice na Gurah ({ir{e obmo~je Volovje rebri, JZ Slovenija). Vreme je bilo jasno in toplo, sne`na odeja je pokrivala manj kot desetino travnikov, vlekla je rahla sapa. Opazovala sva par planinskih orlov Aquila chrysaetos, enega je napadala manj{a ujeda, ki pa je zaradi nasproti sijo~ega sonca nisem utegnil determinirati. Kljub velikemu vznemirjenju, ki ga vsakokrat do`ivim ob sre~anju s planinskim orlom, so mojo pozornost najbolj pritegnili {~inkavci Fringilla coelebs, pino`e Fringilla montifringilla in zelenci Carduelis chloris. Ko sem zasli{al znano ogla{anje {~inkavca, sem obrnil daljnogled v nebo in videl, kako jata 100 {~inkavcev leti ~ez greben proti severu mimo [estanovega vrha (1193 m nm.v.). ^ez pribli`no pol minute jim je sledila manj{a jata {~inkavcev, za njimi je priletela {e me{ana jata {~inkavcev in pino`, nato manj{a jata zelencev itn. Tako so naju 50 m nad tlemi v intervalih od ena do pet minut preletavale pet- do sto-glave jate ptic, predvsem {~inkavcev, nekaj je bilo tudi pino` in zelencev. Ptice so prihajale iz juga, letele so proti severu in severovzhodu, redkeje proti severozahodu. Ta prelet je trajal do 13.30 h, sam pa sem ptice prvi~ opazil pribli`no ob 11.30 h. Ocenjujem, da naju je preletelo vsaj 2000 ptic.
Glede na datum in smer leta sklepam, da sva verjetno bila pri~a vra~ajo~im selivkam. Tome et al. (2005) navajajo, da na Ljubljanskem barju poteka
spomladanski prelet zelencev od konca februarja do konca aprila, prelet pino` do sredine marca, izjemoma do konca aprila. [~inkavec dose`e najbolj izrazit preletni vrh v oktobru, spomladanski prelet pa po zbranih podatkih iz Ljubljanskega barja ni opazen. Pa~ pa je podoben prelet zabele`il D. Bordjan na Dravskem polju, ko je v dopoldanskih urah na{tel 1533 osebkov v 57 jatah velikosti od 1-100 osebkov (Bordjan 2007). Verjetno so {~inkavci na Volovji rebri pripadali vzhodnoevropski populaciji, ki prezimuje v severni Italiji, najverjetneje mad`arski, ki se seli prek severnega Jadrana, v nasprotju s slova{kimi {~inkavci, ki letijo na prezimovali{~a prek Alp in Padske ni`ine (Cramp 1998).
Summary
On 16 Mar 2004, migration of Finches (Fringillidae) was observed in the wider area of Volovja reber (SW Slovenia). Within 2 hours, a minimum of 2,000 birds in focks of 5 to 100 individuals migrated over the area.
Literatura
Bordjan,     D.,     (2007):    [~inkavec    Fringilla    coelebs.
- Acrocephalus 28 (132): 39-45.
Cramp, S. (1998): The Complete Birds of    the Western
Palearctic on CD-ROM. – Oxford University Press,
Oxford. E-NET okolje (2005): Poro~ilo o vplivih na okolje za vetrno
elektrarno in povezovalni 110 kV daljnovod na obmo~ju
Volovja reber nad Ilirsko Bistrico. - E-NET okolje d.o.o,
Ljubljana. Miheli~, T. & Brajnik, I. (2006): Nova opazovanja selitve
ujed na Volovji rebri. - Acrocephalus 27 (128-129):
86-87. Tome,  D.,  Sovinc,  A.  & Trontelj,  P.  (2005):  Ptice
ljubljanskega     barja     (Monografja     DOPPS     [t.3).
- DOPPS, Ljubljana.
Arrived / Prispelo: 11.10.2007 Accepted / Sprejeto: 5.12.2008
Acrocephalus 29 (13e): 5J-J7, 2008
Observations of the Common Rosefinch Carpodacus erythrinus in Bulgaria in 2006 and 2007
Opazovanja {krlatca Carpodacus erythrinus v Bolgariji v letih 2006 in 2007
Stoyan Ch. Nikolov1, Dimitar Ragyov1, Leo Linnartz2, Dimitar Gradinarov3 & Veselina Shishkova
1 Central Laboratory of General Ecology / Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Str., BG-1113 Sofa, Bulgaria, e-mail: nikolov100yan@abv.bg, dimitar. ragyov@gmail.com
2 Eco Tourist Services, Molendijk 63, 3257 AM Ooltgensplaat, the Netherlands, e-mail: lelie@ wanadoo.nl
3 Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds, Sofa, Bulgaria, e-mail: dimitaski@abv.bg
There has been a marked increase in the Common Rosefnch Carpodacus erythrinus and a westward spread throughout its range in Europe during the past century (Risberg & Risberg 1975, Bozhko 1980, Hill 1986). In Bulgaria, the species is rare, with breeding population estimated between 10 and 50 pairs (Risberg & Stjernberg 1997, Kostadinova & Gramatikov 2007). The most recent fndings of the Common Rosefnch in the country are in the Rila Mountains, Razlog town, Osogovo Mountains and Stara Planina Mountains (Spiridonov 1999, Shurulinkov et al. 2003, Stoyanov 2005). We present several observations of the species during the breeding season over the past two years.
In June 2006 several Common Rosefnches were registered in the area of the Tuja hut (UTM LH33), Central Balkan Mountains. On 13 Jun an adult male was singing from the top of the trees and a fower stem of Mullein Verbascum spp., in the surroundings of the hut (1536 m a.s.l.). On 14 Jun a copulation was observed (the male in the pair was adult) on the balcony of the hut (08.00–09.00 h) (Figure 1). During the display just before the copulation, the song of the male increased markedly. On the same day, a 1st summer male (Svensson et al. 1999) was observed 1.5 km south-east of the peak Maragidik (1737 m a.s.l.). The bird was singing in a meadow covered by White Hellebore Veratrum album and Siberian Juniper Juniperus sibirica. Two birds (male and female) were
Figure 1: Courtship of a pair of Commn Rosefnches Carpodacus erythrinus on the balcony of the hut Tuja, Central Balkan Mountains (Bulgaria). Photo: D. Ragyov
Slika 1: Gnezditveno razkazovanje {krlatca Carpodacus erythrinus na balkonu ko~e Tuja, osrednje Balkansko gorovje (Bolgarija). Foto: D. Ragyov
observed on the same day, 1.6 km east of the hut. The birds perched on the balcony of a small house along the river Tuja. On 18 Jun a singing male was heard from the top of a Beech tree Fagus sylvatica along the river Tuja, 0.4 km north of the waterfall Kademliysko Pruskalo (1450 m a.s.l.). The afore-mentioned observations strongly suggest that the species breeds in the area. The Common Rosefnch was previously registered in the Central Balkan Mountains only once, in the same location (near the hut Tuja) in June 1988 when an adult male was observed and heard (Nankinov 1995).
In May and July 2007 a small group (about 5 birds) of Common Rosefnches was observed in the region of Predela (UTM FM93), at the foot of the Pirin Mountains. On 25, 26 and 27 May three adult males and a female were registered in close proximity of a hotel complex, where the habitat (at about 900 m a.s.l.) comprised of wet meadows and pastures intersected by numerous brooks and small groups of trees (mainly Black Alder Alnus glutinosa, but also Cherry Plum Prunus cerasifera, Silver Birch Betula pendula and Willow Salix sp.) with dense undergrowth (mainly young Black Alder trees and Hazel Corylus avellana). Males were registered to sing every day with a higher vocal rate in mornings (7.30–9.00 h) and evenings (18.00–19.20 h). When singing, males perched near the top of comparatively high trees (mainly Black Alder) but also on short trees (young Cherry Plums) and even on the fence and palings in the hotel yard (Figure 2). One of the males and the female behaved
S. Ch. Nikolov, D. Ragyov, L. Linnartz, D. Gradinarov & V. Shishkova: Observations of the Common Rosefnch Carpodacus erythrinus in Bulgaria in 2006 and 2007
as a pair, often feeding and fying together. On 11 and 12 Jul a total of four males were heard singing simultaneously. Males sang every morning, but in the evenings the vocal displays started later (20.00–20.20 h) than in May. An adult male was found feeding on fruits of a Wild Cherry Prunus avium at 11.40 h. At the end of July (on 28 and 29), males were registered to sing only in the mornings and there were no vocal displays in the evenings. The perching sites for vocal displays during this period were not the high trees, as observed in May, but mostly shrub-like young Black Alders. One of the four singing males was a 1st summer bird. In this period the Common Rosefnches were concentrated in the close proximity of a small (about 0.5 ha) artifcial lake, where the vegetation comprised of sparsely located Black Alder trees with a
Figure 2: Singing male Scarlet Rosefnch Carpodacus erythrinus in the area of Predela, Pirin Mountains (Bulgaria). Photo: D. Gradinarov
Slika 2: Pojo~i sam~ek {krlatca Carpodacus erythrinus v obmo~ju Predele, gorovje Pirin (Bolgarija). Foto: D. Gradinarov
thick undergrowth of young Black Alder trees. The 1st summer male was observed to defend a territory and it chased away an adult male perched near by. It is very probable that the species breeds on this locality. This is the second observation of the Common Rosefnch in Predela region, but the frst (in July 1981) was carried out 26 years ago (Pannach 1983) and since then the species was not confrmed on this locality. Our observation was made 7 km from the locality where
the breeding of Common Rosefnch was proved for the frst time in Bulgaria: near Razlog town, (UTM GN03; Shurulinkov et al. 2003) and at about 6 km from the locality in the surroundings of Bansko town where the species was observed during the breeding season 28 years ago (Uhlig 1981). Obviously the Common Rosefnch breeds in the area constantly but in several loose groups.
On both localities (the surroundings of Tuja hut and Predela), the species was observed in areas affected by humans and close to buildings, as has been reported for many other regions in Europe (Risberg & Stejrnberg 1997).
Povzetek
Avtorji podajajo nove podatke o raz{irjenosti {krlatca Carpodacus erythrinus v Bolgariji. V osrednjem delu gorovja Balkan, pri ko~i Tuja (UTM LH33) je bilo opa`enih nekaj osebkov, ki so tam verjetno gnezdili. Opa`eni so bili trije pojo~i osebki ter dva para (en par pri kopulaciji). Na obmo~ju Predela ob vzno`ju gorovja Pirin (UTM FM93) je bila opa`ena v maju in juliju 2007 gnezditveno sumljiva skupina petih osebkov ({tirje pojo~i sam~ki).
References
Bozhko, S. (1980): Der Karmingimpel. – Neue Brehm-Bücherei 529, Ziemsen, Wittenberg. Hill, A. (1986): Die Einwanderung des Karmingimpels
(Carpodacus     erythrinus)     in     die     Bundesrepublik
Deutschland. – Orn. Mitt. 38: 72–84. Kostadinova, I. & Gramatikov, M. (2007): Important
Bird  Areas  in  Bulgaria  and  NATURA 2000.  BSPB
Conservation Series No. 11. – Bulgarian Society for the
Protection of Birds, Sofa. Nankinov, D. (1995): Common Rosefnch (Carpodacus
erythrinus) in Bulgaria. pp. 337 – 342, In: A book for
70th anniversary of the forestry education in Bulgaria.
– University of Forestry, Sofa. Pannach, D. (1983): Karmingimpel, Carpodacus erythrinus,
in Pirin Gebirge (Bulgarien). – Beitr. Vogelkd. 29 (1):
56. Risberg, L. & Risberg, B. (1975): Rosenfnken Carpodacus
erythrinus i Sverige 1969 och 1974. – Var Fagelvärld 34:
139–151. Risberg, L. & Stejrnberg, T. (1997): Scarlet Rosefnch
Carpodacus erythrinus. In: Hagemejer, E. & Blair, M.
(eds.): The EBCC Atlas of European breeding birds:
their distribution and abundance. – T. & A. D. Poyser,
London. Shurulinkov, P. , Nikolov, B., Stoyanov, G. & Nikolov,
I. (2003): Erstes sicheres Brüten des Karmingimpels in
Bulgarien. – Orn. Mitt. 55 (4): 123–127.
Acrocephalus 29 (13e): 5J-J7, 2008
Spiridonov, J. (1999): The breeding ornithofauna of the Rila
National Park and its conservation status. pp. 385–414,
In: Sakalian, M. (ed.): Biodiversity of the Rila National
Park. – PenSoft, Sofa. Stoyanov, G. (2005): Observations of Rosefnch Carpodacus
erythrinus on Osogovo Mountain. – Ciconia 14: 197–
199. Svensson, L., Grant, P. , Mullarney, K & Zetterström,
D. (1999): Bird Guide. – Harper Collins Publ., London. Uhlig, R. (1981): Finding of the Scarlet Rosefnch Carpodacus
erythrinus (Pall.) in Bulgaria. – Orn. Inf. Bull. 9: 40.
Arrived / Prispelo: 14.6.2007 Accepted / Sprejeto: 5.12.2008
Acrocephalus 29 (13e): 59-éé, 2008
Ornithological observations (2003-2007) from Albania
The avifauna of Albania belongs to the least surveyed among the European countries. One of the reasons is that foreign ornithologists had limited access to that country during 45 years of isolation. In the beginning of the 20th century several visits resulted in the frst qualitative descriptions of Albanian avifauna, with valuable distributional data (e.g. Ticehurst & Whistler 1932, Thorpe et al. 1936, Whistler 1936). After the second World War, mainly water birds, at the most attractive sites (e.g. coastal lagoons, Shkoder Lake), were investigated by native ornithologists, who published a number of papers in Albanian (reviewed by Nowak 1980). This author also compiled the checklist of Albanian birds supplemented with the general status of their occurrence (Nowak 1989). Recently, the state of knowledge of breeding birds has been presented in the European Atlas (Hagemeijer & Blair 1997). The defciency in distributional data is evident throughout most of Albania, even for the commonest passerine birds, in contrast with relatively well-studied surrounding countries.
2. Material and methods
Birds were recorded during fve feld trips to different parts of Albania (Figure 1) in the years 2003-2007 (spring 2004, summer 2003, 2006, 2007 and summer / autumn 2005). For species identifcation we used Collins Bird Guide (Mullarney et al. 2001). Taxonomic nomenclature has been updated according to  recent  recommendations  (Stawarczyk  2004  &
2005). For general comparison with our data we used principally the historical observations given by Ticehurst & Whistler (1932), Thorpe et al. (1936) and Whistler (1936). Below, we note and comment on 89 selected bird species.
3. Observations
Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus
Numerous on 8 Aug 2006, Gollomboc.
Black-necked Grebe Podiceps nigricollis
One on 17 Apr 2004, Shkoder Lake near Hani i Hotit.
Little Grebe Tachybaptus rufcollis
One heard and seen on 17 Apr and 2 May 2004, Shkoder Lake near Hani i Hotit; 1-2 on 8 Aug 2006, Gollomboc; 2 on 11 Aug 2006, near Zagradec.
Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus
One on 2 Oct 2005 and 5 birds on 8 Aug 2006, Gollomboc. The species has been listed as rare in Europe. Recently, the Albanian breeding population has been estimated as 19 pairs, with 91-186 wintering birds (BirdLife International 2004).
Pelecanus sp.
One on 2 Oct 2005 and approx. 50 birds far from the shore on 8 Aug 2006, Gollomboc.
Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo
One on 17 Apr 2004, Shkoder Lake near Hani i Hotit.
Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus
Several on 17 Aug 2003 and 17 Apr 2004, Shkoder Lake near Hani i Hotit; several on 26 Apr 2004, Vrine; several on 2 Oct 2005, near Memelisht; 50-80 birds on 8 Aug 2006, Gollomboc; several on 9 Aug 2006; near Zagradec. Noted as breeding and fairly common in spring on Shkoder Lake by Ticehurst & Whistler (1932).
Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax
Three adults and 5-10 in juvenile/1st-winter plumage on 8 Aug 2006, Gollomboc; 3 on 10 Aug 2006, near Zagradec.
Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides
One on 2 May 2004, Shkoder Lake near Hani i Hotit; several on 11 Aug 2006, near Zagradec. Single pairs recorded also on Shkoder Lake by Ticehurst & Whistler (1932).
Ornitolo{ka opazovanja iz Albanije (2003-2007)
Konrad Sachanowicz1, Mateusz Ciechanowski2 & Alek Rachwald3
Museum & Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of
Sciences, ul. Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warszawa, Poland,
e-mail: chassan@poczta.onet.pl
Department of Vertebrate Ecology and Zoology,
University of Gdańsk, al. Legionów 9, 80-441
Gdańsk, Poland
Department of Forest Ecology and Game
Management, Forest Research Institute, ul. Braci
Leśnej 3, Sękocin Stary, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland
1. Introduction
K. Sachanowicz, M. Ciechanowski, A. Rachwald: Ornithological observations (2003-2007) from Albania
Figure 1: A map of Albania with observation sites*
Slika 1: Zemljevid Albanije z označenimi območji opazovanj*
*Sites / Območja opazovanja: 1. Gomsiqe (Gomsiqe River valley), 2. Kolsh area, 3. Qaf Mali, 4. Koman, 5. Lac area, 6. Vau i Dejës area (Vau i Dejës reservoir shore), 7. Domen area (Kir River valley), 8. plain between Gradec and Zagore, 9. Gril, 10. Damës (Pavlit River valley), 11. Zhulaj, 12. Tepelenë area (foodplain wood of Vjosës River valley), 13. Humelice, 14. Picar, 15. Goranxi, 16. Vanister, 17. area between Libohovë and Bulo, 18. Syri i Kalter (Bistrice River valley), 19. Sarandë, 20. Butrint (area between the lake Butrint and the Jonian Sea), 21. Cuke, 22. Vrine, 23. Shkalle, 24. Kullurice, 25. Caparo (Porto Palermo Bay), 26.
6o
Rrapsh, 27. Hot, 28. Kulumri area, 29. Rreth Kale area, 30. Hurdhe Muhur area, 31. Suç area, 32. Krujë, 33. Gollomboc (Macro Prespa Lake), 34. Memelisht (Ohrid Lake), 35. Elbasan, 36. Bilisht (a river ca 3 km W of the town), 37. Zagradec area (westernmost part of Micro Prespa Lake), 38. Bistrice (Bistrice River valley), 39. Ashte, 40. area between Velce and Ramice, 41. Mezhgoran (Vjosës River valley), 42. Gjorm (Shushicës River valley), 43. Pertran, 44. Tresove (Devoll River valley), 45. Gjonomadh (small river),
46.  Leskovik and forest ca 7 km NE of the town,
47.  area between Leshnje and Vithkuq (Dëshnicës River valley), 48. Benje-Novosele area, 49. Lojme area (Lumës River valley), 50. Koderlumë (rocky slopes above the Lumës valley), 51. Bardhoc i Ri (bunkers near the road), 52. Malësia e Hasit, ca 2 km N of Fshat-Krume, 53. Rreze-mali area, 54. Shoshan (Valbone River canyon), 55. between Shoshan and Dragobi (Valbone River canyon), 56. Valbone, ca 3 km behind the village, near the road to Ragam, 57. Breglumi (tunnels on the rocky slope), 58. Miliske, 59. between Reps and Mashterkor (Fani i Vogël River valley), 60. Rubik (Fanit River valley), 61. Prekal (Kir River valley), 62. Boge area, 63. Hani i Hotit (Shkoder Lake and its shore), 64. Pukë area, 65. Golaj area. The local names are based on the maps / Lokalna imena so osnovana na zemljevidih: Republika e Shqipërisë – harta administrative 1:200 000, 1999, GCC, Tirana, Albania and Albania 1:220 000, 2004, Reise Know-How Verlag, Bielefeld.
Little Egret Egretta garzetta
Approx. 20 birds on 24 Apr 2004, Butrint; ca 50 birds on 8 Aug 2006, Gollomboc; singles on 11 Aug 2006, near Zagradec; several on 10 Aug 2007, Fanit River valley near Rubik; several on 2 May 2004 and 12 Aug 2007, Shkoder Lake near Hani i Hotit. Once Ticehurst & Whistler (1932) found it fairly common on Shkoder Lake and Whistler (1936) noted it from Butrint.
White Stork Ciconia ciconia
Three on 8 Aug 2006, Gollomboc. Once noted as a locally common breeder (Ticehurst & Whistler 1932) but Thorpe et al. (1936) noted it as sparse and rather irregular throughout the Ohrid and Prespa lakes area. Recently, the species has been considered as extinct. In 1995 only two pairs (both without breeding success) survived in Albania where, even as a non-breeding visitor, it is now becoming very rare (Peja and Bego 1999).
Acrocephalus 29 (136): 59-66, 2008
Gadwall Anas strepera
Five on 8 Aug 2006, Gollomboc. The species is observed infrequently on passage and stays in Albania for winter (Ticehurst & Whistler 1932, Nowak 1980).
Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus
One adult on 24 Apr 2004, Sarandë; 2 adults on 26 Aug 2006, between Velce and Ramice. A pair or two were observed in the same region (between Vlora and Tepelenë) and a pair recorded also from near Sarandë (Ticehurst & Whistler 1932, Whistler 1936). The species is in great decline throughout Europe and recently has been classifed as endangered. The Albanian population is estimated as 30-60 pairs (BirdLife International 2004).
Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos
One subadult on 22 Apr 2004, Vanister; 2 on 10 Aug 2007, near Prekal.
Short-toed Eagle Circaetus gallicus
One on 24 Apr 2004, Cuke; 2 on 27 Apr 2004, Kullurice; 1 on 8 Aug 2006, Gollomboc.
Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus
A female on 9 Aug 2006, near Zagradec. The species was observed there by Thorpe et al. (1936).
Common Buzzard Buteo buteo
Single birds or pairs frequently seen at different sites. Formerly noted as widespread in wooded areas (Ticehurst & Whistler 1932).
Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus
One on 9 Aug 2006, near Bilisht; 1 on 8 Aug 2007, Miliske.
Kestrel Falco tinnunculus
Apparently the commonest bird of prey; single birds or pairs frequently seen at different sites. Some observations – pairs or colonies near rocky walls with cavities – may suggest breeding character, e.g. 1-2 pairs on 21 Apr 2004, Goranxi; 2 pairs on 11 Aug 2006, near Zagradec; several birds on 26 Aug 2006, near Ramice. Once Ticehurst & Whistler (1932) considered it as the most abundant and widespread of raptors and their opinion still appears actual.
Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus
One on 22 Apr 2004, Vanister; 1 carrying a prey on 7 Aug 2007, near Valbone.
Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus
One, hunting birds, on 3 Oct 2005, near Elbasan. Its status in Albania remains completely unknown. Only two recent observations were published: from Valamara Mts in SE part (1993) and from Theth area in northern mountains (1999), (BirdLife International 1999).
Rock Partridge Alectoris graeca
Approx. 7 birds on 19 Sep 2005, near Kulumri; 4 on 24 Sep 2005, near Hurdhe Muhur; 3 on 6 Aug 2007, Rreze-mali area; 2-3 on 8 Aug 2007, near Miliske.
Moorhen Gallinula chloropus
An adult with a juvenile on 8 Aug 2006, Gollomboc; 2 on 11 Aug 2006, near Zagradec.
Stone-curlew Burhinus oedicnemus
One heard on 23 Apr 2004, between Libohovë and Bulo.
Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos
Two on 8 Aug 2006, Gollomboc.
Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida
Several on 17 Aug 2003, Shkoder Lake near Hani i Hotit.
Rock Dove Columba livia
Two on 21 Apr 2004, Goranxi; several on cliffs on 3 Aug 2007, Lojme area.
Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur
Common on summer passage when seen frequently at many sites. In spring only 3 birds on 25 Apr 2004, Butrint. Formerly recorded as numerous throughout the country (Ticehurst & Whistler 1932).
Cuckoo Cuculus canorus
One on 1 May 2004, Rrapsh.
Tawny Owl Strix aluco
One heard on 24 Aug 2006, near Bistrice. The species appears to be rare throughout the country due to the defciency of suitable breeding habitats (mature forests).
Eagle Owl Bubo bubo
One heard on 22 Aug 2006, near Mezhgoran.
K. Sachanowicz, M. Ciechanowski, A. Rachwald: Ornithological observations (2003-2007) from Albania
Little Owl Athene noctua
One on 21 Apr 2004, Goranxi; 1 on 22 Apr 2004, Vanister; 1 on 24 Apr 2004, Cuke; 1 on 26 Apr 2004, Butrint; 1 in a bunker on 27 Aug 2006, Ashte. Noted as fairly common throughout the country by Ticehurst & Whistler (1932).
Scops Owl Otus scops
Mostly heard: 1 on 14 Aug 2003, Domen area; 1 on 18 Apr 2004, Damës; 4 birds on 19 Apr 2004 and several heard on 19-21 Aug 2006, near Tepelenë; 1 on 20 Apr 2004, Picar; 1-2 on 23 Apr 2004, Syri i Kalter; 1-2 on 27 Apr 2004, Kullurice; 1 on 22 Aug 2006, near Mezhgoran.
Nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus
One calling on 10 Aug 2003, Qaf Mali; 1 on 22 Sep 2005, Rreth Kale area; 1 on 24 Aug 2006, near Bistrice; 1 on 4 Aug 2007, ca 2 km N of Fshat-Krume;
I on 7 Aug 2007, near Valbone; 1 on 9 Aug 2007, between Reps and Mashterkor.
Pallid Swift Apus pallidus
Ca 15 birds on 25 Apr 2004, Butrint. The species has been listed as not recorded in Albania, but its sporadic occurrence is highly probable (Nowak 1989).
Alpine Swift Tachymarptis melba
Numerous on passage on 18 Apr 2004, near Gril; several on 24-25 Apr 2004, Butrint; several on 27 Apr 2004, Kullurice; several on 6 Aug 2007, Rreze-mali area. Once migrating birds were also recorded in Butrint (Whistler 1936).
Hoopoe Upupa epops
One singing on 27 Apr 2004, Kullurice; 1 heard on 1 May 2004, Rrapsh; 1 on 9 Aug 2006, near Bilisht.
Kingfsher Alcedo atthis
One on 12 Aug 2003, Koman; 1 on 22 Sep 2005, Rreth Kale area; 1 on 9 Aug 2006, near Bilisht; 1 on
II Aug 2006, near Tresove; 1 on 19 Aug 2006, near Tepelenë; 1 on 26 Aug 2006, ca 2 km N of Gjorm.
Bee-eater Merops apiaster
One on 9 Aug 2006, near Bilisht; ca 10 birds on 16 Aug 2006, near Pertran.
Black Woodpecker Dryocopus martius
One heard on 12 Aug 2007, Boge area. Apparently a very rare and local species in Albania due to the defciency of suitable breeding habitats – a common reason  of  scarcity  of  woodpeckers.  Ticehurst  &
Whistler (1932) quoted two former uncertain observations from northern Albania. The presence of this woodpecker in the country was defnitely confrmed by Whistler (1936), who observed it in Logara forest (SW Albania).
Green Woodpecker Picus viridis
One on 22 Sep 2005, Rreth Kale area; 1 heard on 11 Aug 2006, near Tresove.
Lesser Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos minor
One calling and drumming on 20 Apr 2004, in a suitable breeding habitat near Tepelenë.
Wryneck Jynx torquilla
One on 21 Apr 2004, Goranxi.
Crested Lark Galerida cristata
Apparently still common, frequently seen and heard at different sites in towns, villages and along roads (e.g. Hani i Hotit, plain between Gradec and Zagore, Vanister, between Libohovë and Bulo, Butrint). Formerly distributed throughout Albania wherever there was cultivation (Ticehurst & Whistler 1932).
Crag Martin Ptyonoprogne rupestris
Several on 22 Sep 2005, Rreth Kale area; 5-10 birds with nests on cliff on 8 Aug 2006, Gollomboc; several with nests on a rocky wall on 9 Aug 2006, near Zagradec; several in breeding habitats on 3 Aug 2007, Lojme area as well as near Koderlumë. Its occurrence near Zagradec was recorded by Thorpe et al. (1936).
Red-rumped Swallow Cecropis daurica
Apparently common, frequently seen at different sites (e.g. Gomsiqe, Qaf Mali, Koman, Domen, plain between Gradec and Zagore, Vanister, between Libohovë and Bulo, near Bilisht, near Zagradec, near Valbone and in Prekal). Also frequently observed, from a car, along roads, in towns and villages. Its characteristic nests were often found inside bunkers and abandoned buildings. Some breeding sites: several pairs on 19 Apr 2004, Damës; several pairs building under a bridge on 26 Apr 2004, Shkalle; several pairs inside bunkers on 27 Apr 2004, Kullurice; 2 with a nest in a tunnel on 25 Sep 2005, near Suç; 2 with a nest in a bunker on 2 Aug 2007, Bardhoc i Ri; birds with a nest in a bunker on 3 Aug 2007, near Koderlumë; a nest in an abandoned building on 6 Aug 2007, Rreze-mali area. The species appears to be widespread and common throughout Albania, although formerly it was regarded as a very local breeding bird (Ticehurst & Whistler 1932).
Acrocephalus 29 (13e): 59-éé, 2008
House Martin Delichon urbicum
A colony with nests on rocky wall on 11 Aug 2006, near Zagradec; ca 20 near an abandoned building on 8 Aug 2007, Valbone.
Tawny Pipit Anthus campestris
One singing and 2 birds seen on 23 Apr 2004, between Libohovë and Bulo.
Yellow Wagtail Motacilla fava feldegg
Male on 27 Apr 2004, Kullurice; a male on 9 Aug 2006, near Bilisht.
Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea
Single birds on 6 Aug, Gomsiqe; 8 Aug, Kolsh area; 10 Aug, Qaf Mali; 15 Aug 2003, Domen area; 1 on 20 Apr 2004, ca 5 km south of Tepelenë; several males and a breeding pair on 23 Apr 2004, Syri i Kalter; 1 on 22 Sep 2005, Rreth Kale area; 1 on 3 Oct 2005, near Krujë; 1 on 13 Aug 2006, near Gjonomadh; single birds on 19-21 Aug 2006, near Tepelenë; 1 on 26 Aug
2006, ca 2 km N of Gjorm; several birds on 7 Aug
2007, near Valbone and Dragobi. The species appears to be widespread throughout Albania in suitable habitats along streams and small rivers.
Dipper Cinclus cinclus
Single birds on 6 Aug, Gomsiqe; 2 on 12 Aug, Koman; 1 on 15 Aug 2003, Domen area; 1 on 23 Apr 2004, Syri i Kalter; 1 on 22 Sep 2005, Rreth Kale area; 1 on 13 Aug 2006, near Gjonomadh; single birds on 19-21 Aug 2006, near Tepelenë; 2 on 3 Aug 2007, Lojme area; 1 on 6 Aug 2007, near Shoshan and in Valbone River canyon between Shoshan and Dragobi; 1 on 7 Aug 2007, near Valbone. Apparently widespread wherever there are mountain streams and rivers. Also noted as widespread by Ticehurst & Whistler (1932).
Nightingale Luscinia megarhynchos
Tw o males singing on 19 Apr 2004, near Tepelenë; 1 on 23 Apr 2004, between Libohovë and Bulo; 1 male on 1 May 2004, Rrapsh.
Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros
One on 3 Aug 2007, near Koderlumë; single on 8 Aug 2007, near Valbone.
Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe
Apparently common in open rocky landscapes throughout as frequently seen (e.g. near roads) at different sites. In spring 1 male and a female on 18 Apr 2004, plain between Gradec and Zagore. Once noted as common by Ticehurst & Whistler (1932).
Black-eared Wheatear Oenanthe hispanica melanoleuca
One on 13 Aug 2003, Vau i Dejës area; a male on
18 Apr 2004, between Gradec and Zagore; a male on
19 Apr 2004, Damës; 2 males and 2-3 females on 21 Apr 2004, Goranxi; 1 male on 22 Apr 2004, Vanister. Considered as common at lower altitudes (Ticehurst & Whistler 1932).
Whinchat Saxicola rubetra
One on 24 Apr 2004, Butrint; 1 male on 27 Apr 2004, Kullurice.
European Stonechat Saxicola rubicola
A pair on 23 Apr 2004, between Libohovë and Bulo; 2 males on 24 Apr 2004, Butrint; a breeding pair on 27 Apr 2004, Kullurice; 2 on 24 Sep 2005, near Hurdhe Muhur.
Blue Rock Thrush Monticola solitarius
A female on 19 Apr 2004, Damës; 1 male on 28 Apr 2004, Caparo (Porto Palermo); 1 male and 2 females on 11 Aug 2006, near Zagradec; 1-2 males on 8 Aug 2007, Breglumi area. Also recorded in spring at Porto Palermo (Whistler 1936).
Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla
Two on 9 Aug 2006, near Zagradec.
Orphean Warbler Sylvia crassirostris
Single birds on 24 Apr 2004, Butrint; 1 male on 27 Apr 2004, Kullurice.
Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia curruca
One singing on 19 Apr 2004, near Tepelenë.
Whitethroat Sylvia communis
One male on 20 Apr 2004, near Humelice; 1 male on 21 Apr 2004, Goranxi; 1 male on 22 Apr 2004, Vanister; 1 male on 23 Apr 2004, between Libohovë and Bulo. Noted as one of the commonest summer visitors to Albania (Ticehurst & Whistler 1932).
Subalpine Warbler Sylvia cantillans
Singing male on 19 Apr 2004, Damës; 1 male on 22 Apr 2004, Vanister; 1 male on 24 Apr 2004, Butrint.
Moustached Warbler Acrocephalus melanopogon
Single birds seen and heard on 11 Aug 2006, near Zagradec.
K. Sachanowicz, M. Ciechanowski, A. Rachwald: Ornithological observations (2003-2007) from Albania
Great Reed Warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus
Tw o pairs feeding young on 11 Aug 2006, near Zagradec.
Wood Warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix
Several on 22 Aug 2006, ca 5 km S of Tepelenë.
Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca
A male on 19 Apr 2004, near Tepelenë. Noted as common throughout the country on spring passage (Ticehurst & Whistler 1932).
Collared Flycatcher Ficedula albicollis
One singing and 1 male seen on 19 Apr 2004, in a suitable breeding habitat (foodplain forest) near Tepelenë. Once regarded as fairly common on spring passage (Ticehurst & Whistler 1932). Nowak (1989) listed it as a breeding species.
Great Tit Parus major
Tw o on 20 Apr 2004, near Tepelenë; 2 males on 21 Apr 2004, Goranxi.
Blue Tit Parus caeruleus
One on 20 Apr 2004, near Tepelenë.
Coal Tit Parus ater
Heard on 18 Aug 2006, ca 7 km NE of Leskovik; heard on 9 Aug 2007, near Pukë.
Crested Tit Parus cristatus
Heard on 18 Aug 2006, ca 7 km NE of Leskovik.
Long-tailed Tit Aegithalos caudatus
Several on 22 Aug 2006, ca 5 km S of Tepelenë.
Nuthatch Sitta europaea
One on 23 Apr 2004, Syri i Kalter. Apparently much rarer in Albania, due to the defciency of suitable breeding habitats (mature forests), than the next species. Once observed only in forests of Mamuras and Logara (Ticehurst & Whistler 1932, Whistler 1936).
Rock Nuthatch Sitta neumayer
Single birds on 6 Aug, Gomsiqe; on 13 Aug, Vau i Dejës area; 15 Aug 2003, Domen area; several calling on 21 Apr 2004, Goranxi; 1-2 on 22 Apr 2004, Vanister; several on 25 Apr 2004, Butrint; 2 on 3 Oct 2005, near Krujë; 2-3 on 8 Aug 2006, Gollomboc; common on 9-11 Aug 2006, near Zagradec; 1 on 11 Aug 2006, near Tresove; 1 on 13 Aug 2006, near Gjonomadh; 1 on 14 Aug 2006, near Leshnje; 1 on
16 Aug 2006, ca 2 km S of Benje-Novosele; single birds on 17 Aug, near Leskovik; on 19-21 Aug, near Tepelenë; on 22 Aug, near Mezhgoran; on 26 Aug 2006, near Ramice. The species appears common in suitable rocky habitats throughout Albania. Reported as very common in the limestone hills near Sarandë (Whistler 1936). Near Zagradec observed by Thorpe et al. (1936).
Short-Toed Treecreeper Certhia brachydactyla
Several males singing on 19 Apr 2004, near Tepelenë.
Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio
Apparently common as frequently seen at different sites (e.g. Golaj area, Gollomboc, near Bilisht, near Zagradec, between Dragobi and Valbone). Birds perching near roads were often watched also from a car. Recorded as locally abundant on spring passage by Ticehurst & Whistler (1932) and as extremely common throughout by Thorpe et al. (1936).
Woodchat Shrike Lanius senator
A male on 19 Apr 2004, near Tepelenë; 1 on 26 Aug 2006, near Velce.
Lesser Grey Shrike Lanius minor
One on 13 Aug 2003, Lac area. Noted as very abundant throughout the lower parts of the country by Thorpe et al. (1936).
Raven Corvus corax
Two on 21 Apr 2004, Goranxi; 1 on 18 Aug 2006, ca 7 km NE of Leskovik; 2 on 26 Aug 2006, near Ramice; 1 on 4 Aug 2007, Golaj area. Once noted as commonly seen throughout Albania (Ticehurst & Whistler 1932).
Hooded Crow Corvus cornix
One carrying material for a nest on 19 Apr 2004, Damës. Noted as very common by Ticehurst & Whistler (1932).
Chaffnch Fringilla coelebs
Several males singing on 20 Apr 2004, near Tepelenë. The scarcity of records has been pointed already by Thorpe et al. (1936).
Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus
Heard on 22 Aug 2006, ca 5 km S of Tepelenë.
Tree Sparrow Passer montanus
One on 11 Aug 2006, near Zagradec.
Acrocephalus 29 (136): 59-66, 2008
Spanish Sparrow Passer hispaniolensis
Breeding colony (nests in abandoned buildings) on 19 Apr 2004, Damës; a male on 19 Apr 2004, Zhulaj; ca 20 birds on 21 Apr 2004, Goranxi; several on 22 Apr 2004, Vanister; common on 23 Apr 2004, between Libohovë and Bulo; common on 24-25 Apr 2004, near Cuke and in Butrint; common on 27 Apr 2004, Kullurice. Once regarded as a local bird (Ticehurst & Whistler 1932).
Rock Sparrow Petronia petronia
Five on 19 Apr 2004, Damës. Formerly considered as locally common in the south of the country (Ticehurst & Whistler 1932).
Ortolan Bunting Emberiza hortulana
One singing on 20 Apr 2004, near Humelice. Nowak (1989) listed it as a breeding species.
Cirl Bunting Emberiza cirlus
A male on 6 Aug 2003, Gomsiqe; pair on 19 Apr 2004, Damës; a male on 21 Apr 2004, Goranxi; 1 male on 23 Apr 2004, between Libohovë and Bulo.
Black-headed Bunting Emberiza melanocephala
A male on 2 May 2004, near Hot.
Corn Bunting Emberiza calandra
Frequently heard and seen at different sites in Apr 2004, e.g. 1 on 19 Apr 2004, Damës; 1 on 20 Apr 2004, near Tepelenë and near Humelice; 1 on 22 Apr 2004, Vanister; 1 on 23 Apr 2004, between Libohovë and Bulo; 1 on 24 Apr 2004, Butrint. Formerly noted as common in valleys and plains throughout the country (Ticehurst & Whistler 1932).
4. Discussion
According to our observations the characteristic common birds of the Albanian countryside are: Kestrel, Crested Lark, Red-rumped Swallow, Wheatear, Rock Nuthatch and Red-backed Shrike. Most of them are typical for open farmland and anthropogenic areas and for the open hilly and rocky habitats that dominate the country. Some of them were noted as common birds 70 years ago (Ticehurst & Whistler 1932, Thorpe et al. 1936, Whistler 1936). Since then, Red-rumped Swallow has also become common and apparently extended its range.
Several species appear to be very rare and local in Albania and doubtless they have been considered as such in Europe (Hagemeijer & Blair 1997): Dalmatian Pelican, Pygmy Cormorant, Egyptian Vulture, Lanner
Falcon and Moustached Warbler. Others appear to be uncommon and scarce breeders throughout the country and their observation may be notable: Golden Eagle, Peregrine Falcon, Stone Curlew, Eagle Owl, Collared Flycatcher and probably also Rock Sparrow. Pallid Swift should be seen at least on passage, but its status in Albania needs elucidation.
There is an interesting group of birds associated with mature forests, e.g. Tawny Owl, Black Woodpecker and Nuthatch, which appear to be rare and patchily distributed due to the scarcity of suitable breeding sites. Huge extents of deforestation, accounting for the situation, have been noted by Ticehurst & Whistler (1932) and are still actual. The largest concentration of probably breeding woodland birds was recorded in the foodplain forest in Vjosës River valley, south of Tepelenë. The forest, marked with several brooks, consists mainly of mature Platanus orientalis and Populus sp. trees. It appears to be a suitable habitat for e.g. Scops Owl, Lesser Spotted Woodpecker, Lesser Whitethroat, Pied Flycatcher, Collared Flycatcher, Short-Toed Treecreeper and Chaffnch i.e. mostly species rarely encountered in Albania.
In the Balkans, there are large distributional gaps for many bird species in Albania (Hagemeijer & Blair 1997). Doubtless, in many cases the data defciency is a result of the absence or insuffciency of feld studies. For some species (e.g. Rock Nuthatch) we can confrm much wider and commoner occurrence, throughout the country, than was thought previously.
Acknowledgements: We gratefully thank Dr Eugeniusz Nowak who kindly provided us with articles on Albanian birds and Agnieszka Wower who made the Figure.
5. Povzetek
Avtorji podajajo rezultate prilo`nostnih popisov ptic v Albaniji v letih 2003-2007 (pomlad 2004, poletje 2003, 2006, 2007 and poletje/jesen 2005). Ornitolo{kih podatkov iz Albanije je zelo malo, za nekatere v okolici obi~ajne vrste, za Albanijo manjkajo. Zabele`ili so zelo malo podatkov o gozdnih vrstah, ker je habitat izkr~en, razen na nekaterih redkih obmo~jih (dolina reke Vjosës). Nekatere vrste so glede na popise v prvi polovici prej{njega stoletja raz{irile svoj areal, denimo rde~a lastovka Cecropis daurica.
K. Sachanowicz, M. Ciechanowski, A. Rachwald: Ornithological observations (2003-2007) from Albania
6. References
BirdLife International (1999): International Species
Action Plan Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus. - [http://
ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildlife/
action_plans/docs/falco_biarmicus.pdf]. BirdLife    International    (2004):   Birds    in   Europe:
population     estimates,     trends     and     conservation
status.  BirdLife  Conservation  Series  12.  -  BirdLife,
Wageningen. Hagemeijer, E.J.M. & Blair, M.J. (eds.) (1997): The EBCC
Atlas of European Breeding Birds: Their Distribution
and Abundance. - T&AD Poyser, London. Mullarney, K., Svensson, L., Zetterström, D. & Grant,
P.J. (2001): Bird Guide. - HarperCollins Publishers,
London. Nowak, E. (1980): Wasservögel und Feuchtgebiete Albaniens
(Status, Veränderungen, Nutzung und Schutz). - Beiträge
zur Vogelkunde 26: 65-103. Nowak,   E.   (1989):   Provisorische   Artenliste   der   Vögel
Albaniens. - Privates Manuscript, Mehlem. Peja, N. & Bego, F. (1999): On the situation of the White
Stork (Ciconia ciconia) in Albania 1995. In: Schulz, H.
(ed.): Weißstorch im Aufwind? – White Storks on the
up? Proceedings of the International Symposium on the
White Stork, Hamburg 1996. - NABU, Bonn. Stawarczyk, T. (2004): Changes in the taxonomy of the
Western Palearctic birds. - Notatki Ornitologiczne 45:
101-108. (in Polish with English summary) Stawarczyk, T. (2005): Further changes in the taxonomy of
Polish birds. - Notatki Ornitologiczne 46: 241-243. (in
Polish with English summary). Ticehurst, C.B. & Whistler, H. (1932): On the ornithology
of Albania. - Ibis 2: 40-93. Thorpe, W.H., Cotton, P.T. & Holmes, P. F. (1936): Notes
on the birds of lakes Ochrid, Malik, and Prespa and
adjacent parts of Yugoslavia, Albania, and Greece. - Ibis
6: 557-580. Whistler, H. (1936): Further observations from Albania.
- Ibis 6: 335-356.
Arrived / Prispelo: 30.4.2008 Accepted / Sprejeto: 5.12.2008
Acrocephalus 29 (136): 67-75, 2008
Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice
From the ornithological notebook
Slovenija / Slovenia
Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus
Pritlikavi kormoran – en osebek opa`en 7.6.2008 na Ledavskem jezeru (UTM WM88, SV Slovenija)
Slika 1 / Figure 1: Pritlikavi kormoran / Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus, 7.6.2008, Ledavsko jezero. Foto: O. Samwald
On 7 Jun 2008, we noticed an adult Pygmy Cormorant at Ledavsko jezero (UTM WM88, NE Slovenia; Figure 1). The bird was observed on the northern side of the lake at a small pond close to the village of Ves, resting on a branch near the lake. According to J. Smole (pers. comm.), this is the frst record of Pygmy Cormorant at Ledavsko jezero. From mid-June to the beginning of July 2008, 1-2 adult Pygmy Cormorants were observed at the gravel pits near Königsdorf (southern Burgenland, Austria, approx. 30 km to the north). In the late 1980's, the species was not observed in neighbouring Austria every single year, although the number of records increased considerably at that time with 14 records up to 1989 (Berg & Samwald 1989). From that time onwards the Pygmy Cormorant occurred more and more regularly, especially in the eastern parts of Austria. From 1990 to 2006, there were 32 confrmed records (data source: Avifaunistic Commission of BirdLife Austria). In 2007, Pygmy Cormorant bred for the frst time in Austria on Lake Neusiedl (Nemeth 2008).
Otto Samwald & Renate Riegerbauer, Übersbachgasse 51c/6, A-8280 Fürstenfeld, Austria, e-mail: ottosamwald@aon.at
Siva gos Anser anser
Greylag Goose – one individual observed on Lake Zbilje (UTM VM51, central Slovenia) between 26 Feb 2008 and 21 Mar 2008
Slika 2 / Figure 2: Siva gos / Greylag Goose Anser anser, 20.3.2008, Zbiljsko jezero. Foto: D. Kurillo
Dne 26.2.2008 smo v toplem son~nem vremenu okrog 17.00 h opazovali sivo gos ob bregu Zbiljskega jezera (UTM VM51), blizu ~olnarne (slika 2). Po barvi kljuna sode~ najverjetneje {lo za vzhodno podvrsto rubrirostris. Ptica se je na savski gladini prerivala med kakimi desetimi labodi grbci Cygnus olor za kosi kruha, ki so jih metali obiskovalci. Ve~ji beli tekmeci so se sicer med seboj nekoliko preganjali, gos pa so skoraj popolnoma pustili v miru. Dne 5.3.2008 sem pri ~olnarni v Zbiljah pozno popoldne spet opazoval sivo gos, najbr` isto kot 26.2. Na vodni gladini blizu brega je plavala med ve~ labodi grbci in kakimi 25 liskami Fulica atra. Pridru`ila sta se jim {e dva samca velikega `agarja Mergus merganser, tretji pa se je zadr`eval nekoliko dlje. Vreme je bilo obla~no, po sne`enju. Dne 21.3.2008 se je siva gos {e vedno zadr`evala na savski gladini, nedale~ od ~olnarne v Zbiljah. Tudi 20.3.2008 popoldne je bila tam, skupaj z nekaj deset labodi grbci, {tevilnimi liskami, racami mlakaricami Anas platyrhynchos, nekaj samci velikega `agarja in tremi samci ~opaste ~rnice Athya fuligula.
Jurij Kurillo, Smledni{ka c. 12a, SI-4000 Kranj, e-mail: jurij.mihail@siol.net
Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook
Duplinska kozarka Tadorna tadorna
Shelduck – observed on 21 May 2006 on Ledine moor near Rate~e (UTM VM05, NW Slovenia)
Slika 3 / Figure 3: Duplinska kozarka / Shelduck Tadorna tadorna, 21.5.2006, Ledine, Rate~e. Foto: D.[ere
Dne 21.5.2006 sva se z Rudijem Tekav~i~em odpravila v dolino Tamarja. Ker je rahlo de`evalo, sem predlagal, da malo postaneva ob mo~virju Ledine pri Rate~ah (UTM VM05; 853 m nm.v.). Razen pojo~e mo~virske trstnice Acrocephalus palustris ni bilo ni~ sli{ati ali videti na vodni povr{ini. ^ez nekaj ~asa pa je najino pozornost vzbudila bela plasti~na vre~ka na vodi med travo. Dejansko pa je pogled skozi teleskop pokazal, da gre za duplinsko kozarko. Bredla je po poplavljenem travniku in se po~asi odmikala od naju. Posre~ilo se mi je narediti kar nekaj dokumentarnih posnetkov, saj sem domneval, da je v teh krajih Gorenjske ta vrsta zanesljivo zelo redka (slika 3).
Dare [ere, Langusova 10, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija, e-mail: dsere@pms-lj.si
Veliki @agar Mergus merganser Goosander – a female with 6-9 juveniles observed on the So~a river near Tolmin (UTM VM01, W Slovenia); this is the second documented breeding in western Slovenia
Velikega `agarja, samca in samico, ob So~i pri Tolminu opazujeva `e ve~ let. Zgodaj pomladi leta 2008 sva ga videvala tudi na Idrijci med Stopnikom in Dolenjo Trebu{o in na So~i pri Plavah. Na verjetnost, da ta ptica pri Tolminu tudi gnezdi, naju je opozoril Andrej Figelj. Na obi~ajnem ve~ernem sprehodu ob levem bregu So~e med soto~jem s Tolminko in tolminskim pokopali{~em (UTM VM01) sva 1.5.2008 po naklju~ju presenetila samico z mladi~i.
Med nem{ko kostnico in pokopali{~em je protipoplavno (protierozijsko) nasutje, nekak{en pomol, kjer je dobro razgledi{~e za ta odsek reke. S poti, ki vodi po robu vrbovja, sva se kot navadno spustila na ta pomol in v neposredni bli`ini, tik ob re~nem bregu, zastrtim z vrbovjem, prepla{ila veliko `agarico z mladi~i. Z zarodom je takoj odplavala na desni breg, pod Bu~enico, na majhno obre`no prodi{~e, in se tam zadr`evala dalj ~asa. Mladi~ki so bili tesno ob njej. Zaradi slabe vidljivosti (nekoliko meglenega vremena) sicer nisva mogla ugotoviti natan~nega {tevila mladi~ev, a jih je bilo zagotovo ve~ kot {est. Pot sva nadaljevala do pokopali{~a in se po njej tudi vrnila – samica z mladi~ki je {e vedno ~epela na prodi{~u pod Bu~enico. Po tistem dnevu zaroda nisva ve~ opazila, pa~ pa {e nekajkrat dva samca in dne 15.6.2008 dve samici. Ob So~i je gnezdenje velikega `agarja junija 2007 prva potrdila S. Maru{i~ (Maru{i~ 1997) – samico z mladi~i je opazovala pri Doblarju. Zarod velikega `agarja pri Tolminu maja 2008 je torej drugo potrjeno gnezdenje te ptice v zahodni Sloveniji.
Vid & Igor Dakskobler, Gregor~i~eva 12, SI-5220 Tolmin, e-mail: igor.dakskobler@guest.arnes.si
Sr{enar Pernis apivorus & rde~enoga postovka Falco vespertinus
Honey Buzzard & Red-footed Falcon – on 2 May 2008, few minutes before thunderstorm, 46 Red-footed Falcons and eventually 6 Honey Buzzards were observed at ^ehovini (UTM VL17, SW Slovenia)
Prvomajski prazniki so izjemna prilo`nost za razli~ne popise ptic, saj je ravno takrat `e veliko ptic gnezditveno aktivnih, veliko pa je tudi preletnikov, ki se vra~ajo na svoja gnezdi{~a iz ju`nih krajev. V mojem primeru pa sem eno ve~jih ornitolo{kih zanimivosti tistih dni do`ivel 2.5.2008 na dru`inskem pikniku v ^ehovinih v dolini reke Branice (UTM VL17). Popoldne se je z zahoda pribli`evala velika temna obla~nost, ki je nakazovala nevihto. Tik preden je ta dohitela dolino, se je, kot da bi pred nevihto be`ala, nad nami zna{la jata 46 rde~enogih postovk. Spiralasto se je dvigala in spu{~ala, nad nami pa je kro`ila kakih 5 minut, zatem pa poletela ~ez Vipavska Brda v smeri Ajdov{~ine. Jata je privabila na dvori{~e kakih 15 ljudi, ki so z za~udenjem in zanimanjem spremljali te ptice. ^ez kake pol ure sem imel prilo`nost opazovati {e manj{o jato 6 sr{enarjev, ki je letela ~ez Brani{ko dolino jugozahodno v smeri Krasa.
Toma` Berce, Pre{ernova 9, SI-5294 Dornberk, e-mail: tomazberce@gmail.com
Acrocephalus 29 (13e): 67-75, 2008
Sredozemski sokol Falco eleonorae Eleonora’s Falcon – one 2y individual observed on 3 Aug 2008 at Veliki Milanji (1099 m a.s.l.) above Ilirska Bistrica (UTM VL44, SW Slovenia); the record was confrmed by the National Rarities Committee (3rd record for Slovenia)
Slika 4 / Figure 4: Eleonora’s Falcon / Sredozemski sokol Falco eleonorae, 3.8.2008, Velika Milanja. Foto: A. Jagodnik
Dne 3.8.2008 sem fotografral ptice na slemenu Volovje rebri nad Ilirsko Bistrico. Ko sem bil nekaj pred 15. uro tik pod vrhom Velike Milanje (1099 m nm.v.; UTM VL44), sem opazil sokola v nizkem letu nad borovim gozdom na severnem pobo~ju. Za~el se mi je pribli`evati, me nizko preletel in odletel proti Zobu in naprej proti Lunjevici, proti jugovzhodu. Prelet sokola sem ves ~as neprekinjeno fotografral. Predvideval sem, da gre za mladega sokola selca Falco peregrinus, vendar se je pri preu~evanju fotografj kasneje izkazalo, da gre za drugoletnega sredozemskega sokola Falco eleonorae (slika 4). Sredozemski sokol v Slovenijo zaide redko, saj je to {ele tretje opazovanje doslej (Bo`i~ 2001). Jedro pupulacije sredozemskega sokola (>80%) je v Egejskem morju, nam najbli`ja gnezdi{~a pa so na hrva{kih otokih, okrog Visa. Spolno nezreli osebki se sicer klatijo dale~ naokoli in zaidejo celo do ju`ne Skandinavije (Papaconstantinou 2007). Glede na to, da je Slovenija na robu Sredozemlja, je verjetno, da se vrsta pri nas pojavlja pogosteje, kot ka`ejo objavljeni podatki. Za pomo~ pri dolo~evanju se zahvaljujem Jakobu Fricu iz Helenskega ornitolo{kega dru{tva iz Aten. Podatek je potrdila Nacionalna komisija za redkosti (3. zapis za Slovenijo).
Ale{ Jagodnik, Ilirska Bistrica, e-mail: ales.jagodnik@gmail.com
Tur{ka grlica Streptopelia decaocto
Collared Dove – one individual with “brown” colour aberration observed among other normally coloured doves in Strunjan (UTM UL94, SW Slovenia) on 20 Sep 2008
Slika 5 / Figure 5: Tur{ka grlica / Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto, 20.9.2008, Strunjan. Foto: A. Vrezec
Dne 20.9.2008 sva v parku pred hotelom Svoboda v Strunjanu (UTM UL94) v skupini tur{kih grlic opazila izredno svetel osebek te vrste. Ptica je bila skoraj bela z le nekaj svetlo rjavimi pegami in z normalno temno obarvanimi o~mi. Zna~ilen ~rni ovratnik je bil pri opazovani ptici nepopoln in svetlo rjav (slika 5). Po opisanih zna~ilnostih sklepava, da gre za t.i. »rjavo« aberacijo, ki je pravzaprav mutacija, katere rezultat je nepopolna oksidacija evmelanina (van Grouw 2006). Podobnih aberacij na podlagi redukcije pigmentov je pri pticah sicer {e ve~, a »rjava« oblika je najpogostej{a, po obledelih ~rnih vzorcih pa je sklepati, da ne gre za albinizem ali levcizem. Za natan~no dolo~itev aberacije bi bila potrebna podrobnej{a analiza ptice v roki, a je bil opazovani osebek, podobno kot druge tur{ke grlice, ustrezno (ne)pla{en. Osebek tudi ni bil videti obro~kan ali kako druga~e ozna~en, tako da sklepam, da ni {lo za ube`nico, ~eprav je to vsekakor tudi mo`no. Sicer pa je bila tako bledi~na tur{ka grlica pri nas `e opazovana v Ljubljani leta 1998 (Vrezec 1999). Takrat je bila aberacija dolo~ena kot levcizem, a je {lo glede na podobne znake kot pri tokratnem opazovanju za enako »rjavo« aberacijo. O~itno se
Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook
bledi~ne tur{ke grlice pojavljajo tu in tam v Sloveniji, ~eprav v literaturi nisva zasledila primerov od drugod. Mutacija je sicer dedna in vezana na spolne kromosome, tako da ponovno pojavljanje, ob morebitnem uspe{nem gnezdenju, morda ni izklju~eno.
Al Vrezec, Pra`akova 11, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija, e-mail: al.vrezec@nib.si
Petra Vrh Vrezec, Pra`akova 11, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija, e-mail: petra.vrh@dopps.si
Zlatovranka Coracias garrulus
Roller – an individual observed on 2 Jun 2008 near
Brestovica (UTM UL97, Kras, SW Slovenia)
Dne 2.6.2008 sem na Krasu opravljal monitoring vrtnega strnada Emberiza hortulana. Navkljub `go~emu opoldanskemu soncu sem se odlo~il, da terensko delo podalj{am, in tako sem se odpravil na pogori{~e nad Brestovico pri Komnu (UTM UL97). Skalni strnadi Emberiza cia in kratkoperuti vrtniki Hippolais polyglotta so bili poleg kobilic edini, ki so se s petjem trudili o`iviti opoldansko mrtvilo. Po nekaj metrih prehojenega kolovoza sem 200 m pred seboj na veji po`ganega drevesa zagledal silhueto ptice, ki je nisem mogel takoj dolo~iti. Polo`aj sonca je bil neugoden, pa {e ptica je bila tako pla{na, da me ni spustila bli`e kot na 100 metrov. Po polurnem zasledovanju se je le opogumila in odletela v smeri, od koder sem pri{el. Dileme ni bilo ve~, prelepa modra ptica z rjavim hrbtom ni mogla biti drugo kot zlatovranka. Kasneje, ~ez kak{no uro, ko sem se vra~al k avtomobilu, sem jo spet zagledal, vnovi~ na veji po`ganega drevesa. Tokrat je bilo sonce na moji strani, tako da sem lahko ugotovil, da gre za odraslo ptico, pa {e u`ival sem v vsej njeni s soncem obsijani lepoti. Dvakrat se je z veje spustila proti tlom, enkrat je ulovila `u`elko na tleh, enkrat pa kar v zraku, pol metra nad tlemi. Datum opazovanja in na prvi pogled primeren habitat, z velikimi `u`elkami polna goli~ava, posejana z redkimi drevesi in gozdi~i, kjer gnezdita ~rna `olna Dryocopus martius in zelena `olna Picus viridis, sta v meni zbudila upanje, da bo zlatovranka to leto morebiti gnezdila na Krasu. @al naslednji obiski tega gnezdenja niso potrdili. To je (glede na meni dostopne vire) prvo opazovanje zlatovranke na Krasu.
Jernej Figelj, DOPPS–BirdLife Slovenia, Tr`a{ka 2, SI–1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija, e–mail: jernej.fgelj@dopps.si
Povodni kos Cinclus cinclus Dipper – absence of the species on the river (established during the IWC on 14 Jan 2008), probably owing to the last year’s autumn storms (UTM VM32, NW Slovenia)
Leto{nji obisk Sel{ke Sore ob {tetju IWC je bil z vidika {tevil~nosti povodnega kosa {okanten. Na dejstvo, da te vrste v leto{nji zimi ni na tej reki, me je opozoril `e prijatelj Janez Lotri~, ki je Soro obiskal 25.11.2007, in kljub temu, da je pregledoval z vseh mostov in razgledi{~ med Praprotnim in Podro{tom, ni opazil niti enega. Sam sem nato 14.1.2008 prehodil bregove Sel{ke Sore od mosta pod Praprotnim do izvira (UTM VM32). Opazil sem samo dva osebka nad Praprotnim, pa {e ta sta bila v pritoku Sore, tik nad izlivom potoka Lu{e. Da povodnih kosov ni, se mi verjetno ne bi zdelo ni~ nenavadno, ko ne bi bil obiskal Sel{ke Sore tudi lani, prav tako med {tetjem vodnih ptic. Takrat smo jih skupaj z Lidijo in Janezom Lotri~em na 9-kilometrskem odseku reke na{teli 39. Letos sem kljub temu da sem pregledal 25 kilometrov Sore, opazil samo omenjena dva. Toda med leto{njim obiskom Sel{ke Sore je bilo v primerjavi z lanskim opaziti {e eno spremembo: katastrofalno spremenjeno strugo, kot posledico lanskoletnega jesenskega neurja. Struga je na oko delovala sterilno, kar mislim, da je bil tudi razlog, da letos ni bilo povodnih kosov na Sel{ki Sori.
Toma` Miheli~, [t. Jurij 125, SI-1290 Grosuplje, Slovenija, e-mail: tomaz.mihelic@dopps.si
Planinska pevka Prunella collaris Alpine Accentor – one individual observed on   11 Oct 2008 at Bele ovce (995 m a.s.l.) above Ilirska Bistrica (UTM VL44, SW Slovenia)
'O
Slika 6 / Figure 6: Planinska pevka / Alpine Accentor Prunella collaris, 11.10.2008, Bele ovce, Volovja reber. Foto: A. Jagodnik
Acrocephalus 29 (13e): 67-75, 2008
Na slemenih in travnatih strmalih okrog Volovje rebri sem v zadnjih dveh letih pogost obiskovalec, saj se tu naravoslovnemu fotografu vedno ponudi prilo`nost za dober posnetek. V soboto 11.10.2008 sem tukaj prvi~ opazoval planinsko pevko. Eno samo ptico sem sredi dneva opazoval kak{nih 10 minut na skalah Belih ovc (995 m nm.v.; UTM VL44). Nadvse zaupljiva je stikala po skalah in razpokah, tako da sem jo lahko ve~krat fotografral zelo od blizu (slika 6). Na pe~inah v dolini Zgornje Pivke planinska pevka sicer redno prezimuje (Sovinc 1994), morda pa je datum opazovanja vendarle nekoliko zgodnji. Posebej glede na to, da je bila ta jesen zelo lepa in nadpovpre~no topla.
Ale{ Jagodnik, Ilirska Bistrica, e–mail: ales.jagodnik@gmail.com
Mu{ja listnica Phylloscopus inornatus Yellow-browed Warbler – caught and ringed on 7 Oct 2007 at Vosek in the Pesnica valley (UTM WM56, NE Slovenia); the habitat was a deserted plantation orchard; the record was confrmed by the National Rarities Committee (6th record for Slovenia)
Slika 7 / Figure 7: Mu{ja listnica / Yellow-browed Warbler Phylloscopus inornatus, 7.10.2007, Vosek pri Pernici. Foto: F. Bra~ko
V nedeljo 7.10.2007 je bil tradicionalni evropski dan opazovanja ptic (Eurobirdwatch 2007). Tega dne sem lovil in obro~kal pti~e v Pesni{ki dolini v kraju Vosek pri Pernici (UTM WM56). Habitat se sestoji iz opu{~enega planta`nega sadovnjaka jablan v zara{~anju, ki le`i na pobo~ju gri~a z JZ lego tik nad cesto Maribor-Lenart. Zna~ilen za ta dan z nizko obla~nostjo in brezvetrjem je bil izjemno mo~an prelet ptic. Od jutra pa do poldneva se je v mre`e ujelo 300 osebkov. V tem navalu selivk, dominirale so sive pevke Prunella modularis, se je `e zjutraj v mre`o ujela majhna pisana listnica. Ko sem jo re{eval iz mre`e, sem ugotovil, da imam pred seboj izjemno vrsto listnice. Toda katero? Ob pregledu ornitolo{kega priro~nika je bilo kmalu vse jasno. Prvi~ doslej sem v roki dr`al mu{jo listnico z naslednjimi
biometri~nimi podatki: dol`ina peruti 54 mm; te`a 6 g; posneta L.P. = 3,4,5,6; polo`aj 2. L.P. 8 mm; rep 8 mm; starost 1y (koni~asta repna peresa); spol samica (izlo~evalno po dol`ini peruti); dve svetli progi na peruti; noge svetle in izrazito dolga svetla nado~esna maroga, segajo~a na zatilje (slika 7). Osebek je bil obro~kan, fotografran in izpu{~en. To je prvi podatek za SV predel Slovenije. Podatek je potrdila Nacionalna komisija za redkosti (6. zapis za Slovenijo).
Franc Bra~ko, Gregor~i~eva 27, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenija
Veliki srakoper Lanius exubitor & siva vrana Corvus corone cornix
Great Grey Shrike & Hooded Crow – on 12 Feb 2008 on Cerknica Lake (UTM VL56, central Slovenia), three Hooded Crows were observed pursuing a Great Grey Shrike; after a short chase, the shrike dropped its prey, a Common Vole Microtus arvalis
Med rednim obiskom Cerkni{kega jezera dne 12.2.2008 sem ob robu Vodonosa pri vasi Dolenje jezero na Cerkni{kem jezeru v osrednji Sloveniji (UTM VL56) opazoval velikega srakoperja z ujetim plenom, ki ga je ob bu~ni spremljavi treh sivih vran nesel s travnika proti robu jezera. Toda tik pred koncem travnika ga je pod hudim pritiskom izpustil. Ker se je to dogajalo zelo blizu mene, so se umaknile tudi vrane. Tako sem lahko ugotovil, da je srakoper ujel travni{ko voluharico Microtus arvalis. Kdo je po mojem odhodu dobil plen, ne vem. Poleg postovk (Bombek 2003), ki so tekmice velikemu srakoperju pri plenu, se tudi vrane zatekajo k kleptoparazitizmu. Sive vrane so zelo prilagodljiva vrsta, ki pogosto krade hrano drugim vrstam, vendar je bila kraja velikim srakoperjem redkeje opazovana (Cramp 1998).
Dejan Bordjan, Ulica 8. februarja 50, SI-2204 Miklav`, Slovenija, e-mail: dejan.bordjan@gmail.com
Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook
Črnočeli srakoper Lanius minor
Lesser Grey Shrike – several observations of groups of adult and juvenile individuals in the 2007 and 2008 breeding seasons in the eastern part of the Vipava valley (UTM VL18, UTM VL17, SW Slovenia)
Slika 8 / Figure 8: ^rno~eli srakoper / Lesser Grey Shrike Lanius minor, 3.7.2007, Vipavska dolina. Foto: P. Kre~i~
Zadnje dni junija 2007 me je izjemno presenetila in seveda razveselila senzacionalna novica kolega Andreja Figlja, da je na ajdovskem polju nedale~ od deponije v smeri proti Ajdov{~ini na{el 2 do 3 pare ~rno~elih srakoperjev Lanius minor. Seveda mi radovednost ni dala miru, in tako sem se 3.7.2007 {e sam odpravil na omenjeno lokacijo – odprto kulturno krajino z redkimi drevoredi odraslih topolov in cipres med hitro cesto Vipava–Ajdov{~ina, lokalno cesto Ajdov{~ina–Dolenje, reko Vipavo in `e omenjeno deponijo (UTM VL18). Kaj kmalu sem lahko opazil nekaj odraslih osebkov ~rno~elih srakoperjev, ki so posedali na `icah elektri~nih daljnovodov in se spreletavali na razmeroma velikih razdaljah, tudi po par sto metrov. To mi je ote`evalo {tetje osebkov, katerih {tevilo sem ocenil enako kot Andrej pred menoj. V kro{nji topola sem med odraslimi lahko opazoval in fotografral tudi nekaj mladostnih osebkov te vrste (slika 8). Do pomladi leta 2008 je nato tlelo upanje, da se z novo sezono ~rno~eli srakoperji vrnejo na to lokacijo. In res, 18.05.2008 sem na ajdovskem polju spet lahko opazoval ~rno~elega srakoperja. Opa`anja so se na tej lokaciji vrstila {e v juniju in juliju 2008, vrhunec pa so dosegla 16.07.2008, ko sem lahko opazoval najmanj 8 ~rno~elih srakoperjev hkrati; med njimi so bili najmanj 3 odrasli, drugi pa mladostni osebki. Tudi to leto sta se torej na tem obmo~ju zadr`evala najmanj 2 para teh ptic in najmanj enemu paru je spet uspelo speljati mladi~e. Poleg teh opazovanj sem v letu 2008 na{el {e dve lokaciji ~rno~elih srakoperjev v zgornjevipavski dolini: 11.6.2008 ter 29.6.2008 sem lahko opazoval en odrasel osebek blizu cerkvice Sv.
Roka ob lokalni cesti Podnanos – Podraga (UTM VL17), v obdobju med 25.6.2008 in 17.7.2008 pa sem lahko ve~krat opazoval {e en odrasel osebek v Lokavcu pod zaselkom Paljki v bli`ini ceste Lokavec–Predmeja (UTM VL18). Tudi ti dve lokaciji sta v odprti kulturni krajini, v kateri stoji vsaj nekaj odraslih topolov in daljnovodov, na katerih `icah in stebrih ~rno~eli srakoperji o~itno zelo radi posedajo. Vsekakor gre za razveseljujo~a opa`anja, {e posebej v lu~i ~rnogledih napovedi za populacijo te vrste v ve~jem delu Evrope. Tudi v Sloveniji je njegova raz{irjenost in {tevil~nost od prve polovice osemdesetih let prej{njega stoletja mo~no upadla (Geister 1995). Isti vir pa hkrati navaja, da je ~rno~eli srakoper v obdobju pred zlomom populacije `e gnezdil v Vipavski dolini in bli`nji okolici.
Peter Kre~i~, Podraga 47, SI-5272 Podnanos, e-mail: suzana.krecic@guest.arnes.si
Mali strnad Emberiza pusilla
Little Bunting – one 1y individual caught in mist
net on  7 Oct  2007  at  Ljubljansko  barje  (UTM
VL69, central Slovenia); the record was confrmed
by the National Rarities Committee (10th record for
Slovenia)
Slika 9 / Figure 9: Little Bunting / Mali strnad Emberiza pusilla, 7.10.2007, Kozlarjeva go{~a, Ljubljansko barje. Foto: D.[ere
Dne 7.10.2007 sem obro~kal pti~e na Ljubljanskem barju, tik ob Kozlarjevi go{~i (UTM VL69). Bil je obla~en dan, temperatura je bila okoli 12°C. Tega dne so bile zelo {tevilne sive pevke Prunella modularis, obro~kal sem jih kar 151. Sredi dopoldneva sem ob prihodu k mre`i opazil ujetega malega strnada, ki sem ga dobro poznal `e od prej. Seveda sem ga najprej obro~kal, nato pa v roki slikal (slika 9). Zbrani so bili naslednji biometri~ni podatki: prvoletni osebek (1y/3), dol`ina peruti 67 mm in te`a 16.2 g. Glavna zna~ilnost malega strnada, ki ga lo~i od samice
Acrocephalus 29 (136): 67-75, 2008
trstnega strnada Emberiza schoeniclus, je v tem, da ima svetlo piko na koncu lic, obi~ajno konkaven zgornji del kljuna in perje ne`ne le{nikove barve na glavi. Zadnji moj obro~kani mali strnad je z Ornitolo{ke postaje Vrhnika, to je bilo 1.10.1999. V jesenskem ~asu se obro~kovalci v Sloveniji sre~ujemo s to vrsto od konca septembra do za~etka novembra, spomladi pa smo ga doslej obro~kali samo v mesecu marcu. Podatek je potrdila Nacionalna komisija za redkosti (10. zapis za Slovenijo).
Dare [ere, SCOP, Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije, Pre{ernova 20, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija, e-mail: dsere@pms-lj.si
Hrva{ka / Croatia
Shelduck Tadorna tadorna Duplinska kozarka – trije osebki opazovani 18.1.2008 v   Stonskih   solinah   (UTM   BN62,   J   Dalmacija, Hrva{ka); avtor predstavi tudi druge zanimive vrste, opazovane v solinah istega dne
I took advantage of the winter day of 13 Jan 2008 for a regular visit to the Ston saltpans (UTM BN62, S Dalmatia, Croatia). Even before entering this area, I had an opportunity to watch four Great Egrets Egretta alba and 13 Grey Herons Ardea cinerea. Both species were hunting in the shallow part of the Ston Channel, along which the saltpans are located. Nine Little Grebes Tachybaptus rufcollis were also seen hunting in the same part of the bay, as well as fve Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo. In the saltpans themselves, I recorded three Snipes Gallinago gallinago, an adult male Wigeon Anas penelope, one dead adult Little Gull Larus minutus, and three Shelducks. In Croatia, Shelduck is a rare and irregular bird, mainly recorded in the winter period (Kralj 1997). I had already had a chance to observe a female of the same species at this site, on 9 Apr 2006. After the saltpans, I visited the nearby reed patch, with narrow fresh water channels cutting through it. Although they were largely inaccessible to me, I managed to catch sight of several birds in it: one Bittern Botaurus stellaris, six Coots Fulica atra, four Moorhens Gallinula chloropus and fve Little Grebes.
Dubravko Dender, Od [kara 4, HR-20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia, e-mail: dubravko_dender@yahoo.com
Rock Partridge Alectoris graeca Kotorna – dne 26.4.2008 je bil opa`en en osebek na avtocesti Split-Zadar, 2 km od izvoza “Zadar-jug” (UTM WJ18); kotorna je po~asi pre~kala cesto; podatek nakazuje mo`nost velikega vpliva avtoceste na obmo~ju jedra populacije te vrste na zahodnem Balkanu
On 26 Apr 2008, I was driving home to Austria along the recently fnished section of the A-1 motorway between Split and Zadar (UTM WJ18, W Croatia). There was very low traffc in the early afternoon, when approx. 2 km ahead of the “Zadar-jug” exit I noticed a solitary Rock Partridge entering the left lane. While I was braking, the obviously frightened bird was slowly stealing away to the right across the road. This rare record indicates that according to its characteristic behaviour of silently making off on the ground from predators and other disturbances, the species may be extremely susceptible to road casualties. When fnished, the new highway will run for more than 400 km through the species’ core breeding range in the western Balkans. Therefore the road’s effect on local populations by road casualties, fencing, traffc noise and other disturbances should be carefully investigated.
Peter Sackl, Steiermärkisches Landesmuseum Joanneum, Forschungsstätte Pater Bl. Hanf am Furtnerteich, Raubergasse 10, A–8010 Graz, Austria, e-mail: peter.sackl@museum-joanneum.at
Scops Owl Otus scops
Veliki skovik – med 21. in 30.5.2008 je bilo na
otoku [olti (UTM WJ90, XJ00) pre{tetih 13 klico~ih
osebkov
The Scops Owl is a regular nesting species in the coastal areas of Croatia, but during the second half of the 20th century its populations declined considerably (Kralj 1997). Not being a shy bird, it moves to parks and to the surroundings of human dwellings in the breeding season. Its presence is best noticed during the dusk and night hours when it emits its characteristic calls (Rucner 1998). It is considered to be the most common owl species on the island of [olta (Dalmatia, W Croatia; Su{i} et al. 1990). There are no data available about the size of the population nesting on the island, thus we made an attempt to count them based on the counting of calling individuals, between 21 and 30 May 2008. The surveys were made in 8 settlements, between 21.00-23.00h each night. In total, 13 birds were heard calling at the following localities: 1 individual at Maslinica (UTM WJ90), 1 individual in the wood near the road 2 km west of Donje Selo (XJ00), 3 individuals at Donje Selo (XJ00), 3 individuals at Srednje Selo (XJ00), 1 individual at Grohote (XJ00), 3 individuals at Roga~ (XJ00) and 1 individual at Gornje Selo
Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook
(XJ00). We did not hear any calls in the villages around Stomorska (XJ00) and Ne~ujam (XJ00) in the south of the island. The survey focused mostly on the areas populated by humans and on the roads interconnecting them. Despite the fact that the call of the owls can be heard from quite a distance, it is not certain that all the birds present there did call at that time. Consequently it is likely that the number of birds is somewhat higher than actually counted.
Jasmina Mu`ini}, Institute for Ornithology CASA, Gunduli}eva 24. HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia, e-mail: jasmina@hazu.hr
Jenô J. Purger, University of Pécs, Institute of Biology, Ifjúság útja 6. H-7624 Pécs, Hungary, e-mail: purger@ttk.pte.hu
Rosy Starling Sturnus roseus
Rožasti škorec – opa`ena dva osebka na otoku [olti (UTM XJ00)
On 21 May 2008, a Subalpine Warbler Sylvia aintillans was observed in an Almond Prunus dulcis near the church at Donje Selo on [olta island (UTM XJ00, Dalmatia, W Croatia). When the Subalpine Warbler was resting, two Rosy Starlings landed on the same tree. We were able to approach the birds to a distance of about 15 metres, but then they few away. Having made a circle, one of the two Rosy Starlings sat on the nearby overhead electric line support, whereas the other perched on the wire. After about 10 minutes they few to the Almond again, where they spent another 6-7 minutes. When a Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto landed on the tree, they few off, heading towards [oltansko polje. We returned several times to the same observation spot in the few days that followed, but the Rosy Starlings were not to be seen any more. There had been no earlier data on the occurrence of Rosy Starling on the island of [olta (Susie et al. 1990).
Jenô J. Purger, University of Pécs, Institute of Biology, Ifjúság útja 6. H-7624 Pécs, Hungary, e-mail: purger@ttk.pte.hu
Jasmina Mu`ini}, Institute for Ornithology CASA, Gunduli}eva 24. HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia, e-mail: jasmina@hazu.hr
Bolgarija / Bulgaria
Black Kite Milvus migrans
Črni škarnik – predstavljena sta dva zimska podatka v mili zimi 2006 / 2007; med zimskim {tetjem vodnih ptic 13. in 14.1.2008 je bil opa`en en osebek na akumulaciji Mramor v bli`ini Sofje (UTM FN83, Z Bolgarija) ter dva osebka na akumulaciji Choba v bli`ini Plovdiva (UTM LG38, osrednja Bolgarija)
The Black Kite is a regular breeder and migrant in Bulgaria. In  single  cases  it  has  been  recorded  during the  winter
period in the country, however, these are rare (Simeonov et al. 1990) and no recent records have been published. The species is reported as wintering in small numbers in the Mediterranean basin (Cramp 1998). During the 2007 Midwinter count of waterfowl in Bulgaria on 13 and 14 Jan, it was observed at two locations in South Bulgaria – Mramor Reservoir near Sofa (UTM FN83, W Bulgaria) and Choba Reservoir near Plovdiv (UTM LG38, central Bulgaria). The frst observation was of a single bird, hunting at the nearby felds. On the second occasion there was a couple of birds fying over the Choba Reservoir. These observations should be associated with the extremely mild weather conditions in the entire country with the minimum of 1oC and maximum of 22oC and the lack of snowcover below 1000 m a.s.l. The winter season of 2006 / 2007 in Bulgaria was generally marked by lack of snowfall and mild, even warm temperature conditions ranging between 5-10oC. All this resulted in an unusual activity of rodents, amphibians and insects, which are major components in the diet of Black Kite.
Atanas Grozdanov, Faculty of Biology of Sofa University, BG–1164, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., Sofa, Bulgaria, e-mail: agrozdanov@yahoo.com
Borislav Tonchev, Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds/BirdLife Bulgaria, BG-1111, Sofa, P.O. Box 50, Bulgaria, e-mail: albostil@mail.bg
Dimitar Demerdjiev, Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds/BirdLife Bulgaria, BG-6300 Haskovo, P.O. Box 130, Bulgaria, e-mail: demerdjiev@ yahoo.com
Simeon Gigov, Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds/BirdLife Bulgaria, BG-1111, Sofa, P.O. Box 50, Bulgaria, e-mail: monitoring@bspb.org
House Martin Delichon urbica Mestna   lastovka   –   opisano   je   hranjenje   dveh mladostnih osebkov na gnezdu (frekvenca, ~as, skupina ptic, ki ju je hranila) v Simeonovgradu (UTM MG05, regija Haskovo, JV Bolgarija)
A fully built nest of House Martin was observed on 9 Aug 2004 in the town of Simeonovgrad (UTM MG05, Haskovo Region, SE Bulgaria). The nest was located under a balcony with southeastern exposition, on the second foor of a house. The nesting site was about 200 m away from the bank of the Maritsa River, where the nest-building material could have been collected. The nest opening was oriented southwards. During the ensuing week (9-15 Aug 2004), no birds were seen visiting the nest. On 15 Aug 2004, a pair of adult House Martins visited the nest, and on 20 Aug 2004 between 8.00 and 9.35 h a group of adult and juvenile birds of 6-12 individuals was feeding two juveniles in the nest. The frequency of nest-visits at some periods reached up to 1-2 sec., while the longest intervals lasted up to 2 min. The feeding was the most intensive between 8.10 and 8.20 h. The feeding of nestlings was much scarcer in the afternoon hours. On the next day (21 Aug 2004), it was again the most intensive between 8.55-9.15 h, and on 22 Aug 2004
Acrocephalus 29 (13e): 67-75, 2008
– between 8.25-9.30 h. On 23 Aug 2004, separate birds started to visit the nest at 7.45 h, without entering it. The same behaviour was observed on 25 Aug 2004 from 7.46 h to 8.01 h, but at 9.40 a group of 15 birds or so was feeding the nestlings. This time the two juveniles were seen in the nest opening. The maximum daytime temperatures during the period of observations varied between 27 and 38°C, while the minimum night temperatures dropped down to 17°C. During the period of observations, the weather was mainly sunny, hot and clear with two exceptions on 16 Aug 2004 and 22 Aug 2004, when it was cloudy and rainy. The young birds remained in the nest at least until 28 Aug 2004, when we saw them for the last time. The observed high number of the feeding birds (up to 15) could be explained with the participation of some individuals of the previous clutch helping the parents. Such a case of help in the rearing of the young is well known in many species, chiefy colonial, but it has not been reported for House Martin in the general literature available to me (Cramp 1998).
Zlatozar Boev, National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1, blv. Tsar Osvoboditel, 1000 Sofa, Bulgaria, e-mail: boev@nmnh. bas.bg; boevzaro@yahoo.co.uk
Literatura za celo rubriko/ References for the whole section
Berg, H.-M. & Samwald, O. (1989): Zum Auftreten der
Zwergscharbe (Phalacroccorax pygmaeus Pallas 1773) in
Österreich. – Egretta 32: 79–83. Bombek, D. (2003): Postovka Falco tinnunculus & veliki
srakoper Lanius excubitor. – Acrocephalus 24 (118):
110-111. Bo`i~, L. (2001): Seznam ugotovljenih ptic Slovenije s
pregledom redkih vrst. - Acrocephalus 106/107: 115–
120. Cramp, S. (ed.) (1998). The complete birds of the western
Palearctic on CD-ROM. – Oxford University Press,
Oxford. Geister, I. (1995): Ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. – DZS,
Ljubljana. Kralj, J. (1997): Ornitofauna Hrvatske tijekom posljednjih
dvjesto godina. – Larus 46: 1-112. Maru{i~,   S.   (1997):  Veliki  `agar   Mergus  merganser  -
Acrocephalus 28 (134): 127-134. Nemeth, E. (2008): Die Zwergscharbe Phalacrocorax pygmeus
(Pallas 1773) – ein neuer Brutvogel für Österreich.
– Egretta 49: 2-5. Papaconstantinou, C. (2007): Eleonora’s Falcon, Ruling
the Aegean skies. - HOS, Atene. Rucner, D. (1998): Ptice hrvatske obale Jadrana. – Hrvatski
prirodoslovni  muzej, Ministarstvo  razvitka i obnove,
Zagreb. Simeonov, S., Michev, T. & Nankinov, D. (1990): Fauna
of Bulgaria. Vol. 20, Aves, Part I. – BAS publishing
house, Sofa. Sovinc, A. (1994): Zimski ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. – TZS,
Ljubljana. Su{i}, G., Pallaoro, A., Radovi}, D. & Stip~evi}, M.
(1990): Ptice otoka [olte. pp. 107-111. In: Mihovilovi},
M.A. et al. (eds.): Otok [olta: monografja. Zagreb. van Grouw, H. (2006): Not every white bird is an albino:
sense and nonsense about colour aberrations in birds.
– Dutch Birding 28 (2): 79-89. Vrezec, A. (1999): Tur{ka grlica Streptopelia decaocto. –
Acrocephalus 20 (93): 61.
Acrocephalus 29 (136): 77, 2008
Nove knjige
New books
Marinkovi}, S. & Karad`i}, B. (2008): Griffon Vulture. Biblioteka «Fond za za{titu ptica grabljivica», knjiga 1. - Institut za biolo{ka istra`ivanja «Sini{a Stankovi}», Beograd. pp 74.
I was pleasantly surprised when, a few weeks ago, dr. Sa{a Marinkovi}, long-time and persistent fghter for the survival of Griffon Vultures in Serbia, fnally sent me the latest Serbian bird book, of which he is co-author. Not surprisingly, the title is very short and indicates both the main subject and the popular approach authors used to deal with it. On one hand, even before detailed reading, I was wondering if life, ecology and conservation efforts on the national level can be presented in a popular way. The authors have shown that it is possible. On the other hand, the book defnitely confrms that Marinkovi} is continuing his careful studies on the Griffon in the Balkans, together with volunteers of Belgrade’s Birds of Prey Protection Fund and numerous griffonologists in Eurasia and Africa. If we should categorize this book, it can be said that it lies between a booklet and a popular monograph.
It contains 17 chapters: Introduction, What are the vultures?, New World vultures, Old World vultures, Vulture species, Way of life of Old World vultures, Lammergeier, Egyptian Vulture, Cinereous Vulture, Griffon Vulture, Adaptation of vultures to cleaning the natural environment, Griffon Vulture and man, Griffon Vulture today, Census and control of Griffon Vulture, About the Fund, Literature and Glossary. In fact, almost one third of the book is not directly connected with Griffon Vulture. The rest of the contents presents Griffon Vulture ecology, with special reference to its breeding and feeding habits and coloniality. Griffon is the only (but the best studied) vulture species that still regularly breeds in Serbia – in three colonies, all of them in nature reserves in river gorges in west Serbia: Tre{njica, Uvac and Mile{evka. It appears that, here, the numbers of breeding pairs and non-breeding birds are stable and growing: ca. 120 pairs in 2008 produced almost 70 chicks. The authors pay special attention to the methodology and results of national Griffon censuses in the period 1985-2008, and to wing-tagging. Finally, the work of the Birds of Prey Protection Fund is presented. One
of the probably most challenging activities of this Serbian foundation are vulture reintroduction projects to this country. Their results with Griffon Vulture conservation during the past 20 years promises that their enthusiasm for Egyptian Vulture and Cinereous Vulture reintroduction will also be rewarded soon.
The Griffon Vulture is indeed a true symbol of species conservation in Serbia and one of the most successful stories of bird conservation in the Balkans! This book can help readers and supporters of nature conservation to understand the ecological and scientifc bases of this tremendous adventure. Hopefully, the excellent content will inspire a new generation of supporters of the Fund, make nature conservationists in Serbian Griffon Vulture reserves more proud, and bring the attention of an even wider public to this spectacular species in its natural habitat. Readers of this book will defnitely wish to be one of them!
Marko Tucakov
Acrocephalus 29 (13e): 79, 2008
Popravek
Corrigendum
V ~lanku avtorjev Jan~ar et al. (Acrocephalus 28 (135): 141-157, 2007), mora biti v naslovu slike 7 namesto »Skupno {tevilo« pravilno »Povpre~no {tevilo«.
In the paper by Jan~ar et al. (Acrocephalus 28 (135): 141-157, 2007), in the caption of Figure 7 there should be written »Average number« instead of »Total number«.
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