^ REPUBLIKA SLOVENIJA
M/ STATISTIČNI URAD REPUBLIKE SLOVENIJE ^ STATISTICAL OFFICE OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
The Sustainable Development Indicators for Slovenia
Ljubljana, July 2010
^COLLECTION^
BROCHURES
M
STATISTIČNI URAD REPUBLIKE SLOVENIJE STATISTICAL OFFICE OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
The Sustainable Development Indicators for Slovenia
Ljubljana, July 2010
Issued and published by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Vožarski pot 12 - Use and publication of data is allowed provided the source is acknowledged - Director-General Irena Križman - Authors Mojca Suvorov, Teja Rutar, Mojca Žitnik - Editor of the Brochure collection Marina Urbas - Translated by Teja Rutar - Designed by Dušan Weiss and Ada Poklač - Print run 200 copies - Printed by Demat d. o. o.
CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana
308(497.4) 311:308(497.4)
SUVOROV, Mojca
The sustainable development indicators for Slovenia / [authors Mojca Suvorov, Teja Rutar, Mojca Žitnik : translated by Teja Rutar]. - Ljubljana : Statistični urad Republike Slovenije = Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, 2010. -(Collection Brochures / Statistični urad Republike Slovenije)
ISBN 978-961-239-210-9
1. Gl. stv. nasl. 2. Rutar, Teja 3. Žitnik, Mojca, 1970251724288
Foreword
The key milestone in the field of sustainable development was the United Nations conference on environment and development held in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro. There the plan on how to achieve sustainable development in the 21st century, Agenda 21, was adopted. Prior to the conference, sustainable development was defined as the »development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs«. In Rio, however, it was for the first time pointed out that the policies of economic development must necessarily include environmental and social aspects. Since then, researchers, environmental organisations, governments and international agencies have been trying to find the answer to the question: How to measure sustainable development?
There are many sets of indicators for sustainable development in the world today, both at the national and also at the international levels, and they are based on various concepts. Such sets often arise from the need to monitor the implementation of sustainable development strategies.
In the past two years, the understanding of development and sustainability has changed considerably as the narrow vision of development which emphasized only the economic development is lately being superseded by the new criterion of development: general well-being of people. Well-being is namely much more: in addition to material goods it relates also to health, the environment, social relationships, personal activities, education and culture.
Our aim was to include all these findings in this publication. Moreover, since sustainable development and general well-being cover all aspects of life and living, we wanted, with the help of indicators, to reveal how each of us can contribute to the achievement of our common goals. In this publication indicators are grouped into three sections: Well-being, Balance and modesty and Intergenerational cooperation. According to the group that participated in formulating the set of presented indicators, these objectives are of key importance to sustainable development in Slovenia.
We deliberately did not want to present judgements on the success or failure regarding the implementation of the objectives in specific areas. Yet we encourage you to create your own opinion, also with the help of this publication.
VmŠL
Irena Križman Director-General
CONTENTS
THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS FOR SLOVENIA....................9
WELL-BEING..............................................................................................................11
QUALITY OF NATURAL RESOURCES................................................................................ 11
AIR QUALITY............................................................................................................................ 12
Chart 1: Daily concentrations of particulate matter PM10, Slovenia, 2008................................. 12
Table 1: Average annual concentrations of particulate matter PM10, Slovenia ........................12
DRINKING WATER QUALITY................................................................................................. 13
Chart 2: Faecal contamination of drinking water with E.coli by size class
of water supply systems and by regional institutes of public health, Slovenia, 2007.............. 13
Table 2: Faecal contamination of drinking water with E.coli by size class
of water supply systems, Slovenia....................................................................................................13
ORGANIC FARMING............................................................................................................... 14
Chart 3: Agricultural holdings with organic farming or in conversion
and utilised agricultural areas with organic farming or in conversion, Slovenia....................14
Table 3: Agricultural holdings with organic farming or in conversion
and utilised agricultural areas with organic farming or in conversion, Slovenia....................14
ECONOMIC GROWTH......................................................................................................... 15
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT............................................................................................. 15
Chart 4: Real GDP growth per capita, 1995 = 100, Slovenia........................................................15
Table 4: GDP at current prices, Slovenia.........................................................................................15
HOUSEHOLD INCOME.......................................................................................................... 16
Chart 5: Average annual available assets of households per household member, Slovenia 16 Table 5: Average annual available assets of households, Slovenia..........................................16
CONTENTS
SAFETY................................................................................................................................... 17
LABOUR FORCE...................................................................................................................... 17
Chart 6: The average registered unemployment rate, Slovenia.................................................17
Table 6: Persons in employment, Slovenia......................................................................................17
ACCESS TO SOCIAL PROTECTION.................................................................................... 18
Chart 7: Expenditure on social benefits by social protection function (risk),
Slovenia, 2007.......................................................................................................................................18
Table 7: Expenditure on social benefits, Slovenia.........................................................................18
ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE.................................................................................................. 19
Chart 8: Number of people per physician in out-patient health care, Slovenia.......................19
Table 8: Physicians in out-patient health care, Slovenia..............................................................19
ACCESS TO EDUCATION......................................................................................................20
Map 1: Students in tertiary education and scholarship recipients among them,
statistical regions, Slovenia, 2008....................................................................................................20
Table 9: The number of students in tertiary education per 1000 population, Slovenia...........20
CRIME ....................................................................................................................................... 21
Chart 9: Share of convicted persons in total population, Slovenia............................................21
Table 10: People convicted at general jurisdiction courts, Slovenia ..........................................21
BALANCE AND MODESTY.......................................................................................23
NATURAL RESOURCES........................................................................................................23
ENERGY CONSUMPTION......................................................................................................24
Chart 10: Final energy consumption per capita and share of renewables
in final energy consumption, Slovenia.............................................................................................24
Table 11: Renewables in final energy consumption, Slovenia....................................................24
WATER CONSUMPTION FROM PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY................................................25
Chart 11: Water supplied from public water supply, in households per capita, Slovenia .....25
Table 12: Water supplied from public water supply, Slovenia.....................................................25
MUNICIPAL AND FOOD WASTE GENERATION................................................................ 26
Chart 12: Municipal waste generated per capita, Slovenia........................................................26
Table 13: Municipal waste generated, Slovenia............................................................................26
PASSENGER TRANSPORT.....................................................................................................27
Chart 13: The number of all passenger cars used by natural persons per 1000 population and the number of passenger-kilometres in public
road passenger transport, Slovenia.................................................................................................27
Table 14: The number of all passenger cars used by natural persons
and the number of passengers in public road passenger transport, Slovenia ........................27
CONTENTS
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT.......................................................................................28
EXPENDITURE ON DEVELOPMENT.....................................................................................28
Chart 14: Sources of funds for research and development in the business sector,
Slovenia, 2008.......................................................................................................................................28
Table 15: Gross domestic expenditure on research and development
in the business sector, Slovenia ........................................................................................................28
POPULATION, GENDER EQUALITY AND POVERTY........................................................29
TOTAL INCREASE OF POPULATION................................................................................... 29
Chart 15: Increase of population per 1000 population, Slovenia...............................................29
Table 16: Increase of population, Slovenia.....................................................................................29
EARNINGS OF MEN AND WOMEN......................................................................................30
Chart 16: Difference between average gross earnings of men and women, Slovenia...........30
Table 17: Average monthly gross earnings of men and women,
Slovenia - provisional data ...............................................................................................................30
AT-RISK-OF-POVERTY RATE..................................................................................................31
Chart 17: At-risk-of-poverty rate (income in cash), Slovenia.......................................................31
Table 18: At-risk-of-poverty rate (income in cash) by age and gender, Slovenia, 2008 ..........31
INTERGENERATIONAL COOPERATION.................................................................33
INTENSITY OF USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES..............................................................33
ENERGY INTENSITY...............................................................................................................34
Chart 18: Energy intensity - primary energy supply/GDI?
constant 2000 prices, Slovenia..........................................................................................................34
Table 19: Total primary energy supply, Slovenia...........................................................................34
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS.........................................................................................35
Chart 19: Sources of greenhouse gas emissions, Slovenia, 2007 ..............................................35
Table 20: Greenhouse gas emissions, Slovenia.............................................................................35
CONSUMPTION OF MINERAL FERTILISERS IN AGRICULTURE...................................36
Chart 20: Consumption of macro plant nutrients in agriculture per hectare
of utilized agricultural area in agriculture, Slovenia.....................................................................36
Table 21: Consumption of mineral fertilizers and macro plant nutrients
in agriculture, Slovenia.......................................................................................................................36
INTENSITY OF WOOD REMOVALS.....................................................................................37
Chart 21: Intensity of wood removals, Slovenia.............................................................................37
Table 22: Annual increment and removals of wood, Slovenia ....................................................37
CONTENTS
GOVERNMENT DEBT...........................................................................................................38
GOVERNMENT DEBT............................................................................................................. 38
Chart 22: General government debt, % GDI? Slovenia................................................................38
Table 23: General government debt, Slovenia...............................................................................38
CARE FOR ALL GENERATIONS..........................................................................................39
THE AGE DEPENDENCY........................................................................................................ 39
Chart 23: The age dependency ratios, Slovenia...........................................................................39
Table 24: The age dependency ratios, Slovenia............................................................................39
CHILDCARE.............................................................................................................................40
Chart 24: The share of children in kindergartens, Slovenia........................................................40
Table 25: The number of children in kindergartens, Slovenia,
school years 1996/97 and 2005/06-2008/09......................................................................................40
CARE FOR THE ELDERLY......................................................................................................41
Chart 25: Reasons for admissions of people in old people's homes, Slovenia, 2008 .............41
Table 26: Number of people in care in old people's homes, Slovenia.......................................41
METHODOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS....................................................................42
DEFINITIONS.............................................................................................................42
STATISTICAL SIGNS.................................................................................................46
ABBREVATIONS AND UNITS OF MEASUREMENT................................................46
LITERATURE AND SOURCES...................................................................................47
THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS FOR SLOVENIA
The idea of establishing a key set of national sustainable development indicators at the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia is not a new one. It was realized under the international project with financial support from Eurostat. One of the aims of the project was to improve the visibility and proper identification of the concept of sustainable development in Slovenia. We want to present the idea of sustainable development with a set of indicators in a non-technical way to the general public.
The first set of sustainable development indicators was formulated at the workshop which was organized by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia in April 2009. Representatives from the ministries, agencies, research institutes, NGOs and the statistical office participated in this event. Together we tried to find the answers to the questions regarding which are the key areas and key objectives of sustainable development in Slovenia. We formulated the following five key objectives of sustainable development in Slovenia: prosperity, long-term balance, modesty, cooperation and integrity. For each objective target indicators that could measure the progress or suggest what was happening in a given area were proposed.
During further consultation and coordination we linked together and identified key objectives and indicators. The final set of indicators was grouped into three sections: Well-being, Balance and modesty and Intergenerational cooperation. We tried to describe each field through environmental, economic and social aspects.
Since we want to monitor sustainable development in Slovenia, the publication does not cover international comparisons. Only the indicators that were calculated from the latest data available during the preparation of this publication are presented, therefore data for 2008 prevail. Each indicator is presented with a time series, which mostly covers the last four years and also the base year in the past (1995, 2000, etc.).
The main messages shown by indicators are pointed out in coloured frames. The colours illustrate the fields of statistics to which the indicator is classified: the environment and natural resources field is coloured green, economy is violet, and demography and social statistics is orange.
WELL-BEING
When talking about the well-being of people, one must distinguish between the current well-being and the assessment of its sustainability. Well-being namely does not refer only to material goods, but also (or above all) to human welfare, living, relationships. The main themes which must be considered when talking about well-being of people are: the standard of living viewed in a material way, health, education, personal activity including work, voting rights and management, social ties and relations, the environment as well as feeling (un)safe in the material and in the physical sense.
QUALITY OF NATURAL RESOURCES
»Ambient air pollution by particulate matter PM10 is decreasing slightly.«
»The microbiological quality of drinking water is not improving significantly.«
»The increase in the number of organic
farms is slowing down.«
ECONOMIC GROWTH
»The gross domestic product was growing steadily until 2008.«
»Average annual available assets of households
are increasing.«
SAFETY
»The average
registered unemployment rate was decreasing until 2008.«
»Expenditure on social benefits keeps increasing.«
»The number of physicians in out-patient health care is not changing significantly.«
»The number of students in the last two years of the reference period decreased slightly.«
»The number of convicted persons is increasing.«
QUALITY OF NATURAL RESOURCES
AIR QUALITY
Chart 1: Daily concentrations of particulate matter PM1011, Slovenia, 2008
number of days 120n
60
»Ambient air pollution by particulate matter PM10 is decreasing slightly.«
Iskrba Koper Nova Ljubljana Celje Murska Maribor Trbovlje Zagorje Gorica	Sobota - Rakičan
measuring place
11 The limit of the daily concentration of particulate matter PM]0 (50 pg/m3) must not be exceeded more than 35 times per calendar year; the 35-day's limit is marked with a red stripe.
Source: ARSO
Table 1: Average annual concentrations of particulate matter PM102), Slovenia
pg/m3
	2002	2005	2006	2007	2008
Ljubljana	42	37	33	32	30
Maribor	50	43	43	40	34
Celje	46	43	35	32	30
Murska Sobota - Rakičan	40	37	34	30	30
Koper			31	29	25
Nova Gorica	39	34	34	33	31
Trbovlje	47	55	40	37	38
Zagorje	47	52	46	41	43
Iskrba		16	14	15	16
... not available
21 The annual threshold value of particulate matter concentration is 40 pg/m3. Source: ARSO
■	The highest particulate matter concentration levels occur in urban areas, which are affected by traffic and industry. Increased concentrations of these particles occur primarily during the winter when the pollutants accumulate in the basins due to the temperature inversion and the impact of individual fireplaces.
■	Ambient air pollution levels for particulate matter PM]0 decreased in the 2002-2008 period. Nevertheless, both the annual threshold value and the maximum number of days with the exceeded daily threshold value of particulate matter PM]0 were exceeded in 2008. The annual threshold value was exceeded only in Zagorje (43 pg/m3). The daily threshold value of PM]0 was most often exceeded in Zagorje (107 days) and Trbovlje (73 days).
QUALITY OF NATURAL RESOURCES DRINKING WATER QUALITY
Chart 2: Faecal contamination of drinking water with E.coli by size class of water supply systems and by regional institutes of public health, Slovenia, 2007
unsuitable samples (%) 60 -.
»The microbiological quality of drinking water is not improving significantly.«
30
II

Ik
■
Celje Ravne na Maribor Kranj Ljubljana Slovenia Murska Nova Koroškem	Sobota Gorica
Novo Koper mesto
I I small (50-1,000) □ medium sized (1,001-10,000) ■ large (> 10,000)
Source: IPH
Table 2: Faecal contamination of drinking water with E.coli by size class of water supply systems, Slovenia
unsuitable samples (%)
	2004	2005	2006	2007
small (50-1,000 population)	29.0	28.0	24.1	24.5
medium sized (1,001-10,000 population)	6.7	5.8	4.6	5.3
large (> 10,000 population)	2.6	1.7	0.4	2.1
Source: IPH
■	During the 2004-2007 period the level of pollution of drinking water due to the presence of E.coli decreased slightly. The largest decrease occurred in small water supply systems, whereas in other systems the decrease was smaller.
■	In 2007 the share of unsuitable samples due to E.coli depended on the size class of the water supply systems. Most of the unsuitable samples occurred in the smallest size class of the water supply systems (from 50 to 1,000 population), namely almost 25%.
■	Small water supply systems were subject to the largest faecal contamination, particularly those in the west and south of Slovenia (i.e. areas of the Institute of Public Health of Koper and those in Nova Gorica and Novo mesto). These small water supply systems also proved to be especially problematic, as in most cases these systems are not managed properly, the resources and equipment are poorly maintained and they have no specific water protection zones.
QUALITY OF NATURAL RESOURCES
ORGANIC FARMING
Chart 3: Agricultural holdings11 with organic farming or in conversion and utilised agricultural areas with organic farming or in conversion, Slovenia
%
8
»The increase in the number of organic
farms is slowing down.«
share of utilised agricultural areas
share of agricultural holdings
11 Data on the number of agricultural holdings are available only for 2003, 2005 and 2007 (from the Farm Structure Survey). Therefore in the calculation of the share of holdings with organic farming or in conversion in the interim years the number of agricultural holdings of the previous year was used.
Sources: SORS, MKGP
Table 3: Agricultural holdings with organic farming or in conversion and utilised agricultural areas with organic farming or in conversion, Slovenia
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Agricultural holdings (number)
with organic farming	910 1,220 1,393 1,610 1,789
in conversion	672	498	483	390	278
Utilised agricultural areas (ha)
with organic farming	14,767 15,991 20,1 51 23,560 26,125
in conversion	8,252 7,178 6,680 5,762 3,71 1
Source: MKGP
■	The number of agricultural holdings with organic farming was increasing constantly in the 2004-2008 period. On the other hand, the number of newly registered agricultural holdings in diversion was decreasing. In 2008, there were 11% more agricultural holdings with organic farming than in 2007.
■	The surface of utilised agricultural areas with organic farming increased by almost 77% in the 2004-2008 period, even though among total utilised agricultural areas this share remained low. Together with utilised agricultural areas in conversion, it represented about 6% of total utilised agricultural areas. The largest share of utilised agricultural areas with organic farming was represented by grassland and pastures (almost 90%).
ECONOMIC GROWTH GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
Chart 4: Real GDP growth per capita, 1995=100, Slovenia
200
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
year
»The gross domestic product was growing steadily until 2008.«
Source: SORS
Table 4: GDP at current prices, Slovenia
mrd. EUR
1995
2005
2006
2007
2008
GDP at current prices
16.1
28.8
31.1
34.6
37.1
Source: SORS
■	GDP, which measures the incomes and expenditure of the domestic economy, showed economic growth until 2008.
■	GDP at current prices was increasing steadily during the 1995-2008 period. In 2008 it amounted to over EUR 37 billion and was over 7% higher than in 2007.
■	The real GDP growth per capita remained positive in that period. Real GDP per capita increased by about 70% between 1995 and 2008. In 2008 it was 3.3% higher than in the previous year.
ECONOMIC GROWTH
HOUSEHOLD INCOME
Chart 5: Average annual available assets of households per household member, Slovenia
8000
6000
4000
2000
2000	2001	2002	2003	2004 2005	2006	2007
»Average annual available assets of households
are increasing.«
Source: SORS
Table 5: Average annual available assets of households, Slovenia
1000 EUR
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
Average annual available assets of households
12
16
16
17
18
Source: SORS
■	Available assets (income in cash) within a household are all available financial assets that a household has at its disposal in the reference period.
■	In the 2000-2007 period, the amount of these assets was increasing steadily. This increase amounted to around 55%. In 2007, average annual available assets of households amounted to approximately EUR 18,000 or to about EUR 7,000 per household member.
■	In 2007, the highest shares of all money assets available to households were those of incomes from work under employment (60%) and pensions with supplements (23%). The remaining shares were incomes from self-employment, other social incomes and family allowances, receipts from sale and other receipts.
SAFETY
LABOUR FORCE
Chart 6: The average registered unemployment rate, Slovenia
15
»The average
registered unemployment rate was decreasing until 2008.«
2000 2001
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
year
Source: SORS
Table 6: Persons in employment, Slovenia
number in 1000
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
Persons in employment
801
813
825
854
879
Source: SORS
The number of persons in employment, i.e. persons in paid employment and self-employed persons, was in the 2000-2008 period fluctuating on the annual basis, but on average the number kept increasing. In 2008 there were about 880,000 persons in employment in Slovenia, which was 3% more than in the previous year and almost 10% more than in 2000.
The unemployment rate which shows the share of registered unemployed persons among the labour force, was fluctuating considerably on the annual basis. The highest average registered unemployment rate in the 2000-2008 period was recorded in 2000 when it started to decrease. In 2008, the average annual registered unemployment rate was just under 7% (nearly 6% for men and over 8% for women), which was 1 percentage point less than in 2007 and 5.1 percentage points less than in 2000. During the 2000-2008 period, the lowest registered unemployment rate was recorded in September 2008, when it was around 6%.
SAFETY
ACCESS TO SOCIAL PROTECTION
Chart 7: Expenditure on social benefits by social protection function (risk), Slovenia, 2007
39.4%
32.1%
»Expenditure on social benefits keeps increasing.«
□	old-age
□	sickness and health care
n	family and children	•-
I I	disability
I I	survivors
□	unemployment
□	social exclusion not elsewhere classified
8.7%
Source: SORS
Table 7: Expenditure on social benefits, Slovenia
mrd. EUR
1996	2004	2005	2006	2007
Expenditure on social benefits	2.7	6.2	6.5	6.9	7.2
Source: SORS
Expenditure on social benefits was increasing constantly in the 1996-2007 period. In 2007 the means for social protection increased by almost 5% over the previous year and were 2.6-times higher than in 1996.
In 2007, the largest amount of means was earmarked for the old age function (over 39%), consisting of old-age pensions and disability pensions and provision of goods and services to the elderly. These benefits were followed by those for the sickness and health care function (over 32%) consisting of compensation in the case of sick leave, health care and pharmaceutical products.
SAFETY
ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE
Chart 8: Number of people per physician in out-patient health care, Slovenia
»The number of physicians in out-patient health care
is not changing significantly.«
1997 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Source: IPH
Table 8: Physicians1 in out-patient health care, Slovenia
number
1997	2005	2006	2007	2008
Physicians	1,319 1,577 1,501	1,516 1,505
1 Full-time equivalent. Source: IPH
During the 1997-2008 period, the number of physicians in out-patient health care, which is divided into the primary and secondary levels, was fluctuating. In total, however, it increased by about 14%.
In 2008, health care at primary level was performed mainly by general practitioners (62%), physicians for preschool children and physicians for school children and youth (each at around 11%).
The number of people per physician was also fluctuating. In 2008 a physician in out-patient health care provided his or her services to 1,355 people on average.
SAFETY
ACCESS TO EDUCATION
Map 1: Students in tertiary education and scholarship recipients among them, statistical regions, Slovenia, 2008
»The number of students in the last two years of the reference period decreased slightly.«
number of students per 1000 population"
I I 55 or less
56-57 ^ 58-59 60 and over
I I scholarship recipients among students (%)
" As of 31 December Source: SORS
Table 9: The number of students in tertiary education per 1000 population, Slovenia
number per 1000 population 1997	2005	2006	2007	2008
Students in tertiary education	34	57	58	57	56
Source: SORS
The number of students enrolled in tertiary education in the 1997-2008 period increased by almost 68%. In 2008, their number was for the second time in succession slightly lower than in the previous year (by about 1%).
The highest number of students per 1000 population in 2008 was recorded in the Goriška region, followed by the Koroška region and Jugovzhodna Slovenija, and the lowest in the Pomurska region.
The highest share of scholarship recipients, which reveals the social situation in the region, was recorded in the Pomurska region, while the lowest share of scholarship recipients among students was recorded in the Osrednjeslovenska region.
SAFETY
CRIME
Chart 9: Share of convicted persons in total population, Slovenia
% 0.6
0.5
0.3
0.1
0
»The number of convicted persons is increasing.«
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
year
Source: SORS
Table 10: People convicted at general jurisdiction courts, Slovenia
number
1996
2005
2006
2007
2008
Adults Juveniles
3,942 500
7,718 498
8,119 511
8,685 459
1,739 489
Source: SORS
The number of convicted adults increased over the 1996-2008 period, while the number of convicted juveniles remained at the same level.
In 2008, criminal proceedings against 15,329 adults and 812 juveniles were concluded at regional and district courts. 8,739 adults (57%) were convicted and 489 juveniles (60%) were imposed an educational measure or a sentence.
The most frequent criminal offences among adult perpetrators were larceny (13% of the convictions), grand larceny (over 10%) and fraud (nearly 9%). As regards juvenile perpetrators, most measures or sentences were imposed for larceny (almost 20%), grand larceny (18%) and robbery (7%).
In 2008 the most frequently imposed sentence among adults was a prison sentence (almost 91%), followed by a fine (7%). The majority of juvenile perpetrators were given the sentence of supervision by a social assistance authority, namely in 47% of cases.
BALANCE AND MODESTY
In order to maintain long-term balance it is necessary to already at present achieve balance between the needs of humanity and capacity of nature, taking into account modesty and awareness of the limits of available resources such as water, food and energy. Investments in research and development and promoting innovations can contribute to such technological development that will enable low consumption of natural resources. And last but not least, the gender equality and equitable distribution of resources should also be mentioned.
NATURAL RESOURCES
»The share of renewables in final energy consumption
has been decreasing.«
»Water consumption in households has been slightly increasing.«
»The amount of food waste in municipal waste is increasing.«
»The number of passenger
cars up, the number of passengers in public road passenger transport down.«
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
»Funds for research and development in the business sector are increasing.«
POPULATION, GENDER EQUALITY AND POVERTY
»Natural increase has been positive in the recent years.«
»Gross earnings of men are on average 7% higher than
those of women.«
»At-risk -of-poverty rate is the highest among women aged 65 + .«
NATURAL RESOURCES
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Chart 10: Final energy consumption per capita and share of renewables in final energy consumption, Slovenia
to^capita 3n
2.52. 1.5-11--0.5-U 0
%
r12 -1-10
8
-L6
—4
—1-2 0
2000 2001
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
year
I I final energy consumption per capita
Source: SORS
renewables in final energy consumption
»The share of renewables in final energy consumption
has been decreasing.«
Table 11: Renewables in final energy consumption, Slovenia
1000 toe
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
Final consumption - TOTAL
renewables and waste
4,638 5,182 5,229 5,189 5,519
433	450	438	432	437
Source: SORS
■	Between 2002 and 2006 final energy consumption in Slovenia increased. In 2007 it decreased slightly (mainly because households consumed less energy due to a mild winter) and in 2008 it increased again (by 6%).
■	The share of renewable energy resources (including waste) in final energy consumption has been decreasing in the recent years. In 2008 it represented 7.9% (74% of this share was represented by the consumption of biomass in households).
NATURAL RESOURCES
WATER CONSUMPTION FROM PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY
Chart 11: Water supplied from public water supply, in households per capita, Slovenia
50-,
40.
30- —
10.
»Water consumption in households has been slightly increasing.«
2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
Source: SORS
Table 12: Water supplied from public water supply, Slovenia
mio. m3
	2002	2005	2006	2007	2008
Water supplied from public water supply	183	165	168	171	169
to households	89	85	86	88	89
Source: SORS
■	During the 2002-2008 period, consumption of water from public water supply was fluctuating, but in the entire period it decreased. In 2008, 169 million m3 of water were supplied from the public water supply system, which was about 1% less than in the previous year and almost 8% less than in 2002.
■	In the recent years, water consumption in households has slightly increased. In 2008, households used 88.7 million m3 of water or 43.5 m3 per capita, which was 119 litres per day.
NATURAL RESOURCES
MUNICIPAL AND FOOD WASTE GENERATION
Chart 12: Municipal waste generated per capita, Slovenia
kg/capita 500 -,
400--
300--
200--
»The amount of food waste in municipal waste is increasing.«
2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
Source: SORS
Table 13: Municipal waste generated, Slovenia
_1000 t
2002 2005	2006 2007 2008
Municipal waste generated 812 845	866 886 923 biodegradable kitchen waste,
edible oils and grease 5 19	23 21 33 Source: SORS
■	During the 2002-2008 period the amount of municipal waste increased - except in 2004 when it decreased by 0.1%.
■	In 2008, over 900,000 tonnes of municipal waste (or 453 kg per capita) were generated, which was over 4% more than in the previous year and over 14% more than in 2002.
■	Compared to the base year 2002, the amounts of biodegradable kitchen waste, edible oils and grease increased considerably. In 2008, almost 33,000 tonnes of food waste were generated, which was almost 55% more than in 2007 and 6-times more than in 2002. In 2008, food waste represented 4% of all municipal waste.
NATURAL RESOURCES
PASSENGER TRANSPORT
Chart 13: The number of all passenger cars used by natural persons per 1000 population and the number of passenger-kilometres in public road passenger transport, Slovenia
mio. pkm	per 1000 population
1200
600
»The number of passenger
cars up, the number of passengers in public road passenger transport down.«
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
— passenger-kilometres — all passenger cars used by natural persons
Sources: SORS, MNZ
Table 14: The number of all passenger cars used by natural persons and the number of passengers in public road passenger transport, Slovenia
number in 1000 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008
The number of all passenger cars
used by natural persons	837	910	931	962	989
The number of passengers in public road passenger transport
(without urban passenger transport)	57,955 39,759 37,964 38,532 38,751
Sources: SORS, MNZ
■	In the 2002-2008 period the number of cars used by natural persons increased by 18%. At the end of 2008 there were 487 passenger cars used by natural persons registered per 1000 population.
■	In the 2002-2008 period the number of passengers in public road passenger transport decreased by 33%. The number of passengers was decreasing until 2006, when it slowly began to increase. In 2008 about 39 million passengers were carried in road public transport, which was almost 1% more than in 2007.
■	In the reference period (2002-2008), the number of passenger-kilometres decreased by almost 29%. The decrease was most intensive until 2005, and then it slowed down. In 2008 almost 815 million passenger-kilometres were made, which was 0.3% less than in the previous year.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURE ON DEVELOPMENT
Chart 14: Sources of funds for research and development in the business sector, Slovenia, 2008
90%
□ business enterprises I I government I funds from abroad
»Funds for research and development in the business sector are increasing.«
Source: SORS
Table 15: Gross domestic expenditure on research and development in the business sector, Slovenia
mio. EUR
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
Expenditure on research and development 144
243
291
299
398
Source: SORS
■	Expenditure on research and development in the business sector increased in the 2000-2008 period. In 2008, these expenditures were - in nominal terms - almost 176% higher than in the base year.
■	In 2008, EUR 617 million were spent in Slovenia on research and development in all sectors, which was 23% more than in the previous year. The increase was the largest in the business sector. In 2008 almost EUR 400 million were spent in this sector which was 33% more than in 2007.
■	90% of funds for research and development in the business sector were contributed by business enterprises, 6% were contributed by the government, 4% of funds were those from abroad and less than 0.5% from private non-profit organisations.
PPOPULATION, GENDER EQUALITY AND POVERTY TOTAL INCREASE OF POPULATION
Chart 15: Increase of population per 1000 population, Slovenia
number 15
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
year
— total increase
Sources: SORS, MNZ
natural increase
net migration
»Natural increase has been positive in the recent years.«
Table 16: Increase of population, Slovenia
number
	1997	2005	2006	2007	2008
Total increase	-477	5,768	7,019	15,489	22,093
Natural increase	-763	-668	752	1,239	3,509
Net migration	286	6,436	6,267	14,250	18,584
Sources: SORS, MNZ
In the beginning of the 1997-2008 period the total increase of population in Slovenia was negative, but after 1999 it turned into positive.
Until 2005 the total increase of population was positive, mainly due to positive net migration (the natural increase was negative until then). Even though the natural increase began its slow rise in 2006, net migration still represented the largest share in the total increase of population.
Net migration is positive primarily due to immigration of foreigners. In 2008, for instance, more than 28,000 residents with foreign citizenship immigrated to Slovenia, while 7,000 residents with foreign citizenship emigrated from Slovenia. Among the immigrant population younger men prevailed.
POPULATION, GENDER EQUALITY AND POVERTY
EARNINGS OF MEN AND WOMEN
Chart 16: Difference between average gross earnings of men and women, Slovenia
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
»Gross earnings of men are on average 7% higher than
those of women.«
Source: SORS
Table 17: Average monthly gross earnings of men and women, Slovenia - provisional data
EUR
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Average monthly gross earnings of men	1,149 1,216 1,284 1,370 1,481
Average monthly gross earnings of women 1,069 1,132 1,196 1,263 1,369
Source: SORS
The ratio of average gross earnings of men and women in the 2004-2008 period did not change significantly. Namely, women were receiving on average about 7% lower gross earnings. In 2007, that gap increased by another 1 percentage point and average monthly gross earnings of women were almost 92% those of men.
In 2008 the average annual gross earnings of men calculated at monthly level amounted to EUR 1,481, while the average annual gross earnings of women calculated at monthly level amounted to EUR 1,369.
In 2008, the difference between the gross earnings of men and women was the highest in financial and insurance activities and it was almost by 34% in favour of men. The difference between male and female earnings was the lowest in transport and storage, by EUR 88 in favour of women. Women represented only a little more than one fifth of employees in this section of activity, but, on average, they had better paid jobs.
POPULATION, GENDER EQUALITY AND POVERTY AT-RISK-OF-POVERTY RATE
Chart 17: At-risk-of-poverty rate (income in cash), Slovenia
%
15-,
»At-risk -of-poverty rate is the highest among women aged 65 + .«
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
year
Source: SORS
Table 18: At-risk-of-poverty rate (income in cash) by age and gender, Slovenia, 2008
0-17 years men women
18-64 years men women
65+
men women
Income in cash
13
10
12
28
Source: SORS
In 2008 the at-risk-of-poverty rate was 0.8 of a percentage point higher than in the previous year and it amounted to 12%. Therefore it can be said that in 2008 12% of people in Slovenia lived below the at-risk-of-poverty threshold. Then the monthly at-risk-of-poverty threshold for a one-member household was EUR 545.
Had the social transfers (family and social benefits) not been considered as income, the at-risk-of-poverty rate would have almost doubled and amounted to 23%. By subtracting pensions from income, the at-risk-of-poverty rate would have increased to as much as 39%. It would have increased in all age groups, the most in case of people over the age of 65 for whom it would have risen to 85%.
%
11
11
INTERGENERATIONAL COOPERATION
The most important question regarding intergenerational solidarity and cooperation is: What are we going to leave behind for our children - in environmental, material and social terms? Scarcity of natural resources is a fact and the intensity of exploitation is our choice.
Intergenerational solidarity means sharing of material goods and burdens among generations and also creating opportunities to provide decent living conditions.
INTENSITY OF USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES
»Energy intensity is
decreasing.«
»Greenhouse gas emissions are increasing.«
»Consumption of mineral fertilizers in agriculture is
decreasing.«
»The intensity of wood removals has been increasing in the recent years.«
GOVERNMENT DEBT
»General government debt is
increasing.«
CARE FOR ALL GENERATIONS
»The total age dependency ratio has been increasing since 2003.«
»The share of children in kindergartens is constantly increasing.«
»The number
of people in old people's
homes is increasing.«
INTENSITY OF USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES ENERGY INTENSITY
Chart 18: Energy intensity - primary energy supply/GDP, constant 2000 prices, Slovenia
toe/mia EUR 2000
360
320
»Energy intensity is
decreasing.«
280
240
200 ---------
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
year
Source: SORS
Table 19: Total primary energy supply, Slovenia
_1000 toe
2000	2005	2006	2007	2008
Total primary energy supply	6,487 7,307 7,318 7,336 7,749
Source: SORS
■	Slovenia has relatively high energy intensity. In view of primary energy supply it was declining from 2001, but in 2008 it increased slightly. In total, in the 2000-2008 period, it decreased by almost 15%. In 2008 it amounted to 299 toe/mio. EUR (measured in constant 2000 prices), which was 2% more than in 2007.
■	Total energy supply was increasing steadily over the observed period. In 2008 it amounted to almost 7.8 million toe, which was almost 6% more than in 2007.
INTENSITY OF USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
Chart 19: Sources of greenhouse gas emissions, Slovenia, 2007
»Greenhouse gas emissions are increasing.«
80.5%
6.2%
10.0%
energy (fuel combustion in
□ energy industries, manufacturing industries and construction, transport and other sectors)
□	agriculture
□ industrial processes and solvent and other product use
□	waste
Source: ARSO
Table 20: Greenhouse gas emissions, Slovenia
CO2 equivalent Gg
	1996	2004	2005	2006	2007
TOTAL	19,130	20,051	20,377	20,570	20,722
CO2 without LUCF	15,619	16,387	16,670	16,854	16,989
methane (CH4)	2,051	2,179	2,184	2,160	2,172
nitrous oxide (N2O)	1,181	1,267	1,284	1,309	1,319
F-gases (HFCs, PFCs, SF6)	279	218	239	247	242
Source: ARSO
■	Slovenia ratified the Kyoto Protocol and committed itself to reducing the quantity of greenhouse gas emissions until 2012 by 8% compared to the base year (1986). In the 1996-2007 period, in Slovenia these emissions increased by more than 8%. In 2007 greenhouse gas emissions amounted to 20,722 Gg in CO2 equivalents, which was almost 2% above the value in the base year.
■	In 2007, the largest contributor to the emissions of greenhouse gases was carbon dioxide - CO2 (82%), which results mainly from fuel combustion; it was followed by methane - CH4 (10.5%) and nitrogen dioxide - N2O (over 6%), mostly deriving from agriculture and wastes. At the end were the emissions of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), which were very small (over 1%), but due to their high greenhouse gas potential, their contribution to global warming was significant.
■	The highest share of these gasses was released into the atmosphere from the field of energy, which includes fuel combustion in energy industries, manufacturing industries and construction, transport and other sectors (81%), followed by agriculture (10%), industrial processes (6%) and wastes (3%).
INTENSITY OF USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES
CONSUMPTION OF MINERAL FERTILISERS IN AGRICULTURE
Chart 20: Consumption of macro plant nutrients in agriculture per hectare of utilized agricultural area in agriculture, Slovenia
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
year
macro plants nutrients, total	N	K20	P205
»Consumption of mineral fertilizers in agriculture is
decreasing.«
Source: SORS
Table 21: Consumption of mineral fertilizers and macro plant nutrients in agriculture, Slovenia
1000 t
Mineral fertilizers
Macro plant nutrients (N, P2O5, K2O)
1996	2005	2006	2007	2008
168	150	147	150	135
69	59	59	58	52
Source: SORS
■	In 2008 the agricultural producers used around 135,000 tons of mineral fertilisers. These fertilisers contained almost 52,000 tons of macro plant nutrients (N, P2O5, K2O), which was around 10% less than in 2007. From 1996 onwards the usage of macro plant nutrients decreased by almost 25%.
■	In 2008 the average consumption of macro plant nutrients per hectare of utilised agricultural area was 105 kg or over 9% less than in 2007. The consumption of all plant nutrients decreased, mostly the consumption of the nitrogen (N) plant nutrient (by over 14%).
INTENSITY OF USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES
INTENSITY OF WOOD REMOVALS
Chart 21: Intensity of wood removals, Slovenia
»The intensity of wood removals
50has been
increasing in the recent
45
years.«
40
35 30 
year
Source: SORS
Table 22: Annual increment and removals of wood, Slovenia
mio. m3
	1996	2005	2006	2007	2008
Increment	6.1	7.6	7.7	7.8	7.9
Removals	2.3	3.2	3.7	3.2	3.4
Source: SORS
■	Areas covered with forest are increasing steadily in Slovenia. According to the Slovenian Forest Service, in 2007 forests covered more than 58% of the territory of Slovenia.
■	The increase in forest areas also increases the increment of wood. In 2008, the natural increment was nearly 8 million m3 of wood, which was 0.6% more than in the previous year or almost 30% more than in 1996.
■	Removals of wood in 2008 amounted to over 3 million m3 of wood, which was almost 6% more than in 2007 and over 47% more than in 1996.
■	Faster growth of removals than of increment is shown in higher intensity of wood removals, which shows the relation between increment and removals. The intensity of wood removals was changing through years. The highest was in 2006 when it amounted to almost 49%. In 2008 it amounted to nearly 44%, which was 2.2 percentage points more than in 2007.
GOVERNMENT DEBT
GOVERNMENT DEBT
Chart 22: General government debt, % GDP, Slovenia
»General government debt is
increasing.«
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Table 23: General government debt, Slovenia
mrd. EUR
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
Debt
5.0
7.8
8.3
8.3
■	During the 2000-2008 period, the general government debt was increasing, except in 2007 when it decreased by almost 3% over the previous year. In 2008, it increased again and amounted to over EUR 8 billion, which was 3% more than in the previous year and nearly 59% more than in 2000.
■	General government debt expressed as a percentage of GDP increased from 2000 to 2002 and then it began to decrease. The decrease was fastest after 2006 when it amounted to almost 27% of GDP. In 2008 the debt amounted to 23% of GDP which was 0.8 of a percentage point less than in 2007 and 4.3 percentage points less than in 2000.
Source: MF
Source: MF
CARE FOR ALL GENERATIONS
THE AGE DEPENDENCY
Chart 23: The age dependency ratios, Slovenia
50
40
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
year
' the total age dependency ratio the old-age dependency ratio
»The total age dependency ratio has been increasing since 2003.«
the young-age dependency ratio
Source: SORS
Table 24: The age dependency ratios, Slovenia
number
	1996	2005	2006	2007	2008
The old-age dependency ratio	18.5	22.2	22.7	23.1	23.6
The young-age dependency ratio	25.2	20.1	19.9	19.8	20.1
Source: SORS
The total age dependency ratio (of the old and young) did not change significantly during the 1996-2008 period and ranged between 42.1 and 43.7. Between 1996 and 2003 it declined and in 2003 it reached its lowest value. Then it started to rise again.
In 2008 the young-age dependency ratio was around 20 and the old-age dependency ratio was almost 24. Thus Slovenia had, per 100 working age population, 20 persons under the age of 15 and 24 persons over the age of 65.
The total age dependency ratio was almost 44 in 2008. Thus 44 people aged 0-14 and 65+ depended on 100 people in their working age.
CARE FOR ALL GENERATIONS
CHILDCARE
Chart 24: The share of children in kindergartens, Slovenia
60
40
»The share of children in kindergartens is constantly increasing.«
20
oJ—-----------—
2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09
year
Source: SORS
Table 25: The number of children in kindergartens, Slovenia, school years 1996/97 and 2005/06-2008/09
number in 1000
1996/97 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09
Children	65	57	58	61	66
Source: SORS
The share of children enrolled in kindergartens keeps increasing. From the school year 2003/04 to the school year 2008/09 it increased by almost 10 percentage points.
In the school year 2008/09 almost 66,000 children were enrolled in kindergartens, which was 70% of all children of the proper age. Compared to the previous school year, the number of children particularly increased in the 1st age period (children up to 3 years old) which recorded an increase of over 18%. In the 2nd age period (children aged 3 up to entering elementary school) the number of children increased by almost 4%.
In accordance with the 2002 Barcelona objectives, until 2010 EU Member States should provide 33% inclusion of children younger than 3 years in kindergartens and also 90% inclusion of children aged from 3 years up to entering school. In the school year 2008/09 Slovenia already achieved and surpassed the first goal, as 49% of children younger than 3 years were enrolled in kindergartens. In the 2nd age group the share of the enrolled amounted to 84%.
CARE FOR ALL GENERATIONS
CARE FOR THE ELDERLY
Chart 25: Reasons for admissions of people in old people's homes, Slovenia, 2008
I I	age (sick)
^	serious physical illness
I I	age (healthy)
I I	serious mental illness
n	unsettled housing conditions
I I	unsettled family conditions
O	other
»The number
of people in old people's
homes
is increasing.«
12%
Source: SORS
Table 26: Number of people in care in old people's homes, Slovenia
number in 1000 1996	2005	2006	2007	2008
People in care	11	14	14	14	15
In the 1996-2008 period the number of people in care in old people's homes increased by almost 38%. In 2008 there were over 15,000 people in care, which was almost 10% more than in 2007.
In 2008 people aged 80 and over dominated in old people's homes, namely with around 61%. The share of this group even increased over the 2007 figure. Of all the people in care almost 75% were women.
70% of the elderly were admitted to the old people's home because of their age, 58% of those were ill. A common cause for admission of the elderly proved to be also a serious physical illness (13%) and a serious mental illness (8%).
METHODOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS
The methodology of the Labour Force Survey was changed in 2005, therefore the already published data had to be recalculated.
The methodology of the survey on students enrolled in tertiary education was being changed through the years (inclusion of additional levels of study).
In 2008 some innovative companies that perform the research and development activity, but have not reported it until then, were included in the survey on research and development activities in the business sector.
In 2008 the new statistical definition of population was introduced. It is now harmonized with the definition of population and migrants in the Regulation on Community Statistics on Migration and International Protection. Use of this definition applies for 2008 and subsequent data.
The source for calculating the at-the-risk-of-poverty rate is the data from the Survey on Living Conditions (SILC). This survey is a source of data for calculating the income and poverty indicators for EU Member States and it is based on European Commission regulations. In Slovenia we started conducting this survey in 2005. Before that the data from the Household Budget Survey (HBS) were used for this purpose. Due to different methodologies the data acquired before 2005 and those after 2005 are not directly comparable.
DEFINITIONS WELL-BEING
QUALITY OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Particulate matter (PM10) is according to the Decree on sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and lead in ambient air (OJ RS, No. 52/2002) defined as particles in the air which pass through a size selective inlet with a 50% efficiency cutoff at 10 mm aerodynamic diameter.
Drinking water must conform to regulations of the Rules on drinking water (OJ RS, No. 19/2004, 35/2004, 26/2006, 92/2006, 25/2009) on the cleanliness of water in terms of microbiological, physical, chemical and radiological content, pesticides and poisons. These regulations prescribe a level of cleanliness of water intended for supply as public drinking water or water for the production of food intended for sale.
Organic production is according to Council regulation on organic production and labelling of organic products (EC 834/2007) an overall system of farm management and food production that combines best environmental practices, a high level of biodiversity, the preservation of natural resources, the application of high animal welfare standards and a production method in line with the preference of certain consumers for products produced using natural substances and processes.
Utilised agricultural area is land which agricultural enterprises and family farms use for crop production in a year. This is arable land, permanent crops and permanent grassland.
DEFINITIONS
ECONOMIC GROWTH
Gross domestic product equals value added at basic prices by activities, increased by taxes on products, and reduced by subsidies on products. Gross domestic product thus equals the sum of value added at basic prices of all domestic (resident) production units and net taxes on products (taxes less subsidies on products). By the expenditure approach, gross domestic products equals total domestic consumption and surplus of exports and imports of goods and services with the rest of the world. Domestic consumption includes resident households expenditures (national concept), expenditures of NPISH and general government and gross capital formation. Gross domestic product by the income approach equals the sum of compensation of employees, net taxes on production (taxes on production less subsidies on production) and gross operating surplus and mixed income.
SAFETY
The labour force is the sum of persons in employment and unemployed persons.
Persons in employment included in SRDAP are persons who are at least 15 years old, who work (have an employment relationship) on the territory of Slovenia and who have compulsory social insurance. They can be persons in paid employment with employment contracts (for fixed or unspecified period of time, full-time or part-time) or self-employed persons who have compulsory social insurance. These persons are kept in SRDAP until they retire.
Persons in paid employment are also persons working for self-employed persons, own account workers performing their activity as the only or principal occupation, and persons using supplementary work of other people.
The registered unemployment rate is the percentage of unemployed persons registered at the Employment Service of Slovenia among the labour force (by residence).
Social protection by ESSPROS methodology encompasses all intervention from public or private bodies intended to relieve households and individuals of the burden of a defined set of risks or needs, provided that there is neither a simultaneous reciprocal nor an individual arrangement involved. The risk or needs (functions) are Sickness/Health care, Disability, Old age, Survivors, Family/Children, Unemployment, Housing and Social exclusion not elsewhere classified.
Number of physicians, calculated from working hours, is the ratio between the actual number of hours performed by physicians and the standard of 1,430 hours per physician per year.
Scholarship recipients are upper secondary school pupils, and students of vocational colleges and higher education institutions who receive a scholarship during their education in the form of a regular monthly sum. Scholarships are awarded by enterprises, institutions and other organisations that support scholarship recipients.
A convicted person is an adult who has been recognised as being liable and against whom penal sanctions have been imposed. Penal sanctions are sentences, admonitory sanctions and security measures.
Juvenile perpetrators of criminal offences are persons who had reached the age of 14 years but not yet 18 years at the time of committing a criminal offence and against whom criminal proceedings through the public prosecutor or through a senate have been concluded.
DEFINITIONS
BALANCE AND MODESTY
NATURAL RESOURCES
Renewables comprise solid biomass, biogas, and industrial and municipal waste.
Municipal waste is waste from households, as well as other waste from production, trade, service or other activity, which, because of its nature or composition, is similar to waste from households.
Passenger-kilometres (pkm) are the aggregate product of the number of passengers multiplied by the distances they have travelled.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Scientific research and experimental development (R&D) comprise creative and systematic work intended to increase knowledge of human beings, culture and society, and usage of this knowledge for the development of new applications. Scientific research and experimental development cover three activities: basic research, applied research and experimental development.
POPULATION, GENDER EQUALITY AND POVERTY
Natural increase is the difference between the number of live-born children and the number of deaths for a given area in the calendar year.
Net migration is the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants for a given area in the calendar year.
Total increase is the sum of natural increase and net migration for a given area in the calendar year.
Average monthly earnings are average amounts received for a month of work by persons in paid employment working for legal persons.
At-risk-of-poverty rate is the percentage of persons living in households where the equivalised total disposable household income is below the threshold.
INTERGENERATIONAL COOPERATION
INTENSITY OF USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Greenhouse gas emissions are gases in the atmosphere which restrain thermal radiation of the Earth: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6).
Energy intensity is the ratio of energy quantity (total primary energy supply or total final consumption) and gross domestic product at constant prices. Energy intensity decreases with energy efficiency improvements.
Total primary energy supply is the quantity of energy consumed within the borders of a country. It is calculated: indigenous production + imports - exports - international marine bunkers ± stock changes.
Mineral fertilisers are chemical compounds and substances, irrespective of their physical form, which contain plant nutrients and which are produced in industrial processes.
DEFINITIONS
Plant nutrients are substances which plants feed on or need for their development. We present only data on three macronutrients, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P2O5) and potassium (K2O).
CARE FOR ALL GENERATIONS
The young-age dependency ratio (burden of the working age population with age dependent »young« residents) is the number of people aged 0 to 14 in comparison with the number of people at working age (15-64) in a country or territorial unit.
The old-age dependency ratio (burden of the working age population with age dependent »old« residents) is the number of people aged 65 and over in comparison with the number of people at working age (15-64) in a country or territorial unit
The total age dependency ratio (burden of the working age population with age dependent »young« and »old« residents) is the number of people aged 0 to 14 and 65 and over in comparison with the number of people at working age (15-64) in a country or territorial unit.
+
STATISTICAL SIGNS
not available
and more (years, members, etc.)
1) footnote
ABBREVATIONS AND UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
ARSO	Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia
EU	European Union
GDP	gross domestic product
HBS	House Budget Survey
IPH	Institute of Public Health of the Republic of Slovenia
LUCF	Land Use Change and Forestry
MF	Ministry of Finance
MKGP	Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food
MNZ	Ministry of the Interior
NGOs	Non-governmental organizations
SILC	Survey on Income and Living Conditions
SORS	Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia
SRDAP	Statistical Register of Employment
CH4	methane
CO2	carbon dioxide
E.coli	Escherichia coli
F-gases	fluorinated greenhouse gases
HFCs	hydrofluorocarbons
K2O	potassium oxide
N	nitrogen
n2o	nitrous oxide
PFCs	perfluorocarbons
PM r ' '10	particulate matter PM10
P2O5	phosphorus pentoxide
SF6	sulphur hexafluoride
CO2 equivalent Gg gigagram of carbon dioxide equivalent	
EUR	euro
ha	hectare
kg/ha	kilogram per hectare
l/day	litre per day
m3	cubic metre
m3/cap.	cubic metre per capita
mio.	million
pkm	passengers kilometres
mrd.	billion (1000 million)
t	tonne
toe	tonne of oil equivalent
toe/cap.	tonne of oil equivalent per capita
toe/mio.	EUR 2000 tonne of oil equivalent per million (constant prices of the year 2000)
%	percentage
^g/m3	microgram per cubic metre
LITERATURE AND SOURCES
Environmental indicators in Slovenia - Drinking water quality. (2009). Ljubljana: Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved from the website:
http://kazalci.arso.gov.si/?data=indicator&ind_id=151&lang_id=94&menu_group_id=17
Environmental indicators in Slovenia - Air pollution with particulate matter. (2009). Ljubljana: Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved from the website: http://kazalci.arso.gov.si/?data=indicator&ind_id=232&lang_id=94&menu_group_id=16
Demography and social statistics. Economy. Environment and natural resources. General. SI-STATData portal. Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved from the website: http://www.stat.si/pxweb/dialog/statfile1.asp
Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Slovenia. (2009). Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/pub_letopis_prva.asp
First Releases. Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikaz http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikaz http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikaz http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikaz http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikaz http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikaz http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikaz http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikaz http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikaz http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikaz http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikaz http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikaz http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikaz http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikaz http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikaz http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikaz
Gross domestic product. Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved from the website:
http://www.stat.si/eng/tema_ekonomsko_nacionalni_bdp1.asp
Government deficit and debt. Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/indikatorji.asp?ID=28
.aspx?id=2513
.aspx?id=2477
.aspx?id=2728
.aspx?id=2489
.aspx?id=2742
.aspx?id=2179
.aspx?id=1464
.aspx?id=684
.aspx?id=2913
.aspx?id=2642
.aspx?id=1890
.aspx?id=1334
.aspx?id=701
.aspx?id=2327
.aspx?id=267
.aspx?id=2638
How to obtain statistical data and information?
•	on Statistical Office's website
www.stat.si
•	via mail, phone, fax and e-mail
address: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia
Vožarski pot 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
phone: +386 1 241 51 04
fax: +386 1 241 53 44
answering machine: +386 1 475 65 55
e-mail: info.stat@gov.si
•	by ordering statistical publications
address: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia Vožarski pot 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia phone: +386 1 241 52 84 fax: +386 1 241 53 44 e-mail: prodaja.surs@gov.si
•	by visiting the Information Centre
office hours: Monday to Thursday from 9.00 to 15.30 Friday from 9.00 to 14.30