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UDK 821.161.1.09-96 T. B. PoManoea National Research University Higher School of Economics
PyCCKA^ MEHTA^bHOCTb ^EPE3 nPH3My HOrHHECKOH O^EHKH HCTHHHO/HEHCTHHHO (nO ^AHH^IM PyCCKOH MEMyAPHO-HCnOBEAAHbHOH nPO3M KOH^A XX - HA^IAHA XXI BB.)
B CTaTte paccMaTpHBaeTca cogepxaHHe u cnoco6H BHpa®:eHHa nornnecKOH o^eHKH uc-muHHO-HeucmuHHO e MeMyapnoü npo3e pyccKoü uHmeMMu^eH^uu. ^e^tro CTaTtH «B^aeTca onpegeneHHe ®:aHp0B0H 0C06eHH0CTeH gaHHOH o^eHKH b coBpeMeHHon MeMyapHO-Hcno-BegantHOH npo3e b ^e^OM u c^e^H$HKH ^TOH o^eHKH b paMKax pyccKOH MeHTantHOcTH. K c^e^u$uHecKUM xaHpoBHM nepTaM uccnegyeMon o^eHKu moxho OTHecTu HepeneBaHT-HOcTt 0^^03u^uu ucmuHHocmh/Mo^Hocmv, k xapaKTepHHM HepTaM pyccKOH MeHTantHO-cTu - KOH^e^TyantHHH xapaKTep noruHecKux 0^eH0K npaeda/ucmuHa. OnpegeneHH TaKxe nparMaTUHecKue 0C06eHH0CTu yKa3aHHHx 0^eH0K b pyccKOH KyntType.
KaMHeBwe caoBa: aHanu3 KOH^e^TyantHOH cTpyKTypH TeKCTa, ucnoBegantHaa MeMy-apHaa npo3a, pyccKaa KyntTypa KOH^a XX - HaHana XXI bb., pyccKaa ^unoco^ua
The article looks at the content and means of expressing logical evaluations true vs. untrue in confessional memoirs of the Russian intelligentsia, seeking to define the genre status of these evaluations in modern confessional memoirs in general and see their role and function in the Russian mindset. The author describes the conceptual nature of truth-istina and truth-pravda evaluations, typical for the Russian mentality, concludes that the opposition true vs. untrue is irrelevant for the modern confessional genre, and looks at pragmatic functions of these evaluations in the Russian culture
Key words: confessional memoirs, conceptual analysis, Russian culture of the Late 20'h, Early 21st Centuries, Russian philosophy
nonaxHe hcthhh, gocxoBepHocxH b nHHrBHCXHKe u noruKe He coBnagarox, a nogHac u npoxKBopenax gpyr gpyry. Ecnu b ^Hnoco^CKo-MexogonorunecKux u nornnecKHx paöoxax gocxoBepHocxt Hcnontsyexca gna xapaKxepncTHKH goKasa-XenbHHX, oÖoCHoBaHHHx oÖieKXHBHHx 3HaHHH B KaHeCTBe CHHoHHMa HCTHHH, xo B a3HKO3HaHHH Hpu aHanH3e 3toh Kaxeropuu Ha nepBHH nnaH B^igBuraexca cy6i-eKxuBHHH MoMeHT - cxeneHb 3HaHHa roBopa^uM CBa3eH u oxHomeHuft geHCXBu-xenbHocxu, oxpa^eHHHx b BHCKa3HBaHuu. OneBugHo, hto nuHrBucxunecKaa MogantHocxb 3aHuMaeTca aHanu3oM B3rnagoB KoHKpexHoro HenoBeKa KaK HneHa onpegeneHHoro nuHrBoKyntxypHoro coo6^ecTBa, unu, no KpaHHeH Mepe, ero noHuMaHua uctuhh, xoxa axo Mo^ex u He cooxBexcTBoBaxb o6ieK-xuBHoMy nono^eHuro gen. nog nuHrBucxunecKoH gocxoBepHocxtro noHuMaexca pa^uoHanbHaa o^eHKa cogep^aHua BHCKa3HBaHua, ocy^ecxBnaeMaa roBopa^uM
B COOTBeTCTBHH C nO^HOTOH erO 3HaHHH O COÖHTHaX, Bep6aflH30BaHHHX B BHCKa-
3HBaHHH (HABnoBCKAa 2000: 76).
HO He^OBeK He BceBegy^. OH He Bcerga MO^eT ge^aTb HCTHHHHe yTBep^geHua. OH BHCKasHBaeT gumb npegno^o^eHHe H^H goragKy. HeyBepeHHOCTb B HCTHHHOCTH cy^geHHa MapKupyeTca MOgagbHHMu OnepaTOpaMu (MO): HaKgOHeHueM rgarOga,
BBOgHHMu cgOBaMu ugu rgarOgaMu ^p0^03H^H0HagbH0^0 OTHOmeHua. MOgagbHHH OnepaTOp CHrHagH3HpyeT O gOCTaTOHHOCTu ugu HegOCTaTOHHOCTu OCHOBBHHH gga yTBep^geHua. Oh rpagyupyeT uMew^yMca y rOBOpa^erO HH$opMa^HM, a He npH3HaKH, xapaKrepH3yM^He cy6ieKT.
CTeneHb B^ipa^eHua hcthhhocth COO6^aeMOrO B BHCKasHBaHuu MO^eT BapbupOBaTbca. rpaMMaTUHecKue cnoco6H B^ipa^eHua hcthhhocthoh o^eHKH (MogagbHOCTb) ByagupyMT ^TH pa3gHHHa, ho geKCUKa ux B^iaBgaex npeguKaTH hcthhhocthoh h KBaSUUCTUHHOCTHOH O^eHOK 06pa3yMT B pyCCKOM a3HKe gOCTaTOHHO 6ogbmyM rpynny: npaeunbHO, eepHo; $yHK^HM nogTBep^geHua hcthhhocth MoryT BHnogHaTb TaK^e geKceMH yöe^deHue, nodmeepdumb; o6cToaTegbCTBa moHHo, npaeußbHo, eepHo (pacnem xydo^HUKa, mouHO 3Ham^e^o; numy mouHO no HopMe (HarHEHH 2001:490-491)).
rgarogH MHeHua (cHumamb, noßa^amb, Haxodumb, dyMamb) npegCTaBgaMT 0^eHKy hcthhhoh OTHOCUTegbHO K0H^e^TyagbH0H KapTUHH Mupa cy6ieKra 0^eHKH, KOTopaa MO^eT coBnagaTb c peagbHHM MupoM. Hhhmh cgoBaMu, ecgu 0^eH0HH0e MHeHue BepH$H^HpyeTca nyTeM o6pa^eHHa k MHcgaM, HyBCTBaM, HaMepeHuaM o^eHHBaro^e^o cy6ieKTa KaK ucKpeHHee, to oho o6gagaeT cy6ieKTHBH0H
(nCHXOgOrUHeCKOH) UCTUHHOCTbM.
npu yn0Tpe6geHHH rgarogoB cHumamb / nona^amb / dyMamb b npomegmeM BpeMeHH, npu peTpOCneKTUBHOH TOHKe OTCHeTa, B BHCKa3HBaHHaX B03HHKaeT HMnguKaTypa HeucTUHHOCTu 0^eHKH b MOMeHT roBopeHua, T.e. b HacToa^un mo-MeHT. Cm.: ...pa3ee m ecm ^u3Hb He cnumana, Hmo ece Moe cy^ecmeoeaHue cocmoum e moM, Hmo6u ^umb u dyMamb o ^u3hu? Mu3Hb u cmucm ^u3hu. Ho menepb m eu^y, Hmo cMucn ee - e Heu caMou u eo MHe - ^ueou, e^e ^ueou. A ^py^o^o cMucna Hem. H ^eMu Hem, u nomoMy-mo cpedcmea u He onpaeduearnmcn ^enbm, Hmo ^enu Hem. (Eepeepoba 1999: 437)
HTaK, c ogHOH CTopoHH, noHaTue gocTOBepHOCTu b guHrBucTUKe He coBnagaeT c goruHecKHM cogep^anueM TepMUHa ucTUHHOCTb/ gocTOBepHOCTb, c gpyroH CTopoHH, 0^^03H^Ha ucTUHHOCTb/ go^HOCTb gga peneBHx BHCKasHBaHun HepegeBaHTHa, t.k. cy6ieKTHBH0e He MO^eT 6HTb hcthhhocthhm.
OHa, ^Ta 0^^03H^Ha, HepegeBaHTHa b ^eg0M gga pyccKOH MeHTagbHOCTu, hto npoaBgaeTca b peneBOM noBegeHuu, HepegeBaHTHa h gga pyccKoro TeKCTa.
noKB^eM ^T0 Ha npuMepe pacnpocTpaHCHHon h nonygapHOH b coBpeMeHHOH PoccHH MeMyapHO-HcnoBegagbHOH npo3H, T.K., BO-nepBHx, goruHecKaa 0^eHKa HCTHHHo/HeucTHHHO B gaHHOM Tune npo3H aBgaeTca 5KaHpoo6pa3yM^eH, BO-BTopwx, ^T0T Tun npo3H n03B0gaeT B^iaBUTb xapaKTepHwe nepTH pyccKOH MeHTagbHOCTu. Ho CHaHaga He06x0gHM0 o6iacHHTb, hto cgegago ^Ty guTepaTypy BecbMa 3aMeTHHM H 3HaHHMHM aBgeHueM pyccKOH HHTeggeKTyagbHOH npo3H.
ycuguBmuHca b nepuog «orrenegu» (60-He rogH XX BeKa) uHTepec k guHHOCTu MO^HO CHHTaTb nOBOpOTHHM MOMeHTOM B pa3BHTHH pyCCKOH MeMyapUCTHKH XX B.
B MeMyapHCTHKe KOH^a XX BeKa oÖHapy^HBaroTca HOBwe TeHgeH^HH, b cpaBHeHHH, HanpuMep, c MeMyapaMu Hana^a BeKa. "^acTO Ha nepBHH n^aH bmhochtcs He aHaflH3, a geM0HCTpa^Ha B3raHgoB, xapaKTepa. npnneM «nogoÖHoro poga otkphtoctb Heflb3a pac^eHHBaTb KaK peaflH3a^HM ^pHH^H^HaflbH0^0 g^a MeMyapoB CTpeMgeHua K gOCTOBepHOCTH, K MBKCKMa^bHO HO^HOMy CaMOB^ipa^eHHM u CaMOnO3HaHHM,
nocKogbKy caM aBTop yTBep^gaeT: «... ece, nmo h numy o ce6e, - ^mo mo, umo H xouy, nmoöu eu npo MeHH 3Hanu. ^mo eo3eumam^uu MeHH u eac oÖMaH» (KoHqanoBCKHH 1999: 8). KaK numeT T.E. MugeBCKaa, npou3BegeHue MeMyapucTa KOH^a BeKa mo^ho HasBaTb 6uo^pa^ueü Kapbepu (Mh^ebckas 2000: 68): cm. M. 3axapoB «Cynepnpo$eccua»; M. K03aK0B «AKTepcKaa KHura^>, P. ®ypMaHOB «H3 ®h3hu cyMacmegmero aHTpenpeHepa. TeaTpagbHHH poMaH», B. Pe^e^Tep «npo^an, B^T! (m3 ®h3hu TeaTpagbHoro OT^e^eH^a)», H. CMoKTyHoBcKHH «EwTb!», H. MopgMKoBa «3anucKH aKTpucw», T. ^opoHuHa «^HeBHuK aKTpucw» u gp. HHorga b TaKoH KHure HeT Hunero b cTporoM cMwcge MeMyapHoro (HanpuMep, A. Po3eH6ayM «BygbTepbep»), ho ecTb ucnoBegb: «UucaM, Hu^e^o He cohuhhh, numb 3anucueaM 3a co6oü, omKpoeeHHo, om nepeo^o nu^a, denan emopux nu^ - peanbHux ^ueux nmdeü - HeeonbH^iMu ynacmHUKaMu Moe^o HecKpoMHo^o noeecmeoeaHUM. ^mo noHßuncH maKou «öeccmudHbiü» ^UHp u ymeepduncH e numepamype emopoü nojioeuHbi ^ea^^amo^o cmonemuH... (M. Ko3akob: 312).
Cogep^aHue TepMuHa ucnoeedanbHan numepamypa nonHTaeMca onpegeguTb Hepe3 ceMaHTuKy cgoBa HcnoBegt. B cgoBape ymaxoBa yKasaHo gBa 3HaHeHua. «1. B xpucmuaHCKoü ^epKeu - noKaMHue e ceoux ^pexax neped ceM^eHHUKoM; oöpnd omny^eHuM cen^eHHuKoM ^pexoe nocne onpoca Kam^e^ocH (^epK.). 2. HcKpeHHee u nonHoe npu3HaHue e neM-H., noKaMHHoe, omKpoeeHHoe u3no^eHue ^e^o-H. (khu^h.). AemopcKan ucnoeedb... (To^kobmh cgoBapb^ 1996, t.1:1240). KaK nucag M. BaxTuH, ucnoBegb ecTb c^e^uagbHaa $opMa B^ipa^eHua gymu b cgoBecHoM TBopnecTBe, «HpaBcTBeHHHH pe^geKc Hag caMuM co6oh» (Baxthh 2000: 135-136). KHura-ucnoBegb - oTKpoBeHHo u co3HaTegbHo ^^o^eHTpuHHa. «Ho rgaBHoe b KHure ... caMono3HaHue, no3HaHue co6cTBeHHoro gyxa u gyxoBHwx ucKaHun», aBTopa uHTepecyeT «He cTogbKo xapaKTepucTuKa cpegw, cKogbKo xapaKTepucTuKa cboux peaK^uH Ha cpegy» (Bepameb 2000: 8-14). Ecgu KHuru b ^aHpe gHeBHuKa, BocnoMuHaHun, aBTo6uorpa$uH u gp. HanpaBgeHH Ha to, hto6h 3aneHaTgeTb 6HBmee, to b KHure ucnoBegagbHoro ^aHpa paccKa3 o ®h3hu aBTopa B xpoHogorunecKoM nopagKe He aBgaeTca rgaBHHM. Ecgu ^TO u mo^ho HasBaTb aBTo6uorpa$ueH, to b KaKon-To Mepe «aBTo6uorpa$ueH ^ugoco^cKon, ucTopuen gyxa u caMoco3HaHua» (TaM ®e: 7).
B HameM ynoTpe6geHuu ucnoeedanbHuü He ^aHpoBaa xapaKTepucTuKa, a cogep^aTegbHaa. Huhhhh ®H3HeHHHH ohht, gu^Hwe nepe^HBaHua, ucnoBegagbHocTb HecyT b ce6e npou3BegeHua pa3HHx ^aHpoB: u aBTo6uorpa$uu, u gHeBHuKu, u aBTo6uorpa$uHecKaa xygo^ecTBeHHaa guTepaTypa, u nyTeBwe 3aMeTKH, onepKu, ncuxogorunecKue 3apucoBKH, u 3anucHHe khu^ku, aB^o6uo^pa$uHecKHe nopTpeTw, u BocnoMuHaHua u T.g. B ucnoBegagbHwx TeKcTax npegcTaBgeHw ugeogorunecKue u aKcuogorunecKue opueHTupw aBTopa, npeggaraeTca 6ogbmoe KogunecTBo cpegcTB B^ipa^eHua cy6ieKTuBHoH MogagbHocTu u ucnogb3oBaHue oTKpwTwx (aBHwx) cnoco6oB KOH^e^TyagbHOH ^KC^guKa^uu. TepMuH
HcnoBega^bHaa npo3a npegcTasnaeTca HaM npegnoHTHTe^bHHM, t.k. He Bcerga B HeH npeBa^HpyMT MeMyapHwe TeHgeH^HH, raasHaa	- ocmhc^htb ce6a.
TaKHe nepTH, khk HcnoBega^tHOCTt, noBopoT k cy6ieKTHBH0My Mupy KOHKpeTHoro (H3BecTHoro!) He^OBeKa, 06ycfl0BHflH B0CTpe60BaHH0CTb MeMyapHO-HcnoBega^tHOH npO3H B COBpeMeHHOH POCCHH.
Tenept o6iacHHM, noHeMy 0^^03H^Ha HCTHHHo/HencTHHHO Hepe^eBaHTHa g^a MeMyapHO-HcnoBega^bHOH npo3H. B nepByw OHepegt, no npHHHHe Hpe3B^iHaHHOH cy6ieKrHBHOCTH ^T0^0 Tuna npo3H. ^TO npoaBnaeTca b tom, hto asTop Moge^npyeT CBOH o6pa3, co3gaeT ero tbkhm, KaKHM xoneT, hto6h ero sugegn. OTgHHHTegtHoH oco6eHHocTbM ^T0^0 o6pa3a asgaeTca ero gsoaKaa $yHK^ua b npou3BegeHuu. C ogHon CTopoHH, HeoTteMgeMoH npuHagge^HocTtM CM^eTa CTaHosuTca asrop 6uorpa$uHecKUH, c gpyron CTopoHH, b csou npasa scTynaeT asTop-xygo^HUK, o6Hapy®HBaro^uH ce6a b cucTeMe guTepaTypHHx npueMos u cpegcTs: b oT6ope ^aKTos, B KoMMeHTapuax u o^eHKax, b cnoco6ax u3o6pa®eHua gMgen u co6htuh.
Cy6ieKTUBHoe He Mo^eT 6HTb uctuhhocthhm. Bo-nepsHx, noToMy hto asropcKaa MogagtHocTt oTpa^aeT B3rgagH KoHKpeTHoro HegoseKa, e r o noHuMaHue uctuhh, ^TO Mo^eT u He cooTBeTCTBosaTt o6ieKTuBHoMy nogo^eHuM geg. «H3 Toro, hto MHe - ugu sceM - Ka^eTca, hto ^TO He TaK, He cgegyeT, hto ^TO TaK u ecTt» (BHTrEHmTEHH 1994: 17). ^aHHyM npo6geMy, TaK ugu uHaHe, paccMaTpusagu KaK esponeHCKHe, aMepuKaHCKHe $ugoco$H (YKyaHH, r®pere, B.Pacceg, P.KapHan), TaK u poccuHCKHe (HanpuMep, H.A.Bepgaes).
Bo-BTopHx, caM ®aHp ucnosegu Tpe6yeT «6ecno^agHoH ucKpeHHocTu», Ha KoTopyM cnoco6eH He Ka^gHH HegoseK. «OTKpwTbca nepeg 6oroM gerHe, HeM nepeg gMgtMu. Hy^Ho 6eccTpamue, hto6h npegcTaTt nepeg sceMu u nepeg co6oh co cboumu cga6ocTaMu, nopoKaMu, nycToTon^ flpyKep npas - paccMaTpusaTt ce6a npHCTa^bHO u öecno^agHO (s^igegeHo HaMu. - T.P.) yMegu pa3Be hto TaKue gMgu, KaK ^aH-^aK Pycco u Hes TogcTon» (rpAHHH 1985: 235). PyccKaa ^ocgoBu^a «He ßm6o - He c^ymaü, a epamb He Memaü» snogHe B^ipa^aeT cyTt HeucKpeHHocTu b ucnosegagtHoH npo3e. TaKHM o6pa3oM, b ucnosegu HapymaMTca KHHoHuHecKHe 3aKoHH ^aHpa.
B-TpeTtux, KgaccuHecKue MeMyapHwe TeKCTH «co3garoTca b pe3ygbTaTe $uKca^uu gaHHHx naMaTu, u KgMHesHM MogagtHHM onepaTopoM ^Tux TeKCTos asgaeTca onepaTop h noMHw, nmo (KaK). nocKogtKy rgarog noMHumb othocutch K KaTeropuu ^aKTusHHx npeguKaTos, a ero ^po^O3u^ua uMeeT 3HaHeHue uctuhhoctu, coo6^aeMoe b MeMyapHoM TeKcTe cnoco6Ho ocMHcgaTtca KaK ^aKTuHecKoe, a caMu MeMyapw paccMaTpusaMTca KaK goKyMeHTH, u3 kotophx mo^ho noHepnHyTt pa3Hoo6pa3HHe csegeHua. TaKon nogxog k MeMyapHoMy TeKcTy oTpa^aeT Mogegt socnpuaTua, KoTopaa 3ago®eHa caMon npupogon TeKcTos ^T0^0 Tuna. HMeHHo no napaMeTpy gocTosepHocTu ohu npoTusocToaT TeKcTaM, B co3gaHuu kotophx yHacTsyeT sHMHceg, - xygo^ecTseHHHM u ^ogtKgopHHM, a 6garogapa "^aKTa^y", cogep^a^eMyca b hux, ohu cMHKaMTca c TeKcTaMu cnpasoHHo-uH^opMupyM^ero Tuna» (PAfl3HEBCKAa 1992: 48-49). Ho KaK TogtKo B TeKcTosoM npocTpaHcTse oKa3HBaroTca MogagtHHe onepaTopH h dyMam, h 3Ham, h cnumarn..., ^aKTop gocTosepHocTu y^e He aKTyageH, aKTyagtHa caMO^pe3eHTa^ua guHHocTu, ee o t h o m e h u e k u3garaeMoMy. HMeHHo k
H3flaraeM0My, a He k H306pa®aeM0My, t.k. gna HcnoBega^bHOH MeMyapHOH npo3H (coBpeMeHHOH B 0C06eHH0CTH) xapaKTepHO MeHTantHoe, aHanuTunecKoe BOcnpnaTHe gencTBUTentHOCTH, a He ceHCopHoe. npnneM ^T0 BOcnpnaTHe nacTO
Hppa^HOHaflbHO, T.e. HHTyHTHBHO, ^MO^HOHaflbHO.
MeMyapHaa npo3a, c Hamen tohkh 3peHHa, OTpa^aeT cocToaHue pyccKoro Ha^H0HaflbH0^0 co3HaHHa, ^0^T0My HcnoBegantHOCTb mo^ho paccMaTpuBaTb He TonbKO KHK xapaKTepHyM nepTy coBpeMeHHOH MeMyapncTHKH, ho h kbk nepTy pyccKOH MeHTanbHOCTH. B HHcne ochobhhx nepT pyccKOH KOH^e^TyagbHOH KapTHHH Mupa OTMenaMT Hppa^HOHagbHOCTb (Be®6H^Kaa 1997, Wierzbicka 1992). ^T0 bo MHoroM o6iacHaeT, noneMy o^^o3H^Ha hcthhho/ HeucTUHHo aBnaeTca HepeneBaHTHon gna pyccKon MeHTanbHocTH (cm. H.EepgaeB, C.EynraKoB, ^.KapcaBHH, A.HoceB, B.Po3aHoB, n.CTpyBe, n.®nopeHCKHH). thk, b «^peBHHKe nucaTena» 1873 roga BenHKHH ©.M.^ocToeBCKHH, roBopa o bb^hoh ncHxonorHHecKoH nepTe pyccKoro xapaKTepa, numeT: « ^T0 npe^ge Bcero 3a6BeHHe bchkoh Mepw bo bcsm _ ^T0 noTpe6HocTb xBaTUTb Hepe3 Kpan _ gonga go nponacTu, CBecuTbca b Hee HanonoBHHy, 3arjiaHyTb b caMyM 6e3gHy u - b hhcthhx cnynaax, ho BecbMa HepegKux - 6pocuTbca B Hee khk omanenoMy bhu3 ronoBon» (^ocToeBCKHH. noiH. co6p. B 30-Tu T. - n.,1980. - T.21. - C.35). CxogHoe MHeHue o pyccKon MeHTanbHocTu BHCKa3HBanu MHorue $unoco$H, uccnegoBaTenu b o6nacTu pasHHx ryMaHUTapHHx HayK. npuBegeM HeKoTopwe BHCKa3HBaHua. PyccKUH $unoco$ H.EepgaeB: «^Ta gyma (pyccKoro nenoBeKa. - T.P.) oTKpwBaeTca BceM ganaM, ycTpeMneHa b ganb K0H^a ucTopuu. ohh nerKo oTpwBaeTca ot BcaKon nonBH u yHocuTca b ctuxhhhom Buxpe B 6ecKoHeHHyM ganb. B Hen ecTb CKnoHHocTb k ctphhctbum no 6ecKoHeHHHM phbhuhhm pyccKon 3eMnu. HegocTaToK $opMH, cna6ocTb guc^u^nuHH BegeT k ToMy, hto y pyccKoro nenoBeKa HeT HacToa^ero uhctuhkth caMocoxpaneHua, oh nerKo ucTpe6IaeT ce6a, c^nraeT ce6a, pacnanaeTca b npocTpancTBe» (bepgaeb 2000: 349). O tom ®e nucan aKageMuK ^.C.HuxaneB: «OgHa nepTa, 3aMeHeHHaa gaBHo, gencTBuTenbHo cocTasnaeT HecnacTbe pyccKHx: ^T0 bo BceM goxoguTb go KpaHHocTeH, go npegenoB Bo3Mo®Horo» (Huxa^eb 1990: 5). H e^e ogHo nogTBep^geHue u3 KHuru o TBopnecTBe pyccKoro xygo^HuKa H.C.rna3yHoBa: «^,paMaTu3M u Tparu3M o6pa3oB rna3yHoBa opraHunHo cBa3aHH c rny6uHoH HaTypa pyccKoro nenoBeKa, c thkoh onpegenaM^en nepTon pyccKoro Ha^u0HanbH0^0 xapaKTepa, khk u3BeHHoe cTpeMneHue npucnymuBaTbca k ronocy coBecTu, ®HTb B cornacuu c Hen. A ®HTb no coBecTu - 3HaHuT ®HTb no HpaBcTBeHH0My 3aK0Hy, cyTb K0Toporo - nM6oBb k nenoBeKy, go6poTa u cocTpaganue k HeMy, M0®eT 6HTb, ga^e b y^ep6 co6cTBeHHHM uHTepecaM. H öecnpuMepHan cauoomeep^eHHocmb B noucKax ucmuHu (B^igeneHo mhoh. - T.P.) (Hobhkob 2006:159).
HepeneBaHTHocTb c tohku 3peHua pyccK0H MeHTanbHocTu 0^^03u^uH uctuhho/ HeucTuHHo goKa3HBaeTca u TeM, hto pyccKHH a3HK cn0BecH0 pa3nuHaeT npaedy u ucmuHy. Torga khk, HanpuMep, b aHrnuftcKoM a3HKe ^Tu K0H^e^TH o6o3HaHeHH ogHuM cn0B0M (truth), hto, n0-BuguM0My, cBa3aH0 npeuMy^ecTBeHHo c ^M^upuHecK0H KapTuHon Mupa.
np0K0MMeHTupyeM ^T0 neKcunecKoe pa3nuHue, onupaacb Ha gaHHwe nuHrBucTunecKHx uccnegoBaHuft, cnoBapeft, Ha $unoco$cKue uctohhukh u Ha TeKcTH ucn0BeganbH0H npo3H.
PaccMaxpHBaeMaa b cxaxte o^eHKa ucmuHHo/neucmuHHo KOH^e^TyaflbHO CBa3aHa C 0^eHK0H npaeda u ucmuna. KoH^e^TH npaeda u ucmuna OTHOcaTca k KaTeropHH flO^HKO-^THHecKHx KOH^e^TOB. ^aHHHe KOH^e^TH Ha py6e®e CMeHSM^uxca CTO^eTUH npuB^eK^u BHUMaHue goBO^tHO 3HaHUTeflbHoro nuc^a ^uHrBucTOB. C^egyeT yKasaTt ucc^egoBaHua ro.C. CTenaHOBa, T.B. By^HruHOH u A.^.fflMe^eBa, H.^. ApyTMHOBOH, B.r. raKa, B.A. .HyKHHa u gp. npuBegeM cgoBapHue onpegegeHua ucmunu u npaedu. HcTHHa - «1) to, hto cy^ecTByeT b gencTBuTegtHOCTu, OTpa^aeT gencTBuTegtHOCTb, npasga; 2) yTBep^geHue, cy^geHue, npoBepeHHoe npaKTuKOH, onHTOM» (OxEroB 1984: 221). npaBga - «1) to, hto cooTBeTCTByeT gencTBuTegtHOCTu, ucTuHa», HanpuMep:
(AxMaTOBa npo paccKa3 Co^xeHH^^IHa «CnyHan Ha CTaH^uH KpeHCTOBKa»): Om CoM^e-
HU^UHa Mu ^öeM npaedu, mojTbKO npaedu. Oh ne öoM^en maKue paccKa3u paccKa3u-
eamb (^ykobcka^ 1997: 16);
«2) nopagoK, ocHOBaHHHH Ha cnpasegguBocTu, necmnocmu; 3) to ®e, hto u npaBOTa (pasr.) u T.g.» (OxeroB 1984: 498). Ho npaeoma npoTuBonocTaBgaeTca npaede. HanpuMep: npaeoma? BaM, oxasueaemcM, Hy^HU npaeoma, a He npaeda?.. A npaeda e moM, nmo ^mo nanaMo KOH^a^ (OKygxABA 1995: 74); npaBOTa
-	«npaBugbHHH o6pa3 gencTBun u MHcgen» (OxEroB 1984: 499); npaBH^tHMÜ
-	«(1) cooTBeTcTByM^un ycTaHOBgeHHHM npaBugaM, He OTcTynaro^un ot cooTBeTcTByM^ux npasug, HopM, nopagKa ^ (5) ygoBgeTBopaM^un npasugaM» (BogtmoH to^kobhö cgoBapt pyccKoro a3HKa 1998: 952). Cp.: npaeda npupaenueaemcn k nopHO^pa^uu (HArHEHH 2001: 189); npaeoeepnocmb (= npaBugtHocTb. - T.P.) - anynocmb uMu cmpax (TaM ®e: 476-477).
KaK BuguM, cgoBapt ^uKcupyeT BucoKyM cTeneHt coBnageHua geKcunecKux npocTpaHcTB, 3aHuMaeMHx ^TUMU KOH^e^TaMu, (cp.: Hcmuna - to, hto OTpa^aeT gencTBuTegtHocTb, npasga; a npaeda - to, hto cooTBeTcTByeT gencTBuTegtHocTu, ucTuHa). 3Ta 5Ke BucoKaa cTeneHt coBnageHua no3BogHeT HeKOTopwM uccgegoBaTegaM B 3HaHuTegbHOH cTeneHu OTOKgecTBgaTt ^Tu KOH^e^TH (HanpuMep, b uccgegoBaHuu raKa (FaK 1993)). B to Ke BpeMa gga MHorux HocuTegen pyccKoro a3HK0B0r0 co3HaHua noHaTua «ucTuHa» u «npasga^» npegcTaMT HacTogtKO HecoBnagaro^uMu no cBoen pe$epeH^uu, hto gonycKaMT co- u npoTuBonocTasgeHue.
Ecgu B3rgaHyTb Ha cooTHomeHue npaBga u uctuhh b acneKTe TeTpaxoTOMuu eceoö^ee - oö^ee - ocoöennoe - edununnoe (ny3HPEB 2001), to npu ^poe^upoBaHUu ux Ha yKasaHHHH gorunecKun pag gaHHwe KOH^e^TH 3anMyT ^O3u^uu, He BnogHe coBnagaro^ue gpyr c gpyroM.
npaBga - «to, hto cooTBeTcTByeT gencTBuTegtHocTu, ucTuHa^>; «to, hto npegcTasgaeTca KOMy-g. npasugbHHM, BepHHM, c tohku 3peHua Mopagu, ^TUKU», «TO, HeM gogKeH pyKOBogcTBOBaTtca negoBeK b cboux nocTynKax» (HpascTBeHHaa npaBga = ucTuHe); «peagucTunecKoe u3o6paKeHue aBgeHun b xygoKecTBeHHOM npou3BegeHuu, Ha c^eHe u T.n.» (npasga - tohhoctb OTo6paKeHua ku3hu); «cnpasegguBocTb, nopagoK, ocHOBaHHHn Ha cnpaBegguBocTu» (ny3HPEB 2001: 120-121). HcnoBegagtHaa MeMyapHaa npo3a no3BogaeT yKa3aTb e^e ogHO 3HaHeHue cgoBa npaBga - «gyxoBHHn onwT». HanpuMep:
TanuH cMepmb nocmu^Hem u mex, e kom noHUManue npaedn eo3HUKHem He3aeucuM0 om KaKUK-.m6o khu^, HenpouieonbHO, u Kmo ocMenumcn nodenumbcn ceouM dyxoeH^i^ onumoM C KeM 6u mo hu ß^ino (Ah^peeb 2000: 580).
HCTHHa - «TO, HTO COOTBeTCTByeT geHCTBHTe^bHOCTH, genCTBHTe^bHOe no^o^eHHe Be^en^» (C^OBapt pyccKoro a3HKa 1985: 688). HanpuMep: «HuKonau Eypnnee, uKmep TapKoecKoso, eo emopou nonoeuHe 80-x CHUMuem ^unbM «^epMoHmoe». Ha ßany y HuKonuH nepeoso rosonb (mom ^e Eypnnee), zde oh npocmo-Hanpocmo u 6bimb-mo He Moe, - eučen HuKonaH ecezo dea pa3a e ^U3HU, u mo u3daneKa.» (Ko3akob 1997: 366).
HcTHHa - «HpaBCTBeHHHH Hgea^. HcKaTt HCTHHy. BepHTb b HCTHHy. CBSTaa HCTHHa^) (Bo^tmoH TO^KOBHH c^OBapt pyccKoro a3HKa 1998: 403). HcTHHe COOTBeTCTByeT MogycH 3Hamb, pacKpueamb, ucKamb, no3Haeamb. HanpuMep:
^ npaeda - ^mo ucmuHa, ho u cnpaeednueocmb, npaeunbHoemb, yKaiaHue Ha mo, KaK cnedyem nocmynamb u denamb. Cnoeo «ucmuHa» eocxodum k KopHw «ecmb». Tym uMe-emcH e eudy deücmeumenbHücmb, öumue, cy^ee. no33un uMeem deno c pacKpumueM ucmuHH (Bo3hecehckhh 1998: 337).
nO MHeHHM T.B. By^HrHHOH H A.^. fflMe^eBa, C^OBa npaeöa u ucmuHa O6O3HaHaroT gBe ctopohh OgHOrO u TOrO OÖ^e^ngOCO^CKOrO KOH^e^Ta: npaeöa yKasHBaeT Ha npaKTuneCKHÖ aCneKT ^T0^0 nOHSTua, a ucmuHa - Ha TeOpeTuneCKHH aCneKT (BygHruHa, fflMegeB 1997). B KaKOM-TO CMHCge ucmuHy 3HaeT to^bko BOr, a gwgu 3HaroT npaeöy. Cp.:
Y^e 3a ^mom MHo^onemHuü mpa^u^ecKuü MyuumenbHuü noucK Eo^ecmeeHHüü ucmu-Hu Toncmoü ßonee, ueM e^o Hucnpoeep^amenu, xynumenu c KpaüHux npaeocnaeHo-^epKoe-Hux no3u^uü, docmouH ^apcmea Eo^be^o. (Bo3hecehckhh 1998: 337).
y Ka^öoso ceon npaeöa, y Ka^öoso ceon nosuKa u xapaKmep (Ko3akob 1997: 308). Cp. no3Hamb ucmuHy (6e3 yKa3aHua uctohhukh) u y3Hamb (y Koso-nußo ugu om Koso-nußo) npaeöy. HCTUHa (npu) omKpueaemcn, ee öocmusamm, go Hee eo3eumammcH, OHa ÖHBaeT eucmeü. Cp.:
Ko^^a-mo oh (ff. CaMoünoe) nucan:
ffonumhcn do cmuxoe, To^^a u eunumb cmoum, Ko^^a, numacb okob, no Mupy conH^e cmoHem. ffonumbcH do maKux cmuxoe, Hepe3 Komopue npuomKpueaemcn HeKan ucmuHa unu xoma 6u nodoßue ee!..
B 1980 ^o^y h nonan e xymKym aemoMoöunbnym Kamacmpo^y u - uydoM y^enen. Ey-nam OKyö^aea mo^^a cKa3an: «3HaHum, Muma, m^i ew,e He docmm ucmuHU». Ce^o^HH 1992 ^o^, ce^o^HH h y^e Koe o ueM ^o^a^ueawch. He monbKo euuumueam y öpyaux - u caMoMy y^e umo-mo npuomKpueaemcn. Hnu Ka^emcn? ^mo He noKa^emcn, Ko^^a «donueaembcn» do KaKux-mo omKpumuü e caMoM ceße, e ^py^ux, e muihm! Ko^^a, ocMenee, oßpa^aembcn c caM^imu enaeHUMu eonpocaMu k HeMy-mo unu KoMy-mo e ceße u nopoü, cdaemcH, cnumumb omeemu (Ko3akob 1997: 297-298).
B me6e ecmb nompeÖHOcmb Mema^usuKU, mo ecmb ucmuHbi eucmeü. Ha
^mo, H dyMam, u c^edyem opuenmupoeambCH. Mema^usuKa, cmaeman aKmepcKou op^aHUKoü u ne omdeneunaH om ecex ceoücme aKmepcKo^o peMecna. ^mo ne ece nouMym, no ece nonyecmeymm, ecnu u enpHMb ydacmcH me6e eoseucumbCH do ^mo^o (^. CaMOH^OB - M. K03aK0By) (Ko3akob 1997: 307).
Hcmuna ÖHBaeT OTB^eneHHon, aöcTpaKTHon; b c^OBe npaeda OTneT^HBO B^ipa^eHO npegcTaB^eHHe o HopMe u Mopa^tHoe H3MepeHHe. HeoöxoguMO yHHTHBaTb MH0r03HaHH0CTb c^OBa npaeda. «npaBga - HCTHHa^» KaK KHTeropna rHOceo^orHHecKaa HecOMHeHHO OT^nnaeTca ot «npaBga - cnpaBeg^HBOCTH» (ucKamb npaedy) KaK ^THHecK0^0 HMnepaTHBa (Mnxan^OBCKHH 1897). Cp.:
noueMy H omnpaeuMCH k Xaüöeaaepy?
B nonoeoöbe mecmudecnmux xomenocb ^yndaMeHma^bHoü onmonozunecKoü ucmunu,
e^e aod ocmaeancn do npa^cKoao Kpaxa naöe^ö, no y^e uyecmeoeanacb mpeeoaa, a e uMenu nocneöneao aepMuncKoao aenuH MüsuuecKu xpycmenu peÖKue önn pyccKoao H3UKa 3eyKu «X», «aa», «p», e ceoe epeMH maK eocxu^aemue 6y^emnHH. E^e BenuMup «e 3eM-ne, noiueaeMoü FepManun», naxodun 3eyK «a» onpedennm^uM ceMeHa Cnoea u PasyMa» (Bo3hecehckhh 1998: 340); _ e ceoeü c^eHe y meKcmunbnoao Munucmpa, Kyda ona npu-xoöu^a 3a npaeöoü (^Er^oB 1998: 137).
«npaeda ogyxoTBopeHa nenoBenecKUM nyBCTBOM, ^hhhhm OTHomeHueM, xapaKTepH3yeTca CBOÖogoH Bonu b OT^unue ot npegonpegeneHHOH ucmunu, cnumKOM oöieKTuBHOH, HTOÖH He^OBeHecKaa Bona Morjia ew ynpaB^HTb» (Ko^egob 1999: 116-117). nocnegoBaTentHO npu3HaeTca, hto gna pyccKoro npaeda noHSTHen OTBneneHHOH ucmunu. B «PyccKOM acco^uaTUBHOM cnoBape» cnoBO npaeda KaK peaK^ua npegcTasneHO b ceMt pa3 na^e, neM ucmuna, a cooTHomeHue pyccKux ^ocnoBu^ co cnoBaMu ucmuna u npaeda b cnoBape B.H. ^ana paBHO 1:100 (ny3HPEB 2001: 120). Ho, c gpyroH cTopoHH, ucmuna Ba^Hee, nocKontKy OHa npuHagne^HT Bory, unu «ropHeMy» Mupy. npaeda, c ^TOH tohkh 3peHua, OKa3HBaeTca «npu3eMneHHOH», OTHoca^enca k «gontHeMy» Mupy. Hcmuna Bcerga HpaBcTBeHHa, ^0^T0My ee gocTurHyTt TpygHO. «Bucman npaeda» (= ucTuHa. - T.P.) gocTynHa TontKO «npopoKaM, eecmnuKaM, nponoeednuKaM», KOTopwe cnocoÖHH «yspemb Mupu ^opHue», «ycnumamb Mupoeym ^apMOHum», nen «dyxoenuü cnyx omeepscn» u «any6uHHaH naMHmb npo6ydunacb». ^ga ^T0^0 HeoöxoguMH «nm6oeb k Mupy», «öyxoenocmb», «öyxoenoe snanue», KOTopwe «po^denu ne monbKo coeecmbm» u «onupammcH ne monbKo na no^uKy» (Ahapeeb 2000: 430). ^enoBeK nacTO HaxoguTca B cuTya^uu BHÖopa Me^gy ucmunoü u npaedoü. HanpuMep:
npu MoeM cmpeM^eHuu k 3amyMaHeHHocmu, k moMy, umoö He 3Hamb unu 3Hamb He do KOH^a, H ö^in 6u cuacmnueeü e öpyaoM eeKe, e öpyaoM npocmpancmee. O Mup Map-cenH npycma!^ Ho ecmb aopbKoe ydoenemeopenue e moM, ^moöu podumbcH u xumb u, naeepnoe, no^uÖHymb moaöa u maM, ade copeaHU ece mocku, pa3eenHm ece mu^h, pa3O^HaH 6nazocmHMÜ myMaH do Mepmeo^pa^u^ecKOü ncHocmu u Kemnocmu, ade ne ocmanocb Mecma öa^e dnH camux ManenbKux u^nK3uü, e oKoHnamenbHoü u 6e3Hade^-hoü npaede. Bedb npu ecex caMo3a^umHux cmpeM^eHuax k HeacHocmu, HeöozoeopcH-Hocmu xouemcH npuümu k ucmuHHoMy 3HaHuw. H ece-maKu ne u3 mex, Kmo euöupaem HeeeöeHue (HarHEHH 2001: 430).
TaKuM o6pa3oM, aHanu3 no ucnoBegantHon MeMyapHoH npo3e ceMaHxuHecKux noneH kbk nuHrBucxunecKoro ananora K0H^e^x0B u cpaBHeHue ux cocxasa C sapuaHxoM, npegcxasneHHHM no ganHHM cnosapeH, no3Bonarox yxoHHuxb ecxecxBeHHo-a3HKoBHe csoncxBa K0H^enx0B npaeda, ucmuHa u B^iasuxb cne^u$uKy ux $yHK^uoHupoBaHua b cospeMennoM pyccKoM gucKypce.
yKa^eM Ha nparMaxunecKyro «^paga^uro npasgH», npusegeHHyro b KonneK-tubhoh Monorpa^uu «^enosenecKun ^aKxop b a3HKe...» (1992: 23-29). B^igenaex-ca «npasga oxKposeHHocxu», «npasga oxKpHxocxu», «npasga gosepua», «npasga no ceKpexy», «npasga ucKpennocTu», «npasga ucnosegu», «npasga gna ce6a», «npasga b unxepecax gpyroro». Hcnonb3yeM gaHHHe yKasannoro ucxonnuKa gna aHanu3a oco6eHHocxeH MeMyapHo-ucnoBegantHon npo3H.
«npasga oxKposeHHocxu» u «npasga oxKpHxocxu» — 3xo npeuMy^ecxsen-ho npasga o ce6e, coo6^aeMaa go6poBonbHo. Korga npasga o ce6e cxanoBuxca rno6anbHon, rosopax o «npasge ucnosegu». ^xo, pasyMeexca, uMeex npaMoe ox-Homenue k cne^u$uKe uccnegyeMoro ^anpa. HopMaxusno ucnosegb BKnroHaex coo6^eHue o6 oxpu^axenbHHx nocxynKax u MHcnax rosopa^ero — ero rpexax, u ona o6pa^eHa k gyxosnoMy nu^y, nageneHHoMy npasoM ux oxny^enua. Hcno-Begb ecxb aKx pacKaanua, a hxo6h pacKaaxbca, ny^no npe^ge Bcero gaxb Ha3BaHua rpexaM. Cm.:
nodyMamh moMhKo, umo nonyuaemcn! Cman ecnoMUHamh o ceße, nucamh Kuuay o ueno-eeKe eo epeMeHu, a nonyuunuch HaöpocKu, 3apucoeKu pyccKux u UHUX uHmennu^eHmoe Ha nepenoMe, c KeM ecmpemuncn Ha nymu — uepeda cnyuaüHux ^uayp. ^epeda Moux Mucneü, nocmynKoe cnedyem 3a HUMU. Hx He noMeHHmh! nopoü xayuuü cm^id 3anueaem Mu^o. rocnodu, npocmu Meun!
CKonbKO npe^pemeHUÜ, coeepmeHHux u HecoeepmeHHux ß^ino 3a mow ^usHh, mym u ^op^^lHn, u ^0H0p, u Ko^yHcmeo, u ^pex yHHHun, z^ynocmb, u 3anymaHH0cmb e moro-HOSKe — cmonhKo ^pH3Hux cmpaHu^, omuöoK, cmonhKo y^acoe... TaKan meMHoma no-nepna! Ho — ece-maKu npo^uman öoneean, HecKnaČHan ^u3Hh Ka^emcn cuacmnueoü, oHa mom, KaKan hu ecmh. M He Hado MHe uhoü ... npocmume MeHn me, Ko^o n oöuden e 3moü KHuze! Ko^o ^uiHbw oöuden, npocmume! (Bo3hecehckhh 1998: 473, 475)
Ho B Mupy - 3xo gyxosHaa aBxo6uorpa$ua, npegnonararo^aa npasgusocxb u ucKpeHHocxb u uMero^aa csoen ^enbro onu^enue Hepe3 cnoso, o6pa^eHHoe k nrogaM (xpe6oBaHue xpucxuaHCKon KynbxypH, npasocnasua b HacxHocxu). noaxoMy B coo6^eHuu ucnoseganbHon npasgH 3aHHxepecoBaH ne agpecax, a caM rosopa^un. HMenno rosopa^eMy bb^ho, hxo6h ero BHcnymanu, o neM 3Hanu, ero nonanu, npocxunu.
Ha axon ocnose c^opMuposanca u nuxepaxypHHn ^anp ucnosegen. ycnosua, KoxopHM gon^Ha ygoBnexsopaxb ucnoseganbHaa npo3a, onpegenun B. Bohhobuh:
H Hadewch, umo e uucne ee (KHuru. - T.P.) docmouHcme ßydym npeöe^bHue ucKpeH-Hocmb, omKpoeeHHOcmb u Henpede3nmocmb e onucaHuu omdenhHux coöumuü u nuu-Hocmeü. Ho npu ^moM oHa ecmh He nponoeedb u He ucnoeedb, a e KaKoü-mo cmeneHu caMono3HaHue, nonumna o&hncHumb ce6e ce6n u ce6n ^py^uM, u ^py^ux ce6e. (Bohho-BHq 1994: 8).
Htbk, «roBopeHue npasgH» uMeeT nparMaTHHecKH o6ycgoBgeHHHe Bapu-bhth. Bce OHH cooTHOcaTca c MogycoM roBopeHua: ^oeopumb npMMo (e ana3a), ^oeopumb 3a ana3a, ^oeopumb omKpoeeHHo, omKpumo, ucKpeHHe, doeepumenbHo, HeMu^enpuMmHo, no ceKpemy h T.g. ^T0 - «npasga b uHTepecax roBopa^ero». Ohb BHCKa3HBaeTca HegoBeKOM g06p0B0gbH0 — no HyBCTBy gogra, no ck^ohhocth k gugaKTHKe ugu pagu HpaBCTBeHHoro OHu^eHua. EcTb CHTya^HH «npasgH gga gpyroro»: nparMaTUHecKne ycgoBua yn0Tpe6geHHa B^ipa^eHun 3Hamb npaedy h ^oeopumb npaedy pa3gHHHH:
OcBpagt-Mapx 1956 roga. Mopo3H b ^CBpane go Tpngqaxu naTu rpagycoB. ^ xuBy Ha ygH^e O6yxa, b OHcpegHon cnuMacMon KOMnaxe. BoKpyr nyxue Bcmu: gerKOM^icgenn^ie maxaromueca cxogHKH, 3a KOxopHMH xpygHO nncaxt, paccxpoeHHoe nnannHO, n^igtn^ie KOBpH, Ha cxenax ^oxorpa^nn b 3axeHgHB^ix paMKax h pacnncn^ie c 3ogoT^iMH o6ogKaMH xapegKH. H Bce a goBogtna. Tuxo, xogcxHe cxen^i cxaporo goMa, cocegen He cg^imno, MOXHO pa6oxaTt. Xoxegocb, hxo6h gpy3ta 3a Mcna pagoBannct, h a 6^iga ohchl oropnena cgoBaMH CBoen b xe rog^i 6gH3K0H ^pHaxegtHH^^I... OrgageB xapegKH h paMKH, OHa BOCKguKHyga: «Kbk bh Moxexe xyx xhtl? ^ 6h He Morga!» A Ahhb AngpeeBHa, Bonga, CKa3aga: «3gect 60xecxBeHH0 xengo!» BeccM^icgenn^ix cgoB (Begb a HHHero He Morga H3MeHHxt!) OHa He roBopuga HHKorga. TeM nane cgoB, KOxopHe choco6hh 3agext ugu BCTpeBOXHTb co6ecegHHKa. AnrgHHCKaa noroBopKa: «BocHHxaHH^ift HegoBeK HHKorga He 6HBaex rpy6 6e3 HaMepeHua» - nogxoguga en kbk hh k KOMy gpyroMy. Tbk Ha3^iBaeM^ix "neocxopoxH^ix cgoB" y Hee He BMp^iBanocb. Ohb xBepgo 3Haga, hto ohb roBopux h 3aHeM (H^bHHA 1988: 185).
B gaHHOM npuMepe uMeexca b Bugy xaKTUKa coKpHTua ucTUHHoro nogo^eHua geg, coo6meHHe «He Bcen npasgH», yMogHBHue o «gpyroH CTopoHe gega^> gga
COKpHTUa COßCTBeHHO HCTHHH (uCTHHB, KBK H3BeCTH0, HBCTHHHOH He 6HBaeT),
HTO erne pas nogHepKUBaex OTHOCuxegbHOCTb h H36HpaTegbHHH xapaKxep npaBgH H 06ieKTHBH0CTb HCTHHH. C ^T0H ^egbro MoryT Hcn0gb30BaTbca yxBep^geHua co cgoBBMH He noMHm, KOTopHe paBH03HaHHH yTBep^geHuaM o HecymecTBOBBHuu onucHBaeMoro nogo^eHua geg (no KpanHen Mepe, b c$epe guHHoro onHxa roBopamero). O bo3mo®hocth cymecTBOBBHua ^T0^0 nogo^eHua geg 3a npegegaMu ero onHTa cy6ieKT HUHero He coo6maeT. HMeHHO ^0^T0My nogo6HHe BHCKa3H-BBHua MoryT Hcn0gb30BaTbca gga coKpHTua hcthhh.
BugH «roBopeHua npaBgH» xapaKTepH3yroT peHenoBegeHHecKue npuB^iH-KH roBopamero b pyccKOH Kygbxype, cp.: npMMou, omKpoeeHHUü, omKpumuü, ucKpeHHuu, doeepHueuü HenoeeK. Tbkobh 5Ke h npoTUBonogo^HHe xapaKTepucTHKu: HenpMMoü, HeomKpoeeHHUü, cKpumHuü, nu^eMepHuü, HeucKpeHHuü HenoeeK. OHeBugHO, HTO CKpHTHHH HegoBeK CKpHBaeT OT gpyrux npaBgy o ce6e, ho He goKb.
Bce Ha3BaHHHe peHenoBegeHHecKue bkth HM^gH^HpyroT ucTUHHOCTb co-06maeM0H HH$opMa^HH, a BHBegeHHHe h3 hhx onpegegeHua HegoBeKa xapaKxe-pH3yroT ero no OTHomeHuro k npasge coBepmaeMHx hm peHeBHx gencTBun. Cbmo noHaTue OTKpHBBHua, gasmee cepuro xaKoro poga xapaKxepucTHK (omKpumuü, cKpumHuü, omKpoeeHHuü) acco^HHpyeTca c hcthhoh: ucTUHy cKpueamm u om-Kpueamm. CogepKBHue Ke peHesHx bktob nog sguaHueM nparMaxuHecKux ycgoBUH
cgsuraeTca b cTopoHy MHeHun, 0^eH0K, B3rgagoB u ncuxogoruu rosopa^ux: om-Kpuearnm He TogtKo ucmuHy, ho u dymy (cep^^e).
npasga, cogep^a^aaca b peHenosegeHHecKHx aKTax, sce gagtme oTxoguT ot Bepu$u^upyeMOH uctuhh u sce 6ogee asHo pacnpegegaeTca no rosopa^uM, ucTuHa npespa^aeTca b guHHyM npasgy. npasga ®e, ucxoga u3 aHagu3a cospeMeHHon pyccKoö guTepaTypH Boo6^e u MeMyapHon ucnosegagtHon npo3H b HacTHocTu, ^TO He TogtKo ucTuHa HegoseKa, ho u ucTuHa o HegoseKe.
Bce npusegeHHHe sHme gaHHHe no3BogaMT cgegaTt sHsog, hto KOH^e^T ucTuHa/npasga b pyccKoö KygtType Ha cerogHamHun geHt «pacmaTaH» u «pasMHT». KpoMe Toro, oco6eHHocTu $yHK^uoHupoBaHua goruHecKon o^eHKH ucmuHHo/ HeucmuHHo, B^iasgeHHHe no gaHHHM cospeMeHHon pyccKoö MeMyapHoö npo3H (c ogHon cTopoHH, KOH^e^TyagtHOCTt gaHHon goruHecKon o^eHKH, c gpyroö ctopohh - ee HepegesaHTHocTt), no3BogaMT rosopuTt o 3a$uKcupoBaHHHx HepTax peHesoro nosegeHua (uppa^u0HagtH0CTt, cy6ieKTuBHoe npeHe6pe®eHue k npasge, gM6oBt K ucTuHe «B nocgegHen uHCTaH^uu», ucKpeHHocTt) khk o c^e^u$uHecKux HepTax pyccKoö MeHTagtHocTu.
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Povzetek
V članku se osredotočamo na analizi vsebine ter načinov izražanja logične ocene resnično ali neresnično v memoarski prozi ruske inteligence od konca 20. do začetka 21. stoletja. S tem dokazujemo, da ravno ta literarna dela prikazujejo narodno, mentalno samobitnost po eni strani, in žanrsko posebnost te logične ocene po drugi strani.
Kot dokazilo osnovne teze zaznamujemo tudi, kako memoarska proza prikazuje narodno rusko zavest, in to preko zaznačevanja potez ruskega jezikovnega obnašanja: iracionalnost, zaničevanje resnice ter ljubezni do resnice in iskrenosti. Navedene v članku komunikativne posebnosti so prikazane kot izrazite poteze ruske mentalitete in povzete iz lingvističnih raziskovanj N. Arutyunova, A. Vezhbitskaya, G. Lakoffa, D. Likhatcheva, U. Cheifa idr. ter iz filozofskih virov N. Berdyayeva, A. Loseva idr. in besedil tako imenovane spovedne proze.
V članku gre za nerelevantnost logičnih opozicij resnično in neresnično. Nerelevantnost opozicij resnično in neresnično z vidika ruske mentalitete da se dokazati s tem, da ruščina jezikovno razlikuje resničnost in res (v članku ravno o tej razliki razlagamo).
Žanrska posebnost obravnavane logične ocene je v konceptualnosti in obenem v nerelevantnosti le-te v navedeni vrsti proze.
Tako lahko zaključimo, da čeravno sta koncepta RESNICA in RES sorodna, sta obenem tudi različna v ruskem vidiku Sveta. Vpogled v pragmatične posebnosti ocene resnično in neresnično oz. res in ni res prikazuje dejstvo, da edini koncept RESNICA in RES v ruski sodobni kulturi ni stabilen ter ni konkreten.