HACQUETIA 9/1 • 2010, 151-159
DOI: 10.2478/v10028-010-0001-3
HISTORICAL AND CURRENT DISTRIBUTION OF SEGETAL WEED LOLIUM TEMULENTUM L.
IN SLOVAKIA
Pavol ELIAŠ jun.1, Maria HAJNALOVÄ2 & Mariana ELlAŠOVA^
Abstract
The past and present distribution of a rare segetal weed darnel ryegrass (Lolium temulentum) in Slovakia is presented. The study is based on revision of herbarium specimens from 12 herbaria and a field survey carried out during 2005-2009. Altogether, 95 localities of this species were recorded in Slovakia. Prior to 1950 it was a relatively abundant taxon recorded and confirmed at 75 localities throughout the country, but then it began to vanish. Only 20 localities were recorded between 1950 and 1990, and in 1999 it was evaluated as extinct from Flora of Slovakia. However, since 2005 new occurrences were discovered in northern Slovakia (Orava and Pie-niny regions), and its status had been changed. Results of the study are summarised in the map of historical and actual species distribution.
Key words: Lolium temulentum, distribution, rare weeds, Slovakia. Izvleček
V članku je predstavljena nekdanja in današnja razširjenost segetalnega plevela omotne Ijulke (Lolium temulentum) na Slovaškem. Raziskava temelji na reviziji herbarijskih primerkov iz 12 herbarijev in terenskega pregleda v letih od 2005 do 2009. Na Slovaškem smo zabeležili 95 rastišč. Pred letom 1950 je bila omotna Ijulka razmeroma pogosta, ugotovili smo namreč 75 rastišč po celotni državi, po tem letu pa je začela izginjati. Potrdili smo samo 20 rastišč med letoma 1950 in 1990, leta 1999 pa je bila vrsta ocenjena kot izumrla v flori Slovaške. Vendar smo po letu 2005 odkrili nova nahajališča v severni Slovaški (območji Orava in Pieniny) in tako spremenili njen status. Rezultati raziskave so prikazani na karti nekdanje in sedanje razširjenosti vrste. Ključne besede: Lolium temulentum, razširjenost, redki pleveli, Slovaška.
be more correctly classified as a Lolium (Darby-1. INTRODUCTION	shire 1993, Stammers et al. 1995).
The origin of Lolium temulentum remains still Lolium temulentum (Fig. 1) is one of the three open. Many authors assume the original occur-weedy species (another two are L. remotum and rence of the species in the Mediterranean and L. persicum) within the relatively small genus Lo- southwest Asia from where it spread as a weed lium including only five species in Europe and of cereals to all of Europe, Central and Southern eight taxa in the whole world (Terrell 1968, Con- Africa, eastern Asia, Australia, New Zealand and ert 1996). This could be changed in future be- America (Terrell 1968, Holm et al. 1977, Conert cause some researchers have suggested that some 1996). It is often said that it spread from the Mid-of the Festuca species (e.g. Festuca pratensis) may dIe East to Europe as a weed in fields of Secale
1	Department of Botany, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. HIinku 2, SK-949 76 Nitra, Slovakia, peIias@afnet. uniag.sk
2	Department of Archaeology, Constantine the Philosopher University, Hodžova 1, SK-949 74 Nitra, Slovakia, mhajnaIova@ukf.sk
3	Department of Ecology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Marianska 10, SK-949 76 Nitra, Slovakia, mariana. eIiasova@uniag.sk
Figure 1: Growth habit of Lolium temulentum: A - culm with roots, B - inflorescence, ear with spikelets (drawn by Peter Čepček, 2008).
Slika 1: Rastne značilnosti Lolium temulentum: A - steblo s koreninami, B - socvetje, klaski z ogrinjalnimi plevami (slika Peter Čepček, 2008).
cereale and Avena sativa. This is incorrect. Both rye and oat are secondary domesticates, thus they were not domesticated in the FertiIe Crescent from wiId progenitors. FirstIy they were on-Iy weeds of the arabIe fieIds and onIy much Iater on recognized and taken into cuItivation in the temperate periphery of the OId WorId (Zohary & Hopf 2002). Both rye and oat came to centraI and northern Europe as weeds of other cereaIs - Triticum monococcum, T. dicoccum and Hordeum vulgare. Even though their kerneIs sporadicaIIy occur in the archaeoIogicaI assembIages since the NeoIithic, the first signs of rye cuItivation in CentraI Europe are not prior to the Bronze Age
(Küster 2000), and of oat for the Iate Iron Age or Roman period (Zohary & Hopf 2002). They both are widespread in Europe since the earIy MiddIe Ages (6th century AD) untiI modern Times.
In CentraI Europe, Lolium temulentum is regarded as an archeophyte (Soo 1970, Conert 1996, HaIada 1997, Kästner et aI. 2001) (Fig. 2). ArchaeobotanicaI data support this categorisation. The earIiest find of charred Lolium temulentum kerneIs, mostIy associated with charred ce-reaI assembIages, occurs on archaeoIogicaI sites in the Mediterranean (at Cyprus it dates to earIy NeoIithic PPNB 8700-6200 BC; WiIcox 2001) and the MiddIe East (Jordan, NeoIithic ca 62005000 BC; Neef 2001). From the period between the 5000-3000 BC it is known from sites in Egypt (Fahmy 2003, van Zeist et aI. 2003) and ItaIy (Costantini 2002). Later in prehistory (between 4000 BC to the turn of eras) it is found in Austria, Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, IsraeI, ItaIy and Turkey (KroII 2009). It reaches northern Europe in the 2nd miIIennium BC at the Iatest, where it was found in AIvastra - a NeoIith-ic site in Sweden (Göransson 2001). In the Mid-dIe Ages its occurrence in Europe rises, even if it never is a very abundant seed in the charred assembIages. (Note: pIease keep in mind that whiIe the 3rd and 2nd miIIennium BC in Sweden is connected with the NeoIithic - first farmers and prior this period there were onIy hunter-gatherers, whiIe in the Mediterranean there aIready were Bronze Age PaIaces and farming had been estabIished for over 3 miIIennia).
From the territory of SIovakia, there is onIy one archaeoIogicaI record of Lolium temulentum. It comes from the site of Nitriansky Hradok -a fortified earIy Bronze Age teII (Iate 3rd earIy 2nd miIIennium BC; Kühn 1981). In the neighbouring Czech RepubIic it has been recorded on one site from the Bronze Age (Kühn 1981), two from the HaIIstatt period (750-500/450 BC; Kühn 1980, OpraviI 1978), and one from the High MiddIe Ages (13th-15th cent. AD; Kühn 1977); in Austria it has been found in StiIIfried, a Iate Bronze Age hiIIfort (ca 900 BC; KohIer-Schneider 2001) and in PoIand it is known from the Iate Iron Age (300 BC-200 AD; Litynska-Zaj^c 1997) and the medievaI period (11th-12th cent. AD; PoIcyn 2000).
The species is usuaIIy mentioned as a characteristic member of segetaI vegetation of cIasses Stellarietea mediae (Mucina 1993, Conert 1996, Kästner et aI. 2001, Kropač 2006) or Secalinetea
Figure 2: Area of distribution of Lolium temulentum L. (Hulten and Fries, 1986). Slika 2: Območje razširjenosti vrste Lolium temulentum (Hulten in Fries, 1986).
(Oberdorfer 1983). In Slovakia it was regarded as a diagnostic taxon of class Stellarietea mediae, subclass Violenea arvensis (Passarge & Jurko 1975, Ja-rol^mek et al. 1997, Majekova & Zaliberova 2007), but the species was sporadically also found in ruderal vegetation of Atriplici-Chenopodietalia albi (Passarge & Jurko 1975, Eliaš 1977, Mochnacky 1987).
The seeds of Lolium temulentum are very nutritious and used to be used for making bread (Moerman 1998). However, it is not advisable to eat it because sometimes it can be infected with an endophytic fungus Endoconidium temulentum, which is assumed to be the source of the toxic pyr-rolizidine alkaloids (Dannhardt & Steindl 1985, Baloun et al. 1989). As the ancient and traditional agricultural practices could not separate seeds of L. temulentum from those of wheat or rye, in the past the infected seeds often used to poison the
flour (Terrell 1968). This fungal infection, called ergot, causes hallucinations in small doses and can, in larger quantities, cause severe damage to the nervous system (Chakravarty 1976). Slovenian ethnical groups living in western Hungary reportedly mixed the seeds of Lolium temulentum with those of barley to enhance the narcotic effects of beer. Lolium temulentum was already mentioned in the Bible, in some regions it was so abundant that it devastated the total yields of cereals, and became the symbol of disaster (Pinke & Pal 2005).
Until a few decades back, L. temulentum had a significant impact as a weed in Europe, but due to enhanced seed cleaning techniques and herbicide application the distribution area of the species has largely decreased (Humphries 1980, Hubbard & Hubbard 1984, Kästner et al. 2001). Due to its massive retirement, the species was in-
eluded into the Red lists in some Central European countries (northern Croatia: Hulina 2005, Slovakia: Ferakova et al. 2001, Eliaš jun. et al. 2007), and in many other countries of this region it is missing or extinct (Austria: Niklfeld and SchrattEhrendorfer 1999, Czech Republic: Prochazka 2001, Hungary: Kiraly 2007).
In Slovakia occurrence of Lolium temulen-tum has not yet been studied in detail. Thus, the present paper aims to reconstruct its historical and recent distribution.
(1990) and Vozarova & Sutory (2001). The results are presented on the point map. The grid of the map follows one that was described by Niklfeld (1971). The abbreviations of papers published before 1956 cited in the Appendix follow Futak & Domin (1960). More recent publications are cited in short form. Phytogeographical divisions of Futak (1980) are also used.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
Analyses of herbarium specimens and the field survey were carried out in the period of 20052009. The data concerning the past and more recent distribution of the species were obtained from herbariums of BP, BRA, BRNU, BRNM, NI, PMK, PR, PRC, SAV, SMBB, SLO and ZV. Herbarium specimens collected during field surveys are stored in herbarium NI. Herbarium abbreviations are according to Holmgren et al.
Lolium temulentum was once distributed almost throughout the whole territory of Slovakia. We found the herbarium specimens and literature data from 95 localities (Fig. 3, Appendix). It is clear that it was a relatively common arable weed up to about the mid-20th century; 75 localities were found from this period. This trend is also recorded in some of the earlier works (see e.g. Holuby 1871, Dostal 1950, and Kupčok 1956). However, the massive retirement of the species was caused by large changes in agriculture between 1950 and 1990 (collectivization, application of pesticides,
Figure 3: Historical and recent distribution of Lolium temulentum in Slovakia: O - before 1950, O - 1950-1999, • - 2000 onwards.
Slika 3: Historična in recentna razširjenost vrste Lolium temulentum na Slovaškem: O - pred 1950, O - 1950-1999, • -po 2000.
new seed cleaning practices etc.). For this period the species was confirmed only at 20 localities and it has become rare, the last locality being found in 1990 (Mered'a sen. 2000). Similar disappearing of weed species under the pressure of intensive agriculture in Slovakia was published, for example, for Agrostemma githago and Bupleurum rotundifolium (Sourkova 1981, David & Dudich 1997).
Under the influence of the mentioned modern farming methods of crop production, Lolium temulentum was pushed away from fields, and it has been more often found on ruderal sites (e.g. Svobodova 1974, Eliaš 1977). Finally, at the end of the last century it was marked as extinct (Holub 1999).
Nevertheless, since 2000 occurrence of the species was de novo documented at five localities. Firstly L. temulentum was confirmed by the first author on two sites near the village of Les-nica (northern Slovakia, Pieniny region) in 2005 (Eliaš jun. 2006). One year later Majekova & Za-liberova (2007) discovered it at three localities in the surroundings of Rabča and Zubrohlava (north-western Slovakia, Orava region). The occurrence of the species near Lesnica was repeatedly confirmed in 2007 (K^č & Kunštarova 2007). Therefore, the species is now in Slovakia regarded as critically endangered (Ferakova et al. 2001, Eliaš jun. 2006).
There are two possibilities which could cause the recent occurrence of Lolium temulentum in Slovakia: a) the species could have sporadically survived in small privately owned and traditionally farmed fields to the present time but was overlooked by botanists; b) present occurrence of the species could be caused by the transfer of oat and rye seed corn from Poland.
The former presumption is based on the relatively low intensity of current arable weed flora research in Slovakia. Intensive research into Slovak segetal vegetation started in the 1970s, continued in the 1980s and culminated in the 1990s with the publication of the monograph on synanthropic vegetation of the country (Jarol^mek et al. 1997, Mochnacky 2000). Recently, research on segetal vegetation has been weak and only some partial works have been published (e.g. Majekova 2004, Zaliberova & Majekova 2004, Majekova & Zaliberova 2005, Mochnacky 2005). Therefore, during last decade only a few rare segetal weeds, such as Aphanes arvensis, Bromus secalinus, Conringia orientalis, Galium tricornutum
or Scandix pectin-veneris, were rediscovered and confirmed in the field for Slovak flora (Ripka & Mered'a 1999, Zaliberova & Urbanova 2000, Devanova et al. 2006, Eliaš jun. 2007). This deficient research activity could be a reason why L. temulentum has been currently overlooked in Slovakia.
Majekova & Zaliberova (2007), mention that actual species occurrence can be connected with the transfer of oat and rye seed corn from Poland, where the species is still relatively abundant (Zajac & Zajac 2001). This possibility is supported by the current presence of the species only in northwestern and north Slovakia in the region on the border with Poland. In Poland, the collectivization of agriculture did not take place, and the small land-holders usually dispose with only un-powerful seed cleaning technologies (Sokolovsky 1990). The size and weight of Lolium temulentum grains are similar to those of cereal grains, so that these seeds cannot be separated from cereal grains by winnowing or sieving (Tominaga & Yamasue 2004). Awns of darnel ryegrass serve as a tool for anthropogenic dispersal. The morphology of awned darnel grains resembles emmer wheat grains, and awnless darnel grains resemble free-threshing wheat grains. Thus, grain mimicry controls the close association of the two forms of darnel with the wheat species. The lack of an awn itself functions for darnel grain as a dispersal mechanism in free-threshing wheat cultivation systems compared with other wild grass species (Tominaga & Fujimoto 2004).
Although the species had been proclaimed extinct, this pessimistic prediction was not confirmed and the species still occurs in Slovakia. We hope that the rediscovery of darnel ryegrass will promote the acceleration of weed research in Slovakia.
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank J. Majekova (Bratislava, Slovakia) and P. Mereda sen. (Nova Dubnica, Slovakia) for their comments on the historical and recent distribution of the species. We are indebted to M. Duchaček (Pruhonice, Czech Republic), D. Hrčka (Odolena Voda, Czech Republic), V. Kerenyi-Nagy (Budapest, Hungary) and R. Suvada (Brzot^n, Slovakia) for the herbarium data excerption. The research was funded from the projects VEGA No. 1/0086/08 and 1/0530/08.
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7. APPENDIX
A list of localities of Lolium temulentum in Slovakia [numbers of phytogeographical regions according to Futak (1980)].
Pannonicum: 1. Chl'aba (Grundl 1860 BRA). 3. Turna nad Bodvou, Zadielska dolina Valley, 600 m (J. Dostal 1927 PRC). - Hačava, Jelen^ vrch Hill (Thaisz 1909 PR). 6. Bratislava, part Petržalka (Nabelek 1936 SAV). - Bratislava, road to part Koliba (Dohnany 1938 SLO). - Bratislava, part Mlynske nivy [Mühlau] (Lumnitzer 1791: 49). - Ivanka pri Dunaji, greenhouses of kolchoz (Jasičova 1973 SAV). - Modra (Mergl 1894 SAV).
-	Sväty Jur (Holuby 1913 PRC). - Pezinok, railway station (Holuby 1916 BRA). - Pezinok, rarely in fields (Holuby 1916 PRC). - Lošonec, in rye (Wiesbauer 1871a: 5). - Trnava (Eliaš, Biologia, vol. 32/1, p. 16-17, 1977). - Nitra - Komjatice -Zbehy - Golianovo - Jelenec - Vel'ky Lapaš - To-varn^ky - Mytny Nova Ves - Toporčany - Vrbove
-	Piešt'any - Prievidza (all data Knapp 1865: 19).
-	Nove Mesto nad Vahom (Knapp l. c.; Keller, Math. term.-tud. Közl. 4: 208, 1866). - Streda nad Vahom (Keller l. c.). 8. Vranov nad Topl'ou, oat field (Nevrly 1957 BRNM). - Zempl^nsky Branč, near the road to Novosad (Mochnacky, PhD. Thesis, p. 204, 1987).
Carpaticum: 9. Haluzice (Holuby sine data BP, BRNU). - Zemianske Podhradie (Holuby 1865 SLO, 1866 BP, BRA, 1872, 1875 BP, BRA, 1880 PRC, 1882, 1884, 1896 BP, 1887 BRA). - Bošaca,
Bošacka dolina valley (Holuby 1876, 1878, 1884 BP, 1887 BRNU, 1891 BP, 1895 PR, 1898 BRNU, 1901 BP). 10. Plavecke Podhradie, cereal fields (Ptačovsky 1929 SAV). 11. Hradok (Knapp 1791: 49). 12. Jedl'ove Kostol'any, Brezov štal hamlet, ruderal site (Eliaš, Rosalia 1: 118, 1984). 13. Bojnice, 330 m (Knapp 1865: 19; Schidlay 1949 BRA). - Dubnica, in field, 300 m (Schidlay 1949 BRA). - Kanianka, in oat field, 320-350 m (Domin 1949 ined.). 14a. Vel'ka Lehota, barley field near bus stop (Svobodova 1971 NI and Acta Inst. Bot. Acad. Sci. Slov., ser. A, 1: 101-106, 1974). 14e. Pukanec (Kupčok 1908 BP, PR). - Pukanec, part Tepla Voda (Kupčok 1894 Pr). - Kralovce (Kmet' 1880 BRA). - Krnišov (Kmet' 1876 BRA).
-	Prenčov (Kmet 1890 BP; Cserey 1894: 69 and 1897: 25; Hlavaček, Flora CHKO Stiavnicke vrchy, p. 301, 1985). - Antol - Bansky Studenec -Banska Stiavnica (all data Cserey l.c.). - Banska Stiavnica (Cserey 1892 BRA). - Ladomerska Vies-ka (Szep 1885 BRA). 15. Tisovec, in fields (Vrany 1926 BRA, PRC; Hendrych, Preslia 27, p. 68, 1955 and Acta Carol., 1968/2, p. 215, 1969). - Revuca (Schidlay 1931 BRA). - Dobšina (Lengyel 1926, 1928 BP). 19. Skaroš (Thaisz 1908 BRA). - Back-ov (Dorner 1846 BP, 1853 BP). 25. Podhradie (Puchert 1866 SLO). 21b. Bela, western slopes of Sokolie hill, oat field, 560 m - Terchova, hamlet of Podhorskovci, oat field, 750 m (both data Stachl, Biologia 25/7, p. 493, 1970). 21c. Blatnica (Textorisova 1890 PRC). 21d. Valaska Dubova (Margittai 1909 PR). - Likavka (Lengyel, Die Flora der vorstlichen Versuchaflächen bei Likavka, p. 10, 1915; Vavra, Pr^r. Sb. I., p. 264, 1946).
-	Vel'ke Borove, fields (Szontagh, Verh. Zool-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 13, p. 1051, 1863; Chrtek et Kf^sa 1971 PR; Chrtek et Kf^sa, Acta Univ. Carol. Biol., 1971, p. 48, 1977). 22. Svit, fields near hill of Baba (Bartal, Növ. Közl., no. 2, p. 125, 1903). 23a. Zu-berec, 740 m (Scheffer 1928 BP; Kos^k et J. Dostal 1928 PRC). 23b. Dolny Smokovec (Czako 1887 BP). - Nova Lesna (Sztehlo 1876 BP). - Rakusy (Simonkai 1890 BP). 24. Cerveny Klaštor, in valley of Dunajec river (Domin 1932 PRC). - Les-nica, rye fields on northern part of village - Les-nica, gap of Lesnica, eastern slope, rye field, 640 m (both Eliaš jun. 2005 NI; Eliaš ml., Bull. Slov. Bot. Spoločn., 28: 77-79, 2006). - Vel'ky Lip-n^k, northern slopes of Haligovce stones, 750 m (Čvančara 1975 BRA). 25. Mošovce (Textorisova 1924 SLO). - Turčianske Teplice, cereal fields (Margittai 1913 PR). 26b. Poprad, part Teplička, 700 m (Pax 1898 BP). - Spišska Nova Ves, fields,
460 m (Dietz 1878 BP; Ptačovsky 1939 SAV). 26c. Ždiar (Domin 1935 PRC). 27a. Lednicke Rovne, 1.2 km from Horenicka Horka willage, wheat field (Mereda sen., Bull. Slov. Bot. Spoločn, no. 22, p. 164, 2000). 27b. Bytča (Weber 1930 BRA). 28. Velična (Hazslinsky s. d. BRA). - Rabča, oat field - Zubrohlava NNW, oat field - Zubrohlava SE, oat field (all data Majekova et Zaliberova 2006 SAV and Bull. Slov. Bot. Spoločn. 29:92-96, 2007). - Rabčice, 765 m (Zapatowicz 1880 sec. Migra, Oravske Muz. 3: 66, 1984). 29. Osturna, oat field, 780 m - Osturna, field above the Small Osturna lake, 830 m (both Dvorak 1970 BRA, BRNM). - Majerka (Schill 1889 BP). - Lomnička (Vrany 1887 BRA). 30a. Prešov (Hazslinsky 1844 BP). 30c. Obručne, oat field - Lenartov, oat field
-	Gerlachov (all data Pospišil 1961 BMNM). -Cigel'ka (Pospišil 1959 BRNM). - Bardejov (Ber-gansky 1927 BRA). - Žalob^n, basin of river Ol'ka (Kralik, PhD. Thesis, 1977). 31. Runina, field, 550 m (Sourek 1957 PR; Černoch 1957 BRNM).
-	Ruske hammlett, 500 m (Sojak 1962 PR).
Destroyed locality (not mapped): Lavkov (Truchly 1893 BRA) - flooded by the Orava water reservoir.
Common data (not mapped): 9. Javorina, fields in the valleys (Holuby, Öst. Bot. Z., p. 296, 1865; Holuby, Let. Matice slov., no. 8, p. 18, 1871 and Holuby, Öst. Bot. Z., p. 56, 1871). 26a. the Liptov basin; frequently in cereals and beet crop (Puf-flerova, MSc. Thesis, 1968).
Recieved 12. 9. 2009 Revision recieved 20. 1. 2010 Accepted 12. 1. 2009